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Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2007 with funding from
IVIicrosoft Corporation
http://www.archive.org/details/briefhistoryofchOOanderich
A BRIEF HISTORY
OF TH^
Church of Jesus Christ
— OF
Latter-day Saints,
FROM THE BIRTH OF THE PROPHET JOSEPH SMITH
TO THE PRESENT TIME.
BY THE AUTHOB OF THE ''LIFE OF BBIGHAM YOUNG.''
•'And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a king-
*lom, which shall never be destroyed : and the kingdom shall not be left to
other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and
it shall stand forever."2)ame/ 2 ; 44.
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH:
GEO. Q. CANNON & SONS CO., Publishers.
1893.
COPYRIGHT APPLIED F^OR.
A3[
2/2 1 /?s
PREFACE.
The following pages contain a brief history of th -
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
In order that the reader may obtain a clear under-
standing of the principles of the gospel, in connection
with the history of the people who have been instrumental
in establishing it, references have been made freely to
the Book of Doctrine and Covenants containing the
revelations of the Prophet Joseph Smith for the building
up of the Kingdom of God in the last days.
In conjunction with his own experience, the author
h^s gathered his facts, in sketching these main outlines
of the faith, work, travels and persecutions of the Saints,
from a large number of reliable authorities on the
subject. Accuracy has been aimed at, as well as complete-
ness as far as the limited space would allow.
The volume is designed, first, to create an interest
in the marvelous work of God, as exemplified in and
through the Mormons, in the minds of the youth of
Israel, to whom a knowledge of the faith, toils and sacri-
fices of the founders of this great, latter-day religious
fabric is absolutely indispensable. Secondly, there is a
large class of persons who desire a glimpse of the story
of Mormonism, but who have no time to read the more
ponderous books thereon; such, it is believed, will find
ust what they need in these pages.
The Author.
September, i8gj.
CONTENTS.
I. FROM THE PROPHET'S BIRTH TO THE
ORGANIZATION OF THE CHURCH.
1805-1830
"a marvelous work and a wonder. " 9
message from on high 15
the sacred hill cumorah 21
translating the records 25
important revelations 30
II. FROM THE ORGANIZATION TO THE
FLIGHT FROM KIRTLAND.
1830-1838
ORGANIZATION OF THE CHURCH 35
MANIFESTATIONS AND PERSECUTIONS • . . . . 37
MISSION TO THE LAMANITES 43
THE LAW OF CONSECRATION 52
LOCATING THE LAND OF ZION 54
PROGRESS IN KIRTLAND AND THE EAST 58
EXPULSION FROM JACKSON COUNTY ' . 62
HIGH COUNCIL ORGANIZED 66
ZION ' S CAMP 68
APOSTLES AND SEVENTIES CHOSEN 71
DEPARTURE FROM CLAY COUNTY 75
Vlll CONTENTS.
III. FROM THE MISSOURI EXODUS TO THE
MARTYRDOM.
1838-1844
BANISHEdVrOM MISSOURI 89
LOWERING CLOUDS 96
THE MARTV^RDOM 100
IV. THE CHURCH UNDER BRIGHAM YOUNG.
1844-1877
AGREEMENT TO LEAVE NAUVOO 105
EXPELLED FROM ILLINOIS 109
TWO MILITARY PICTURES 113
THE PIONEERS AND THE FIRST COMPANIES 117
MIGRATION OF THE MAIN BODY WEST 122
COLONIZATION 127
UTAH TERRITORY ORGANIZED 131
EVENTS FROM 1854 TO 1857 139
THE UTAH EXPEDITION 142
A PERIOD OF RECUPERATION 149
OFFICIAL CRUSADE — DEATH OF PRESIDENT YOUNG 164
FROM THE DEATH;0F PRESIDENT YOUNG TO
THE PRESENT TIME.
1877-1893
JOHN TAYLOR CHOSEN LEADER 160
THE EDMUNDS-TUCKER AGITATION 163
CHANGED CONDITIONS 165
THE TEMPLES OF THE SAINTS 168
CONCLUSION 172
fl BHIEF HISTORY OF THE Qm^t
I. FROM THE PROPHET'S BIRTH TO ITS
ORGANIZATION.
1805—1830.
1. "a marvelous work and a wonder."
With the age of reason, or freedom in religion, that
followed the flight of Luther from the debauched court of
Pope Leo X, came also the age of skepticism — not alone
skepticism, but hypocrisy, while the revolution in
theology, inaugurated by the reformers, shattered the
thought-monopoly which had been concentrated in the
Pope; it likewise created such diversities of opinion, and
so many leaders in religion that the world of mankind
were literally "children tossed to and fro, and carried
about with every wind of doctrine, by the slight of men
and cunning craftiness, whereby they lie in wait to
deceive."
There was no universall)' acknowledged head of the
Christian Church. It is true that since the death or
martyrdom of the Apostles of Christ, God had acknowl-
edged no authority on the earth. All had apostatized
from the true gospel, and the Apostles, Prophets, Evange-
lists, Pastors and Teachers, which Christ had acknowl-
edged or commissioned, were no more to be found; the
Christian Bishops had departed from the simple ordi-
2
10 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
nances of the Christian religion,and instead had introduced
Jewish and Pagan observances, ceremonies and mysteries,
for the purpose of gaining friends. But for centuries all
Christians — often through compulsion. * however, — had
acknowledged the pope as the vicegerent of God, and
had recognized his authority. But the sweep of the
reformation broke this power over men. Following
Luther, Zwingli, Calvin and Cranmer, arose a hundred
leaders in religion, who, disregarding the injunction,
"And no man taketh this honor unto himself, but he that
is called of God, as was Aaron," set themselves up as
officers in the Church of Christ. The reformation broke
the power of popedom, and gave to men the blessed right
of private judgment; but, going one step further, the
Protestants, like the Catholics, from whom they had
emancipated themselves, usurped authority, for nowhere
is there a record, nor even a profession made, that autho-
rity was conferred, by revelation from God or the
ministration of angels the only known methods by which
it could be done, upon anyone to act in His name.*
This disregard of authority brought with it a train
of many evils, chief among which were hypocrisy, and a
service of form instead of a worship from the heart. So
continued the condition of the people almost three hundred
years, from the reformation to the beginning of the nine-
teenth century.
The Prophet Isaiah foresaw this period, and declared
* It is said that Roger Williams refused to continue as pastor over the
largest Baptist Church in this country, because there was "no regularly con-
stituted Church on earth, nor any person authorized to administer any Church
ordinance ,• nor can there be, until new Apostles are sent by the Great Head of
the Church for whose coming I am seeking." See "Picturesque America,"
page 502.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHTTRCH. 11
of the people of the earth, at -this time: "Wherefore the
Lord said, forasmuch as this people draw near me with
their mouth, and their lips do honor me, but have re-
moved their heart far from me, and their fear toward me
is taught by the precept of men: Therefore, behold, I
will proceed to do a marvelous work among this people,
even a marvelous work and a wonder: for the wisdom
of their wise men shall perish, and the understanding of
their prudent men shall be hid."*
This "marvelous work and a wonder" which the
Lord was to accomplish, was the restoration of His
authority unto men, and the establishment and organiza-
tion of His authorized Church upon the earth, as predicted
anciently by the Prophet Daniel, and by John the Reve-
lator:
"As for thee, O king, thy thoughts came into thy
mind upon thy bed, what should come to pass hereafter:
and he that revealeth secrets maketh known to thee what
shall come to pass. * * * And in the days of
these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom,
which shall never be destroyed; and the kingdom shall
not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces
and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for-
ever, f"
"And I saw another angel fly in the midst of heaven,
having the everlasting Gospel to preach to them that
dwell on the earth, and to every nation, and kindred,
and tongue, and people, saying with a loud voice, Fear
God, and give glory to him: for the hour of his judg-
* Isaiah, xxix, 13, 14.
t Daniel, ii, 29,44.
12 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
ment is come: and worship him that made heaven, and
earth, and the sea, and the fountains of waters."*
The words of John the Revelator explain how the
Gospel was to be restored. It was to be done in the
same way that God adopted in ancient times, as recorded
in the holy scriptures, by the visitation of angels, and
by revelation. Save through these channels, how could
Jehovah make known His will to men? As in the days
of the Apostles, so in modern times — the household of
God was to be "built upon the foundation of Apostles
and Prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner
stone." Its officers were to be in possession of the gifts
and of "the spirit of wisdom and revelation."
In the midst of all the uncertainty and chaos of
opinion, God was to reveal Himself, and out of conflict
establish peace, out of disorder, union and oneness of
purpose, so that, as formerly, there might be "One Lord
one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all," etc.
The beginning of this "marvelous work" was
inaugurated in the dawn of the nineteenth century, when
God revealed Himself personally, and b}^ the visitation
of angels, to the Prophet Joseph Smith, and chose him
to be the leader of the dispensation of the fullness of
times, and to be the instrument to introduce the gospel
of Christ by authority, to establish and organize the true
Church of God in the latter days.
Through that Prophet was brought forth the wonder-
ful record called the Book of Mormon — a book which
contains a fullness of the gospel as taught by our
beloved Savior. Thirty editions of this work have been
printed — many thousands of volumes — and scattered
* Revelation, xiv, 6/7.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 13
broadcast to the English speaking world, while its
precious truths have been read by thousands in each of
the eleven foreign languages into which the book has
been translated.
The Chuich of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was
organized on the 6th day of April 1830, in the town of
Fayette, Seneca County, New York. It is built upon
the rock of revelation, and through this means, its officers
have received authority from God to act in their callings
and enjoy the gifts and powers of the gospel as was the
case with the ancient Apostles. Its mission is one of
peace; its aims and objects, the preparation of the
people for the second coming of Christ, the inauguration
of the Millennium, and the establishment of the
universal brotherhood of man.
"But we do not believe this claim, it is visionary,
impossible!" say some of the readers. "It cannot be
possible that this is the 'marvelous work' spoken of and
foreseen by the ancient seer."
In reply, it must be said that such is the claim of
the Latter-day Saints, or the Mormons, as they are
erroneously called. If they are justly entitled to it, their
history for the past sixty years should partially _ demon-
strate the fact. Their doctrines speak for themselves.
Who shall deny that the Saints are entitled to the
claim they make when a review is taken of the record of
the accomplishments of this strange people?
From forty members, in 1830, the following of the
Church today has grown to hundreds of thousands. Then
it had the Prophet Joseph alone to declare its doctrines,
now it has missionaries in all liberal nations of the earth.
It has prospered through the fire of severest persecution.
Driven, peeled and scattered, their Prophet and Patriarch
14 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
basely murdered for their testimonies, its members have
rallied with each onslaught, and pressed on with the
work with greater force and power than before. It counts
its mart3^rs by the score, its herpes and heroines by the
thousands. Driven from their homes in Illinois, the}^
were marvelously sustained by God in their wonderful
exodus to the Rocky Mountains. In this wilderness of
the West the rich blessings of the Lord have followed
them in the establishment of one of the most prosperous,
thrifty and happy commonwealths of our nation. To it
have been gathered tens of thousands of the poor from
the nations of the earth to build up and beautify the
latter-day Zion, virtually fulfilling the prediction: "And
many people shall go and say, Come ye, and let us go up
to the mountain of the Lord, to the House of the God of
Jacob; and he will teach us of his ways, and we will
walk in his paths: for out of Zion shall go forth the law,
and the woid of the Lord from Jerusalem."* And this
one: "The wilderness and the solitar}^ place shall be glad
for them; and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the
rose, "t
Temples, schools, houses of worship, cities and
villages have sprung up in the thirsty wilderness, and
the result of the thrift and labor of this peculiar people
may be seen in their beautiful homes, gardens, fields,
herds, and possessions in the whole region of the great
West: while the religious truths promulgated by them
without money or pay are taking root, yea bearing fruit,
not alone in their own midst but in every Christian land.
Having discarded dead forms, the members of this Church
* Isaiah, ii, 3.
t Ibid, XXXV, 1.
A BKIEF HISTORY OP THE CHUECH. 15
worship from the heart and point to a living faith, fully
sustained by noble works. Their Church organization is
unsurpassed, the government unequaled in modern annals.
They build temples for the worship of God and for the
performance of ordinances for the living and the dead,
and the path of their persecutions, as well as the land
which they now peacefully inhabit, is dotted by these
holy structures. Everything about them points to the
peculiar people that were to be established in the latter
days, their whole career is a "marvelous work and a
wonder. "
Z. MESSAGE FROM ON HIGH.
Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet, and the founder
of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, was
born in Sharon, Windsor County, Vermont, on the 23rd
day of December, 1805. When the lad was ten years of
age, his parents, Joseph Smith, Sen., and Lucy, his wife,
removed from Vermont to Palmyra, Ontario, now Wayne,
County, New York. Four years later the family moved
into Manchester in the same county. The elder Smith
was an honest farmer, with humble surroundings, in
straitened financial circumstances, having lost much of
his property through the treachery of a trusted friend.
He had seven sons and three daughters, of whom Joseph,
the Prophet, was the fourth child.
At this period. Western New York was a new
country in most respects; Ohio and Illinois were yet a
wilderness, and beyond Missouri, which was then the
limit of the United States, lay the practically unexplored
regions of the wild Indian tribes.
The inhabitants of the frontier region of the great
16 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Empire State were poor, plain in their living and dress,
generally religious, or spiritually inclined, read the
Bible, went to church, and lived in all respects, except-
ing the religious, much like the pioneer of the great
West — a familiar character now fast disappearing from
our land has continued to live up to the present day.
There was doubtless more religion, as it is called, in the
life of the early frontiersman than in that of the later
pioneer of the West. Sixty years ago, the various and
conflicting sects went enthusiastically wild in their camp
meetings and revivals — much of which excitement has
died out by the promulgation of common-sense religious
views since then. About two years after the Smith
family's removal to Manchester, there was a great relig-
ious revival in the district thereabout. Multitudes united
themselves to the numerous creeds, and when there were
no further proselytes to make, priests and converts
turned upon each other to contend concerning principles
and dogmas, until excessive confusion and bad feeling
prevailed.
Members of the Smith family were divided, some
joining one society and others another. Young Joseph
inclined to the Methodists, but his mind was in a state
of uneasiness owing to the disunion which existed. For
this cause, he kept himself aloof from all parties,
"awaiting the hour when the divine message should stir
the waters of his soul. " In the midst of the surrounding
tumult, he often said to himself: "What is to be done?
Which of all these parties is right? Or, are they all
wrong together? If any of them be right, which is it,
and how shall I know it?"
In this frame of mind, he was one day reading the
Epistle of James, the first chapter and fifth verse: "If
A BRIEF HISTOKY OF THE CHURCH. 17
any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth
to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be
given him." Here was new inspiration; he had never
thought of his condition in this light before. Certainly
God, the Father of religion, could impart the truth.
The youth determined to enquire of that unfailing
source, and so on a beautiful morning, in the spring of
1820, he retired to a sylvan glade in the woods to call
upon the name of God. Finding himself alone, he
bended his knees, vocally for the first time offering up
to his Maker the desires of his heart. Then a mysterious
power of darkness overcame him: he could not speak;
his soul was filled with a horror presaging instant
destruction. He felt himself in the fell grasp of an
unseen personage of darkness. His soul went up in
unuttered prayer for deliverance, and as he was about
despairing, the gloom rolled away, he saw a pillar of
light descending from heaven, and approaching him.
The darkness fled with the enemy that had afflicted him.
As the light fell upon the prostrate lad, he saw two
personages, in the form of men, glorious above descrip-
tion, standing above him in the air. One of them call-
ing him by name spoke, saying:
"This is my beloved Son, hear him."
Gaining control of his thoughts, he remembered the
object of his search, and enquired which of all the sects
was right. In answer he was told that none of them
was right, and that he must join none of them. Said
the glorious Being: "They draw near to me with their
lips, but their hearts are far from me; they teach for
doctrine the commandments of men, having a form o
Godliness, but they deny the power thereof." Joseph was
amazed at the instruction, for up to this time it had not
18 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
entered his mind that the true church was not to be
found upon the face of the earth. Repeating their com-
mand that he should not ally himself with any of the
man-made sects, the personages withdrew, the light
vanished, and the youth recovering, found himself lying
on his back gazing up into heaven.
Repeating the wonderful vision of what he had seen
and heard, it created wide surprise, not to say consterna-
tion and amazement. He was accounted a blasphemer
for announcing that the Father was a personage, and
still worse, that he, an obscure boy, had seen Him and
the Son, and had heard their eternal voice. His parents
and his brethren believed, but not so the professors of
religion. One of the ministers to whom he confided his
vision told him flatly that it was of the devil. There
were no such things as visions and revelations in these
days. Such manifestations had ceased with the Apostles,
and there would never be an}^ more. But the lad
remained true to his trust, and as a result he was perse-
cuted, stigmatized as a dreamer, a knave and a h3^pocrite.
His life was sought, he was persecuted and slandered,
but still he said: "I had seen a vision. I knew it, and I
knew that God knew it, and I could not deny it, neither
dare I do it; at least I knew .that by so doing I would
offend God and come under condemnation." Thus noth-
ing could change the steadfastness of his testimony
which he maintained through the toil, poverty, scorn
and tribulation of the following three years, during which
time, forced from the society of his former friends, he
was obliged to seek the companionship which his genial
and social nature craved among those unnoted for their
goodness, among evil characters, as he himself confesses.
Thus he fell frequently into many foolish errors, and he
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 19
felt greatly condemned at times for his weakness and
imperfections.
He was at length forced to seek the Lord that he
might receive a forgiveness for all his sins and foibles,
and know his standing before hii God. On the night of
September 21st, 1823, he prayed earnestly for an answer
to his petition, and while thus engaged the darkness
began to fade away, and a glory appeared, until the
room was lighter than noonday. In the midst of this
light, in the air by his bedside, stood a radiant per-
sonage, whose countenance was lovel}' and more bright
than vivid lightning. Calling the youth by name, he
declared himself a messenger from God whose name was
Moroni. He said that the Lord had a work for Joseph
to do — that through him God's power and kingdom were
to be restored to earth, and that his name should be had
for good and evil among all nations.
He was shown in vision the hill wherein were
hidden the gold plates containing the record of the Book
of Mormon, and with them the Urim .and Thummim,
prepared by the Almighty to aid in the translation of the
book. The angel then quoted from the scriptures various
prophecies relating to the restoration of the gospel and
the Priesthood, and the setting up of the Savior's latter-
day kingdom and the ushering in of the Millennium.
He referred to the prophecies included in the fourth and
part of the third chapters of Malachi, the eleventh
chapter of Isaiah, the twenty-second and twenty-third
verses of the third chapter of Acts, and the last five
verses of the second chapter of Joel, saying these were
about to be fulfilled. He declared that the "fullness of
the Gentiles" would soon come in, and warned the youth
that when he should obtain possession of the plates of
20 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
the Book of Mormon he should not show them to any
one except by commandment of God, otherwise he would
be destroj^ed. The angel then left, the room grew dark
save just around the ascending messenger, who dis-
appeared by way of what seemed a conduit right up into
heaven.
Powerful emotions crowded upon the mind of Joseph
as he lay musing on the scene, marveling upon the
things which had been revealed to him. While he yet
pondered, the angel made his second apperance, stand-
ing in a blazing glory to repeat the solemn message to
the listening youth. He related word for word what
had been said before, adding that great judgments, deso-
lation, famine, sword and pestilence were coming upon
the earth. Again Moroni ascended, shortly thereafter
returning a third time, repeating all that had been said
before, and adding b}^ way of caution, that Joseph must
not give way to a mercenary spirit which would tempt
him, owing to his poverty, to secure the plates for pur-
poses of gain. The heavenly ambassador then disappeared
as the twilight in the east heralded the approach of day.
Having thus spent the night in holy communion
with the angel, Joseph left his bed at his usual hour of
arising, and proceeded to his dail}^ toil on the farm, but
he was unable to work. His father bade him return
to rest in their home. On his way his strength failed
him, and he fell helpless to the ground as he was cross-
ing a fence. A voice aroused him by gently speaking
his name. He looked up and saw once more beside him
the angel of the previous night. For the fourth time he
related the heavenly message to the future prophet,
closing with a command that Joseph tell his father of
the visits, the commandments received, and of what he
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 21
had learned of the purposes of God. He obej-ed, and
standing there in the field, he related to his father all
that had passed. "My son, these things are of God;
take heed that you proceed in all holiness to do His
will," said the elder Joseph when his son had hnished
his narration.
— 3. THE SACRED HILL CUMORAH.
On the road from Palmyra to Manchester, about
three or four miles from the former place (twenty-five
miles south-west of Rochester, New York) is situated
the hill Cumorah. Its north end rises abruptly from a
plain to the height of about 150 feet. It is the highest
of the many hills in the neighborhood, and is locally
known by the name of "Mormon Hill."
It was to this elevation, named Cumorah by the
ancient Nephites and Ramah by the Jaredites, that
Joseph, the Prophet, proceeded, just after obtaining his
father's consent and blessing, on the eventful morning
referred to in the previous chapter. He knew the place
immediately from the vision he had seen of it. He
relates that "on the west side of the hill, not far from
the top, under a stone of considerable size, lay the plates
deposited in a stone box; this stone was thick and
rounding in the middle on the upper side, and thinner
towards the edges, so that the middle part of it was
visible above the ground, but the edges all around were
covered with earth." Obtaining a lever, he raised the
stone, looked in, and there indeed beheld the plates, the
Urim and Thummim, and the breast-plate as stated by
the messenger. "The box in which they lay," he con-
tinues, "was formed by placing stones together in some
22 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
kind of cement. In the bottom of the box were laid two
stones cross-ways of the box, and on these stones lay the
plates and the other things with them."
Stretching forth his hands to remove the contents,
Joseph was immediately restrained by the messenger,
Moroni, who told him that the time had not yet arrived,
but that four years must elapse before the records should
be delivered into his hands. He was instructed to repair
to the sacred spot each succeeding year on that day,
where the angel would meet and instruct him in what
manner the Kingdom of God was to be conducted in
the latter days. The messenger cautioned him to prove
faithful, in the meantime, and likewise imparted many
precious truths to the youth: telling him, among other
things, that he, Moroni, while living on the earth four
centuries after Christ, had hidden the plates in the hill;
that he was the last of a line of prophets who ministered
to an ancient people, called Nephites, who inhabited
this land; that he was the son of Mormon, a Nephite
prophet, general and historian, whose record the plates
contained.
Having finished his instructions and ended his coun-
sel, the angel disappeared, and Joseph, carefully covering
the box and replacing the soil, returned to his home,
where he related his experience, confiding to the mem-
bers of the household all that he had been empowered to
reveal. They believed in his wondrous story, and
rejoiced in the knowledge that God had spoken from the
heavens.
Each succeeding 22nd day of September, the hill
Cumorah was visited by Joseph, each time he met and
communed with the heavenly messenger, each time gazed
upon the precious records, each time received instruc-
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 23
tions that expanded his intellect and gave him a more
perfect conception of the marvelous work which God
was about to found.
The period which now followed, when he was
between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two years, was
to be the most important in his life for the shaping of
his character. It was a probation. In it he passed
through the preparatory course in which the Lord fitted
the future prophet for the responsibilities incident to the
establishment of His Church upon the earth which
should endure forevermore.
Joseph toiled diligently upon his father's farm until
his younger brothers were able to attend to the duties
there and at home. Then, at the age of twenty, he
sought employment at a distance. His engagement
carried him to Harmony, Sesquehanna County, Penn-
sylvania, where he was employed by a Mr.. Josiah Stoal,
of New York, in digging for a silver mine which his
employer imagined existed in that region. The mine
was a failure, and Joseph, who was greatly respected by
his employer, prevailed upon the latter to abandon the
undertaking, which was accordingly done. While thus
employed, Joseph boarded at the home of Mr. Isaac
Hale, with whose daughter Emma, he became enamored.
His love was reciprocated, but the parents, being pre-
judiced against the youth by the stories of his enemies,
circulated to injure him because he still continued to
assert that he had seen a vision, would not for a time
consent to their union. Under these circumstances, the
girl being of age, high-minded and devout, they acted
without consent, and Nere married in South Bainbridge,
Chenango County, New York, by Squire Tarbill, on the
18th day of January, 1827. Returning with his wife to
24 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
his father's home in Manchester, he assisted in the labor
on the farm to obtain means for his family and his
mission.
Upon these two incidents — his being employed to
dig for silver and his marriage away from his wife's
father's home — were based the accusations of his enemies
that he was a "money-digger" and "wife-stealer. "
The end of his four years' probation was rapidly
approaching. Joseph had been faithful to his trust. Not
once had he failed in his prescribed visits to the satred
hill. Faithfully had he kept the counsels of his heavenly
teacher. In his preparatory work, he had been sincerely
supported by his wife-and his brethren, who participated
in his hopes and did much to comfort his heart in the
midst of the assaults and ridicule that were heaped upon
him.
At length the promised day arrived; for the fifth time
the youth stood upon the spot where the sacred records
were concealed. It was the morning of the 22nd day of
September, 1827. With a prayer that he might prove
faithful to his trust, he removed the cover of the box,
and, stretching forth his hands at the angel's command,
took from their hiding place the treasures there safely
hidden for fourteen centuries. Lifting them to the sur-
face, he examined their beauty.* Then it was that the
* " The Urim and Thummim was two precious stones set in an arch of
silver, which was fastened to an ancient breast-plate of pure gold, curiously
wrought. The breast-plate was concave on one side and convex on the other,
and seemed to have been made for a man of greater stature than is ordinary
in modern day?. Four golden bands were fastened to it, for the purpose of
attaching it to the person of its wearer — two of the bands being for the
shoulders, the other two for the waist or hips.
"The plates, also of gold, were of uniform size ; each was slightly less in
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 25
angel charged him to shield the records from profane
sight and touch, to guard them as sacredly as he would
his life. He was now alone responsible. If, through
any neglect, he should suffer them carelessly to be de
stroyed or to go, great should be his chastisement, and he
should finally be cut off, but, if he should use all care to
preserve them until they should be called for again by
the messenger, they should be protected from the efforts
that would be made to rob him of them, and he should
have the support of heaven and come off triumphant.
"Moroni disappeared, and the Prophet of the Last
Dispensation stood alone upon Cumorah, clasping to his
bosom priceless trust."
4. TRANSLATING THE RECORDS.
Soon it became apparent why Joseph had been
cautioned by the angel to guard the plates so carefully.
No sooner had he begun his homeward journey than he
was assaulted by evil persons who sought his destruction.
Three times, on the short journey to his home, he was
attacked by unknown men who endeavored to strike him
and rob him of his charge. Once he was hit with a blud-
geon. However, he reached home with the plates
unharmed, though himself bruised and weakened from the
thickness than a common sheet of tin and was about eight inches in width
and all were bound together by three rings, running through one edge of the
plates. Thus secured, they formed a booK about six inches in thickness. A
part of the volume, about one-third, was sealed ; the other leaves Joseph
turned with his hand. They were covered on both sides with strange charac-
ters, small and beautifully engraved." — Cannon's "Life of Joseph Smith."
p. 49.
3
26 A BRIEF 6ISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
contest. But the persecution was continued, falsehoods
were cunningly set afloat concerning him, prejudice
walled him in, assassins lurked by h^s pathway seeking
his life, mobs surrounded his home, every means was
adopted by his enemies for his destruction and to gain
possession of the plates. But while all their efforts in
these directions failed, his enemies succeeded by these
means in preventing Joseph from proceeding with his
work of translation, and the persecution at length became
so unbearable that he was forced to flee from Manchester.
He then determined to go to the residence of his wife's
father in Pennsylvania.
No sooner had he decided upon this course than
poverty', another seemingly insurmountable barrier, pre-
sented itself; but this was relieved by the timely aid
rendered by a Mr. Martin Harris, a respectable and
well-to-do farmer of Palmyra Township, New York, a
friend who was inspired to assist the Prophet in the
midst of his afflictions with a gift of fifty dollars. By
this means he was enabled to reach his destination in
Pennsylvania. Twice on this journey, Joseph was
stopped by officers, armed with pretended law warrants,
who searched the wagon in quest of the golden plates,
but again they were unsuccessful.
Early in December, 1827, he reached the residence of
Mr. Isaac Hale, his father-in-law, where he was kindly
received, the anger of his wife's parents over the young
people's independent action in getting married having
evidently abated.
Immediately after his arrival, he began cop3^ing the
characters of the plates, and by means of the Urim and
Thummim translated some of them, in which labor he
was engaged from the time of his arrival to the follow-
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 27
ing February. It was some time during this month that
his friend Martin Harris visited him to learn more of his
wondrous mission. Soon after, Mr. Harris carried away
to New York some of the copies and translations made
from the plates, the object being to show them to some
scientist or linguist who should determine on their
genuineness; for while Mr. Harris believed, he was
evidently not without his doubts.
Being shown the characters. Prof. Charles Anthon,
of Columbia College, stated, according to the account of
Mr. Harris, that the translation was correct, more so
than any he had before seen translated from the Egyp
tian. The Professor was then shown the untranslated
characters, which he said were true Egyptian, Chaldaic,
Ass3'ric, and Arabic. He gave a certificate, addressed
to the people of Palmyra, embodying the expressed
assertions, and gave it to Mr. Harris, who folded it,
placed it in his pocket, and was about to leave, when
the Professor enquired how the young man learned that
there were gold plates in the place where he found them.
"An angel of God revealed it to him," was the
farmer's reply.
"Let me see that certificate," said the astonished
Professor. Mr. Harris complied, thinking the learned
man desired to add something to it, but no sooner was
the paper in the Professor's hands than he tore it in
pieces, saying:
"There is no such thing in these days as minister-
ing of angels;" adding that he wished the plates brought
to him, and he would translate them.
"A part of the plates is sealed, and I am forbidden
to bring them," said Mr. Harris, whereupon the Pro-
fessor contemptuously replied:
28 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
"I cannot read a sealed book."
And thus were fulfilled literall}^ the words of the
ancient Prophet of God, as written in Isaiah xxix, 11.
Dr. Mitchell, another learned scholar, was consulted,
and seconded all that Prof. Anthon had said concerning
the characters and the translation. The related incident
converted Mr. Harris to the testimony of Joseph, and,
returning, he offered to become the scribe of the Prophet
in the w^ork of translation, which proffer was gladl}'
accepted. Their joint labors in this work continued from
April 12th to June 15th, 1828, by which time 116 pages
of manuscript had been translated, and was copied b}^
Mr. Harris.* At this time, the latter much desired to
show his wife and other skeptics these pages, and at
length, much against the will of Joseph, received permis-
sion to do so, on condition that only certain persons
named should be allowed to see the waitings. This
pledge was broken, and the manuscript w^as stolen, being
never again seen by Joseph, who thus angered the
Almighty, and besides lost his gift of translation for a
time. Mr. Harris, though he was forgiven, and after-
wards became one of the Three Witnesses of the Book
of Mormon, never again acted as Joseph's scribe.
Joseph's wife now assisted him for a short period in the
w^ork of translation, but owing to her household duties,
* The following is the manner in which it is said the Book of Mormon
was translated: "The Prophet, scanning through the Urim and Thummim
the golden pages, would see appear, n\ lieu of the strange characters engraved
thereon, their equivalent in English words. These he would repeat, and the
scribe, separated from him by a veil or curtain, would write them down,
* * » Until the writing was correct in every particular, the words-
last given would remain before the eyes of the translator, and not disappear.
But on the necessary correction being made, they would immediately pass
awav and be succeeded by others."
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 29
and the loss of their first-born, in the summer of 1828,
slow and tedious progress was made.
Joseph prayed earnestly to the Lord that he might
receive assistance in the task before him, and in answer
to his petitions there came to his door, in Harmon}^, a
young school teacher, named Oliver Cowdery, who had
heard of and believed in the angelic vision of the
Prophet. He offered his services as scribe and secretary,
which were eagerly accepted, and the hindered work again
proceeded on the 7th day of April, 1829, advancing so
rapidly that by the middle of the following May its
greater part was completed.
While the work progressed, not only were many pre-
cious truths revealed from heaven to the young men, but
from the records themselves they gleaned many glorious
principles that gave them great joy. But persecution
continued unabated, so much so that if Joseph's father-
in-law had not given them protection it is doubtful that
they could have proceeded. Timely financial aid was
rendered them by Joseph Knight of Colesville, Broome
County, and at the residence of the Whitmer family,
friends of Oliver Cowdery, at Fayette, Seneca County,
they found a home in which the latter portion of the
records was translated, they having been invited to come
there by David Whitmer.
At length the translation was completed, the plates
were re-committed into the charge of the angel Moroni,
who received them back into his keeping until the time
shall come when the unsealed portions are to be brought
forth.
The Prophet and his friends visited at Palmyra Mr.
Martin Harris to arrange for the publication of the work
30 A BEIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
for which that gentleman was to furnish the money-
Arrangements were made with Mr. Egbert B. Grandin
to print 5000 copies for three thousand dollars, and the
copyright was secured on the 11th day of June, 1829.
While Joseph visited his home in Pennsylvania, during
the autumn of 1829 and the succeeding winter, Oliver
Cowdery remained to give his attention to the printing
and publication of the book, and in the spring of 1830
the first edition of the Book of Mormon was given to
the world.
0. IMPORTANT REVELATIONS.
To the Prophet Joseph, intelligence concerning the
new Church which God was about to establish, was
made known as it was needed, as the work progressed.
The whole plan was neither revealed at once nor under-
stood by the Prophet from the beginning. During his
whole life he received numerous revelations through
which he was taught, and by which he was prepared for
his labors as they appeared. These counsels and teach-
ings are found in the Doctrine and Covenants, a book of
revelations given as necessity demanded for the comfort
and guidance of the servants of God and the Church.
On one occasion, while engaged in the translation
of the Book of Mormon, Joseph and Oliver encountered
a passage which spoke of baptism for the remission of
sins. This being new to them, as it is to many to this
day, they felt a desire, a necessity to comply with this
doctrine. After consulting on the matter, they went to
the woods and there united in prayer for light on the
subject. While thus engaged a heavenly messenger
descended before them. He told them that he was John
the Baptist, and that he had come to minister to them
A BUIEF HISTORY, OF THE CHUllCH. 31
under the direction of the Apostles Peter, James and
John, who still held the Priesthood after the order of
Melchisedek. Laying his hands upon their heads, he
conferred upon them the Aaronic Priesthood, which
holds the keys of the ministering of angels, and the
gospel of repentance and baptism by immersion for the
remission of sins. The angel also instructed them in the
duties of this Priesthood, saying that in due time the
Higher, or Melchisedek Priesthood, without which there
can be no true Church of Christ, would be conferred
upon them by p^per authority. John then commanded -
them to go forth and baptize each the other by virtue of
the authority transmitted to them; this was accordingly
done on the 15th day of Ma}^, 1829, when Joseph
baptized Oliver and afterward Oliver immersed Joseph
for the remission of sins. Coming out of the water, they
ordained each other to the Aaronic Priesthood, following
which the Holy Ghost fell upon them, causing them to
rejoice and prophesy. Thus was the beginning made to
tha membership of the Church of Christ, the initiatory
ordinance being performed by direct authority from
heaven.
Time after time Joseph proclaimed to anxious
enquirers the tidings that an angel from heaven had
restored to earth the power to baptize men for the
remission of sins, and that himself and Oliver had been
the recipients thereof. Out of the scriptures he reasoned
with his friends, as he met them. People soon began to
receive the testimony, among the first being Samuel H.
and Hyrum Smith, brothers of the Prophet.
After the removal to Fayette, several honest souls in
the Whitmer family became convinced of the divine
mission of the Prophet, and were baptized; while many
32 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Others thereabout were soon made believers through the
inspiration of the Spirit and by means of the instructions
and persuasions of Joseph and Oliver, who were privi-
leged to meet the people and speak to them on many
occasions.
In the course of the work of translating the Book of
Mormon, the Prophet and his scribe learned that the
Lord would provide three special witnesses, who
should be granted permission to see the plates, etc., and
who should bear record of the same."" By revelation,
Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer and Martin Harris were
chqsen such witnesses.! Some days after their selec-
tion, these men with the Prophet retired into the woods
to obtain a fulfillment of the promised privilege. In
answer to their prayers, an angel appeared showing
them the plates, turning over the leaves, one by one, so
that they could see them and discover upon them the
eng-ravings. A voice said unto them that the plates had
been revealed and correctly translated by the power of
God. The}' were then commanded to bear record of
what they saw and heard, which they afterward did, their
testimony being found in ever}' edition of the Book of
Mormon. It remains unimpeached to this day, notwith-
standing all of them subsequently apostatized, not one of
them ever denied that he had seen the plates and the
heavenly messenger as he had at first solemnly testified.
Eight other witnesses, whose testimony is also found in
all editions of the book, testify that Joseph showed them
the plates which they handled.
At a day not definitely known, but between the 15th
*See Book of Mormon, Ether v, 2-4.
tSee Section 17, Doctrine and Covenants.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 33
of May and the end of June, 1829, Peter, James and
John appeared in glory to Joseph, conferring upon him
and Oliver Cowdery the Apostleship and Melchisedec
Priesthood which these ancient disciples of the Lord
and Savior held while in mortality. These two modern
servants of God, the first Elder and the second in the
Church, then re-ordained each other to the same Priest-
hood. The gift of the Holy Ghost was now sealed upon'
their heads, and they rejoiced exceedingly being now in
position to confer this gift upon others. They were also
thus made possessors of the Melchisedek Priesthood?
which is the "moving, directing, controlling, governing*
or presiding agency, right and authority which is vested
in the Godhead and delegated unto man for the purposes
of his instruction, initiation into the Church, spiritual
and temporal guidance, government and exaltation.
* * * Which is without father, without mother
or descent, or beginning of days or end of life; which
the Great High Priest, Melchisedek, so honored and
magnified in his time that it was called after his name,
in honor to him and to avoid the too frequent repetition
of the name of the Son of God."*
Following their ordination to the High Priesthood,
came a momentous revelation from the Lord making
known to them the calling of Twelve Apostles in the last
days, giving also many instructions concerning the build-
ing up of the Church of Christ according to the fullness
of the gospel. t
Thus, during the eventful months of May and June,
1829, were revealed many important truths and princi-
* Joseph F. Smith, in The Contributor, Vol. X, page -307.
t See Doctrine and Covenants, Section 18.
34 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
pies, fraught with world-wide benefits, with great conse-
quences to the religious world.
It was learned that baptism is essential, and is for
the remission of sins; and men were authorized to per-
form this ordinance.
Witnesses were chosen to testify to the divinity of
the Book of Mormon, now almost ready to be distributed
to the inhabitants of the world, who would through it
receive a fullness and an undefiled explanation of the
gospel of Jesus Christ as taught anciently.
The beginning was successful!}^ made in proclaiming
these tidings to mankind.
As a result of the whole, the hour was rapidly
approaching w^hen the true Church could be organized,
when the "marvelous work and a wonder" which the
Lord w^as in the act of bringing forth could be thoroughly
founded in the earth.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCFI. 35
II. FROM THE ORGANIZATION TO THE
FLIGHT FROM KIRTLAND.
1830—1838.
1. ORGANIZATION OF THE CHURCH.
By the will and commandments of God, the 6th day
of April, 1830, was the date fixed for the organization of
the Church, for which everything was now in readiness.
On that day a meeting of the baptized members, about
forty in number, was called, and assembled in the house
of Peter Whitmer, Sen., in Fayette, Seneca County, New
York. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
was organized, oq the date named, with six members?
which number was required by law. The original mem-
bers were: Joseph Smith, Jun., Oliver Cowdery, Hyrum
Smith, Peter Whitmer, Jun., Samuel H. Smith and
David Whitmer.
In conformit}' with previously revealed command-
ments, the Prophet Joseph, having first opened the meet-
ing by prayer, called upon the members present to know
whether the}^ were willing to accept him and Oliver
Cowdery as their teachers in the Kingdom of God, and
whether they were willing to be organized as a Church.
By unanimous vote they consented, whereupon Joseph
laid his hands upon Oliver ordaining him an Elder in
the Church of Christ, after which Joseph was ordained by
Oliver to the same office. ^ The sacrament of the Lord's
Supper was partaken of by those who had been baptized.
36 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
following which they were made the recipients of the
Holy Ghost and confirmed members of the Church by the
laying on of the Elders' hands. The Spirit was richly
manifest, so that all rejoiced and praised God, while a
number prophesied. Some of the brethren, ^or the mem-
bers were now "brethren and sisters," were likewise, at
this time, ordained to the various offices in the Priest-
hood, the duties of which were made known by revelation
about this time.* .
While the Saints were yet together on this occasion,
the Prophet Joseph voiced to his followers the revelation
found in the twenty-first section of the Doctrine and
Covenants, in which his divine calling is declared, the
forgiveness of his sins proclaimed, and the Church com-
manded to give heed, in all patience and faith, to his
words as he shall receive them, as if they came from the
mouth of the Lord Himself; being promised that in so
doing, the Lord would disperse darkness from before
them, cause the heavens to shake for their good, and that
the gates of hell should not prevail against them. Mighty
blessings are promised to those who shall labor in the
vine3^ard to declare the way open for the remission of
sins, and Jesus crucified for the sins of the world.
"Thus was founded," says the Historian Whittiey?
"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Thus
arose, ab a system, what the -world terms Mormonism,
— universally regarded as the most remarkable religious
movement of modern times; detested and denounced
*In the 20 h Section of the Doctrine and Covenants are found instructions
concerning Church organization, government and discipline, the proper mode
of baptism, the administration ot the Sacrament, duties of officers and mem-
bers, etc
A BRIEF HISTOKY OF THE CHURCH. 37
throughout Christendom as a dangerous and soul-destroy-
ing imposture, but revered and deffended by its disciples
as the wonderful work of the Almighty, the veritable
'marvelous work and wonder' foretold by Isaiah and
other ancient seers, which was to prepare the world, by
the preaching of the restored gospel and the founding of
the Latter-day Zion for Messiah's second coming and the
advent of the Millennium."
Z. MANIFESTATIONS AND PERSECUTIONS.
The Church was organized on a Tuesday, and the
first public meeting thereafter was held at the house of
Peter Whitmer, in Fayette, on the following Sunday,
April 11th, 1830. Since the appointment for this
gathering had gone forth in all the surrounding neigh-
borhood, it was attended by a large number of people.
On this occasion, Oliver Cowdery, under Joseph's
direction, preached the first public discourse delivered
by an authorized servant of God in the latter-day dis-
pensation. Saints and strangers were greatly comforted,
many of the latter seeking baptism and membership
among the people of God. Six were added that day,
followed by seven others on Sunday the 18th, all being
baptized by Oliver Cowdery, in Seneca Lake.
During the latter part of the month of April Joseph
visited the home of Mr. Joseph Knight, at Colesville,
Broome County, New York, the gentleman who had so
kindly aided him in the hour of need while engaged in
translating the Book of Mormon. Mr. Knight and
family, who were Universalists, received him kindly,
reasoning calmly with him upon his religious views.
38 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHUKCH.
The Prophet held several meetings which created friends,
enemies and numerous enquirers after the truth. Among
those who attended regularly was Newel Knight, a son
of Joseph Knight, who became so interested in the
words of the Prophet that he promised to pray in meet-
ing before his friends. When the time came, however,
he could not be prevailed upon to do that, but instead
retired into the woods, from which place he returned in
an alarming condition of mind and body. Visiting him,
Joseph found his visage and limbs distorted and twisted;
and while the Prophet was yet there, his friend was
caught up from the floor and tossed helplessly about the
room. Through the power of the Spirit, Joseph saw
that he was in the hands of the evil one, and that the
power of God alone could save him from such tortures.
Joseph succeeded in getting hold of his hand, when
Newel requested that the devil which possessed him be
cast out. Joseph replied: "If you know that I can, it
shall be done," and then, almost unconsciously, the ser-
vant of God rebuked the destroyer, commanding him in
the name of Jesus Christ to depart. Instantly, Newel
cried out with jo}^, saying that he could see the devil
leave the room and vanish from sight. His countenance
became natural, his distortions ceased, he was filled with
the Holy Ghost, he believed, was made whole, and was
afterward baptized by David Whitmer, while on a visit
to Fayette in the latter part of Ma}^ Many others who
witnessed this strange event subsequently became mem-
bers of the Church.
Thus was the first miracle performed in the Church,
by the power of God, and it was a beginning uf the
realization of the promises made, — for it was to be a
gospel of "signs" following the believer, as in days of
A BRIEF HISTOKY OF THE CHUKCH. 89
old. Since then, thousands of miracles have been, and
are being performed by the Elders who ever give to the
Father the praise, honor and glory.
Having completed his labors in Colesville, Joseph
returned to Fayette, where he found much excitement
over the coming forth of the Book of Mormon, which,
though having been in print for some time, "was
accounted a strange thing." The Saints, their friends,
and believers in the book, were being subjected to much
petty persecution.
In Fayette, on the first day of June, 1830, the first
conference of the Church was held. Thirt}^ members
Vvere present on the opening day, there being also many-
strangers, and believers in the new faith. The Sacra-
ment was administered; the faith of the congregation was
so great that many saw heavenly visions, and felt the
manifestations of the Spirit in such a miraculous manner
that they were deprived of their natural strength for a
time. Restored to their bodily powers, they shouted
"Hosannas to God and the Lamb," and rehearsed the
glories which they beheld while yet in the Spirit. Many
baptisms followed, more were ordained to the offices of
the Priesthood, the brethren were inspired with fresh
zeal in the cause, and Mormonism began spreading with
unprecedented rapidity.
Returning immediately after this conference to his
home in Pennsylvania, Joseph soon thereafter departed
thence, with his wife, on a visit to the home of Joseph
Knight, at Colesville, where he found many believers
anxious for baptism. On a Saturday night, the Elders
constructed a dam over a stream, where baptisms were to
be performed after the appointed meeting on the follow-
ing Sabbath day. But a mob, led by certain priests in
40 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
the neighborhood, tore away the dam, necessitating the
postponement of the ordinance till Monda}', when, not-
withstanding the rage of their eneimes, (who had become
still more embittered at hearing the testimonies of the
divinity ol the Book of Mormon, and the first principles
of the gospel, at the Sunday meeting,) thirteen persons
were baptized under the hands of Oliver Cowdery.
Among these w^as Emma, the wife of the Prophet Joseph,
whose joy at welcoming her into the fold was unspeak-
able.
Scarcely was the ordinance completed, when the
mob again began their anno3'ances. Fifty men sur-
rounded the house of Mr. Knight, an4 it was only by
exercising great care that the Elders were saved from
violence. Joseph confronted the mob, bravely answering
their insults and threatenings, in a vain endeavor to
pacify them. Finally the rabble withdrew, and the Elders
prudentl}' went to the home of Newel Whitne}'. Here,
as they were about to confirm the gathered converts, a
constable appeared with a warrant for the arrest of
Joseph, the charge being preaching the Book of Mormon
and setting the country in an uproar. The arrest had
been instigated by the mob whose plan was to get him
into their hands, so the now friendh' constable said.
This proved to be true, and but for the friendliness of
the officer, whD found Joseph a different personage from
what he had been represented, undoubtedly they would
have taken him from custody. When the mob surrounded
the wagon, the constable whipped up his horse, and thus
drove the Prophet out of their reach. Taking him to
bouth Bainbridge, Chenango County, he was lodged in a
tavern where the constable kept watch over him for the
night. Next day, amid great excitement, he was called
A BRIEF HISTOltY OF THE CHURCH. 41
for trial, the charges, among others, being that he had
obtained from Josiah Stoal, his former employer, a horse,
and from a Jonathan Thompson, a j^oke of oxen, by tell-
ing them that he had received revelations that he was to
have the property. Taking the witness stand, these
gentlemen testified in the prisoner's favor, and he was
promptly acquitted. His defenders were Messrs. Joseph
Davidson and John Reid who had been secured by Mr.
Joseph Knight.
No sooner was Joseph set free than he was re-arrested
on a warrant from Broome County, and taken to Coles-
ville for trial. The officer into whose hands he now fell
treated him harshly, allowing him neither food nor water
for many hours. At the tavern, the rabble abused,
ridiculed, insulted, spit upon and pointed their fingers at
him. Then at length he was given some crusts of bread
and water, and permitted to retire for the night.
At the trial the following day, the same gentlemen
defended him as were at the former trial. They held
forth in its true light the malicious nature of the prosecu-
tors of the case. Joseph was again promptly acquitted,
there being no cause for action. This greatly angered
his enemies who now threatened him with violence.
They were prevented from accomplishing their
designs by the officer who had before treated him so
harshly, but who, like many others who had witnessed
the case, was now disposed to be friendly. With this
help Joseph and his wife escaped unharmed to his home
in Pennsylvania.
Not many days after, however, he, with Oliver Cow-
dery, revisited Colesville to confirm the baptized
members, but scarcely had they arrived at the residence
of Mr. Knight when the mob began to gather, and they
4:2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
were forced to flee for their lives, without accomplishing
their purpose. On a subsequent visit they were more
successful.
With the assistance of his wife and John Whitmer,
Joseph now spent some time in arranging and cop3'ing
the relvelations received up to this date. In the month
of June, what is konwn as the "Visions of Moses,"* and
in July the commandments found in the 24th, 25th and
26th sections of the Doctrine and Covenants were made
known.
Oliver Cowdery had returned to Mr. Whitmer's, at
Fayette, and while Joseph was 3^et in Harmony he
received a letter from him, in which the announcement
was made that an error had been discovered in one of
the commandments, which Joseph was asked to correct,
to w^hich the Prophet replied that the words were given
of God, and must stand as written until God should
changis them.f
It was onty after Joseph had made a personal visit
to Fayette that Oliver and some of the Whitmer family,
who had also been misled, were convinced of the correct-
ness of the Prophet's position; but even then the inci-
dent caused a breach between the First Elder and the
Second,- whose relations up to this time had been con-
genial and mutually helpful, which only temporarily
closed, soon to be re-opened.
In the early part of August, some of the unconfirmed
members, baptized in Colesville, came to Harmony,
w^hereupon Joseph prepared to hold a confirmation meet-
*See "Pearl of Great Price," page 1.
f See Doctrine and Covenants, Section 20, verse 37, the words enclosed in
commas in the last four lines.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 43
ing. Wishing to administer the sacrament, he set out
to obtain some wine, when he was met by a heavenly
messenger, and received a revelation in which the use of
wine in the sacrament is forbidden, unless it be made
new among the Saints themselves.* Returning, Joseph
complied with the instructions, the meeting being held
as contemplated.
Persecutions now revived in Harmony, set in motion
by the efforts of a Methodist minister. Joseph's father-
in-law, Mr. Isaac Hale, was prevailed upon to join the
ranks of the opponents, and from that time oti became a
bitter foe to Mormonism. It became impossible for
Joseph and Emma to remain in their old home in Har-
mony, and so, accepting a second invitation from the
Whitmers, they removed to Fayette, arriving there in the
latter part of August, 1830.
3. MISSION TO THE LAMANITES.
Fresh troubles now confronted the cause. Upon
arriving in Fayette, the Prophet found serious dissen-
sions among his followers. The trouble arose over a
stone in the possession of Hiram Page, through which
he had obtained a number of spurious revelations, the
teachings of which were contrary to the doctrines of the
New Testament and to those received by the head of the
Church. A number of the Saints had been misled, prom-
inent among whom were Oliver Cowdery and some of
the Whitmer family. Speaking in the name of the Lord,
the Prophet told them that Satan had deceived Hiram
* Sect on 27, Doctrine and Covenants, verses 1-4.
44 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Page, that the communications received through the
stone were not of God, and that he alone was to receive
revelations for the Church, until another should be
appointed in his stead. All things were to be done in
order, and b}^ common consent by the prayer of faith.
Oliver Cowdery was called upon to induce Page to dis-
card the stone, and he was likewise called to preach the
gospel to the Lamanites, which mission he was to fill as
soon as the differences then existing in the Church
were settled.* In this same revelation allusion is made
to a "city" which, though not definitely located, was to
be founded somewhere in the West, on the "borders by
the Lamanites." It was about this time also that the
important revelation concerning the eventual gathering
of the Saints was given. t
At a three days' conference in Fayette, the second
held in the Church beginning September 1st, 1830, Hiram
Page and his associates renounced the stone in question,
and all things connected therewith, renewing their fealty
to Joseph as their leader and prophet. Thus harmony
was restored once more, the threatened schism being
completely blotted out. At this conference two revela-
tions were given (Doctrine and Covenants, Sections 30
and 31) calling a number of the brethren on missions; and
soon after its adjournment preparations were made for
introducing the gospel to the Lamanites, or Indians, in
conformity with the revealed word.
The Latter-day Saints believe that they themselves
are of Israel, and it is a cardinal doctrine with them
that scattered Israel shall be gathered in the last days,
* Doctrine and Covenants, Section 28.
f Doctrine and Covenants, Section See also Section 10, vs. 59-65.
A BBIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 45
which in a measure accounts for the startling sacrifices
made by them in proclaiming the gospel to all the
nations of the earth, and in their calling upon the honest
in heart, the seed of Israel, to gather to the land of
Zion, or America. With Jeremiah they believe that
"He that scattered Israel will gather him, and keep him,
as a shepherd doth his flock." Hence their eagerness to
declare the word of the Lord to the nations, and in the
"isles afar off." The gathering, which involves not only
the scattered remnants of Israel, but also the return of
the Ten Tribes from the "north country," the restora-
tion of the Jews, and the re-building of Jerusalem, was
accounted a strange doctrine when first announced in
this age; so was the calling of missionaries to go forth
to preach without purse or scrip. Even the inspired
mind of the Prophet scarcely understood, nay, did not
understand, the full import of these and other doctrines
revealed through his instrumentality. But he made
this motto his rule of life: "When the Lord commands,
do it," at the same time showing his followers the
necessity of a like obedience.
The Indians, according to the belief of the Saints,
which is founded upon the statements of the Book of
Mormon, are a branch of the House of Israel, and are
therefore to hear the word of God so that they may
carry out their portion of the great gospel programe, and
assist in buidling up the city of Zion, the New Jeursa-
lem of the West. Hence the calling of missionaries at
this early day to present the true gospel to them,
together with the Book of Mormon, a record of the
hand dealings of God with their forefathers.
46 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
The men selected b}^ revelation* to perform this
hrst distant mission, "to go into the wilderness, through
the western states, and into the Indian territory," were
Oliver Cowder}', Peter Whitmer, Jr., Parley P. Pratt
and Ziba Peterson. While they were specially called to
the Indians, they were nevertheless to preach wherever
opportunit}^ offered.
Parle}' P. Pratt, whose history at this point is
inseparably interwoven wath that of the Church, was
born April 12th, 1807, in Burlington, Otsego County,
New York, and was baptized into the Church b}^ Oliver
Cowdery, in Seneca Lake, September 1st, 1830. Pre"
viously he had been a Campbellite preacher. The
Carabellites were a sect of reformed Baptists, whose
stronghold was in and about Kirtland, Ohio, and the
shores of Lake Erie. Among their noted men were
Alexander Campbell, the founder of the sect, and Sidney
Rigdon, a gifted expounder of the Scriptures. Soon after
joining this sect, in August, 1830, Pratt decided to devote
his life to the ministr}^ for which reason he sold his
frontier home in Ohio, going east to carry out his
resolve. While on this journey he first saw the Book of
Mormon, in which he immediately became deeply
interested. He started to seek the Prophet, t>ut not
finding him at home, he visited his brother Hyrum
Smith, who accompanied him to Fayette, where, becom-
ing convinced of the divinity of Joseph's mission, he
was baptized as stated. He then went east and there
converted his brother Orson, afterwards a famous Apostle
and one of the pioneer founders of Utah. Returnmg west,
he met the Prophet Joseph at Manchester, being soon
•Doctrine and Covenants, Section 28, 30 and 32
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 47
thereafter called to fill the before-mentioned mission to
the Lamanites^ or Indians.
Late in October, the four Elders began their west-
ward journey on foot, trusting in the Lord "to open up
the way." Near Buffalo, they presented their interesting
message to the Catteraugus Indians, giving them copies
of the Book of Mormon. The)^ were kindl}' received by
the red men. Continuing their journey, their next stop
was at Kirtland, then a prosperous frontier town of about
two thousand inhabitants, a city where "Mormonism
itself, their parent Church, was destined soon to pJant
its pilgrim feet." Seeking an interview with his former
teacher, Sidney Rigdon, Elder Pratt delivered to him the
message of his new-found truths. Mr. Rigdon, with
many of his prominent followers, among whom may be
mentioned Edward Partridge and Newel K. Whitney,
afterward the first two Bishops of the Mormon Church,
soon became convinced that they had no authority to
minister in the ordinances of God, hence were not legally
baptized and ordained. Consequently many of them
submitted to baptism at the hands of Elder Pratt and his
associates, through whose ministrations they received the
gift of the Holy Ghost by the laying on of hands. The
interest and excitement over the new missionaries became
general in the surrounding region. Night and day they
were busy teaching the multitudes who came to listen.
In two or three weeks after their arrival, one hundred
and twenty-seven souls were baptized, which number
soon increased to one thousand. The new converts
"were filled with joy and gladness; while rage and lying
were abundantly manifested by gainsayers; faith was
strong, joy was great, and persecution heavy."
Ordaining Sidney Rigdon, Isaac Morley, John Mur-
48 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
dock, Ljman Wight, Edward Partridge and many others,
many of whom afterward became noted in the chronicles
of the Church, to the ministry, to take charge of the
Saints and minister the gospel, the successful mission-
aries, having first notified the Prophet of their progress,
proceeded westward, adding to their number a new con-
vert, Frederick G. Williams.
At Sandusky, in Western Ohio, the Wyandots were
visited, which tribe rejoiced in the strange tidings
revealed to them of their forefathers, and of the restored
gospel. They w^ere very friendly and bade the Elders
God-speed to the West, in which direction the red men
expected soon -to follow.
Thence, the missionaries proceeded to Cincinnati
and St. Louis where the}^ met with little or no success.
In passing his old forest home, some fifty miles from
Kirtland, Elder Pratt was arrested on some trivial charge,
but sagacious^ made his escape. Near St. Louis they
halted, owing to the dreadful storms, snow being three
feet deep. With the opening of the new year, 1831, they
continued their journe}', traveling on foot three hundred
miles through prairies covered with trackless wilds of
snow, without shelter or fire, having for food frozen corn
bread and raw pork. At length Independence, Jackson
County, in the extreme western frontier of Missouri, was
reached. So far the missionaries had been absent four
months, the}^ had traveled about fifteen hundred miles,
through a comparative wilderness, mostly on foot, in the
worst season of the 3'ear. They had preached the gospel
to tens of thousands of their own race, and to two
nations of Indians, besides having confirmed many
hundreds and organized them into branches of the
Church.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 49
Two of the brethren remained at tailor work in
Independence, while Elder Pratt and Cowdery crossed
the frontier to the Indians, tarrying one night with the
Shawnees; after which they crossed the Kansas River to
the Delawares. Seeking the aged chief of this nation, a
polygamist and sachem of ten tribes, the missionaries
presented their message to him by means of a friendly
interpreter. They were received kindly. After some
hesitancy, on the part of the chief, a council was called,
and Oliver Cowdery was permitted to address the Indians.
Presenting them with a copy of the Book of Mormon, he
gave an account of its history, and of the restoration of
the gospel. For several days they remained to instruct
the aborigines whose interest became intense, the excite-
ment spreading to the whole tribe. Finally the ministers
and agents on the frontier heard of the excitement, and
through them the Elders were ordered out of the Indian
country as peace-disturbers, threatened with military
interference in case of non-compliance with the order.
Under these circumstances, they reluctantly departed
from among the Indians, returning to labor among the
white settlers in Jackson County, where they met with
some success.
At a council of the five Elders, held in Independ-
ence, on the 14th of February, 1831, it was decided to
send Elder Pratt east to report their labors to the
Prophet Joseph. Departing on this perilous journey^
Elder Pratt, after much suffering, reached Kirtland, to
which city the Prophet had now removed. Upon his
arrival in March, 1831, the Lamanite missionary was
there greeted with a 'hearty reception.
50 A BRIEF HISTOKY OF THE CHURCH.
4. REMOVAL OF THE CHURCH TO OHIO.
Meantime, the cause of Mormonism had rapidly pro-
gressed in the east, through the ministrations of the
Prophet and his associates. In the fall of 1830, Joseph
had been visited by Orson Pratt, also by Sidney Rigdon
and Edward Partridge of Kirtland, which latter reported
the condition of that branch to the Prophet leader.
These visitors came to enquire of the Prophet what was
the will of the Lord concerning them.*
Sidne}' Rigdon was retained to assist Joseph as scribe
in the insured translation of the Holy Bible, which
work was begun just before the close of the year 1830.
Already, as we have seen, it had been intimated that
the West was the future field for Mormonism, and with
the success of the Lamanite missionaries in Kirtland, it
became evident to Joseph that the time was ripe for a
general movement of the Church towards the land of their
future destin}^ The visit of Sidney Rigdon confirmed
this idea. The site of the new "city" had not yet been
definitely determined, but Kirtland would be a good rest-
ing place, where a flourishing Stake of Zion could be
established, until such a time as God should reveal the
location of the Zion which was to be "called the New
Jerusalem, a land of peace, a cit}'^ of refuge, a place of
safety for the Saints of the Most High God." In Kirt-
land, in the meantime, the Saints might rest and gather
strength.
TRen came the first direct command for the Saints to
gather, — the revelation which heralded the beginning of
the gathering of Israel in the latter days. In it the
♦Doctrine and Covenants, Sections 34, 35, and 3fi.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 51
Churck is commanded to "assemble together on the
Ohio."* But before going, Joseph and Sidney were first
to preach and strengthen the Saints in. the region round
about, and more especially in Colesville, where the Saints
were very faithful. This was done.
Preparatory to the emigration westward in compliance
with the will of the Lord, a farewell gathering, the third
conference of the Church, was held at Fayette, January
2nd, 1831. On this occasion, all the affairs of the Church
in the east were settled, or left with trusted agents to
arrange as speedily as possible. During the conference,
the Lord made known to the Saints through revelation
that a land of promise should be given them, which they
should inherit forever on certain conditions. f In Ohio,
in the mean time, they were promised that the law of
God should be given to them, and that they should be
endowed with power from on high.
Then the movement began. Toward the latter part
of the month, the Prophet with his wife, accompanied
by Sidney Rigdon, Edward Partridge, and others, left
on their journey to Kirtland, where they arrived about
February 1st, 1831. Joseph introduced himself to Mr.
Newel K. Whitney as "Joseph the Prophet," and was by
this gentleman kindly received and entertained. For
several weeks himself and wife resided at the home of
Mr. Whitney, where Joseph's time was occupied with
important matters that pertained to the setting of the
Church in order.
Shortly after the Prophet's arrival in Kirtland, the
Saints in New York began to migrate. They reached
♦Doctrine and Covenants, Section 37.
t Doctrine angl Covenants, Section 38
52 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
their destination in May and June following^, and settled
in the northern part of Ohio, principally in and about
Kirtland. The Ohio Saints were commanded to receive
their "eastern brethren,"* and divide their lands with
them, until the Lord should further direct the location of
their land of inheritance.
5. THE LAW OF CONSECRATION.
Following the departure of the Lamanite missionaries
from Kirtland, strange notions and false spirits had crept
into the Church in this branch, which Joseph now im-
mediately sought to eradicate and drive out, in which
work he soon succeeded by the exercise of wisdom and
caution.
It appears that the Campbellites, evidently with a
desire to be like the earl}^ Christians who had all things
in common, had organized in what was called the "com-
mon stock" plan of living. All dwelt together as a family,
and the "family" nearly all joined the Church. Joseph
induced them to abandon this plan for the more "perfect
law of the Lord," which was consecration, or the United
Order, which now became a law to the whole Church.
The provisions of this law, in short, were these:
On entering the Order each individual was to consecrate
all his property to the Bishop, utterly relinquishing its
possession. The Church would then give a deed convey-
ing to such person certain property as a stewardship for
himself and family, of which he was to render an ac-
count to the Bishop. Every man was to seek the interest
of his neighbor, there was to be no idleness, ail would be
Doctrine and Covenants, Section 48.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 53
owners alike, yet each steward was free in the manage-
ment of his stewardship, temporal equality was to be
inaugurated. The key-note of the order is thus given by
the Prophet: "It is not given that one man should
possess that which is above another." It was to be a
system like that of the Apostles at Jerusalem: "The
multitude of them that believed were of one heart and
of one soul, — neither said any of them that aught of the
things which he possessed was his own; but they had all
things common." It was to be a system such as pre-
vailed in the "City of Enoch:" the Lord called his people
Zion, because they were of one heart and one r^iind and
dwelt in righteousness, and there was no poor among
them."*
The first movement towards the establishment of
this law was the organization of the Bishopric, the presi-
dency of the Aaronic Priesthood, which has authority to
minister in temporal things. The first Bishop called by
revelationf was Edward Partridge, who "was appointed
by the voice of the Church and ordained a Bishop" on
the 4th day of February, 1831. He was to relinquish
his business as merchant, and spend all his time in the
service of the Church. J
* For interesting discussions on this topic, see Whitney's "History of
Utah,"' Vol. 1, page 82-85; Roberts' "Outlines of Ecclesiastical History,'' pp.
353-356; also Sections 42 and 51, Doctrine and Covenants.
t Doctrine and Covenants, Section 41.
t For complete organization of the Bishopric and its duties, see Roberts'
"Outlines of Ecclesiastical History," pp. 346-350. Also, Doctrine and Cove-
nants, Section 42, verses 30-32; and Section 51, verses 3-6 and 13-17. These
quotations contain also a general outline of the Order which was introduced
and sought to be established among the Saints in Kirtland, Ohio, and subse-
quently in Missouri.
54 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Some days after the appointment of a Bishop, a
revelation, found in the 42nd Section of the Book of
Covenants, was given in which the Saints are taught
important doctrines concerning the order, and the govern-
ment of the Church.
All the Elders, except the Prophet and' Sidney
Rigdon are afterward commanded to go out, two by two,
to preach the gospel, warning their converts to flee to the
West. The Lord promises to reveal the location of the
New Jerusalem in His own due time, for which the Saints
were instructed to pra}'.
Thus was the law of consecration, the Order of
Enoch, or the United Order, given to the Saints; but
owing to persecutions, and to the selfishness, pride and
disobedience of men, it was not permanently founded.
.With the Saints it is one of the still unsettled problems
of the future, since the Lord has said that without it,
Zion cannot be built. "^^ The Church failed to live up
to the Older of God in this law, and hence, the lesser
law of tithing was given them in lieu thereof, in the
year 1838. This law requires the person to pay first his
surplus property to the Bishop, and after that one-tenth
of his annual income. *("
6. LOCATING THE LAND OF ZION.
On the 6th day of June, 1831, the fourth general con-
fernce of the Church was held in Kirtland, the scattered
Elders attending agreeable to the call by revelation. J
» Doctrine and Covenants, Section 105, verse 5.
t Doctrine and Covenants, Section 119.
"l Doctrine and Covenants, Section 44.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 55
The number of the Saints had now swelled to about two
thousand souls. Great power was manifested in this
gathering. The first High Priests were ordained, and
the power of the Melchisedec Priesthood was more fully
manifested than had been the case heretofore. Only
Joseph and Oliver up to this time had held a position
in this Priesthood higher than a common Elder, which
office is an appendage to the Melchisedec Priesthood.
Many of the Elders were commissioned to go forth,
two by two, to preach and baptize, as did the Apostles
anciently.* They were to go upon different routes,
journeying towards the Missouri frontier, organizing
branches wherever the people would listen to their gospel
message. They were to meet in the State of Missouri
where the next conference of the Church was to be held,
and at which time, if faithful, the location of their land
of inheritance would be made known to them.
Shortly after the conference, revelations were received
for Sidney Gilbert,t and for Newel Knight, the latter
being in relation to the Colesville branch of the Church,
whose members rvere among the first to embrace the
gospel, now temporarily located at Thompson, Ohio.
They were commanded to journey westward," unto
the borders of the Lamanites. "J They had broken the
law which had been given to them in a previous revela-
tion, and this was now declared "void and of none effect. "§
Then followed revelations for W. W. Phelps, after-
ward a prominent member of the Church, and Thomas B.
* Doctrine and Covenants, Section 52.
t Doctrine and Covenants, Section 53.
I Doctrine and Covenants, Section 54.
g Doctrine and Covenants. Section 51.
56 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Marsh, afterward the president of the Twelve Apostles^
who had come to learn from the Prophet the will of the
Lord concerning them.*
Conforming to the commandment received during
conference, Joseph, in company with Sidney Rigdon,
Martin Harris, Edward Partridge, W. W. Phelps, Joseph
Coe, and A. S. Gilbert and wife, started from Kirtland
on the 19th of June on his first visit to the land of Mis-
souri. They were followed by the Colesville branch,
who this time obeyed the revelation. Other Elders who
were called departed by different routes, bound for the
same destination. Joseph's company, journeying by
wagon, stage, canal-boat, steamer, and on foot, reached
Independence, Missouri, about the middle of July. The
meeting with Oliver Cowdery and his missionary asso-
ciates was the occasion of great rejoicing, and according
to the Prophet was "moistened with many tears."
Immediately after the arrival of Joseph, the location
for the City of Zion, the central gathering place of the
Sai^nts, was first definitely made known, t Independence
was the chosen site, and the spot for the temple was
designated as lying westward, on a lot not far from the
courthouse. According to the revelation, lands were to
be purchased by the Saints, and the soil m the region
was to be dedicated for the gathering of Israel, and for
the building of the New Jerusalem. Sidne}' Gilbert was
appointed a merchant, and an agent for land purchases,
while Edward Partridge, assisted by two counselors, was
chosen to "divide the Saints their inheritance," to be a
* Doctrine and Covenants, Section 55 and 56.
-j- Doctrine and Covenants, Section 57.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 57
judge in Israel, to receive the consecration of properties,
to assign stewardships, and to receive the Saints then
on the way from Ohio.
On the 1st of August Sidney Rigdon was called by
revelation to consecrate and dedicate to the Lord the land
of Zion, to write a description thereof, and to prepare
"an epistle and subscription" to obtain money for pur-
chasing lands for an inheritance.
The first step toward founding Zion was taken on
the 2nd day of August, 1831. On that day Joseph,
assisted by eleven other men, the whole representing the
Twelve Tribes of Israel, helped to lay a log for a house
in Kaw Township, twelve miles west of Independence, in
which locality the newly arrived Saints from Colesville
were settling. Elder Rigdon then dedicated the land.
The following day, the 3rd, witnessed the consecration of
the temple site, after which, on the 4th, the fifth con-
ference of the Church (the first in Zion) was held at the
house of Joshua Lewis, in Kaw Township, most of the
Saints being present. Revelations were given concern-
ing the Sabbath, and the return of certain Elders to Kirt-
land, among whom were Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery,
and Sidney Rigdon.*
Complying with the word of the Lord, the Prophet,
in company with ten Elders, left for the East, on the
9th day of August. During the interesting and eventful
journey two revelations were given which were full of
counsel and instruction to the brethren, f
On the 27th they arrived safe and well in Kirtland.
Thus was Zion located and dedicated on the western
♦Doctrine and Covenants, Sections 50 and 60.
t Doctrine and Covenants, Sections 61 and 62.
5
58 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
border line of civilization, a colony planted therein, a
temple site selected, and a migratory stream of Saints
set in motion in the direction of the "promised land."
In this practically untrodden West, the Saints hoped to
establish themselves in the City of their God, but they
were destined to disappointment and much tribulation.*
t. PROGRESS IN KIRTLAND AND THE EAST.
The Prophet, assisted by Sidney Rigdon, soon after
turned his attention to the translation of the Scriptures,
which work had been stopped since the previous Decem-
ber. For this purpose he retired, with his wife and two
infants, twins, which they had adopted in place of twins
of their own that had died, to the quiet little town of
Hiram, in Portage County, on September 12, 1831. They
made their reside^;ice with John Johnson, a member of
the Church, the father of the future Apostles, Luke S.
and L3^man E. Johnson, and father-in-law to Orson Hyde,
later also an Apostle.
While pursuing his literar\^ labors in this quiet
retreat, Joseph received many important reveations for
the guidance of the Church. "The Lord's Preface to
the Book of Commandments," and the revelation called
the "Appendix" were given in Novernber. In the latter
part of the same month Oliver Cowdery and John Whit-
mer departed for Jackson Count}^ whither W. W. Phelps
had preceded them for the purpose of preparing to print
the book of Doctrine and Covenants, and other publica-
tions. Interesting doctrines were about this time revealed
* Foretold in Doctrine and Covenants, Section 58, verses 2-5.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 59
explaining the Revelations of St. John,* and the mean-
ing of verse 14, chapter vii, Paul's First Epistle to the
Corinthians, t etc. ; likewise instructions concerning the
Bishopric of the Church. J On the fourth day of December
a second Bishop, Newel K. Whitney, was chosen for
the Kirtland Stake of Zion.
Teachings were enunciated upon which are based a
number of the religious doctrines of the Latter-day Saints.
In the "Vision" II is set forth the* doctrine of universal
salvation, in different degrees of glor}' for all men save
the "sons of perdition," upon the condition of justice
and mercy, according to their faithfulness and
obedience to the gospel of Christ, each person being
judged according to his works, and receiving according
to his knowledge and merits. Little children are saved
by the blood of Christ. For the heathen who died with-
out law there is hope; and even for the wicked, who are
"thrust down to hell," there is escape, after they have
paid "the uttermost farthing" in God's eternal punish-
ment, which does not necessarily mean never-en"ding
punishment, but punishment inflicted by the Eternal
One. There were spirits kept in the prison house
beyond, whom the Son visited, preaching to them the
gospel. They would have the privilege of receiving the
testimony of Jesus, and, accepting it, be judged accord-
ing to men in the flesh.
Besides continuing his literary labors, the Prophet
took active part in the ministry, attending a number of
conferences, and instructing the Church verbally and by
* Doctrine and Covenants, Section 77.
t Doctrine and Covenants, Section 74.
X Doctrine and Covenants, Sections 68 and 72.
II Doctrine and Covenants, Section 76.
60 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
written epistles. The while, persecution did not abate.
Ezra Booth, who had apostatized, was at this time
writing his series of nine letters in the Ohio Star,
against Joseph and the Mormons. They were the means
of creating great prejudice against the Prophet and his
cause, and not that alone, but persecution also. He and
Sidne}' Rigdon were brutally treated by a mob, at Hiram,
on the night of March 25th, 1832. Joseph was stripped,
covered with tar, beaten, and an attempt was also made to
force a bottle of aqua fortis down his throat. The next
day, though scarred and wounded, found him preaching
to a large congregation, many of whom had assisted in
mistreating him the previous night. That day he bap-
tized three new converts. Sidney Rigdon was delirious
for some time after the outrage. But the mobocratic
feeling became so rampant that the Prophet considered
it wisdom to leave.
He then departed on his second visit to Missouri, in
April, being joined on the way by Sidney Rigdon and
Bishop Whitney. They took a circuitous rout to avoid the
mob. Before Emma left Hiram, one of the twins died as a
result of exposure on the night of the outrage upon her
husband. This little one may be called the first martyr
in the Church.
On his arrival in Independence, Missouri, April
24th, the Prophet was well received by the Saints but
was pained to learn that their enemies were already
beginning to heap upon the insults and annoyancs that
were to end in their cruel exile from Jackson County.
Having visited and instructed among the Saints
received an important revelation,* ordered three
* D ctrine and Covenants, Section 83.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 61
thousand copies of the Doctrine and Covenants printed,
and been acknowledged as president of the High Priest-
hood— to which office he had been ordained at the
seventh general conference of the Church, in Amherst,
Ohio, on January 25th — Joseph and his two companions
started on their trip to Kirtland early in May. In
Indiana, Bishop Whitney broke his leg, which delayed
them one month in Greenville. At this place an attemp-
was made to poison the Prophet, and he narrowly
escaped death.
Arriving in Kirtland sometime in June, Joseph spent
the season working upon the translation of the scrip-
tures. His son Joseph, now leader of the Josephite, or
re-organized church, was born on the 3rd of November
of that year. In Decem.ber the "revelation and prophecy
on war"* was recorded which the Latter-day Saints
claim was literally fulfilled in the great conflict between
the Northern and the Southen States of the Union — the
civil war.
Mormonism continued to prosper, branches being
founded in various parts of the United States and Canada.
During the winter of 1832-3, the school of the prophets
was established, and a temple at Kirtland was projected,
the corner-stones of which were laid on the 23rd of July
following. The translation of the New Testament was
completed on the 2nd of February, 1833, and the manu-
script sealed to be opened in Zion.
Many revelations of great consequence to the Church
were made known. "|"
On the 18th day of March, 1833, the first Presi-
* Doctrine and Covenants, Section 87.
fSee Doctrine and Covenants, Section 88 to 92.
62 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
dency, the highest presiding quorum in the Church, was
first organized, with the following persojinel: Joseph
Smith, President; Sidney Rigdon, first Counselor;
Frederick G. Williams, Second Counselor.
Prosperity smiled upon the cause in Kirtland and
the east. Over $11,000.00 worth of land was purchased
upon which the Saints were to build and beautify the city,
now surnamed"Shinehah, " while awaiting further develop-
ments in Missouri, "the land of Zion. " Workshops,
mills and . public buildings, were erected, and various
industries established.
b. EXPULSION FROM JACKSON COUNTY.
In the midst of this prosperity, Oliver Cowdery
arrived in Kirtland in the beginning of September, 1833,
a messenger from the Saints in Missouri, bringing the
sad news of the serious disturbances and persecutions in
Jackson County.
There. were now about twelve hundred Saints in Mis-
souri, which number was being augmented constantly by
immigration. They had improved their purchased lands,
established industries, reaped rich harvests; they had a
paper called the Evetiing and Mornitig Star, edited by W.
W. Phelps, established in June, 1832; Parley P. Pratt
presided over a school of sixty Elders, and the gospel was
being preached to the people thereabouts with success.
T^e Saints were 1:hrift3% industrious, tended their own
affairs, in short, "minded th^ir own business," a stand-
ard creed with the Mormons. The}' doubtless had
faults, and some were indiscreet. Blinded by their own
ideas, perhaps others said things that were not wise?
gave utterance to sentiments which offended the people
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 63
not of their faith, but where such was the case, it was in
violation of the teachings of their religion which incul-
cated the principles of living at peace with all men.
rhey were law-abiding and peaceable citizens.
There being no law that would rid them of the
Mormons, it was wickedly determined that this should
be done without law. As early as April of this year,
a meeting was called to devise means as to the best way
to dispose of the Mormons. That gathering was unsuc-
cessful, but another, held about the middle of July
succeeded. At ' this meeting in Independence, some
three hundred persons met to devise a plan for expelling
the Saints. They signed a declaration accusing the
Mormons of blasphemy, pretensions to miracles and
healing the sick, casting out devils, and tampering with
the negro slaves and the Indians, and declaring the
Indian country to be theirs by heavenly inheritance.
Later, at a meeting of five-hundred of the mob, on the
20th, the above charges were reiterated, others being
added, and it was resolved that the Mormons leave the
country forthwith, that no Mormon be allowed to settle
there in the future, and that the printing of the Star be
suspended. A committee was appointed to inform the
Mormon leaders' of this decision. The latter asked for
time to consider. This only aroused the fury of the
mob, who immediately gathered around the printing
office, tore it down and scattered the material through
the street. Other outrages followed. Bishop Partridge
was covered with tar and feathers, and others of the
Saints were threatened and abused. Clergymen and
other prominent citizens took part in these lawless acts.
Lieutenant-Governor L. W.Boggs saiS to some of the
64 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Mormons: "You now know what our Jackson County
boys can do, and you must Jeave the county. "
Three days after these outrages were committed
another larger meeting was held, another committee
chosen. Realizing that their liberties were lost, that it
was useless to withstand the rioters, the Saints entered
into a peace agreement with the mob. They would leave
the county — one half of them on January 1st, 1834,
and the remainder on April 1st. The Star would be sus-
pended; immigration would cease. In return for these
concessions, the mob committee agreed, and the
action was ratified by the meeting, that the Saints
should be molested no more.
This was the message that Oliver Cowdery carried
to Kirtland. In reply, the Prophet sent an epistle and
messengers . to comfort and advise the people in their
unfortunate circumtances, but when they arrived in
Missouri, in the latter part of September, they found that
the mob had broken its pledge, and fresh outrages
against the Saints were in progress.
"The Mormons must go," was the general cry. The
Saints appealed to the State executive for military aid in
vain. That functionary advised them to try the law.
Following his advice brought only disaster. It was like
appl3'ing fire to powder. Soon the whole country rose in
arms to make war upon the unfortunate, peculiar people.
It A^as on the 30th and 31st of October, and the 1st of
November that the most furious attacks were made. Men
were beaten, houses unroofed, property destroyed, women
and children driven screaming into the wilderness.
Four of the Saints went to a circuit judge for a
peace warrant, but were told that it would not be issued
A BKIEF HISTORY OF THE CHUKCH. 65
for fear of the mob. The judge advised them to "shoot
down" the outlaws if these came again upon them. At
the next onslaught the Saints prepared to carry out this
advice, notwithstanding their repugnance to the taking
of human life. On the 4th of November a battle ensued.
One Mormon was killed, several .were wounded, and two
mobbers bit the dust. A general Mormon "uprising"
was now heralded abroad. On November 5th, Lieuten-
ant-Governor Boggs ordered out the militia to suppress
the alleged insurrection. This only made m.atters worse.
The mob was permitted to obtain what had been denied
to the Saints — the militia. Boggs permitted the mob to
enroll themselves among the troops. He demanded that
the Mormons lay down their arms, and he seized a num-
ber of them to be tried for murder, telling the remainder
to leave the country. To do this they had no time. Col.
Pitcher, afterward court-martialed for his cruelty, turned
his mob-militia upon the disarmed and helpless Saints;
then followed scenes beggaring description. "Armed
bands of ruffians ranged the county in every direction,
bursting into houses, terrifying women and children and
threatening the defenseless people with death if the) did
not instantly flee. * * * Out upon the bleak
prairies, along the Missouri's banks, chilled by Novem-
ber's winds and drenched by pouring rains, hungry and
shelterless, weeping and heart-broken, wandered forth the
exiles. Families scattered and divided, husbands seeking
wives, wives husbands, parents searching for their chil-
dren, not knowing if they were yet alive."*
Thus were between twelve and fifteen hundred souls
Whitney's " History of Utah," Vol. I., p. 108.
66 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
expelled from their homes and possessions in Jackson
County, three hundred of their houses burned, ten settle-
ments left desolate. Most of the exiles found refuge in
Clay County, just across the river, where they were
kindly received.
The highest authorities in the state and nation were
asked for redress, but the nation's executive could not
interfere without petition from the state authorities, and
the state authorities would do nothing because they were
either in fear of or in S3^mpathy with the mob. Lead-
ing, fair-minded citizens regarded the outrage as a grave
stain upon the name of Missouri; but all in vain; to this
day, w^ithout recompense, the Saints are dispossessed of
their rightful inheritance in their promised Zion.
y. HIGH COUNCIL ORGANIZED.
In the latter part of November, messengers arrived
in Kirtland giving details of the outrages that had been
committed in Missouri. At this time all was not peace
in Kirtland. The Prophet had been harrassed with law-
suits, and fears were even entertained for his life, so
much so that trusty friends guarded him night and day.
There were various other annoyances, among which may
be mentioned the strife which Dr. Hurlburt, with his
lying stories, succeeded in arousing by lecturing in
various places round about. This Dr. Hurlburt had been
excommunicated from the Church for immoral conduct;
he it was who originated the theory of connecting the
Book of Mormon with the Spaulding story, a theory now
recognized as false by the best authorities outside of the
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 67
Church, and of course always declared to be false by the
members of the Church.*
It was now decided to establish the printing press in
Kirtland. Oliver Cowdery became editor of the Star.
On the 17th of February, 1834, an important step was
taken. On that day the first High Council of the Church
was organized. t It was composed of twelve High
Priests, over whom three others of the same order were
to preside. There is now a High Council in each of the
thirty-three Stakes of Zion, each of which is presided
over by the Presidency of the Stake| — three High Priests
who are themselves amenable to the First Presidency of
the Church.
The duty of this council is to adjust difficulties be-
tween members of the Church, which have been brought
up on appeal from the ward bishop's court. Cases are
brought before the ward bishop's court by the "district"
Teachers. The High Council has also original jurisdic-
tion. The Council was appointed by revelation, and the
object of its organization is to prevent strife and dis-
* President James H. Fairchild, in the "New York Observer" of February
5th, 1885, speaking of the discovery by Mr. Rice of the Spaulding Romance,
says: "The theory of the origin of the Book of the Mormon in the traditional
manuscript of Solomon Spaulding will probably have to be relinquished *
* * Mr. Rice, myself and others compared it (the Spaulding manuscript)
with the Book of Mormon, and could detect no resemblance between the two,
in general or detail. There seems to be no name or incident common to the
two. « * * Some other explanation of the origin of the Book of Mormj
must be found, if any explanation is required."
fFor the names of the High Priests composing this Council, and the
duties of High Councils in general, see Doctrine and Covenants, Section 102.
I A "Stake" is a division of the Church presided over by a Council of
three High Priests; a " Ward" is a division of a Stake, in which a Bishop and
his two Counselors exercise supervision; a " District" is a division of a "Ward
in which presiding Teachers look after the interests of Church members
68 A BBIEF HISTORY OF THE CHUKCH.
union, to assist the members of the Church to adjust
their difficulties without costly litigation which the Mor-
mon leaders do not favor among their followers. Excom-
munication from the Church is the extreme penalty
decreed by this Council, while suspension from member-
ship, or from the privileges of Church communion, and
in certain cases excommunication, is the greatest punish-
ment inflicted by the Bishop's court.
The order of adjusting difficulties, then, in the
Church between members is this: If a person offend
another, the person so offended shall go alone to the
one who gave offense and tell him of his fault; if the
offender confess, the offended shall be reconciled, if not,
then witnesses shall be taken, and if still there is no
reconciliation then the matter may be taken to the Bishop's
court for settlement. From this court either party may
make an appeal to the High Council, whose decision is
hnal, and if not complied with, results in the guilty
part> losing his standing in the Church.*
10. zion's camp.
Early in the spring of 1834, Parle}' P. Pratt and
Eyman Wight, messengers from the Saints in Missouri,
came to Kirtland to counsel with the Prophet regarding
the exiled people of Zion, and if possible adopt some
measure for their relief and the restoration of their
rights. The result of their visit was a further mission
east for reasons set forth in the 101st and 103rd sections
•Doctrine and Covenants, Section 42, verses 8 to 91. Roberts' '-Ecclesi-
astical History," pp. 386-389. Matt, xviii. l/'-lT.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 69
of the Doctrine and Covenants; and finally, the assem-
bling of about two hundred men, with twenty wagons
laden with supplies, to carry provisions to the Saints
in, Missouri, to reinforce and strengthen them, and if
possible to influence the Governor to restore to them
their rights. They were also to "redeem Zion," or,
in^other words, seek to regain possession of the lands
from which they had been driven in -Jackson County.
This company of men were organized as a military
body, led by the Prophet in person, as general, and
was known as Zion's Camp.
On the 5th of May, one hundred men departed from
Kirtland for Missouri, and the remainder, to the number
of two hundred and five, were recruited on the way.
Composed of the young and middle-aged men — the
strength of the branches of the Church in the east-
there were many Elders in this expedition who afterwards
became pillars of great strength in the Church. Among
the most prominent of these may be named Brigham
Young, Heber C. Kimball, Wilford Woodruff, Orson
Pratt, Jedediah M. Grant and George A. Smith.
The news of their coming, supplemented with
exaggerated reports of their strength and intentions,
created considerable excitement in Missouri. Their
enemies armed to attack them. One night on Fishing
River, the Camp was saved from their foes by a severe
storm which swelled the stream so that it became impass-
able. Military aid was sought from the Governor, who
at first seems to have promised to call out the militia to
reinstate the exiles, but afterward said that he had no^
authority to keep a force to protect them after they were
restored, which in other words meant a refusal to do
anything for them. Afterward prominent citizens visited
70 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHUR<;H.
the Camp, and learned that the Prophet's intentions
were peaceable. He onh^ wished to amicably adjust the
difficulties between the county and his followers.
Among the members of the Camp at one time dis-
sensions arose, and for their disobedience and rebellions
the Prophet severely reprimanded some of them, predict-
ing that a scourge would come upon the Camp because
of their folly. On the 22nd of June, cholera broke out
in their midst, in fulfillment of his prediction. Sixty-
eight were attacked, thirteen died.
At Rush Creek, on the 25th of June, the Camp was
disbanded. Negotiations were entered into between the
Mormon leaders and the men of Jackson County. The
latter offered to purchase the land from which the Saints
had been driven, but the Mormons declined, deeming
it sacrilege to dispose of their "sacred inheritance."
Then the Saints made a counter proposal to purchase
the land of those who did not wish to live neighbors
to them in peace, promising that it would be paid for
within a year. This offer their opponents rejected,
intimating that it would be better for them to look for
a new home in the wilderness be3^ond the distant County
of Clinton.
For their possessions in Jackson Count}' the Saints
received nothing but threats and beatings. In Clay
they found a peaceful home where they prospered for
about three years, during which time affairs in Kirtland
were shaping for rich spiritual blessings, as well as for
the fearful financial crash and apostasy of 1837, which
came near culminating in the destruction of the Church.
The Prophet and his associates returned to Kirtland
on the 9th of July, 1834, after having organized, on the
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 71
3rd inst., a High Council in CJay County, with a Stake
Presidency to take charge of Church affairs in Mis-
souri.*
^
- 11. APOSTLES AND SEVENTIES CHOSEN.
If it be conceded that Zion's Camp failed in accom-
plishing the ostensible purposes for which it was organ- ^
ized, it cannot be denied that it was a success in trying
the mettle of its members. A journey of over two
thousand miles on foot, in rain and mud, exposed to
sickness and de'ath, is sufficient to prove the tempera-
ment, courage and fortitude of any person who may
engage in it. Possibly this was one of the objects the
Prophet had in view, as might be inferred from the next
important measure which he was inspired to adopt — the
choosing of the Twelve Apostles, the quorum next in
authority to the First Presidency.
On the 14th of February, 1835, the survivors of
Zion's Camp were called together, and from their num-
bers were chosen, by the Three Witnesses to the Book of
Mormon, Twelve Apostles, each of whom was blessed
and set apart by the First Presidency, the whole being
in conformity with the word of the Lord received as
early as June, 1829. f
The names of the quorum of Twelve were: Thomas
B. Marsh, David W. Patten, Brigham Young, Heber C.
* The Stake Presidency were : David Whitmer, Wrn. W. Phelps, and
John Whitmer.
The members of the High Council : Simeon Carter, Parley P. Pratt,
William E McLellin, Calvin Beebe, Levi Jackman, Solomon Haacock, Chris-
tian Whitmer, Newel Knight, Orson Pratt, Lyman Wight, Thomas B. Marsh
and John Murdock.
t Doctrine and Covenants, Section 18.
<2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Kimball, Orson Hyde, Wm. E. McLellin, Parley P.
Pratt, Luke Johnson, William Smith, Orson Pratt, John
F. Bo3'nton, and Lyman Johnson. These were chosen
as special witnesses to preach the gospel to the nations
of the earth, and the duty of the quorum, besides, was,
as it is now, to build up the Church, to regulate its
affairs under the First Presidency, to ordain and set in
order all the officers in the Church, and to call upon the
Seventy to assist them to fill calls for preaching and
administering the gospel. The}^ form a quorum equal in
authority and power to the First Presidency, and stand
next to them in presiding.*
Soon after the organization of the Twelve, the First
and Second quorums of Seventies were likewise chosen
from the surviving members of Zion's Camp. "These
quorums, as would be inferred from their being called
Seventies' quorums, consist of seventy men. Seven
presidents preside over each quorum, and the first seven
presidents — the presidents of the first quorum — preside
over all the quorums of Seventies in the Church, "t Up
to 1892, there had been one hundred and seven quorums
of this class organized in the Church, and the organiza-
tion of more will continue, if it be required, "even until
there are one hundred and forty and four thousand thus
set apart for the ministry. "J
Early in May, the Twelve started upon their first
mission to the Eastern States. The duties devolving
♦Doctrine and Covenants, Section 107, verses 2.3 to 40 and 58, in which
section is aho found information regarding the duties and powers of the
various councils and quorums of the Priesthood that govern the temporal and
spiritual aflairsof the Church.
[-Robert's ''Outlines of Ecclesiastical History," p 368.
I So writes the Prophet Joseph, under date of May 2nd, 1835.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 73
Upon them were to preach, baptize, advise the scattered
Saints to gather westward; and to collect means for the
purchase of lands in Missouri, and for the completion of
the Kirtland Temple.
About this time various secular and religious schools
were established, which were widely attended by the
leading Elders. In the winter of 1835-36, Mr. Joshua
Seixas conducted a class in Greek, concerning the pro-
gress of which Joseph said that the Lord had opened
their minds in a marvelous manner to understand His
word in the original language. The Prophet had great
taste for education, and, though unlearned at first, at
the age of thirty he became quite proficient in language,
philosophy and statesmanship. He was ever a staunch
friend of progress and enlightenment which may with equal
truth be said of his successors, and of the leaders of the
Church in general, though the enemies of Mormonism
aver the contrary, often asserting that the system fosters
ignorance and is opposed to education. The educational
precepts of the Prophet, which have become mottoes-in-
practice with every Latter-day Saint, give the lie to
their assertions: "It is impossible to be saved in ignor-
ance;" "A man is saved no faster than he gets knowl-
edge;" The glory of God is intelligence;" "Seek ye out
of the best books words of wisdom; seek learning even
by study and also by faith."
It was about this time that the "Book of Abraham"
was translated from papyrus found in the catacombs of
Egypt. In August, 1835, the Prophet enunciated the
views of himself and his people on civil government,
found in full in the 134th section of the Doctrine and
Covenants.
Immediately upon the return of the members of Zion's
6
74 A BRIEF HISTOEY OF THE CHURCH.
Camp, the work on the temple in Kirtland, which had
been hindered by their absence, was prosecuted with
vigor and zeal, the Saints being anxious to receive the
spiritual blessings which had been promised them upon
the completion of the House of the Lord.. * The Prophet
supervised the work while leading Elders joined in
pushing it to completion. It was finally dedicated on
the 27th of March, 1836, though not entirely finished in
the interior. Three years had been spent in its con-
struction which had cost about ^70,000.00. It was the
first temple in modern times built by divine command.
At that time the ordinance of baptism for the dead,
with other vicarious work, one of the chief objects of
temple-building with the Saints at present, had not been
revealed. For that reason there was no baptismal font
in the Kirtland temple. The main purpose of its
erection was that other religious ordinances might be
performed therein, and that there might be a House of
the Lord in which spiritual blessings could be received,
a place also for schools, meetings and councils of the
Priesthood.
Upon the day of its dedication there was a time of
general rejoicing, and thereafter many miraculous mani-
festations were witnessed therein, f some of which are
named in the 110th section of the Doctrine and Cove-
nants, and are in fulfillment of the words of the Prophet
as recorded in the 4:th chapter of Malachi. Some time
after the dedication, according to the words of the
* Doctrine and Covenants. Section 105, verses 12 and 18 : also Section 38,
verse 32.
-j-See Jen3on's "Historical Record," pp. 64 to 65, and 74 to SO.
A BRIEF HISTOllY OF THE CHURCH. 75
Lord, the Twelve Apostles held the "Solemn Assembly,"
were endowed with power from on high, ,and received
their "washings and anointings."
12. DEPARTURE FROM CLAY COUNTY.
After their expulsion from Jackson County, the
^Saints were received with some degree of kindness in
Clay, where for about three years their industry and
thrift caused the wilderness to blossom with abundance.
Their numbers were greatly enlarged by immigrations
from the east. It was considered, however, a temporary
home, since they hoped to be re-instated in the lands
from which they had been driven.
Until the summer of 1836 there had been no objec-
tion to them. They were peaceable, industrious, tended
to their own affairs. But at that time the spirit of
mobocracy re-appeared, wakened from its temporary
slumber by the men of Jackson, who began crossing
the river in squads to stir up strife and enmity. They
even insulted and plundered their victims. The peace-
able people of Clay, fearing a repetition of former
difficulties, held a meeting in which they decided to
advise the Saints to seek another home. This they
did, having first reminded them under what circumstances
they were received. There were objections to them, but
these were mostly of a trivial character. Their dialect,
manners and customs, were not like those of the Mis-
sourians, and it was even charged that they were non-
slave holders or abolitionists. The state government
was unfavorable to them. For his hostility to the Saints
in their former trouble, Boggs had been made Governor
of Missouri, and their most bitter enemies — Lucas and
76 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Wilson — were given commissions as Major and Brigadier-
Generals. It appeared now that the great majority of
citizens in the state had joined with these officers in the
determination that the Mormons should be prevented
from enjoying any political, civil or religious rights,
and they unitedly conspired to war against them as
members of the commonwealth.
Viewing the situation aright, under these circum-/
stances, the Saints now resolved for the sake of friend-
ship, to be in a covenant of peace with the citizens of
Clay County, and to show gratitude to those who had
befriended them, to leave the county, notwithstanding
this action involved an enormous sacrifice of property.
In September, 1836, they accordingly began moving
to their new location in the Shoal Creek region, then a
wilderness in Ray County, north-east of Cla}^ In
December of the same year in answer to their petitions,
this district was incorporated by the Legislature, and
thus was Caldwell County created. To this place the
Saints removed in large numbers, nearly all of them
becoming land-holders, and it was there they founded
the city of Far West, in the winter of 1836-7, which
afterward became the county seat. Most of the officers
of the city and county, elected according to the law,
were Mormons. In this new home the exiles found a
peaceful rest for a season, their numbers rapidly increas-
ing until settlements were also made in Daviess County
and elsewhere.
Following the wonderful spiritual manifestations
enjoyed in the temple, there swept over Kirtland a
wave of inflation, mistaken for temporal prosperity,
which turned the heads of her inhabitants. A spirit of
speculation permeated the whole community, playing
A BRIEF HISTOKY OF THE CHURCH. 77
havoc with the faith of the Saints and many of their
leaders. All kinds of schemes were adopted to amass
wealth, and the spirit of real estate speculations, so
prevalent throughout the nation, took deep root in the
Church. As a result there followed in quick succes-
sion evil-surmisings, fault-finding, disunion, dissensions,
apostasy, and finally financial ruin. The Kirtland Safety
Society Bank, established by Joseph for the benefit and
advantage of the Saints, failed through the speculation,
swindling and treachery of subordinate officers. The
crash became general, and many of the people were
utterly ruined financially.
Apostasy followed. The disaffected members became
bitterly hostile to the Prophet, as if he were the cause of
the very evils which he struggled most to avoid, and
which were brought upon the people because they would
not heed his counsels. About one-half of the Apostles,
one of the First Presidency, and many leading Elders
disloyally declared him to be a "fallen prophet," and
themselves apostatized. The Church seemed threatened
with utter destruction.
It Vv-as on the 1st of June, 1837, while these radical
disturbances were in progress that the Lord revealed to
Joseph that something must be done for the salvation of
the Church. Up to this time there had been no mis-
sionaries sent to foreign lands. Proselyting had been con-
fined to the eastern states, to Canada and a narrow dis-
trict in the west. Now it was determined to open a
mission in England. Apostle Heber C. Kimball was
chosen to pioneer this work, his assistant and companion
Apostle being Orson Hyde. Willard Richards was called
later, and together they sailed from New York on the' 1st
day of July, 1837, to fill their mission. They were
78 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
instructed to preach only the first principles of the gos-
pel, which they did with much success. In less than a
year they had organized twenty-six branches of the
Church, with a membership of about two thousand souls.
Throngs came to hear them, and whole villages were
converted at a sweep. The opening of this mission was
one of the most important events in the history of the
Church — a grand movement destined to bring about
75,000 souls into its fold from England alone, and emi-
grate them to America. On their return, the Apostles
landed in New York on the 12th of May, 1838. There
they found a large branch of the Church which had been
erected through the efforts of Parley P. Piratt and his
brother Orson, the former having there published his
celebrated work, the Voice of Warning, the year before.
But while the cause was thus prospering over the
waters, in Kirtland flourished the destroying agencies of
apostasy, persecution, confusion and mobocracy.
The Church in Missouri did not entirely escape the
disaffection. . The local leaders lost the confidence of the
people, necessitating a hurried visit of the Prophet to
Far West, where he arrived November 1st, 1837. Hav-
ing held a conference and arranged affairs in Missouri,
he returned to Kirtland about December 10th. It was
while absent that leading Elders in the latter place con-
spired to overthrow him, and to appoint David Whitmer
in his stead. Among them were several of the Apostles
and some of the witnesses of the Book of Mormon.
Their schemes would have succeeded but for the fidelity
and loyalty of Brigham Young, who defended the
Prophet, exposed the evil designs of his enemies, and
frustrated their plans.
John Taylor, also, later an Apostle and the third
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 79
President of the Church, who had come from Canada to
Kirtland in the fall of 1837, stood loyal to the Church
and to Joseph — as loyal as when seven years after he
stood side by side with his Prophet- leader amid the
bullet showers of Carthage jail, or as when fifty years
later he died in cruel exile, a double martyr to the truth.
On the same grounds stood also the faithful veteran,
Wilford Woodruff, who also became the beloved leader
of the hosts of Israel.
At length, on December 22nd, Brigham Young, who
persisted, publicly and privately, in declaring Joseph a
true prophet of God, was forced to flee from Kirtland in
consequence of the ' fury of the mobs. The new year
opened with all the bitterness of the spirit of apostate
mobocracy, which continued until the Prophet was com-
pelled to seek safety in flight. He and Elder Rigdon
left Kirtland on the night of January 12th, 1838, and
were joined the next day by their families. They were
followed more than two hundred miles by their armed
pursuers, finally arriving in Far West on the 14th of
March, 1838.
80 ' A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHUR(^H.
III. FROM THE MISSOURI EXODUS TO THE
MARTYRDOM.
1838—1844.
1. Banished From Missouri.
The Prophet's flight was the signal for a general
migration of the Saints from Ohio. The Kirtland Camp,
composed of over five hundred souls soon thereafter
made its way west.
The Saints in Missouri now numbered upwards of
twelve thousand souls, most of whom were located in
Caldwell, although there were thriving settlements in
Daviess and Carroll Counties. Adam-ondi-Ahman,*
where the Kirtland Saints rested and a stake of Zion was
afterward organized, was the chief settlement in Daviess,
and Dewitt in Carroll.
There were some divisions among the Saints when
Joseph arrived, and vigorous measures were instituted to
purge the Church of its disaffected members. At a Far
West conference, a number of prominent men — among
them Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, and the John-
sons— were excommunicated. Following this action,
peace and prosperity again reigned. Several instructive
revelations were received about this time, among which
is one concerning the building of a temple at Far West,
others about the duties of the Apostles and their mission
* See Doctrine and Covenants, Section 116,: also Daniel VII, 9-14.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE IIJHURCH. 81
across the great waters, and the law of tithing.* For a
few months, the Prophet spent his time in literary labors,
enjoying peace with his people, instructing them, plan-
ning for their temporal and spiritual welfare.
About this time Joseph declared that the Lord had
made known to him that Adam had dwelt in America,
and that the Garden of Eden was located where Jackson
County now is.
The lull of peace was only temporary, it was a calm
before the storm. On the nation's birthday, 1838, a
grand celebration was held at Far West, in which thous-
ands of Saints participated. On that day the foundation
stones of a temple were laid — a temple, however, destined
not to be completed. Sidney Rigdon, the orator of the
day, portrayed the suffering of the Saints, showing how
their rights had been trampled upon; and, in a moment
of enthusiasm, exclaimed: "We take God to witness,
and the holy angels to witness this day, that we warn all
men in the name of Jesus Christ to come on us no more
forever. The man or the set of men who attempt it do
it at the expense of their lives; and the mob that comes
on us to disturb us, there shall be between us and
them a war of extermination." His remarks were
doubtless impolitic, but the provocation, and the enthusi-
asm of the day, should be considered as extenuating
conditions.
The lightning which a day or two thereafter shivered
their liberty pole, was as a precursor of the slumbering
storm of human hate which was about to burst forth in
pitiless fury over the unfortunate Saints. It was as an
augury of the destruction of their own liberty.
* Doctrine and Covenants, Sections 113 to 120.
82 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
As in Jackson County, so here, the people feared the
political rule of the Mormons.* The latter claimed their
political rights — the right to vote for their friends.^ This
was denied to them, and the result was a conflict which
ended in their wholesale expulsion from the state of
Missouri, in mid-winter, in the midst of outrage, robbery,
massacre and suffering indescribable.
The trouble began at Gallatin, Daviess County, on
the 6th of August, 1838. Twelve Mormons there tried to
vote, the state election being then in progress. William
P. Peniston, a candidate for the legislature, harangued
a crowd against them. A tumult ensued. The Mormons
cast their ballots, but several of them as well as a num-
ber of their opponents were wounded.
Reports of this trouble were exaggerated, and became
a pretext for a general anti-Mormon uprising in the
several counties. Threats were openly made and pub-
lished, to drive the Mormons from the state. The con-
servative action of a number of leading citizens in sign-
ing a covenant of peace with the leaders of the Church,
had no effect in calming the disturbance. The Mis-
sourians were in for war. Several hundred of the mob
gathered in Daviess and Caldwell counties, some painted
and disguised as Indians. Mormons were plundered,
fired upon, and taken prisoners on false charges. There
were housebreakings and other depredations until the
situation became unbearable. Driven to this extremity,
the Prophet new no longer counseled peace and submis-
• " Right or wrong, law or no laWj'and whether in accord with the letter or
spirit of the constitution or government of the United States or not, the
people of Missouri had determined that they would go any length before they
would allow the Saints to obtain political ascendency in that quarter." — Ban-
croft's Utah, p. 117.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 83
sion, but bade -his followers protect themselves, their
homes and little ones. The Saints armed t.o defend
themselves, but were driven from Diahman, afterward
from Dewitt, and from the outlying settlements in Cald-
well, to Far West.
Col. Wight, a Mormon commissioned b}' General
Parks of the state militia, organized a command, and,
making vigorous war upon the marauders, succeeded in
driving the enemy from Daviess County. This, of course
only served to sA^ell the excitement.
Then came the Crooked River battle, fought on the
25th of October. Captain David W. Patten led a force
of Far West militia which attacked a band of marauders
under Captain Bogart. The Mormons were victorious.
Captain Patten and two of his men, however, were killed,
while the enemy lost one man. The excitement, already
at fever heat, now became intense. Governor Boggs
who, when appealed to on a former occasion when the
mob were victorious in plundering the Saints, had re-
marked that the quarrel was between the Mormons and
the mob and that they might "fight it out," now that the
Mormons were successfully defending themselves,
changed his tactics, and saw his chance to wreak ven-
geance upon them. On October 27th, he issued an order
to Major-General Clark, commanding the state forces, to
proceed in all haste against the Mormons. They "must
be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or
driven from the state if necessary, for the public good.
* * * Instead, therefore, pf proceeding as at
first directed, to re-instate the citizens of Daviess in their
homes, you will proceed immediately to operate against
the Mormons." "Thus it appears that the Missouri
state militia," says Bancroft, "called out in the first
84 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
instance to assist the Mormon state militia in quelling a
Missouri, mob, finally joins the mob against the Mormon
militia." And this, notwithstanding the Saints were in
no wise opposed to the state, to law and to order. They
were simply defending themselves by permission of the
state.
At Richmond, two thousand troops under Major-
General Samuel D. Lucas and Brigadier-General Moses
Wilson were massed, and in the latter part of October
departed for Far West. Elsewhere their commander,
General Clark was mustering an army for the same pur-
pose.
On October 30th, the frightful massacre of Mormons
at Haun's Mill was perpetrated. A score of unoffending
Mormons, men,- women and children, lately arrived emi-
grants from the east, were cruelly killed and their bodies
thrown into a well. This was done by a company of two
hundred and forty men commanded by one Nehemiah
Comstock.
On the same day Far West was beleaguered by the
troops. Not having heard of the Governor's extermina-
ting order, owing to the stoppage of their mails, the
residents of the doomed city prepared to defend them-
selves, thinking the besiegers were a military mob.
It was at this critical juncture that Col. George M.
Hinkle, commander of the Mormon forces, betrayed the
Saints into the hands of their enemies by making an
agreement with tlie besieging Generals in effect as fol-
lows :
The Mormons were to be disarmed, and their leaders
were to be delivered up for trial and punishment. A
deed of trust was to be executed pledging all Mormon
property for the payment of the entire cost of the war.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 85
The Mormons as a body, except the prisoners, were to
forthwith leave the state.
These arrangements, made without the knowledge or
consent of Hinkle's associates, or the leaders of the
Church, were promptly, though cruelly on the part of the
militia, carried into effect. Pretending to have arranged
a conference between the Mormon leaders and the
Generals, Col. Hinkle, on the 31st of October, without
informing the former of his compact, delivered to General
Lucas the following persons who were then treated as
prisoners of war: Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Parley
P. Pratt, Lyman Wight, George W. Robinson, Hyrum
Smith and Amasa M. Lyman. On November 1st a
court-martial was held, when the prisoners were ordered
shot at 8 o'clock the next morning, but General Doni-
phan protested in the name of humanity, and the sen-
tence was not executed. Instead General Lucas took
them on a parade through the neighboring counties.
At the point of the bayonet, the Saints were com-
pelled to sign away their property. Not alone this, but
the city was given into the hands of the allied soldiers
and marauders who plundered property, and committed
horrid, nameless crimes upon the defenceless citizens.
General Clark appeared upon the scene on the 4th of
Novembei, approving all that had been done. Calling a
mass meeting, he read to the Saints his'famous address,
in which he referred to the Governor's exterminating
order and his determination to see that it was executed,
declared that the Saints must leave, and that they need
never expect to see the faces of their leaders again "for
their doom is sealed."* He then ordered fifty additional
♦For a copy of tlv^ document see "Autobiography of Parley P. Pratt," p.
225 ; also Whitney's Utah, p. 162, Vol. 1.
86 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
men to be taken prisoners, all of whom were shortly
thereafter liberated. Joseph Smith and his brother
Hyrum, Sidney Rigdon, Lyman Wight, Parley P. Pratt
and a few others were committed to jail, as a result of
the trial in Richmond, the charges against them being
murder, arson, treason, in addition to nearly all other
crimes on the calendar.* It was impossible for their
friends to do anything to assist them owing to the exist-
ing prejudice. Their attorney, General Doniphan, had
said: "Offer no defense; for if a cohort of angels should
declare your innocence it would be. all the same. The
judge is determined to throw you into prison."
While the trial lasted from the 11th to the 28th of
November, in prison they were compelled to listen for days
and nights to the vile stories of the guards, who de-
lighted to taunt them with repetitions of the murders
and rapes committed in Far West. One night the
Prophet arose, after hearing all he could endure of these
filthy tales; in his chains he stood erect in terrible
majesty, and in a voice of thunder rebuked the quailing
guards who, crouching at his feet with weapons on the
ground, begged his pardon, and were silent. "f
Elder Rigdon was at length released on bail, and
forced to flee for his life, while Joseph, Hyrum, Lyman
Wight, Alexander McRae and Caleb Baldwin were re-
moved to Libert5^ jail. Clay County (the others remaining
*"One evidence of their treason, as cited in open court, was their avowed
belief in the prophecy of Daniel — chapters II and VII — relative to the setting
up of the latter day kingdom of God. Their murders were the battles and
skirmishes they had had with the mob. The depredations and deeds of blood
committed by the Missouriaus against the l^Eormons apparently cut no figure
in the case." — Whitney's Utah, Vol. 1, p. 163.
t "Autobiography of Parley P. Pratt," p. 229.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 87
at Richmond), where they spent the winter of 1838-9. It
was in this jail that Joseph wrote the interesting prophe-
cies and instructions recorded in Sections 121, 122, and
123 of the Doctrine and Covenants.
The Saints were left in the hands of the mob, who
continued their depredations with increased bitterness,
destroying property, burning houses, driving off stock,
and insulting defenceless women.
It did not seem possible that a community convicted
of no crime should be permitted to suffer as the Saints
had done under the Boggs' order, and under the enforced
treaty depriving them of their property, and yet find no
redress. So thinking, those among the Mormon leaders
who had regained their liberty addressed a memorial to
the legislature of Missouri setting forth the wrongs
inflicted upon the Saints, praying for a redress of
grievances, and that the Governor's unlawful and tyran-
nical order be rescinded. The only answer was a show
of help in a ridiculously small appropriation for their
aid, consumed mostly among the distributing officers.
The depredations continuing, it became painfully
apparent, in January, 1839, that there was no help for the
Mormons. The}' were told plainly, both publicly and
privately that they must leave the state or be killed.
Stripped of the accumulations of years of toil, all that
they owned gone, careworn, parts of families in prison,
many without clothing or the necessities of life, the only
prospect before the Saints was a mid-winter exodus, they
knew not where.
It was with the Church in this condition that Brig-
ham Young, President of the Twelve, the Prophet in
prison, taking his position as leader, planned and car-
ried into effect the exodus of the Saints to Illinois. He
88 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
and his brethren entere'd into covenant to "stand by and
assist each other to the utmost of our abilities in remov-
ing from this state, and that we will never desert the
poor, who are worthy, till they shall be out of the reach
of the exterminating order of General Clark, acting for
and in the name of the state." It was faithfully kept
by them and by the hundreds of others who signed it.
"That winter from ten to twelve thousand Latter-
day Saints," says Whitney, "men, women and children,
still hounded and pursued by their merciless oppressors,
fled from Missouri, leaving in places their blood\^ foot-
prints on the snow of their frozen pathway. Crossing
the icy Mississippi they cast themselves, homeless,
plundered and penniless, upon the hospitable shores of
Illinois. There their pitiable condition and the tragic
story of their wrongs awoke widespread sympathy and
compassion, with corresponding sentiments of indigna-
tion and abhorrence toward their persecutors."
Cheering them from his dungeon cell, the Prophet
wrote: "Zion shall yet live though she seemeth to be
dead. '
Escaping from Missouri by the tacit permission of
their drunken guards, Joseph and Hyrum joined their
families at Quincy, Illinois, on the 22nd day of April,
1839. As in other parts of the state, the citizens of
Quinc}^ had extended sympath}' and welcome to the un-
fortunate Saints who were made to feel that they were in
a place of refuge, temporary though it might be. Thous-
ands of dollars, clothing and provisions, were donated to
them by the citizens of Illinois; and while there were
doubtless enemies, every popular sentiment both in that
state and in Iowa, was in favor of granting them peace
and protection. The Governors of both states were their
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 89
friends. Two days after his arrival, it was decided by a
council that Joseph, Vinson Knight and Alonzo Ripley
should proceed to select a location for the Church.
Already the Mormon leaders, by the written counsel of
the Prophet, had made arrangements for land in the two
states. Tracts had been purchased in Keokuk, Iowa,
fort}' miles above Quincy; also in Nashville, six miles
above Keokuk, and in Montrose, Iowa, four miles above
the latter place. Opposite Montrose, just across the
river, on the Illinois side, stood Commerce, where Daniel
H. Wells resided, of whom, the Saints received land on
very cheap terms. On the 1st day of May, Joseph made
additional purchases in Commerce, and decided to locate
the headquarters of the Church there. Arriving with his
family on the 10th of May, he took up his abode in a
small log cabin on the banks of the river. The village
was an insignificant place with only six houses. Marshy,
and covered with trees and brush, it had an unhealthy
climate, and was a tit abiding place for malarial diseases.
On this account the New York company who had started
the place were glad to sell when the Mormon agents
came. But the city's location was beautiful, overlooking
as it did the almost encircling Mississippi. Because of
the loveliness of its position, the city was rechristened,
and the following year named Nauvoo, signifying beauty
and rest.
It was a marvelous undertaking to gather the scat-
tered, destitute and afflicted people, against whom Mis-
souri had committed such a monstrous crime, and estab-
lish them in one spot; especially does it so appear when
it is remembered that the region around that spot was so
sickly that few others could endure its climate. But as
in following years, they were assured that the waste
90 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
desert should blossom at their bidding, • so now the
Saints were given to understand that the blessing of God
would make their present location a fit habitation for
them. On this assurance, in their povert}^ and affliction,
they trustingly proceeded to build their homes anew\
But at first they were balked by the deadly fevers.
Scarcely a family was exempt from sickness. The
Prophet himself was prostrated, but the Spirit of God
rested powerfully upon him, and on the 22nd day of July
he arose and went about administering to the sick, com-
manding them in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ to
arise and be made whole. Many wonderful instances of
healing are recorded as a result of the faith of that day
of miracles.*
On account of the ravages of disease, and the labors
connected with the movement of the Saints, the Twelve
had not yet departed on their missions "across the great
waters," to which they had been called by revelation the
year previous, in Missouri. But they had taken leave of
their brethren and the city, on the Temple grounds at
Far West, on April 26th, 1839, as it had been declared
by the Prophet the year previous that they should.
Having learned of this prophecy, Captain Bogart deter-
mined it should not be fulfilled, which doubtless accounts
for his cruelty in driving out of the state the few remain-
ing Mormons, whom he expelled about the middle of
April. Evidently he desired to make it impossible for
them to fulfill the revelation, but at 1 o'clock a.m. on
the da}' named in the revelation, seven of the Twelve
met, held a conference, laid a corner stone of the tem-
»See Cannon's Life of Joseph Smith, p. 29-3.
A BlUEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 91
pie, ordained Wilford Woodruff aq^ George A. Smith to
the Apostleship, severed thirty-one persons from' the
Church, bade adieu to the city, and the remaining Saints,
and were on their wa}" to Illinois before their enemies
had arisen to renew their oath that the words of the
Prophet should go unfulfilled.
During the summer and fall of 1839, Commerce arose
like a fairy from the marshes. It became a healthful
and charming abiding place. The Saints prospered
marvelously in temporal affairs, while their spiritual
interests were nourished by the wise counsels of the
Prophet and his associates. Through their teachings
many sincere souls believed and joined the Church.
In August and September of this year, seven of the
Twelve Apostles left for England to fill their missions
notwithstanding a number of them and their families
were still suffering from the effects of sickness. While
abroad they were greatly prospered and the great mis-
sionary work begun by Heber C. Kimball and his associ-
ates received fresh impetus by their arrival in Liverpool
on the 6th of April, 1840. The Millenniai Star was
established, five thousand copies of the Book of Mormon
were printed, besides three thousand hymn books and
fifty thousand tracts. The first emigrants, numbering
over one thousand souls, were forwarded to the Zion of
the new world, thus adding a new significance to the
doctrine of the gathering. A permanent shipping agency
was established, while over three thousand souls were
added to the believers. President Brigham Young, who
had supervised this work, returned to Nauvoo with some
of his brethren, on the first day of July, 1841.
In the meantime the Prophet, soon after planting
his people in their new resting place, had taken steps to
92 A BHIEF HISTORY OF THE CHUliCH.
lay before the general Government the grievances of the
driven Saints. On the 29th of October, 1839, he left
for Washington on this business, arriving there, with his
companion, Judge Elias Higbee, on the 28th of Novem-
ber. Presenting themselves at the White House the
followijig day, they laid before President Van Buren the
claims of the Saints against the State of Missouri. He
was at first averse to having anything to do with them,
remarking, "What can I do? I can do nothing for you.
If I do anything I shall come in contact with the whole
state of Missouri." But they insisted on a hearing, and
the President afterward modihed his words, expressing
sympathy for the afflicted people, also a desire to hear an
exposition of the Prophet's religious views. Joseph ex-
plained the gospel to him, and bore a faithful testimony
to the work of God. But at a subsequent visit, the-
President treated him with insolence, and after listening
impatiently to his story made that remarkable, now
notorioMS, reply: "Your cause is just, but I can do no-
thing for 3'ou; and if I take up for you, I shall lose the
vote of Missouri." Little wonder that the Prophet con-
cluded that the President was "an office seeker, that self-
aggrandizement was his ruling passion, and that justice
and righteousness were no part of his composition."
Joseph remained in the East during the winter, mak-
ing the acquaintance of many of the leading political
lights in the nation. To the tale of the Mormon's
persecutions Senator John C. Calhoun remarked: "It
involves a nice question — the question of states rights; it
will not do to agitate it." A rather strange answer when
subsequent events are considered. Henry Clay remarked
to the Prophet's story: "You had better go to Oregon,"
a statement which then meant out of the permanent reach
A BRIEF HISTOKY OF THE CHURCH. 93
of civilization, exiles from their native country. The
members of Congress from Illinois, doubtless out of
political policy, (the Mormons would soon hold the
balance of power in Illinois), agreed to present a me-
morial, petition and documents to the Senate, setting
forth the sufferings and claims of the Saints. They did
so, but there the matter rested. Nothing was ever done,
either by the Executive or the Legislative departments
of the national Government to call the state of Missouri
to account for the cruel wrongs it had inflicted upon the
Mormons.*
Disgusted at length with the politicians whose ruling
principles, he discovered, were "popular clamor, and per-
sonal aggrandizement," instead of the peace and welfare
of the whole people, the Prophet left Washington for
home, arriving in Nauvoo, March 4th, 1840. While
absent, he had taken advantage of many opportunities to
preach the gospel, having addressed large audiences in
Washington, in Chester County, Pennsylvania, (where he
formed the acquaintance of Edward Hunter, afterward
presiding Bishop of the Church) and in the city of
Philadelphia.
In the meantime the cause was prospering in Nauvoo
and the region round about, under the presidency of
Hyrum Smith. There was now a population of about
three thousand in the city, with three ecclesiastical wards,
which soon grew to twenty thousand, with ten wards and
three additional in the. farming districts on the outside.
At this time the Mormoqs again began to take an
* The claims of 491 persons against Missouri, amounting to about one and
one -half million dollars, were presented by the Prophet with the memorial,
all of which were referred to ^the Committee on Judiciary, which finally
reported adversely upon them.
94 A BEIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
active interest in politics — a right which had brought
upon them serious troubles in the past, and which was
destined to overwhelm them in the near future with
untold sorrow; though for the present it was an im.por-
tant element in the peace and prosperity which smiled
upon them. :' Holding the balance of power in Illinois,
their favor was widely sought by politicians. They were
the means of electing the celebrated Stephen A.
Douglass to^the Senate. They voted for Wm. Henry
Harrison, the successful Whig candidate for the Presi-
dency, against Martin Van Buren, the Democrat,
evidently not so much because they or their Prophet
were Whigs, as that Van Buren was their enemy.
With politics immediately there arose the dark
specter of^persecution. On the 15th of September, 1840,
Governor Boggs of Missouri made a demand on
Governor Carlin of Illinois for the Prophet and some of
the leading Elders, on the grounds that they were fugi-
tives from justice. Considerable anno3'ance was thus
caused, '^especially to Joseph, whose aged father had died
the day previous, but the Missourians received but little
sympath3','and the requisition papers were returned un-
served. The unpleasant incident, however, like a cloud
on the clear horizon of Joseph and his people, was the
forerunner of "a storm which, though not bursting forth
instanter, shall know no lull when once its fury breaks,
till the blood of that Prophet has been shed, and
another and a crowning exodus of that people — from the
confines of civilization to the wilds of the savage west —
shall have startled by its strangeness and awakened by
its unparalleled achievement, a world's wonder."*
* Whitney' Utah, p. 1 78, Vol. 1 .
^Vv
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 95
In the winter of 1840-1, the legislature granted a
most liberal charter to Nauvoo, a charter intended,
according to Joseph, "for the salvation of the Church,
on principles so broad, that every honest man might
dwell secure under its protective influence without dis-
tinction of sect or party." It went into effect February
1st, 1841, on which day the first election was held. A
day or two thereafter, the University and the Nauvoo
Legion were organized, as provided in the charter.
Joseph was afterward chosen Lieutenant-General of the
military organization.
At a conference on the 6th day of April, 1841, the
corner stones of the Nauvoo temple were laid, and to aid
in the erection of this edifice and other public buildings,
the Prophet called upon the people in the scattered stakes
in the region round about to gather to Nauvoo. In con-
formity with this desire, the Saints flocked into the city
from all directions to build up, with their concentrated
energy and enterprise, "the corner stone of Zion."
Success attended them at home and abroad, and with
the return of Brigham Young and the Aposles from
England, the prosperity of the growing city was greatly
accelerated. The fame of Joseph Smith had spread over
two continents. In 1842 he and his people were at the
height of- prosperity. The great newspapers sent
representatives to write about the modern "military
Prophet" and his followers whose surroundings had never
before been so propitious as at this particular time. In
answer to appeals from publishers, Joseph wrote a short
account of the founding of the Church, its progress and
persecutions, in which is contained the Articles of Faith.*
* For a copy, See Cannon's Life of Joseph Smith, pp. 364—370.
96 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Other writings explaining the belief and the history
of the Latter-day Saints were scattered broadcast over
the whole world. Tijnes and Seasons, the Church organ,
was edited by the Prophet himself, through which source
he promulgated many precious truths, and instructions.
On the 17th of March, the Relief Society of the ladies was
organized. Hundreds were baptized. Beautiful homes
surrounded by lovely gardens sprang into existence;
industries flourished with the increase of population; the
thrift, energy and union of the people promised to make
the city the largest in the state. Nauvoo, the Beautiful,
soon numbered twenty thousand souls.
Zion was indeed living; but, standing upon the
gilded hill-tops of her fame and prosperity, the Prophet
beheld premonitor}^ shadows of the dark valley of afflic-
tion through which her people were about to pass, and
in which he was to sacrifice his life, a martyr to her
wondrous cause.
6. LOWERING CLOUDS.
The premonition of his own fate first found utter-
ance in a funeral sermon which the Prophet delivered
over the remains of a son of Joseph Marks, President
of the Nauvoo Stake, on the 9th day of April, 1842, in
which he enjoined his hearers to remember that he was
subject to death, and that he had no longer a lease of
his life.* Four months later, on the 6th day of August,
* Said he: "Some of the Saints have supposed that "Brother Joseph'
could not die ; but this is a mistake. It is true that there have been times
when I have had the promise of niy life to accomplish certain things; but,
having now done these things, I have no longer any lease of my life. I am
as liable to die as other men."
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 97
in a conversation with some of his brethren in Mont-
rose, Iowa, he foreshadowed the migration of his people
to the west, and the tribulations through which they
were to pass, in a remarakable prophecy which was
recorded at the time.*
In May, 1842, the treachery of Dr. J. C. Bennett
began to come 'to light. This man Bennett had been
elected Mayor of Nauvoo, chosen Chancellor of its
University, and Major-General of its Legion. He was
a man of brains and ability, but had little character and
conscience. He had, however, rendered valuable service
to the Mormon cause in obtaining the charter of Nauvoo,
and as his rascality and lack of soul were not at first
apparent, he was hastily loaded with the confidence and
honor which he afterward so shamefully abused. At a
sham battle of the Legion, he planned to have the
Prophet killed. Failing in this, he began repeating
unwarranted falsehoods against the Prophet and the
people. Among other things, he taught secretly to men
and women that Joseph countenanced sin between the
sexes. This was doubtless done to shield his own
iniquity, for he was shortly after excommunicated for
'adultery. Then he wrote a book full of wicked false-
hoods against Joseph and the Saints which greatly in-
creased the now rising prejudice against them. In
August, the Apostles and a large number of Elders were
sent out to refute these slanders and vile imputations.
* Says the record: "I prophesied that the Saints would continue to sufter
much affliction, and would be driven to the Rocky Mountains. Many would
apostatize, others would be put to death by our persecutors, or lose their lives
in consequence of exposure and disease; and some would live to go and assist
in making settlements and building cities, and seethe Saints become a mighty
people in the midst of the Rocky Mountains."
98 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
In the meantime the old Missouri feud was kept
alive. In May an attempt was made to assassinate Ex-
Governor Boggs, in Independence, the deed being, of
course falsel}^, laid to the Mormons. Complaint was
made accusing Joseph of being an accessory to the
attempted murder before the crime. Application was
made by the Governor of Missouri demanding his person
from the authorities in Illinois. He and O. P. Rock-
well w^ere accordingly arrested at Nauvoo, August 8th,
but were discharged after a hearing before the municipal
court. But other attempts were made to get him into
the clutches of his enemies, and for this reason he
deemed it best to go into hiding. While hidden he wrote
important letters to the Saints concerning the continua-
tion of work on the temple, and on the doctrine of
baptism for the dead.* Every attempt was made to
capture him but in vain. In December, 1842, Thomas
Ford, a Democrat, became Governor of Illinois, and to
him Joseph applied to withdraw the writs and the pro-
clamations of reward which Governor Carlin had issued
for his capture. Ford induced him to submit to a
judicial investigation, which was accordingly done, and
resulted in Joseph once more becoming a free man.
For a short time he enjoyed peace. On February
6th, 1843, he was chosen Mayor of Nauvoo. On the
12th of April following, Farley P. Pratt, Lorenzo Snow
and Levi Richards arrived in the city with two large
companies of emigrants from England, among whom
were the Cannon family.
In June of this year, there was another attempt to
drag the Prophet to Missouri, this time on the old
**See Doctrine and Covenants, Section 127 and 128.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 99
charge of treason. Dr. Bennett was among the principal
instigators of this outrage. The Prophet was arrested,
or rather kidnapped, and brutally treated, but upon a
final hearing was again released.
The politicians were stirring up strife against the
Saints, in the mean time. Ford in his inaugural address
to the legislature had recommended a modification and
restriction of the Nauvoo charter, to pacify the general
clamor. The step Joseph had taken in calling the
Saints from other parts to Nauvoo, previously referred
to, had been looked upon as a deep scheme on his part
to gain political ascendency, and cert? in politicians
professed to view with alarm the increase of Mormon
power which would be brought about by means of this
concentration. The result had been the organization of
the anti-Mormon party, which was composed of all kinds
of people who had grievances against the Saints, and it
was the means of stirring up much bitterness against
them. In August, several Mormons who had been
elected to county offices, upon attempting to qualify at
Carthage, the county seat, were threatened by an armed
mob, but nevertheless they took the required oaths.
With this the anti-Moromn party renewed their pledges
to fight the Mormons and assist Missouri in any future
attempt to harass the Prophet. Besides this^ mobs now
began to burn the homes of the Saints in the districts
lying outside of Nauvoo, and otherwise to destroy their
possessions. When appealed to for assistance, Governor
Ford implied in his reply that the Saints must protect
themselves. His answer was in the same line as those
of former officials in Missouri, and as that of Presi-
dent Van Buren; it meant to that persecuted people:
100 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
however just 3'our cause, we can do nothing for vou.
The Nauvoo Legion was held in readiness to protect
the people from the depredations of the mob.
4. THE MARTYRDOM.
"What will he your rule of action relative to us as
a people, should fortune favor your ascension to the chief
magistrac}^?"
This question was directed to several prominent
national politcians by the Prophet Joseph in the winter
of 1843-4. Replies were received from Henry Cla}^ and
John C. Calhoun only, and these were so evasive that
the Prophet stingingly reproved them for what he con-
sidered their cowardice and lack of moral force.
Then followed the startling announcement that Joseph
Smith was a candidate for the Presidency of the United
States. He was nominated on the 29th of January, 1844,
and duly sustained at a state convention on the 17th of
May following. Subsequently appeared a printed pro-
clamation of the Prophet's "Views on the Powers and
Policy of the Government of the United States," in which
he defined his position on the burning political questions
of the day. Slavery should be abolished, the slave-hold-
ers to be paid for their slaves by the general govern-
ment; mone}' for this purpose to be raised by the reduc-
tion of salaries of Congressmen, and b}^ the sale of public
lands. The abolition of imprisonment for debt, and for
all crimes save murder, work on public improvements to
be made the penalty for others; the penitentiaries to be
turned into seminaries of learning. The investment of
power in the President to send armies to suppress mobs.
The extension of the United States, with the consent of
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 101
the red man, from sea to sea. The annexation of Texas,
and other districts when they should ask for entrance
into the Union. Besides there were many other excel-
lent features in his platform.
To promulgate his political views and to act as his
electioneers in the campaign, the Twelve and many Elders
were sent to the Eastern States. The reason impelling
him to accept the candidacy was that he might battle for
the religious and civil rights of his people.* Doubtless
he had little faith in winning the race for the Presidency.
Said he: "I care but little about the Presidential chair,
I would not give half as much for the office of President
of the United States, as I would for the one I now hold
as Lieutenant-General of the, Nauvoo Legion."
We find him more interested in having Oregon and
California explored, whither, after the completion of the
temple, he hoped to lead his Legion at the head of the
Saints, there to "build a city in a day." The exploring
expedition of seventy-five men which he had arranged for
would have gone on this mission but for the political
move referred to. . In March, Congress was memorialized
by him to pass an act for the protection of American
citizens wishing to settle Oregon, which at that time was
claimed by England jointly with the United States. He
asked for the privilege of raising 100,000 men for this pur-
pose, and also to protect Texas against Mexico, and to
found another state for the Union in the midst of the
*"Ifeelitto be my right and privilege to obtain what influence and
power I can, lawfully, in the United States, for the protection of injured
inn'cence ; and if I lose my life in a good cause, I am willing to be sacrificed
on the altar of virtue, righteousness and truth, in maintaining the laws and
constitution of the United States, if need be for the general good of mankind."
— Joseph Smith.
102 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Rocky Mountains. But other events intervened to pre-
vent him from accomplishing the plan. However, the
design was not defeated. Joseph was destined to die,
and Brigham Young to carry into effect the outlined pro-
gram.
The situation in Nauvoo during the spring and
summer of 1844 was desperate. Not only were there dire
threatenings from the mob without, but from apostates
within, who w^ere forming all kinds of plots for the
destruction of the Prophet and the people in the fated
city. William and Wilson Law, the Higbees, and the
Fosters, all of them apostates, and as vile as they were
bitter, were foremost among the plotters. These men
founded a new church, with William Law, formerly
Joseph's counselor, as president, and denounced Joseph
as "a fallen Prophet."
The doctrine of plurality of wives and the eternity
of the marriag% covenant had been recorded July 12th,
1843,* and at the time of which we wTite was secretly
taught and practiced among the leaders of the Church.
Owing to his position, William Law, of course, knew
this, and therefore had Joseph arrested lor polygamy.
He was discharged, but it was not him alone that the
efforts of these apostates were directed against; the
whole people were to be harrassed and persecuted. To
this end they founded the Expositor, a newspaper whose
mission, among other things, was to advocate the uncon-
ditional repeal of the Nauvoo charter, and to create
disobedience, and rebellion against the Prophet. It
made its first appearance June 7th, 1844, filled with foul
Doctrine and Covenants, Section 132.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCFI. 103
abuse and filthy scandals. The whole city was shocked.
The city council met on the 10th, and dec ared the paper
a nuisance that must be abated, and on the daj' follow-
ing, by order of Mayor Joseph Smith, it was utterly
destroyed. Immediately leaving the city, the proprietors
arranged for the arrest of Jseph and a number of promi-
nent men on the charge of riot. They were arrested,
tried, and discharged in Nauvoo, they being unwilling
to leave that city for trial. This caused intense excite-
ment. Soon anti-Mormon mobs gathered against Nauvoo
armed for battle, swearing vengeance on the people and
their leaders. The situation was serious. Word had
been sent to the Governor, but there had been no reply
from him. Under these circumstances Joseph, seeing no
escape from threatened assault and massacre, declared
Nauvoo under martial law, calling out the Legion to
defend it. Hearing of this the weak and vacillating
Governor Ford placed himself at the head f)f the troops,
virtuall}' transforming the assembling mobs into militia,
demanded that the Prophet and his associates in the
destruction of the Expositor come 'to Carthage for trial,
and that martial law be abolished in Nauvoo. His
orders were obeyed. He matde a solemn pledge upon
his honor and the faith of the state of Illinois that the
prisoners should be protected from violence and that
they should be given a fair trial. This pledge was
repeated several times afterward, but was never kept.
On the day following, by demand of the Governor,
the Legion delivered up their arms, being once more
promised protection. The Prophet, his brother Hyrum,
and sixteen others of their friends went to Carthage on
the evening of the 24th of June, Joseph remarking that
104 A BRIEF HISTOKY OF THE CHUECH.
he was going "like a lamb to the slaughter."* He had
hesitated for a moment, crossed the river with some of
his friends thinking to go to the mountains, but returned
upon the solicitation of some of his followers who eluded
him with cowardice in deserting his people. That they
were going back to be slaughtered was certain. Their
enemies were determined that if the law could not reach
them powder and ball should.
On the fatal 27th of June, Joseph and Hyrum, with
their friends John Taylor and Willard Richards were
placed in an upper room of the Carthage jail. About 5
o'clock p.m. the prophet and his Patriarch brother were
shot by a mob of troops about two hundred strong.
John Taylor was all but fatally wounded, while Willard
Richards escaped unhurt.
While this bloody tragedy was being enacted in
Carthage by the mutinous Carthage Greys, Governor
Ford was in Nauvoo haranguing the disarmed, peaceful
Saints on the enormity of their crimes in destroying the
Expositor. He must have known of the intention of the
mob, for his attention was frequently called to the
threats which they had openly made never to allow the
Prophet to escape alive. He was "struck with a kind of
dumbness," as he heard of the assassination, but it was
more from a fear for his own safety than from grief at
the crime. He fled to Quincy that same night, after
having written an order to the Saints to defend them-
selves. The horrified mob and citizens of Carthage fled
in all directions.
* "1 am going like a lamb to the slaughter, but I am calm as a summer
morning. I have a conscience void of offence toward God and toward all men.
If thev take my life, I shall die an innocent man, and my blood shall cry
from the ground for vengt^ance, and it shall yet be said of me, 'He was
murdered in cold blood.' "
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 105
IV. THE CHURCH UNDER BRIGHAM YOUNG.
1844—1877.
1. AGREEMENT TO LEAVE NAUVOO.
The foundation for the Church of Christ, which the
Prophet Joseph had laid, was broad and grand. To
follow him, God had provided in Brigham Young a
strong builder who thoroughly understood the plans and
specifications of the complex and colossal superstructure
that was thereupon to be erected. With master mind
and hand, he stood ready at the appointed hour to
grapple with the stupendous task.
The woe and grief of the stricken Saints were be-
yond description. When the dead bodies of their
martyred leaders arrived in Nauvoo, on June 28th, 1844,
ten thousand sorrowing people, gathered to gaze upon
the lifeless clay. Apostle Willard Richards and Col.
Markham admonished the people to keep the peace, to
look to the law for a remedy, and, that failing, as it
did, to leave vengeance to Heaven.
A few days before the martyrdom, the Apostles had
been called home from their electioneering mission, but
the most of them did not return until the 6th of August.
The training to which the Prophet had subjected
the Apostles abundantly fitted them to take the responsi-
bility of leading the Church. His last days had been
devoted assiduously to the ministry. He had bestowed
upon the Apostles and other faithful Elders, the endow-
106 A BKIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
ments, given them the ke3^s of the Priesthood in their
fullness, taught and administered to them the sealing
ordinances, explaining the manner in which parents,
children, the whole human family, are to be united in
eternal ties. In his sermons he dwelt upon these im-
portant doctrines, and laid a foundation broad and
strong upon which to build the Church — both relating
to government and to spiritual doctrines.* His da3'S
had been few but important. All his 3'ears were full of
persecution; vindictive Hate followed him through life.
By "false brethren"' he was constantly wounded. He
had now sealed his divine doctrines and his faithful
testimony with his blood, which, as with other martyrs,
became "the seed of the Church."
For the first time since that quorum's organization,
the Church was without a First Presidency. But the
keys and the powers had been left with the Apostles.
Well for the cause that such a character as Brigham
Young stood at the head of that quorum. To him the
Saints turned instinctively for counsel. Sidney Rigdon,
the martyred Prophet's First Counselor, who had re-
moved to Pennsylvania to escape the turmoils of Nauvoo,
made an effort to induce the Saints to accept his leader-
ship, but the hearts of the people were not with him;
and, after some meetings and discussions, on the 8th of
August, 1844, Brigham Young and the Twelve Apostles
were sustained as the leaders of the Church. Brigham
was regarded by the people as the divinely appointed
successor of the Prophet, upon him the mantle of Joseph
had fallen. His ability and past labors entitled him to
♦See Doctrine and Covenants, Section 129-131: also "Sermons and
Writings of the Prophet Joseph," Contributor, Vol. 111.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 107
their confidence, as the Spirit of God and the gospel
designated him their safest guide.* He laid hold of the
work where the Prophet finished, and carried it on
successfully. It was soon manifest to the enemies of the
Church, who paused to view the effects of the murder
storm of Carthage, that Mormonism would not die with
its Prophet. There had arisen an equally fitting
character, however they may have differed, to lead the
Saints on their thorny though triumphant way. Upon
the foundations laid by the first, the second was to build
a structure that was to become the wonder and the
admiration of the world.
For a short period there was peace in Nauvoo.
The building of the temple and other public places was
continued in the midst of poverty. The population was
increased by emigrations from the old world. But the
enemies of the cause were as active as ever; nothing
but the scattering . and utter destruction of the Saints
would satisfy their designs. Realizing that the enforced
and foreshadowed exodus to the west was near at hand,
the people were counseled by their leaders to bend every
energy to complete the sacred temple, so that all might
enjoy the blessings of the glorious doctrines which the
martyred Prophet had revealed to them. Before their
* " Brigham found himself in possession of qualities which we find
present primarily in all great men — intellectual force, mentiil superiority,
united with personal magnetism, and physique enough to give weight to will
and opinion; for Brigham Young was assuredly a great man, if by greatness
we mean one who is superior to others in strength and skill, moral, intellec-
tual, or physical." — Bancroft's Utah, p. 201.
"A notable character in life's grand tragedy, one bloody scene of which
had so lately clofsed, waiting at the wing he had caught his cue, and the stir-
ring stage of Time was now ready for his advent." — Whitney's Utah, p. 2.35,
Vol. 1.
108 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHUBCH.
departure to the west, the edifice was so far completed,
that in December, 1845, and January, 1846, thousands
received their endowments, blessings and anointings
therein.
A faint effort was made in the fall of 1844, also in
May, 1845, to bring the murderers of the Prophets to
justice, but after a trial, they were "honorably acquitted."
There was no hope for the Saints to receive justice.
Yielding to the popular clamor, the legislature repealed
the Nauvoo city charter, in January, 1845, and the place
became the prey of lawlessness.* In April, Governor
Ford wrote to President Young advising him to go west
with his people, to "get off by yourselves" where "you
may enjoy peace, "f This course had long been decided
upon, and the desire to complete the temple was all that
delayed the Saints in carrying out their plans.
In the fall of 1845, encouraged b}' the acquittal of
the fiends of Carthage, mobs became more and more bold
in their depredations; outrages, burnings and persecutions
were inflicted afresh upon the defenseless Saints. Their
houses fired and their possessions destroyed, they fled
from the outlying districts to Nauvoo for protection. J
At this juncture Governor Ford called out the troops to
♦Said Josiah Lamborn, Esq., Attorney-General of Illinois: ''By the
repeal of your charter, and by refusing all amendments and modifications our
legislature has given a kind of sanction to the barbarous manner in which you
have been treated It is truly a melancholy spectacle to witness the law-
makers of a sovereign state condescending to pander t.) the vices, ignorance
and malevolence of a class of people who are at all times ready for riot, mur-
der and rebellion."
t F-r a copy of this letter, and other documents relating to the departure
of the Saints from Nauvoo, see Tullidge's History of Salt Lake City, pp. 8 — 13.
J "Mobs commenced driving out the Mormons in the lower part of Han
cock County, and burning their houses and property. — The burning was
A BKIEF HISTOKY OF THE CHURCH. 109
restore order. Peace was proclaimed to the people,
and the mob was commanded to obey authority. Then,
on the 1st of October, was held a conference of the
Mormon leaders and General Harding, commander of the
troops, with Attorney-General McDougal, Senator Doug-
lass, and Major Warren. The result was an agreement
by the Mormons, who well knew that there was no
alternative between exodus and extermination b}^ mas-
sacre, to leave the state in the spring. On the other
hand, they were not to be molested by the mob, but
this part was not kept. Their removal had been de-
manded by a meeting of representatives of nine counties
of the state, assembled in Carthage.
As rapidly as possible, preparations were made to
move west in compliance with the terms of the agree-
ment, and with the decision of the Church leaders.
Land was disposed of, leased or exchanged for animals
and wagons. Property of all kinds was sold, or left for
sale in the hands of trusted agents. So closed the year
1845.
2. EXPELLED FROM ILLINOIS.
After a little less than seven years of troubled rest,
during which time wonderful strides in temporal as well
as spiritual progress had been made, the Saints, now
twenty thousand strong, once more must leave their
homes. Driven again from their city, they must now
abandon themselves to the mercy of the savages, journey
far beyond the borders of civilization.
continued from settlement to settlement for ten or eleven days without any
resistance whatever." — Wells in Bancroft's Utah.
''The mob said they would drive all into Nauvoo, and all Nauvoo into
the Mississippi." — Kichards in Bancroft's Utah.
110 A BRIEF HISTOKY OF THE CHURCH.
Hundreds of farms, two thousand houses and much
personal property, were now offered for sale in and about
Nauvoo. Their man}^ public buildings and their glor-
ious and beloved temple, the Saints did not expect to
sell, but they called upon all good citizens to aid them
in the disposal of their other possessions, giving the
men of Illinois to understand, however, that they would
not sacrifice or give away their property. But a com-
munity who were unwilling to keep their own conditions
of the covenant of peace with the Mormons, could not
be expected to render pecuniary assistance to the
afflicted people. Possessions were therefore sold for a
mere nothing. The countr}^ was scoured for miles
around and property traded at a fearful sacrifice for
traveling outfits.
At length, hurried b}^ their enemies, driven almost
at the point of the sword, the Saints gathered in large
numbers on the east shore of the river, and, on February
4th, 1846, began crossing the water on their way to the
West. After that date, the ferries were kept busy day
and night until the river froze over, w^hen crossing was
continued on the ice. By the middle of the month, a
thousand souls, with their effects, had been landed on the
Iowa shore. Proceeding, they made their first camp at
Sugar Creek, nine miles w^est into Iowa.* They suffered
severely, the ground being snow-covered and the weather
bitter cold. Sleeping in tents and wagons, they and
* Says Col. Thomas L. Kane: -'The people of Iowa have told me tliat
from morning to night they passed westward like an endless procession.
They did not seem greatly out of heart, they said; but at the top of every
hill, before they disappeared, were to be seen looking back, like banished
Moors, on their abandoned homes and the far-seen temple ami its glittering
spire."
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
their sick underwent much hardship and affliction both
of body and mind, driven as they were by civilized
Christians from comfortable homes, and camping now
almost in sight of these, on the bleak prairie, in the
dead of winter, with no prospects before them but snow,
storms, savages, and the untrodden wilderness. Well
might the historian Bancroft exclaim: "There is no
parallel in the world's history to this migration from
Nauvoo. "*
On the 15th, they were joined by President Young,
the leading spirit of the exodus, who began the temporary
organization of the camp. Firmly but kindly he gave laws
for the guidance of the "Camps of Israel," enjoining
honesty and morality. Innocent amusement and recrea-
tion were to be permitted in moderation, as a means of
diverting the peoples' minds from their past troubles
and present toils and hardships. Having petitioned
the Governor for protection while passing through his
territory, President Young and the Apostles made a fare-
well -visit to Nauvoo, holding a parting service in the
temple where the remnant of the Saints were instructed
in their duties. This done, they returned to camp, and
on March 1st orders to advance were given. Five miles
were covered that day. Then from day to day they
continued their journey in rain, snow and mud, towards
the setting sun, their hearts cheered by the God of the
friendless. Many were poor, some were destitute, but
all were as happy as could be under the circumstances.
They never uselessly repined, but watched, prayed.
* Bancroft's Utah, p. 217.
112 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURiJH.
worked, listened to music, danced, sang and rejoiced.*
At Shoal Creek, near Chariton River, on March 27th,
a more complete organization was effected. Captains
were appointed over "hundreds," fifties" and "tens."
Reinforced by fresh arrivals, the companies soon num-
bered about three thousand wagons, thousands of cattle,
besides sheep, horses and mules. Settlements sprang up
in the wilderness of Iowa as if by magic. They were
called "traveling stakes of Zion," and chief among these
were Garden Grove and Mount Pisgah, near which farming
operations were carried on for the benefit of those who
should follow after.
In Jul}^ the main body reached the Missouri,
settling in a place which they named Kanesville, now
known as Council Bluffs. President Young and the van-
guard had arrived about the middle of June. Later a
part of the company crossed the river and settled upon
the Pottawatomie and Omaha Indian lands, where
Winter Quarters; now Florence, was founded, with a
population of about four thousand souls.
It was President Young's intention to hasten on that
summer with an exploring party to the Rocky Mountains.
The muster for volunteers for this purpose was in pro-
gress at Mount Pisgah, under the direction of Apostle
Wilford Woodruff, recently returned from England, when
a startling incident occurred which changed his plans
* '* A spectacle sublime. An exiled nation, going forth like Israel front
Egypt, into the wilderness, there to worship, unmolested, the God of their
fathers in His own appointed way; that from their loins mijght spring a people
nur^ed iu the spirit of prophecy, made stalwart by tribulation, that should
leap from the mountains in a day to come, and roll back, an avalanche of
power, to regain possession of their promised land." — Whitney's Life of Heber
C. Kimball, p. 363.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 113
and delayed the migration west until the following
spring. Their country made a call for volunteers for
quite another purpose — a requisition for a battalion of
iive hundred men to take part in the Mexican war.
There were now twelve thousand Mormons inhabiting the
temporary settlements stretched across the plains of
Iowa from Winter Quarters to Garden Grove.
3. TWO MILITARY PICTURES.
Whatever ma)' have been the cause of the Govern-
ment's requisition for the Mormon Battalion, whether its
muster was meant for their good or their evil, whether
in answer to their petition for help, or in fulfillment of
Senator Benton's threat that they would be destroyed if
they failed to comply, certain it is that the Saints
viewed it with alarm as the news sped from tent to tent
through the "Camps of Israel." They looked upon it as
a scheme for their destruction, as a test of their loyalty,
which it wab feared, in the conditions that surrounded
them would result in their annihilation. Think of taking
five hundred of the young, able-bodied men, the flower
of the camps, from their present all but helpless ranks'
Consider the dependent ones that would be left behind
in an Indian country, without means of support, in the
midst of the dangers and hardships of an unparalleled
exodus! Their plight, too, brought about, they con-
sidered, by the nation now calling for help! Had it not
thrust them from its borders? Had not all their
petitions to it for redress been rejected? And now, that
nation calling upon them to assist in fighting its battles!
Then arose the memories of Missouri, the martyrdom,
their recent treatment by the government of Illinois,
114 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
their present condition I Natural indeed that they
should ask, What shall be done? What will our leaders
decide to do?
When Captain James Allen, acting under General
Kearney, commander of the army of the west, arrived in
Council Bluffs, on July 1st, to lay before President Young
his errand to muster volunteers, he was promptly told
that he should have his men. "You shall have your
battalion," said Brigham. The loyalty of the Mormons,
their love of countr}^, their devotion to the Union, were
the considerations alone that could have insured such
a patriotic reply at such a time.
There not being men enough in Winter Quarters,
President Young and others proceeded to the various
camps in the role of recruiting officers. At Mt. Pisgah
many were enrolled. Messengers were sent to other
camps and to Nauvoo for young men, old men, and boys
to fill the places made vacant b}^ the enlisted men. At
Council Bluffs, upon the arrival of the Pisgah volunteers,
the enrollment was completed, on the 15th of July.
Addressing the Saints at a meeting in the Bowery, Presi-
dent Young cautioned them "not to mention families
that day. "We want to conform to the requisition made
upon us. We must raise the battalion. I say it is
right; and who cares for sacrificing our comfort for a few
years?"
The result is thus summarized by Col. Kane who
was present at the time: "A central mass meeting for
counsel, some harangues at the remotely scattered camps,
an American flag brought out from the store-house of
things rescued and hoisted to the top of a tree-mast, and
in three days the force was reported, mustered, organized
and ready to march."
A BllIEF HISTORY OF THE CHUltCH. 115
The Battalion, numbering in all five-hundred and
forty-nine souls, took up their western march on the 16th,
having on the evening previous taken leave of their loved
ones, and enjoyed themselves in a social re-union, with
music, song and dancs. For two thousand miles, from
the Missouri to the Pacific, the Battalion marched over
dreary deserts, braving dangers and hardships, finally
reaching California, January 29th, 1847.* Whatever else
may be said of the Mormons, let no man dare, after such
a test, to question their patriotism and loyalty.
That is one military picture, in the foreground of
which stand forth prominently patriotism and loyalty to
country under the most trying circumstances that could
be named — an enduring honor to the Mormons.
Now the other.
After the departure of the leaders, in 1846, such
haste was made by the remaining Saints to leave Nauvoo
as should have been satisfactory to any reasonable per-
son. But the anti-Mormons affected to believe, and
freely asserted, that the Mormons did not intend to leave
the State, t In July, they raised troops to march against
* Says Lieutenant-Col. St. George Cooke, in charge of the Battalion, vice
Col. J. Allen, deceased: "History may be searched in vain for an equal
march of infantry; nine-tenths of it through a wilderness, where nothing but
savages and wild beasts are found; or deserts where, for the want of water,
there is no living creature. There, with almost hopeless labor, we hive dug
deep wells, which the future traveler will enjoy. Without a guide who had
traversed them, we have ventured into trackless prairies, where water was not
found for several marches. With crow-bar and pick-ax in hand, we have
worked our way over mountains which seemed to defy aught save the wild
goat, and hewed a passage through a chasm of living rock, more narrow than
our wagons."
t "In short, from the first of May to the final evacuation of the city, the
men of Illinois never ceased from strife and outrage."— Bancroft's Utah, p. 22fi.
116 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Nauvoo. The new citizens averted a conflict at that
time, but on September 10th and 12th, a. mob led by Col.
Brockman, a Campbellite preacher, proceeded to bom-
bard the city. The citizens, greatly outnumbered, banded
together for defense, but were overpowered, in a conflict,
on the 12th, of over an hour's duration, during which
several citizens were killed. Then followed a siege of
several days, which ended in a treaty whose main pro-
visions were the surrender of the city, the immediate
departure of the remaining Mormons (numbering some-
thing over 600 souls), the protection of property and
persons from violence, and the sick to be treated humanely.
No sooner did the mob get possession of the city,
however, than the agreement was outrageously violated
by them. The citizens were treated with every indignity,
and finally all the Mormons who had not already fled,
were forced, at the point of the bayonet, to abandon
their homes and possessions. The last remnant crossed
the river September 17th. They, and their sick and
destitute, were dumped, shelterless, penniless, with
scarcely any food or clothing, upon the flats of the
western shore of the Mississippi. Their deserted city
was pillaged, plundered; its holy temple desecrated with
the boisterous orgies and vulgar songs of a drunken
mob.
What became of the driven Mormons? "Where
were they? They had last been seen, carrjnng in mournful
train their sick and wounded, halt and blind, to dis-
appear behind the western horizon, pursuing the phantom
of another home. Hardly anything else was known of
them; and people asked with curiosity, what had been
their fate — what their fortune."*
* From Col. Kane's lecture before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 117
And all this, while their brethren of the Mormon
Battalion were marching under the good old flag- to do
battle for their country's cause, on the plains of Mexico!
That is another military picture, in which the sullied
good name of one of the sovereign states of the Union,
Illinois, with her weak and wavering Governor, stands
prominently in the foreground to their everlasting shame
and disgrace.
Most of the twenty thousand population of Nauvoo
were now sojourning in the wilderness with the "Camps
cf Israel." -They endured much suffering. There was a
lack of food and clothing. Fevers broke out among
them, and many slept the sleep of death on the prairies.
At Winter Quarters alone, there were over six hundred
buried. Yet with all this, the spirits of the people were
kept buoyant with labor and the hope of better days.
In Winter Quarters, nearly seven hundred log and
turf houses were erected, the city being laid out with
streets in regular order. There were factories, shops,
mills, and a tabernacle of worship, the whole being
fortified in frontier fashion. Everybody was kept busy,
the organizations of the Church were continued, religious
meetings held, missionaries sent abroad, schools estab-
lished. Many scattered through the western states in
search of work. Teams and supplies were sent back to
relieve the poor remnants of Nauvoo, in their flight from
tyrant mobs.
And so passed the winter of 1846-7.
4. THE PIONEERS AND FIRST COMPANIES.
On the 14th of January, 1847, President Brigham
Young made known "The Word and Will of the Lord
118 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Con.cerning the Camps of Israel in their Journeyings to
the West."* In this manifesto are found the instructions
that should guide the Saints in their continued travels.
In conformity therewith, they made early preparations to
vacate Winter Quarters, and to depart for their unknown
inheritances in the wilderness. Twelve times twelve
able-bodied men were selected to pave the way.f These
pioneers started from Winter Quarters on the 7th of
April. On the 8th they encamped near the'Elkhorn, and
during the next few days following the 17th of April,
when the camp was about sixty miles west of the start-
ing point, the members were organized thoroughl}'- into a
military company, with Brigham Young as Lieutenani-
General, Stephen Markham as Colonel, and fourteen
captains.
Prepared and equipped to fight (if necessary), and to
construct their way over the rivers, plains and moun-
tains of the thousand-mile journey before them, they con-
tinued their westward, pilgrim march for three months
and seventeen days. They followed the north bank of
the Platte, making a new road for the benefit of those
who should come after, for over six hundred miles, and
for the remainder of the distance following a trail made
by trappers. At length, after many thrilling experiences,
on the since celebrated 24tn of July, President Young
and his band of pioneers entered the Valley of the Great
Salt Lake. The deserts and mountains had been pene-
trated. About the grateful wanderers bathed in the thin.
* See Doctrine and Covenants, Section 136.
fOne of these, Ellis Fames, fell sick, and returned to camp, leaving the
number of the Pioneers at 14.3. with three women and two children. Thej
had seventy-two wagons, ninety-three horses, fifty-two mules, sixty-six oxen
and nineteen cows, besides seventeen dogs and some chickens.
A BRIEF HISrORY OF THE CHURCH. 119
clear air, lay the new land of Zion, the resting-place
beheld by their inspired leader when the voice whispered
to him: "Here is the place where my people Israel shall
pitch their tents." The hills reverberated to their
hosannah shouts of praise and joy.*
The 25th being Sunday, they held two religious ser-
vices, thanking God for their deliverance. Pointing to
the ancient prophecies, the speakers maintained that
these foretold of their coming: "Oh Zion, that bringest
good tidings, get thee up into the high.mountains. " And,
again, God was to "hide his people in the chambers of
the mountains," and in the last da3^s was to "establish
his house on the tops of the mountains, and exalt it above
the hills."
Losing no time, they began early the next day to
plant potatoes and grain. Companies were organized to
explore the surrounding regions. The tall mountain
north of the settlement was scaled, and its summit called
Ensign Peak, because it was a suitable place to raise an
ensign to the nations. The river, the lake, and the hot
sprin*gs were visited. On the 28th a spot for a temple
was selected, and the general plan of the city decided
upon. In the early part of August the Twelve and man}'
of the people renewed their covenants by baptism.
Everybody was kept busy. Some were tilling the soil,
some cutting and hauling timber, building, making
adobes, and otherwise preparing for the Saints who were
to follow after and inhabit. All were anxious to do as
* In the heart of America they are now upon the border (,f a new Holy
Land, with its Desert and its Dead Sea, its River Jordan, Mount of Olives and
Galilee Lake, and a hundred other features of its prototype of Asia. — Ban-
<^roft's Utah, p. 258.
120 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
much as possible before returning to assist their friends.
The pioneers had been re-inforced, soon after their arri-
val, by one hundred and forty men of the Mormon Bat-
talion detachment, and about one hundred Saints from
Mississippi.
At a conference on the 22nd day of August, a Stake
of Zion was organized, with Father John Smith as
President. At this time the settlement was named Great
Salt Lake City, and the surrounding creeks and canyons
and the river Jordan were christened. The whole region
whose waters flow into the Lake was called the Great
Basin.
On the 17th, seventy-one men, mostly of the Bat-
talion, had returned, well organized, to Winter Quarters.
Later, August 26th, President Young and a compan}^ of
one hundred and seven persons, also mostly Battalion
men who had families among the Saints, started for
Winter Quarters, bidding "a heart}^ good-by to all who
tarry. "*
In the track of the pioneers were now moving several
companies of Saints — distinguished as the first emigra-
tions. In June these were organized on the Elk Horn,
in accordance with the instructions left by President
Young. Apostles Parley P. Pratt and John Taylor exer-
cised general supervision of the emigrants, who were
directed by the committee appointed for this purpose.
♦ Says Wilford Woodruff: "We have traveled with heavily laden wagons
more than a thousand miles, over rough roads, mountains, and canyons,
searching out a land, a resting place for the Saints. We have laid out a city
two miles square, and built a fort of hewn timber drawn seven miles from the
mountains, and of sun-dried bricks and adobes, surrounding ten acres of
ground, forty rods ol which were covered with block-houses, besides planting
about ten acres of corn and vegetables. All this we have done in a single
month.''
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 121
There were all told about 500 wagons, 1553 men, women
and children, with about 5000 head of stock. John
Young was the general commander, with John Van Cott,
marshal. Then there were four captains of hundreds —
Daniel Spencer, Edward Hunter, Jedediah M. Grant,
Abraham O. Smoot — with sub-captains and divisions of
"fifties" and "tens;" also an "artillery company" under
General C. C. Rich. Among the many prominent found-
ers of Utah who were along with these camps may be
named George Q. Cannon (then a youth of twenty),
Eliza R. Snow, John Smith (who had been sustained as
President of the Salt Lake Stake), Lorin Farr, the
Thatchers, William Hyde, Jacob Gates, William W.
Riter, William C. Staines, Jesse N. Smith and Chauncey
W^ West.
The Saints left the Elk Horn m two companies — on
the 18th of June, and on the 4th of July. Their progress
was hindered by stampedes, and the loss of cattle; and they
had some trouble with the Indians. There were six or
seven deaths and a number of births on the journey.
Their meetings with the pioneers were occasions of great
rejoicings. On the Sweetwater a grand feast was held
in honor of President Young, at the instance of Apostle
Taylor and Bishop Hunter. Important councils were
held at various times, and the Saints, who now learned
for the first time where their destination was, were
cheered and encouraged by the returning pioneers.
In the latter part of September the companies began
arriving in the Valley, and before the middle of October
ail the trains had reached the journey's end in safety.
Reaching Winter Quarters on the 31st of October,
the returning brethren, many of whom had not seen their
9
122 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
families since the eventful Jul}^ 16th, 1846, when they
parted with them at their country's call, were w-armly
greeted by their friends and loved ones.
O. MIGRATION OF THE MAIN BODY WEST.
There were now two Stakes of Zion — one on the
Missouri, which continued to be the headquarters owing
to the presence of President Young and most of the
Twelve, and one on the borders of the Great Salt Lake,
in the midnt of the mountains. A thousand miles apart,
cheerful and united, but struggling still with hardships
and ever-recurring new difficulties, the Saints spent the
winter of 1847-8.
In Winter Quarters they had prospered abundantly.
True, there had been some sickness and deaths, but the
climate was much improved. On the whole, health,
abiding peace and good wall prevailed among the faith-
ful inhabitants. In contentment and quiet the winter
passed awa3% preparations being eagerly made for the
contemplated migration in the spring.
On the 5th of December, at a council of the Apos-
tles, it was decided to organize the quorum of the First
Presidency, vacant since the martyrdom of the Prophet.
Brigham Young, the chief Apostle, was then chosen
President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints. The action of the Twelve was ratified at a
conference of the Church on the 27th, and on the 8th of
October the following year was confirmed by a confer-
ence at Great Salt Lake City. The Apostles also issued
a general epistle, calling upon the Saints to gather to
the new Zion in the mountains, and upon all "presidents,
and emperors, and kings, and princes, and nobles and
A BRIEF HISTOEY OF THE CHURCH. 123
governors, and rulers, and judges, and all nations, and
kindreds, tongues, and people under the whole heaven,
to come and help us to build a house to the name of the
God of Jacob, a place of peace, a city of rest, a habita-
tion for the oppressed of every clime."*
The seventeen hundred souls who dwelt in Great
Salt Lake City passed through the season enjoying
moderate comfort under the circumstances. f The winter
was mild with but little snow. On October 3rd, after
their arrival, the first stake organization was completed.
Father John Smith, president, Charles C. Rich and
John Young, counselors. A High Council was also
organized. Tarleton Lewis was chosen Bishop. Some
of the Battalion men, returning from California, brought
wheat, corn, potatoes and garden seeds while more seeds
also live stock were subsequently imported by settlers
who visited the coast. Tn the spring, wild sego and
parsnip roots, and later thistle tops, constituted the
vegetable diet. Their beef had been very poor. Dis-
secting some of it at one time. Apostle Taylor suggested
that the saw be greased to make it work. In some
instances skins served in lieu of clothing. Catamounts,
wolves, foxes, mice and bed-bugs each contributed to
make matters unpleasant for the new settlers.
The most serious plague, however, was yet to come.
It was the crickets. Appearing in May and June, 1848,
black legions of these pests invaded the fields and garr
dens, literally sweeping the earth clean wherever they
passed. All the efforts of the settlers, who, living upon
* See Millennial Star, Vol. x, p. 81.
t They dwelt in 423 houses, had 5,133 acres of cultivated land, and 875
a(ires sown with winter wheat.
124 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
sego roots and thistles, fought with the depperation of
souls who have starvation staring them in the face, to
save their crops were unavailing. There seemed to be
no help. The harvest would go, and with it the lives
dependent upon it! At this critical time, immense flocks
of gulls came from the islands of the lake to feast upon
the crickets. All day they ate, gorged, vomited, then
feasted again, returning each day until the cricket foe
was vanquished. The thankful and astonished settlers
looked on in wonder, praising God that through a mani-
festation of His providence they were saved! It is not
strange that to this day the gull is a sacred bird among
the Saints. In memory of their service to the undaunted
pioneer, let there be emblazoned upon the armorial
ensign of the new State of Utah the gull and the sego lily.
On the 10th day of August the settlers celebrated
their first harvest home. "Large sheaves of wheat,"
says Parley P. Pratt, "rye, barley, oats and other produc-
tions were hoisted on poles for public exhibition, and
there was prayer and thanksgiving, congratulations,
songs, speeches, music, dancing-, smiling faces and merry
liearts. Some of the Battalion men, who had remained
at work in California returning, increased the population
to about 1800 souls. They were among the first to dis-
cover the gold fields which were soon to set aflame the
civilized world. Some of the duRt they brought with
them to the valley.
Turning now to the Missouri, we hnd that early in
1848 active operations were engaged in to migrate the
main body of the Church to the mountains. Winter
Quarters would shortly be vacated. Desiring an outfit-
ting post in the East, the Mormon leaders petitioned the
legislature of Iowa for the organization of Pottawatomie
A BUIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 125
County, and built the town of Kanesville, east of the
river a few miles above the present city of Council
Bluffs. At this place for several years the Mormon emi-
grations were equipped for their journeys over the plains.
Coming from Europe, they sailed up the rivers from New
Orleans. The first river-route company came under
direction of Apostle Franklin D. Richards, landing in
Winter Quarters a short time before the first company'
of that year started for the mountains.
In preparation of the approaching departure, on
Sunday, May 14th, President Young publicly pronounced
blessings upon those who were going with him to the
valley, as well as upon those who were to remain. On
this occasion he prophesied that the Saints would never
be driven from, the Rocky Mountains. On the 24th he
led out for the Elk Horn, where the companies were
thoroughly organized.* They, began their westward
travels about the beginning of June. There were three
companies -Brigham Young, who had general command
of all of them (Daniel H. Wells, his aide-de-camp, and
H. S. Eldredge, marshal) came first with 1229 souls,
and 397 wagons; Heber C. Kimball, with 662 souls and
226 wagons; Willard Richards, With 526 souls and 169
wagons. t When the last wagon left oh the 3rd of July,
*"To those who met them on the route, the strict order of their march
their coolness and rapidity in chasing ranks to repel assaults, their method in
posting sentries around camp and corral, suggested rather the movements of a
well organized army than the migration of a people, and in truth, few
armies have been better organized or more ably led than was this army of the
Lord "—Bancroft's Utah, p. 284.
tTherewere besides in all the companies: 2012 oxen, 983 cows, 131
horses, 116 mules, 654 sheep, 3>84 loose cattle, 337 pigs, 904 chickens, 134 dogs.
54 cats, 3 goats, 10 geese, 5 ducks, 11 doves, 1 squirrel, and 5 hives of bees.
126 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH..
Winter Quarters was almost deserted. With this emi-
gration ^were such famous men in Utah history as
Lorenzo Snow, Franklin D. Richards, Joseph F. Smith,
Newel K. Whitney, Robert T. Burton, Rosea Stout,
and many others. Several of the Apostles who were to
go on missions remained in Kanesville, where, on
February 7th, 1849, Orson Hyde began the publication
of the Frontier Gifardian.
The companies all followed in the route of the
Pioneers. President Young arrived in Great Salt Lake
City on the 20th of September, 1848, and within a
month all the trains had safely entered the valley. Their
presence swelled the population to 5000 souls.
The Church was now in the "^Great American
Desert," led thither under the inspired, direction of
Brigham Young, one of the greatest colonizers our coun-
try has ever known. It was a desolate abiding place,
shunned by all who passed because of its sterility. It
was the most inhospitable and forbidding portion of the
vast western region of which the great statesman, Daniel
Webster, said: "What do we want with this vast,
worthless area? This region of savages and wild beasts,
of deserts, of shifting sands and whirlwinds of dust, of
cactus and prairie dogs? To what use could we ever
hope to put these great deserts, or those endless mountain
ranges, impenetrable, and covered to their very base
with eternal snow?"
Yet in the heart of this domain, the exiled Mormons
chose to build their homes. They loved it because of
its liberty, because of the freedom that encircled them.
By arduous toil and the blessings of God they have built
their scores of thrifty cities, subdued the sandy desert,
made a garden of the wilderness.
A BKIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 127
6. COLONIZATION.
To obtain pasturage for their sto^k, several of the
pioneers, soon after their arrival, pressed north found-
ing the settlements in what is now Davis County.*
These new places continued to thrive, and before the
close of 1848, there were colonies near the present Boun-
tiful, Kaysville, Farmington, and in other places. In
January of that year. Captain James Brown purchased
the Miles Goodyear claim which included the present
site of Ogden City, and the greater portion of Weber
County.
These movements to occupy the land were made
agreeable to the instructions of President Young, and
were a part of his grand scheme to colonize the moun-
tain region with his people. Upon his arrival, in Sep-
tember, 1848, this matter was uppermost in his mind,
but he found that the first great question to be solved
was the short supply of food. The crops were not so
abundant that there would be sufficient for the now
increased population. The new companies had brought
onl}' little with them. As a result, before a new harvest,
there was great scarcity of food, much privation and
suffering among the people, which, however, were
materially alleviated by the spirit of kindness, oneness
and helpfulness that prevailed. f In community fashion,
the needy were helped by those who had supplies. To
add to their misfortunes, the winter of 1848-9 was
very severe.
*So named after Captain D. C. Davis of the Mormon Battalion, who set-
tled near the present site of Farmington.
t "Roots had to be dug from the ground for food, raw hides were torn
down from roofs, cut into shreds and cooked. Very little game was found,
near the city : some fish were obtained." — Contributor, Vol. 2, p. 176.
128 A BRIEF HISTOKY OF THE CHUR«:H.
It was while the people were thus distressed that
Heber C. Kimball prophesied that within three years
^"States goods" would be sold cheaper in Salt Lake Valley
than in New York. His prophetic utterance found remark-
able fulfillment when the adventurous gold hunters from
all parts of the earth made Salt Lake their "half-way
house," leaving their merchandise, provisions and
implements, with the destitute settlers in exchange for
animals to carry them more hurriedly to their destination.
This was in 1849, and when the settlers grandly celebrated
the second anniversar}^ of their arrival into the Valley,
the prophecy uttered the year previous was being fulfilled.
At the grand feast hundreds of west bound emigrants
dined with the happy Mormons. But even this mani-
festation of divine provision was not enough to prevent
some of the Saints from contracting the gold fever. It
took the best efforts and the wisest judgment of their
leaders to intercept tue threatened general migration to
the golden west, which would have been then as great a
calamity as could have befallen the Church.
The people were stirred to activity. In the fall of
1848, five thousand acres of land were plotted for fencing
and cultivation, over eight hundred were sowed in winter
wheat. The council house was projected, roads were
constructed, grist and saw mills were erected, bridges
built, and a proposition was made to bring the waters of
the Big Cottonwood to the city. Lots were distributed
to the settlers some of whom, moving out of the "Fort,"
settled upon these. To obviate the inconvenience of a
lack of circulating medium, pending the procuring of a
stamp to coin the gold dust brought by the Battalion
men, a paper currency was issued in January, 1849.
Fify-cent and one-dollar bills, upon which the first
A BRIEF HESTOKY OF THE CHUKCH. 129
printing in the Valley was done, were stamped; and a
""resolution was passed placing certain Kirtland Bank
bills in circulation, thus making these notes as good as
gold, in fulfillment of a prophecy to that effect by the
Prophet Joseph. Later the gold dust was coined into
$2.50, $5, $10, and $20 pieces which were used until
superceded by legal tender when they were disposed of
as bullion to the federal mints.
Keeping constantly in view their religious duties in
the midst of their temporal labors, the organizations of
the Church were never neglected. On February 12th,
1849, the quorum of Twelve was filled by the calling and
ordination of Charles C. Rich, Lorenzo Snow, Erastus
Snow and Franklin D. Richards to the Apostleship. A
permanent Stake organization was also perfected, and
the city was divided into nineteen ecclesiastical wards
with a bishop over each. The gathering was not for-
gotten. In 1849 there were about thirty thousand Saints
m Great Britain, ten thousand of whom had joined the
Church in the past fifteen months. To assist in redeem-
ing the country, as well as to carry out the commands
of God, it was desirable that these should be brought to
the mountains. For tjhe purpose of aiding the poor
among them to migrate, the Perpetual Emigrating Fund
was established in October. A large sum of money was
obtained for this fund which was kept in operation
thereafter for upwards of forty years, and was the means
of assisting thousands to emigrate from the poverty of
the Old World to the better surroundings of the New.
Bishop Edward Hunter was sent to the frontier to put
its provisions into operation, and to take charge of the
next season's emigration. At the same time many
prominent Elders were called to go to various
130 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
parts of the earth on missions. They opened the
gospel door to France, Scandinavia, Italy, Lower Cali-
fornia, and the Society Islands, or were sent to other
regions to continue the work of promulgation. The first
company brought across the plains by the Emigrating
Company arrived in Salt Lake on the 13th of October,
1850.
Colonization continued. What is now Utah, Sanpete,
and Tooele Counties, were explored and settled, also
Sevier, Iron and other southern counties. Later followed
exploring parties and colonies to all parts of the Terri-
tory. In each of these the various crafts were repre-
sented. They provided themselves with plenty of
provisions, stocks, implements and other necessaries.
The}' were generally composed of volunteers, and were
sent out by the great colonizer, Brigham Young, under
proper ecclesiastical organization. Until the introduction
of a regular civil government, the Church officers held
secular or temporal administration over the people. The
public labors were performed under their direction, they
were the judges among the people, and under their
supervision and advice went on the great work of
founding and building cities, of redeeming the desert.
Marvelous indeed are the labors of these]empire founders.
At present they and their children occupy the country
extending for over a thousand miles from Mexico to
Canada, and their numerous thrifty cities and villages
are found in the valleys of the mountains in nearly every
State and Territory of the mighty West. The Saints
are the remnants of Israel gathered out from the coasts
of the earth, and truly God hath wrought through them
"a marvelous work and a wonder."
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 131
7. UTAH TERRITORY ORGANIZED.
Up to the Spring of 1849, when the political history
of Utah properly begins, the settlers had been governed
exclusively by the excellent ecclesiastical organizations.
There had been little need and less time for civil govern-
ment, but as emigrants of other faiths began to come into
their midst, there v^as a desire among the leaders of the
people to come in under the folds of the Union, as indeed
there had been from the beginning, notwithstanding they
had been driven by that nation to a foreign country.
By the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed February
2nd, 1848, the United States had come into the posses-
sion of the vast western region from which was afterward
formed the States and Territories of California, Nevada,
Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. The Mormons were
well nigh the only occupants of the new domain, and
they were hopeful and energetic enough to believe that
in time they could subdue and occupy the country which
they had assisted in wresting from Mexico, and opened
up. to civilization.
With a view of introducing civil government to this
area, early in March, 1849, a convention was called of
"all the citizens of that part of Upper California lying
east of the Sierra Nevada M ountains, to take into
consideration the propriety of organizing a territorial or
state government." This convention assembled in Salt
Lake City on the 4th of March. A memorial, signed by
Brigham Young and 2,270 others, was sent to Congress,
as a result of this convention, April 30th, asking for
a "territorial government of the most liberal construction
authorized by our most excellent federal constitution,
with the least possible delay," which was carried to
Washington by Dr. J. M. Bernhisel.
132 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
At the convention, a committee was also selected to
draft a constitution und^r which the people might govern
themselves, until Congress should take action and other-
wise provide by law. On the 10th of March the consti-
tution was adopted and a Provisional Government was
organized under the name of the State of Deseret. A
legislature, or General Assembly of the State of Deseret,
consisting of Senate and House of Representatives, was
also elected with powers and duties defined. Brigham
Young was elected Governor.* Under this form of
government, purel}^ Mormon and not yet sanctioned b}-
the authority of Congress, the new State was governed
for nearly two years. Justice was equitably administered
to all — both non-Mormon and Mormon, and the decisions
of the courts, constantly appealed to by passing emi-
grants, were remarkable for fairness and impartiality, t
On Jul} 2nd, 1849, the General Assembly of Deseret
met at Salt Lake City, and by joint agreement of its two
houses, it was decided to pray for the admission of
Deseret as a state of the Union. A new memorial was
consequently then prepared. Almon W. Babbit was
elected delegate to Congress, and was sent to Washing-
» Willard Richards, secretary; Horace S. Eldredge, marshal; Daniel
H. Wells, attorney-general ; besides an assessor and c/»llector, a treasurer, and
supervisor of roads : also three judges, Heber C. Kimball, chief justice, and
John Taylor and Newel K. Whitney, associates. The bishops of the several
wards were elected as magistrates.
t So testifies Captain Howard Stansbury of the U. S. Army Corps of
Topographical Engineers who came to Salt Lake City on the 28th of August,
1849, wintered there, and remained w ith his expedition in the Territory for a
whole year, exploring and surveying the Valley of the Great Salt Lake, also
Utah Lake and its vicinity, also a route from the Valley to Fort Hall. His
widely circulated report to the Government is authority throughout the world
in relation to Utah and the people who reclaimed it from a desert.
A BllIEF HISTOiiY OF THE CHUKCH. 133
ton, bearing the memorial and the constitution of the
proposed state. Mr. Babbit presented his documents to
Congress, with his credentials as delegate from the
Provisional State of Deseret, through Senator Stephen
A. Douglass, on the 27th of December of that year; but
his petition was denied, and he was, of course, not
admitted to Congress. Instead, after a delay of nine
months, Congress passed a bill entitled, "An act to
establish a territorial government for Utah," providing
for the organization of Utah Territory, which was signed
by President Millard Fillmore, and went into force on
the 9th of September, 1850. The President appointed
officers for the Territory as follows: Brigham Young,
Governor; B. D. Harris, Secretary; Joseph Buffington,
Chief Justice; Perry C. Brocchus and Zerubbabel
Snow, Associate Justices; Seth M. Blair, Attorney; and/
Joseph L. Heywood, Marshal.
The news of the organization of the Territory and
the appointment of the Governor and other officers did
not reach the valley until January 27th, 1851, being even
then unofficially conveyed by way of San Francisco,
through New York newspapers which were brought to
Salt Lake by Mr. Henry B. Gibson.
On the 5th of April, 1851, Governor Young, who
had taken the oath of office on the 3rd of February, dis-
solved the General Assembly of the State of Deseret,
and thus changed the provisional to the territorial form
of government, merg'ing the State into the Territory of
Utah.
Among the more important of the many acts of the
Provisional Assembl}^ afterward made legal by the
territorial legislature, may be mentioned the creation of
Salt Lake, Weber, Utah, Sanpete, Juab and Tooele
134 A BKIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
counties, and the granting of a charter to the University
of Deseret, in the winter of 1849-50; the passing of acts
incorporating Great Salt Lake City (January 9th), Ogden
City, the city of Manti, Provo City and Parowan City
(February 6th), and the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints (February 8th), in 1851.
On the first Monday of August, 1851, an election
was held, at which were chosen a Delegate to Congress,
Dr. Bernhisel, who was the first to represent Utah in
that body, and a legislature.
With the arrival of Judge Brocchus, in August, all
the federal judges were in the territory, and had been
assigned by the Governor to their districts. Judge Broc-
chus (who was appointed with Secretar}' Harris and Judge
Brandebur}^ instead of Mr. Buffington, declined), soon
became dissatisfied with his position, being doubtless
disappointed in not being elected by the Mormons to
Congress. The result of this disaffection was a breach,
which was a beginning of the long controversy between
the federal judges and the Mormons.
Being invited to speak at a public meeting early in
September, Judge Brocchus shamjfull)^ abused the people
and their institutions. He was severely rebuked by
President Young. Not long after this episode, the Secre-
tary and the two Judges informed the Governor that the}-
would return to Washington. They did so on September
28th, carrying with them the Territorial seal, records and
documents, as well as $24,000.00 appropriated by Con-
gress ioT the per diem of the legislature. These "runaway
judges and secretary," by which sobriquet they became
known, made their report to the proper national officials,
falsely asserting that they were forced to leave Utah on
account of the lawless acts and seditious tendencies of
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 135
Governor Brigham Young and the majority of the
citizens. Their scheme to create trouble for the Mormons
did not succeed, however, as they had expected, for they
were forced to retire, the President appointing in their
stead, on the 15th of August, 1852, l^azarus H. Reed,
chief justice, with Leonidas Shaver, associate, and Benja-
min G. Ferris, of anti-Mormon book fame, secretary.
The vacancies in the meantime were temporarily filled
by gubernatorial appointment, a full explanation being
rendered to the President of the United States. The
next federal ofificials were Chief Justice John F. Kinney,
appointed August 24th, 1854, Associate Justice George
P. Stiles, August 1st, 1854; Judge W. W. Drummond,
September 12th, 1854. The latter two became chiefly
instrumental in bringing about the "Utah War."
While these political. changes were being made, other
more important events were transpiring among the people
of Utah. Desiring a closer association with the other
citizens of the Union, the Governor and legislative
Assembly as early as March 3rd, 1852, memorialized Con-
gress for the construction of a national central railroad
to the Pacific coast, also for a telegraph line, setting
forth among other things as their reasons for this desire
"that the immense emigration to and from the Pacific
requires the immediate attention, guardian care and
fostering; assistance of the greatest and most liberal govern-
ment on the face of the earth." "That an eligible route
can be obtained — that the mineral resources of California
and these mountains can never be fully developed to the
benefit of the people of the United States without the
construction of such a road; and upon its completion the
entire trade of China and the East Indies will pass through^
the heart of the Union, thereby giving our citizens
136 A BRIEF HISTOKY OF THE CHURCH.
almost the control of the Asiatic and Pacific trade, pouring^
into the lap of the American states the millions that are
now diverted through other commercial channels. "
Again, in Governor Young's message to the legislature,
in 1853, he urges the necessity of a national iron high-
way, and calls attention to the importance of properly
presenting the matter, before Congress. A great mass
meeting was accordingly held in January, 1854, in which
the people took steps to further memorialize Congress for
the construction of a railway via Salt Lake City to the
Pacific. But other petitions were necessary, and over
fifteen years were to elapse before the iron horse should
awake the echoes in their mountain retreat.
With the arrival of fresh emigrants, the growth and
extension of the cities and villages continued, until there
was a chain of thirty Mormon settlements from Bear
River, on the north, to the rim of the Great Basin, on
the south, and to the east and west of Salt Lake City.
Public buildings and stores were erected, coal and iron
mines developed, grist and saw mills were busy in all
parts. Encouraged by legislative appropriation and pro-
tection, home manufacturing establishments, sprang up
in various places. Ten thousand dollars of the terri-
torial revenue of something over twenty-six thousand,
were expended for fostering infant industries, for sur-
veys, roads and bridges, and for educational purposes.
It should be remembered that among the Mormons
colonizers, the school house was the first public building
to be erected in every settlement.
On April 6th, 1853, the corner stone of the now
completed great temple at Salt Lake City was laid,
ground having been broken for the foundation on the
14th of February previous. It was dedicated foity years
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 187
later, April <)th, 1893, and has been pronounced" a struc-
ture unsurpassed if not unequaled for beauty and subli-
mity by any other edifice in America."
At the October Conference, 1853, many were called
to strengthen the settlements ' in Iron, Tooele, Sanpete,
Box Elder and Juab counties.
As a rule only little trouble was experienced with
the Indians, owing chiefly to the wise course adopted by
President Young in treating them. His life-long policy
toward the red men, which has saved much property and
man}^ lives in Utah, is embodied in this utterance of his
which he ever put faithfully into practice as a private
individual, as Governor and Government Indian Agent,
and as President of the Church: "It is cheaper to feed
the Indians than to fight them." But their treatment
under these conditions, and with the careful diplomacy
of the great Mormon leader did not entirely prevent con-
flicts with them. The first troubles occurred in 1850-1.
Then followed a period of peace until 1853, when the Ute
war broke out, instigated doubtless by Mexican traders,
who came to Utah and supplied the Indians with firearms,
ammunition, horses, etc., taking in exchange Indian
women and children, who were subsequently sold into
slavery. Governor Young proclaimed against this traffic,
which displeased both traders and Indians. Passing
emigrants also did much injury by shooting Indians with-
out cause. In the spring of 1854, the trouble was ended
in a treaty of peace. As a result of the conflict, about
twenty whites and a large number of Indians were killed,
while the people and the Territory together suffered a
loss of about ^300,000.00.
The chief item of religious interest was the public
avowal of polygamy, at a conference of the Church in
10
138 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Salt Lake City, August 29th, 1852. Plural marriage,
included in the doctrine of celestial marriage, was prac-
ticed long before this time b}' the Saints in Nauvoo,
Winter Quarters, and also in Utah. It was first made
known to Joseph Smith; the Prophet, in 1831, and in
Nauvoo, in 1841, was introduced by him to a number of
leading Elders, and practiced by them and the Prophet.
The revelation on celestial marriage was recorded July
12th, 1843. Celestial marriage may, but does not
necessarily, include a plurality of wives; it consists of
the eternity of the marriage covenant between man and
wife. When a marriage is sealed by the Holy Priest-
hood, which has power to bind on earth and it is bound
in heaven, the man and wife have not alone claim upon
each other in time, but in eternity also-;-they are hus-
band and wife after the resurrection. The doctrine
revolutionizes the idea of marriage as entertained by
mankind in general, which is usually considered to be a
contract lasting onl}^ in this life; and declares that the
association of the sexes thus entered into is eternal,
that our relations here as husbands, wives, families,
continue in the celestial spheres. Marriage thus be-
comes one of the chief means of man's exaltation and
glory in the world to come, whereby he may have end-
less increase of eternal lives, and attain at length to the
power of the Godhead. It was this glorious doctrine, in
connection with baptism, redemption and sealing for the
dead, that was the uppermost theme of the Prophet
Joseph during the last two years or more of his life.
On this August day here amidst the liberty of the
mountains, Brigham Young saw fit to publicly proclaim
this consoling doctrine including also that portion of it
relating to a plurality of wives — the latter a principle
A BKIEF HISTOKY OF THE CHURCH. 139
which Joseph and the leading Elders only had heretofore
privately entertained and practiced because it came in
conflict with the prejudice, education, traditions and
sentiments of the age. Then followed the promulgation
of the doctrine by missionaries to the whole world.
Afterward polygamy became the leading question for con-
tention between the officers of the Government and the
Mormons, until the practice was finally suspended by a
manifesto of President Wilford Woodruff, dated Septem-
ber 24th, 1890. At the following October Conference the
Church accepted his declaration as authoritative and
binding, and a plurality of wives is now neither taught
nor practiced. But marriages for time and eternity are
entered into by all the faithful Saints in the holy temples
which dot the landscape of their Zion.
EVENTS FROM 1854 TO 1857.
As Governor Young's first term was drawing to a
close, it became evident that the false stories circulated
about him and his people, chiefly by the "runaways" and
by Secretary Ferris, had so influenced the Nation's
Executive that he would not appoint the Mormon Gover-
nor for a second term. The action of Colonel E. J.
Steptoe, however, changed his determination. The
Colonel arrived in Utah in August, 1854, with a detach-
ment of troops on his way to California. To him Presi-
dent Franklin Pierce tendered the governorship. This
the Colonel respectfully declined, and, with leading citi-
zens, Mormon and non-Mormon, federal officials and
army officers, petitioned for the re-appointment of the
present incumbent. The memorial had the desired effect.
The request was granted, and Brigham Young received
140 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
the appoinment as Governor and Superintendent of
Indian Affairs.
Colonel Steptoe remained with his troops in the ter-
ritory over winter, continuing on good terms with the
Mormons. He had orders to arrest and bring to trial the
perpetrators of the Gunnison massacre,* which he succeed-
ed in doing. Eight Indians being arrested were tried for
murder; among them was the chief Kanosh, who, with-
four others, was acquitted, while a verdict of manslaught-
er was returned against the remaining three.
In the spring of 1855 Morgan County was settled by
Jedediah Morgan Grant. Orson Hyde pushed west and
established a colony in Carson Valley, now in Nevada.
During the Buchanan War the settlements in that valley
were broken up.
On the 10th of May, 1855, Charles C. Rich, George
Q. Cannon, Joseph Bull and others left for San Fran-
cisco. There Elder Cannon established the weekly
Westen Standaj'd, publishing the first issue on the 23rd of
February, 185fi, about which time his translation of the
Book of Mormon in the Hawaiian language also
appeared.
Judge George P. Stiles succeeded Judge Snow at
the expiration of the latt'er's term in 1854. After the
death of Chief Justice Reed, in New York in March,
1855, Judge John F. Kinney was appointed to succeed
him. Judge Leonidas Shaver died in Salt Lake City,
June 29th, 1855, and was succeeded by Judge W. W.
* Lieutenaut John W. Gunnison, afterward Captain, had assisted Captain
Stansbury in his labors. Encamped on the Sevier engaged in surveyinr a
railway route, he was cruelly killed by the Indians. October 25t?I, 185H. Gun-
nison, Sanpete County, was named in honor of this friend of Utah and her
people. He wrote a valuable and impartial work on '"The Mormons."
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 141
Drummond. Both Judges Reed and Shaver were greatl}'
respected by the people, who sincerely mourned their
death.
The Legislature met for the first time in Fillmore,
the new capital of the territory, on the 10th of Decem-
ber, 1855. In January of the following year the popula-
ion of the territory is given as 76,335. During this ses-
sion another unsuccessful effort was made for the
admission of Utah into the Union. John Taylor, then
editor of the Mo?'mon, in New York, and George A.
Smith, were elected delegates to present the memorial and
constitution to Congress. Cache and Box Elder Coun-
ties were created, besides" a number of counties in Carson
Valley.
The crops of 1854-5 had failed owing to drought and
grasshoppers. The winter of 1855-6 was unusually severe.
Cattle and sheep by the thousands died from cold and
starvation. As a result of these combined calamities the
Saints suffered greatly and were once more driven to roots
for subsistence, ^ome there were who had provided
for the famine, but their little stores were soon exhausted
by their willingness to help the needy. Those who had
gave to those who had not. Much suffering was thus re-
lieved or prevented. "Unity and equality — those watch-
words of the United Order — were once more emphasized
in the dealings of the Mormon people with one another
and with the needy of all classes and creeds among
them."*
To add to the troubles of these times, the Indians
precipitated another war known as the Tintic War. It
* Whitney's Utah, Vol. 1, p. 548.
142 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHUECH.
caused the death of twelve of the settlers. Indian depre-
dations on the plains were also numerous in 1856.
But that year's greatest calamity, penetrating the
whole Church with its grief and gloom, befel the late
handcart companies. "It had been decided by the Mor-
mon leaders that a cheaper and more expeditious method
of bringing the emigrants across the great plains would
be by handcarts in lieu of ox-teams and wagons. The
carts, manufactured on the frontier, were to carry the
baggage and provisions, and the stronger men were to
pull them."* There were in all five companies of emi-
grating Saints, mostly from England, who had decided
to cross the pi ains in that way, traversing deserts, wad-
i ng rivers, climbing mountains, a distance of thirteen
hundred miles to Salt Lake City. Three companies
arrived in the Valley after a three months' journey, com-
paratively in good condition; but the last two were caught
i n the snows and the storms of an early winter. After
suffering starvation and untold hardsl^ips, their remnants
finally arrived in the Valley, the last delayed company,
composed of six hundred persons, having lost more than
one-fourth of their numbers by death. All would have
shared the same fate had not relief parties, risking their
own lives, gone to their assistance.
10. THE UTAH EXPEDITION.
While Judges Reed and Shaver had been regarded
with much favor by the Mormons, and Judge Kinney
was now so regarded, it was evident from the first that
* For full accounts of the hand cart cotopanies, written by John Chislett
and John Jaques, see Wh itney's Utah, Vol. 1, pp. 558-564.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH". 143
Judges Stiles and Drummond would not so be considered.
The reason is plain. Their characters were so low and
vicious as to command no respect. The former was a
characterless renegade Mormon, the latter a gambler and
a lecher.* And these two men, but more especially
Drummond, did more than any others to bring about the
trouble wich is known as the "Mormon War," or properly
speaking, President "Buchanan's egregious blunder."
Little attention had been paid by the general govern-
ment to Utah. It had taken occasion to slight her and
her just demands in the matters of admission to the sis-
terhood of states, . and in appropriations such as .were
made to other territories for the expense of their legisla-
tures, state houses, Indian cmtbreaks, etc. Then to make
matters worse, such political adventurers as have been
named were sent to be the judges of the people. These,
finding no sympathy among an honest community, laid
plans to still aggravate the existing suspicions and
indifference of the nation toward the Mormons.
Finding their courts overcrowded after the departure
of the "runaway judges," the Utah Legislature passed
an act in 1852 giving the probate courts "power to exer-
cise original jurisdiction, both civil and criminal, as
well in chancery as in common law, when not prohibited
by legislative enactment." Thus arose complications.
The federal judges declared that . these courts nullified
the powers of the higher tribunals, while the Mormons
maintained that without the powers of the probate
* Speaking of Drummond, Bancroft, History of Utah, p. 490, says:
"Leaving his wife and family in Illinois without the means of support, he
brought with him a harlot A^hom he had picked up in the streets of Washing-
ton, and introducing her as Mrs. Drummond, seated her by his side on the
judicial bench."
144 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURcJH.
courts they would be left practically without civil and
criminal jurisdiction. Judges Stiles and Drummond,
contrary to the practice of their predecessors, made a
direct issue by ignoring the authority of the lower
courts and their officials. The people would not sustain
them in this movement, and being powerless to proceed,
Judge Stiles was compelled to adjourn his court. Return-
ing to Washington in the spring of 1857, he made affida-
vit to this effect, declaring among other things that his
records had been burnt and he threatened with violence.
The records, it is true, had been removed from his
office, but were in safe-keeping, being later produced.
But his report went abroad creating much adverse criti-
cism of the Mormons.
Judge Drummond became very unpopular not alone
for moral reasons, but also for his judicial course. At
length he concluded to resign. His letter of resignation,
dated March 30th, 1857, sent to Attorney-General Jere-
miah S. Black, sets forth his reasons for this action. He
conjures up many wicked lies and groundless accusa-
tions. He charges that the records, papers, etc., of the
supreme court have been destroyed by order of the
Church; that the federal officers are constantly insulted,
harassed and annoyed, without redress. He charges the
Governor with improperly pardoning criminals, advising
jurors beforehand, so that no charges but his are "obeyed.
The judiciary is treated as a farce, the "officers are in-
sulted, harassed and murdered for doing their duty."
Closing, he suggests that a new Governor be appointed
and "supported with a sufficient military aid."
This report and a letter written by a mail contractor
named W. F. Magraw, also minbr complaints frona
Indian agents and federal officials, led President Bucha-
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 145
nan without further investigation to conclude that a
rebellion existed in Utah. It has also been said that he
was instigated by a rebellious desire to scatter the Union
forces in case of a conflict with the South on the slavery
question, which was then the uppermost topic in the
country. The Mormons, then as now and ever, loyal to
their country and its institutions, made answer to all
the charges as they were published, but their explana-
tions were deemed insufficient. 'Brigham Young was
superseded in the governorship by Alfred Gumming, and
an frmy of two thousand five hundred men, well equipped
and supplied, was organized and ordered to march to
Salt Lake City, ostensibly as a posse comitatus to sustain
his authority, or if need be to put down the alleged law-
lessness by force. The commander of the troops was
instructed under date of June 29th, 1857 how to proceed.
The mails to Utah had been stopped, leaving the
Mormons as ignorant of the coming of the army as they
were of having rebelled against their country. It was
not until the 24th of July, while patrioticall}^ celebrat-
ing their advent into the territory ten years before, that
President Young and his people were apprised of the
startling news by three Mormon messengers from the
east. In the evening President Young called the people
together, and addressing them said among other expres-
sions: "Liars have reported that this people have com-
mitted treason, and upon their misrepresentations the
President has ordered out troops to assist in officering
this territory. * * * \Ye have transgressed
no law, neither do we intend to do so; but as for any
nation coming to destroy this people, God Almighty
being my helper it shall not be. " Then the celebration
146 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
went on. There was no excitement, but war became the
uppermost theme thereafter.
On the 8th of September Captain Van Vliet arrived
in Salt Lake City, meeting with a cordial reception; his
mission was to purchase supplies and to inform the
Mormons that the government would not molest or
interfere with them. The object of sending the troops
was to install the new officials.
"I believe you tell the truth," replied Brigham, in
an interview on Septembr9th, "that you believe this.— but
you do not know their intentions as well as I do.
* * * We have plenty here of what you want,
but we will sell you nothing. Further than this, your
army shall not enter this valley."
President Young's experience with military bodies
in Missouri and Illinois, had led him to lose confidence
in their asserted designs, and to be suspicious of their
intents. Why had not the officers been sent without the
army? There had been no resistance to the civil
authorities heretofore, why was it now necessary to in-
stall them by the aid of troops? The real design was
evidently hidden. It was the extermination of the Mor-
mons, the spoilation of their homes and possessions,
their complete annihilation. So thought Brigham
Young, and he dealt accordingly.
The Captain remonstrated saying that even if the
mountain passes could be defended against the army now
coming, reinforcements would be sent the following
season to overcome all opposition. To which President
Young replied: "We are aware that such will be the
case; but when these troops arrive they will find Utah
a desert; every house will be burned to the ground,
every tree cut down, and every field laid waste."
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 147
The Captain was as deeply impressed as he was
astonished. He returned to Washington to report to
the Secretary of War.
Following the Captain's departure, Governor Young
declared the territory under ' martial law, September
17th. The Nauvoo Legion was thoroughly organized
under Lieutenant Daniel H. Wells, and two thousand
five hundred men, young and old, were mustered to pre-
vent the entrance of the 'troops into the Valley. Early
in October the government army supply trains were
burned at Green River by Lot Smith, followed by the
destruction of Fort Bridger. Finally the invading troops,
crippled, starved and frozen, were forced to go into
winter quarters on Black's Fork. Excepting a guard,
the Utah militia returned to their homes early in Decem-
ber. So matters rested until spring, when it was fully
expected the conflict would begin anew.
Meanwhile Governor Young had asked Colonel
Kane to present the true situation before President
Buchanan. Having done so, the President dispatched
the Colonel to Utah as private Government envoy with
a conciliatory message. He reached Salt Lake City
February 25th, 1858, and learned that there would be no
objections to the entrance of the new governor without
the army, which would not be allowed to accompany
him or to quarter in any city or settlement of the terri-
tory. Departing over the snows for Black's Fork
Colonel Kane soon convinced Governor Cumming that he
had no need of the army. Then the two departed for Salt
Lake City, arriving there, April 12th. After a cordial
meeting with President Young, Governor Cumming was
duly and peaceably installed in his new position. His
148 A BRIEF HISTOliY OF THE CHURCH.
noble peace mission now ended, Colonel Kane returned
to report his success in Washington.
What was now to be done with the army?
In June, Governor Powell of Kentucky, and Majur
McKulloch of Texas, met President Young as a Peace
Commission in Salt Lake City, bearing from the
national Executive a full and free pardon for all past
seditions and treasons for all of the Mormons who would
submit to national authority. ,
President Young stated his position: "I thank Presi-
dent Buchanan for forgiving me, but I really cannot tell
what I have done. I know one thing, and that is, that
the people called Mormons ar e a loyal and law-abiding
people, and have ever been. It is true Lot Smith
burned some wagons containing government supplies for
the arn:.y. This was an overt act, and if it is for this
that we are to be pardoned, I accept the pardon."
It was then agreed that the army might come into
the basin, but should not quarter within forty miles of
the city, nor in any settlement of the territory. Enter-
ing Salt Lake City June 26ih, they founded Camp Floyd,
thirty-six miles south, where they remained until 1860.
The last remnant departed in 1861. Many of the soldiers
participated in the Civil War, in which Albert Sidney
Johnston, the commander of the Buchanan Expedition
against the Mormons, took part as a rebel.
Upon first entering the Valley, the troops were
deeply moved by the desolation which they witnessed all
about them. With no faith in the promises of armies,
the Saints, thirty thousand strong, had fled south to what
destination they knew not. Their deserted villages and
cities were inhabited only by the guards who had been
left with torch in hand ready to fire their dearly-earned
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 149
homes and possessions, in case the hostile army should
invade their land to repeat the scenes of Far West and
Nauvoo. In vain Governor Gumming pleaded with them
to remain. Said President Young: "We know all
about it, Governor. We have on just such occasions
seen our disarmed men hewn down in cold blood, our
virgin daughters violated, our wives ravished to death
before our eyes. We know all about it, Governor
Gumming. "
"The Move" attracted the attention to the sacrifice
of this people and the wrongs inflicted upon them,
redounding to their praise in the press of Europe and
the Union. The public saw in it heroism, devotion,
sincerity. The tide turned in favor of the Mormons.
When the object of "the move" had thus been realized,
the people returned to their cities and habitations which
had been placed sincerely upon the altar of sacrifice, but
this time not required of them.
Thus ended the "war." It had cost the country
fifteen million dollars, exposed the government to ridi-
cule, and accomplished nothing; but it won for the Mor-
mons esteem, respect, a recognition by the outside world
of their devotion to principle, their bravery in time of
peril, their loyalty to country.
11. A PERIOD OF RECUPERATION.
The time between the departure of the army and the
advent of the great trans-continental railway line may apt-
ly be termed a recuperation period in the history of the
Saints. During these years they not only advanced in
spiritual things possibly" to a greater degree than hereto-
fore since their arrival in the valleys of the mountains,
150 A BKIEF HIST®RY OF THE CHURCH.
but they prospered more abundantl}^ in temporal affairs.
It was an epoch of telegraphs, railwa^^s, and trade.
Owing in a degree to the vicissitudes of 1854-5-6,
many of the members of the Church had become weary
in their incessant struggle with harships. This condition
led to neglect of duty, which in turn resulted in the loss
of faith, accompanied by moral transgression. Every
triumph that the Saints had so for achieved in their won-
derful career, had been won by and through their faith.
Religion had been their stimulant, their support. So it
must continue. To this end the "reforination" was be-
gun, to revive the lost faith of the indifferent and sinful.
Its labors began at a conference at Kaysville, September
15th, 1856, spreading thence throughout the entire
Church, at home and abroad, continuing with much
enthusiasm into the -spring and summer of 1857. Bishops,
missionaries and leading Elders everywhere took part.
Repentance, a turning way from pride, covetousness,
physical and moral uncleanliness, and other abominations,
were required of the people. Humility prevailed, and
there was a general renewal of covenants, so that the
Saints again found favor in the sight of God. Thus this
movement, while perhaps overdone in some instances,
resulted as a whole m much good. Without the resulting
purification, it is doubtful whether there would have been
so general a response to the sacrifices of "The Move,"
or such a healthy growth in the years following.
The Overland Telegraph was completed October
24th, 1861. Less than three years and three months had
passed since the memorable day in the world's history,
August 5th, 1858, when the first Atlantic cable was com-
pleted. Now the electric messenger penetrated the conti-
nent and bore its instant tales from sea to sea, through
A BRIEF HISTORY @F THE CHURCH. 151
the home of the Saints, placing them in immediate com-
munication with the whole world. It was the signal of
a new era about to dawn upon them, but they were pre-
paring themselves for the changes that it would bring.
The facility with which the Mormons adapt themselves
to progressive, altered conditions, has often been a subject
of remark. The present case was no exception.
Torn as the nation was at this time by internal strife,
it is a significant commentary upon Mormon loyalty that
the first message which passed east over the completed
line from President Brigham Young read: "Utah has
not seceded, but is firm for the Constitution and laws of
our once happy country."
In 186.2 another unsuccessful trial was made by the
Saints to obtain statehood for Utah. Hons. William H.
Hooper and George Q. Cannon were the senators-elect.
They labored diligently to secure Utah's admission to the
sisterhood of states, their motto being: "We can redress
our grievances better in the Union than out of it," signi-
ficant words, indeed, in view of the great national contro-
versy over secession. It was on the 2nd day of July of
this same year that President Abraham Lincoln approved
and signed "an act to punish and prevent the practice of
polygamy in the territories of the United States and other
places, and disapproving and annulling certain acts of
the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Utah."
The provisions of this act became a dead-letter upon the
statute-books for many years. There was, however, an
effort made by Governor Harding, in 1863, to punish
President Young under this law, but for lack of evidence
the jury failed to indict, and so the matter rested. It
being President Lincoln's policy to let the Mormons
alone, Governor Harding upon their petition was dis-
152 A BHIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
■»
missed for his pains. Then followed a time of political
peace, broken only by the efforts of Col. P. E. Connor
to establish a military in lieu of a civil government in
the territory. Col. Connor is credited with being "the
father of Utah mining/' he was the founder of Camp or
Fort Douglas, and his troops, California volunteers who
had enlisted seven hundred strong to fight Southern
rebels, being detained in Utah did good service in^check-
ing Indian depredations north of Cache Valley, for which
the Col, was made Brisjadier-General, But his scheme
to establish military power in Utah utterly failed.
The next important event was the establishment of
the Deseret Telegraph line. With little ready means,
the Mormons built five hundred miles of this line, between
1865 and 1867, at a cost of $150,00 per mile, thus plac-
ing their principal settlements, now extending in all
directions, into instant communication with each other
and with the leaders of the Church, whose counsels and
instructions thus could be transmitted rapidly to every
portion of the territory.
In 1868, the approaching railroad warned the in-
spired leader of the Saints that the isolation which had
made Zion a peculiar people would soon be destroyed.
There would be great financial and social changes. To
guard the money interests of the people, as well as to
insure their temporal supremacy. President Young an-
nounced, "that it was advisable that the people of Utah
should become their own merchants." Then followed the
organization of Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution,
which began business early in 1869. Branches were
established in nearly all the settlements, and while many
have gone out of business, there can be no question about
the benefit that resulted to the community from this move-
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 163
ment. There are several branches, of the institution
today. The parent house has an enormous trade, and
may be said to constitute the temporal bulwark of the
Mormons. It has helped materially to preserve them as
a communty; it has earned for them a financial influence
abroad, while it has maintained a uniformity in prices,
and has been a ballast to trade at home; it has held the
money resources of the people within themselves, and
in great measure it has insured the social unity of the
Saints.
The Union Pacific Railway was completed as far as
Salt Lake Valley on the 8th of March, 1869. At length
the petitions and desires of the Utah pioneers were
answered. But their influence was not all that was
offered to aid in this monstrous enterprise. With their
own hands, the Mormons graded the highway from the
head of Echo Canyon to Ogden City. Its eastern end
traverses the plains for man}^ hundred miles over the
road which they pioneered. At Ogden City, the eventful
day named, the assembled multitude now greeted the
iron horse with shouts of, "Utah bids you welcome;'*
"Hail to the great national highway." On the 17th of
May following, the Utah Central Railroad, from Ogden
to Salt Lake City, was begun, being completed on the
10th of January, 1870. It was purely a Mormon enter-
prise. Then followed the building of the Utah Southern
(May 1871), and the Utah and Northern (September
1871).
In the meantime missionaries were constantly sent
to the nations of the earth, and emigrations, for which
hundreds of teams yearly were forwarded to tlie Missouri,
from various lands continued to swell the population.
11
15^1: A BhIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
New settlements were formed.* Thrift and industr}'
made the barren places fruitful. f The thirsty plains and
and valleys smiled with verdure at the touch of the magic
streams directed by the toiling husbandman. Peace
prevailed in the mountain Zion.J Children listened with
wonder to the tale of the pioneer. Schools and meeting
houses§ sprang up in every village, atteded by a happy
youth and a thankful people, content in their homespun.
Virtue dwelt b}^ the side of honesty, and the fear of God,
in the hearts of the people.
Official Crusade — Death of President Young.
With the introduction of President Young's mercan-
tile policy arose a schism, known as the "Godbeite" or
"New Movement," which threatened a dangerous break
in the Church. A number of disaffected Mormon mer-
chants began to oppose President Young, and what they
termed his "one man power," his temporal leanings,
exemplified in the organization of Z. C. M. I., the build-
* Bear Lake Valley and Wasatch County were settled iu 1863; Sevier and
Piute Counties, in 1864.
t Portions of the Territory were severely afflicted by the grasshoppers
which pest appeared in 1867 and continued until well along into the 70*8,
often totally destroying vegetation for years together.
I The exception to this was the Black Hawk Indian trouble in i866-7, in
-outhern counties The Utah militia, under Gen. D. H. Wells, did good ser-
vice in protecting the settlements.
I The tabernacle at Salt Lake City was so f.ir completed in 1867 that the
< 'ctober conference was held therein. At this time Joseph F. Smith was
ailed and ordained to the Apostleship.
The " Deseret News" was first issued as a daily in Nov., 1867; as a weekly.
June 15th, 1850; as a semi weekly, Octobei 8th, 1865. The Ogden Junction
was first issued January 1st, 1870, and the Salt Lake Daily Herald, June
6th. 1870.
A BRIEF HISTOllY OF THE CHURCH. 165
ing of railroads and other secular enterprises. These
Elders, being excommunicated and joined by anti-Mor-
mons, became the nucleus of home opposition from which
grew, in the earl}^ months of 1870, the so called Liberal
Party whose bitter and unscrupulous warfare against the
Saints is almost without a parallel in the history of polit-
ical strife. To the agitations and misrepresentations of
this party, coupled with the co-operation of Mr. Schyler
Colfax, Reverend J. P. Newman, and conspirators and
allies at the seat of Government, may be attributed the
missionary judicial crusade that overwhelmed the Church
and its leading men with persecution, under the adminis-
tration of President U. S. Grant, in 1870-1 to 1875. While
Mr. Colfax and his eastern associates were doubtless
sincere in their desire to fight polygamy, the overthrow
of which was the aim of their warfare, no one doubts
that their allies in Utah had solely another object in
view — the political control of the Territory — they were
determined to rule or ruin.
President Grant was inaugurated on March 4th, 1869.
The "let them alone" policy of President Lincoln was
from now on abandoned by the President who, thoroughly
filled with the misrepresentations of the party and their
allies referred to, determined to solve the Mormon prob-
lem, termed the "twin relic," by special legislation and
judicial machinery, or, these failing, by the sword as
slavery had been determined. It is claimed by the "new
movement" people that they averted a wai, in other
words induced the administration to abandon to some
extent a proposed military subjugation of the Terirtory.
It was now decided to proceed against the Mormons
through appointed federal officials. To begin with the
proper men were found in Governor J. Wilson Shaffer
156 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
and Chief Justice James B. McKean, the most determined
foes that Utah ever had. To aid them in their bigoted
mission, the Government sent soldiers to act as a "moral
force" in the protection of Gentiles and apostates. Small
wonder that illegal processes, packed juries, absurd rul-
ings characterized the judicial proceedings. Where the
law failed to aid them in carr3^ing out their measures,
they did not scruple to set it aside by extra-judicial
rulings.
The muster of the Territorial militia was first for-
bidden by Governor Shaffer in 1870, evidently that greater
scope might be given the officers to harass the Saints
without danger of resistance. The militia had often
been called into action to protect the settlements from
Indian depredations, serving weeks at a time without
pay either from the Territory or the general Government.
But from this time on, they were not even allowed to
patriotically parade in a 4th of July procession, or upon
any other public occasion. In October, 1870, Governor
Shaffer died and was succeeded by Governor George L.
Woods w^ho followed in his footsteps.
The militia was practically disbanded, followed by
high-handed judicial acts of Judge McKean, who dis-
graced his office "in a manner to which the world can
furnish no parallel." His mission was to overthrow
Mormonism. "A mission," he declared, "as high above
my mere duty as judge as heaven is above the earth."
Raising the cry: Federal authority vs. polygamic the-
ocrac}', the crusade was carried on in deadly earnest
until, his illegal decisions were reversed by the Supreme
Court of the United, States. President Young and other
prominent men of the Church suffered severe annoyances
through arrests and through illegally instituted judicial
A BKIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 157
proceedings, being forced to incur great expense in defend-
ing themselves. At length judge McKean went to such
extremes that the administration, in sympathy with
him as it was, could tolerate his actions no longer, and
on the 16th of March, 1875, he was removed because of
his fanatical and extreme conduct, and because of several
acts of his which the President considered ill advised,
tyrannical, and in excess of his powers as Judge. But
the Liberals continued their machinations unabated.
Nearly every session of Congress was overwhelmed by
bills of their framing and concoction, calculated to pro-
scribe or persecute the Saints. The "Poland Bill" was
passed June 23rd, 1874. Their agitations finally resulted
in the passage of the "Edmunds' Bill," in 1882, supple-
mented later by the "Edmunds-Tucker Act."
In the midst of these persecutions and annoyances,
the interests of the Church never lagged for a moment.
Colonization also continued. An effort was made in 1873
to establish settlements m Arizona. A large number of
settlers from Utah met in Salt Lake City, March 8th,
and were instructed in their colonizing labors by Presi-
dent Young, Meeting at first with failure, their efforts
resulted m the experience which finally led to success,
and at present there are many thriving settlements of the
Saints in Arizona.
On the 14th of October, the year previous, President
George A. Smith left on a trip to Palestine, where, on
March 2nd following, he and his associates held divine
service on the Mount of Olives, on which occasion they
dedicated the Land of Palestine for the^gathering of the
Jews, and for the re-building of Jerusalem.* Returning,
* ''When you get to the land of Palestine, we want you to dedicate and
consecrate that land to the Lord, that it may be blessed with fruitfulness, pre-
158 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
President Smith reached Salt Lake City, June 18th, 1873,
where he died, September 1st, 1875.
In 1874-5 there was a general religious movement
among the Indians, hundreds embracing the gospel in
Tooele County, St. George, and other places. In Janu-
ar}^ of the latter year the first Lamanites were married
according to the order of the Holy Priesthood.
In the summer of 1875, the Improvement Associa-
tions of the young Latter-day Saints were first organized.
Four years later, their organ, the Contributor, first
appeared (October, 1879.) The membership of these
associations now numbers tens of thousands of the sons
and daughters of the Mormons. The Sunday Schools,
first organized in the Fourteenth Ward, Salt Lake City,
by Elder Richard Ballantyne, in 1849, had flourished
and incjeased in membership to nearly thirty thousand.*
Secular education was not neglected. Every settlement
boasted its schoolhouse and public school which com-
pared favorably with like institutions in the States or
Territories of equal age, in other parts of the Union.
President Young established the B. Y. Academy at Provo,
October 16th, 1875, and the B. Y. College in Logan,
July 24th, 1877. The Deseret University opened for
the first time November 11th, 1850, was prospering.
The leaders of the Church have ever been firm friends
of true education, and their efforts in this direction have
ever been nobly seconded by the Saints as a community;
paratory to the return of the Jews, in fulfillment of prophecy and the
accomplishment of the purposes of our Heavenl}'^ Father" — Excerpt from a
letter by Presidents Brigham Young and Daniel H. Wells to President Smith.
*The Juvenile Instructor, established January 1st, 1866, is the organ ol the
Sabbath Schools of the Saints.
A BKIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 159
as a result, Utah stands toda}' first in educational pro-
gress among her sister commonwealths in the west.*
Temple building went on. The St.. George Temple
was dedicated at the April conference held in that
city, April 6-8, 1877, ordinances for the dead being
ministered therein on the 9th. On the 25th of this same
month, the temple site in Manti was dedicated, followed.
May 18th, by the dedication of the ground for the Logan
temple.
The organization of the Stakes of Zion was com-
pleted in the summer of 1877, the quorums of the Priest-
hood were set in order, and the ecclesiastical government
was perfected according to the pattern revealed from
heaven. In this pleasant labor the Founder of Utah
spent his last days.
On the 29th day of August, 1877, President Brigham
Young died, surrounded by his family and kind friends.
He passed peacefully to rest sincerely mourned by a
whole people whose chief and adviser he had been for
thirty three years. He was one of the great men of the
century. His achievements as leader of the Nauvoo
Exodus, and as Colonizer of the American desert, will
be regarded as among the grandest accomplishments of
modern times.
* The School Journal, reviewing the school exhibits of the various stat-s
and territories at the world's Exposition (1893), says: "In the originality an i
general merit of its exhibit, Utah stands easily first in the Western group.
* * Here behind the western mountains a system of education is being
matured, that, while it challenges the best elsewhere, owes its upbuilding very
greatly to the peculiar stamina of itr^ own communities."
160 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
FROM THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT YOUNG TO
THE PRESENT TIME.
1877-1893.
1. John Taylor Chosen Leader.
Enemies of theSaints had often prophesied that upon
the death of Brigham Young Mormonism would fall to
pieces. It was soon clearly demonstrated, however, that
the Church is not founded upon the ability or strength
of any man, but rather . upon revelation, with Christ as
its corner stone.
The order of succession had been decided in Nauvoo.
Apostle John Taylor, who was president of the Twelve,
with his quorum now became the presiding authority of
the Church. As such they were unanimously upheld at
the 48th semi-annual conference, in October, 1877. On
this occasion the authorities of the Church were sustained
in their order; first, by the Priesthood of the Church who
voted by quorums, from the highest in authority to the
lowest, rising in turns to their feet with uplifted hands;
then, finally, b}' the entire congregation. There was a
spirit of union which so far from boding dissolution,
rather indicated renewed strength, unfaltering devotion to
their cause and doctrine.
At the October conference, 1880, three years after-
ward, the First Presidency was organized for the third
time in the histor}' of the Church. John Taylor was
chosen President, with George Q. Cannon and Joseph F.
Smith as his counselors. President Taylor was then 72
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 161
years of age. He was a native of Milnthorp, England,
born November 1st, 1808. He joined the Church in
Canada in 1836, and was called to the Apostleship by
revelation, in 1838. He had filled numerous missions to
England, France (into which land he introduced the
gospel), Germany and the United States. He had exten-
sively engaged in literary labors, having edited Church
papers in every country named save England, besides
superintending the translation of the Book of Mormon
into French and German, supplemented at that time and
later by the publication of important doctrinal works.
He was a dear friend of the Prophet Joseph, they having
mingled blood at the martyrdom. In all the travels of
the Saints, and in their mountain home, he had always
been a leader in their midst. The people had full con-
fidence in him; he was their "Champion of Liberty."
Fifty years had passed since six members met in the
State of New York and organized the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints. Like the ancient, modern
Israel would have a year of jubilee. That the people
might feel its influence, it was agreed at the regular April
conference, 1880, on suggestion of President Taylor, to
release one half of the people's indebtedness to the Per-
petual Emigrating Fund, the principal of which amounted
to $704,000, and now, with interest added, to $1,604,000.
Out of this amount it was Voted to forgive the poo
debtors $800,000, or about one-half of the whole amount,
the other half being left for such debtors to pay as were
able but had not done so. Then there was due the
Church on tithing account $151,798, $75,899 of which
were canceled on the indebtedness of the deserving poor.
It was also agreed to distribute to the worthy poor one-
thousand good cows, the Church to furnish 300, and the
162 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
Stakes, 700; also 5000 sheep, 2000 of which were donated
by the Church and the remainder by the stakes.
The year 1879 had been very dry causing a shortage
in crops. There was little wheat in the Territory, and
so the sisters of the ReHef Societies voted to loan out to
the needy farmers 84,761 bushels of seed wheat, to be
returned at their convenience without interest.
It was to be made a year of rejoicing. Individuals
were counseled to relieve their distressed debtors; Z. C.
M. I. and the banks were asked to do something in
cancelling the debts of the honest poor. The utmost
good feeling prevailed, and the Saints generally carried
out the couni:el of their leader: "While God is blessing
us, let us bless one another."
Pioneer day was celebrated this year with great re-
joicings and demonstrations in Salt Lake City, people
coming from all parts of the Territory on the occasion.
The trades, industries, schools, societies and associa-
tions,* commerce, art and sciences, were duly represented
in the great parade. After the grand procession, appro-
priate reminiscent ceremonies were held in the large
Tabernacle. Among the noteworthy parts of the progarm
was the appearance of twenty-five representatives from
as many nations where the gospel had been preached.
In the concluding speech on this occasion. Presi-
dent Taylor made this remarkable prophetic utterance:
"There are events in the future, and not very far ahead*
that will require all our faith, all our energy, all our
confidence, ail our trust in God to enable us to withstand
the influences that will be brought against us. * * *
♦The Sabbath schools at this time numbered 33,000: the Improvement
Associations of the young men were ten thousand strong.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 163
There never was a time when we needed to be more
humble and more prayerful; there never was a time when
we needed more fidelity, self-denial and adherence to the
principles of truth, than we do this day."
So indeed it proved to be. The next few years were
to be among the most trying in the experience of the
Church.
2. THE EDMUNDS-TUCKEK AGITAIION.
The enjoyment of peace was short. Days of sore
trial were at hand. In the summer of 1881, a crusade
was inaugurated against the Saints to suppress their
institution of plural marriage. It was begun b}^ sectarian
opponents and politicians. Beginning in Utah, the
agitation soon spread throughout the whole land.
Alarming falsehoods of Mormon disloyalty, vice, and
abominations, soon stirred the people of the nation and
their national representatives to a fever heat against the
Saints. The politicians were actuated by a hunger for
spoils and the emoluments of office, while the ministers
were evidently led by disappointment or innate hate.
Neither class cared so much for polygamy as for these
other considerations. Congress was pressed to enact the
pending proscriptive measures. Memorials, protests,
declarations, and petitions of the Mormons denying the
industriously circulated falsehoods, were of no avail.
The Edmunds law, supplemental to the law of 1862,
which had practically remained a dead letter, was signed
by President Arthur on the 22nd of March, 1882, and
became law. Polygamy was made punishable by disfran-
chisement, also a fine of not more than five hundred
dollars and imprisonment for not more than three years.
Cohabitation with more than one woman was punishable
164 A BKIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
by a fine of not to exceed three hundred dollars and
imprisonment not to exceed six months. Polygamists
and believers in the doctrine of plural marriage were
rendered incompetent to act as jurors. No polygamist
could hold office, or vote. In 1887 a supplemental act
was passed known as the Edmunds-Tucker law. This
gave additional powers to the officers, required certifi-
cates of all marriages to be filed in the offices of the
probate courts (whose judges were appointed by the
President of the United States), disincorporated the
Church and ordered the Supreme Court to wind up its
affairs, and to take possession of its escheated property.
Twelve thousand persons were disfranchised. A
test oath was subcsribed to b}' those Mormons who
decided to retain their rights of franchise, the election
machinery having been placed in the hands of a commis-
sion of five, appointed by the President of the United
States. Their political rights thus interdicted, the Mor-
mons were set upon by the judiciary. Mr. Rudger Claw-
son was the first to answer the charge of polygamy and
unlawful cohabitation before the courts. He was found
guilty and sentenced, November 3rd, 1884, to four years
imprisonment and to pay a fine of $800. Then followed
an unjustifiably cruel legal persecution. Upwards of a
thousand men were sent to the penitentiary because they
would not promise to discard their families. Hundreds
were driven into retirement or exile, families were broken
up. There was untold sorrow and heart-suffering in their
midst. Juries obtained by open venire were unanimous
in obeying the bidding of over zealous prosecuting attor-
neys who were determined on conviction. As a rule to
be suspected was equivalent to arrest, arrest to indictment,
indictment to conviction, conviction to the full penalty
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 165
of the law. Unprincipled, some of them very immoral,
adventurers dogged the steps or raided the homes of
respectable veterans, founders of the commonwealth.
Government aided in the enforcement of the law by in-
creased special appropriations. Paid spotters and spies
prowled among the people. Children were questioned
about their parents' affairs; wives, daughters and
maidens were often compelled to submit to the shame-
fully indecent questions with which professional grand
juries pestered them. The Saints were passing through
a night of dreary darkness. Bereft of the counsels and
presence of their leaders, torn with anguish, they were
taught the lessons of self-reliance, dependence upon the
Lord, faith in God. As a community the}^ never
faltered, never permitted themselves to be led into acts
of violence against their persecutors, though the provo-
cations were numerous and ample. Their enemies, too,
desired that they might commit some overt act that a
pretext might be found for their utter destruction.
Under these circumstances. President John Taylor,
who had retired from public view February 1st, 1885,
died in exile, July 25th, 1887. Thus mourned by Israel
in bondage, he passed away a double martyr to the
cause he loved, for with him it was "The Kingdom of
God or nothing." Said his counselors, in the official
announcement of his death: "President John Taylor has
been killed by the cruelty of officials who have, in this
territory, misrepresented the Government of the United
States."
3. CHANGED CONDITIONS.
Upon the Twelve Apostles, with Wilford Woodruff
as chief, now devolved the responsibility of the presi-
166 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
dency. Apostles Cannon and Smith took their former
places in the quorum of the Twelve.
In this capacity the Apostles continued to act until
the annual conference in 1889, when the First Presi-
dency, for the fourth time, was organized, on the 7th
day of April, Wilford Woodruff being chosen President.
He selected George Q. Cannon and Joseph F. Smith as
his counselors.
The crusade continued unabated, probably with less
hardship, since the people were in a measure adjusting
themselves to their tr3^ing conditions. The political
history of this period was as full of acts breathing bit-
terness against the Mormons, as was the judicial. The
executive was in full harmony with the judiciar}', and
their united efforts to crush the people will some day
appear as little to their credit as the history of these
times, once told in full, will redound to the honor of
the afflicted Saints.
In the courts the Mormons contested every step
taken by the Government to deprive them of what they
considered their religious rights. They deemed plural
marriage part of their creed and faith, hence, strongly
maintained that Congress could make no law prohibiting
the free exercise thereof. But the Supreme Court of the
nation, before which tribunal the laws were finally
tested, while condemning some of the cruel and unjust
methods of enforcing the law, decided that the enact-
ments to suppress plural marriage were constitutional,
and that the first amendment to the Constitution, pro-
viding for the free exercise of religion, can not be used
to defend this doctrine.
Meanwhile the Government continued unyielding in
its determination to suppress the practice, having in
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 167
contemplation and threatening the adoption of still
harsher measures than used heretofore.
It was while the Saints were in the midst of these
afflictions that President Woodruff sought the Lord in
their behalf, and in answer to his petitions of anguish,
received the word of the Lord authorizing him to advise
the Saints to discontinue the practice of plural marriage.
A manifesto to this effect was issued on the 24th of
September, 1890, and at the following semi-annual con-
ference, October 6th, the assembled Saints accepted the
declaration of their leader concerning plural marriage as
authoritative and binding. Since then the doctrine has
neither been taught nor practiced.
The people had done their duty. God revealed the
doctrine to them; He it was who authorized its suspen-
sion. In the face of appalling opposition, they had
firmly and openly defended it for thirty years. They
were justified by their sacrifice and suffering. God
accepted of their offerings as He had done once before,
when they were hindered in the performance of His
will, in Jackson County.* The design of God so far
had been accomplished. In defending themselves, they
had been given the privilege to explain the gospel, to
bear their testimonies to the mission of so-called Mor-
Inonism, in the nation's high places, under other condi-
tions rendered inaccessible.
Looked upon at first with some suspicion, the
Government and people of th^ nation at length believed
the Mormons sincere, as they are, in their avowal to
discontinue plural marriages. This, with the change in
Doctrine and Covenants, Section 124, verses 49 to 54.
Robert's Ecclesiastical History, p, 457, notes 6, 7, 8.
168 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
political affairs wrought b}^ the disunion of their People's
(Mormon) political party, and the adoption by them of
National politics, by which the Saints, heretofore united
in all things, have become politically divided, has
brought about the present era of "good feelings and
changed conditions."
The last remnant of their most bitter enemy, the
local Liberal Party, having outlived its mission, is pass-
ing away to deserved oblivion.
4. THE TEMPLES OF THE SAINTS.
Four magnificent temples, in which the Saints are
doing a noble work for the living and the dead, have
been reared in Utah to the name of God — one in St.
George, dedicated January 1st, 1877: one in Logan,
dedicated May 17th, 1884; one in Manti, dedicated May
21st, 1888; one in Salt Lake City, dedicated April 6th,
1893. The completion and dedication of the temple in
Salt Lake City have been among the most important
events in the administration of President Woodruff.
At the annual conference, April 6th, 1892, the cap-
stone was laid, the ceremonies taking place in the
presence of forty thousand people — the largest assem-
blage ever congregated together in the history of the
Church. Nearly all the leading authorities were present
to swell tlie "Hosanna" shouts of the Saints who had
come to witness the ceremonies for which they had
longed and waited these many years. Services at 10
a.m. on the morning of the 6th were first held in the
Tabernacle. The great audience of twelve thousand, with
the many thousands who could not gain admission,
adjourned to the south side of the temple at 11 a.m.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 169
First in the march came the choir, then the First Presi-
dency, .the Apostles, followed by the other quorums of
the Priesthood, in their order to the least. The ceremo-
nies, though simple, have never been excelled for en-
thusiasm and impressiveness in the history of the people.
After music and song, prayer having been offered by
President Joseph. F. Smith, all things being in readiness.
President Wilford Woodruff stepped to the front of the
platform, saying: "Attention, all ye house of Israel, and
all ye nations of the earth. We will now lay the top-
stone of the temple of our God, the foundation of which
was laid and dedicated by the Prophet, Seer, and Reve-
lator, Brigham Young." He then pressed a button, and
by means of electricity the last stone of the holy struc-
ture was laid. Then followed a grand effect: forty
thousand voices, led by Apostle Lorenzo Snow, shouted
in concert, '"Hosanna, hosanna, hosanna to God and the
Lamb. Amen, amen, and amen." This was repeated
three times, each shout being accompanied by a waving
of handkerchiefs. A resolution was then adopted, amid
cheers from the vast assembly, to complete the building
so that the dedication might take place on April 6th,
1893. After a closing anthem, the benediction was pro-
nounced by President George Q. Cannon.
With energy and determination work was now
pushed with a view to complete the interior of the
grand structure by the appointed time, an undertaking
which seemed almost impossible in so short a period.
However, the people donated liberally of their means,
the best workmen were employed, and with the blessings
of God upon their labors, the task was accomplished.
On Tuesday, April 4th, 1893, the annual conference
began in the Tabernacle, continuing for two days. On
170 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
the morning of the 6th, 2,500' people who had been
provided with tickets of admission met in the large
assembly room on the upper floor of the temple, having
first viewed the rich and magnificent interior furnish-
ings. All the general authorities of the Church were
present — the first time for many years that the First
Presidency, Twelve Apostles, Patriarch, Presiding
Council of Seventies, and residing Bishopric, all had
been able to meet together in an assemblage of the
Saints. A select choir of three'^hundred voices, led by
Evan Stephens, sang an anthem, after which President
Woodruff offered the dedicatory prayer. This was
followed by appropriate, instructive and consoling re-
marks from Presidents Cannon, Woodruff and Smith.
The Lord will comfort Zion; the day when His rich
favor will be bestowed upon her is at hand; union
characterizes the Priesthood — was the burden of their
-speech. Fogiveness and charity were impressed upon
the Saints, who were assured of a brighter day in store
for them than they had ever yet experienced. The
Spirit bore testimony to every soul present that God
had accepted the house now dedicated to Him. Many
were moved to tears of joy. The toils and sacrifices of
forty years received their crowning'^triumph in the reve-
lation from God to each member of the Church who
attended, that He had acceptedof the' temple as a habi-
tation holy to His name.
In the afternoon another congregation of the Saints
convened, then followed meetings Juntil thirty-one had
been held, the average attendance Jof each being 2,260,
making a total of 70,000 people'^who,^witnessed the dedi-
cation ceremonies. There were, besides, ^'fifteen thousand
Sunda}^ school children, for whom special services were
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 171
held, making a grand total of 85,000. Members of the
Church "^attended from every stake of Zion, .as follows:
Alberta, Canada; Snowflake, St. Johns, St. Joseph, and
Maricopa, Arizona; Bannock, Cassia, Malad, Bear Lake
and Oneida,'^ Idaho; San Luis, Colorado; Star Valley,
Wyoming; Beaver, San Juan, St. George, Panguitch
Emery, Parowan, Uintah, Millard, Morgan, Summit,
Sevier, Sanpete, Cache, Wasatch, Weber, Tooele, Juab,
Utah, Davis, Kanab, Salt Lake, losepa, and Box Elder,
Utah; and Old Mexico.*
The closing session of the services were held on the
afternoon of Monday, April 24th, 1893, and the temple
was opened^for ordinances on the day of May following.
5. CONCLUSION.
Viewing as in the foregoing the panorama of the
eventful past the prosperity of the present appears mar-
velous in our eyes — the future lustrous with bright
promise.
The Latter-day Saints are a happj^ prosperous.
God-fearing, virtuous people steadily increasing in
numbers and good works. Thrift, cleanliness, good order,
peace and sobriety, are among their characteristics.
While they are not wealthy, they generally own their
homes, lands and herds. God has blessed the land
because of them; and for their sakes the earth has
yielded in abundance.
Believers in education, they are foremost in giving
their offspring the advantages of a true training. Their
children are steady attendants at the public schools
» For a complete account of the dedication services see Oontributor, Vol.
14, p. 243.
172 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH.
which are found in every city, village and hamlet where
they abide. Besides the institutions of learning founded
by President Young, President Woodruff, a few years
ago, realizing that true education is based upon a cor-
rect theology, counseled the organization of a Church
school system which has grown until nearly all the
stakes have their academies; and the wards, now num-
bering upwards of five hundred, are gradually establish-
ing schools adapted to the capacity of younger students.
Hundreds of young missionaries go forth yearly to
all parts of the earth, and return having their minds
stored with fresh thoughts, new conceptions, advanced
opinions, which are assimilated by the Saints, adding
new vigor and life to the community. A host of 65,000
children are being trained in the Sabbath schools over
ten thousand young men are studying the principles of
the gospel in the Mutual I-*nprovement Associations; the
quorums of the Priesthood are training their members
for the duties of the ministry, and the practical labors of
life.
The people of our own country, and of the earth,
are becoming more favorable to the Saints as their
virtues and designs are better understood. Witness the
hearty welcome recently extended to the First Presi-
dency, and the Tabernacle Choir, a company of over
four hundred, on their way to the Columbian Exposition,
also the testimony of Elders in foreign countries.
What of the future? What of the destiny of this
vigorous, progressive people?
Their faith is designed for the happiness, well-being
and salvation, temporal and spiritual, of all the creatures
of God. It is exemplified by them in noble and practical
works. Their religion has inherent elements of strength,
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. 173
rooted in the revealed truths of Deity, that insure its
perpetuity. Mormonism is not the work of men, but is
the work of God. Its doctrines have been established
for a wise purpose in Him, to prepare mankind for
Christ's second coming and reign on earth. In short,
so-called Mormonism, broad in scope, tolerant, truth-
seeking, is the gospel of Jesus Christ, and as such is
destined to be the religion of the future. Its truths,
built upon direct revelation from God, are constantly
gaining ground, and correspond perfectly to the needs of
the age.
Its own centennial close at hand, with resplendent
prospects m view, the Church stands upon the threshold
of a new centur}^ full of bounteous promise.
^f)e follou/ip^ booKs ao<^ pamplplets are printed apd
for $al(? ^" mm
GEORGE 0. CANNON & SONS CO.,
SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH,
OR
A. H. CANNON, p. o. box n, ogden, utah-
Book of Mormon, a record of the ancient inhabit-
ants of America, morocco, extra gilt, $3.25;
calf grain, gilt, 2.50; English roan, 1.75; roan,
1.25, cloth $1.00
Doctrine and Covenants, containing the revela-
tions given to Joseph Smith for the guidance
of the Church, morrocco, extra gilt, 3.25; calf
gram, gilt, 2.50; English roan, 1.75; roan, 1.25;
cloth, 1.00
Latter-day Saint's Hymn Book, morocco, extra gilt
1.50; calf grain, gilt, 1.25; roan, .75; cloth 35
Voice of Warning, an introduction to the faith and
doctrines of the Latter-day Saints, morocco, extra
gilt, 1.65; calf grain, gilt, 1.25; leather, .50; cloth
stiff covers, 35; cloth, limp covers, 25
Orson Pratt's Works, a series of pamphlets on
the doctrines of the gospel, a book of 314 pages,
75
PRICE-LIST OF MORMON PURLICATIONS.
The Life of Joseph Smith, morocco, gilt, 5.00; lea-
ther gilt, 4.00; cloth, 3.00
The Life of Brigham Young, leather, 1.00; cloth,
. 50 ; paper, 25-
A Brief History of the Church, leather, 1.00;
cloth, . 50 ; paper, 25
Hand-Book of Reference to the history, chronol-
ogy, religion and country of the Latter-day
Saints, 50
Mormon Doctrine, a plain and simple explanation
of the principles of the gospel, in twelve tersely-
written chapters, with appendix giving scriptural
references, by Charles W. Penrose, 25
History of the Mormons and Manifesto in Regard
TO Polygamy .05
Mr. Durant of Salt Lake City, "That Mormon,"
by Ben E. Rich, 1.25
Why We Practice Plural Marriage, by a Mor-
mon wife and mother — Helen Mar Whitney, paper
cover, 25
Morgan's Tracts, Nos. 1 and 2, on the Doctrines
of the Gospel, each 03
The Modern Prophet, evidences of the divine
mission of Joseph Smith, 03
Spencer's Letters, exhibiting the most prominent
doctrines of the Latter-day Saints, morocco, gilt
$2.25; calf grain, gilt, ^1.60; roan, $1.25; cloh.. 1.00
Historical and Descriptive Sketch of the Salt
Lake Temple, including the dedicatory prayer. .. .10
I
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