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HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Library of the
Museum of
Comparative Zoology
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MUS. COMP. ZOOC
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MAR 4 1974
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
Brigham Young University
Science Bulletin
NEW SPECIES OF
AMERICAN BARK BEETLES
(SCOLYTIDAE: COLEOPTERA)
by
Stephen L. Wood
BIOLOGICAL SERIES — VOLUME XIX, NUMBER 1
JANUARY 1974 /ISSN 0068-1024
BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN
BIOLOGICAL SERIES
Editor: Stanley L. Welsh, Department of Botany,
Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
Members of the Editorial Board:
Vernon J. Tipton, Zoology
Ferron L. Andersen, Zoology
Joseph R. Murdock, Botany
Wilmer W. Tanner, Zoology
Ex officio Members:
A. Lester Allen, Dean, College of Biological and Agricultural Sciences
Ernest L. Olson, Chairman, University Publications
The Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, publishes acceptable
papers, particularly large manuscripts, on all phases of biology.
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.^"^^ ^
v."
Brigham Young University
Science Bulletin
NEW SPECIES OF
AMERICAN BARK BEETLES
(SCOLYTIDAE: COLEOPTERA)
by
Stephen L. Wood
BIOLOGICAL SERIES — VOLUME XIX, NUMBER 1
JANUARY 1974 /ISSN 0068-1024
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 1
INTRODUCTION 2
SYSTEMATIC SECTION , 2
Cnesimis reticulum, n. sp 2
Cnesinus licairri. ii. sp. 2
Cnesinus terctis, n. sp 3
Cnesinus alienti.^, n. sp 3
Cnesinus depcrditus, n. sp 4
Cnesinus fulf^ens, n. sp 4
Cnesiiiiw fulgidus, n. sp 5
Cn^iim/s lucaris, n. sp 5
Cnesinus triangularis, n. sp 5
Cnesinus hrigliti, n. sp 6
Cnesinus coracinus, n. sp 6
Bothrosternus lucidus, n. sp. . 6
Hylastes niger, n. sp 7
Xi/lechinus mexicanus, n. sp 7
Phloeotrihus nanus, n. sp 8
Chramesus coruiger, n. sp 8
Chramesus disparilis, n. sp 9
Chramesus variabilis, n. sp 9
Chramesus microporosus, n. sp 10
Chramesus aipiiliis. n. sp. 10
Chramesus uisteriae, n. sp 1 1
Chramesus ma'ginatus, n. sp 11
Carphohorus piceae, n. sp 11
Carphohius cupressi, n. sp 12
Cladoctonus atrocis, n. sp 12
Seoh/todes eanalis, n. sp 13
ScoUjtodes cosiabilis, n. sp 13
Pseudothi/sciniies contrarius, n. sp 14
Pseudolhi/saniH's recaius, n. sp 14
Thijsanues granulifer, ii. sp 15
Micracisella mimetica, ii. sp. 15
Micracisella oeellata, n. sp 16
Htjloeurus riialis, n. sp 16
Jli/loeurus hinodatus, n. sp 17
Cn/phalomorpJius panalis, ii. sp 17
Cryphalomorphus sclifer, n. sp 18
Cn/phalomorphus hirtus, n. sp 18
C rt/ plwlomarphus rustieus. n. sp 18
Criiphuli)morphus trueis, n. sp 19
Hypothenemus apiealis, n. sp 19
Hypotlienemus indigens, n. sp .' 20
Hypothenemus trivialis, n. sp 20
Iltipothencnius dolosus, n. sp 21
Ht/putlicnemus solocis, n. sp 21
Hi/pothenernus veseulus, n. sp 21
Hypothenemus suspectus, n. sp 22
Periocrijphahis sohrinus, n. sp 22
Dendrocranidus limatus. n. sp 22
Dendrocranuhis red it us, n. sp , 23
Dendrocraiudus eonditus, n. sp 23
Dendrocranulus consimihs, n. sp 23
Dendrocranuhis vinralis, n. sp 24
Dendrocranulus vicinalis, n. sp 24
Dendrocranulus securus, n. sp 25
Dendrocranulus fulgidus, n. sp 25
Dendrocranulus vicinus, n. sp 25
Dendrocranulus rudis, n. sp , 26
Dendrocranulus conjinis, n. sp 26
Ips borealis lanieri, n. subsp 27
Gnathophthorus art us, n. sp 27
Dryocoetoides Hopkins 28
Dryocoetoides monachus ( Blandf ord ) , n. comb 28
Dryocoetoides verrucosus, n. sp 28
Dryocoetoides pileatus, n. sp 29
Dryocoetoides velutinus, n. sp 29
Dryocoetoides rusticus, n. sp 29
Dryocoetoides severus, n. sp 30
Dryocoetoides insculptis, n. sp 30
Dryocoetoides indolatus, n. sp 31
Sampsonius expulsus, n. sp 31
Sampsonius detract us, n. sp 31
Sampsonius usurpatus, n. sp 32
Xyleborus pristis, n. sp 32
Xyleborus micarius, n. sp 33
Xyleborus bicornutus, n. sp 33
Xyleborus carinitulus, n. sp 34
Xyleborus pandulus, n. sp 34
Xyleborus varulus, n. sp 35
Xylehonts sharpi lenis, n. subsp 35
Xyleborus palatus, ii. sp 35
Xyleborus exutus 36
Xyleborus rusticus, n. sp 36
Xyleborus ocellatus, n. sp 37
Xyleborus opimus, n. sp 37
Xylebo.us lacunatus, n. sp 37
Xyleborus merit us, n. sp 38
Xyleborus aclinis, n. sp 38
Xyleborus dissimulatus, n. sp 38
Xyleborus concentus, n. sp 39
Xyleborus tribulatus, n. sp 39
Xyleborus vismiae, n. sp 39
Xyleborus demissus, n. sp 40
Xyleborus meritus, n. sp 40
Xyleborus prolatus, n. sp 41
Xyleborus dissidens, n. sp 41
Xyleborinus dirus, n. sp 41
Xyleborinus tribulosus, n. sp 42
Xyleborinus protinus, n. sp 42
Xyleborinus celatus, n. sp 43
Araptus insinuatus, n. sp 43
Araptus interjectus, n. sp 44
Araptus accinctus, n. sp 44
Araptus delicatus, n. sp 44
Araptui genialis, n. sp 45
Araptus dentifrom, n. sp 45
Araptus facetus, n. sp 46
Araptus cuspidis, n. sp 46
Araptus placatus, n. sp 46
Araptus decorus, n. sp 47
Araptus blanditus, n. sp 47
Araptus mediatis 48
Araptun comlilus, n. sp 48
Araptus fnigalis, n. sp 49
Araptti.1 laudutus, n. sp 49
Araptus vesculus, n. sp 50
Araptus exigialis, n. sp 50
Araptus refertus, n. sp 51
Araptus trcpidus, n. sp 51
Araptus frontalis, n. sp 52
Araptus nigrellus, n. sp 52
Araptus vinnulus, n. sp 53
Araptus furvus, n. sp 53
Araptus funesccns, n. sp 53
Araptus Icpidus, n. sp 54
Araptus nwudicus, n. sp 54
Araptus uauulus. n. sp 54
Pseudopiti/ophthorus festivus, n. sp 55
Giiallidtrichus obscurus, n. sp 55
C'.nalliDtricltus omissus, ii. sp 56
Gnathotrupes dilutus, n. sp 56
Gnathotrupes crcccntus, n. sp 56
iricolus simplicis, n. sp ST
Tricolus inornatus, n. sp 57
Tricolus inaffectus, n. sp 57
Tricolus cecrojiii, n. sp 58
Tricolus intrustis, n. sp 58
Tricolus ardis, n. sp 58
Tricolus parsus 59
Tricolus rufithorax, n. sp 59
Tricolus hadius, n. sp 60
Tricolus partilis, n. sp 60
Tricolus fcnoris, n. sp 60
Tricolus frontalis, n. sp 61
Tricolus capitalis, n. sp 61
Tricolus nacvus, n. sp 61
Tricolus scitulus. n. sp 62
Tricolus peltatus. n. sp 62
Tricolus aciculatus. n. sp 62
Tricolus hicolor, ii. sp 63
Tricolus amplus, n. sp 63
Atnphicrantts inirandus, u. sp 63
Autphicranus lornatilis, ii. sp 64
Amphicranus macellus, n. sp 64
Amphicranus spinescens, n. sp 65
Amphicranus spinosus, n. sp 65
Amphicranus mucronatus, n. sp 66
Amphicranus acus, n. sp 66
Paracorthi/lus mutilus, n. sp 66
Paracorthi/lus concisus, n. sp 67
NEW SPECIES OF AMERICAN BARK BEETLES
(SCOLYTIDAE: COLEOPTERA)^
by
Stephen L. Wood=
ABSTRACT
The following 156 species of American Scolv-
tidae are described as new to science: Cnesinus
reticiihts (Venezuela), C. beaveri (Brazil), C.
teretis (Venezuela), C. aUentis (\'enezuela),
C. (leperditus (Colombia), C. fulgcns (Vene-
zuela), C. fiilgidus (Colombia), C. lucaris
(Venezuela), C. triangularis (Colombia), C.
brighti (Mexico), C. coracimis (Mexico), Botli-
Tostcrnus lucidtts (Brazil), Ilylastcs niger (Mex-
ico), Xylcchimis mexicanus (Mexico), Pidocotri-
hiis nanus (Brazil), Chramesus corniger (Mex-
ico), Ch. dispardis (Mexico), CIi. variabilis
(Mexico), Cli. inicroi)()rosus (Mexico), f7(. aq
udus (Mexico), Ch. uistcriae (Mississippi), Cdi.
marginatus (Mexico), Carphoborus piceae (Ore-
gon), Carphobius cupressi (Guatemala), Cda-
doctonus atrocis (Brazil), Scohjtodes canalis
(Mexico), S. costabilis (Mexico), P.scudothijsa-
iwes contrarius (Mexico), P. recavus (Mexico),
Thijsanoes gramdifer (Mexico), Micracisella mi-
metica (Mexico), M. ocellata (Mexico), Ihjlo-
curus rivalis (Mexico), H. binodatus (Missis-
sippi), Cnjphalonwr pints parvatus (Honduras,
Costa Rica), Cr. setifer (Guatemala), Cr. hirtus
(Mexico), Cr. rusticus (Mexico), Cr. trucis
(Mexico), Ht/pothcncmus apicaUs (Mexico),
Htj. indigens (Mexico), //i/. trivialis (Costa Rica,
Panama, Venezuela), Ily. dolosus (Costa Rica),
IIij. solocis (Mexico), Ily. vesculus (Mexico),
Hy. .ntspcctus (Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela),
Periocrypludus sobrinus (Brazil), Dcndrocranu-
lus limatus (Venezuela), D. reditus (Venezue-
la), D. conditus (Venezuela), D cotmmilis
(Mexico), D. vinealis (Honduras), D. vicinalis
(Costa Rica), D. securus (Costa Rica), D. ful-
gidus (Panama), D. vicinus (Honduras), D.
rudis (Mexico), D. confinis (Panama), Gna-
thopthorus artus (Brazil), Dryocoetoides verru-
cosus (Venezuela), Dr. pileatus (Venezuela),
Dr. velutinus (Venezuela), Dr. ru.sticus (Vene-
zuela). Dr. sevenis ( X'enezuela), Dr. insculptus
(Colombia), Dr. indolatus (Venezuela), Samp-
■sonius expulsus (Colombia), Sam. detractus
*Mosl of the field work that led to the discovery of these insects
-Department of Zoology. Brigham Young University. Provo, t'tah
(Panama), Sam. usurpatus (Costa Rica), Xy-
leborus pristis (Costa Rica), X. micarius (Costa
Rica), X. bicornutus (Venezuela), X. crinitulus
(Venezuela), X. panduhts (Costa Rica, Pana-
ma), X. varidus (Venezuela), X. palatus (Mex-
ico), X. extitus (Costa Rica), X. rusticus (Mex-
ico), X. ocellatus (Colombia), X. opimus (Flor-
ida), X. lacunatus (Costa Rica), X. meridcnsis
(Venezuela), X. aclinis (Panama), X. dissimu-
latus (Costa Rica), X. concentus (Costa Rica,
Venezuela), X. tribulatus (Costa Rica), X. vis-
miae (Costa Rica), X. demissus (Costa Rica),
X. meritus (Costa Rica), X. prolatus (Costa
Rica), X. dissidens (Mexico), Xyleborinus dirus
(Costa Rica), Xy. tribulosus (Panama), Xy. pro-
tinus (Costa Rica), Xy. celatus (Colombia),
Araptus insinuatus (Guatemala), A. inter jectus
(Guatemala), A. accinctus (Mexico), A. dcli-
catus (Mexico), A. geiiialis (Guatemala), A.
dentifrons (Mexico), A. facetus (Costa Rica),
A. cuspidus (Mexico), A. placatus (Mexico),
A. decorus (Costa Rica), A. bkinditus (Mexico),
A. medialis (Costa Rica), A. conditus (Costa
Rica), A. frugalis (Costa Rica), A. laudatus
(Costa Rica), A. vesculus (Costa Rica), A. ex-
igialis (Panama), A. refertus (Guatemala), A.
trepidus (Guatemala), A. frontalis (Guatemala),
A. nigrcllus (Costa Rica), A. vitimdus (Costa
Rica), A. furvus (Panama), A. furvescens (Gua-
temala), A. lepidus (Costa Rica), A. mendicus
(Costa Rica), A. nanulus (Mexico), A. festivus
(Mexico), Pseudopiti/ophthorus fc.itivus (Mex-
ico), Gnathotrichus obscurus (Mexico), G. omis-
sus (Costa Rica), Gnathotrupes dilutus (Costa
Rica). Gp. concentus (Costa Rica), Tricolus
simplicis (Guatemala), T. inornatus (Costa
Rica), T. inaf jectus (Costa Rica), T. cecropii
(Costa Rica), T. intrusus (Venezuela), T. ardis
(Costa Rica, Panama), T. parsus (Costa Rica),
T. rufithorax (Costa Rica), T. badius (Costa
Rica, Panama ) , T. partilis ( Costa Rica ) , T.
fenoris (Costa Rica), T. frontalis (Mexico), T.
capitalis (Panama), T. naevus (Costa Rica), T.
was sponsored by the National Si lenie Foundation
S4lin2. Scolytidae contribution no 4.S.
Bricham Young University Science Bulletin
scituhis (Costa Rica, Panama), T. peltatits (Pan-
ama, Costa Rica), 7'. dcicuhitu.'i (Mexico), T. hi-
color (Costa Rica), T. amplus (Mexico), Amphi-
cranus iniranclus (Costa Rica), Am. tornatUis
(Costa Rica), Am. mcicellu.s (Costa Rica), Am.
spinescens (Costa Rica), Am. .spinosus (Costa
Rica), Am. mucromittis (Panama), Am. acus
(Venezuela), Paracortlujhi.i mtitihi.'i (Panama),
and Par. concisus ( Costa Rica ) . New subspecies
include Ips borealis lanieri ( Colorado, South Da-
k(jta), and X. shcirpi lenis (Mexico).
INTRODUCTION
A large number of species new to science
were discovered during the preparation of a
monograph of the Scolytidae of North and Cen-
tral America. Since it will be several years be-
fore the monograph is concluded, the new names
are being published in order to stabilizi- no-
menclature and to facilitate identification. On
the following pages 157 species and 2 subspecies
are described as new to science. The new spe-
cies represent the following genera: Cnesinus
(11), Bothrosternus (1), Hijlastes (1), Xtjlcchi-
mts (1), Phloeotribtis (I), Chrame.su.'i (7), Car-
p])ohorus (1), CarpJwhius (1), Clacloctomis (1),
Scohjtodes (2), Pseudot}njsanoes (2), Thijsanoe.s
(1), Micracisella (2), Hi/locuriis (2), CTijpJi-
aJoimirpims (5), Ihipotlwmnmis (7), Pcrio-
cniphalus (1), Dindrocranulu.s (11), Gnatlwpli-
thorus (1), Dryocoetokles (7), Samp.sonius (3),
Xyleborus (22), Xtjleborimis (4), ATaptus (28),
P.seu(h)f>itij(>])hthoius (1), Gmitliotrichus (2),
Gnutliotrupes (2), Tricolus (19), Amphicriimis
(7), and Paracorthijlus (2). One new subspe-
cies in Ips and one in Xijlcborus are also named.
The new species are from the following areas:
United States (4), Mexico (42), Guatemala
(10), Honduras (2), Costa Rica (45), Panama
(10), Colombia (7), Venezuela (20), and Brazil
(6). In addition, one species each also occurred
in the following combinations of countries: Hon-
duras/Costa Rica, Costa Rica/Venezuela. Two
species are from Costa Rica Panama/Venezuela;
four are from Costa Rica/Panama.
Illustrations, ke\s, and supplemental taxo-
nomic notes useful in identif\ing these species
will be presented in the monograph.
SYSTEMATIC SECTION
Cnesimis reticidus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the \-ery
closeK' related rctifcr Wood b\ the slightlv largiT
size, b\ the much more coarsel\- punctured pro-
notal disc, and bv the slightK' shorter declivital
setae.
Female.— Length 2.0 mm (paratype 1.9 mm),
2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown.
As in retifer except punctures on posterior
third of pronotum at k'ast twice as wide, inter-
spaces between punctures less than half as wide
as a puncture, punctures reduced in size an-
teriorly but in all areas much larger than in
retifer. Interstrial setae on declivity slightly
finer and shorter than in retifer.
Type Locality.— Thirty km E Palmar. Boli-
var, Venezuela.
Type Material.— The female holotxpe and
one female parat\pe were collected at the t\pe
locality on 12-VI-70, 200 m, No. 529, from Vi.wua
caijennensis, by S. L. Wood.
The liolotypt' and paratype are in m\' col-
lection.
Cncsimts beaveri, n. sp.
This spi'cies is distinguished from the allied
blackmani Schedl b\' the smaller size, by the
more widely separated eves and more broadly
convex frons, by the much more elongate, stri-
gose pronotal punctures, and by the finer, more
widely spaced elytral vestiture.
Female.— Length 1.4 mm (paratypes 1.35-
1.45 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
Frons evenh' convex above shallow, trans-
verse impression at level of antennal bases; sur-
face strongly reticulate, with veiy fine, moder-
ately sparse, somewhat obscure punctures; -vesti-
ture of sparse, short hair; eyes separated b\ 2.0
times width of an eye.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; outline
as in blackmani; surface smooth, shining, punc-
tures fine and longitudinally striate, striations
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles
about 2-S or more times a.s long as wide, often
longitudinalK- confluent. Vistiture confined to
anterior third, of course, short, rather sparse
setae.
Elytra l.S times as long as wide, 1.9 times as
long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on slightK less than basal three-fourths,
rather narrowly rounded behind; anterior mar-
gins narrowly elevated, crest shallowly marked
into separate crenulations, no submarginal cren-
ulations; striae 1 moderatelv, others weakly im-
pressed, punctures rather coarse, distincth- im-
pressed; interstriae distinctly wider than striae,
shining, almost smooth, but with short, obscure,
subtransverse lines indicated, punctures fine,
shallow, uniseriate, close. Declivity steep, con-
vex; strial punctures slightK' smaller and deeper
than on disc, narrowly impressed, impression
narrower than punctures; interstriae 1 distinctly,
others weakh' convex. Vestiture largely confined
to declivity; consisting of slender interstrial bris-
tles, each with its apical third apparently flat-
tened; bristles two-thirds as long as distance
between rows, spaced within a row b\ length of
a bristle.
Type LoC'Vlity.— About 260 km N Xavantina,
Mato Grosso, Brazil ( 12 M9' .S .5r 46" W).
Type Material.— The female holotvpe and
three female parat\pes wen- taken at the type
locality on l-XII-68, No. F40, by R. A. Beaver;
one female paratype bears the same data except
13-X-68, No. B105; and one female paratype the
same data except 26-XI-6S, No. D71G.'
The holotype and one paratype are in the
British Museum (Natural Histor\), two para-
types are in the Museu de Zoologia, Universi-
dade de Sao Paulo, and two paratypes are in mv
collection.
Cnesinus teretis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the allied
l)Iackmani Schedl by the smaller size, b\- the
larger eyes, by the different frontal sculpture in
both sexes, and by the less strongly impressed
striae with smaller strial punctures.
Female.— Length 1.5 mm (paratypes 1.3-1.5
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark
brown, pronotum almost black.
Frons very narrow, weakly convex from ver-
tex to epistoma, median two-thirds on lower half
a slightly elevated plateau, this area to vertex
smooth, polished and entireK devoid of punc-
tures or setae; lateral areas below obscureK'
reticulate, with moderately abundant, coarse,
short setae, a row of setae continued along me-
dian margin of eye almost to narrowest point
between eyes; eyes separated by less than half
greatest width of eye, eyes ver)' large, coarsely
faceted.
Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; as in
hiackmani except sides more strongK' constricted
on basal half, punctures slightly smaller and
more elongate. X'cstiture confined to anterior
third, of fine, short, recumbent hair.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times
as long as pronotum; outline as in hkickniani;
striae 1 moderately, others feebly impressed,
punctures small, shallow; interstriae twice as
wide as striae, almost flat, smooth, shining,
punctures minute, unisi-riate. those bearing setae
usualh' miinitel\- granulate. Declivity steep, con-
vex; striae 1 impressed; interstriae 1 narrowl)-
convex; interstrial punctures replaced by small,
rounded, setiferous granules. Vestiture confined
to declivity, discal interstriae and posterior half
of 3, 5, and 7; consisting of coarse bristles up to
slightly less than twice as long as distance be-
tween rows, only slightl\- longer than distance
between bristles within a row.
Male.— Similar to female except frons weak-
1\', transverseK- impressed on lower lialf more
strongly convex on upper half, surface reticu-
late and finely, sparsely punctured, vestiture
more generally distributed; disc with rows of
very small, fine interstrial setae.
Type Locality.— Seven km NW Socopo, Ba-
rinas, Venezuela.
Type Materl\l.— The female holotype, male
allot\pe, and 35 parat\pes were taken at the
type locality on 13-11-70, 200 m. No. 322, from
Nectandra twigs, b\ S. L. Wood.
The liolot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are in
mv collection.
Cnesinus alienus, n. sp.
TlTis species is distinguislied from the distant-
ly allied nitidus Eggers by the very differently
sculptured frons, by the larger, shallow pronotal
punctures, by the very shallow, smaller strial
punctures, and by the much more deeply sul-
cate el\ tral declivity.
Male.— Length 2.3 mm (allot\'pe 2.5 mm),
2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown, al-
most black.
Frons basically convex with central third
rather deepK' concave, lower margin of concav-
ity at level just abo\e antennal insertion armed
by a pair of small, pointed, rather wideh sepa-
rated denticles; upper margin of concavity with
a median prominence; surface reticulate, almost
Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
rugose, a few small granules in lateral and lower
areas, punctures minute, obscure; vestiture of
fine, sparse hair.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; outline
as in iiitidus- surface mostU' dull, obscurely re-
ticulate to niiuutcK , longitudinalK etched, punc-
tures rather small, two to three times as long as
wide, larger than in nitidtis. Glabrous except
for a very few setae on anterior fourth.
Elvtra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as
long as pronotum; outline as in nitidiis; striae
feeblv impressed, punctures sm;dl, shallow; in-
terstriae about three times as wide as striae, al-
most smooth, subshining, punctures obsolete.
Declivity steep, r;ither broad]\ sulcate; strial
punctures minute, distinct; sutural interstriae
moderately elevated, 2 strongly, broadly im-
pressed, 3 abruptly, moderately elevated on me-
dian side, devoid of granules, fine, uniseriate
punctures distinct except on 2. Vestiture con-
fined to decli\'it\ consisting of inti'rstrial rows
of rather short bristles.
Female.— Similar to male except frontal de-
pression less well developed, callus at upper
margin of concavity not evident; minute, con-
fused interstrial punctures indicated on disc.
Tyi'k Loc.^Lirv.— Forty km SE Socopo, Ba-
rinas, Wnezuela.
Tyi'e Matehial.— The male holot\ pe and fe-
male allotype were taken ;it the t\ pe localitN on
25-1-70, 150 m. No. 27.3, from a li;ina known
localK' as bejuco bianco, by S. L. Wood.
The holot\ pe and allotype are in my col-
lection.
Cnesinus deperdittis. n. sp.
This species is distinguislud from the allied
reticiihittis Chapuis In the smaller size, by the
different frontal sculpture, b\ the very much
more finely, obscurely pimctured discal inter-
striae, and b\- the- shorter, nuich less strongly im-
pressed elytral declivity.
Female.— Length 2.7 mm (paratype 2.5 mm),
2.6 times as long as wide; color ver\- dark red-
dish brown.
Frons as in rcticulatus except upper half
much more strongly comcx; transverse elevation
just above epistoma unarmed, triangular patch of
erect setae rather large, extending to deepest
point in impression; lateral margins of frons
abrupt but not acutely elevated.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest
just behind middle, sides rather strongly arcu-
ate, rather narrowly rounded in front; surface
subshining, sculpture similar to but slightly
finer than in reticulatus, punctures rather shal-
low, moderately coarse, manv or most at least
parth , longitudinally confluent. Vestiture of
moderately abundant, coarse, short setae.
Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 2.1 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on slighth- less than basal three-fourths,
rather broadl\ rounded behind; striae deeply,
;ibruptly impressed, punctures rather obscurely
indicated; interstriae about twice as wide as
striae, I'vidently finely rugose, punctures fine, ob-
scure, confused, rather abundant. Declivity
steep, con\('x; striae narrower and less strongly
impressed than on ilisc except 1 on right side
wider, interstriae 1 on right side flattened; inter-
strial punctures largely replaced by fine
granules.
Type Locality.— Piedras Blancas, 10 km E
Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
Type Matehial.- Tlie female holotype and
one female parat\pi- were taken at the type lo-
calit\ on 15-VII-70, 2500 m. No. PS5, Qricrcus
humlwldti. S. L. Wood.
The holot\pe and paratype are in m\ col-
lection.
Cnesinus fulgen.s, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the very
closely ri'lated ni<^er Wood by the larger size,
1)\ the slighth' wider male epistomal elevation
with nuich shorter setae, by the more finely
punctured pronotum, b\' the slightly smaller,
less deepK impressed strial punctures, and by
the more deeply impressed declivital striae.
Mali:.— Length 2.7 mm (paratypes 2.6-2.9
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color d;irk red-
dish brown.
Frons as in niiier except epistomal elevation
wider, nonpiibescent area distinctly wider, setae
on its upper portion about half as lout;.
Pronotum as in Ji/i,'er except punctures iniich
smaller, more numerous, less strigose.
EKtra as in (i/f,'cr except strial punctures
smaller, not as deep; interstriae more than twice
as wide as striae, punctures confused; declivital
interstriiie 2 and 3 more strongly convi'x.
Female —Similar to male except epistomal
('le\ation reduci'd to a transverse callus with
one row of finer, lontjer setae on its upper mar-
KiJi-
Type Locality.— I^a Carbonera I'lxperimen-
tal Forest, 50 km (airline) NW Merida, Merida,
Venezuela.
Type Matehial.— The male holot\pe, female
allotype, and 25 paratypes were collected at the
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Specie.s of Amehic.\n B.\hk Beetles
type locality on 14-XI-69, 2500 m. No. 136, from
Rubus sp., by S. L. Wood. Thirty-two paratypes
are from La Miiciiy Expcrimontal Forest, 20 km
NE Merida, Mcrida, Venezuela, 22-.\II-69,
2500 m. No. 205, from Ruhus ,sp., by S. L. \Vood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratype.s are in
mv collectioiL
Cnesinus fulgidus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from tlu' closely
allied juJ<iens Wood by the smaller size, by the
sculpture of the male epistomal ele\ation, by
the weakly impressed elytral striae, and hv the
feebly convex declivital striae.
Male.— Length 1.2 mm (paratypes 2.1-2.4
mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark red-
dish brown, proiiotum often black.
Frons as in ful^ens except median longitu-
dinal axis of epistomal elevation half as great as
transverse axis, its upper margin bearing a nar-
row band of very short setae similar to those in
fulgens, glabrous area triangular, its surface
strongly reticulate.
Pronotum as in fuIgcns exet'pt punctures
more ncarlv o\al, dei'per.
Elvtra as in fuIgcns i-xcept striai' 1 moderate-
ly, others ven,' weaklv impressed, punctures
small, moderately deep; interstriae flat, smooth,
shining, twice as wide as striae, punctures mi-
nute, confused; declivity as in fuJgcns except
striae 2 and '3 not impressed, interstriae feebly
or not at all convex, 3 with a row of small,
rounded granules; decli\ital \estiture distinctly
longer.
Female.— Similar to male except epistomal
elevation reduced to a trans\'erse callus with one
row of longer setae on its upper margin.
Type Locality.— Piedras Blancas, 10 km E
Medellin, Antiocjuia, Colombia.
Type Material.— The male holotvpe, female
allotNpe, and 57 paratypes were taken at the
t)pe locality on 15-\'n-'70, 2500 m. No. 654 and
685, from Querciis htim]>ohUii twigs, bv S. L.
Wood.
The holotvpe, allotype, and paratypes are in
m\' collection.
Cnesinus hicaris, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the closely
allied perplexus \\'ood by the nnich less exten-
sive male epistomal elevation and smaller brush
of epistomal setae, by the less coarsely sculptured
pronotum, and by the much more slender elytral
vestiture.
Male.— Length 2.3 mm (paratypes 2.2-2.5
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark
brown, elytra sometimes reddish brown, prono-
tum often abiiost black.
Frons essentially as in perplexus except epis-
tomal elevation much smaller, occupying slightly
more than median third, its longitudinal axis
about etjual in length to width of pedicel, its up-
per slope ornamented by about three rows of
compressed bristles, these bristles covering a
smaller area and finer than in perplexus.
Pronotum as in perplexus except grooves
slightly narrower and longer, ridges not as
strongly convex, finer. Vestiture finer than in
/)c'r/)/t'.v(/.v.
EKtra as in perplexus except both ground
cover and erect bristles much more slender,
slightly longer on declivity.
Female.— Similar to male except epistomal
elevation smaller, its bristles finer, reduced to
one row.
Type Locality.— Merida, Merida, Venezuela.
Type Matehial.— The male holotype and five
parat\pes witc taken at the type locality on 29-
\II-69, 1700 m. No. 210, from a small liana, by
S. L. Wood. The female allotype and 14 para-
types bear the same data except 22-XI-69, and
either No. 7 from a twig, or No. 6 from Vismia;
one parat\pe bears the sanu' data I'xcept 8-.\I-69,
No. 119 from Ruhus.
The holotvpe, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Cnesinus triangularis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the closely
related gihhulus Wood by the smaller average
size, by the smaller female epistomal elexation
with its setae less numerous and longer, by the
less deeply impressed striae, by the much smal-
ler interstrial punctures, and by the shorter,
stouter decli\ital pubescence.
FEMALE.-Length 2.2 mm (paratypes 2.1-2.4
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color black.
Frons as in gihhulus except epistomal eleva-
tion smaller, triangular, epistomal margin of tri-
angle almost straight, median angle of triangle
about 60 degrees, bristles more slender, much
longer; frons sparsely pubescent, particularly in
lateral areas.
Pronotum as in gihhulus.
Ehtra 1.9 times as long as wide; as in gih-
hulus except striae very weakly impressed, punc-
tures small, deep; interstriae three times as wide
as striae, shining, with a few very shallow, ob-
Bricham Young University Scien< e Bulletin
scuR", transverse lines, punctures very fine, inocl-
eratelv confused on 2 and 3, almost uniseriate
on others. Vestiture confined to declivity, con-
sisting of stout bristles, each bristle very slightly
longer than distance between rows.
Male.— Similar to female except frontal ele-
vation replaced by a small, low, transxersc, cpis-
tonial callus, specialized bristles absent.
Type Locality.— Piedras Blancas, 10 km E
Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
Type Materl\l.— The female holotNpe, male
allotype, and 12 paratypes were taken at the type
locality on 15-VII-70,' 2500 m. No. 656, from a
twig of a shrub known locallv as Uvo de Monte,
by S. L. Wood. Eighty-eiglit paratopes bear the
same data except \o. 65S, taken from a twig of
a small tree known locally as Graptero, bv S. L.
Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in
my collection.
Cnesinus l)ii'Jiti. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from cl('i:,(intis
Wood bv the smaller size, bv the smaller female
epistomal tubercles, by the coarser frontal x'esti-
ture, by the coarser pronotal striations, b\ the
fine hair covering the pronotum, b\- the less
strongly impressed striae, and b\' tiie discal pu-
bescence.
Feniale.— Length 2.5 mm (paratvpes 2.2-2.6
mm), 2.7 times as long as widi"; color rather
dark reddish brown.
Frons as in ele^antis but with epistomal den-
ticles much smaller and basally contiguous, \'es-
titure stouter and slightly more abundant.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; stria-
tions coarser and wider than either e/eganfi.s or
coracinus, punctures not evidi'ut. X'estiture of
rather abundant, fine, short hair on disc, longer
and coarser anteriorh'.
Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide; as in cleii'in-
tis except vestiture extends to base of disc, con-
sisting of rather abundant, short, coarse, con-
fused setae of about uniform length, not longer
on declivitv, each seta about equal in length to
width of an interstriat'.
Male.— Similar to female exci'pt epistomal
tubercles absent.
Type Locality.— Nine miles (14 km) SE
Teopisca on highway 24, Chiapas, Mexico.
Type Material.- The female holotype, male
allotype and 65 paratypes were taken at the t\ pe
locality on 14-\'-69, by D. E. Bright. Three para-
types have identical data except thev are .30-V-
69; three paratypes are from Lagos des Colores,
17-V-69, D. E. Bright.
The holotype, allotype, and most paratypes
are in thi' Canadian National Collection, some
paratypes are in my collection.
Cnesinus coracinus. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from elc^antis
Wood by the smaller size, bv the stouter body,
by the finer, closer female epistomal tubercles,
by the finer frontal \'estiture, b\- the sliglitly
coarser pronotal striation, bv the coarser strial
punctures, and by the shorter, stouter deelivital
setae.
Female.— Length 2.2 mm (paratvpes 2.1-2.3
mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color black.
Frons as in elefiantis except epistomal tuber-
cles smaller, much closer, concavity not quite
as deep, extending slightly nearer upper level of
frons, surface obscureh' punctured, vestiture
finer, less abundant.
Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; much
as in elef^antis but with striations more distinctly
punctured and wider.
Elytra 1.6 tinii'S as long as wide; strial punc-
tures slighth' larger and deeper than in clcL!,(intis.
interstriae feel)ly convex; declixity less strongly
impressed, interstriae each with a row of gran-
ules. Vestiture confined to declivity, consisting
of sparse, short, ground \'estiture of rather fine
hair, and rows of interstrial bristles; each bristle
about as long as distance between rows, more
closely spaced within a row.
Type Locality.— Five miles ( 8 km ) S Simo-
liovc'l, Chiapas, Mexico.
Type Material.- The female holotype and
four female paratvpes were taken at the type
locality on 4-\'II-69, by D. E. Bright.
The holotype and two parat\pes are in the
Canadian National Collection; two paratvpes
are in my collection.
Bothrost emits lucidus, n. sp.
The eh tral decli\itv of this species has
moderatily long, uniseriate interstrial setae as
described for truncatus Eichhoff; it differs, how-
ever, bv the absence of a median frontal tubercle,
bv the pronotum being wider than long, bv the
smoother, more regularly puncturid pronotum,
and probabh' bv other characters.
Male.— Length 2.3 mm (paratvpes 2.3-2.5
mm), 2.2 times as long as wide; color reddish
brown.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of Americ.\n Bark Beetles
Frons as in male brevis Eggers except upper
area slightly more strongK' convex, lower area
less strongly, less extensively impressed, with no
indication of a transverse calhis, punctures
smaller, less conspicuous; vestiture similar hut
coarser.
Pronotum 0.92 times as long as wide; outline
as in brevis except more distinctly constricted on
basal third; surface almost smooth, shining,
feebly reticulate at base and in lateral areas;
punctures small, close, moderately deep, round
to oval; lateral margin with a fine, acutely ele-
vated line. Glabrous. Lower three-fourths of
anterior propleural area excavated and filled by
a dense brush of white hair.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as
long as pronotum; sides almost straight and par-
allel on basal three-fourths, al)ruptl\- rounded,
somewhat narrowly rounded at apex; basal mar-
gins almost smooth, more distinctly elevated than
in brevis; striae narrowlv, distinctlv impressed,
punctures clearh', shallowh' indicated; inter-
striae twice as wide as striae, almost flat, smooth
except a few wrinkles on basal half, punctures
fine, distinct, confused. Declivity steep, broadlv
convex; striae reticulate, distinctlv wider than
on disc, punctures larger, deeper; interstriae as
wide as striae, reticulate, punctures replaced b\'
small, shining, uniseriate granules. X'estiture
abraded on disc; on declivitv consisting of uni-
seriate inti'istrial rows of moderatelv long, rather
stout bristles, each bristle as long as distance
bet\\een rows, very slightly closer within a row.
Female.— Similar to male except frontal im-
pression not quite as deep or as extensive, a
feeble, transverse, elevated line indicated on one
specimen.
Type Locality.— About 260 km N Xavantina,
Mato Grosso, Brazil ( 12 49' S SIMfi' W).
Type Material.— The male holot\pe, female
allotype, and six parat\pes were taken at the
t\pe locality, in 196S, by R. A. Beaver; the holo-
type and five paratvpes were taken 18-XI-68,
No. D06, the allotvpe on 24-L\-68, No. 17.3, and
one paratype on 36-XI-68, No. D98.
The holotype, allot) pe, and one paratype are
in the British Museum (Natural Historv), two
paratvpes are in the Museu dv Zoologia, Unixer-
sidade de Siio Paulo, and tliree parat\ p;'s are in
my collection.
Htjlastes niger, n. sp.
This species is distinguislied from mcxicanus
Wood by the narrow Iv impressed decli\'ital striae
with the punctures much smaller, and by the
much more closely spaced granules on the decli-
vital interstriae.
Male.— Length 4.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as
wide; color black.
Frons and pronotum as in mcxicanus except
frons less distincth' rt'ticulate, pronotum with
punctures distinctly smaller.
Elytra as in mexicanus except strial punc-
tures much smaller, interstriai' twice as wide as
striae on disc, almost three times as wide on
declivity; decli\itv not as steep; interstriai gran-
ules on declivity much more closely spaced,
spaced by distances equal to less than half width
of an interstriae.
Female.— Similar to male except frons more
finch' punctured; anterior discal area of prono-
tum with punctures retluci'd to almost obsolete.
Type Locality.— Thirty-one km (19 mi) E
Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico.
Type Materl\l.— The male holotype and fe-
male allotype (damaged) were taken at the type
locality on 10-\'II-67^ 2100 m. No. 185, from 'the
same tunnel in a Finns log 60 cm in diameter, by
S. L. Wood.
The holot\pe and allotype are in my collec-
tion.
Xijlechinus nwxicantis. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from marmora-
tus Blandford by the more slender, more irregu-
larly sculptured pronotum which lacks scalelike
setae, by the slightly coarser strial punctures,
and by the much more slender interstriai
bristles.
Male.— Length 1.9 mm (paratypi's 1.6-1.9
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color brown,
vestiture pale.
Frons as in marnioratus but broader, vesti-
ture finer, without scales.
Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; about
as in marmoratus but anterior constriction not
as strong; surface shining, irregular throughout,
punctures fine, shallow, most subvulcanate. Ves-
titure of short, coarse hair of moderate abun-
dance; scales absent.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; as in mar-
moratus except bases of interstriae 2-.5 each
bearing 1-4 submarginal crenulations, strial
punctures very slightlv larger. Ground vestiture
shorter than in marmoratus, apparently less
abundant, much more slender on sutural inter-
striae than elsewhere; erect bristles slender,
blunt or pointed, their length and spacing as in
marmoratus.
Brigiiam Y'oung University Scienc:e Bulletin
Female.— Similar to male cxctpt siihmai-
ginal crenulations at hasvs of cK tia mosth- al)-
sent.
Type Locality.— Yt-rha Biicna, 20 mi (32
km) N Bochil, Chiapas, Mexico.
Type Mateiual.— The male holot\'pe, female
allotype and nine paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 21-V-69, <S000 feet elevation, bv
D. E. Bright.
The holotvpe, allot\pe, and five paratypes
are in the Canadian National Collection, fonr
paratypes are in mv collection.
Phloeotiihus nanus, n. sp.
This species superficialh' resembles hiistrix
Wood, although the relationship is remote. It
differs from lu/strix by the smaller size, by the
subobsolete stria! pnnctnres, by the more
abnndant interstrial scales, and by the absence
of spines and ele\ati'd ari'as on the elytral de-
clivity.
Male.— Length 1.4 mm (parat\pes 1.4 1.6
mm), LS times as long as wide; color yellowish
brown.
Frons as in Iv/slrix cxei'pt smface senlpturc
finer, less regnlar. Antennae as in hi/strix.
Pronotum 0.81 times as long as wide; outline
about as in ht/strix: surface shining, very dense-
ly, rather coarsely, deeply punctured, each
puncture bearing a short, stout, subseal("Iike
seta; anterolateral margin armed b\ about tlnce
small crenulations.
Elytra LI times as long as wide, L5 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on basal halt, broadly roinuled ]);'l'ind;
striae strongly impressed, their margins slighth
beaded indicating positions of punctures, but
punctures obsolete; interstriae twice as wide as
striae, surface shining, finel\- punctati'-granu-
late and with a median row of slightly larger
granules. Decli\ity rather steep, broadlv con\'e.\;
interstriae slightly narrower and more convex
than on disc; devoid of tubercles or other ele-
vations. \'estitiue confined to interstriae, con-
sisting of a di'use ground cover of \ery short,
stout, subscalelike, pointed setae, each slighth
longer than wide, and interstrial rows of slightly
longer, similar setae; longer setae less than
twice as long as ground ciner, about four to
six times as long as w idi-.
Fexiale.— Similar to male I'xcept broadly
convex, more coarsely granulate-punctate, de-
void of denticles; anterolateral areas of prono-
tum with about 20 small crenulations on each
side.
Type Locality.— About 260 km N \avan-
tina, Mato Crosso, Brazil ( 12 49' S 5L 48' \V).
Type NLvteiual.- The male holot\pe, female
allotype, and eight paratypes were taken at the
type locality, in 196(S, by R. A. Beaver. The
liolotype was taken LXII-6S, No. C20, the allo-
type and one parat\pe 1-.\II-6.S, No. F27, two
paratypes 1-.\L68, No. F19, four parat\ pi's 1-.\II-
68, No. F26, and one paratype 28-L\-68, No.
A07.
The holot\pe, allof\pe. and two parat\'pes
are in the British Museum (Natural History),
two paratopes are in .Museu de Zoologia, Uni-
versidade de Sao Paulo, and four paratypes are
in m\ collection.
Chraniestts corni^er, n. sp.
This species is unique in the genus. The
male frons is \ery weakly impri'ssed. the lateral
margins are not elevated at all, the lower frons
in the male bears a pair of largi' denticles near
hut not on the epistomal margin. The elytral
ground \estiture is alisent.
Male.— Length 1.4 mm (parat\'pes 1.3-1.4
mm), 1.7 times as long as wide; color \erv dark
brown, almost black, \estiture pale.
Frons yer\' shallowly conca\'e from epistoma
almost to upper level of eyes, lateral margins
rounded, not elevated; a pair of rather large
tul)ereli's just above epistomal margin; their
bases separated by about one-third width of
frons; surface subshining, finely rugulose, a few
small, indistinct granules on upper half; vesti-
ture of sparse, fine, inconspicuous hair. An-
teniKil club mocU'rateh' large.
I'roiintnm 0,80 times as long as wide; widest
near base, sides arcuatelv eon\crging to rather
weak constriction just before rather narrowly
rounded anterior margin; entire surface strongly
reticulate; punctures small, widely spaced, those
on anterior half granulate to very finely asper-
ate. X'estiture of short, stout bristles of moderate
abundance.
l']l\ tra 1,1 times as long as wide; sides al-
most straight and parallel on slightly more than
basal half, broadly rounded behind; basal mar-
gins of elytra each armed b\ about 15 crenula-
tions, one submarginal eienulation on inter-
striae 2; striae feebly impressed, punctures
moderati-ly coarse, close; interstriae s'lightly
wider than striae, uniseriatelv, finely granulate
except slighth confused on 2, punctures not evi-
dent. Declivity rather steep, conxex; sculpture
about as on disc. Vestiture of interstrial rows
of stout bristles, each 8-10 times as long as
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of .Amehic.^n Bahk Beetles
9
wide, slightly shorter than distance between
rows, slightly confused on discal interstriae 2.
Female.— Similar to male e.xcept frons weak-
ly convex, unamied; pronotal granules smaller
in median area, two or three of those on antero-
lateral angles crenulate.
Type LocALiTi'.— Lago Catemaco, Veracruz,
Mexico.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and si.\ paratypes were taken at the
type' locality on 16-20-\T-69, by D. K. Bright.
The holotype, allotype, and tlni'e paratypes
are in the Canadian National Collection; three
paratypes are in my collection.
Chramesus disparilis, n. sp.
This species superficially resembles acacico-
lens Wood, but tlie male frons is entirely dif-
ferent; the clytral ground yestiture and erect
bristles are broad. It is not closely related to
any species from North or Central America.
Male.— Length 1.6 mm (paratypes 1.4-1.7
mm), 1.9 times as long as wide; color dark
brown, yestiture pale.
Frons \erv deeply, broadly conca\'e from
epistoma to slightly above eyes; lateral mar-
gins subacutely ele\ated, amied just abo\e le\el
of antennal insertion by a pair of low, blunt,
sub(juadrate denticles haxing bases displaced
mesad from crest of lateral margins; surface
fineh' rugose-reticulate, shining; \'estiture of
sparse, minute hair in concavity, of a few stout
setae of moderate length on margins. Antennal
club small for this gtnus, apex narrowh
roimded.
Pronotum 0.76 times as long as wide; widest
at base, sides and anterior margin almost form-
ing a semicircular arc, anterior constriction al-
most obsolete; surface finely reticulate, shining,
small granules of moderate abundance extend-
ing from anterior margin to base. N'estiture
rather abimdant, short, scalelike, each scale
about two to three times ;\s long as wide.
Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides al-
most straight and paralk-1 on slightly more than
basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; basal
margins each anned by 13 crenulations, about
six submarginal crenulations scattered from in-
terstriae 2-4; striae distinctly, weakly impressed,
punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae slight-
ly wider than striae, each with a uniseriate
row of fine granules and minute, obscure punc-
tures. Declivity rather steep, convex; as on disc
except interstriae 2 on lower half devoid of
granules and feebly impressed. Yestiture con-
sisting of ground cover of short, recumbent,
interstrial scales, each scale about twice as long
as wide; and interstrial rows of erect, scalelike
bristles, each about six times as long as wide,
each slightly more than half as long as distance
between rows or between bristles within a row.
Female.— Similar to male except frons feebly
convex, lateral margins rounded and unanned;
scales in ehtral ground cover only slightly
longer than wide.
Type Locality.— Lagos dc Colores, Chiapas,
Mexico.
Type Material.— The male holotype and 22
paratypes were taken at the type locality on 14-
VI-69, from Acacia, by D. E. Bright. The female
allotype and 25 paratypes are from seven miles
(11 km) SE Teopisca, on highway 24, Chiapas,
Mexico, 31-\'-69, from Acacia, by' D. E. Bright.
The holot\ pe, allotype, and most of the para-
types are in the Canadian National Collection;
the other paratypes are in nu' collection.
Chramesus variabilis, u. sp.
This species is distinguished from vincalis
Wood b\ the more extensi\e, more deeph' im-
pressed male frons, with lateral armature
higher, by the smaller pronotal punctures, by
the larger scales in the clytral ground yestiture,
and by the much stouter erect interstrial
bristles.
Male.— Length 1.9 mm (paratypes 1.8-2.3
mm), 1.6 times as long as wide; color dark
brown, vestiture fonning a slightly \ariegated
pattern in most specimens.
Frons broadly, deeply concave from epistoma
to slightly above eyes, lateral margins acutely
rather strongh' elexated, armed just abo\i' level
of antennal insertion by a large triangular denti-
tion; surface reticulate, epistoma and large pre-
mandibnlar lobe smooth, shining; vestiture of
sparse, minute hair. Antennal club large.
Pronotum 0.74 times as long as wide; out-
line as in disparilis; surface finely reticulate,
punctures small, shallow, close, spaced by dis-
tances e(|ual to diameter of a puncture, dc\oid
of granules. Wstiture of short hair and equal
numbers of scales, each scale four to six times
as long as wide; central and anterior setae
darker.
Elytra 1 0.5 times as long as wide; sides al-
most straight and parallel on basal half, broadly
rounded behind; twelve pairs of crenulations
on basal margins, six submarginal crenulations
scattered on bases of interstriae 2-4; striae dis-
tinctly impressed, punctures small, rather
10
Brigham Young University Science Bi'lletin
shallow; interstriae tlirce times as wide as striae,
smooth, bristle-bi'aring pimetiires small, almost
uniseriate, puneturi's hearing groiiiul scales
minute. Deeli\'ity rather steep, convex; sculpture
as on disc. N'estiture of ground cover oF small
scales, each scale one to two times as long as
wide; and rows of erect bristles, each bristle
about twice as long as ground cover, half as
long as distance between rows, as long as dis-
tance between bristles within a row, each bristle
about si.x times as long as wide; in an obscuri'
variegated pattern.
Female.— Similar to male except froiis weak-
ly convex, lateral margins rounded, unarmed,
surface rugose-reticulate; anterolateral areas of
pronotum sparsely asperate.
Type Locality.— Lago Catemaeo, X'eracruz,
Mexico.
Tyi'E Mateuial.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and 24 paratypes were taken at the
type' locality on 16-20-VI-69, by D. E. Bright.
The holotype, allotype, and 15 paratypes are
in the Canadian National Collection; nine para-
types are in mv colleetioii.
C'lirauicsiis uiicrojjorosiis, n. sp.
This species is distinguislied from pcriosiis
Wood by the deeper male frontal concavity
which extends slightly above the upper level of
the eyes, bv the finer pronotal punctures and
granules, by fewer submarginal erenulations on
the elytral bases, by tlie minute strial punctures,
and by the more slender, nonsubplumose scales
of the elytral ground vestiture.
Male.— Length 2.2 mm (paratypes L8-2.4
mm), 1.6 times as long as wide; color \erv dark
reddish brown.
Frons as in pcriosus except eonca\ity ex-
tending slightly above eyes, much deeper on
upper half. Pronotum as in periosiis except
punctures less than one-third as large, granules
much smalk'r and less numerous.
Elytra as in periosus except submarginal
erenulations near base of elytra about half as
numerous, strial puncture very minute to en-
tirely obsolete, striae smooth, shining, inter-
strial punctures also minute; scales in ground
cover about four times as long as wide, not
subplumose; bristles about three times as Ion"
as ground cover, scalelike, each about six to
eight times as long as wide.
Female.— Similar to male except frons con-
vex, foveate at center; lateral areas of pronotum
asperate; strial puncture very small, but dis-
tinctly larger; interstriae each with a row of
moderately large, pointed tubercles.
Type Locality.— El Sumidera, 15 miles (24
km) N Tuxtia Cutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
Type Matekial.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and 15 parat\ pes were taken at the
t\pe' locality on 7-\ 1-69, by D. E. Bright.
The holotype, allotype, and nine paratypes
are in the Canadian National Collection; six
paratN pes are in mv collection.
Cliramcsus (Kjuihis, n. sp.
.'\mong Central American forms, this species
is most nearly allii'd to deniissits Wood, but it
is distinguished by the more deeply concave
male frons with the lateral margins more
strongly elevati'd, by the more distincth punc-
tured pronotal disc, by the more rounded inter-
strial tubercles, and bv the different elvtral
vestiture.
Male.— Length l.S mm (paratypes 1.5-1.8
mm), 1.5 times as long as wide; color I)lack,
xt'stiture pale.
Frons broadlv, ratlier deeplv coneaxc from
epistoma to slightly beknv upper level of eyes,
lateral margins acutely, rather strongly elevated
with highest point just below level of antennal
insertion, de\did of dinticles; surface strongly
reticulate, smooth on epistoma, minute, obscure
punctures on upper half of concavity; vestiture
inconspicuous. Antennal club large.
Pronotum as in deini.'i.stis except granules
smaller, posterior fouith in median ari'a with
sparse, shallow, moderateh large punctures.
X'estiture slightly more slender than in demissiis.
Elytra 1.02 times as long as wide; sides al-
most straight and paralK-l on slightly more than
basal half, broadly rounded behind; basal mar-
gins each armed by 11 erenulations, one or more
submarginal erenulations on interstriae 2-5;
striae strongh impressed, punctures moderately
coarse, deep; interstriae about one and one-half
times as wide as striae, moderately convex,
smooth, with rows of lather large, narrowly
rounded tubercles, tubercles somewhat confused
on 2 and 3. Declivity rather steip, convex;
sculpture about as on disc. Vestiture of ground
ciner of rows of scales on both margins of each
interstriae, each scale up to twice as long as
widi'; and erect bristles in interstrial r(A\s ex-
cept mod(>ratelv confused on 2 and 3 on disc,
each bristle two-thirds as long as distance be-
tween rows, spaced within a row by length of
a bristle, each about eight times as long as
wide, ef|ual in width to scales in ground cover.
Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of Americ-^n B.\hic Beetle.s
11
Female.— Similar to male except frons weak-
ly convex, lateral margin.s rounded; pronotal
granules absent, entire surface with shallow,
.sparse punctures of moderate size.
Type Locality.— Eight miles ( 1.3 km ) N
Ocasingo, Chiapas, Mexico.
Type Materl\l.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and 19 paratypes were taken at the
type' locality on 2-\a-69, by D. E. Bright.
The holotype, allotype, and ten parat\pes
are in the Canadian National Collection; nine
paratypes are in my collection.
Chramcsus uisteriae, n. sp.
Tliis species is distinguished from acacico-
lens Wood by the more coarsely, more deeplv
punctured pronotum, by the more deeply im-
pressed striae and smaller strial punctures, and
by the slightly more slender, erect interstrial
bristles.
Male.— Lengtli 1.8 mm (paratypi's 1.6-l.S
mm), 1.6 times as long as wide; color very dark
brown, vestiture pale.
Frons as in acacicolens except surface with
sparse, minutely granulate, small, obscure punc-
tures. Pronotum as in acacicolens except gran-
ules eyidenth smaller, less conspicuous, punc-
tures much larger, deeper, closer, punctures dis-
cernible from base to anterior fourth; \estiture
siiglitly more abundant.
Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; as in
acacicolens except striae weakly impressed,
punctures larger, more distinctly impressed; in-
terstriae slightly less than twice as wide as
striae; erect interstrial bristles \'er\- slighth
shorter and more slender than in acacicolens,
each bristle six to eight times as long as wide,
half as long as distance between rows.
Female.— Similar to male except frons weak-
ly convex, lateral margins not elevated or
armed, foveate at center; pronotal asperities in
lateral areas larger; interstrial tubercles distinct-
ly larger.
Type Locality —Bay St. Louis, Mississippi.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allot^qie, and three parat\pes were tak(-n at the
type locality on 12-V-45, in dead Wisteria
stems, No. 45-9773, presumably by W. 11.
Anderson.
The holotype, allotype, and one paratype
are in the U.S. National Museum; two para-
types are in mv collection.
Chramesus mar^inatus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from setosus
Wood b\' the larger size, by the much more
finely sculptured pronotum, and by the more
nearly hairlike elytral setae.
Male.— Length 2.5 mm (paratype 2.5 mm),
1.65 times as long as wide; color dark brown,
vestiture pale.
Frons similar to setosus but not as deeply
concave on upper half, punctures on upper half
slightly larger. Pronotum outline as in setosus;
surface reticulate, a few asperities in lateral
areas, a few minute granules on median part
of anterior third, punctures small, moderately
close, very shallow on anterior half, somewhat
deeper in posterior area. Vestiture of short,
slender bristles of moderate abimdance.
lillvtra outline and basal ann;iture as in
setosus; striae distinctly impressed, punctures
\'ery small, moderately deep; interstriae at least
four times as wide as striae, weakh- convex,
smooth, with a central row of fine granules
and a row of minute punctures on each margin.
Decliyit\' rather steep, broadly convex; sculp-
ture as on disc. \'estiture of sparse, short, erect,
slender, liristlelike ground cover in iipproxi-
niate rows on margins of interstriae, and rows
of interstrial bristles arising from granules, each
bristle twice as long as ground cover, two-thirds
as long as distance between rows, as long as
distance between setae within ;i row.
Type Locality.— Mexico.
Tyi'e Material.— The male h()lot\pe, female
allotxpe, and one male par;itvpe were inter-
cepted at Brownsville, Texas, on 26-1-49, No.
67.3.33, in dead wood 49-2948, by D. J. Smith,
in material coming from Mexico.
The holotvpe and allotype are in the U.S.
National Museum; the paratype is in my
collection.
Carphohorus piceae, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the closely
allied perplexus Wood by the absence of gran-
ules on discal interstriae 3, by the less strongly
elexated, more finch' dentate alternate decli\'ital
interstriae, and by the smaller, flattened area on
the female frons.
Male.— Length 1.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as
wide; color almost black.
Frons as in perplexus. Antennal club 1.3
times as long as wide. Pronotum and elytral
disc as in perplexus except discal interstriae 3
devoid of granules; elvtral declivity as in per-
12
Bnic.HAM Young University Science Bulletin
plexus except alternate intersthae less strongh
elevated and more finely dentate, interstriae 2
wider.
Female.— Similar to male except frons flat-
tened on little more than median half from
epistoma to very sliglitly above eyes, epistomal
margin distinctly elevated.
Type Locality.— Dixie Pass, Malheur Na-
tional Forest, Oregon.
Type Matehlal.— The male h()lot\pe, dam-
aged female allotype, and one damaged female
paratype were taken at the type localit\ on
23-\T-61, from an unthriftv branch of a recently
fallen Picea enp^clnuinni. hv S. L. NN'ood. The
elytral decli\it\' is missing from both females.
The holot\pe, allot\pe, and paratype are in
my collection.
C,(ir])}Hil>'nts niprcssi. n. sp.
This is tlie second species assigned to this
genus. It is distinguished from arizonicus Black-
man bv the larger size, by the more finely
punctured frons, I)\ the convex elvtral declixity,
by the absence of denticles on the decli\ity,
by the brightlv polished appearance, bv the
finer \i'stitiire, and 1)\' man\' otlii'r cliaracters.
Male.— Length 2.8 mm ( parat\pes 2.2-.3.2
mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color ver\
dark brown, almost black, e]\lra dark reddisli
brown.
Frons strongh', tiansxciseh- impressed just
below middle, impression extending to upper
level of eyes, epistonia strongly raised and bear-
ing a broad premandibular lobe, a small median
tubercle at base of lobe; surface of impressed
area ver\ smooth, l)rightly shining, \ crN fincK
punctured on lower third, punctures slightK
larger above; \ertex reticulate, dull. Eye shal-
lowly emarginate, finch' granulate. Antennal
scape elongate; funicle 6-segmented. longer
than scape; club as long as scape, L5 times as
long as wide, witli tluee straight, transverse
sutures.
Pronotuin 0.90 times as long as wide; wid("st
near base, sides rather weaklv arcuate and con-
verging slightly on basal half, rather strongly
constricted laterally just before broadlv rounded
anterior margin; surface smooth, brightly shin-
ing, punctures coarse, deep, close. Vestiture of
fine, moderately long, rather abundant hair.
l']lytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 2.1 times
as long as pronotiun; scutellum not exposed;
sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-
thirds, ratlier narrowly loimded behind; cacli
b.asal margin strongly arcuate and armed b\
about 16 crenulations, submarginal crenulations
poorly developed; striae not impressed, punc-
tures coarse, deep; intiTstriai' smooth, shining,
as wide as striae, punctures fine, deep, con-
fused, rather numerous. Declivity rather steep,
convex; sculpture about as on declivity except
strial punctures slightlv smaller; interstrial
punctures de\'oid of granules. Vestiture of fine,
rather short, abundant strial and interstrial hair,
and interstrial rows of similar but slightly
longer hair. Third tarsal segments broad,
bilobed.
Female.- Similar to male except fions con-
vex, with a slight central impression.
Type Locality.— Ele\'en km N San Marcos,
San Marcos, Guatemala.
Type Matehial.— Tiie male liolotspe, female
allotype, and 17 par;it\pes were taken on 23-
11-72, from Ctiprcssus Uicitonka branches, by
F. \V. Clark.
The holot\pe, aIlot\pe, and parat\pes arc
in my collection.
Cf'uloclonus afrocis. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from th:' ratlier
closeK allied scnttis (Wood) b\ the smaller
size, b\ till' stouter bod\' form, bv the coarser,
more irrcgul u' pronotal and strial punctures,
bv the irr(".iular interstriae, and by the presence
of denticles on (lecli\ital interstriae 6 and S.
Male.— Length 1.6 mm ( parat\pes 1..5-1.S
mm), 2.1 times as long as wide; color reddish
brown.
Frons as in senilis except slightly narrower,
piuictures larger, less numerous; impression on
lower area slightlv stronger; eye larger, more
eoarseh' faceted.
Pronotum 0.84 times as long as wide; out-
line as in senftis; surface smooth, shining, punc-
ttni's aN'eraging larger than in senilis, of irregu-
lar size and shape. X'estiture consisting of a
verv few, vvrx widely spaced bristles.
Flvtra L4 times as long as wide, 1.7 times
as long as pronotniri; essentialh' as in senilis
except strial puncturt'S averaging larger, sub-
quadrate; interstriae narrower than striae, punc-
tures fine, uniseriate, surface strongly undulat-
ing, particularly near declivit\. Declivity very
steep, coinev; punctures smaller than on disc,
confused, positions of interstriae determined
from positions of tubercles, each interstriae
with up to 10 tubercles, except 2 entirelv un-
armed, largest tubercles near base. 9 acutely,
not stronglv elevated, its crest cur\'ed toward
Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species ok Amebican Bahk Beetles
13
and joininp; lateral margin at position in lini'
with intcrstriac 3 (as in sentus). X'ostiturc con-
fined to dt'clivital area, consisting of rather
widely spaced interstrial bristles, each slightly
longer and stouter than in sentus.
Female.— Similar to male except frons
Ijroadly convex, with large central area (two-
thirds of area between eyes) smooth, shining,
impunctate, remaining areas bearing several
long hairlike setae; pronotum less deeply punc-
tured, interstriae less irregular, decli\ital tuber-
cles slightly smaller.
Type Locality.— About 260 km N Xaxantia,
Mato Cro.s.so, Brazil, at 12'49" Soutli 51 46'
West.
Type Mateiual.— The male holot\pi', ft'male
allotvpe, and two paratypes were taken at the
type' localit)- on 19-X-68, No. B47/S, by H. A.
Beaver. One paratype bears identical data ex-
cept 18-X-6S, No. B38c; four paratvpes bear the
same data except 25-X-6S, No. B94/3; and one
parat\pe bears the sanu- data except 24-XI-6S.
D51/1.
The holot\pe, allotvpe, and two paratvpes
are in the British Museum (Natural Ilistorv),
two parat\pes are in the Museu de Zoologia,
Universidade de Sao Paulo, and four paratvpes
are in m\ collection.
Scoliitodes ccinalis. n. sp.
This species is not eloselv related to anv
described species, although it is placed in the
genus near chisiae Wood and parvuhis Wood.
Distinguishing characters include the slighth
protuberant, lower female frons wliich has a
narrow, shallow, median sulcus, with the frf)ntal
vestiturc confined to the upper margins; the
discal interstrial punctures are obsolete; and the
pronotal and strial punctures are moderatelv
coarse.
Female.— Length L7 mm (paratvpes L4-1.7
mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color black.
Frons rather bn^adly convex, slightlv pro-
tuberant on lower half, median fourth iust below-
upper level of eyes shallowly concave, impres-
sion continued on median sixth as a shallow
sulcus to epistoma; surface of upper half almost
smooth, rather fineh', deeph' punctru'ed, becom-
ing finelv granulate on lower half I'xcept reti-
culate in impressed area; \estiture apparenth-
restricted to margins of upper half, tips of
some long, \cllow, hairlike setae arising on ver-
tex reaching to epistoma.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide: sides
almost straight on more than basal two-thirds.
converging slightly to anterolateral angles,
broadly rounded in front; anterior third weakly
decli\ous; surface reticulate, subshining, pimc-
tures on posterior half moderately coarse, deep,
not close, decreasing in size on anterior half,
most of them replaced by minute granules on
anterior sixth or obsolete. Glabrous.
Elvtra 1.6 times as long as wide; sides
straight on basal two-thirds, very slightly wider
at base of tlecli\'itv, rather narrowly rounded
behind; striae not impressed, punctures mod-
erately deep; interstriae as wide as striae,
smooth, shining, punctures obsolete, some with
one to three minute granules. Declivitv steep,
con\'e\; strial punctures smaller than on disc;
a few minute interstrial punctures usualh' pres-
ent. V'estiture of fine sparse, erect, interstrial
liair of moderate length on odd-numbered in-
terstriae, much shorter to obsolete on even-
numbered interstriae.
Mali:.— Similar to female except frons even-
Iv, more strongK con\ex, surface reticulate,
with scattered punctures, subglabrous.
Type Localiti.— Mt. Tzontehult/,, Chiapas,
Mexico.
Type Material.— The female holotvpe, male
allotype, and 20 paratvpes were taken at the
t\pe' locality on 26 and 29-V-69 and 12-VI-69,
9500 ft (3100 m) elevation, by D. E. Bright.
The holotN'pe, allotype, and 14 paratypes
are in the Canadian National Collection; six
p;iratvpes are in n\\ collection.
Scoli/tpcles costal)iUs. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from melano-
cephahis Blandford by the different female
frontal sculpture, b\ the \erv fine punctures
on the p.onotal disc, and In- the \t'r\- small
strial punctures.
Female.— Length 1.8 mm (paratypes 1.8-2.0
mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color brown.
Frons rather broadh' flattened from epi-
stoma to \t'rtex; a pair of low. subparallel. longi-
tudinal carinae from Ie\'el of antennal insertion
to epistomal margin; surface smooth and shin-
ing aboN'e le\el of antennal insertion, a row of
punctures around margin; feebly bisulcate be-
tween carinae, finely reticulate-punctate in
sulci, smooth and shining between; vestiture of
long, yellow hair on margins above, tips of
longest setae reach level of antennal insertion,
sulci on lower third with fine, short hair.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides
straight on basal two-thirds, converging very
slightlv to anterolateral angles, broadlv rounded
14
in front; surface reticulate, anterior fourth
rather strongly declivous and finely asperate,
fine, almost obsolete punctures behind each as-
perity; punctures on posterior areas \er\ small,
shallow, moderately close. Glabrous.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly
rounded behind; basal margins not carinate,
abrupt; striae not impressed, punctures very
fine, distinctly impressed, spaced within a ro\\
by about twice diameter of a puncture; inter-
striae smooth, shining, punctures \er\- fine,
three or more times as wide as striae, uniseriate
except moderately confused in some specimens.
Declivity steep, convex: sculpture essentially as
on disc.
Type Locality.— Lago Catemaco, X'eracruz,
Mexico.
Type Material.— The female holotvpe and
four female paratxpes were taken at the t\pe
localitN on 16-20-\'l-69 (holot)pe) and l-.3-\'-69
( paratypcs ) by D. E. Bright.
The holotype and two paratypes are in the
Canadian National Collection: the other two
paratxpes are in mv collection.
Psctidotluisnnocs conlrarius, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from havloni
Bruck by the more slender, recurved spines on
the male deelivital interstriae 2, .3, 5, and 7.
by the coarser strial punctures, by the broader
interstrial scales, and by the more broadly
roimded anterior margin of the pronotiwn.
Male.— Length 1.0 nun (paratypes 1.0-1.2
mm), 2.1 times as long as wide: color black.
Frons convex, a weak transverse impression
on lower half, subfoveate at centtT; surface
rugose-reticulate, punctures not evident: vesti-
ture confined to epistomal brush.
Pronotum 0.89 times as long as wide: widest
near base, sides moderately arcuate, conxcrning
toward rather broadly rounded anterior margin:
anterior margin armed by ten small denticles.
Vestiture of sparse, short, stout bristles, a few-
small scales in lateral area.
Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides al-
most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds,
rather broadly roimded behind; striae not im-
pressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae as
wide as striae, smooth, shining, with uniseriati'
rows of small granules. Declivity convex, grad-
ual, beginning at middle of elytra; strial punc-
tures gradually reduced in size until minute
near apex; granules on interstriae 1 smaller tlum
Bricham Young University Science Bulletin
on disc, obsolete on 2 except one or two near
base enlarged into slender, sharply pointed, re-
curved spines, 3 with seven to nine similar
spines, 5 with three, and 7 with about five
spines; spines on 3 slightly recurved, longest
spines equal in length to width of an interstriae,
slightly shorter than interstrial scales. Vestiture
of rows of minute, fine, interstrial hair, and
rows of erect, interstrial scales; each scale about
two-thirds as long as distance between rows,
about three to four times as long as wide, those
arising from posterior surface of spines often
slightly larger.
Type Locality.— Lagos des Colores, Chia-
pas, Mexico.
Type NLvteiual.- The male holotype and
three m:»le paratxpes were taken at the t\pe
locality on 14-\'i-69, from Acacia, b\ D.' E.
Bright.
The holotype and two paratypes are in the
C-'an;idian National Collection: one paratype is
in m\ collection.
Pseudathi/.mtuH's rrcavtis, n. sp.
This species is closely allied to dimorphtis
(Schedl), but it is distinguished bv the larger,
deeper, strial punctures, by the more deeply ex-
ca\ated female frons, with the impri'ssion ex-
tending only slightly above the e)es, by the
presence of a dense fringe of short setae on
the upper margin of the female frontal concav-
ity, and by the stouter elytral scales.
Female.— Length 1.3 mm (paratypes: males
1.2 mm; females 1.2-1.4 mm), 2.2 times as long
as wide; color very dark brown, almost black.
Frons deeply, rather broadly concave from
epistoma to slightly above eves; premandibular
epistomal lobe rather well de\eloped; surface
of eoncayitv reticulate on upper two-thirds,
smooth below; upper margin of concavity bear-
ing a dense fringe scalelike setae on median
two-thirds; epistoma with a few long, sub-
plumose setae in lateral areas. Antennal scape
strongly triangular, two and one-half times as
wide as long, bearing a dense brush of long
hair somewhat more elaborate than in dimor-
phu.s; club moderateh' large, elongate-oval,
minutely pubescent, entirely devoid of sutures.
Pronotum 0.91 times as long as wide; as in
dimorphtis except posterior areas more finely
reticulate, and granules between summit and
basal margin slightly larger.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; outline as
in diinoipluis: striae not impressed, punctures
rather fine, distinctly impressed: interstriae
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of Amehican Bahk Beetles
15
rather smooth, shining, almost twice as wide as
striae, punctures very fine, uniseriate. Declivity
steep, convex; interstrial punctures replaced bv
rounded granules of similar size and appear-
ance to those of dimorphus, but more widely
spaced. \'estiture of rows of minute, fine, re-
cumbent, strial hair, and rows of erect, inter-
strial scales; each white scale about five times
as long as wide, almost as long as distance be-
tween rows, slightly longer than distance be-
tween scales within a row.
Male.— Similar to female except i)od\ 1.9
times as long as wide; frons rather weakly con-
vex, rugose-reticulate, vestiture sparse, less con-
spicuous; anterior margin of pronotum anued
by eight small teeth; interstrial pimeturi'S on
disc fineh' granulate; interstrial scales less than
one and one-half times as long as wide.
Type Locality.— Five miles (8 km) S Simo
jo\el, Chiapas, Mexico.
Type Matehial.— The female holot)pe, male
allotype, and 62 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 4-\TI-69, by D. E. Bright.
The holotype, allotype, and most of the
paratvpes are in the Canadian National Collec-
tion; the remaining paratvpes are in my
collection.
Thi/sanoes grannhfer. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from hersche-
iniae Blackman b\' the larger size, by the
smaller diseal intiTstrial tubercles, b\' the mucli
larger declivital interstrial tubercles, and by the
much larger declivital scales.
Male.— Length 2.2 mm, 2.9 times as lonsj
as wide; color dark reddish brown.
Frons largely concealed bv pronotum, e\i-
dently as in I>erschcmiiic. Pronotiuu as in
herschemiae.
Elytra LS times as long as wide; outline as
in herschemiae; striae not impressed, punctures
moderately coarse, deep; interstriae smooth,
shining, slighth' narrower than striae, punctures
fine, slightly granulate, uniseriate, granules
coarse near declivity. Declivit\' steep, con\ex;
strial punctures slightl\' smaller than on disc,
deep; interstrial tubercles as wide as diameter
of a strial puncture, as high as wide, on inter-
striae 1-7, very slightly smaller on lower half of
j declivit\'. Vestiture of rows of minute, fine strial
hair, and rows of erect interstrial scales; scales
on disc about three times as long as wide,
shorter than distance between rows, on decli\itv
four to eight times as long as wide, one to one
and one-half times as long as distance between
rows.
Type Locality.— San Cristobal de las Casas,
Chiapas, Mexico.
Type Materl\l.— The unique male holotype
was taken at the type locality on 7-\'-69, by
J. E. H. Martin.
The holotype is in the Canadian National
Collection.
Micracisella mimetica, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from kimlh
Blackman by the larger size, b\' the frontal
granules, bv the shorter, broader elytral scales,
and bv the smaller denticles on the ele\ated
dt'cli\ital interstriae 3.
Male.— Length 2. .3 mm (paratypes 2.3-2.4
mm), 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark
reddish brown.
Frons moderately convex except rather
abruptly, strongK', trans\'ersely impressed on
lower fourth; surface rugose-reticulate in mar-
ginal areas, more finely, rather obscureh' ru-
gose-reticulate in central area; upper two-thirds
with about 30 small, high, isolated granules,
two near center much larger; \'estiture of uni-
fonnlv distributed, short, coarse setae of mod-
erate abundance. Eye oval, shallowly emargin-
ate; twice as long as wide. Antennal club 1.0
times as long as wide; suture 1 reaching middle
of club.
Pronotum 11 times as long as wide; outline
and ;isperities as in kmilU; anterior margin
amied bv six teeth, lateral pair much smaller;
posterior areas rugose-reticulate, dull, with
small, low, shining granules of moderate abun-
dance. \'estiture on disc of recumbent scales,
each scale ;ibout four times as long as wide;
a few bristles in asperate area.
Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide; outline as
in kntilli, disc as hniilli except surface irregular,
with numerous transverse lines or wrinkles. De-
clivity as in kintUi except interstriae 1 and 9
slightly more strongly convex but with denticles
on summit much smaller. Vestiture recumbent,
of interstrial scales except declivital interstriae
2, 4, and 8 glabrous; scales evidently slightly
confused on odd-numbered interstriae, uniser-
iate on even-numbered interstriae; each scale
two to three times as long as wide.
Female —Similar to male in all respects;
distinguished externally only by terminal terga
of abdomen.
Type Locality.— Three miles (5 km) N
Suchixtepec on Highway 175, Oaxaca, Mexico.
16
Bhigham Young University Science Bulletin
Type Material.— The male holotypc, female
allotype, and three paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 4-VI-71, 9500 ft elevation, in
mistletoe on oak, by D. E. Bright.
The holotype, allotype, and one paratype
are in the Canadian National Collection; two
paratypes are in my collection.
Micracisella oceUata, n. sp.
This species is remotely allied to nitidula
Wood, but it is distinguished by the very deeply
impressed declivital striae and by the moder-
ately large pimcturcs on the discal striae, each
of which has a small, elevated, central point
giving the appearance of an eye.
Male.— Length 2.2 mm (paratypes 1.9-2. .3
mm), 3.5 times as long as wide; color dark
reddish brown, pronotum iisualh' darker.
Frons broadlv convex, a slight, transverse
impression immediately above epistoma; surface
finely rugose-reticulate, a few fine punctures in
lateral areas, a few small granules in median
area of upper half; vestiture of very short,
stout, subplumose setae laterally and on upper
half, a few longer setae along epistoma. Eve
feebly emarginate; twice as long as wide. An-
tennal club as in allied species.
Pronotum LIS times as long as wide; es-
sentially as in nitidula except scales on disc dis-
tinctly wider.
Elytra 2.4 times as long as wide; outline
about as in nitidula; striae not impressed, punc-
tures large, distincth- impressed, each with a
small, central, cle\atcd granule giving appear-
ance of an eye; interstriae as wide as striae,
shining, almost smooth, punctures fine, uni-
seriate, rather close. Declivit\' rather steep, con-
vex, with apex slightly produced; striae deeply
impressed, pimctures small, obscure; interstriae
1, 2, and .3 equally convex, almost half as high
as wide, each bearing a row of low, rounded
nodules on its lateral half, granules more ob-
scure and smaller on 3; surface on lower half
somewhat rugose-reticulate. Vestiture of rows
of fine, short, strial hair, and interstrial rows
of recumbent scales; each scale on disc eight
or more times as long as wide, about four times
as long as wide on declivity.
Female.— Similar in all respects to male;
presumably those specimens with a few more
setae on scape are females.
Type LocALiTi'.— Three miles (5 km) N
Suchixtepec on Highwa\- 175, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and 34 paratypes were taken on A-W-
71, 9500 ft elevation, from Arbutus, by D. E.
Bright. Two paratypes bear identical data to
the type but were taken from mistletoe on oak.
Nine paratypes are from 20.5 km N Oaxaca, 31-
V-71, 9000 ft, Arbutus, D. E. Bright. Eighteen
paratypes are from .37 miles (59 km) S Valle
Nacional, 24-V-71, 8500 ft, from Arbutus, by
D. E. Bright; one paratype is from 15 mi S
(24 km) Valle Nacional, 20-V-7L 4000 ft, from
Arbutus, by D. E. Bright.
The holotype, allot\pi', and most of the
paratypes are in the Canadian National Collec-
tion; the remaining paratypes are in m\' col-
lection.
llt/lucurus ricalis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from sclncarzi
Hlackman b\' the serrate male decli\ital inter-
striae 9, with the nodules on all interstriae
higher and slightly closer, b\- the numerous,
strong, irregularly transverse, interstrial lines,
and b\ the more strongly rugose-reticulate pro-
notal disc. It is probabK' more closely related
to effeminatus Wood.
Male.— Length 2.6 mm (paratypes 2.1-2.7
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color very
dark reddish brown, some specimens almost
l)lack.
Frons as in cffcuiinalus. including transverse
elevation. .Antenna! clul) distinctly larger than
in effeminatus. Pronotinn as in effeminatus.
Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; outline
similar to effeminatus, striae not impressed,
punctures moderately large, deep; interstriae
slightly wider than striae, shining, with numer-
ous, irregular, coarse, transverse lines giving in-
terstriae a subcrenulate appearance, some of
low, trans\erse ridges continuing across striae;
moderatelx high, roundi'd nodules near decliv-
it\ on all interstriae. Declivity steep, convex,
contours about as in schuarzi; striae 1 and 2
continuing to base of mucro; base of each inter-
striae with three to five rounded nodules,
largest as high as wide, 1, 3, and 7 with small,
pointed tubercles to middle of declivity, tuber-
cles on 2 and 4 extending to upper third, those
on 5, 6, and 8 ending on upper fourth, 9 mod-
erately ele\ated about as in sclmarzi but with
small nodules to apex of elevation. N'estiture
more abundant than in schicarzi, of rows of
minute strial hair, and rows of delicate, coarse,
pointed bristles of same texture as schuarzi;
Ijristles longest near base of declivity, each of
longest bristles longer than distance between
rows, more closelv spaced within a row.
Female.— Similar to male except frons de-
void of transverse ele\ation; transverse lines
Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles
17
and subcrenulate ridges on elytral disc poorly
developed; interstrial nodules much less than
half as high, extending almost to middle of
disc; declivital tubercles smaller; vestiture finer.
Type Locality.— Three miles (5 km) N
Suchixtepec on Highway 175, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and 52 paratypes were taken at the
type localit)' on 4-\T-71, 9500 ft ele\ation, from
Pinus, presuinabK- by D. E. Bright.
The holot\pe, allotype, and most of the
paratypes are in the Canadian National Collec-
tion; the remaining paratypes are in my col-
lection.
Hylocurus hinodatus, n. sp.
This species has the impressed frontal area
with a pair of raised spongy patches somewhat
reminiscent of the rttdis group of species, but
with the elytral declivity similar to female
harncdi Blackman.
FEMALE.-Length 2.1 mm (paratypes 1.8-2.0
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color verv dark
brown, almost black.
Frons with a large, transversely reniform
concavity from halfway between epistoma and
upper level of eyes to vertex, widest point at
upper level of eyes, occup\ing three-fourths of
area between eyes; concavitv rather abruptlv
impressed, moderately deep; central area of
each half of concavity occupied bv a protu-
berant, oval, spongy area, occupying about half
of concave area; spongy areas rather narrowly
separated from one another; general sculpturt'
as in rudis: subglabrous.
Pronotum as in rudis except granules on disc
smaller. Elytral disc as in rudis. Declivity as in
nidis except tubercles distincth- larger; inter-
striae 1 with a moderately large protuberance
at middle of declivity, slightly displaced from
suture, almost as high as wide, similar to but
smaller than female harnedi: interstriae 9 not
more strongly elevated than in rridis. \'estiture
as in rudis.
Type Locality.- Nicholson, Mississippi.
Type Material.— The female holotvpe and
one female paratope were taken at the type
locality on 15-1-45, No. 45-2357, under hickory
bark, apparently by W. H. Anderson. One fe-
male piiratype is from Algiers, Louisiana, 18-
IV-45, No. 45-8751, on pecan, by Ran. Slide
mounts of genitalic parts designated bv Ander-
son Scolytidae Slide No. .367 (holotvpe) and
No. 453 (Algiers parat\pe) are in the U.S.
National Museum.
The holotype and one paratypc are in the
U.S. National Museum; the other paratype is
in my collection.
Crijphalomorphus parvatis, n. sp.
This unique species is characterized by the
small size, by the unarmed anterior margin of
the pronotum, and by the uniseriate rows of
strial hair and interstrial scales. It is much more
likely to be confused with species of Uijpo-
thenemus than with other Crijphalomorphus
species.
pEMALE.-Length 0.8 mm (paratypes 0.8
mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color ver\ dark
brown with pale scales.
Frons moderatel\- convex, almost smooth,
with rather abundant, very small punctures;
vestiture inconspicuous. Eye elongate, \'ery
shallowly, broadly emarginate. Antennal scape
short; club subcircular, septum poorly devel-
oped, almost transverse.
Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest
slightly behind middle, sides moderately arcuate
but con\'erging onh- slightly to anterolateral
angles then rather abrupth' converging to form
subangulate, broadly rounded anterior margin;
anterior margin unarmed; summit distinct, in
front of middle; anterior slope rather finely as-
perate; posterior areas obscureh- subreticulate,
with rather fine, isolated granules of moderate
abundance in lateral and dorsal areas. X'estiture
of equall\- abundant short hair and scales in
posterior areas, hair only on anterior half.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on basal two thirds, rather narrowly
rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures
uniseriate, small, rather shallow; interstriae as
wide as striae, rather smooth, punctures slightly
smaller than those of striae, not clearly defined.
Declivity narrowly convex, rather steep; punc-
tures slightly smaller than on disc. \'estiture of
uniseriate rows of fine, short, recumbent strial
hair, and uniseriate rows of erect interstrial
scales; each scale about four times as long as
wide, widest at its apex, spaced within a row
and between rows by distances slightly shorter
than length of a scale.
Type Locality.— La Lima, Cortez, Honduras.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
one damaged female paratype were taken at
the t\pe locality on 5-V-64, at 100 m elevation.
No. 581, from Oestrum scandens. by S. L.
Wood. One female paratype is from Cuapiles,
Limon, Costa Rica, 22-Vni-66, 100 m. No. 103,
leguminose vine, S. L. Wood.
18
BllIGHAM VOUNG UNIVERSITY SciENCE BULLETIN
The holotype and paratypes are in my col-
lection.
Cnjphalomorphtis setifer, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from hirtiis
Wood by the smaller size, by the presence of
four to eight teeth on the anterior margin of
the pronotuni, by the less strongly impressed
striae, and by the more slender interstrial
scales.
Female.— Length 1.7 mm (paratypes 1.4-1.7
mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color vers
dark brown, with pale vestiture.
Frons broadly convex above, somewhat flat-
tened below, a weak transverse impression just
above epistoma; surface strongly reticulate,
punctures fine, rather obscure, moderately
close; vestiture inconspicuous. Eye entire, not
at all sinuate. Antennal scape elongate; club
rather large, ovate, suture 1 septate on lateral
half, its procurved groove extending to mi'dian
margin.
Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest
just behind middle, sides weaklv arcuate on
posterior two-thirds, broadh' rounded in front;
anterior margin armed by four to eight small
teeth; summit very slightly in front of middle;
posterior areas coarsely, very closely punctured.
Vestiture of short, stout, abundant hair.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.7 times
as long as pronotum; outline as in parvatus;
striae very feeblv impressed, punctures rather
coarse, moderately deep; interstriae very slight-
ly wider than striae, smooth, punctures fine,
deep, close, strongly confused. Declivity rather
narrowly convex, steep; strial punctures slightly
smaller, deeper; interstriae each with a imi-
seriate row of very fine granules. X'estiture of
abundant, short ground cover, setae hairlike at
base becoming scalelike on declivity, and rows
of erect interstrial bristles; each erect bristle
as long as distance between rows and between
scales within a row, those on declivity, stouter,
almost scalelike, about eight times as long as
wide.
Type Localitv.— Volcan Pacaya, Esquintla,
Guatemala.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and 24 parat\pes were taken at the
type locality on l-VI-64, 1300 m ele\ation. No.
665, from a cut liana, by S. L. Wood. Thirty-
seven additional paratypes are from Guatemala
City, ;30-V-64, 1300 m,' No. 641, cut liana, S. L.
Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Cnjphalomorphtis hirtus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from setifer
Wood by the larger size, by the presence of
only two teeth on the anterior margin of the
pronotum, by the more strongly impressed in-
terstriae, and by the stouter interstrial scales.
Female.— Length 1.8 mm (paratypes 1.7-1.9
mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark
brown, almost black.
Frons as in setifer except transverse impres-
sion on lower half much stronger, and punc-
tures much coarser but shallow. Antennal club
as in setifer but slightly wider. Pronotum as in
setifer but anterior margin armed by only two
teeth and punctures in posterior area not as
deep; a few scales sometimes present on margin
in front of scutelhmi.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; sides al-
most straight and parallel on basal three-fourths,
broadly rounded behind; striae moderately im-
pressed on posterior half of disc, punctures
rather coarse, deep; interstriae slightly uider
than striae, moderately convex towaid declivity,
punctures on disc small, close, confused, armed
near declivity b\' median rows of small gran-
ules. Declivity very broadly convex, steep;
sculpture as on posterior part of disc except
interstriae slightly narrower, granules much
larger. Vestiture of abundant ground cover of
short scales and median interstrial rows of erect
scales; erect scales little longer than ground
cover on basal half of disc, more than twice
as long on decli\itv, each scale almost as long
as distance between rows and between scales
within a rcw, each about lour to fi\'e times as
long as wide.
Mali: —Similar to female I'xcept transverse
frontal impression slightly deeper.
Type Localitv.— Sixteen km (10 mi) south
of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Type Matehial.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and five parat\pes were taken at the
type locality on 6-\'II-.53, by S. L. Wood. One
paratype is from 6 km S Atlixco, Puebla, Mex-
ico, i4-\'I-67, 2300 m, S. L. Wood. All speci-
mens were taken from cut branches of a small
tree having a looseh' layered structure of woody
tissues, rather than uniformly hard wood.
The holot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Crt/phalomorpfius rusticus, n. sp.
Distinguished from kriahi Hopkins by the
two teeth iuming the anterior margin of the pro-
Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of American B.vhk Beetles
19
notiini, h\' the much wick'r, stalflike ground \i's-
titure on the anterior half of the elytral disc,
and by the absence of interstiial granules on the
disc.
Female.— Length 1.5 mm (paratypes 1.2-1.5
mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark
brown, almost black.
Frons as in kna]>i except transverse impres-
sion much less strongly de\eloped, punctures
coarser, deeper. Eye, antenna, and pronotum as
in knabi except anterior margin of pronotum
armed by two coarse teeth and puncturt's on
pronotal disc distinctb' larger.
Elytra as in kmibi except discal interstriae
larger, deeper; declivital striae greatly reduced;
interstrial ground vestiture at base of elytra of
slender scales, each scale as wide as those in
erect rows, on decli\'it\ each scale as wide as
long; erect scales on declivity slightly longer
than in knabi.
Male.— Similar to female in all respects.
Type Locality. -Thirty-three km (21 mi)
north of Juchitlan, Jalisco, Mexico.
Type Material.— The female holot)pe, male
allotype, and 19 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 3-\TI-65, 1300 m, No. 184, by
S. L. \\'ood, from the same iiost as hirtus Wood
(described above). Six paratypes were labeled
Lagos, Guanajuato, Mexico, 'll-\T-65, 2000 m.
No. 44, S. L. Wood, from the same host. A
series not included in the t\pe series is from
11 km SE Tuxpan, Mielioacan, Mexico, 16-\'n-
53, 2000 m, S. L. Wood, also from the same
host.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in mv collection.
CniphaJotnoiphus Iritcis. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from nisticus
Wood b\' the coarser, strial punctures on the
elvtral declivitv, Iiy the more slender discal
interstrial ground xcstiture, and by the different
armature on the anterior margin of the prono-
tum.
Female.— Length 1.6 mm (paratypes 1.3-1.5
mm), 2 6 times as long as wide; color very
dark brown, almost black, \ cstiture pale.
Frons, eye, and antenna as in rusticus ex-
cept frontal punctures larger, deeper. Pronotum
as in rusticits except posterior areas reticulate,
and anterior margin armed by about four to
eight irregularl) placed teeth.
Elytra as in mstkus except strial punctures
slightly larger, deeper, interstrial punctures
minute but evident; discal ground vestiture
near base of elytra proportionately much nar-
rower than adjacent erect scales; strial punc-
tures on declivity average much larger.
Male.— Similar to female.
Type Locality.— Sixteen km (10 mi) S Oax-
aca, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and two paratypes were taken at the
t\pe localitN on 6-\II-53, 1700 m elevation,
S. L. Wood. Seventeen parat\pes are from 11
km (7 mi) S Atlixco, 13-VII-53, S. L. \\'ood;
eiglit paratypes are from 6 km (4 mi) S Atlixco,
14-\I-67, 2.300 m. No. 31, S. L. Wood; and eight
paratypes are from 19 km (12 mi) SE Mata-
moros, Puebla, 3-\TI-53, S. L. ^^'ood. All are
from the same host as hirtus Wood (above).
The holotvpe, allot) pe, and paratypes are in
m\' collection.
Hijpothenemus (//)/<■«/«, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from rotumli-
collis Eichhoff and erectus LeConte by the
much more slender, erect, interstrial bristles and
by the stronglv elev;ited interstriae 9 at the
elytral apex.
Female.— Length l.S mm ( paratypes 1.6-2.0
mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark
brown, vestiture pale.
Frons essentiallv as in iDlundicoUis. Prono-
tum as in wtundicoUis, with 10 to 14 asperities
on anterior slope, posterior area more strongly
reticulate, anterior margin armed b\' four teeth,
lateral pair usually smaller.
Elytra as in wtiiiulicollis except declivity
not as steep, its outline with a distinct lateral
constriction near middle; declivital striae more
strongb- impri'ssed, punctures shallow, larger,
interstriae 1-3 distinctly convex, 9 distinctly
convex to junction with 3 then strongly elevat-
ed from there to apex. Vestiture of short, con-
fused ground setae, almost hairlike on disc, be-
coming scalelike on declivity, and rows of erect
interstrial bristles; each bristle longer on de-
clivitv, on declivity each as long as distance
i^etween rows or between bristles within a row,
each about eight times as long as wide.
Type LocALiTY.-Three km (2 mi) E Ar-
meria, Colima, Mexico.
Type MATERiAL.-Thi' female holotype and
seven f(>inale paratvpes were taken at the type
locality on 2S-\T-65, 70 m elevation. No. 130,
and on 21-\T-67, 100 m elevation. No. 72, from
an unidentified liana, bv S. L. Wood.
20
Bmc.HAM Young University Science Bulletin
The holotypo and parat\pi'.s arc in iii\ col-
lection.
Htjpothencnius indi<^ens. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from rotundi-
coUis Eichhoff by tlie ininiitel\' granulose cK tral
surface and by the niucli more slender, more
wideK' spaced, erect, intcrstrial bristles.
Female.— Length 1.7 mm (paratvpes 1.4-1.7
mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
Head and pronotum as in rotundicollis ex-
cept pronotal asperities sliglitly smaller, nar-
rower, posterior areas more strongly reticulate.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, as in rotun-
dicollis, except surface minutely granulate,
bristle-bearing intcrstrial punctures on disc
granulate, decli\ital ground xcstiture more near-
ly scalelike, and erect intcrstrial bristles mucli
luore slender and more widely spaced within a
row; each bristle about eight times as long as
wide; spaced within ;» row b\- distances sliglith
greater than length of a liristle.
Male.— Similar to female except 1.2 mm
long; eye reduced in size; antennal club more
slender; most characters less sharpK formed;
vestiturc longer.
Type Locality.— Nine km (6 mi) S ITuajua-
pan, Oaxaca, Mexico.
Type NL\teiual.— The female holotxpe, male
allotype, and one male parat\pe were t;iken at
the type locality on 16-\ 1-67, No. 45, from
Serjanid, by S. L. Wood. Two paratypes arc
from 17 km (11 mi) N Iluajuapan, i.5-\T-67,
No. 4-3, Psitltutinfhtis: 4 paratypes from 1.3 km
(8 mi) SE Cameron, 21-VL67, No. 76, shrub;
3 paratypes from 5 km (3 mi) S Matamoros,
Puebla, 14-VI-67, 2000 m. No. 33, Toxicoden-
dron: 6 paratypes from \'olcan Ceboruco. Naya-
rit, 5-\TI-6,5, 1000 m. No. 189, Serjania; and oni'
parat\pe from \'olcan Colima, Jalisco, 23-\'L
65, 500 m. No. 103, shrub; all by S. L. W'nod.
The holotypc, allot\pe, and paratypes are
in mv collection.
Ilt/pofhcncmtts trivicdis. u. sp.
This species is distinuuished from holivitiniis
Eggers by the smooth, shining clytral disc and
smoother pronotal disc, by the more slender,
slightly longer intcrstrial bristles, and by the
much more strongly confused pmictures and
bristles on interstriae 2 and 3 on the liasal half
of the disc.
Fentale. —Length l.S mm (paratypes 1.5-l.S
mm) 2.2 times as long as wide; color black.
Frons conyex; a small median impression at
upper leyel of eyes; surface rather finely rugose-
reticulate, except smooth and shining in median
area from epistoma to impression.
Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; widest
on basal third, sides rather strongly, arcuately
conyerging to rather narrowly roundi'd anterior
margin; anterior margin armed by four teeth,
lateral pair smaller; anterior slope armed by
more than 35 moderately large asperities; pos-
terior areas subreticulate, shining, granulate be-
iiind summit, granules sparse and intermixed
with fine, shallow pimctures laterally. \'estiture
of hair, intermixed in posterior areas with slen-
der scales.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; outline as
in related species; striae not impressed, punc-
tures moderately large, shallow, their inner sur-
faces reticulate-granulate; interstriae smooth,
shining, twice as wide as striae, punctures fine,
uniseriate on 1 and 4-10, confused on 2 and 3
except near declivity. Decliyity commencing
near middle of ehtra, rather gradual, convex;
striae weakly impressed, punctures smaller,
deeper; interstriae weakly convex, punctures
uniseriate, finely granulate. Vestiture of rows
of minute, fine, strial hair and rows of erect
intcrstrial bristles; each bristle slightly longer
than distance between rows or between bristles
within a row; each bristle on disc slightly flat-
tened, usvialK not flattened on declivity.
Tyte LocALrry.— Santa Ana, San Jose, Costa
Rica.
Type Mati-:hial.— The female holotype and
four female paratypes were taken at the type
locality on l-\'III-63, 1.300 m elevation. No. 92,
from Cnparia <inatemulcnsis. by S. L. Wood.
Other female paratypes were taken in Costa
Hica as follows: 17 same locality as type, 30-
\TII-63, 1.300 m. No. 152, unidentified tree
branches; one at Rio Damitas in the Dota Mts.,
San Jose. 22-\'ni-6.3, 2.50 m. No. 129, Vismia
iS^iiianrnsis; sc\en at BcyerlcN. Limon, 26-VIII-
63, 7 m. No. 154, \ine; 14 at Pandora, Limon,
23-VIII-63, 50 m, Nos. 141 and 149, tree branch-
es: two at Finca Gromaco on Rio Coto Brus,
Pimtarenas, 14-\'II-63, 500 m. No. 76, seedling;
one at Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-\TII-66,
50 m. No. 25; one at Caiias, Guanacaste, 13-
VII-66, .30 m. No. 92, Ochroma. Three paratypes
are from Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone,
Panama, 27-.\II-63, 70 m. No. .342, tree branch;
three are from Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, Pan-
ama, 22-.\II-63, .30 m, Nos. 319 and 330. Ser-
jania: nine are from 10 km SE Miri, Barinas,
N'cnezucla, 811-70, No. 305, Serjania: three are
from 8 km S Colonia (near Buena\'entura),
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Specie.s of American Bahk Beetle.s
21
Valle de Cauca, Colombia, 9-VII-70, Nas. 617
and 620, Fictis; and three arc from 37 km N
Matias Romero, Veracruz, Mexico, 29-\'I-67,
100 m. No. 125, tree branch. All were taken by
me.
The holotype and paratypes are in m\ col-
lection.
Hijpothenemus dolosus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished fioin opucus
(Eichhoff) by the absence of pits bcliind the as-
perities on the pronotal summit, b\ the more
coarsely, deepK- punctured pronotal disc, by tlie
smooth, shining elytral surface, and by the ab-
sence of scalelike setae on the pronotum.
Female.— Length 1.6 mm (paratypes 1.6-1.7
mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark
brown to black.
Head and pronotum as in opants except
asperities at pronotal summit not associated
with deep pits, some punctures lietween sum-
mit and base fomi deep pits but without as-
sociated asperities; posterolateral areas subshin-
ing, deeply, closely, coarseh' punctured. Vesti-
ture all hairlike.
Elytra as in opticus except surface of in-
terstriae smooth, shining; punctures on discal
interstriae 2 usually uniseriate; decli\ital sur-
face minutely granulate.
Type Locality.— Pandora. Limon, Costa
Rica.
Type Material.— The female holotvpe and
seven female paratypes were taken at the type
locality 23-\TII-63' .50 m elcxation. No. 140,
from Mimosa, by S. L. Wood; two other para-
types bear identical data except they are No.
142, from an unidentified branch; and one para-
type No. 154 is from an unidentified liana.
Two paratypes are from La Lima, Cortez, Hon-
duras, 5-\'-64, 200 m. No. 575, Sucitcnia planta-
tion, S. L, Wood.
The holotype and parat\pes are in my col-
lection.
Hijpothenemus solocis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from squamosus
Hopkins by the more strongly impressed discal
striae, by the slightly larger interstrial tubercles
on both disc and dccli\ity, by the more nar-
rowly conyex declivity with the costal margin
near the apex much more strongly elevated,
and by the reduction of tubercles toward the
apices of interstriae 2, 4, 5, 6, and S.
Female.— Length 1.3 mm (paratypes 1.3-
1.5 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark
reddish brown.
Head and pronotum as in squamosus except
surface of posterior areas more coarsely granu-
late.
Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides al-
most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds,
distincth' constricted near middle of declivity,
rather narrowly rounded behind; striae distinct-
ly impressed, punctures moderately large, shal-
low, indistinct; interstriae as wide as striae, dis-
tinctly impressed, punctures moderately large,
shallow, indistinct; interstriae as wide as striae,
distinctly convex, entire surface granulate,
punctures uniseriate, granulate. Declivity rather
narrowly convex, steep; interstriae more nar-
rowly convex, particularly 1 and 3, granules
larger except obsolete to\\ard apices of 2, 4, 5,
6, and 8, posterior part of 9 with costal margin
rather strongly elevated. Vestiture of rows of
minute, fine, strial hair, and rows of erect, in-
terstrial scales; each scale on declivity slightly
shorter than distance between rows, slighth'
longer than distance between scales within a
row, each about two to three times as long as
wide.
Type Locality.— Three km ( 2 mi ) west of
Aniieria, Colima, Mexico.
Type Material.— The female holotype was
taken at the type locality on 28-\T-65, 70 m
elevation, No. 135, from a Phorademhon twig,
by S. L. Wood. Paratypes were taken in Mex-
ico as follows; two from Concha, Sinaloa, 20-
VII-53, 15 m, S. L. Wood; three from 27 km
(17 mi) E San Bias, Nayarit, 25-VII-53. 10
m, S. L. Wood; one from 8 km S Rio Santiago
Ferry, 27-XI-4S; two from 48 km (30 miles) N
Tepic, ll-VH-65, 500 m. No. 226 in In^a (one
specimen). No. 228 in Serjania (one specimen),
S. L. Wood; and one from Los Corchos, Nay-
arit, lO-MI-65, 7 m. No. 206, tree branch, S. L.
Wood.
The holotype and paratypes are in my col-
lection.
Hijpothenemus vesculus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from naneUus
Wood by the smooth, shining posterolateral
areas of the pronotum, with the punctures en-
tirely devoid of granulation, by the unimpressed
striae, with small, shallow, strial punctures, by
flat, smooth interstriae, and by the much more
slender interstrial scales.
Feniale. —Length 1.0 mm, 2.2 times as long
as wide; color dark brown.
Frons as in nanellus but surface below
upper level of eyes smooth, shining, punctures
more distinct. Pronotum as in naneUus except
22
Bbigham Young Univehsitv Science Bulletin
surface smooth, shining, no trace of reticulation,
punctures hrrger, deeper, devoid of granules;
scales in posterior area more slender.
Elytra about 1.5 times as long as wide; out-
line as in naneUtis; striae not at all impressed,
punctures small, shallow, distinct; interstriae
flat, smooth, shining, tw(j to three times as
wide as striae, punctures very fine, uniseriate.
Declivity rather steep, convex; essentially as on
disc. \'estiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair
on disc with similar supplemental interstrial
hair on lower declivity, and rows of erect inter-
strial scales; each scale as long as distance be-
tween rows, more closelv spaced within a row,
each about four to six times as long as wide.
Type Locality.— Ocosingo X'alley, Chiapas,
Mexico.
Type MAXEniAL.— The unicjue female holo-
type was taken at the type locality on 7-MI-50,
by L. J. Stannard.
The holotvpe is in mv collection.
Ht/pothenemus suspecttis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the closeh
allied ci/Undricus Hopkins by the less extensive
frontal impression, and by the much more slen-
der interstrial scales. It could easily be confused
with areccae (Hornung) but it is smaller, and
the frontal impression is much less extensive
and more shallow.
Female.— Length L2 mm (paratypes L1-L3
mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color almost
black.
Frons as in ci/lindricus except lower frons
shallo\\'ly, transversely impressed, not concave.
Pronotnm and elytra as in ci/Iinchicus except in-
terstrial supplemental hairlike setae in ground
vestiture more abundant on and near decli\it\ ,
and erect interstrial scales much more slender,
each scale about eight times as long as wide.
Type Locality.— Pandora, Liinon Prov..
Costa Rica.
Type Material.— The female holot\pe was
taken at the type locality on 23-\Tn-63, 50 m
elevation. No. 148, from a cucurbit \'ine, by
S. L. Wood. Paratvpes were taken as follows:
Seven bear data identical to the tvpe except
for collection No. 144, No. 147, or No. 149,
unknown tree branch; one from Finca Taboga
near Caiias, Cuanacaste, Costa Rica, 8-II-67.
Cccropia petiole; two from Finca La Lola.
Limon, Costa Rica, 10-1-63, Theobroma cacao.
J. L. Saunders; one from Rincon de Osa, Pun-
tarenas, Costa Rica, ll-\TI-66. 50 in. No. 58
Cecwpia petiole, S. L. Wood; one from 8 miles
(13 km) S El Hato del Volcan, 7-1-64, 1000 m,
No. 371, tree seedling, S. L. Wood; two from
20 km SW El Vigia, Meiida, \'enezuela, 10-XII-
69, 50 m, No. 188 \ine, S. L. Wood; one from
17 km SE Miri, Barinas, Venezuela, 17-XII-69,
150 m, No. 196, Albizzia carihaea, S. L. Wood;
one Ironi 3 km NE Creole, Barinas. Venezuela,
18-.\II-69, 150 m, No. 203, In<^a. S. L. Wood.
The holotvpe and paratypes are in m\' col-
lection.
Periocnjphalus sohrimis. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from puUus
Wood b)' the larger size, by the more strongly
reticulate pronotal disc, by the more strongh',
more narrowlv produced costal margin of the
el\ tra at and near the suture, and b\ th(> more
widclv spaced, uniseriate, decli\'ital interstriae.
Female.— Length 1.25 mm (paratvpe 1.2
mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color black.
Frons and pronotmu as in piilhis except pro-
notal disc much more strongly reticulate.
Elytra as in pulhis except apical margin
slightlv more stronglv, more narrowlv produced;
minute strial hair, in rows, indicate positions of
obsolete strial punctures (similar setae present
on pulltts but supplemented by a few similar
interstrial setae); erect interstrial scales in uni-
seriate rows, each slightlv sliorter than in ptilltis
and much more widely spaced, spacing within
a row slightly greater than length of scale on
both disc and declivity (scales on declivital in-
terstriae 2 in ptillus confused, almost forming a
double row ).
Type Locality.— About 260 km N Xavantina,
Mato Crosso, Brazil.
Type Mateiual.— The female holotvpe was
taken at the t\pe locality on 13-.\-68, No. B07,
by R. A. Bea\'er. One female paratype bears the
same data except 7-XI-68, No. F03.
The holotvpe is in the British Museum ( Nat-
ural History); the paratvpe is in mv collection.
Dciulrocranithi.s limatus, n. sp.
This species is \-erv closely related to limns
Wood, but it is distinguished by the smaller size,
bv the more strongh granulate pronotal disc,
and bv the more denseU' pubescent female frons.
Male— Length 1.6 mm (paratypes 1.5-1.8
mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark
reddish brown.
Frons as in liimts except more coarsely, close-
ly granulate-punctate, not at all reticulate; vesti-
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bahk Beetles
23
ture less abundant, shorter. Pronotuin as in
limus except declivital striae witli punctures
slightly larger, interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2
weakly depressed; vestiture slightly stouter.
Female.— Similar to male except frons slight-
ly flattened, rather finely, closely punctured, in-
cluding central area, ornamented by abundant,
long, yellow hair uniformly distributed from
epistoma to well above upper level of eyes.
Type Locality.— Bumbuin Forest Station,
Barinas, Venezuela.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and 75 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 29-1-70, 150 m elevation, No.
276, cucurbit vine, by S. L. Wood.
The holotvpe, allotype, and paratypes are in
my collection.
Dendrocranulus reditus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from vincuUs
Wood by the slightly larger size, by the much
stronger frontal impression of the male, with
the tubercle on the summit much more strong-
ly developed, by the finer declivital punctures,
and by the more slender interstrial setae.
Male.— Length 1.5 mm (paratypes 1.3-1.7
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark
brown.
Frons as in vinealis except more extensively,
slightly more deeply impressed, median summit
on vertex much more strongly developed, fomi-
ing a rather narrowly rounded elevation. Prono-
tum as in vinealis except granules in median
area of disc much smaller, almost obsolete, ob-
scure reticulation present in some specimens.
Elytra as in vinealis except declivital punctures
smaller, interstriae 2 not as strongly impressed;
interstrial bristles more slender, very slightly
longer.
Female.— Similar to male except frons con-
vex, feebly impressed on lower half, summit on
vertex feebh' elevated, surface more coarsel)',
more unifonnly punctured, vestiture sparse; pro-
notal reticulation more commonly present.
Type Locality.— Nine km S Barrancas, Ba-
rinas, Venezuela.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allot\pe, and 42 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on l-X-69, 150 m elevation, No.
34 (some paratypes No. 35), cucurbit vine, S. L.
Wood. Other paratvpes were taken in Venezuela
as follows: 12 from 8 km SW Bumbum, Barinas,
11-11-70, 150 m. No. 311; 20 from 20 km SW El
Vigia, Merida, lO-XII-69, 50 m. No. 185; and 24
from 5 km W El Pino ( near shore of Lake Mari-
caibo), Merida, 20-XI-69, 10 m. No. 142; all from
the same host and collector.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in
my collection.
Dendrocranulus conditus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the verv
closelv allied consimilis \\'ood by the more finely
punctured, subreticulate frons, by the much less
strongly granulate, reticulate pronotal disc, by
the larger strial punctures, and by the slightly
depressed declivital interstriae 2 which is en-
tirely without granules.
Male.— Length 1.4 mm (allotype 1.3 mm),
2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown.
Frons as in consimilis except surface obscure-
ly reticulate, punctures slightly smaller and less
granulate. Pronotum as in consimilis except sur-
face of disc reticulate, distinctly, rather coarsely
punctured, each puncture with a small, trans-
\'ersely elongate granule lateral to each punc-
ture. Elytra as in consimilis except strial punc-
turc^s larger; interstriae as wide as striae, im-
punctate; declivity with interstriae 2 slighth' de-
pressed, interstriae with uniseriate, fine punc-
tures, devoid of granules; acute ventrolateral
margin of declivity less well developed.
Female.— Similar to male except elytral de-
cli\'ity very slightly more convex.
Type Locality.— Bumbum Forest Station,
Barinas, \'enezuela.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and one callow, male parat)pc with
collapsed frons were taken at the type locality
on 29-1-70, 150 m. No. 276, from a cucurbit vine,
by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratype are in
my collection.
Dendrocranulus consimilis, n. sp.
This species is allied to lirribus Wood, but it
is distinguished by the smaller size, by the more
slender form and by the shorter setae on the
declivity.
Male.— Length 1.4 mm (paratypes 1.2-1.5
mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish
l)rown.
Frons convex, with a slight transverse im-
pression on lower half; surface shining, closely,
deeply, rather coarsely punctured at sides and
above, becoming almost impunctate on median
24
BniGHAM Young Univebsity Science Bulletin
fourth of lower half; vestiturc of fine, sparse,
long hair uniformly distributed.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide, sides on
more than posterior two-thirds subparallel,
feebly arcuate, anterior margin broadly
rounded; anterior third moderately declivous,
fine asperate, asperities decreasing in size but
attaining base in lateral areas; disc shining,
rather coarsely punctured, most punctures part-
ly granulate; surface on posterior half very
slightly subreticulate. Vestiture of sparse hair.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on more than basal two-thirds, abruptly,
very broadly rounded behind; striae not im-
pressed, punctures rather small; interstriae al-
most smootli, twice as wide as striae, punctures
uniseriate, almost as large as those of striae.
Declivity very steep, transversely flattened be-
tween interstriae .3, longitudinally slightly con-
vex; posterolateral margin from suture to a])out
interstriae 3 subacutely elevated; striae 1 and 2
distinctly impressed; interstriae 1 weakly ele-
vated, 2 very slightly depressed, punctures of
2 and 3 finely granulate, obscurely granulate
in lateral areas. V^cstiture of rows of minute,
obscure, recumbent, strial hair and rows of
erect interstrial bristles; each bristle about one
and one-third times as long as distance between
rows or within a row, except shorter, slightly
more than half as long on declivital interstriae
1 and 2.
Female.— Similar to male except frons more
broadly, evenly convex, with frontal pubescence
about twice as abundant.
Type Locality.— Los Corchos, Navarit, Mex-
ico.
Type Material.- The male holotype, female
allot)pe, and 40 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on lO-VII-65, 7 m elevation. No.
207, from an unidentified, climbing cucurbi-
taceous vine, hv S. L. Wood. Other specimens,
not included in the type series, are from
Honduras.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Dendrocranulus vinealis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the closely
allied pumilus Wood by the shining pronotal
disc, by the subcrenulate granules accompan\-
ing each puncture on the pronotal disc, and
by the much more strongly impressed male
frons.
Male.— Length 1.3 mm (paratype 1.2 mm),
2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark
brown.
Frons convex above upper level of eyes,
strongly, transversely impressed below that
level; surface smooth and shining, with mod-
erately fine, siibgranulate punctures in convex
area, almost impunctate in impressed area, ves-
titure of sparse hair.
Pronotum outline as in pumilis, anterior area
more coarsely asperate; surface shining, punc-
tures moderately coarse, deep, rather close, each
with a low, lateral, subcrenulate, transverse
granule. Vestiture confined to margins, sparse,
hairlike.
Elytra! outline about as in ptimilus; striae
not impressed, punctures small, moderately
deep; interstriae smooth, twice as wide as
striae, punctures slightK' smaller than those of
striae, rathi-r widely spaced. Decli\'ity steep,
rather broadly flattened; strial punctures
deeper, slightly larger than on disc; interstriae
1 weakly ele\ated, 2 weakly depressed, punc-
tures not at all granulate; \entrolateral margin
rounded. Vestiture of interstrial rows of flat-
tened bristles, each bristle slightly longer than
distance between rows or within a row.
Type Locality.— La Lima, Cortez, Honduras.
Type Material.— The male holotype and
one male parat\pe were taken at the type local-
ity on 5-\'-64,' 200 m elevation. No. 579, in
Caijaponia niicrodonta, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype and paratxpe are in mv col-
lection.
Dendrocranulus vuinalis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from vinealis
Wood by the much smaller strial and interstrial
punctures, by the more gradual elytral declivity,
and by the interstrial granules on the declivity.
Male.— Length 1.5 mm (paratypes 1.6-1.7
mm), 2.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish
brown.
Frons as in vinealis except impression not as
abrupt, impunctate area much smaller, small
granules more conspicuous in lateral areas. Pro-
notum as in vinealis except discal punctures
slightly smaller, granules not as slender. Elytra
as in vinealis except strial and interstrial punc-
tures smaller, very shallow; punctures " on de-
clivital interstriae 1-3 replaced by small gran-
ules.
Female.— Similar to male except frontal im-
pression not as strong, sculpture finer, vestiture
finer, more abundant but not conspicuous.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American B.\hk Beetles
25
Type Localiti.— Rio Damitas in the Dota
Mountains, San Jose, Costa Rica.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and one male paratype were taken at
the type locality on 18-11-64, 250 m elevation.
No. 441 (paratype 440), in an unidentified
climbing vine, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratype are in
my collection.
Dendrocranulus securus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from rnaurus
( Blandford ) by the partly reticulate postero-
lateral areas of the pronotum, by the reticulate,
more finelv punctured frons, and by the shorter,
stout setae on declivital intcrstriac 1 and 2.
Male.— Length 1.8 mm (paratypes 1.7-2.1
mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color reddish
brown.
Frons convex, a shallow, transverse impres-
sion from epistoma to upper level of eyes; sur-
face reticulate, punctures moderately fine, deep,
close, not at all granulate, less abundant near
median line on lower half; vestiturc sparse,
hairlike.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest
well behind middle, sides moderatelv arcuate
on posterior half, feebly constricted one-third
length from anterior margin, anterior margin
rather narrowly rounded; asperities small,
abundant; surface of disc and lateral areas sub-
reticulate, punctures rather small, deep, a low,
transverse, rounded granule lateral to each
puncture. Vestiture fine, sparse, hairlike.
Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on less than basal two-thirds, posterior
margin straight on median half; striae not im-
pressed, punctures rather small, deep, close; in-
terstriae almost smooth, twice as wide as striae,
punctures fine, uniseriate, rather widelv regu-
larly spaced. Declivity steep; striae 1 weakly
impressed; interstriae 1 weaklv elevated; inter-
stri;\l punctures minutely granulate; central half
flattened, broadly convex in all marginal areas
as in niaurus. Vestiture of rows of minute, re-
cumbent strial hair, and rows of erect, inter-
strial bristles; each bristle almost as long as
distance between rows and between bristles
within a row, slightly shorter and coarser than
in rnaurus.
Female.— Similar to male except frontal im-
pression less distinct, vestiture very slightly
more abundant.
Type Locality.— Rio Damitas in the Dota
Mountains, San Jose, Costa Rica.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and 19 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 18-11-64, 250 m elevation. No.
446, from an unidentified climbing vine, by
S. L. Wood. Four paratypes are from Playon,
Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 22-11-64, 50 m, Nos.
454 and 455, and three paratvpes are from Tur-
rialba, Cartago, 9-III-64, 700 m, Nos. 460, 458,
same host and collector.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in niv collection.
Dendrocrcmtilus fiilgidus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the closely
allied rnaurus (Blandford) by the discal gran-
ules on the pronotum, by the narrower elytral
declivity, by the more strongly impressed male
frons, and by the more coarsely punctured fe-
male frons, with less abundant vestiture.
Male.— Length 2.0 mm (paratypes 1.8-2.3
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark
reddish brown, elytra lighter.
Frons as in rnaurus except transverse im-
pression distinctly deeper, median summit on
vertex slightly higher. Pronotum as in rnaurus
except granules extend to impunctate median
line; posterolateral areas reticulate. Elytra as in
rnaurus except more slender, declivity narrower,
strial punctures much smaller, not as deep, in-
terstriae 2 more distinctK' impressed, surface
brightU' shining; granules as in maurus; de-
clivital setae on interstriae 1 and 2 very short,
less than half as long as on 3 or on disc.
Female.— Similar to male except frons plano-
convex, more coarsely punctured on lateral
thirds than in female rnaurus, vestiture fine,
long, slightly less abundant than in female
maurus.
Type Locality.— Volcan de Chiriqui, near
Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and 97 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 11-1-64, 1800 m elevation, Nos.
378 (holotype and allotype), 408, and 418, from
a cucurbit vine, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in
my collection.
Dendrocranulus vicinus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the very
closely related schedli Wood by the less strong-
ly impressed male frons, by the more coarsely
26
Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
punctured, nongranulate female fions, witli a
tuft of abundant, fine, long, yellow hair, and
by the larger granules in the median area of
the pronotal disc.
Male (allotype).— Length 1.5 mm (para-
types 1.4-1.7 mm). 3.0 times as long a.s wide;
color yellowish to reddish brown.
Frons as in female schecUi. Pronotum as in
schedli except granules in median area of disc
slightly larger and evidently never associated
with punctures. Elytra as in schedli except
striae 1 and 2 and interstriae 2 usualh less
strongly impressed.
Female (holotype).— Similar to male except
frons more broadly convex, more closely punc-
tured, punctures not at all granulate, orna-
mented by a tuft of long, fine, abundant, )ellow
hair.
Type Locality.— La Lima, Cortez, Hondu-
ras.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and 20 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 5-\'-64, 200 m elevation. No.
579, from Cayaponia microdonta, by S. L.
Wood. Four parat\pes are from La Ceiba, At-
lantida, Honduras,' 20, 29-V-49, at light, E. C.
Becker.
The holot\'pe, allotype, and parat\pis are
in my collection.
Dendrocranitlits rudis, n. sp.
This species is allied to cucurhitae (Le-
Conte), but it is distinguished by the slightly
larger rugae on the pronotal disc, with the
punctures obscure to obsolete, and by the less
deeply excavated male frons with the median
elevation on the vertex less well de\eloped.
Male.— Length 1.8 mm (paratypes 1.6-1.9
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color ver\'
dark brown.
Frons somewhat flattened, transversely im-
pressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes,
weakly ascending above; median elevation on
summit rather well developed, highest at its
dorsal extremity, descending below; surface
smooth with an occasional fine puncture or
minute granule; vestiturc sparse, hairlike.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest
just behind middle, sides rather strongly arcu-
ate on posterior two-thirds, rather narrowU-
rounded in front; anterior third rather coarsely
asperate, low, transverse crenulations continu-
ing to base, some crenulations in median area
associated with obscure punctures. X'estiture
fine, long, moderately abundant.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times
;is long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on basal three-fourths, very broadly
rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures
rather small, moderately impressed, spaced by
about two diameters of a puncture; interstriae
smooth, twice as wide as striae, equal ia size
and spacing to those of striae. Declivity steep,
broadly flattened; striae 1 and 2 feebly im-
pressed; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 weakly
impressed, lateral areas about as high as suture;
intcrstrial punctures not granulate. X'estiture of
rows of fine, short, recumbent, strial h;iir, and
rows of erect intcrstrial bristles; each bristle
rather slender, about one and one-fourth times
as long as distance between rows, slightly
siiorter on declixital interstriae 1 and 2.
Female.— Similar to male except frons rather
coarsely punctate-granulate, granules mostly ar-
ranged in rugae, \'ertex devoid of median ele-
vation; declivity more nearly convex, impressions
and elevations obscure.
Type Locality.— Nineteen km E Carapan,
Michoacan, Mexico.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and 50 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 18-\I-65, 2300 m elevation, No.
75, in cucurbit vine, by S. L. Wood. One para-
type is from 5 km W El Salto, Durango, Mex-
ico, 7-\'L65, No. 32, cucurbit vine, S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Dendrocramdus confinis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the very
closel)' related cucurhitae (LeConte) by the
subreticulate pronotal surface between crenu-
lations on the disc and by the slightly shallower,
more extensive frontal excavation of the male.
Male.— Length 2.0 mm (paratypes 1.5-2.0
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color ver\' dark
reddish brown, pronotum black in some speci-
mens.
Frons as in cucurhitae but very slightly less
strongly excavated, impression extending higher
in lateral areas, median projection on vertex
ecjual in size. Pronotum as in cucurhitae except
discal punctures slightly larger, surface subreti-
culate, evidently less irregular. Elytra as in
cucurJntae except discal punctures \erA' slightlv
larger.
Female.— Similar to male except frons
broadly convex, a slight transverse impression
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of Amehic.'vn B.-vrk Beetles
27
just above epistoina; surface subreticulate,
punctures rather small, shallow, vestiture
sparse; decli\itv more evenh' convex, interstriae
2 not as strongly impressed.
Tyi'e Locality.— Volcan dc Chiriqiii, near
Cerro Punta, Chiri(jiii, Panama.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and 38 paratypes were taken at the
type' locality on 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 378, from
a cucurbit vine, by S. L. Wood.
The hoIot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Ips liorealis Janieri, subsp. n.
This subspecies is distinguished from hore-
alis borealis Swaine by the almost evenly con-
vex female frons, which is sparseh' granulate
and fineh' punctured below the upper le\el of
the eyes, and by the transverse row of epistomal
granules. It is much more similar to b. thomasi
Hopping, but it is distinguished bv the shorter,
finer, less abundant \estiture of the female
frons, which is also less stronglv inflated, and
the granules average much smaller in size.
Female.— Length 3.5 mm (paratypes 3.0-3.8
mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color v(tv dark
brown to almost black.
As in />. borealis except for sculpture and
ornamentation of female frons as cited in the
above diagnosis; entire frons with small, dis-
tinct punctures, on lower half intermixed with
several small granules.
Male.— Similar to female except frontal
punctures and granules much larger, more
numerous.
Type Locality.- One mile south of Browns-
ville, Lawrence County, South Dakota.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and 61 parat\pes were taken at the
type localitN' on lS-\T-68, No. 47, Picea <ihnica,
by S. L. Wood. Additional parat\pes were taken
as follows: 21 from 2 miles SW Lead, Lawrence
Co., South Dakota, 18-VI-68, No. 48, Picea
Ulauca. S. L. Wood; 7 from SE;4 86, T4N, R3E.
Black Hills, South Dakota, 17-MII-67, Picea
glauca, J. M. Schmidt; 5 from 6 miles SW Buf-
falo, Johnson Co., W\omin5, 20-M-68. No. 58,
Picea enfiehnanni, S. L. Wood; 6 from about 20
miles NW Pagosa Spring, Hinsdale Co., Colo-
rado, 28-\T-68, Picea engelmanni, W. G. Har-
wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Gnathophthorus artus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the five
previously named species by the smaller size,
by the simple declivity, and by the very broadly
impressed female frons with much more abun-
dant and longer frontal \estiture.
Female.— Length 1.05 mm (paratypes 0.9-
1.05 mm), 4.3 times as long as wide; color of
pronotum and declivits rather dark vellowish
brown, basal area of el\ tra pale \ellowish
brown.
Frons rather shallowly, subcireularlv con-
cave from eve to eye, from epistoma to vertex;
margins of upper half bearing a dense row of
verv long hair, lower area appearing spongy
and bearing a few moderately long setae; sur-
face largelv concealed by \Tstiture. Antennae
small; club distinctlv longer than scape, an-
terior face glabrous, clearly marked bv two al-
most straiglit, parth' septate sutures.
Pronotum 1.84 times as long as wide; sub-
quadrate, sides straight and parallel more than
three-fourths of their lengtli, anterior margin
feebly arcuate, weakh serrate; anterior tenth
weakly declivous, anterior third finely asperate;
posterior areas smooth, shining, minutelv, shal-
lowlv, ratlicr closelv punctured. ClalHous.
Elvtra 2.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times
as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel
on basal three-fourths, moderately rounded be-
hind; striae not impressed, punctures minute;
interstriae four to five times as wide as striae,
punctures similar in size and spacing to those
of striae. Declivity moderately steep, narrow;
sutural interstriae distinctly elevated, convex;
punctures of striae 2 and 3 fine, distinct, rather
widelv spaced on 3; interstriae 2 broad, flat,
smooth, shining, with only four or five minute
punctures, 3 not elevated or serrate. Vestiture
confined to declivit)', sparse; consisting of
rather fine interstrial bristles on interstriae 3
and on lateral areas, smaller, similar setae on
interstriae 1.
Male —Similar to female except frons mostly
convex, a short, transverse carina at upper level
of eyes and immediately below this a small,
shallow concave area on median fourth, sur-
face shining, rather closely, coarsely punctured,
vestiture of sparse, short hair; ten serrations on
anterior margin of pronotum slightly larger;
elytral declivity, shallowly, broadly bisulcate,
interstriae 3 veiy feebly elevated.
Type Locality.- About 260 km N Xa\an-
tina, Mato Grosso, Brasil (12°49' S 4r46' W).
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and 12 parat\pes were taken at the
28
type locality on X-1968, No. F41, by R. A.
Beaver. One paratype bears the same data ex-
cept 23-IX-68, No. 166.
The holotype, allotype, and five paratvpes
are in the British Museum (Natural History),
two paratypes are in the Museu de Zoologia,
Universidade de Sao Paulo, and si\ paratypes
are in my collection.
Dn/ocoetoides Hopkins
Dn/ocoetoide.s Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept.
99:52 (Type-species: Dnjocoetoides guatematensis
Hopkins = Xi//efcori/.s capuciims Eichhoff)
This neotropical genus \sas placed in syn-
onymy by Schedl (1952, Ent. Bliitt. 47-48:161)
and, presumably because of the lack of material
or interest, it has not been seriously reconsid-
ered since then. The type-species clearly is a
representative of the Xyleborini. Contrary to
the action of Schedl of placing virtually all rep-
resentatives of this tribe in one enormous genus.
Xijleborus, I prefer to elevate certain clearly
marked groups to generic rank in order to make
them more meaningful and to make Xijlehoms
less unwieldy.
Drijocoetoidcs has the prothoraeic tibia in-
flated and tuberculate on its posterior face; the
antennal club is rather strongly flattened, with
the basal area slightly thickened and moder-
ately corneous, two clearly marked, almost
straight sutures are on the basal half of the
anterior face and both continue to and arc
clearly marked on the distal half of the pos-
terior face; in most species the eyes are rather
large and coarsely faceted; the scutellum is
flat and moderately large: the pronotum is
rather stout, about as long as wide, and armed
bv several serrations on the anterior margin;
and till' elvtrul disc and declix'ity usually ha\e
contrasting sculpture.
In addition to Xijleborus capuciiuis Eichhoff,
the following species are transferred into Dry-
ocoetoides: Xiikhorus monachtis Blandford,
Bostrichus fhivtis FalMieius. Bosfrkhus cristuttis
Fabricius (=Xtilchonis soUtarius Hagedorn, X.
urichi Eggers, X. crenattis Eggers), and Xyle-
1)orus pseudosnlitaiius Eggers. Seven pre\iously
undescribed species are added below.
Driiocoetoides monachus (Blandford), n. comb.
Xxjleborus monachus BUindford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer.,
Coleopt. 4(6):204 ( Syntypes, males; Cerro Zunil,
Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.).
This species w as n;\med from two male syn-
types and has not been reported in the litera-
ture since then.
Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
iMJur females were collected at P;ui]in, Es-
quintla, Guatemala, 19-V-64, 300 m, No. 584,
from Inga branches; 21 females from Rancho
Grande, Pittier National Park, Aragua, Vene-
zuela, 9-IV-70, 1100 m, No. 408, tree seedling;
one female from 24 km E Barbosa, Antioquia,
Colombia, LS-\TI-70, 1200 m, No. 696, from a
Rubiaceae sapling; all were taken by me. The
Guatemalan specimens and several males of the
very closely related capucinus (Eichhoff) were
compared to both of Blandford's male syn-
types. In general fonn and sculpture the types
(2.7-2.9 mm) were exactly ;\s the male capu-
cinus (2.3-2.5 mm) except for the body size and
det;iils of the elytral structure. The el)tral
structure and larger size conformed to that of
the Guatemalan females. Since there are no
other known species in Guatemala with which
moiochus could be confused, I am confident
the association is correct even though males
were not taken in my series.
Females of this species differ from those
of capucinus by the larger size (2.8-3.2 mm,
compared to 2.2-2.6 mm for capucinus), by the
longer elvtral disc ( 50 percent of elytral length,
compared to 40 percent), by the more shining
elytral declivitv with some reticulation in the
posterolateral areas, and by the more nearly
uniseriate interstrial granules on the elytral de-
cli\ity.
Dn/ocoetoides verrucosus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from flaws
(Fabricius) by the more slender form, by the
smaller strial punctures, by the rugose-reticu-
late, dull, dark, elytral declivity, and by the
verv different declivital sculpture.
Fi-MAi.E.-Length 2.5 mm (paratype 2.4
mm), 3.2 times ;is long ;is wide; color reddish
brown, elytra much dl^rker.
Frons and pronotum as in flavus except
pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide.
Elvtra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.6 times
as l(Hig as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on basal two-thirds, tapered then nar-
rowK' rounded behind; striae not impressed,
punctures \'ery small, very shallow, spaced
within a row by two diameters of a puncture;
interstriae smooth, shining, about six times as
wide as striae, punctures almost as large as
striae, uniseriate except slightly confustxl on 2.
Declivitv occupying posterior tliird of elytral
length, convex; surface minutely rugose-reticu-
late; striae feebly impressed, punctures slightly
larger than on disc, feebly impressed; interstriae
uniseriately, rather coarsely tuberculate, except
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Specie.s of American Bauk Beetles
29
at base and lower half of sutiual intcr.striae;
sutural interstriae from just above middle to
just before apex very strongly, irregularly ele-
vated, elevation as high as wide; interstriae 2
and 3 slightly sinuate to accommodate sutural
elevation. \'estiture confined to declivitv, con-
sisting of minute strial hair and confused, semi-
recumbent interstrial setae, each slightly shorter
than width of an interstriae.
Type Locality.— Thirty km E Palmar, Boli-
var, Venezuela.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
one female parat>pe were taken at the type
locality on 12-\T-70, 200 m, No. 579, from a
tree known locally as Rosada (Moraceae), by S.
L. Wood. One female parat\ pe is from 3 km NE
Creele, Barinas, Venezuela, 18-XII-69, 150 m.
No. 203, Inga, S. L. Wood.
The holotype and parat\pes are in m\- col-
lection.
Dnjocoetoides pileatu.s, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the closeh'
allied capucinus (Eichhoff) by the much larger
size, by the much shorter clytral disc, by the
more gradual elytral decli\'it\, and by the ab-
sence of strial punctures on the declivity.
Female.— Length 3.2 mm (paratypes 3.2-
3.3 mm), 2.1 times as long as wide; color almost
black.
Frons and pronotum as in capucinus except
surface of disc less strongly reticulate, punc-
tures deeper.
Elvtra LI times as long as wide, L3 times
as long as pronotum; disc occupying 30 percent
of elytral length, transition from disc to decliv-
ity rather abrupt; striae not e\ident, surface
smooth, shining, punctures varialile, small to
very small, close, confused. Decli\'ity gradual,
convex; surface minuteh' rugulose, dull; striae
and strial punctures entirelv obsolete, numer-
ous small, roimded, confused, setiferous gran-
ules; subapieal posterolateral margin acutely,
subcrenulately elevated from suture to position
of interstriae 8. Vestiture confined to decli\it\',
consisting of moderately abundant, short hair.
Type Locality.— Fortv km SE Socopo, Bar-
inas, Venezuela.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
one female parat^■pe were taken at the t\'pe
locality on 25-L70, L50 m elevation, No. 263,
in Inga limb, bv S. L. Wood; four female para-
types are from 10 km SE Miri, Barinas, Wne-
zuela, 8-II-70, 150 m elevation, No. 295, in Inga
limbs, bv S. L. Wood; one female paratvpe is
from 17 km SE Miri, Barinas, Venezuela, 17-
.\II-69, 150 m elevation. No. 197, from a palm
bole 15 cm in diameter, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype and paratypes are in my col-
lection.
Drijocoetoides vehttinus, n. sp.
This species is placed in a species group
with pseudosolitarius. although the relationship
is not close. It is distinguished by the larger
size, by the stouter body form, and b)' the
steeper elvtral declivity that has different sculp-
ture.
Fe.male.— Length 2.8 mm (paratypes 2.7-
2.9 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color red-
dish brown.
Frons and pronotum as in j)sctidosolitorius;
pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times
as long as pronotum; disc occupying basal two-
thirds of elytra; striae not impressed except 1
slightlv near decli\'itv. punctures very small,
shallow, spaced witliin row bv three diameters
of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, about
six times as wide as striae, punctures minute,
half as large as those of striae, confused; de-
clivital sculpture commencing on posterior third
of disc. Declivity steep, broadly convex; sur-
face minuteh- rugulose; strial punctures small
but larger and deeper than on disc; interstriae
with abundant, rather coarse, pointed, confused
tubercles; lower half of sutural interstriae mod-
eratelv protuberant; subapieal posterolateral
margin subacutelv subcrenulate from suture to
interstriae 8. \'estiture of fine, abundant, mod-
eratelv long hair on disc and declivity.
Male— Length 2.8 mm; essentially as in
female, but \\ ith all characters less perfectly
formed except pronotum 1.3 times as long as
wide, excavated as in male perebeae ( Ferrari )
except median tubercle on anterior margin
\erv broad.
Type Locality.— Thirtv km E Palmar, Boli-
var, \'enezucla.
Type M.^terial.- The female holotype, male
allot\pe, and 21 female paratypes were taken
at the type locality on 12-\T'-70, 200 m. No.
538, from the bole 30 cm in diameter of a tree
localK- named Pandanga, by S. L. Wood.
The holotvpe, allotvpe, and paratypes are
in mv collection.
Dniocoetoides rusticus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from velutinus
U'ood bv the larger size, bv the confused punc-
30
BmcuAM VouNc University Science Bulletin
turcs on the discal interstriae, by the more
gradual elytral declivity, with much finer inter-
strial tubercles, and bv the much coarser ves-
titure.
Female— Length 3.5 mm (estimated, elvtra
spread), about 2.4 times as long as wide; color
reddish brown.
Frons as in vehitinus but much narrower
due to enlarged eyes. Pronotum as in veltitiwis
except punctures on disc closer.
Elytra about 1.4 times as long as wide;
elytral disc as in vehitinus except all punctures
deeper, interstrial punctures more numerous,
confused, minute, irregular surface lines pres-
ent. Declivity much as in vehitintis, surface
rugulose, more ex'enlv, more gradually coincx;
strial punctures larger than in vehttinus, inter-
strial tubercles more numerous, much smaller,
weakly protubrant toward apex of suture; sub-
apical ventrolateral margin acutely ele\ated
from suture toward but becoming obsolete on
interstriae S, not connected to but continuing
toward base of declivity as a row of subcrenu-
late tubercles. Vestiture confined to decli\it\
and sides; consisting of \'erv stout, short
bristles on central and lower parts of declivity,
some setae on lateral and upper parts of de-
clivity at least twice as long and tapered.
Type Locality.— Thirty km E Palmar, Boli-
var, Venezuela.
Type Material.— The unique female holo-
type was taken at the type localit\ on 12-\I-70,
100 m ele\ation, \o. 5S2, from an unidentified
tree limb, b\- S. L. Wood.
The holotvpe is in my collection.
Dn/ococtoich's scvcnis. n. sp.
Among known forms this species is allied
to rusfictis Wood, ])ut it is distinguished b\' the
large size, by the subijuadrate pronotum, and
by the very different sculpture of the elytral
declivity.
Female.— Length 5.0 mm, 2.6 times as long
as wide; color reddish brown; head and pio-
thorax detached and mounted separately on the
same paper point as boch .
Frons as in rustictis but narrower, 1.8 times
as wide as width of eve. Pronotum 1.0 times as
long as wide; subquadrate; sculpture essentially
as in rustictis.
Ehtra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times
as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel
on basal three-fourths, obtusely subangulate be-
hind; disc occupying basal three-fourths; b;isal
half of disc as in rusticus: posterior half of disc
with surface smooth, shining, punctures re-
placed by rounded granules. Declivity steep,
broadly eonx'ex; a large, low, conspicuous,
rounded prominence at basal margin on inter-
striae 2; decli\ital surface smooth, almost shin-
ing; sutural interstriae slightly elevated on
lower half, impressed toward base; area of striae
1 impressed to middle, are;i lateral to striae 1 on
upper half gradualh- elexated toward prom-
inence at base on interstriae 2; interstriae 1
with small confused tubercles to apex, others
with a few tubercles on basal half only; strial
punctures much larger and slighth' dei'per tlian
on disc; subapical \entroIateral margin acutely.
su])crenulately elevated from apex to apex of
interstriae S. \'<\stiture confined to posterior
half of ehtra; consisting of fine long hair ex-
et"pt mueli slioiter on lower luilf of di'cli\itv.
Type Locality.— Thirt\ km
\ar, \'enezuela.
Boli
Type Material.— Thi' unicjue female holo-
typ(> was taken at the type loealit\- on 12-\'I-70,
200 m. No. 54S, from Esclincilcra suliislandu-
losa. bv S. L. \\'ood.
rile ]iol()t\pe is in m\' collection.
Dnjocoetoides insculptis, u. sp.
This species is distinguislied from tlie rather
remotely related iclulintis Wood b\' the larger
size, b\' tlie strongK impressed deeli\ital striae,
by the much less abundant elvtral \'estiture,
and b\' other charactcTS.
P'emale— Length 4.2 nun ( parat\pes 4.0-
4.2 mm). 2.6 times as long as wide; color red-
dish brown.
Frons esseutial!\' as vehitinus except not as
wide due to enlarged e)es.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; about
;is in vehitinus except sides almost straight and
pai;illel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded in
front; antt'rior margin anned bv 14 low serra-
tions; disc shining, lateral areas reticulate, punc-
tures very small, deep, moderately abundant.
Elvtra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times
as long as pronotum; disc occupying basal
three-fourtlis; sides straight and parallel on basal
three-fourths, rather narrowly rounded behind;
striae feeblv impressed on basal half, punctures
small, rather deep; interstriae on basal half of
disc smooth, sliining, al)out three times 'as wide
as striae, punctures \-ery small, confused; de-
clivital sculpture commencing just behind
middle of disc. Decli\it\- confined to posterior
fourth of elytra, steep, conxex; strongly reticu-
late, dull; striae ver\' deeply impressed, punc-
Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species ok A.\ieiuc.\n Bahk Beetles
31
tures slightly larger tliaii on disc, shalluw; inter-
.striae rather strongly convex, nniscriately rather
coarsely serrate, tubercles much smaller on
lower half of declivity; sutural interstriae mod-
erately protuberant on lower half of declivity.
Vestiture confined to reticulate area; consisting
of fine, short, strial hair and an occasional simi-
lar interstrial hair, and rows of coarse, erect
bristles arising from posterior margins of ser-
rations, each bristle about as long as distance
between rows.
Type Locality.— Eight km S Colonia ( near
Buenaventura), Valle de Cauca, Colombia.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
eight female paratypes were taken at the type
locality on 9-VII-70, 30 m elevation. No. 605,
in limbs of Htimirisfnivi excehum, b)' S. L.
Wood.
The holotype and paratypes are in my col-
lection.
Dnjocoetoidcs iiulolatus, n. sp.
This species is distinguislied from the allied
insctilpttis Wood by the slightly smaller size,
by the more nearly suhquadrate pronotum, by
the unimpressed d('cli\ital striae, b\- the finer
interstrial tubercles, and b\' tlie vestiture.
Female.— Length 3.7 mm, 2.6 times as long
as wide; col(;r reddisli l)rown.
Frons as in insculptus but narrower. Pro-
notum subquadrate, serrations on anterior mar-
gin poorly developed; sculpture essentially as in
irisciilptiis.
Elytra L5 times as long as wide, L4 times
as long as pronotum; disc occup\ing basal half
of elytral length; striae not impressed, punc-
tures very small, spaced within a row by one
or two diameters of a puncture; interstriae
smooth, shining, with shallow, irregular lines,
punctures about equal in size to those of striae,
confused. Declivity very gradual on its basal
half, steep and convex on its posterior half;
entire surface closely, finely rugose, dull; striae
not impressed, punctures twice as large as on
disc, very shallow; interstrial punctures replaced
by fine, confused tubercles, slightly larger on
basal half of convex area; sutural interstriae
weakly protuberant toward apex; subapical pos-
terolateral margin acutely costate near suture,
becoming subcrenulate toward interstriae 8.
Vestiture confined to sides and decli\it\', con-
sisting of fine, long, moderately al^undant, con-
fused, interstrial hair; minute strial hair also
present on declivity.
Type Locality.— Thirty km E Palmar, Boli-
var, Venezuela.
Type Material.— The unique female holo-
type was taken at the type locality on 12-\'I-70,
200 111, No. 578, from Parinari cxcelsa, by S. L.
Wood.
The holotype is in iii\- collection.
Sdinpsonitis expuhtis. n. sp.
This species apparently is more closely allied
to detnictus Wood than to other described spe-
cies, but it is readily distinguished by the longi-
tudinally concave elytral declivity and by the
absence of declivital spines.
Female.— Length 5.1 mm, 3.4 times as long
as wide; color reddish brown.
Frons, pronotum and elytral disc as in de-
tractus. Elytral dechvity slightly longer than
disc, its surface reticulate; base of declivity
rather abruptly impressed, basal and lateral
margins continuously, finely serrate from inter-
striae 2 to near sutural apex; face of declivity
longitudinally concave, broadly flattened to ser-
rate margins, suture rather strongK' ele\ated
particularly on lower half; interstriae 3 weakly
ele\ated on lower half. W'stiture of fine, mod-
erateh' long, rather al)und;mt liair; onl\' slightly
longer on declivity.
Type Locality.— Eight km S Colonia (near
Buenaventura), \'alle de Cauca, Colombia.
Type Material.— The female holotype was
taken at the type locality on 9-\'II-70, at 30 m
ele\ation. No. 619, from a Poutcria branch, bv
S. L. Wood.
The holotype is in mv collection.
^anipsonius dctravtus. n. sp.
The large size and the presence of one pair
of long slender spines near the apex of declivi-
tal interstriae 3 distinguish this species from
other representatives of the genus.
Female.— Length 5.6 mm (paratype 5.8
mm), 3.6 times as long as wide; color reddish
brown.
Frons narrow, broadly convex; siuface reti-
cuhite, \\ ith small, low, rather abundant, shining
granules; vestiture of sparse, fine, long hair.
E\e large, emarginate, very coarsely faceted, 1.9
times as long as wide. Antennal club subcir-
eular, rather strongly flattened, sutures 1 and 2
rather strongh' procur\ed, 2 reaching slightb
beyond middle; one strongly procurved suture
near apex on posterior surface.
Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; sides
feebly arcuate and subparallel on posterior two-
thirds, narrowly produced on anterior third to
32
BnicnAM Young Univkbsiiv .Sf:iENf:E Bulletin
two very coarse, close serrations arming an-
terior margin, two pairs of small serrations lat-
eral to major ones; summit indefinite, about
one-third length from anterior margin; anterior
third moderately asperate; posterior areas
smooth, shining, minutely, rather sparsely punc-
tured; lateral margins abrupt. Vestiture of
sparse, fine hair, slightly coarser and longer on
asperate area.
Elytra 2.1 times as long as wide, 1.5 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on basal three-fourths, slightly nar-
rowed, then truncate on median two-tliirds;
discal striae not impressed, punctures ver\'
small, distinct; interstriae smooth, shining, about
four times as wide as striae, punctures almost
uniseriate, minute. Declivity occupying poste-
rior 46 percent of ehtral length, gradual basal
margin abruptly impressed and irregularly,
finely serrate from interstriae 1 to posterolateral
apical angle; surface reticulate; sutural inter-
striae not elevated or armed; interstriae .3 pos-
terior to middle broadly elevated and slightK'
higher than suture, decending to moderate im-
pression just mcsad of serrate lateral margin;
armed just before apex of interstriae .3 by a
pair of very large, subcvlindrical spines, each
four times as high as wide, equal in length to
discal distance from suture to striae 4. N^estiture
of fine, moderately long hair on disc and sides,
very much longer and slighth- more abundant
on declivit\'.
Type Locality.— Madden Forest, Canal
Zone, Panama.
Tyi'e Material.— The female holotvpe and
one female paratype were taken at the type
locality on 2-T-64, 70 m elevation. No. ,367, from
a tree limb, hv S. L. \\'()od.
The holotype and paratype are in my cf)l-
lection.
Sampsonius usuri)afus. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from tlie closeK
allied dampfi Schedl b\' the larger size, bv the
longer elytral dt'clivity, l)y the declivital suture
being lower than the lateral convexities, and by
the much smaller, contiguous spines near the
sutural apex on the el\ tral declivit\'.
Female.— Length 4.1 mm (paratypes: fe-
males 4.0-4.4 mm; males 2.S-3.3 mm), 3.8 times
as long as wide; color reddish l^rown.
Frons as in detractus Wood except slightly
narrower. Pronotum as in detractus.
Elytra 2.2 times as long as wide; outline as
in dectacttts except tapered posteriorly, subtnm-
cate on less than median half; disc and general
contour of declivity as in detractus except basal
margin gradual, di'nticles smaller, mori'
scattered; apex of interstriae 3 entirely un-
armed; sutural interstriae anned by contiguous,
subapical, pointed processes about as high as
their longitudinal base, height about equal to
width of discal interstriae, positioned as in
dampfi but much smaller. Vestiture as in de-
tractus.
Male.— Dwarfed, head concealed by pro-
longation of pronotum; pronotum longer than
cKtra, 1.7 times ;ls long as wide, its anterior
three-fifths broadly, rather deeply concave, an-
terior margin narrowly biemarginate gi\ing ap-
pearance of a median and two lateral denta-
tions; elytra similar to female but characters
poorly formed, more convex, devoid of subapi-
cal spine.
Type Locality.— Turrialba, Caitago, Costa
Rica.
Type Material —Tlu' female hoIot\pe, male
allotype, and 23 paratypes were collected at
the type locality on 9-111-64, at 700 in elevation,
No. 460B, from a cut tree seedling, by S. L.
Wood. Other paratypes were taken in Costa
Rica as follows: two from San Ignacio de
Acosta, 5-\'II-6.3, 1500 m. No. .38, tree seedling,
S. L. Wood; three from Finca Cromaco on Rio
Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-V1I-63, 500 m. No.
76, tree seedling, S. L. Wood; one from Rincon
de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VHI-66, 30 m. No. 6S.
tree branch. S. L. ^\'ood. One paratype is from
El Hato del N'olean, Cliirif(iii, Panama, 11-1-64,
2800 m. No. 374, tree- branch, S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allot\pe, and paratopes are
in uw eolleetiou.
Xi/Ichonis (Thcohonis) pristis. n. sp.
The antennal club of tliis species clearly is
as in theohromae Hopkins, but tiie relationship
is nf)t close. It differs from theohromae by the
more slender form, by the less strongly serrate
antiTior margin of the pronotum, bv the more
broadly convex elytral declivity, and by the
different sculpture of the elytral declivity.
Female.— Length 1.8 mm (femak' paratypes
1.7-2.0 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color
very dark brown.
Frons broadly convex, a weak, narrow,
transverse impression just above epistonla; sur-
face strongK reticulate, punctures sparse, ob-
scure, coarse; \'estiture of sparse, fine, incon-
spicuous, long hair.
Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; essen-
tially as in theohromae except surface more
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of Amehic.\n Bahk Beetles
33
.strongh' reticulate, including in anterior area
between asperities, and anterior margin weakly
serrate. Vestiture of fine, rather short hair on
sides and asperate area, disc almost glabrous.
Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides al-
most straight and parallel on basal three-
fourths, rather narrowly rounded behind, ser-
rate near weakly, narrowly emarginate suture;
striae not impressed, punctures minute, shallow,
distinct, spaced within a row by three to four
diameters of a puncture; interstriae smooth,
shining, about eight times as wide as striae,
punctures uniscriate, almost indistinguishable
from those of striae. Declivity confined to pos-
terior fourth, steep, broadlv convex; stri;ie 1
weakly, others feebly impressed, punctures
slightly larger, deeper and much closer than on
disc; interstriae with punctures closer and uni-
seriately granulate, granules often oljsolete near
apex; sutlue narrowh' emarginate, margin witli
a row of two to four coarse cusps near suture,
this row continued along margin as four to eight
somewhat smaller granules, margin rather nar-
rowly rounded to interstriae S. Vestiture con-
fined to sides and declivity; on declivity con-
sisting of rows of fine hair; strial hair short;
interstrial hair two to two and one-half times
as long as distance between rows.
Male.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm; essentially as in
female, but with characters more poorlv formed,
and pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide and
essentially as in male theohromae.
Type Locality.— Tapanti, Cartago, Costa
Hica.
Type Material.— The female holotvpe and
tliree female paratypes wxtc taken at the tvpe
locality- on 2-\TI-63, 1300 m. No. 9. from
Miconia, by S. L. Wood; three paratypes are
from the same locality, 17-1X-63, No. 184, from
Miconia caudata 10 cm in diameter. Four fe-
male paratypes were taken at \'olcan, Punta-
renas, Costa Rica, ll-XIl-63, 1000 m. No. 305
in "huarumo" and No. 308 in a tree limb, bv
S. L. ^^'ood; six additional paratvpes bear this
same data c^xcept they arc No. 308, from a tree
limb. The male allotvpe and 44 paratypes were
taken 6 km S San \'ito, Puntarenas, Costa Rica,
13-21-III-67, from a dead, standing tree.
The holotype, allotvpe, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Xylehorus (Theohorus) micarius. n. sp.
This species is closely related to pristis
Wood, but it is distinguished by the slightly
larger, more closely spaced strial punctures, by
the more gradual, more broadh' arched elvtral
declivity, by the smaller cusps near the suture
on the ventrolateral margin of the declivitv,
and bv the very stout, short, declivital setae.
Female.— Length 1.8 mm (female paratypes
1.8-2.0 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color ver>'
dark brown.
Frons and pronotum as in pristis except pro-
notum outline somewhat more subquadratc and
1.1 times as long as wide.
Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; outline es-
sentially as in pristis, disc as in pristis except
strial punctures slightlv larger, spaced within a
row by two to three times diameter of a punc-
ture; interstriae about five to six times as wide
as striae, punctures uniseriate, distinctly smaller
than those of striae. Declivity occup\ing 50 per-
cent of strial length, more gradual and more
broadly convex than in pristis; sculpture as in
pristis except posterolateral margin subacute, its
summit rather weaklv crenulatc from weak
sutural emargination to interstriae 7. Vestiture
of rows of strial and interstrial setae, finer and
shorter on disc; declivital strial iiair verv fine
and short, interstrial setae coarse, blunt, each
about one to one and one-half times as long as
distance between rows.
Type Locality.— Cuapiles, Limon, Costa
Rica.
Type Material.— The female holot\pe and
seven female paratypes were taken at the tvpe
locality on 22-\TI-66, 100 m elevation. No. 120.
from a branch of Cordia sp. 5 cm in diameter,
by S. L. Wood; three female paratypes bear the
same data except No. 117 from a palm log. One
female parat\pe was taken at Tapanti, Cartago,
Costa Rica, i7-I.\-63, 1.300 m elevation. No. 182,
from a tree branch, by S. L. Wood.
The holotvpe and paratypes are in my col-
lection.
Xtilcl>orus hicornitttis. n. sp.
This species is \er\ closely related to ehenus
Wood, but it is distinguished by the larger aver-
age size, bv the more strongly impressed upper
half of the declivitv. bv the different arrange-
ment of minor elvtral denticles, and by the
larger, longer major declivital spine.
Female.— Length 3.8 mm (paratypes 3.6-4.0
mm), 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark
brown to black.
Frons and pronotum as in ehenus. Elytra
as in ehemis except upper third of decli\'ity
more strongly impressed; denticles on interstriae
3 at base of declivity larger, 2-6 in number ( 2 in
34
Brigham Young Uni\ ersity Sc:iENf:E Bulletin
ehenus), extending posterior to level of spine
of interstriae 2; major spine slightly larger, its
basal area less extensive; punctures on declivital
face more sharply defined, slightly larger, en-
tire surface smooth, shining (some impressed
points at base and extreme lateral areas in
ehenus).
Male.— Similar to male ehenus except lateral
margin of declivity aimed by four spines of
almost equal size on left side, six spines ( ab-
nonnal?) on right side.
Type Locality.— Seventeen km SK Miri, Bar-
inas, Venezuela.
Tyi'k Material.— The ftniale holot\pe and
three female paratypes were taken at the type
locality on 17-XII-69, 150 m elevation, \o. 195.
in Protium sp., by S. L. Wood; the male allo-
type, one male and 23 female paratypes are
from 30 km N Canon Zancudo, Zulia, Vene-
zuela, 4-IV-70, 10 111, No. 515, from a tree sap-
ling, by S. L. Wood. Other paratypes were
taken in Venezuela as follows: 7 from 40 km
E Canton, Barinas, S-III-70, 70 m, tree seed-
lings; 13 from 40 km SE and 7 km NW of
Socopo, Barinas, 25-1-70, 13-11-70, from hiLia.
Hirtolla friandru, Rheedia madruno, Nerlandra
sp., and Protium; 3 from 20 km SW El \'igia,
Merida, 21-XI-69, 12-VI-70, lO-XII-69, from var-
ious hosts; and 1 from Haneho CIrande, Aragua, 9-
IV-70, 1100 m, tree sapling. Tliree parat\pes
are from Campo Capote, 27 km NE Mont()\a,
Santander, Colombia, 2-VII-70, 150 m, tree
sapling. One paratype is from .30 km E Palmar,
Bolivar, 12-\T-70, 200 m, Bronnia sp. All were
taken by me.
The liolot\pe, all()t\pe, and parat\pes are
in my collection.
Xi/leI)orus crinilulus. n. sp.
Although not closely related, this species is
distinguished from the allied inicariu.1 ^^'ood
by the larger size, by the more closely, more
deeply punctured pronotal disc, by the confused
discal interstrial pimctures, and b\' the steeper
elytral declivity that has different sculpture.
Female.— Length 2.2 mm (paratypes 1.9-2.3
mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color rather
dark reddish brown.
Frons as in micarius except with moderately
numerous, small, rounded granules. Pronotum
as in micarius except serrations on anterior
margin larger and punctures on disc more
numerous and deeper.
Elytra 1..3 times as long as \\ide, 1.2 times
as long as pronotum; striae not impressed, punc-
tures small, rather shallow, spaced within a row
by one or two times diameter of a puncture;
interstriae four to five times as wide as striae,
shining, with irregular lines, punctures fine,
moderately deep, confused ou basal two-thirds,
uniseriate toward declivity. Declivity steep,
broadly con\ex, occupying 42 percent of elytral
length; strial punctures almost twice as large
as on disc; interstriae imiseriately tuberculate,
tubercles rather widely spaced, pointed, mod-
erateb fine except rather coarse on lower half
of 1; suture slightly produced just before apex;
subapical posterolateral margin acutely, sub-
crenulatelv elevated from suture to interstriae
8. W'stiture hairlike, rather abundant, of vari-
able length, mostly rather short.
Type Locality.— Forty km SE Socopo, Bar-
inas, Venezuela.
Type Matehial.— The female holotspe and
17 female paratypes were collected at the type
locality on 2.5-1-70, 150 m elevation, No. 280,
from a dead branch of llirtella friandra 3-5 cm
in diameter, b\' S. L. Wood, One paratype was
taken at Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone,
Panama, 27X11-63, 70 in. No. .345, from a tree
liranch, by S. L. Wood; and two paratypes are
labeled Fort Chnton, Canal Zone, Panama, 22-
XII-63, .30 m. No'. 317, tree branch, S. L. Wood.
The holot\'pe and paratypes are in my col-
lection.
Xi/lclionis pcinduhis, n. sp.
This rather common species has been incor-
rectly identified by Sclicdl and others as var-
ians (Fabricius). It differs from various by the
smaller average size, by tlie steeper elytral de-
clivity, by the flatter lower half of the declivity
with its ventrolateral margin subacutely ele-
vated and its face irregular and closely, coarsely
punctured.
Female.— Length 2.7 mm (paratypes 2.7-3.0
mm), 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark
brown, almost black.
Frons and pronotum as in pereheae ( Fer-
rari) except each minute puncture on pronotal
disc with a minute, smooth, shining spot on its
posterior margin.
Elytral 1.0 times as long as wide, 1.06 times
as long as pronotum; disc limited to basal half;
disc as in pereheae except strial punctures
slightK- smaller. Decli\ity abruptly impressed at
base, steep, rather broadly, deepK excavated on
upper half; lower half more broadly flattened
and with its abrupt lateral margin weakly ele-
vated; basal margin abrupt, aimed by about 4-8
small, pointed denticles scattered from inter-
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles
35
.striae 1-3; margin at interstriae 3 bearing large,
stout, pointed conical spine one-fourth declivi-
tal length from basal margin, a large setiferous
pore just below its ape.x; interstriae 4 with
four to six small, pointed denticles on and
just before declivital margin, 5 with similar
denticles extending along margin to or near
sutural apex; declivital face closely, deeply,
rather coarsely punctured, surface subshining,
somewhat irregular. Vestiture limited to stout,
scalelike bristles on margin and sides of de-
clivity.
Type Locality.— Fort Clayton, Canal Zone,
Panama.
Ty'I'E Material.— The female hol()t\pe and
nine female paratypes were taken at the tvpe
locality on 22-XII-63, 30 m elevation, No. 320.
from a broken tree limb, by S. L. Wood. Other
female parat\pes were taken as follows: 3 at
Madden Forest, Canal Zone, Panama, 2-1-64, 70
m, Nos. 364, 367, tree limb, S. L. Wood; 1 at
Limon Ba\-, Canal Zone. .30-XII-63, 5 m. No. 354.
tree branch, S. L. Wood; 2 at Dominical, Punta-
renas, Costa Rica, 9-XII-63, 3 m. No. 301, tree
branch, S. L. Wood; 3 at Boston, Limon, Costa
Rica, LX-64, Theohroma cacao, J. L. Saunders;
and 1 at Finca La Lola, Limon, Costa Rica,
\Tn-63, Theohroma cacao, J. L. Saunders.
The holotype, allotype, and paratopes are
in my collection.
Xijlchonis vaiuhis, n. sp.
This species is almost identical to pandulus
Wood, but it may be distinguished by the
denselv placed minute, impressed points on the
elytral declivity on the surfaces between the
usual punctures, by the larger average size, by
die slighth' smaller declivital denticles (the
major spine is usualh' more slender), and by
the shorter scales on the margins and sides of
the elytral declivity.
Female.— Length 3.2 mm, 2.1 times as long
as wide; exactly as in pandulus Wood except as
noted in the above diagnosis.
Type Locality.— Thirteen km SW El X'igia,
Merida, Venezuela.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
five female paratypes were taken at the type
locality on 22-X-69, 100 m elevation. No. 76,
from /(iga branches, by S. L. Wood. Other fe-
male paratypes were taken as follows: 4 at 20
km SW El'Vigia, lO-XII-69, 50 m, various hosts,
S. L. Wood; and 1 at 8 km S Colonia (near
Buenaventura), \'alle de Cauca, Colombia, 9-
Vn-70, 30 m. No. 636, Pwtium nervosum, S. L.
Wood; 2 at 27 km NE Montoya (Campo Ca-
pote), Santander, Colombia, 2'-Vn-70, 150 m.
No. 583, tree sapling, S. L. Wood.
It is entirely possible that this form repre-
sents only a subspecies of pandulus; insufficient
material is available to make an evaluation at
this time.
The holot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are
in m\' collection.
Xi/leborus sJiarpi Icnis, sub.sp. n.
This subspecies i.s distinguislu'd from s.
sharpi Blandford bv the al)sence of the abun-
dant, minute, impressed points on the elytral
deeli\ity, and bv the more northern distribu-
tion.
Female.— Length 3.5 mm, 2.0 times as long
;is wide; color dark brown. Essentially as in s.
sJiarpi except declivital surface almost smooth,
punctures very fine, impressed points essentially
absent. Entire decli\ity in s. sharpi densely cov-
ered bv minute impressi'd points.
Tyi>e Locality.— Twent\ -nine km or 18 miles
E Coatzoeoalcos, \'eracruz, Mexico.
Type Material —The female holotype was
taken at the type locality on 26-\T-67, 30 m,
No. 104, from a tree limb, by S. L. Wood.
The holot\pe is in my collection.
Xyleborus palatus, n. sp.
This species is remotely allied to squamula-
tus Eichhoff, but is distinguished by the slightly
stouter bodv form, by the much steeper, flat
(•1\ tral declix it\-, and b\ the arrangement ol de-
cli\ital tiibi'reles.
Female —Length 1.9 mm (paratypes 1.8-2.1
mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color very
dark brown to black.
Frons broadlv concave, a slight, transverse
impression above epistoma; surface strongly
reticulate, punctures small, shallow, sparse.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides
feeblv arcuate, almost parallel on basal two-
thirds, rather broadlv rounded in front; anterior
margin anned by six to ten serrations, median
one or two pairs distinctly larger; summit at
middle; anterior area rather coarsely asperate;
posterior areas mostly reticulate with some shin-
ing areas, punctures rather small, shallow, mod-
erately close. Vestiture of moderately abundant,
fine, short hair.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on slightly more dian basal two-thirds.
36
Bhigham Young UNivEnsrrv Science Bulletin
rather narrowly rounded behind; disc occupy-
ing basal 60 percent of elytral length; striae not
impressed, punctures rather small, moderately
deep, spaced within a row by one to two diam-
eters of a puncture; interstriae almost smooth,
shining, about three to four times as wide as
striae, punctures very fine, slightly confused on
basal two-thirds of disc, uniseriate toward de-
clivity. Declivity rather steep, flat on median
half from rounded base to near apex; surface
shagreened, striae as on disc, apices of 2 and
3 converge toward suture; interstriae 1-3 flat; all
interstriae with rows of small, pointed granules,
those near base on all interstriae larger, those
on 1 and 2 on face of declivity and on lower
half of 5, 7, and 8 minute, others sligiitly
larger; posterolateral margin rounded, marked
by a row of small tubercles from apex to inter-
striae 9. Vestiture of minute strial iiair on and
near declivity, and interstrial bristles each as
long as distance between rows on and near de-
clivity, confused on anterior areas of disc.
Type Locality.— Twent\-fc)ur km (1.5 mi)
W Armeria, Colima, Mexico.
Type: Material.— The female holotype and
one female parat\pe were taken at the type
localitN' on .30-\'I-65, .30 m. No. 147, in flight.
by S. L. Wood; 13 female parat\pes bear iden-
tical (lata to the t\pe except Nos. 153, 154, frnin
an unidentified broken tree 1)raneh. Otlier fe-
male paratxpes were taken in Mexico as follows:
one from 53 km (33 mi) S Colima. C'olima, 27-
VI-65, 700 m. Nos, 125. 127, in flight: one from
6 km (4 mi) ,S Cihuatlan, .30-VI-a5, 70 in. No.
157, from a liana; one from \'ole.:ui C^olima, |alis-
co, 23-VI-65, 2.500 m. No. 124. from a shrub limb:
four from Lagima Santa Maria, P.-YU-^r,. 1000
m. No. 19.3, from a liana; and one from 8 km
(5 mi) E San Bias, Nayarit, 12-Vn-65, 70 m.
No. 2.32, from a leguminose tree; all were taken
by me.
The holotype and parat\pes are in m\' col-
lection.
Xr/lebortts cxiitiifi. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the allied
tolimanus Eggers by the complete absence of
denticles on the elytral declivitv.
Female.— Length 1.9 mm, 3.0 times as long
as wide; color reddish brown, pronotum more
yellowish brown.
Frons about as in catuhis Blandford but
surface finely granulate to well above eyes.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; basically
as in catulus except anterior margin rather nar-
rowly rounded and more coarselv serrate.
Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.6 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on basal half, acutely converging to
one-fifth greatest elytral width at narrowly,
shallowly emarginate apex; striae not impressed,
punctures small, shallow, distinct, spaced within
a row by twice diameter of a puncture; inter-
striae smooth, shining, three to four times as
wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate, rather
widely spaced. Declivitv gradual, narrowlv con-
vex; striae feeblv impressed, punctures slightly
larger than on disc; all interstriae equally sculp-
tured, punctines distinct, regularly, rather close-
ly spaced, anterior margin of each rather
broadly, weakly granulate; interstriae 1 weakly
elevated near acuminate apex; posterolateral
margin weakh' elevated and rather narrowly
rounded near apex, becoming more broadly
numded anteriorly, entirely devoid of granules
and denticles. \'estiture entirely abraded except
for a few hairlike setae on sides.
Type Locality.— Turrialba, Cartago, Costa
Rica.
Type Matehial.— The unique female holo-
type was taken at the t\'pe locality on 9-III-64,
700 m elevation. No. 468, from a new fence
post, by S. L. Wood.
The hoIot\pe is in m\' collection.
Xylchorus rusticus. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from rubricoUis
Eichhoff by the larger size, by the proportion-
ately smaller punctures on the declivital striae,
and by the unifomily con\ex elytral striae.
Female.— Length 3.3 mm (paratype 3.5
mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
Frons broadly, irregularly convex; surface
reticulate, shining, punctures rather coarse,
close, moderately deep above, obscure below;
\estiture sparse, inconspicuous.
Pronotum 0.98 times as long as wide; sub-
circular, all margins about equally arcuate,
widi'st slightly behind middle; summit distinctly
behind middle, entire surface closely, rather
coarsely asperate to base, slightly finer on pos-
terior third; surface between asperities reticu-
late, dull. X'estiture of fine, rather long, mod-
erately abundant hair.
Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, L6 times
as long as pronotum; sides straight on basal
two-thirds, slightly wider at base of declivity,
broadly rounded behind; disc occupying basal
two-thirds; striae 1 feebly, others not im-
pressed, punctures rather small, moderately
Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of Ameh[C.\n B.mik Beetles
37
deep, spaced within row by one to two diam-
eters of a puncture; iiiterstriae about four times
as wide as striae, almost smooth, sliining, punc-
tures small, moderately confused, their anterior
margins finelv granulate. Declivity steep,
evenly, broadly convex; strial punctures slightly
wider than on disc; interstriae tliree times as
wide as striae, granules (jn all interstriae dis-
tinctly larger, pointed. Vestiture of short strial
hair and fine, long, abundant hair; interstrial
setae in almost uniseriate rows on declivital in-
terstriae 1 and 2, confused elsewhere.
Type Locality.— Ten km NE Teziutlan,
Puebla, Mexico.
Type Material.— The female holotype was
taken at the type locality on 2-VII-67,'l600 m.
No. 150, from an unidentified log by S. L.
Wood. One female parat\pe is from the same
locality and collector, taken 27-\T-.53, No. 49.
The holot)pe and paratype are in my col-
lection.
Xijlehonis occUatus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from nistictis
Wood by the coarser strial punctures, by the
more deeply impressed declivital striae, bv the
strial punctures on tlie decli\itv, each with a
granule occupying its central half thereby giv-
ing the superficial appearance of an eye, and
by the larger interstrial granules on the de-
clivity.
Female.— Length .3..5 mm (parat\pes .3..'3-.'3.5
mm), 2.3 times as long as wide, color black.
Frons and pronotum as in nisfictts except
asperities on basal half of pronotum distincth
larger.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, L5 times
as long as pronotum; outline as in rusticus;
striae 1 feebh', others not impressed, punctures
moderately coarse, rather sliallow; interstriae
three times as wide as striae, almost smooth,
punctures rather fine, finelv granulate on their
anterior margins, confused on 2 and 3. Decli\-
ity convex, steep; striae 1 distincth-, 2 feeblv
impressed, punctures sliglitlv larger than on
disc, each puncture with its central half occu-
pied by a rounded granide; interstriae feeblv
convex, each amied by a uniseriate row of
moderately coarse, pointed tubercules, 7 sub-
acutely elevated and tuberculate. \'estiture as
in ntsticits.
Type Locality.— Picdras Blancas, 10 km E
Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
Type Material.— The female holotvpe and
two female parat\'pes were taken at the type
locality on 15-Vn-70, 2500 m, No. 675, from an
unidentified log, by S. L. Wood. Two other
female paratypes bear identical data except
one is from No. 684 in Chtsia, and one is No.
677 taken in flight.
The holotype and p;iratypes are in my col-
lection.
Xijlehonts opinuts. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from Iccontei
(Hopkins) by the slightly smaller size, by the
more strongly rounded anterior and lateral mar-
gins of the pronotum, b\' the finer, less numer-
ous asperities on the pronotal disc, by the con-
\'ex el)'tral declivity, and by the different ar-
rangement of declivital tubercles.
Female.— Length 2.4 mm, 2.2 times as long
;is wide; color reddish brown.
Frons as in leconfei. Pronotum 1.0 times as
long as wide, as in Iccontei except antcTior ;uid
lateral margins more strongly ;ucuate, summit
slightly higher, and asperities behind summit
slightly smaller and evidently less numerous.
Elvtra 1..36 times as long as wide; outline
and disc as in Iccontei except strial punctures
not larger near disc, interstrial punctures near
declivity granulate. Decli\itv rather broadly,
evenly convex, steep; strial punctures as large
as on disc, deep, smaller than in Iccontei; inter-
striae 1 bearing a row of granules on basal half,
those near base rather coarse, 2 with several
pointed tubercles on basal half, one or two at
or sliglitlv below middle distincth larger, 3
with three to five smaller tubercles; all tubercles
smaller than major tubercles of Iccontei. X'esti-
ture as in Iccontei.
Type Locality.— Sebring, Florida.
Type Materl\l.— The female holotvpe was
taken at the t\pe locality on 20-\T-51,'at light,
by S. L. \Vood.
The holotype is in mv collection.
Xi/Iehorus lacunatus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from commi.xtii.'i
Blandford hv details in sculpture of the elvtral
decli\itv as indicated in the description.
Female.— Length 4.9 mm, 2.5 times as long
as w ide; color dark brown.
Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in com-
mixtits. Elvtral declivity essentially as in com-
mixtus except rather strongly, transxerseh' im-
pressed on lower third; suture distinctly concave
on lower two-thirds; strial punctures larger; in-
terstriae about twice as wide as striae; postero-
38
Bnic.HAM Young 1'ni\ersitv Science Bulletin
lateral margin much more strongly, aciitch- ele-
vated than in comiiiixtus, rather strongly concave
from its crest to suture on lower third of decliv-
ity. \'cstiture as in commixtus.
Type Locality.— Turrialba, Cartago, Costa
Rica.
Type Material.— The female holotype was
taken at the type Iocalit\ on 18-IV-6.3, from
Theohroma cacao, by J. L. Saunders. One female
paratype is from Peralta, Cartago, Costa Rica,
10-III-64, flight, S. L. Wood.
The holotype and parat\pe are in mv collec-
tion.
Xtjlehonis iiwridemis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from caraihicus
Eggers by the slight!)' larger size, by the larger,
less deeply impressed punctures on the striae, by
the more gradual declivity with the lower me-
dian half almost flat, and b\- the rounded postero-
lateral margin of the decli\ity.
Female.— Length 4.1 mm (paratypes .3.7-4..3
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
Frons and pronotum as in caraihicus except
posterior areas of pronotum more distinctlv re-
ticulate.
Elytra L7 times as long as wide, L7 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds,
slightl\- tapered then rather narroulv rounded
behind; striae not impressed, punctures moder-
ately coarse, shallow; interstriae twice as wide
as striae, smooth, punctures fine, uniseriate. De-
clivity moderately steep, rather narrow, feebly
impiessed on median area partictilarl\- on central
half; suture on lower two-thirds straight; striae
not impressed, punctures on middle half larger
than on disc, interstriae one and one-half times
as wide as striae; interstriae smooth, shining,
each armed by about five small, pointed tuber-
cles; posterolateral margin rather narrowly
rounded (not carinatc), amied by a series of
rather widely spaced, small, pointed granules.
Male.— Length 3.4 mm; head and elytra es-
sentially as in female. Pronotum L2 times as
long as wide, 0.86 times as long as elytra; cjuad-
ratc, anterior third broadly, concavely excavated,
anterolateral margins abruptly angulate, acutely
elevated; anterior margin acutely elevated, slight-
ly produced into an obtuse, median point; sub-
glabrous.
Tyi'e Locality.— I^a Carbonera experimental
forest, about 50 km (airline) NE Merida, Meri-
da, \'enezuela.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and four paratypes were taken at the
type loeaiitx- on 23-IV-70, 2.500 m, Nos. 450, 45L
from an unidentified log b\' S. L. Wood. Other
paratypes were taken at the same l()c;i!itv as fol-
lows: 5 on 16-L\-69, No. 21 in Pniniis spluiero-
carpa\ 1 on 16-L\-69, No. 20 on Ficiis. 1 on 14-X-
69, No. 66; 2 on 27-.\-69, No. 92; 6 on 9-.\n-69,
No. 171; 8 on 2S-I\'-70. Nos. 450, 451, and 457,
from unidentified logs; all by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allot\pe, and paratypes arc in
mv collection.
Xijleborus aclinis. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from incridensis
Wood by the much smaller size, by the more
strongly convex deelixitv, and by the presence
of only one tubercle on decli\'ital interstriae 2.
Female.— Li'ngth .3.1-3.3 mm, 2.9 times as
long as wide; color dark brown.
Frons and pronotum as in incridensis except
pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide.
Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as
long as pronotum; outline and disc as in meriden-
sis except interstrial punctures more widely
spaced. Decli\itv moderately steep, convex;
longitudinal axis of suture feebly convex on
lower half; striae not impressed, punctures little
if any larger than on disc; interstriae smooth,
shining, 1 and 3 each amied by about three to
six pointed granules of variable size, 2 armed
by one moderateh' coarse di'uticle one-third de-
clivital length from apex, a few small granules
in lateral areas; posterolateral margin as in meri-
densis. narrowly rounded, its crest amied by
se\('ral small, isolated granules. \'estiture eon-
fined to decli\'ity, sparse, one short bristle aris-
ing from posterior basal margin of each granule,
each about half as long as width of an inter-
striae.
Type Locality.— Cerro Punta near Volcan
de Chiriqui (Barn), Chiriqui, Panama.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
three female paratypes were taken at the type
locality on 11-1-64. 1800 m. No. 386, from a
stump 15 cm in diameter, by S. L. \\'ood.
The holotvpe and paratypes are in my collec-
tion.
Xijlehonis dissimidatus, n. sp. -
This species is distinguished from mcridensis
Wood by the much smaller size, by the smaller
strial punctures, by the much smaller granules
on declivital interstriae 2, and bv the more sub-
angulate, subserrate posterolateral margin of
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American B.\hk Beetles
39
the declivity. It is distinguished, with difficulty,
from posticus Eichhoff by the shining, more
gradual decHvity, and by the shorter, sparse
dechvital bristles.
Female.— Length 2.2 mm (paratypes 2.2-2.3
mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color brown.
Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in posti-
cus.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as
long as pronotum; disc occupying basal 60 per-
cent of elytral length. Declivity moderately
steep, rather broadly convex; strial punctures
much larger than on disc, very shallow; inter-
striae smooth, shining, as wide as striae, each
with a sparse row of minute granules, 1 and 3
each with about two distinctly larger granules;
posterolati'ial margin subacute, more continu-
ously subserrate than in posticus. Vestituri'
largely confined to declivity, of very short, stout
and fine, interstrial bristles, each bristle about
one-third as long as distance between rows.
Type Locality.— Tapanti. Cartago, Costa
Rica.
Type Material.- The female holotype and
three female paratypes were taken at the type
locality on 17-IX-63, No. 184, from Miconin
caudata, by S. L. Wood. One female paratNpe
bears identical data except No. 178 from a liana.
One paratype is from the same locality and col-
lector taken 2-\'II-63, No. 9, Miconia sp.
The holotype and paratypes are in my col-
lection.
XijIe])orus concentus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from parollclo-
collis Eggers by the more narrowly con\ex
declivity on the transverse axis, by the serrate
posterolateral margin of the declivitv, and by tlu'
shorter interstrial bristles on thi' declivit).
Female.— Length 2.5 mm (parat\pes 2.5-2.7
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
Frons and pronotum as in caraihicus Eggers
except pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as
long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds,
tapered, then narrowh' rounded behind; .striae
not impressed, punctures rather small, distinctlv
impressed; interstriae twice as wide as striae,
punctures very fine, uniseriate. Declivity grad-
ual, transversely con\ex, suture very feebly con-
vex on lower half; surface rather dull in most
specimens; striae not impressed, punctures larger
than on disc; interstriae flat, slightlv ^^'ider than
striae, granules small, of uniform size, spaced
by distances less than width of an interstriae;
posterolateral margin abrupt, subacute, finely
serrate. Vestiture largely confined to declivity,
consisting of short, stout, interstrial bristles, each
bristle equal in length to one-third width of an
interstriae; a few similar, much longer bristles
on disc.
Type Locality.— Tapanti, Cartago, Costa
Rica.
Type Mateklal.— The female holotype and
two female paratypes were taken at the type
localitN' on 26-Xl'-63, 1.300 m. No. 265, from
Phoebe mexicana, b\' S. L. Wood. Other female
paratypes were taken as follows: 1 at Rincon de
Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, ll-\'Ill-66, 30 m,
No. 90, liana; 1 at \'olcan, Puntarenas, Costa
Rica, ll-Xll-63, 1000 ni, No. 308, tree limb; 1 at
Cuapiles, Limon, Costa Rica, 22-\'II-66, 100 m.
No. 101, tree limb; and 6 at 30 km E Palmar,
Bolivar, X'enezuela, 12-VT-70, 200 m, No. 556,
Alexii imperatricis; all by S. L. \\'ood.
The holotype and paratypes are in n\\ col-
li'ction.
Xyleborus trihulattis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from .seniipunc-
tatus Eggers except as noted in the following de-
scription.
Female.— Length 3.8 mm, 2.4 times as long
as wide; color very dark brown.
Frons and pronotum as in semipunctatus ex-
cept punctures on posterior half of pronotum
distinctlv larger, closer.
Elvtra as in semipunctatus except discal striae
2 distinctly sinuate; interstriae 2 and 3 on disc
distinctlv confused; strial punctures on disc and
dcclixity distinctly larger, interstriae on disc
three times as wide as striae ( four times as wide
in .semipunctatus). Declivitv as in .semipuncta-
tus except as noted.
Type Locality.— Rio Damitas in the Dota
Mountains, San Jose, Costa Rica.
Type Material.— The unique female holotype
was taken at the type locality on 22-\'III-63,
250 m. No. 126, from a liana 10 cm in diameter,
by S. L. Wood.
The holotype is in my collection.
Xyleborus vismiae, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from costaricen-
sis Blandford by the shorter, steeper declivity
which is strongly, transversely impressed on the
lower half, b\' the smooth, shining declivital sur-
face, and by the larger declivital granules. The
40
Brigham Young I'niveiisity Science Bili.etin
costaricensis group of species is characterized by
the shghtly protuberant, smooth, peculiarly retic-
ulate frons that is desoicl of punctures, bv the
tapered posterior half of the elytra, and b)' the
long, rather narrow declivity.
pEAfALE.— Length 3.5 mm (paratypes 3..'3-3.7
mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
Frons shallowly, transversely impressed be-
tween eyes, \\eakly inflated below; surface
smooth with very fine reticulation below, more
coarsely reticulate toward vertex, punctures
rather small, sparse, mostly confined to lateral
areas, none on lower third; vestiture very sparse,
hairlike, inconspicuous.
Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; sides
almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather
narrowly roimded in front; smnmit at middle;
anterior half ratlier fineh' asperate; posterior
areas very finc'ly subreticulate; punctures minute,
distinct, rather sparse.
Elytra l.S times as long as wide, 1.6 times as
long as pronotum; sides ;ilmost straight and
parallel on basal half, then rather strongly ta-
pered, rather nanowly rounded behind; striae
not impressed, punctures small, distinct, spaced
within a row by one to two diameters: interstriae
smooth, moderately shining punctures \ery mi-
nute, distinct, uniseriate. Declivity occupying
slightly more than posterior third, strongly,
transversely impressed on lower half; transverseh-
flat; longitudinalh' conca\e; striae curved toward
suture near apex, punctures almost twice as
large as on disc; interstriae shining, anned bv
rows of small granules, altematt- granules slight-
ly larger; posterolateral margin narrowly round-
ed, its crest with ;i ivw feeble granules.
Type Localitv,— Rio Dainitas in the Dota
Mountains, San Jose, Costa Rica.
Type Material.— Th(> female holotype and
three female paratypes were taken at the t\pe
locality on 22-\'Ili-63, 250 m. No. 126, from
Vismia gtiai/dnemis. by S. L. Wood. Eight fe-
male paratypes are from Rancho Grande, Pittier
National Park, Aragua, \'enezuela, 9-n'-70, 1100
m. No. 433, from a species of Guttiferae near
but probably not Vismia, by S. L. Wood, ex-
cept one of these is No. 441 from an unidenti-
fied tree limb.
The holot\pe and paratypes are in mv collec-
tion.
Xylehonis demissiis. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from dvplanatns
Eggers by the more slender body form, b\- the
shorter declivity, by the two sizes of intirstrial
tubercles on the declivity, and by the less
strongly serrate posterolateral margin of the
declivity.
Female.— Length 2.0 mm, 2.9 times as long
as wide; color dark brown.
Frons and pronotum ;is in cleplanafus except
pronotum 1.21 times as long as wide.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as
long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on
basal half, then slighth' tapered, narrowK round-
ed behind, weakly emarginate at suture; disc
occupying slightly more than basal half; striae
not impressed, punctures small, shallow, distinct;
interstriae smooth, shining, three times as wide
as striae, puncturi's unisiTiate, slightly smaller
than those of striae, their anterior margins feebly
granulate at base, becoming more distinctly gran-
ulate posteriorly. Declivity rather gradual, mod-
erateK' coincx on both axes; stri;ie not im-
pressed, punctures slightly larger than on disc,
lateral margins of punctures on 2 and 3 weakly
granulate; interstriae shining, about twice as
wide a.s striae, each anned b\- a row of granules,
granules mostly small except on 2 and 3 dis-
tincth' larger granules alternate with small ones.
X'estiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair, and
interstrial rows of short, almost scalelike bristles,
eacli bristle one-third to one-half as long as dis-
tance between rows, slighth' closer within a row,
each three to fi\e times as long as wide.
Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas,
Costa Rica.
Type Material.- The imique female holo-
type was taken at the type locality on 11-\'II1-
66, 30 m. No. 70, from a log 20 cm in diameter,
by S. L. Wood.
The holotvpe is in my collection.
Xylehonis mcritits, n. sp.
This spi'cies is distinguished from vismiae by
the slightly larger sizt\ by the more gradual,
more nearly flattened elytral declivit\', and b\
the much finer interstrial granules on the decliv-
ity.
Female.— Length 3.0 mm (parat\'pes 2.8-3.4
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color yer\' dark
brown.
Frons, pronotum (1.15 times as long as
wide), and ehtral disc as in vismiae Wood.
Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as
long as pronotum; outline as in vismiae. Decliv-
ity occupying slightly less than posterior half
of elytral length, its lower half very shallowK
concave; striae not impressed, cur\ing toward
suture near apex, punctures almost twice as
Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species ok Americ.vn B.-^hk Beetles
41
large as on disc; intcrstriae smooth, shining, with
widch' spaced fine grannies, those on lower half
of 2 and 3 smaller, sometimes almost obsolete.
Vestitnre sparse, of fine hair, length on declivit)'
equal to about half width of an interstriae.
Type Locality.— Tapanti, Cartago, Costa
Uica.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
one female paratype were taken at the type lo-
calit\ on 17-IX-6:3, 1:300 m. No. 178, liana, S. L.
Wood. Thirteen female paratvpes were taken at
the same locality (2) 2-\TI-63, No. 7, liana, (1)
3-VII-63, No. 17, Conostegia oerstedkina. (2)
17-IX-63, No. 182. Miconia caudato. (1) 24-X-
63, No. 184, Miconia caudata. (6) 26-XI-63, No.
265, Phochcd mexicana. Ten female paratvpes
are from 14 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Ri-
ca, 1800 m, (1) 3-\TI-63, No. 17, Conostegia
oerstediana, (8) 24-IX-63, No. 204, Miconia
ghhidiflora, and (1) 24-IX-63, No. 200, Myrica
ptd)escens: all by S. L. Wood.
The holotvpe and paratvpes are in mv collec-
tion.
Xiilel>onis prolatns. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from costari-
cen.iis Blandford b\' the larger size, b\ the
longer, more strongly impressed declivity, and
by the near absence of granules on declivital in-
terstriae 1 and 2.
Female.— Length 4.2 mm (paratypes 4.0-4.4
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
Frons and pronotuni as in costariccnsis.
Elvtra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as
long as pronotum; outline about as in costari-
censis except more strongly tapered on posterior
half, more narrowly rounded behind; disc con-
fined to basal third, as in costaricensis. Decli\ity
verv gradual, shallowlv, broadly bisulcate; sur-
face dull; strial punctures twice as large as on
disc; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae,
smooth, 1 distinctly elevated toward suture, 2
broadlv, subconca\el\' impressed, 3 distincth-,
gradually ele\ated toward broad summit at striae
4, 3 and 4 each with a ro\\- of widely spaced,
moderately large granules, 1 and 2 sometimes
with one or two smaller granules near apex ( one
paratype with five granules on 2 on left side).
V'estiture as in costaricensis except almost en-
tirelv absent on declivital interstriae 1 and 2.
Type Locality.— Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Ri-
ca.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
eight female paratvpes were taken at the tvpe
locality on 24-X-63, 1300 m. No. 265, from a re-
cently cut limb of Phoehea mexicana 10 cm in
diameter, bv S. L. \\'ood.
The holotvpe and parat\pcs are in my col-
lection.
Xijlehorus dissidcns. n. sp.
This species is placed near sparsipilosus Eg-
gers because of the slender pronotum and steep
elytral declivity; however, it probably is more
closely related to species placed in the sub-
genus Euicallacca. In ;uldition to the slender
pronotum with its procurxcd ;mterior margin,
this species has the eKtral decli\it\' steep, con-
vex, and interstriae 1-3 eciuallv armed b\' pointed
granules.
Female.— Length 3.1 mm (paratypes 3.0-3.2
mm), 3.0 times as long as wide; color black.
Frons as in costaricensis Blandford but with
lower area less strongly inflated.
Pronotum 1.22 times as long as wide; as in
sparsipilosus except posterior areas subreticulate.
Elvtra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as
long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on
slightly more than basal two-thirds, rather broad-
lv rounded behind; disc occupying slightly
more than basal two-thirds; striae not impressed,
punctures rather small, distinct, spaced within a
row by diameter of a puncture; interstriae
smooth, shining, twice as wide as striae, punc-
tures uniseriate, minute, distinct, almost ob-
solete. Declivitv steep, rather broadly convex:
striae about as on disc; interstriae 1-3 each
I'cjuallv armed by six to ten pointed granules
of slightly irregular size; posterolateral margin
obtuse, ;ibrupt. Wstiture confined to decli\ity,
of rows of rather coarse, interstrial setae, each
seta about one and one-half times as long as
distance between rows, more widely spaced
within a row.
Type Locality.— Nine km NE Tezuitlan,
I'uebla, Mexico.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
thri'e female parat\pes were taken at the type
locality on 2-\TI-67, 1500 m. No. 141, from
Alnits cordwood, by S. L. Wood. Two female
paratypes liear identical data except one is No.
147, from an unidentified log, and one is No.
141, taken in flight.
The holotvpe and paratypes arc in my col-
lection.
Xtflehorinu.s dints, n. sp.
Superficiallv this species might be confused
with Xi/lehortis ferox Blandford, but the conical
42
Bhigham Young University Science Bulletin
scutellum and emarginate elytral base show the
true relationships to be very different.
Female.— Lcngtli 3.5 mm (paratypes: fe-
males 3.4-3.6 mm, males 2.5-2.7 mm), 2.7 times
as long as wide; mature color black.
Frons convex, opistoma slightlv elevated; sur-
face reticulate, punctures rather large, im-
pressed, indefinite; vestiture inconspicuous.
Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide, widest
a third of its length from base; sides rather
weakly arcuate on basal two-thirds, con\'i'rging
very slightly, then rather strongly rounded in
front, median area rather narrowly produced
but unarmed ( in manv paratypes anterior mar-
gin rather broadly rounded); summit very
slightl)' in front of middle; posterior area reticu-
late, indistinctly so near base, punctures small,
distinct, rather close; vestiture rather long and
abundant on sides and in asperate area.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on basal half, then arcuatelv converging
to apex of \entrolateral spine, rather broadlv
U-shaped between spines; striae 1 weaklv, others
not impressed, punctures moderatelv large, deep,
somewhat confused on 1; interstriae mostly twice
as wide as striae, punctures similar to those of
striae but deeper, imiseriate except paith con-
fused on 1 and 2. Declivitv moderately steep,
broadly, shallowly excavated, lateral margins
armed by three pairs of major spines; spine 1 at
upper margin in line with striae 2, spine 2 on
lateral margin two-thirds declivital lengtli from
upper margin, spine 3 at posterolateral margin;
spine 1 slighth' more than half as long as 3, 2
slightlv smaller than 3, 2 ef(ual in length to
width of antennal club; one minor tooth in front
of spine 1, two others between 1 and 2; decli\'ifal
face with confused punctures similar to those on
disc. Vestiture consisting of rather long, slender
hair arising from interstrial pimctures on disc
and sides, setae minute on excavated area.
Male.— Length 2. .5-2. 7 mm; similar to fi'inale
except smaller, eye reduced, pronotum not
strongly arched, with asperities somewhat re-
duced; elytral declivity much longer, more
gradual, with spine 1 greatly reduced, minor
teeth mostly absent.
Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas,
Costa Rica.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and 34 paratypes were collected at the
type locality on H-VIII-66, at about 30 m eleva-
tion, from cut limbs 10-20 cm in diameter in
the primary forest. Nineteen additional para-
types were taken at Rio Damitas in the Dota
Mountains, San Jose, Costa Rica, 22-\'1 11-63. 250
m, from a stump 25 cm in diameter in the pri-
mary forest; all specimens were collected by my-
self. The tunnels were of a branching type that
included several enlarged cavities.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in
my collection.
XtjIeI)onnris tril)tilosiis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from dints Wood
by the smaller size, by the more slender body
form, by the smaller, uniseriate strial and inter-
strial punctures on disc and declivity, and by
the different elytral declivitv.
Female.— Length 2.5 mm (paratype 2.4
mm), 2.S times as long as wide; color very dark
brown.
Frons and pronotum essentially as in dims
except pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide;
pronotal disc glabrous.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide (spines ex-
cluded), 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline
essentially as in dims; striae not impressed,
punctures small, uniseriate, close; interstriae
smooth, shining, slightly more than twice as
wide as striae, punctures half as large as those
of striae, uniseriate. Declivitv occupying two-
thirds of elytral length; broadly flattened to
feebly impressed, its margin amied hv about
24 rather co;irse, pointed denticles on interstriae
1-6 from base to near sutural apex; interstriae 3
armed at middle and near apex by two pairs of
very large spines, each spine one and one-half
times as long as its basal width, about ec(ual in
length to discal distance from suture to striae
3; face of declivity with strial punctures in rows,
slightly larger than on disc; interstrial punctures
largely obsolete. Vestiture of rows of rather
coarse inteistrial setae, on disc each seta about
as long as distance between rows, distinctly
closer within a row, on declivity distinctly longer
and less regularly placed.
Type Locality.— Madden Forest, Canal Zone,
Panama.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
one female paratvpe were taken at the type lo-
calitv on 2-1-64, 70 m. No. .367, from a tree limb
by S. L. Wood.
The holotvpe and paratype are in mv col-
lection.
Xt/leborinus protinus, n. sp.
This odd species is not closely related to any
American species knowii to me.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of Amehic:.\n B.\rk Beetles
43
Female.— Length 1.7 mm (paratypes 1.6-1.7
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color rather
light brown, prothora.x distinctly lighter.
Frons very weakly convex from upper level
of eyes to epistomal margin; surface reticulate,
rather coarsely, obscureK punctured; \estiture
inconspicuous.
Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; widest
one-third pronotum length from base, sides
weakly arcuate, basal and anterior angles more
strongly rounded, rather naiTowly rounded in
front; asperities fine, largely isolated; summit
indefinite, in front of middle; surface reticulate
in front of summit, niosth' smooth and brightly
shining behind, punctures small, deep, not close;
vestiture largely confined to sides and asperate
area.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1..3 times
as long as pronotum; sides essentially straight
and parallel on basal three-fourths, then rather
abruptly rounded, shallowlv emarginate on me-
dian third behind; scutellum conical; striae not
impressed, punctures small, deep; interstriae
twice as wide as striae, punctures small, indefi-
nite; elytra arched from base to apex. Declivity
beginning on basal third of ehtra, gradual;
lateral margins on lower half gradualh' ele\'atcd
and continuing almost to apex, elevation rather
high, not at all acute, evidently entireK un-
armed; lower half transversely concave; striae 1
and 2 with punctures larger than on disc, strong-
ly impressed; interstriae 2 wider than 1; inter-
strial punctures obscure. Vestiture consisting of
stout, hairlike setae, more abundant on declivitv,
particularlv on inner slope of lateral elevation.
Type Locality.— Finca La Lola, Limon, Cos-
ta Rica.
Type Materl\l.— The female holotype and
four female paratypes were collected at the t\pe
localitv on 7-II-63, from Thcohroma cacao. h\
J. L. Saunders.
The holotype and paratypes are in in\ collec-
tion.
Xylehorimis celatu.s. n. sp.
This species differs from rcconditus Schedl
by the much finer punctures on the pronotal
disc and by the reduction of the denticles on
declivital interstriae 2.
Female.— Length 1.7 mm (parat\pes 1.6-l.S
mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark
brown, almost black.
Frons and pronotum as in recouditus except
posterior areas of pronotum with punctures
much finer, less numerous.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times
;is long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on basal three-fourths, then rather
abruptly rounded, straight on median half be-
hind; disc confined to basal third of elytral
length; striae not impressed, punctures minute;
interstriae almost smooth, subshining, at least
six times as wide as striae, punctures slightly
smaller than those of striae. Declivity gradual,
longitudinallv flat and trans\ersely very weakly
conv(>x on its basal half, slightlv steeper and
broadlv, shallow Iv sulcate on its lower half; base
commencing much more abruptly than in rccon-
ditus; lower half of declivity with contours as
in rccondiltis but strial punctures smaller and
interstriae 3 armed b\- onlv two denticles, one
just behind middle of declivity and one on its
apical fourth; interstriae on basal half armed
by row's of fine granules. \'estiture confined to
declivitv, consisting of minute strial hair and
interstrial rows of stout bristles; each bristle as
long as distance between rows.
Type Locality.— Eight km S Colonia (near
Buenaventura), \'alle de Cauca, Colombia.
Type Matehial.— The female holotype and
fi\'e female parat\pes were taken at the type lo-
cality on 9-\TI-76, 30 m. No. 646, from Zngrt sp..
In S. L. \\'ood. Nine female parat\pes bear
identical data except they are No. 628 from Idea
(dfisiiiHi or Xo. 631 from Protitim nervosum.
The holotype and paratypes are in my col-
lection.
Araptus insinuatus. n. sp.
Tliis species is distinguished from the very
closelv related fovcifrons Schedl bv the strong-
ly impri'ssed decli\ital interstriae 2, by the
longer ehtral \estiture, and by the more finely,
more closely punctured pronotal disc.
Male.— Length 1.6-2.1 mm, 2.4 times as long
as wide; color reddish brown.
Frons and pronotum as in fovcifrons except
punctures on pronotal disc distinctly smaller,
closer. Elytra as in fovcifrons except discal
punctures a\eraging slightly longer, finer than
in fovcifrons.
Female.— Similar to male except frons (con-
cealed) apparentlv as in female fovcifrons.
Type Locality.— Guatemala.
Type Material— The male holotype, female
allotype, and two male paratypes were inter-
cepted from Guatemalan seeds at San Pedro,
California, 7-III-63. One male paratype is from
44
La Ceiba, Atlantida, Honduras, 17-VI-49, at
light, by E. C. Becker.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Araptits interjectus, n. sp.
Thi.s species is distinguished from foveifrom
Schedl by the larger size, by the more elongate
form, by the near absence of interstrial punc-
tures, and by the different frons in both sexes.
MALE.-Length 2.4 mm (paratypes 2.4-2.7
mm), 2.9 times as long as wide; color rather
dark reddish brown.
Frons strongly, transversely impressed from
eye to eye from middle to well above upper
level of eyes, its margins obtuse, its lower lateral
angles anned b)' a pair of rather coarse tuber-
cles and with a' large, pointed, median tubercle
at same level; lower third of area below upper
level of eyes subaciculate; all surfaces shining;
vestiture sparse except along epistomal margin.
Antennal club as in foveifwns.
Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; widest
behind middle, sides moderately arcuate on
more than posterior half, weakly constricted on
anterior third, rather broadly rounded in front;
anterior margin armed by about eight irregular
serrations; indefinite summit one-third of prono-
tum length from ;mterior m;irgin; asperities fine,
confused; posterior areas obscurely reticulate in
some areas, numerous minute, impressed points
present, punctures rather small, deep, moder-
ately close. Glabrous except for a few setae on
asperate area and lateral margins.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times
as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel
on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind;
striae not impressed except 1 near decli\'ity,
punctures moderately coarse, spaced by diam-
eter of a puncture; interstriae twice as wide as
striae, shining, with rather numerous minute
points and moderately abundant, subtrans\erse
impressed lines, punctures obsolete except for
an occasional puncture on some specimens. De-
clivitx' steep, broadly convex; sutural interstriae
distinctlv, rather ;ibruptK- ele\ated, 2 slightly
wider than 1 or 3 and impunctate, 1 and 3 each
with a few small punctures. Vestiture largely
abraded, a few short interstrial bristles on de-
clivity.
pEXJALE.-Similar to male except frons
broadlv flattened, weakly impressed near
median line, median line with a conspicuous,
blunt carina from epistoma to well above eyes;
frontal vestiture of moderately abundant, fine.
BH1GH.\M VOUNC. UnIVERSITV SCIENCE BULLETIN
uniformly distributed long hair, distinctly longer
at margins.
Type Locality-. -N'olcan de Agua, Guate-
mala.
Type MATERtAL.-The male holotype, female
allotype, and 12 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 19-V-64, 1000 m, Nos. 609 and
612, from pith tunnels in a cut vine, by S. L.
Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in mv collection.
Araptus dcrincftis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from foveifwns
Schedl by the more slender body form, by the
sparse discal interstrial punctures, and b\ the
very different frons in both sexes.
MALE.-Length 2.2 mm (paratypes 2.1-2.5
mm), 2.S times as long as wide; color dark
reddish brown.
Frons excavated as in foveifrom but with
lateral cusps longer, extending ventrad to upper
level of eves, a sharply ele\ated median carina
extending from deepest point of excavation end-
ing on epistomal margin in a small tooth, lateral
margins of lower half of excavation amied by
one or more pairs of small tubercles. Antennal
club as in foveifwns.
Pronotum and elytra as in interjectus Wood
except odd-numbered discal interstriae punc-
tured, even-numbered interstriae very sparsely
pimctured, and declivity as in foveifrons except
more n;ui()\\l\ eoincx, punctures smaller.
FEMALE.-Similar to male except frons
shallowlv concave from e\'e to eye from epi-
stoma to vertex, surface shining, finely punc-
tmed, subaciculate, a distinctly elevated median
carina extending from center of exca\ation to
denticulate epistomal margin; margins of frontal
excavation ornameiitt'd by a rather dense fringe
of fine, long hair.
Type Locality. -Three km (2 miles) SE
Acatlan, Puebla, Mexico.
Type MAXERiAL.-The male holotype, female
allotvpe, and five parat\pes were taken at the
type' locality on 15-\'-67, 1500 m. No. 38, from
pith tunnels in a cut vine, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in mv collection.
Araptus delicatus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from p,enialis
Wood bv the smaller size, by the more slender
form, and bv the \ery different sculpture of
the frons.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of Americ.'\n B.-mik Beetles
45
Male.— Length 1.9 nun (paratype.s 1.7-2.5
mm ), 2.S times as long as wide; color dark hro\\n
except ba.sal half of elytra light brown.
Frons dcepl\' impressed on triangular area
from epistoma to vertex, upper angle of tri-
angle on vertex an inverted U-shaped area hav-
ing its margins acutely costate, floor of im-
pressed area obscurely aciculate and with a
low, long, acute carina; vestiture fine, short,
moderately abundant, with a conspicuous cpi-
stomal brush. Antennal club as in foveifrons.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides
on basal half almost straight and parallel,
broadly rounded in front; anterior margin
armed by about 12 low serrations; indefinite
summit one-third pronotum length from anterior
margin; ;isperities small, confused; posterior
areas shining with numerous impressed points,
punctures moderately coarse, deep, close. Ves-
titure of moderately abundant, fine, very short
hair.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times
as long as pronotum; sides straight and par-
allel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly
rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1
weakly, punctures rather small, deep, spaced
by diameter of a puncture; interstriae two to
three times as wide as striae, shining, marked
by irregular lines, punctures almost as large as
those of striae, irregularly placed. Decli\it\
steep, broadly convex, strial and interstrial
punctures smaller than on disc; sutural inter-
striae feebly elevated, area from striae 1 to 3
flat on middle half. \'estiture of rows of short
strial and slightly longer interstrial hair, longest
interstrial setae slightly shorter than distance
between rows.
Female.— Similar to male except frons more
extensively, subcircularly impressed, U-shaped
carina as in male, vestiture on margins ;ibiin-
dant and \erv long.
Type Localitv.— Eight km S La Huerta.
Jalisco, Mexico.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allotype, and 62 parat)pes were taken at the
type locality on l-VII-65, 500 m. No. 161. from
axial pith tunnels in stems of a vine, by S. L.
Wood.
The holot\pe, allotype, and parat\pes are
in my collection.
Araptus genialis. n. sp.
Tin's species is distinguished from delicatus
Wood by the larger size, by the stouter body
form, and bv the sculpture of the frons.
Male.— Length 3.0 mm (paratypes 2.8-3.4
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark
reddish brown.
Frons deeply, triangularly impressed on
median three-fourths from epistoma to vertex,
upper angle more strongly impressed, its mar-
gins armed by one median and two lateral
acutely elevated cusps; floor of impression
punctate to obscurely aciculate, with a broad,
strongh' ele\ated carina from emarginate epis-
toma to deepest part of concavity, both upper
and lower ends tenninate abruptlv. .\ntennal
club ;vs in foveifrons.
Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide; as in
delicatits except discal punctures smaller, not
as deep.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times
as long as pronotum; as in delicatus except
discal interstriae three to four times as wide as
striae and decli\ital interstriae 3 feebly ele-
vated.
Female.— Similar to male exci'pt frontal im-
pression more extensive, its margins ornamented
b\' a dense fringe of long, yellow hair.
Type Locality— X'olean de Agua, Cuate-
m;ila.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allotspe, and 18 parat\pes were taken at the
t\ pe localitN' on 19-\'-64, 1000 m. No. 609 ( two
;ue 608), from axial pith tunnels in a cut vine,
b\' S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in m\' collection.
Araptus dentifrons, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from confinis
( Blandford ) bv the impressed male frons, with
the carina much stronger, and with a series of
small tubercles arming the lateral and dorsal
margins of the impressed area, bv the different
female frons, and by the coarser elvtral punc-
tiues.
Male.— Length 1.8 mm (paratypes 1.6-1.9
mm), 3.0 times as long as wide; color very
dark reddish brown.
Frons subconcavely impressed to upper le\el
of eyes with median area on lower half very
strongly produced into a short, dentate, median
carina, upper and lateral margins of impressed
area anned b\' a row of about nine tubercles;
surface shining, subaciculate near epistoma;
vestiture sparse, inconspicuous except on
epistoma.
Pronotum as in confinis except posterior
areas with numerous impressed points ( obscure-
46
Uiiic.HAM Young University Science Bulletin
ly reticulate in some specimens), punctures
coarse, deep. Elytra as in confinis except discal
surface smooth, shining, with impressed points,
strial punctures larger, interstriae less than
twice as wide as striae, dccli\ital punctures
strongly reduced in size, almost obsolete.
Female.— Similar to male except frons
flattened, very shallowlv concave on median
third, with an obscure median impressed line
below, a weak carina above, marginal areas
subgranulate, not tuberculate, vestiture rather
uniformly distributed but more abundant and
longer on margins.
Type Locality.— Three km (2 miles) SE
Acatlan, Puebla, Mexico.
Type Materl\l.— The male holotype, female
allotvpe, and 21 paratvpes were taken on 15-
VI-6'7, 1500 m. No. 38,' from axial pith tunnels
of a cut vine, hv S. L. Wood; nine paratypes
are from \'olcan Cf)]ima, Jalisco, Mexico, 2'3-\T-
65, No. 104. S. L. W ood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in mv collection.
Aroptits facetus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from cxfitiisitus
Blackman bv the smaller size, bv the sliorter or
obsolete clvtral vestiture, and b\ the ornamen-
tation of the female frons.
Female.— Length 1..3 mm (paratvpes 1.2-1.4
mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color reddish
brown.
Frons shallowlv concave from eye to eve
from epistoma to vertex, its surface smooth,
impunctate on lower fourth, finely, closely
punctured above, vestiture confined to area
above eyes, consisting of a dense brush of long
yellow hair.
Pronotum and elvtra as in r.\Y/t/(.vi7(;.$ except
elytra glal)rous.
Male.— Similar to female except frons as in
male exquisitus.
Type Locality.— Rio Teiiipisc(ue, Cuana-
caste, Costa Rica.
Type Material— The female holotype, male
allotvpe, and two paratvpes were taken at the
type locality on 25-III-64, 15 m. No. 501, from
Fictis twigs, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and parat\pes are
in my collection.
Arapttis ciispidis, n. sp.
This species and cnulitus
conspicuous median process
(Sdiedl) liavc a
at the posterior
margin of abdominal sternum 5 that distin-
guishes them from all other species in the genus.
This species is distinguislud from cnulitus by
the convex, unarmed eKtral declivity and by
the different female frons.
Female.— Length 1.3 mm (paratypes 1.2-1.4
mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color yellowish
brown.
Frons shining. con\-ex, slightly flattened on
median half jjelow upper level of eyes, this area
punctured on its lateral and upper margins,
smooth and shining in central area, punctured
area with moderately abundant, short, incon-
spicuous hair.
Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest
on basal third, sides moderately arcuate, con-
verging toward rather narrowly rounded ante-
rior margin; anterior margin anned by about
12 low serrations; summit definite, very slightly
in frf)nt of middle; asperities moderately coarse,
confused; posterior areas strongly reticulate,
punctures small, obscure. Glabrous.
Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times
as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel
on basal two-thirds, rather narrowl)' rounded
behind; striae not impressed, punctures small,
distinct; interstriae three times as wide as striae,
almost smooth, impri'ssed points rather ob-
scure, impunctate. Declivit\- steep, convex;
sutural interstriae feebly ele\ated, 2 indistinctly
impressed; strial and interstrial punctures
minute, almost obsolete. \'estiture largely con-
fined to decli\itv, of interstrial rows of slender
bristles, each slightly longer than distance be-
tween rows, similarb' spaced within a row.
Sternum 5 with a conspicuoirs median eleva-
tion on posterior margin.
Mali;.— Similar to female except frons con-
vex, shining, surface obscurely, rather coarsely
punctured. Antennal club rather small, subcir-
cular, sutures rather strongly procurved, 1 ex-
tending one-third, 2 two-thirds club length from
base, 1 finely septate.
Type Locality.— Eight km (5 miles) E San
Bias, Na\arit, Mexico.
Type Material.- The female holotype, male
allotype, and 14 paraty^jes were taken at the
t\pe locality on 12- VI 1-65, 70 m. No. 2.33, from
;i broken tree branch, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotvpe, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Araptus placatus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from obsoletus
( Blandford ) by the larger size, by the more
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles
47
Strongly impressed, more finely punctured male
frons, by the short, sparse female frontal vesti-
ture, by the elytral vestiture, and by other
characters.
Male.— Length 1.7 mm (paratypes 1.5-1.8
mm), 2.S times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
Frons broadly impressed from epistoma to
upper le\el of eyes, upper limits attaining a dis-
tinct summit on median half; surface shining,
rather finely, deeply, closely punctured; an ob-
scure, median carina sometimes present; \esti-
ture fine, sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal club
as in ohsoletits.
Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; widest
just behind middle, sides weaklv arcuate, rather
broadly rounded in front; anterior margin
armed by about 10-12 low serrations; indefinite
summit one-third pronotum length from an-
terior margin; asperities small, confused; pos-
terior areas smooth to obscurely reticulate,
punctures rather fine, moderately close. Glab-
rous.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times
as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel
on more than basal two-thirds, rather broadi}'
rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1
near declivity, punctures small, spaced within
row by twice diameter of a puncture; interstriae
almost smooth, subshining, about four times as
wide as striae, impunctate. Declivity steep,
rather broadly conxex; striae 1 distinctlv im-
pressed, interstriae 1 distinctly ele\ated, 2
weakly impressed, interstrial punctures minute.
Vestiture confined to declivity, of rows of stout,
blunt interstrial bristles, each slightly shorter
than distance between rows, similarly spaced
within a row.
Female.— Similar to male except planocon-
vex, a median callus on lower half, area at
upper level of eyes not eknated; surface shin-
ing, rather finely, closely punctured, \estiture
very fine, moderateh- abundant, rather short.
Type Locality.— Five km (3 miles) W Jal-
tipan, X'eraciTiz, Mexico.
Type Material —The male holotype, female
allotype, and 27 paratypes were taken at the
type' locality on 25-\T-67, 50 m, Nos. 117, 100,
from the hollow central axis of a cut \'ine, by
S. L. Wood; two paratypes are from 37 km or
23 miles N Matias Romero, \'eracruz, 29-VI-67,
No. 126, S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Araptus decorus, n. sp.
This unique species is distinguished by the
shallow declivital impression, confused elytral
punctures, slender fonu, and fine sculpture, and
by the very different female frons.
Male.— Length 1.9 mm (paratypes 1.8-1.9
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish
brown.
Frons convex, except weakly flattened on
central half below upper level of eyes, a small
callus near upper margin of flattened area, a
pair of calluses in ventrolateral parts of this
area; surface shining, rather finely punctured
except impunctate in median area on lower
half; vestiture fine, sparse, inconspicuous. An-
tennal club oval, sutures moderately proeurved,
suture 1 weakly septate.
Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; about
as in placatus \\'ood except median serrations
on anterior margin distinctlv larger, and poste-
rior area reticulate, dull, moderately fine, deep,
rather widely separated. Glabrous.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times
as long as pronotum; outline ;is in placatus;
surface shining, with minute points, punctures
confused, ratiier small, moderately close. De-
clivity moderately steep, shallowh- impressed,
almost flat on median half; strial punctures in
rows; interstriae 1 weakh- ele\'ated, 2 distinctly
impressed; interstrial pimctures fine. N'estiture
eimfined lo decli\it\', ciHisisting of rows of
sparse, stout bristles except absent on 2, bristles
spaced in all directions by distances slightly
greater than length of a bristle.
Female.— Similar to male except frons flat-
tened almost from eye to eye from epistoma to
vertex, with an elevated, transverse, obtuse
summit just below upper level of eves, area from
summit to epistoma on median third smooth,
shining, impunctate, remaining area punctured
and ornamented by rather abundant, long,
yellow hair.
Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas,
Costa Rica.
Type Material —The male holotype, female
;illotype. and seven parat\pes were taken at
the tvpe locality on ll-\Til-66, 30 m. No. 64,
from the phloem of a recently cut log 20 cm
in diameter, by S. L. Wood.
The holot)pe, allotype, and paratypes are
in mv collection.
Araptus blandittts, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from deijroUci
(Blandford) and schicarzi (Blackman) bv the
48
BlUGHAM VOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BlLIETIN
smaller size, bv the impunctate inteistriae, and
by the more deeply concave, more finely punc-
tured female frons, with longer, more abundant
frontal vestiture.
Female.— Length l.S mm, 2.6 times as long
as wide; color veiy dark reddish brown.
Frons moderately conca\e on central two-
thirds from distinctly ele\atcd epistoma to
slightly above eyes; surface smooth, shining,
very finely, closely, uniformly granulate-punc-
tate; vestiture of unifonnlv distributed, lather
abundant, fine, long hair, marginal setae dis-
tinctly longer. Antennal club oval, external
sutures obsolete, internal septum of anterior
half of suture 1 conspicuous.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest
on basal third, sides on basal half moderatel)
arcuate, distinctly constricted on anterior half,
rather broadly rounded in front; anterior mar-
gin aniied by aljout 12 low serrations; broad
summit near middle; asperities r;ither small,
confused; posterior areas smooth, shining, im-
pressed points very small, moderately abundant,
punctmes rather coarse, deep, moderately close.
Glabrous.
Elytra 1.55 times as long as wide, 1.65 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on l)asal two-thirds, rather narrowly
rounded behind; striae 1 moderately, others not
impressed, punctures moderately large, deep,
very close, rows slightly irregular; interstriae
smooth, shining, points obscure to absent, im-
punctate. Declivity moderately steep convex,
shallowlv suleate; sutural striae narrowly im-
pressed, interstriae 2 moderately impressed, as-
cending laterally, 3 higher than suture; strial
punctures slightly smaller than on disc; inter-
strial punctures small, obsolete on 2. Vestiture
largelx' confined to deeli\it\ . of interstri;d rows,
except on 2, of moderatel)' stout bristles, each
as long as distance between rows, similarly
spaced witliin a row.
Type Locality.— Fortin de las Flores, X'era-
cruz, Mexico.
Type Materl^l.- The female holotype was
taken at the type locality on 22-\'-65, 'at light,
bv D. Rabago.
The holotype is in mv collection.
Arapfus mcdialis. n. sp.
This species is distinguished by the im-
pressed elytral declivity, by the confused punc-
tures on the elvtral disc, and by the \ery dif-
ferent female frons.
Female.— Length 1.5 mm (paratypes 1.4-1.6
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish
brown.
Frons flattened almost from eye to eye from
epistoma to vertex, area below eyes dull,
densely, fineU' punctured, central area above
eyes smooth, shining, impunctate, entire lower
area and marginal areas above bearing abun-
dant, long, yellow hair, longest on upper mar-
gin. Antennal club small, oval, suture 1 weakly
procurved, septate throughout, 2 very obscure.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest
on posterior half, sides feebly arcuate on pos-
terior half, then distinctly constricted, rather
narrowlv rounded in front; anterior margin
arnu'd 1)V 10 coarse serrations, summit rather
Inroad, at middle; asperities rather coarse, con-
fused; posterior areas shining, almost smooth
to subreticulatc, impressed points rather ob-
scure, punctures fine, not sharjoly impressed,
rather sparse. Clabrous.
Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds,
rather broadly rounded behind; striae not im-
pressed; punctures rather small, confused on
more than basal half of disc, in rows posteriorly;
surface shining, with numerous impressed
points. Declix'itv rather steep, strongly suleate;
strial punctures in rows, small, rather obscure;
interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 impressed,
rather abruptly, moderately elevated laterally,
lateral margins rounded, distinct!)- higher than
suture, interstriae 1 and 3 each bearing a row
of small granules. \'estiture confined to de-
eli\itv, consisting of rows of rather long, slender
bristles except absent on interstriae 2.
Male— Similar to female except 2.5 times
as long as w ide; frons convex, shining, a small
median callus at upper level of eyes, punctures
small, shallow, rather close, \'estiture fine,
sparse, inconspicuous; decli\ital bristles stout,
blunt, shorter, each distinctly longer than dis-
tance between rows, similarh' spaced within a
row.
Type Locality.— San Isidro del Ceneral, San
Jose, Costa Rica.
Tyi'e Matkiual— The female holotype, male
allotype, and 21 paratypes were taken at the
t\pe locality on 5-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 288,
from a tree branch by S. L. Wood.
The h()lot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Araptus condittis. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from medialis
Wood bv the larger size, by the absence of the
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Babk Beetles
49
lateral half of the septiini of suture 1 of the
antennal club, bv the eoar.ser punctures on the
pronotum and elytra, and l)y the \ery different
frons in both sexes.
Female.— Length 2.0 mm ( paratopes 1.9-2.2
mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish
brown.
Frons shallowly, evenly concave from eye to
eye from epistoma to vertex, denselv, finely,
uniformly punctured, co\ered bv abundant
erect, short, )elIow hair of uniform lengtii ex-
cept slightly longer at margins. Antennal club
moderatelv large, subcircular, suture 1 strongly
subangulate, its median lialf septate, suture 2
almost obsolete.
Pronotum 1.12 times as long as wide; sides
feebly arcuate and almost parallel on basal
half, slightly constricted anterioiK', rather nar-
rowly rounded in front; anterior margin acute,
subserrate; summit indefinite, at middle; as-
perities fine, confused, covering anterior two-
thirds; posterior areas shining, obscureh' reticu-
late, punctures moderatelx coarse, close, deep.
Glabrous.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.26 times
as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in
medialis except striae 1 impressed, punctures
rather coarse, deep. Declivity sti'ep, bisuleate;
interstriae 1 moderately ele\'ated, 2 rather
stronglv impressed, narrowly abo\'e, broadlv be-
low, lateral areas rather strongh- ele\ated,
rounded, higlier than suture, 1 and .3 each \\ ith
a sparse row of granules; punctures in rows,
rather small, shallow. \'estiture largely confined
to decli\itv, of interstrial rows (absent on 2) of
short, coarse bristles, each almost as long as
distance between rows, similarh' spaced within
a row.
Male.— Similar to female except frons broad-
ly, transversely impressed from epistoma to
upper le\-el of eyes, a rounded median summit
at its upper limits; surface smooth, finelv, \er\-
closely, uniformlv punctured; \'estiture of rather
abundant, fine, short, semirecumbent hair.
Type LocALiTi\— Puerto X'iejo, Heredia,
Costa Rica.
Type Material.— The female holot\pe, male
allotype, and 14 paratypes were taken at the
type' locality on 12-111-64, 70 m. No. 478 (except
one is No. 481), from radiate tunnels in the
cambium of a cut woody \'ine, bv S. L. Wood.
One paratype is labeled Turrialba, Costa Rica,
1970, R. I. Gara.
The holotype, allotvpe, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Araptus frugalis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from conditiis
Wood by the minute pronotal and elvtral punc-
tures, by the much more abundant elvtral ves-
titure, bv the glabrous female frons, and b\ the
antennal club.
Female.— Length 2.1 mm (paratypes 1.9-2.2
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color vellowish
brown.
Frons essentially as in male condifu.s except
more brightlv polished, less closeh' punctured,
subglabrous, with a definite median tubercle
at upper level of e^■es. Antennal club elongate-
oval, anterior half of suture 1 represented bv a
longitudinal septum extending one-third of
club length from base, 2 indicated exteniall)',
profouiidh prociu\'ed, extending three-fourths
of club length from base.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; about
as in conditus except summit distinetlv anterior
to middle, anterior margin armed h\ 18 rather
coarse serrations, posterior ar(>as with punetiu'es
much smaller. \'estiture of moderatcK- abundant
fine, short hair.
l']lytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.'3 times
as long as pronotmii; outline as in conilitiis;
striae not impressed, punctures verv fine, mostly
in rows; interstriae four or more times as wide
as striae, shining, with impressed points and
\erv fine, irregular lines, punctures as small or
smaller than those of striae, in rows. Deeli\itv
steep; sulcate; essentially as in conditris except
punctures on striae 1 and 2 obsolete, others
minute. Wstiture of rows of minute strial hair,
and longer, rather fine, interstrial bristles on
disc and declivity, l^ristles about as long as dis-
tance between rows, similarly spaced within a
row, absent on declivital interstriae 2.
Male.— Similar to female except frons con-
vex, rather coarsely, closely punctured, median
area weakly elevated and impunctate; ehtral
bristles slightly longer, stouter.
Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas,
Costa Rica.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and .36 paratypes were taken at the
tvpe locality on ll-Vni-66, 30 m. No. 80, from
a cut vine 2 cm in diameter, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotvpe, and paratvpes are in
my collection.
Araptus laudatus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from frugalis
Wood by the narrow, convex frons in both
sexes, with a distinct impression just above
50
Bhigham Voung University Science Bulletin
the epistoma in the female, by the more nar-
rowly, deeply silicate elytral declivity, and by
the subtriangular antennal club.
Female.— Length 2.0 mm (paratypcs 1.7-2.1
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish
brown.
Frons convex except kjwer third rather
strongly, transversely impressed; epistoma with
median area distinctly elevated; surface dull,
reticulate, rather coarsely, somewhat obscurelv
punctured; glabrous. Antennal club subtriangu-
lar, apex somewhat pointed; mesal half of suture
1 septate, sutures not indicated externally.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides
almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather
narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin
armed by 10-12 low serrations; summit rather
indefinite, one-third pronotum length from an-
terior margin; asperities rather fine, confused;
posterior areas smooth, shining, with numerous
impressed points, punctures rather small, mod-
erately close. Glabrous.
Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel, then slightly tapered, bisinuateh
truncate on median half behind; striae not im-
pressed; all punctures rather small, confused;
surface smooth, shining, with minute impressed
points. Declivity narrow, steep, broadly, rather
deeph' sulcate; inti'rstriae 1 distinctly elevated,
2 impressed, lateral areas abmpth', strongh'
elevated, rounded, armed on inner margin bv
a series of two to six small denticles, 1 usuallv
with one or more small granules on basal half;
punctures on striae 1 and 2 obscure to obsolete.
Vestiture largely confined to declivity, consist-
ing of a few, short, interstrial bristles.
Male.— Similar to female except frons moix*
evenly convex, transverse impression almost ob-
solete, punctures coarser, deeper; serrations on
anterior margin of pronotum larger; decli\'ital
sulcus deeper, more abrupt, sutural interstriae
more regularly gramdate.
Type Locality.— San Isidro del General, San
Jose, Costa Rica.
Type Material.— The female holotvpe, male
allotype, and 48 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 1.3-Xl'l-6:3, 1000 m. No. .31.3,
from a broken tree branch, by S. L. Wood.
The holotvpe, allotype, and paratvpes are
in mv collection.
Arapttts vesctilus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from exiiiioUs
Wood bv the smoother elvtral surface and bv
the very different frons, particularly in the
female.
Female.— Length 1.2 mm (parat\pes 1.1-1.3
mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color \erv dark
reddish brown.
Frons almost flat, median line above eves
weakly elevated, epistonial margin rather
weakly elevated medially; surface reticulate,
punctures rather coarse, close, .sparsely punc-
tured toward center; vestiture of rather sparse,
very long hair. Antennal club subcircular, suture
1 moderatelv proeurxi-d, weakly septate, 2 ob-
scure.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in
eruditus ( Schedl ) except posterior areas shining,
weaklv reticulate, punctures fine, shallow,
rather widely spaced. Almost glabrous.
Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times
as long as pronotum; outline as in eruditus;
striae not impressed, punctures fine, deep; inter-
striae almost smooth, shining, twice as wide as
striae, impressed points almost obsolete, im-
punetate. Declivity steep, sulcate; essentially as
in eruditus. Vestiture as in eruditus except
less abundant.
Male -Similar to female except frons more
distincth', more evenlv convex, punctures
coarser, more evenly distributed, almost gla-
brous.
Type Locality.— Guapiles, Limon. Costa
Hiea.
Type Mateiual.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and two paratvpes were taken at the
type' locality on 22-Vn-66, 100 m. No. 121, from
a cut x'ine, by S. L. Wood.
The holotvpe, allotype, and paratypes are
in in\' collection.
Araptus exigialis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from vesculus
Wood by the more abundant, more conspic-
uously impressed lines on the elvtral disc, by
the more slender form, and b\' the different
frons in both sexes.
Female.— Length 1.3 mm (paratypes 1.3-1.4
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish
brown.
Frons shallouK, liroadK concave from epis-
toma to ab<)\(' upper level of eves; surface
shining, minutely, densely, uniformly "punc-
tured; vestiture of fine, very short, abundant
hair, very slightly longer on margins. Antennal
club as vesculus.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in
vesculus except posterior areas very finely.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 Np:w Species of American Bahk Beetles
51
rather strongly reticulate, punctures very fine,
shallow, rather sparse. Glabrous.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as
long as pronotum; as in vescultts except discal
surface with points and fine, irregular lines.
Male.— Similar to female except frons
strongly convex, weakly impressed along upper
margin of epistoma; surface reticulate, punc-
tures rather coarse, close, shallow, vestiture
fine, short, sparse, inconspicuous.
Type Locality.— Fort Clayton, Canal Zone,
Panama.
Tyi'e Material.— The female holot\pe, male
allotype, and 10 paratvpes were taken at the
type localit)- on 22-XII-63, 30 m. No. 31S, from
a cut woody vine, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Ar(ii)tus refertus. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the pre-
ceding members of this genus by the much
coarser strial punctures, with impunctate discal
interstriae, by the rather strongly bisulcatc ely-
tral declivity, and by the frons in both sexes.
Female.— Length 2.0 mm (paratypes 1.9-2.3
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color light
brown (mature color probabK dark brown).
Frons broadly, weakly convex; surface shin-
ing, smooth and impunctate on triangular area
on lower, median half, finely, closely, rather
deeply punctured on lateral and upper areas;
vestiture of rather abundant, moderately long,
fine hair. Antennal club oval, suture 1 mod-
erately procurved, septate, not reaching middle
of club, suture 2 \irtuallv obsolete, near apical
margin.
Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; as in
vesculus Wood except posterior area smooth
shining, with numerous impressed points, punc-
tures moderately coarse, deep, close. Glabrous.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 timi's
as long as pronotum; sides straight and par-
allel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded
behind; striae not impressed, punctures coarse,
deep, close; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth,
shining, with moderately numerous impressed
points, impunctate. Declivity steep, broadh',
rather strongh' blsulcate; strial punctures im-
pressed, slightly smaller than on disc; inter-
striae 1 moderately, gradually elevated, 2 rather
strongh- impressed, flat, narrow at base, rather
broadly expanded on middle half, 3 rather
abruptly, moderately elevated, 1 and 3 each
armed on basal half bv about three very small.
pointed, semirecumbent denticles, a few punc-
tures on lower half. \'estiture sparse, hairlike,
mostly on or near declivity.
Male.— Similar to female except frons
strongly, evenly convex; surface shining, rather
coarsely, deeply, closely punctured, subglabrous
except on and near epistoma; elvtral declivity
more strongly impressed, denticles slightly
larger.
Type Locality.— \'olcan Zunil, Quezalten-
ango, Guatemala.
Type Material.— The female holot\pe, male
;illotvpe, and 16 paratypes were taken at the
t>T3e locality on 27-\'-64, 1000 m. No. 625, from
a composite shrub, by S. L. \\'ood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in in\ collection.
Araptus trepidus. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the closely
allied poricoUis (Blandford) by the absence of
declivital denticles, and by the almost con-
tinuous trans\erse epistom;d rle\ation in the
male.
Female.— Length l.S mm (paratypes 1.6-
1.8 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark
reddish brown.
Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to
vertex, median third of lower half smooth, shin-
ing, distinctly ele\'ated, remaining area densely,
finely, deeply punctured; vestiture on punctured
area abundant, fine, rather long, unifomily
distributed.
Pronotiun 1.15 times as long as wide; as in
refertus Wood except median line of posterior
area impunctate.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times
as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in
refertus except impressed points obscure to ob-
solete. Decli\it\- steep, bisuleati'; interstriae 1
abruptly, distinctly elevated, 2 rather strongly
impressed, flat, wider than 1 or 3, 3 abruptly,
moderately ele\'ated, 1 and 3 finely punctured,
not granulate; strial punctures small, rather ob-
scure. \'estiture of rows of very minute strial
hair, and longer, slender interstrial bristles on
disc and declivity, each slightly longer than dis-
tance between rows, similarly spaced within a
row.
Male.— Similar to female except frons
strongly convex on upper half, strongly, trans-
versely impressed just below middle, lower mar-
gins of impressed area elevated laterally, ele-
vations continue to a weak median subcarinate
elevation dividing impression; upper area of
52
BlllCHAM "loUNG Un|V|:HS1TY ScIENCK Bui.l-ETIN
frons coarsely, deeply punctured, \estiture
sparse except for cpistomal brusli.
Type Locality.— X'olcan de Agua, I'^sfiuiTitla,
Guatemala.
Type Mateiual.— The fi'iiiale holotspe, male
allotype, and 56 paratypcs were taken at the
type locality on 19-\'-64, 1000 m, Nos. 608
(type), 609, 612, from Mcnis))criua sp., bv S. L.
Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratspcs arc
in my collection.
Araplus fioiilalis. n. sp.
This species is distiuiimshcd troni trcpidus
Wood hv the larger size, bv the punctured de-
clivital intersfriae 2, and by the different fions
in both sexes.
Female.— Length 2.7 nun (paratypes 2.4-2.7
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark
reddish brown.
Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to
vertex, weakly concave on small median area
above eyes, weakly convex on small, median,
impimctate area on lower half; surface shining,
finely, closely, deeply pmictured; \-estiture of
moderately abundant, fine, long hair. .Antenna
as in trcpidus.
Pnjnotum LI times as long as wide; essen-
tially as in trcpidus.
Elytral outline and disc as in Ircpidu.'; ex-
cept interstriae near declivity witli pimctures.
Declivity about as in trcpidus and refertus ex-
cept interstriae 2 with a row of punctures as
coarse as those of striae; lateral margins without
granules, ^'estiture confined to decli\itv, of fine,
sparse hair.
Male.— Similar to female except frons deep-
ly, transversely conca\i' on upper half of area
below \ipper level of e\ es on median three-
fourths, lateral and lower margins of concavity
strongly, acuteb' carinate except carina inter-
rupted at median line, vestiture inconspicuous
except on epistoma; anterior margin of prono-
tuni rather coarsely serrate; declivitx' more
strongly impressed.
Type Locality.— N'olcan Zunil, Quezalten
ango, Guatemala.
Type Material.— The female hcjlotype, male
allotvpe, and five paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 27-\'-fi4; 1000 m, Nos. 625, 626.
from a composite shrub, by S. I^. ^Vood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes ari'
in my collection.
:\raplus niij^rcllu.s, n. sp.
This and the following three form a dis-
tincti\e transitional group between species pre-
\iously placed in Ncodrt/acoetcs Eggers and
SpJicroceros Schedl. The\ have the antennal
club large, with finely marked, strongly pro-
curved sutures, the costal apex of the elytra as-
cends slighth', the declivity is convex, and the
elytral \'estiture tends to be confined to the de-
clivity, closely spaced and more or less scale-
like. This species is distinguished from others in
the group b\' the more slender body, bv the
slender interstrial l)rist]es, and by the subgla-
brous female frons.
I'^kmalk. —Length 1.9 mm (paratypes 1.7-2.0
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color black.
Frons convex, a weak, transxcrse impression
above epistoma; surface strongly reticulate-sub-
granulate above eyes, almost smooth and with
;i few small punctures below. Antennal club
rather large, oval, sutures strongly arcuate, 1
septate.
I'ronotuTH 1.1 limes as long as wide; widest
on basal third, siiles moderately arcuate, con-
verging to\\;u(l nanowb' rounded serrate an-
terior margin; summit at middle; asperities
moderately coarse, confused; posterior areas
shining, partly sul)reticulate, with low, longi-
tudinal subasperate crenulations continiu'ng al-
most to base, pimctures obscure, associated with
erenu];itions. Cllabrous.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times
as long as pronotum; sid(\s straight and par-
allel on slightly less than basal two-thirds;
tapered, then ratlier broadly rounded; striae
not impressed except 1 wi'akly, punctiues small,
deep, spaced within row by diameter of a punc-
ture; interstriae four times as wide as striae,
almost smooth, with obscme, minute points,
impunetate. Decli\it\ moderately steep, con\'e\;
striae obsciu'elv impressed, punctures smaller
and less distinct than on disc; interstriae each
with a row of very fine granules. X'estiture con-
fined to ilecli\it\', of rows of narrowly spatu-
late interstrial bristles, each bristle as long as
distance betwcH'ii rows, more closely spaced
within a row.
Male— Similar to female in all respects.
Type Locality— Ten km SE Cartago, Car-
tago, Costa Rica.
Type Material. —The female holotype, male
allot\pe, and 67 parat\pes were taken at the
type locality on 24-L\-63, No. 205 (type), and
.3-VII-6:3, Nos. L3 and 15, 1800 m, from Mtjrica
ptdjcscens. by S. L. Wood,
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles
53
The liolotype, allotype, and paratypcs are
in my collection.
Araptus vinnulus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from nigrclhis
Wood by the smaller size, b\' the stouter form,
by the more widely spaced, stouter interstrial
bristles, by the almost obsolete strial punctures,
and bv the frons.
Female.— Length 1.3 mm (paratypes 1.2-1.5
mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color very
dark brown, almost black.
Frons broadly convex, lower third with
broad, smooth, shining, median line; surface
densely, coarsely, deeply punctured; upper two-
thirds on median two-thirds with moderatel)'
abundant, fine, long hair. Antenna essentially
as in ninrellus.
Pronotum 1.0.3 times as long as wide; as in
ni<i,rclhts except less strongly tapered anteriorh-,
moderately rounded in front, posterior areas
dull. Glabrous.
Elytra 1.44 times as long as wide, 1.44 times
as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel
on basal half, tapered then rather narrowly
rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures
minute, sliallow, many almost obsoU>te; inter-
striae shining, with many very minute im-
pressed points and shallow, irregular lines, im-
punctate. Declivity rather steep, convex; as on
disc except interstriae each with a row of small,
rounded granules. Vestiture confined to de-
clivity, of rather stout, spatulate bristles, each
slightly shorter than distance between rows,
similarly spaced within a row.
Male.— Similar to female except frons rather
strongly convex, surface strongh' reticulate, sul)-
glabrous.
Type Locality.— San Ignacio de Acosta, San
Jose, Costa Rica.
Type Materl^l.- The female holotvpe, male
allotype, and 18 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 5-VII-63, 1500 m, No. 31, from
small branches of Roupala complicafo, bv S. L.
Wood.
Araptus ftiivus. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from vinntihis
Wood by the larger size, bv the more closeh
spaced interstrial setae, by the presence of
stiial hair, and by the longer more abundant
setae on the female frons.
Female.— Length 2.1 mm (paratypes 1.7-2.2
mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color almost
black.
Frons convex, strongly reticulate, punctures
rather small, sparse; upper two-thirds with
rather dense marginal fringe of long hair, longest
setae on vertex extend aliout two-thirds dis-
tance to upper level of eyes. Antenna as in
vinnulus.
Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; as in
vinnulus except more distinctly constricted on
anterior half.
Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times
as long as pronotum; as in vinnulus except
strial punctures on basal half of disc more dis-
tinct; decli\ital strial punctures obsolete. \'es-
titure confined to decli\'it\', of rows of minute,
fine, strial hair, and rows of longer, spatulate,
interstrial bristles, each bristle slightly shorter
than distance between rows, more closely
spaced within a row, each bristle very slender
on its basal half, flattened on its apical half.
Male.— Similar to female except frons bioad-
Iv convex, glabrous.
Type Locality.— Corro Punta (labeled \'ol-
cau Chiritjui), Chiritjui, Panama.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and 45 paratypes were taken at the
typt>' locality- on 11-L64, 1800 m, No. 422, from
broken Roupala sp. limbs, by S. L. \\'ood.
The h()lot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are
in m\' collection.
Araptus furvescens. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from furvus
Wood b\ the smaller average size, by the feebly
impressed declivital striae, with minute strial
punctures indicated, and by the longer female
frontal pubescence, with pubescent area ex-
tending higher on the vertex.
Female.— Length 1.9 mm (paratypes 1.5-1.9
mm); as in furvus Wood except female frontal
pubescent area extending higher on \ertex, dis-
tance from upper level of eyes to upper limits
of puliescent area 1.5 times distance from epis-
toma to iipprr level of e\es, longest setae on
vertex almost reach epistomal margin, pubescent
area extending \'entrad in lateral areas almost
to epistoma; declivital striae weaklv impressed,
punctures very small but usually visible; de-
clivital interstrial bristles more nearly scalelikc,
each flattened on two-thirds or more of its
length.
Male.— Similar to female except frons more
broadly convex, glabrous.
54
BhIOUAM VoUNC. UNIVtJlMTY SCIENCE Bui.LETIN
Type Locality.— Volcan Pacaya, Estjuintla,
Guatemala.
Type Material.— Tlie female holot)pe, male
allotype, and 40 paratvpes were taken at the
type locality on l-\'I-'64, 1300 m, Nos. f.52,
657, 658, and cut Roupahi limbs, bv S. L.
Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in
my collection.
Arapfus lepidus, n. ,sp.
This species is distinguished from the above
three .species in this group by the presence of
discal interstrial punctures and by the stouter
bodv form. It is distinguished from aztccus
Wood b)' the narrowly rounded, serrate anterior
margin of the female pronotum and by the very
different female frons.
Female.— Length LS mm (paratypes L7-2.0
mm), 2.26 times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
Frons con\e.\, median arini strongly im-
pressed from slightly above upper level of eyes
to just abo\e epistoma, lower lateral margins of
impressed area moderately elevated; surface
shining, smooth, punctures rather fine, deep,
sparse; glabrous except near epistoma. Antennal
club very large, about as in nigreUus Wood, onl\'
median half of suture 1 septate.
Pronotum L05 times as long as wide; es-
sentially as in vinnuhis Wood except crenula-
tions or ridges on posterior half almost obso-
lete, posterior areas smooth, sliining, punctures
very small, shallow, rather sparse. Glabrous.
Elytra L.3 times as long as wide, L2 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on basal half, ratlier broadh' rounded
behind; striae not impressed, punctures small,
shallow, rows irregular on anterior two-thirds;
interstriae smooth, shining, about four times
as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, similar
to those of striae. Declivity steep, convex, sculp-
ture essentially as on disc except punctures
slightly smaller, deeper. Vestiture largely con-
fined to posterior half, consisting of interstrial
rows of slender sealelike bristles, each slightly
shorter than distance bc^twcen rows, similarly
spaced within a row.
Type Locality.— \'olcan, Puntarenas, Costa
Rica.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
three female paratvpes were taken at the type
locality on ll-Xn-63, 1000 m. No. 304, from a
broken branch, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype and paratypes are in my col-
lection.
Araptus mcndictis. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from medialis
\\'ood bv the smooth, polished male frons, with
much finer, less abundant punctures, by the
finely reticulate, much more distinctly punc-
tured female frons, with the pubescence slight-
ly less abundant, finer, and shorter, and by the
larger size.
Female.— Length l.S mm (paratypes L7-L9
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color rather
dark reddish brown.
Frons broadh', evenly convex, reticulate and
finch', distinctly, closely punctured on lower
two-thirds, almost smooth and shining in small
area above eyes; vestiture fine, moderately long,
rather abundant, distinctly longer on margins,
particularly abo\e, shining area above eyes sub-
glabrous. Antennal club about as in medialis
except slightly wider.
Pronotum and elytra as in medialis.
Male.— Similar to male medialis except frons
glabrous, smooth, polished, shagreened, punc-
tures much smaller, less abundant.
Type Locality.— Cartago, Cartago, Costa
Rica.
Type Material.- Tiie female holotype, male
allotype, and 22 paratypes were taken at the
t\pe loe;ility XII-1965, from Avocado (Persea
amcricana ) branches, by N. L. H. Krauss.
Tlie holotype, ;illot\pc, and paratypes are
in m\' collection.
Arapliis n'tnulus, n. sp.
This species evidently is not closely allied
to an\' known species. It is distinguished by the
small size, by the simpli', unadorned frons in
both sexes, by the greatly reduced, almost obso-
lete strial punctures, by the regular, almost
scalelike interstrial bristles, and bv other char-
acters.
Female.— Length 1.2 mm (paratypes 1.1-1.3
mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark
reddish brown.
Frons convex, feebly impressed just above
epistoma in lateral areas; surface shining, rather
coarsely, sparsely punctured and with more
numerous minute points; vestiture fine, sparse,
inconspicuous. Antennal club oval, as long as
scape, sutures almost straight, suture 1 finely
septate.
Pronotmn 1.06 times as long as wide; widest
near base, sides weakly arcuate on basal half,
Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of Americ-^n B.\rk Beetles
55
feebly constricted on anterior half, rather nar-
rowly ronnded in front; anterior margin serrate,
about 12 indistinct serrations; summit indistinct;
Granulations on anterior slope rather coarse,
continued as low, irregular transverse costae to
well behind summit; posterior areas shining,
with numerous impressed points, appearing al-
most subgranulate in lateral areas. Vestiture
erect, moderately abundant, somewhat similar to
elytral setae.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times
as long as pronotum; striae not impressed, mi-
nute punctures almost obsolete; interstriae shin-
ing, setiferous punctures confused with numer-
ous impressed points of almost equal size. De-
clivity rather narrowly con\'e.\; interstriae 1
shallowly impressed; surface sculpture as on
disc. N'estiture of interstrial rows of suberect
apically flattened bristles; each bristle about as
long as distince between rows, somewhat more
closely spaced witliin a row.
Male.— Similar to female in all respects.
Type Locality.— Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mex-
ico.
Type Material.- The female holotype, male
allotype, and 12 paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 14-\TII-72, from Disholcapsis
galls on Quercits vir^inkina, by G. F. Frankie.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Pseudopitijophthonis festivus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from pulvereus
Blackman by the planoconcave male frons, by
the more strongly impressed elytral declivitv, by
the more coarsely punctured elytral surface, and
by the very different ehtral vestiture.
Male.— Length 1.8 mm (paratvpes 1.6-1.8
mm), 2.8 times as long as \\ide; color dark
brown.
Frons broadly planoconca\'e from epistoma
to vertex; surface smooth, shining in central
area, marginal are;is finely punctured and bear-
ing a dense tuft of long, \ellow hair. .Antenna as
in pulvereus.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in
pulvereus.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as
long as pronotum; outline as in pulvereus; sur-
face smooth, shining, punctures moderately
coarse, shallow, confused, very close, width of
interspaces about equal to diameter of punc-
tures. Declivity steep flattened; moderately ele-
vated at suture, a moderately strong sulcus in
area of interstriae 2, lateral convexities rounded;
punctures minute. Ground vestiture of fine,
short, stout, reclining setae; erect scales in in-
terstrial rows except obsolete on lower half of 2
on declivity, each scale about as long as dis-
tance between rows, similarly spaced within a
row, each about four to eight times as long as
wide.
Female.— Similar to male except frons plano-
convex, pubescence sparse, fine, much shorter.
Type Locality.— Eleven km or 7 miles NE
Copala, Sinaloa, Mexico.
Type Material.— The male holotype, female
allot\pe, and two parat>pes were taken ;it the
t\'pe locality on 22-VII-53, from a {hiercus
branch, by S. L. Wood.
The liolotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in mv collection.
Gnathotrichus ohsctirus, n. sp.
This and primus (Bright) are the only spe-
cies in the genus ha\ing confused punctures on
the eltyral disc. It is distinguished from primus
by the minutely reticulate el\ tral surface, by the
smaller size, by the steeper declivity, and by
other features.
Female.— Length 2.5 mm, 3.0 times as long
as wide; color reddish brown.
Frons broad, broadh' convex; surface shining,
finely, convergently aciculate on lower two-
thirds, rather finely, sparsely punctured above,
a strongly developed rather low median carina
from middle to upper level of eyes ( concealed
by pronotum above e\es). Vestiture of fine,
rather sparse hair.
Pronotum 1.24 times as long as wide; as in
dentatus Wood except posterior areas reticulate,
finch', closely, rather deeply punctured.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides
straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, narrow-
ly rounded behind; striae obsolete; surface mi-
nutely reticulate, punctures minute, obscure,
confused, a few granules on interstriae 3 near de-
elixitw Deeli\it\' steep, broadly eonxex; \'ery
feebly sulcate on upper half, strial punctures
not e\'ident, interstriae marked by rows of very
small granules, slightly larger on 3; costal mar-
gin at apex rather strongly elevated. Vestiture of
fine hair, on disc of short, moderately abundant
hair and interstrial rows of very long fine hair;
all hair on declivity long, moderately abundant.
Type Locality.— Nine km NE Tezuitlan,
Puebla, Mexico.
Type Material.— The female holotype was
taken at the type localit\ on 2-VII-fi7.' IPOO m.
m
Bnic;iiA.\i VouNc Univehsitv Science Bulletin
No. 152, from a (^tienits log 15 cm in diameter,
by S. L. Wood.
The holotype i.s in mv collection.
Gnathotrichus omissus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from sulcafti.s
(LeConte) by the minute to obsolete strial
punctures on the disc, by the confused punctures
on the elytral declivity, by the feebh' impressed
elytral declivity, by the much less stronijly acicu-
late female frons, and by the hosts.
Female.— Length 3.5 mm (paratvpes 3.3-3.6
mm), 3.2 times as long as wide; color dark
brown, usualiv witli pale areas on anterior pro-
notum and basal and dccli\'ital areas of elytra.
Frons convex, median line obscurely ele-
vated, surface smootli, shining, sparselv, finely
punctured, median third below upper li'\el of
eyes finelv acicniate; \estiture fine, sparse, in-
conspicuous.
Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; essen-
tiallv as in matcriaritis (Fitch) except serra-
tions on anterior margin coarse.
Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.5 times
as long as pronotum; outline as in matcriaritis:
striae not impressed, punctiues small, in slighth"
irregular rows; interstriae smooth, shining, im-
pressed lines and points moderateh abundant.
Declivity rather steep, convex; weakly, ratluM
narrowlv sulcate; strial punctures obsok'te or
nearly so, e\identlv confused; lateral con\exities
distinctly higher than suture, summit armed by
two or three small granules. X'estiture confined
to declivity, consisting of sparse hair.
Male.— Similar to fcMiKile I'xcept frontal acic-
ulation much stronger and distributed almost
from eve to oyc to well abo\'e eyes; antenna
without long hair; anterolateral angles of prono-
tum bearing a small tuft of hair.
Type Locality.— Volcan Irazu, Cartago, Cos-
ta Rica.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and 38 paratvpes \\ere taken at the
t)pe'locality on 26-1X-63, 2300 m elexation. No.
207, from a broken limb of Orcopanax mihi<ien-
tis, by S. L. \\'ood. One other specimen, not
included in the type series is from \'olcan Paca-
ya, Guatemala.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in
my collection.
Gnathotrupcs dihitus. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from crccentis
Wood by the broadly convex unarmed elytral
declivity, with longer declivital pubescence, by
the larger frontal punctures, and by the smaller
size.
Male.— Length 1.7 mm (paratypes 1.6-1.7
mm), .3.2 times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
Frons broadK' convex, shining, weakly reticu-
late; punctures sparse, moderately coarse, shal-
low; epistomal area distinctly impressed except
on median line; xestiture sparse, hairlike, incon-
spicuous. Antennal club subcircular, three
strongl\- arcuate sutures marked by grooves and
rows of setae, segment 1 very small.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides
feebh' arcuate, subparallel on more than basal
half, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin
armed by 14 serrations; indefinite summit well
in front of middle; anterior slope rather abrupt,
rather coarsch' asperate; posterior areas subre-
tieulate (mostly wavy lines), punctures very
minute, sparse. Glabrous.
Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as
long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on more than basal three-fourths, very
broadK- rounded behind, striae not impressed;
surface" shining, almost smooth, punctures mi-
nute, almost obsolete, confused. D("cli\'ity con-
fined to less than posterior fourth, very steep,
broadh- coinex; punctures larger and deeper
than on disc, confused. Vestiture confined to
declivity, of rather abundant, fine, short, and
rather long hair.
Type Locality.— Tapanti, Cartago, Costa
Rica.
Type Material. —The male holot)pe and
two male parat\pes were taken at the type
locality on 17-I.\-63, 1.300 m. No. 184, from
Miconiu ((iiidata. by S. L. Wood.
The holotype and paratypes are in my col-
lection.
Gnafhotrupes crecenttis. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from dihitus
Wood by the steep, almost flat elytral declivity
which is armed by two pairs of moderately
large tubercles on interstriae 3, by the very short
declivital vestiture, by tlie much finer frontal
punctures, and by the smaller size.
Female.— Length 2.0 mm (paratypes 1.9-2.0
mm), 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
Frons as in dihitus except punctures very
fine; sparse setae yer\ long. Pronotum as in
dihitus.
Elytra! outline as in (hhitus, strial punctures
very small, in definite rows, declivity steeper and
Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles
57
much flatter than in (liliitus, punctures larger,
confused, interstriae 3 with two pointed denti-
cles one-third and two-thirds declivital length
from base. \'estiture mosth very short, a few
longer hairs.
Male.— Similar to female e.\cept lower half
of frons more distinctly, transversely impressed,
setae short; strial punctures minute, confused;
declivital denticles slightly larger, punctures
much smaller, vestiture shorter.
Type Locality.— Volcan, Puntarenas, Costa
Rica.
Type Materlal.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and eight paratvpes were taken at the
type locality on ll-XII-63, 1000 m, No. 30S. from
a recenth cut tree limb, b\ S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in
my collection.
Tricolus siDipIici.s. n. sp.
In this species the frons is rather coarsely
aciculate except for a small, median, raised, cen-
tral granular area, and declivital spines 2 and 3
are essentially absent.
Female.— Length 1.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as
wide; color light brown.
Frons convex, shining, coarsely, con\ergently
aciculate except on small, median, subcircular,
raised granular area at center; \estiture incon-
spicuous. Antennal club broadly obovate; su-
tures 1 and 2 distinetb procurved, obtuse!) sub-
angulate, finely septate except at middle, with-
out long setae on posterior face.
Pronotum 1. 3 times as long as wide; sides
straight and subparallil on basal half, narrowly
rounded in front; summit indefinite, anterior to
middle; anterior slope finely, closely asperate;
anterior margin a rather strongly, acutely ele-
vated continuous costa; posterior areas reticu-
late, punctures obscure, very shallow, moder-
ately close. Glabrous.
Elvtra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times
as long as pronotum; disc smooth, shining, punc-
tures small, s]iallo\\', some obsolete, evidently at
least slightl)- confused. Declivity occupying pos-
terior third, excavated as in other members of
this genus; face smooth, shining, indistinct punc-
tures small, confused; lateral margins rather
strongly, continuously elevated on heart-shaped
pattern from suture to moderately near posteri-
or margin, gradually increasing in height pos-
teriorly, ending precipitously on lower, median
angle; spine 1 on interstriae 1 at base very small,
pointed, 2 feebly indicated, 3 rounded, not pro-
jecting. Glabrous.
Type Locality.— Palin, Esquintla, Guatema-
la.
Type Materl\l.— The unique female holo-
type was taken at the tvpe locality on 19-V-64,
at 300 m. No. 685, in a Ficus t\vig, by S. L.
Wood.
The holotype is in my collection.
Tricolus inonwtus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from simplicis
Wood by the much more slender body, by the
narrower declivital excavation, and by the ab-
sence of declivital spine 1.
Female.- Length 1.8 mm, 3.2 times as long
as wide; color verv dark brown.
Frons evidently as in simplicis, upper half
concealed. Antennal club subcircular, sutures al-
most straight; posterior face with two or three
long hairs.
Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; essen-
tiallv as in simplicis except punctures on pos-
terior areas deeper, distinct, a slight irregularity
at base anterior to scutellum. Glabrous.
Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide; disc as in
simplicis. Declivity similar to simplicis except ex-
cavated area much narrower, spine 1 represented
only b\' a small callus, 2 represented by a dis-
tinct callus, 3 more broadly rounded, not project-
ing. Glabrous.
Type LocALiT^-.-Fifteen km SE Cartago,
Cartago, Costa Rica.
Type Material.— Tlie uniqui- female holo-
type was taken at the type locality on 24-IX-6.3,
at 2800 m, No. 248, from a branch of Sipanina
nicara<s.uaensis, by S. L. Wood.
Tlic holotvpe is in m\ collection.
Tricolus inaffcctus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from inornatus
Wood by the larger, stouter body, by the im-
pressed lower, lateral areas of tlu' frons, by the
pronotum, and by slightly wider elytral declivity.
Female.— Length 2.6 mm, 2.9 times as long
as widt'; color black except elytral disc and an-
tennae yellowish brown.
Frons as in simplicis Wood except granular
area more strongly elevated, lateral areas im-
pressed just abo\'e epistoma; mandibles appar-
ently elongate. Anti'iinal club broadly oval, su-
tures straight; posterior face ornamented by more
than 20 long hairs.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; outline
about as in simplicis except sides on slightly
more than anterior half distinctly ccmstricted,
58
BlllOHAM VOUNG UNl\EHSnY SciENCK Bui.I.ETIN
anterior costa more lu-arly serrate; posterior
areas reticulate, punctures moderately fine,
rather deep. Glabrous.
Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as
long as pronotuni; as in inoriwttis except excava-
ted decli\ital area distiiicth wider, calluses of
spines 1 and 2 less conspicuous. Glabrous.
Type Locality.— Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa
Rica.
Type Material.— The unique female holo-
typc was taken at the type locality on 19-XI-6.3.
2600 m, by S. L. Wood. '
The holotype is in my collection.
Tricolus cccropu. n. sp.
This species is distinguished by the moder-
ately stout body, by the poorly developed de-
clivital spines, bv the strongly produced, acute,
strongly serrate anterior margin of the prono-
tuni, by the large, subrenifcjnn granular area on
the frons, and by the habits.
FE^rALE.— Length 2.4 nun (parat\pes 2.2-
2.5 mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
I'rons sonii'what flattened on median three-
fourths from epistoma to upper level of e\cs,
most of flattened area occupied by a raised,
granular area of subreniforni shape. Antenna!
club obscurely subtriangular, sutures weakly
procurved; very feu long setat' on posterior
face.
Pronotum 1..3 times as long as wide; widest
near base, sides weakly converging on basal t\\ o-
thirds, anterior margin xcry strongly, subacutely
produced and coarsely, closely serrate, 14-16
serrations; summit indefinite, near middle; an-
terior slope armed by rather large, low asperi-
ties; posterior area reticulate, punctures sparse,
fine, shallow. Glabrous.
Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.2 times
as long as pronotum; disc smooth, punctures
small, shallow, confused. Declivity moderately
steep, excavated area narrower and not as deep
as in other species; spines 1 and 2 small, pointed
tubercles, 1 slighth' larger, .3 represented by a
low, poorh developed fold; subapical margin
subacute, not produced. Subglabrous.
Male.— Similar to female.
Type Locality.— Turrialba, Cartago, Costa
Rica.
Type Matehial.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and eight parat)'pcs were taken at the
type locality on 5-VH-63,'at 700 m, No. 19, from
fallen Ccciopia peltata leaf petioles, by S. L.
Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypcs are
in my collection.
Tricolus intrusus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the almost
identical cecropii Wood by the much more
acutely produced anterior margin of the prono-
tum, by the coarser punctures on the pronotal
disc, and by the finer, less numerous punctures
in the excavated area of the elytral declivity.
Female.- Length 2.4 nnn (paratypcs 2.1-2.2
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark
brown.
As in cecropii, except anterior margin of pro-
notum much more acutely produced, tridentate
at its apex (a total of nine serrations on entire
margin); punctures on discal area of pronotum
distincth' larger, e\idently more numerous; punc-
tures on elytral disc evidently slightly smaller;
punctures in excavated face of declivity much
smaller, much less numerous.
Type Locality.-E1 Laurel, 12 km SW Ca-
racas, Venezuela.
Type Matehial.— The female liolotype and
two female paratypcs were taken at the type
localitN' on l-\'-76, at 1300 m. No. 475, from
petioles of fallen Cccropid leaves, by S. L. Wood.
The lioli)t\pe and paratypcs are in my col-
lection.
Tricolus ardis. n. sp.
This spi'cies is distinguished by the acutely
angulati'. strongly serrate anterior margin of the
pronotum. bv the aciculate frons which also has
a small, elexated granulate area, and 1)\' the ely-
tral declivity.
Female.— Length 2.3 mm (paratypcs 2.1-2.5
mm), 3.3 times as long as wide; head, prothor-
;ix, and elytral declivit)' dark brown, basal two-
thirds of elytra light brown.
Frons convex, convergcntly aciculate except
for a small, trans\ersely oval granular area at
center occup\'ing median third. Antennal club
broadly obovate, sutures moderately arcuate;
posterior face without long hair.
Pronotum 1.5 times as long as wide; sides al-
most straight and parallel on basal half, arcu-
ately con\'erging to subacute median point in
front; anterior margin coarsely serrate; summit
indefinite; anterior slope finely, closely asperate;
posterior areas reticulate, punctures fine, shal-
low, not close, some of those at base connected
by transverse lines. Glabrous.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles
59
Elytra (including spines) 2.1 times as long
as wide; sides straight and parallel to base of
declivity, arcuately converging to apex of spine
3, apices of spine 3 separated by a distance
equal to width of elytra, posterior emargination
broadly, somewhat U-shaped; surface almost
smooth, shining, punctures shallow, small, large-
ly confused, their centers apparently reticulate.
Declivity moderately steep, excavated in a nar-
rowly heart-shaped area; lateral areas abruptly,
rather strongly elevated, spine 1 at base on in-
terstriae 1 rather small, sharply pointed, 2 one-
third declivital length from base, twice as long
as wide, 3 projecting posteriorly, conspicuously
longer than wide (as seen in lateral aspect).
Glabrous except for an occasional hairlike seta
near declivity.
Male.— Similar to female except for apical
terga of abdomen.
Tyi'e Locality.— Escasu, San Jose, Costa
Rica.
Tvi'E Mateiual.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and 22 paratypes were taken at the
tyix-' locality on 2-X-63, at 1300 m, Nos. 215, 218,
from a tree seedling, by S. L. Wood. Two para-
types are from Cerro Punta near Volcan Chiri-
qui, Chiritiui, Panama, 11-1-64, 1300 m, Nos.
380, 401, tree branches, S. L. \\'ood.
The holotvpe, allotype, and paratypes are in
my collection.
Tricohis parsus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from inaffec-
tus Wood by the more narrowly rounded ante-
rioi* margin of the pronotum, b\- the acutely ele-
vated, subapical margin of the declivity, and by
the very different declivital spine 3.
Male(?).— Length 2.3 mm, 2.6 times as long
as wide; color almost black.
Frons largely concealed, evidently not acicu-
late, finely granulate, raised granular area as in
ardis Wood. Antcnnal club broadly subquadrate,
sutures feeblv procurved.
Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; about
as in ardis except anterior margin narrowly
rounded, not angulate, serrations with their
bases contiguous. Glabrous.
Ehtra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as
long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on
basal two-thirds, gradualK- narrowed, rather
broadly rounded behind, with a conspicuous,
rather narrow emargination at suture; surface
almost smooth, shining, punctures largely con-
fused, small, moderatel) deep. Declivity much
as in inaffecttis except slightly wider, margins
slightly higher, spine more strongly developed
but not pointed, spine 3 more distinctly converg-
ing mesad, its crest not as high, its apex round-
ed, distinctly, weakly projecting; subapical mar-
gin acutely elevated, projecting moderately to
produce sides of median emargination. Glabrous
except for an occasional hairlike seta on sides.
Type Locality.— Fifteen km SE Cartago, Car-
tago, Costa Rica.
Type Materlal.— The unicjue holotype, pre-
sumablv a male, was taken at the type k)cality
on 24-l'X-63, at 1800 m, No. 196, from a woody
vine 5 mm in diameter, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype is in mv collection.
Tricohis rufithorax. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from parsus
Wood by the larger size, by the well-de\'eloped
decli\ital spines, by the subserrate anterior mar-
gin of the pronotum and by other characters.
Female.— Length 2.7 mm (male 3.1 mm),
2.4 times as long as wide; color reddish brown
except elytra black.
Frons convex, reticulate-granulate above,
somewhat punctate laterally, subcircular raised,
granular area occupying slightly more than me-
dian third to upper level of eyes; glabrous except
on epistoma. Antennal club moderately large, al-
most subtriangular, sutures weakly procurved;
posterior face bearing two long hairs.
Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; (jutline
as in parsus except anterior margin less narrow-
1\- rounded, its elevated costa weakly serrate; pos-
terior area strongly reticulate, very low, strongly
transverse, asperities continuing from summit to
base. Glabrous.
Elvtra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as
long as pronotum; outline about as in parsus ex-
cept sutural emargination smaller and spine 3
projecting very slightly; disc smooth, shining,
punctures fine, confused. Declivity with con-
tours much as in parsus except spine 1 conical,
slightly larger, 2 cylindrical, projecting slightly
more than its basal width, 3 low, costate, ending
abruptb-, not projecting, directed toward sutural
apex but ending remote from it, subapical mar-
gin acutely elevated but less strongly than in
parsus. Glabrous except for a few setae on sides.
Male.— Similar to female except without long
hair on posterior face of antennal club; declivital
spine 2 abnormal, apparently chewed off on both
sides.
60
BnicHAM VouNC University Science Bulletin
Type Locality.— Finca Gromaco on Rio Goto
Brus, Puntarcnas, Costa Rica.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
male allotype were taken at the type locality on
14-\'II-63,' at 500 ni. No. 65, from' a woody '\ine
(liana) less than 1 cm in diameter, by S. L.
Wood.
The holotype and allotype are in my collec-
tion.
Tricohis hadiiis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from luxlifer
Blandford by the smaller size, by the reddish
brown color, and l)y the more widely spaced
third spines which are very close to the subapi-
cal margin.
Female.— Length 2.S mm (paratypes 2.3-2.8
mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish
brown.
Frons as in nifitJiorux Wood except raised
granular area occup\ing one-fourth space be-
tween eyes. Antennal club subcircular, sutures
rather weakh- procur\ed; posterior face with up
to a dozen long hairlike setae.
Pronotum L2 times as long as wide; as in
nifithorax.
Elytra L5 times ;is long as wide; outline as in
nifithonix except spine 3 projecting more strong-
ly; disc smooth, shining, with \'ery fine, irregu-
lar lines, pimcturcs fine, shallow, confused. De-
clivity as in nifithorax except spine 2 more slen-
der, twice as long as wide; 3 close to costal mar-
gin, separated bv about lialf its basal width,
subapical margin reaching its posterior margin,
spine 3 projecting, subtriangular, almost as high
as its basal width; sulieostal margin acutely, not
strongly elevated. Sul)gIabrous.
Male.— Similar to female except antennal
club with fewer long setae.
Type Locality.- Pandora, Limon, Gosta Ri-
ca.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and 16 paratvpes were taken at the
type locality on 23-\'III-63, 50 m, Nos. 147, 150,
from a tree branch, by S. L. Wood. One para-
type is from Peralta, Gartago, Gosta Rica, lO-III-
64, 500 m. No. 462, woody vine, one paratypc
is from Gerro Punta near \'olcan Ghiriqui, Chir-
iqui, Panama, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 376, tree
brancli; 13 parat\pes are from Ft. Glayton,
Ganal Zone, Panama, 22-Xn-63, from various
collections; all taken by me.
The holotvp(\ allotype, and paratypes are in
my collection.
Tricohis partilis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from nodifer
Blandford by the smaller size, by the brown
color, bv the more slender body form, by the
more slender spine 3 on the elytral declivity, and
by other characters.
Male.— Length l.S mm (paratypes 1.7-1.8
mm), 2.8 times as long as wide; color brown.
Frons as in nodifer except granular area dis-
tinctly elevated; antennal club subcircular.
Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; as in
nodifer except transverse crenulations in discal
area reduced to a few transverse lines.
I'^lytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.3 times
as long as pronotum; essentialh' as in nodifer
except spines 1, 2, and 3 more slender, 3 dis-
tinctly longer; lower declivity less broadly flat-
tened; subapical margin more strongly elevated.
Female.— Similar to male except posterior
face of antennal club with several long hairlike
setae.
Type Locality.— X'olcan. Funtarenas, Gosta
Rica.
Type Material.— Tlie male liolotvpe, female
;dlot\pe, and one parat\pe were taken at the
type' locality on ll-XII-63, at 1000 m, No. 304,
from a tree branch, by S. L. Wood. One paratype
is from Finca Gromaco on Rio Goto Brus, Pun-
tarcnas, 14-\'II-63, 500 m. No. 59, tree branch,
S. L. Wood.
The holot\pe. alIot\'pe, and paratypes are in
ni\ collection.
Tricohis fcnoris, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from partihs
Wood h\ the larger size, by the more slender
body form, and by the longer, more slender de-
clivital spines.
Male.— Length 2.1 mm, 3.0 times as long as
wide; color very dark brown.
Frons, antenna, and pronotmn as in partilis;
pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide.
EKtra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as
long as pronotum; as in purtiUs except spine 2
three times as long as wide, spine 3 about one
and one-half times as long as wide; subapical
margin more strongly produced.
Type Locality.— Fifteen km SF, Gartago, Gar-
tago, Gosta Rica.
Type Material.— The unique male holotype
was taken at the type locality on 24-IX-63, at
1800 m. No. 196, from a woo'dv \'ine, bv S. L.
Wood.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles
61
The holotype is in my collection.
Tricolus frontalis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished by the aciculate
frons, with the granular area absent, and In' the
slender declivital spine 3.
Female.— Length 2.4 nun, .3.1 times as long
as wide; color dark brown.
Frons convex, aciculate, granulate area ab-
sent.
Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; as in
fenoris Wood except anterior margin more
broadly rounded.
Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as
long as pronotum; about as in fenoris except de-
clivital spine 3 longer, almost three times as
long as wide, spine 3 similar in shape to 2 but
larger, about two and one-half times as long as
wide; subapical margin rather poorly elevated.
Type Locality.— Eight km NE Teziutlan,
Puebla, Mexico.
Type Material.- The unique male holotNpe
was taken at the t\pe locality on 27-\'I-53, at
1600 m, from a tree branch, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype is in my collection.
Tricolus capitalis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from ruficollis
( Fabricius ) bv the slightly smaller size and bv
the much less strongly elevated subapical mar-
gin of the ehtral declivitv (thereby eliminating
the sutural notch).
Female.— Length 2.1 mm, 2.7 times as long
as wide; color rather dark reddish brown.
Frons con\ex, finely rugose-reticulate; gran-
ular area distinctly elevated, subcircular, occu-
p\ing median third to upper le\'el of eyes; gla-
brous. Antennal club ratlier broadh' obovate,
sutures moderately procurved.
Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides
straight and parallel on basal half, rather nar-
rowly rounded in front; anterior margin anncd
by about I'ight coarse teeth (bases of some con-
tiguous); summit indefinite, about one-third
pronotum length from anterior margin; anterior
slope rather coarsely, closely asperate; posterior
areas reticulate, punctures fine, those near base
with transverse line or minute shining elevation.
Glabrous.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as uide, 1.2 times as
long as pronotum; disc smooth, shining, punc-
tures rather fine, shallow, confused. Decli\it\'
excavated basically as in other members of the
genus; spine 3 stout, subtriangular, projecting
slightly, as in ruficollis, separated from sub-
apical margin by width of spine; lower declivity
flattened below spine 3 to lateral margin of spine
3; subapical margin almost straight, rather weak-
ly elevated, without sutural emargination, not at
all produced as in ruficollis.
Type LocALiri'.— Thirteen km S El Hato del
Volcan, Chiriqui, Panama.
Type Material.- The female holotype and
one female paratype were taken at the type lo-
cality on 7-1-64, at 1000 m, No. 371, from' a tree
seedling, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype and paratype are in my collec-
tion.
Tricolus naevus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from ovicollis
Blandford by the slightly larger size, by the very
broad subrenifonn granular area on the frons,
by the narrowh- flattened area lielow declivital
spine 3, and by the much stouter declivital spine
3.
Female.— Length 2.9-3.3 mm, 2.7 times as
long as wide; color almost black.
Frons broadly convex, with lateral areas just
above epistoma conspicuoush' impressed; sculp-
ture of lower area irregular, smooth and shining
laterally, becoming subreticulate abo\e; granu-
lar area \ery broad, occupying median two-
thirds of area between eyes at least three times
longer than wide, its lower margin almost
straight, stronglv cmarginate on its upper mar-
gin. Antennal club subtriangular but narrower
than in ovicollis.
Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; as in
ovicollis except anterior margin more narrowly
rounded and more coarsely serrate.
Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as
long as pronotum; as in ovicollis except declivital
area below spine 3 flattened only to median mar-
gin of spine 3; spine 3 stout, subtriangular, its
length aliout e(|ua] to its basal widtli. Subgla-
lirous.
Locality.— Tapanti, Cartago, Costa
Type
Rica.
Type Material.— The female holotype and
two female parat\pes were taken at the type
locality on 24-X-64, 1300 m. No. 241, from a
Phoebe mcxicana branch, by S. L. Wood. One
female paratvpe bears identical data except it
is No. 244, from a woody vine, and one with
identical data is 26-XI-64, No. 271, Werklia
ii}sip,nata.
The holotype and paratypes are in my col-
lection.
62
Bhigham Vounc Univeiisitv Sc:iknce Bih.letin
Tricolus scitulus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from ovicoUis
Blandford by the smaller size, by the uniform
brown color, and by the flatter lower declivity
below spine 3.
Female.— Length 1.9-2.3 mm, 2.6 times as
long as wide; color dark brown, young adults
uniformly brown.
Frons and pronotum as in ovicoUis except an-
terior margin of pronotiun more narrowly
rounded. Antennal club not quite as broad.
Elytra as in ovicoUis except area below spine
3 flatter.
Male.— Similar to female except antennal
club slightly smaller, with fewer long setae on
posterior face.
Type Locality.— Tapanti, Cartago, Costa
Rica.
Type Material.— The female holotspe, male
allotype, and nine paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 26-XL63, at 1300 m, Nos. 241,
265, from Phoclie mexicana l^ranches, by S. L.
Wood. One paratype is from Turrialba, Cartago,
Costa Rica, 5-VII-63, 700 m. No. 23, Crotohria.
S. L. Wood. One paratype is from Cerro Punta
near Volcan Chiricjui, Chiriqui, Panama, ll-I-
64, 1800 m. No. 406, tree branch, S, L. Wood.
A series from La Carbonera Experimental Forest,
50 km NW Merida, Merida, Venezuela, was not
included in the tvpe series.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are in
my collection.
Tricolus peUatus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from the similar
but remoteh' related nodifcr Blandford by the
subapical tuljercle on deelivital spine 3, by the
less strongly elevated subapical margin on the
declivity, by the longer deelivital spine 3, and
by other characters.
Female.— Length 3.0 mm (paratypes 2.7-3.1
mm), 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark
brown.
Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in nodi-
fer, except granular area on frons slightly larger.
Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide.
Elytral declivity with basic contoius as in
nodifer, except spine 1 slightly larger, spine 2
more slender; spine 3 slightly longer than wide,
more erect than in nodifer, with a conspicuous
tubercle on dorsomedian subapical margin; sub-
apical margin less strongly produced and less
strongly elevated than in nodifer.
Male.— Similar to female except posterior
face of antennal club without long hair.
Type Locality.— Cerro Punta near Volcan
Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama.
Type Materlvl.- The female holotype, male
allotype, and two paratypes were taken at the
type locality on 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. .376 (holo-
type), 392 (allotype), 372 and 385 (paratypes),
from tree branches and a woody vine (No. 385),
S. L. Wood. Three paratypes are from \'olcan
Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica, 19-XL63, 2,500 m. No.
260, tree seedling, S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
Tricolus aciculatus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from pcUatus
Wood by the smaller size, by the more slender
fonn, bv the absence of a raised granular area
on the frons, and by the presence of a \ery small
gramde in each puncture in the excavated area
of the declivity.
Female.— Length 2.7 mm (paratypes 2.2-2.7
mm), .3.1 times as long as wide; color very dark
brown.
Frons convex, rather weakly impressed above
epistoma in lateral areas; surfaet' sliining, con-
spicuously aciculate on lateral thirds, obscurely
on median third, granular area found in other
species entirely absent; median area above epis-
toma with a broad, low, elevated area somewliat
similar to allied species. Antennal club large,
broadh', asymmetrically oval, sutures almost
straight, obscure, indistinctly septate on central
third; a very few long setae on posterior face.
Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; pronot-
um as in nodifcr Blandford except anterior mar-
gin finely subserrate.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as
long as pronotum; elytra as in pelfatus except
more slender, discal punctures slightly larger,
piincturi'S on deelivital face each with a fine
granule; deelivital spines 2 and 3 more slender
than in peltatus, 3 distinctly longer, bearing a
subapical tuli-.TcIe as in peltatus; subapical mar-
gin of declivity as in peltatus except from dorsal
aspect median fifth abrupth', shallowly emargin-
ate. Subglabrous.
Male.— Similar to female except' posterior
face of antennal club without long hair.
Type Locality.- Ten km or 6 miles SE Te-
zuitlan, Puehla, Mexico.
Type Mati-.uial.- The female holotype, male
allotype, and 46 paratypes were taken at the
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles
63
t\pc locality on 2-\'II-67, at 1600 in, Nos. 137
and 145, from small Miconki branches, No. 142
from Rtibus, No. 149 host unknown, bv S. L.
Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypcs are in
my collection.
Tricolus l)icflIor
u. ,sp.
This species is distinguished by the color pat-
tern, by the more dorsal po.sition of the frontal
granular area, and by tlu' uniijue decli\it\ .
Female.— Length 3.4 mm (paratype 3.1 mm),
2.7 times as long as wide; color of dorsal sur-
face yellowish brown except pronotal disc from
summit to base and clytral declivity black, ven-
tral surface black except legs light brown.
Frons largeh' concealed, e\iclentl\' eoinex
above, shallowly impressed on lateral thirds of
lower half, median area distinctly elevated abo\e
epistoma; granular area more dorsal in position
than normal, largely above upper le\el of e\es.
apparently wider than long. Antennal club
slightly asymmetrical, sutures weakly procurved.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides
feebly arcuate and subparallel on basal half,
rather strongly converging anteriorlv to rather
narrowly rounded, serrate anterior margin;
sculpture about as other Tricolus.
Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times
as long as pronotum; sides straight and par-
allel to level of sutural apex, truncate behind
except for projecting spine- 3 and small sutural
emarginatioii; disc and upper decli\it\' about
as in nodifer Blandford except declivital exca\a-
tion more broadly impressed; spine 3 on ex-
treme posterolateral margin, somewhat laterally
compressed, appearing (juadrate from lateral as-
pect, distinctl}' longer than wide, with a con-
spicuous tubercle on dorsomedian apical angle,
its niesal surface somewhat eoncax'e or grooved
toward its apex; subapical margin acutelv,
\\eakly elevated, a shallow sutural emargina-
tion.
Type Locality.— Lower slopes of \'olcan
Poas, 24 km N^V Heredia, Costa Rica.
Type Materml.— The female holot\pc and
one female paratvpe were taken at tlie t^'pe
locality on 14-\TI-63, 1500 m. No. 44. from a
small branch, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype and paratype are in my col-
lection.
Tricolus amplus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished b\- the large
size, by the black color, by the displaced de-
clivital spine 2, by the subtriangular granular
area on the frons, and by other characters.
Female.— Length 3.7 mm (paratypes 3.6-3.9
mm), 2.5 times as long as wide; color black.
Frons convex above, lateral areas above epis-
toma moderately impressed, lateral areas below
upper level of eyes distinctly aciculate; median
granular area largely above eyes, wider than
long, subtriangular, its apex directed orad; ves-
titure of short, sparse hair. Antennal club
slightly asymmetrical, obscurely subtriangular,
sutures weaklv procurved.
Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; about
as in hicolor except basal area of disc more
coarsely, more extensively asperate.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times
as long as pronotum; outline as in hicolor ex-
cept posterior margin Insinuate; disc subshining,
almost smooth, punctures \'ery fine, shallow,
confused. Declivit)' much as in allied species
except lateral margin less abruptly, less strongly
elevated; spine 1 in usual position at base on
interstriae 1; spine 2 larger and stouter than
usual and in position of interstriae 2, its base
beginning at level of apex of spine 1 (much
more anterior in position than all other specii'S ) ;
spine 3 strongh', lateralh' compressed, on lateral
margin, quadrate, distinctlv wider than long,
a conspicuous tubercle on its dorsomesal apical
angle; subapical margin acute, distinctly, not
strongly produced, extending to base of spine 3.
Subglabrous.
Male.— Similar to female, including long
hair on posterior face of antennal club.
Type Locality.— Ten km or 6 miles NE
Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and six parat\pes were taken at the
type locality on 2-\TI-67, at 1600 m. No. 140,
from a limb 5-15 cm in diameter, bv S. L.
Wood.
The holotvpe, allot\pe, and paratypes are in
mv collection.
Amphicranus mirandus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from hijbridus
Blandford by the pronounced sexual dimor-
phism, by the cleft female epistoma, by the
more slender antennal club, by the absence of
an elevated line on the lateral margins of the
pronotum, and b\' the verv different dccli\ity.
Female.— Length 2.5 mm (paratypes; fe-
males 2.5-2.8 mm, males 2.8-3.5 mm), 3.3 (male
3.9) times as long as wide; color yellowish
64
BiiicHAM Vf)UNG University Science Bulletin
brown except anterior third of pronotiirn and
elytral declivity darker Ijruwn.
Frons convex above, weaklv, traii,s\-er.sel\-
impressed just below upper level of eyes, epis-
tomal area protuberant and sharph elcft on
median line from epistomal margin to trans-
verse impression; surface subrugose-reticulate,
a few fine punctures obscurely indicated; gla-
brous except along epistomal margin and on
sides of head near eyes. Antennal funicle 2-seg-
mented; club 1.6 times as long as wide, oval,
sutures weakly procurved, posterior face with
some long hair.
Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; widist
at base, sides straight distinctly con\eiging on
ijasal three-fourths, \'ery broadly rounded in
front; anterior margin unarmed; summit on an-
terior fifth; anterior slope very steep, asperities
rather sparse; posterior areas finely reticulate,
punctures minute, obscure. Glabrous.
Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.4 times
as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and
parallel on basal three-fourths, broadlv, ratlur
dei-plv U-shaped behind between lateral pro-
cesses; decli\it\- confined to posterior two-fifths;
disc as in hijhridtts. I^celixity ])asieallv as in
litjl>richis; interstriae 1 at base with a niiniitc
tubercle, 2 with a slender si)ine about three
times as long as its basal width; lateral margin
following same course as in Jii/hridus but only
weakly elevated and not serrate; lateral pro-
cesses about as long as their bas;il widths,
separated by slightly gre;iter distance than
deptli of emargination between them; mesal
margin of terminal processes bearing a strongly
elevated, laterally compressed, longitudinal pro-
cess, its upper margin horizontal, its posterior
margin subx'ertieal. Disc glabrous, rather sparse,
fine hair on declivity.
Male.— Similar to female except frons
broadly convex, epistomal area normal; ante-
rior margin of pronotum vertical, appearing
shallowly, broadly emarginate from above; de-
elivital spines and lateral processes distinctly
longer; lateral decli\ital processes with margins
directed mesad (not dorsad) thereby forming
a pronounced constriction in area of emargina-
tion just anterior to its middle; face of decli\'it\'
glabrous.
Tyi'e Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas.
Costa Rica.
Type Materlal.— The female holotvpe, male
allotype, and 30 parat\'pes were taken at the
type locality on ll-\ 111-66, at 30 in. No, 85.
from a tree limb 5-15 cm in diameter, bv S. L.
Wood.
The holotype, allot\ pe, and paratypes are in
my collection.
Auiphicrtiuus lurnatilis, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from specta-
hilis (Wood) by the larger size, by the color,
by the coarsely serrate, more narrowly rounded
anterior margin of the pronotum, and b\- the
more gradual, more strongly explanate elytral
declivity.
FrNrALE.-Length 2.7 mm (paratypes 2.5-2.8
mm), 3.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish
brown with head, anterior half of pronotum,
and posterior half of elvtra black.
Frons as in spcctahilis.
Pronotum 1.6 times as long as wide; as in
spcctahilis except anterior margin more nar-
rowly rounded and armed by nine coarse serra-
tions, median one prominent, and posterior
areas less strongly reticulate, more shining.
Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.3 times
as long as pronotum; ;is in spcctahilis except
disc very smooth, brightly sliining, declivity not
as steep, posterior margin more strongK' explan-
ate, and upper slope of lower major proimnence
on margin of declivity horizontal (as in specio-
siis Schedl), not ascending. Glabrous.
Type Locality.— Six km S San \'ito, Punta-
renas, Costa Rica.
Type Material.- The female holotype and
seven paratypes, apparently all females, were
taken at tlie type locality (in 19-21-111-67, from
a dead tree, bv D. D. Sliwa.
The holotype and paratvpes are in my
collection.
Amphicranus macclltis. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from halteattts
Blandford bv the much smaller size, bv the
color, by the absence of a granular area on the
frons, bv details of the declixital sculpture, and
by other characters.
Male.— Length 1.9 mm (parat\pes 1.8-1.9
mm), 4.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish
brown.
Frons uniformlv convex; surface evidently
minuteh' rugose-reticulate. Antennal funicle 3-
segmented; club 1.3 times as long as wide,
Iiroadlv oval, sutures rather weakly procurved.
Pronotum 1.8 times as long as wide; .sides
straight and almost parallel on basal three-
fourths, rather narrowly rounded in front; an-
terior margin acuteh' ele\ated, siibserrate ex-
cept median serration slightly larger and basallv
separate from marginal eosta; indistinct summit
Biological Series, Vol. 19. No. 1 New Species of American Bark Beetles
65
on anterior fourth; anterior slope steep, conve.x.
most conspicuous asperities arranged in a sub-
transverse row; surface sul)reticulate, punctiues
small, very shallow. Glabrous.
Elytra 2.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times
as long as pronotum; outline as in bciltcdtus
except apical emargination wider, l^-shaped;
disc smooth, strial punctures fine, shallow, in
rows. Declivity broadly, deeply excavated much
as in balteatus except steeper and somewhat
less strongly explanate; basal margin with
spines on interstriae 1 and 2 minute, spine on
3 moderately large, pointed, lateral margin
acutely, strongly elevated to small denticle on
mesal side at level of sutural apex, margin
oblicjueh' descending from denticle to apex of
lateral process on a straight line; sutural emar-
gination narrowly U-shaped, 1.5 times as deep
as wide; declivital face reticulate, shining,
punctures very obscureb indicated. Glabrous.
Female.— Similar to male except decli\it)
less strongb' explanate, its lateral margins less
stronglv elevated; sutural emargination as long
as wide.
Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas,
Costa Rica.
Tyi'e Material.— The male holotvpe, female
allotype, and two male parat\'pes were taken at
the type locality on ll-\'III-66, at 30 m. No.
85, from a tree limb, bv S. L. W'ood.
The holot\pe, allotype, and paratypes are in
my collection.
Amphicranus spinescens. n. sp.
This species is distinguished b\ the absence
of a fine, raised line on the lateral margins of
the pronotum, by the very coarse, slender ser-
rations on the anterior margin of the pronotum.
and by the different annature on tlie elytral
declivity.
Female.— Length 2.4 mm (paratypes 2.0-2.4
mm), 4.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish
brown, anterior half of pronotum and posterior
third of elytra a darker brown.
Frons trans\'erselv concave, lower third
weakly, transversely impressed, surface rugose-
reticulate except subgranular on oval area on
median half at upper level of eyes; vestiture
confined to epistomal margin. Antennal funicle
3-segmented; club o\al 1.4 times as long as
wide.
Pronotum 1.8 times as long as wide; sides
straight and paralk'l on basal two-thirds, nar-
rowly, strongly produced in front; anterior mar-
gin armed b\' 10-12 \'eiy coarse, basally sepa-
rate serrations, median ones slender; summit
on anterior third; anterior slope moderately
steep, convex, anterior asperities coarse, smaller
toward summit; posterior areas finely reticulate,
punctures minute, almost obsolete. Glabrous.
Elytra 2.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times
as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel
to declivity, broadly emarginate behind, pos-
terolateral angles produced into long forceps-
like processes; disc smooth, subshining, strial
punctures almost obsolete. Declivity steep, ex-
cavated; basal margin subacutely elevated,
armed by three small, pointed denticles one
each at fnterstriae 1, 2, and 3; lateral margin
subacutelv elevated, bearing just below middle
of declivity a yery large, cylindrical, blunt spine
3.5 times as long as its basal width, directed
caudad, below this spine lateral margin con-
tinues to apex of ventrolateral process; \entro-
lateral process subcylindrical, curving slightly
mesad, its length measured from apex of
suture equal to more than half width of el\tra;
posterior emargination \ery broad, deep,
broadly U-shaped, very slightly deeper than
wide.
Male.— Similar to female except declivital
spines slightly longer.
Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas,
Costa Rica.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allot\pe, and 18 paratypes were taken at the
tj^pe locality on ll-MII-66, at 30 m. No. 85, tree
limb, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allot\pe, and parat\pcs are
in my collection.
Ainphicramis spinosus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from spinescens
Wood by the larger size, by the finely punc-
tured pronotal disc, and by the more brightly
shining elytra.
Female.— Length 2.7 mm (male paratypes
2.8-3.0 mm), 4.0 times as long as wide; color
brown.
As in spitiescens except posterior areas of
pronotal disc reticulate, with moderately abun-
dant, fine, distinctly impressed punctures in
both discal and lateral areas and elytra much
more brightly shining.
Male.— Similar to female except declivital
spines shghtlv longer.
Type Locality.— Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas,
Costa Rica.
Type Material.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and two male paratypes were taken
66
BiiiGiiAM ^OuNG Univehsiiv Sciknce Bulletin
at the type locality on ll-VIII-66, at 30 m. No.
85, from a tree limb, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in mv collection.
Amphicianus mucronaltis, n. sp.
This .species is distinguished from /«,sf/L;/«?(/.s
Blandford by the smaller size, liy the \'ery dif-
ferent female frons, and by the narrower pos-
terolateral elytral processes of the male on
which the spine at the level of the sutural ape.x
is positioned ('((uidistant from the lateral and
mesal margins (not on tlie lateral margin as in
fastigiatiis).
Female.— Length 2.7 mm, 4.0 times as long
as wide; color light brown, pronotuni and
elytral declivity darker.
Frons con\e,\, reticulate ])eIow upper le\el
of eves, shining abo\e, punctures fine, moder-
ately abundant, obscure (.)n reticulate area: me-
dian fourth from epistoma more tlian half dis-
tance to upper level of eves with a shaiph'
elevated, low, oval, granulate area; \estiture
inconspicuous. Antennal club transverselv o\al.
slightly wider than long.
Pronotum 1.7 times as long as wide; as in
fastiiiiatiis except submarginal groo\i's and
callus on anterior slope mueli more poorh'
developed.
Elytra as in fastiiiiatus except discal punc-
tures slightly smaller.
Male.— Length .3.0-.3..'3 mm; similar to male
fastigiatiis except antennal club slightly more
broadly o\al; anterior margin of pronotum more
strongly, narrowly acuminate, process on its
ventral surface almost obsolete; elytral declivity
slightly less strongly explanate, lateral margins
much less strongly elevated, denticles on basal
margin much smaller, denticle at le\el of sutural
apex in center of floor of lateral process ( not
on inner surface of lateral margin as in
fastii^ialus).
Type Locality.— Cerro Ptmta near \olcan
Chiriqin', Panama.
Type Material— The female holotype, male
allotype, and one male paratvpe were taken at
the type locality on 11-L64, at 1800 m, from a
tree branch, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and parat\pe are
in my collection.
Amphicianus aciis. n. sp.
This species is distinguished from fastifiiafns
Blandford by the smaller size, bv the different
female frons, by the more slender male pronotal
process, and b\' the male elytral declivity.
Female.— Length 2.5 mm (female paratype
2.5 mm), 4.0 times as long as widt'; color light
reddish brown, anterior parts of pronotum and
elytral declivity sometimes darker.
Frons about as in female fastiiiiattis except
reticulate to vertex, median area on lower half
rather strongly elevated but not shaiply defined,
its summit nanowly flattened and granular. An-
tennal club obscureh' snbtriangular, 1.3 times
as wide as long.
Pionotum 1.8 times as long as wide; as in
fasti'fi,iotits except grooves and submarginal
ridges on anterior slope more pronounced.
Elytra as in mucronatus Wood.
Male— Length 2.5-2.8 mm; as in male
mucronatus except granular area on frons nar-
rower, exti-nding to upper le\-el of eyes; lower
surface of pronotal mucronate process with a
rather strongly developed, conical tubercle di-
rected ventrad; lateral margin of declivity
slightly higher, a coarse denticle displaced just
mesad of lateral margin at level of sutural apex,
posterodorsal angle rounded and cntireh' devoid
of a tubercle, sutural emargination much nar-
rower.
Type Locality.— El Laurel Experiment Sta-
tion, 12 km SW Caracas, Venezuela.
Type NLvtehial.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and three paratypes were taken at the
type' locality on l-\'-70, 1800 m, Nos. 457, 458,
from a tree bole 13 em in diameter. No. 513
in flight, bv S. L. Wood. One broken male
paratype is from Merida, Merida, Venezuela,
ll-IX'-69, 2000 m. No. 4, Croton bole, S. L.
Wood.
The liolot\pe, allot\pe, and paratvp(>s are
in my collection.
Paracorthi/Ius mtitilus. n. sp.
Tiiis species is distinguished from concisus
Wood b\- the smaller size, by the shallowly
divaricate sutural ;ipex of the elytra, and b\' the
distinctive eh tral declivity.
Female.— Length 2.0 mm (parat\pes 1.9-2.0
mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish
brown.
Frons as in velutimis Wood except surface
reticulate abo\e shining epistomal margin." An-
tennal club 1.4 times as long as wide, apical
segment only slightly modified.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in
velutimis except sinface reticulate, punctures
very fine, much less closeh- spaced.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 1 New Species of American Bahk Beetles
67
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times
as long as pronotum; as in veltitituis except de-
clivity. Declivity subvertical, suljtriincate, shal-
lovvlv concave; lateral margiiLS distinctl\ c]e\at-
ed, rounded, armed on middle third on median
margin by two pointed tubercles, upper one
slightly larger; sutural interstriae weakly elevat-
ed; posterolateral margin subacute at apex,
suture weakly emarginate; surface rugose-retic-
ulate; punctures obscure. \'er\' minute setae
moderately abundant on declivity, similar but
less abundant on disc.
Male.— Similar to female except apical seg-
ment of antennal club slightlv shorter and
more broadly rounded; anterior margin amied
by eight serrations of moderate size; decli\it\-
more evenly concave, its margins weakh', sub-
acutely elex'ated on more than lower three-
fourths, upper margin armed b\' three pairs
of small teeth on interstriae 1-3, lateral pair
conspicuouslv larger, sutural apex more dis-
tinctly emarginate, sutural interstriae more dis-
tinctly elevated.
Type Locality.— Fort Shennan, Canal Zone,
Panama.
Type Material.- The female holotype, male
allotype, and two female paratvpes were taken
at the type locality on lO-XI-57, at light.
The holotype, allotype, and paratvpes are
in my collection.
Paracorthi/lus concisus, n. sp.
This species is distinguished from vehitinus
Wood by the larger size, by the subconcave
elytral declivity, with different armature in the
female, by the sparse pubescence, and by other
characters.
Female.— Length 2.6 mm (paratvpes 2..3-2.6
mm), 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish
brown.
Frons as in velutimts except obscurely reticu-
late, shining, median carina extending from
epistomal margin to median callus on lower
third. Antennal club 1.9 times as long as wide,
aliout intermediate in shape between velutinus
and mutilus.
Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in
mtitilus.
Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times
as long as pronotum; as in mutilus- except
tubercles slightly larger and apex of suture
entire.
Male.— Similar to female except antennal
club less elongate, its apex more broadly
rounded; anterior margin of pronotum armed
by eight serrations; declivity much more
broadly, evenlv impressed, margins on lower
half more distinctly, more narrowly elevated
but not angulate, sutural apex entire and bent
slightly dorsad, two pair of tubercles on inter-
striae 3 displaced mesad from lateral margin,
lower one at middle, upper one on basal fourth.
Type Locality.— Moravia, Cartago, Costa
Rica.
Type Materl\l.— The female holotype, male
allotype, and 14 paratypes were taken at the
type' locality on 11-III-64, 500 m. No. 473, from
a cut tree 35 cm in diameter, by S. L. Wood.
The holotype, allotype, and paratypes are
in my collection.
S'/U/?- FJrpya
Brigham Young University
*'''^ubrTry°°'" Science Bulletin
MAY271P74
HARVARD
UNIVERSI
TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS
CHLORIS (GRAMINEAE)
by
Dennis E. Anderson
BIOLOGICAL SERIES — VOLUME XIX, NUMBER 2
MARCH 1974 /ISSN 0068-1024
BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN
BIOLOGICAL SERIES
Editor: Stanley L. Welsh, Department of Botany,
Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
Acting Editor: Vernon J. Tipton, Zoology
Members of the Editorial Board:
Ferron L. Andersen, Zoology
Joseph R. Murdock, Botany
WiLMER W. Tanner, Zoology
Ex officio Members:
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Sciences
Ernest L. Olson, Director, Brigham Young University Press
The Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, publishes
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Brigham Young University
Science Bulletin
TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS
CHLORIS (GRAMINEAE)
by
Dennis E. Anderson
BIOLOGICAL SERIES — VOLUME XIX, NUMBER 2
MARCH 1974 / ISSN 0068-1024
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT 1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1
INTRODUCTION 1
NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY OF THE GENUS 2
TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS OF CHLORIS 2
Cytology 3
Leaf Epidermis 5
Anatomy, Embryology, and Seedling Morphology 6
Relationships of Chloris and Other Genera 9
Relationships within Chloris 13
Chloris Swartz 15
Key to the species of Chloris 16
1. Chloris roxlmrghiana Schultes 22
2. Chloris puniculata Scribner in Robinson 24
3. Chloris herroi Arechavaleta 25
4. Chloris ciliata Swartz 27
5. Chloris lamproparia Stapf in Chevalier 30
6a. Chloris canterai Arechavaleta var. canterai 30
6b. Chloris canterai Arechavaleta var. grandiflora ( Rosengurtt & Izaguirre de Artucio) Anderson 32
7. Chloris dantUjiina C. D. Adams 34
8. Chloris cruciata (Linnaeus) Swartz 37
9. Chloris filiformis (Vahl) Poiret in Lamarck 39
10. Chloris suringari Hitchcock in Urban 39
11. Chloris scariosa F. von Mueller 40
12. Chloris prieurii Kunth 42
13. Chloris rohusta Stapf in Chevalier 43
14. Chloris mollis (Nees) Swallen 45
15. Chloris longiaristata Napper 46
16. Chloris quinque.sctica Bhide 48
17. Chloris wightiana Nees ex Steudel 48
18. Chloris montana Roxburgh 51
19. Chloris bournci Rangachariar & Tadulingam 53
20. Chloris inflata Link 53
21. Chloris formosana (Honda) Keng 57
22. Chloris pilosa Schumacher 58
23. Chloris virgata Swartz 60
24. Chloris gai/aiu/ Kiuith 65
25. Chloris castilloniatui Lillo & Parodi 69
26. Chloris orthonoton Doell in Martins 69
27. Chloris aristata (Cervantes) Swallen 70
28. Chloris hrandegei (Vasey) Swallen 72
29. Chloris chloridca ( Presl) Hitchcock 74
30. Chloris ventricosa R. Brown 76
31. Chloris truncate R. Brown 78
32. Chloris pumilio R. Brown 80
33. Chloris lobata Lazarides 82
34. Chloris divaricata R. Brown 83
35. Chloris pcctinata Bentham 86
36. Chloris crinita Lagasca 87
37. Chloris pluriflora (Foumier) Cla)'ton 89
38. Chloris cticullata Bischoff 91
39. Chloris verticillata Nuttall 93
40. Chloris andropogonoidcs Foumier 95
41. Chloris texensis Nash 103
42. Chloris sesqiiiflora Burkart 104
43. Chloris humhcrtiana A. Camus 104
44. Chloris amethi/stca Hoclistt-tter 106
45. Chloris subniutica Humboldt, Bonplantl. Kunth 106
46. Chloris somalewis Rendle 109
47. Chloris cleimntis Merrill 109
48. Chloris radiata (Linnaeus) Swartz 110
49. Chloris pycnotlirix Trinius 114
50. Chloris halophila Parodi 1 17
.51. Chloris ekmanii Hitchcock 119
52. Chloris arcmiria Hitchcock & Ekman in Hitchcock 119
53. Chloris sagnwuna Achille Richard in .Sagra 121
54. Chloris cubensis Hitchcock & Ekman in Hitchcock 123
55. Chloris mossambicensis Schumann 123
56. Chloris hurrnetuis Ander.son 125
UNIDENTIFIED, REJECTED, OR REASSIGNED NAMES 126
LITERATURE CITED 131
TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS CHLORIS (GRAMINEAE)
by
Dennis E. Anderson'
ABSTRACT
This study is a worldwide taxononiic treat-
ment utilizing endomorpliic characters such as
cytology, histology, and ciiihrNology, in addition
to the traditional cxoniorphic features. New
chromosome numbers and histological informa-
tion are reported. Relationships between Chloris
and other genera in the Chlorideae are dis-
cussed. A total of r6 species is recognized in the
genus; each is described and illustrated. Com-
plete synonymies are included as well as a list
of unidentified or rejected names. Distributions
and maps are given for each species, along with
lists of specimens examined dining studies at
various iu-rbaria. Reports of field studies in-
volving introgression among certain species are
also included. A new species, Chloris hurmen-
sis, is described from Bumia, and a new com-
bination, Chloris canterai Arech. var. graiuliflora
( Rosengurtt & Izaguirre de Artucio ) Anderson,
is also proposed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
These studies were begun in the summers
of 1963 and 1964 as part of a National Science
Foundation program in l\esearch Participation
for College Teachers sponsored b\' the Depart-
ment of Botan\-, University of Texas. Additional
financial support was provided b\' this program
through grants ( NSF GY-3002, NSF GE-69:8).
The assistance of Dr. Harold Bold, director of
the summer program, is also gratefully acknowl-
edged. Initialh', Dr. Walter V. Bro\\'n pointed
out to me many of the biosystematie problems
of Chloris in Texas, and I am grateful to him
for his continued encouragement.
.additional direct assistance was received
from the National Science Foundation in 1969
(NSF GB-7235), enabling me to visit a number
of major overseas herbaria and to do additional
field work. The curators were most helpful and
allowed me to borrow man\- specimens. Their
cooperation is much appreciated.
A special debt is owed to Dr. W. D. Clayton
of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England,
who provided advice, cooperation and friend-
ship, and thus made my stay at Kew most pro-
ductive.
California State University, Humboldt, has
generously provided released time and leaves in
support of these studies, and the continued as-
sistance of President Cornelius Siemens is ac-
knowledged with many thanks.
I would also like to thank Mr. Rupert C.
Barneb\- for his aid in the preparation of the
Latin description of Chloris btirmsiisis.
Michael Lazarides kindly let me examine his
manuscript treatment of Chloris in Queensland,
prior to its publication.
I am grateful to my wife, Nancy, for the end-
less hours she contributed in filing and organiza-
tion, in establishing and verifying geographical
locations, and, finally, in cartography.
INTRODUCTION
With its delicate, digitate clusters of spikes,
Chloris must certainly be among the most strik-
ing of grass genera. The distribution spans
the warmer regions of most of the continents,
from the pampas of Argentina to the sandhills
of Nebraska, from the Cape of Good Hope to
the sands of the Sahara, from Afghanistan to
the island archipelagoes of the South Pacific,
and from the subcontinental islands of Ne.v
Guinea and Borneo through the continent of
^Department of Biology, Humboldt State College, Areata, California 95521.
Bricham Young University' Science Bulletin
Australia. Thus, it is likely that taxonomists in
these areas have seen (me or more of the taxa
in the genus. Though these attributes would
seem to insiue popularity among agrostologists,
Chloris nevertheless has not been subjected to
any systematic review for nearly a centuiy. This
has been an era characterized by extensive ex-
ploration and collection of hitherto unknown
areas, as well as the development of revolu-
tionary systematic thought.
My interest in Chloris began with studies in
hybridizing species in Texas; this interest spread
later to similar studies in the Southeast; and ulti-
mately it encompassed more classical investiga-
tions in manv of the major herbaria of the
United States, Great Britain, and Europe. Ini-
tially, my interests centered in experimental
studies but the continuing frustration of not
being able to name species with confidence led
me to conclude that a classical studv was needed
and that experimental studies could then be
made on a sounder foundation.
Well over 15,000 herbarium specimens and
many mass collections from hybridizing popula-
tions were studied. The numbers of specimens
available van' widely. Some taxa are repre-
sented only by the holot\'pe. Others are known
from such large numbers of specimens that
population descriptions may be advanced with
confidence. Still others ha\'e been collected so
thoroughly that the enormous complexit)' of the
population has revealed the necessity for further
intensive investigation.
This study, then, attempts to bring the tax-
onomv of the genus CliJoris up to date. It is
largely morpho-geographical in nature, with oc-
casional incursions into biosystematics as the
nature and availability of materials allow.
NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY OF THE GENUS
Swartz first described Chloris in 1788, in-
cluding two new species, C. ciliata and C. pc-
traea, and transferred into the genus three Lin-
naean species: Agrostis criiciafa, Agrostis radiata,
and Andropogon poh/dactylon.
With the description of the genus Eitstachijs
by Desvaux (1810) and the transfer to it of
Chloris petraea Swartz, the basic nomenclatural
pattern at the generic level was established,
though many authors now consider Eustachijs
as a subgenus of Chloris.
Other genera, based on various species of
Chloris, have been proposed: Rabdochloa Beau-
vois (1812), including C. cruciata and several
species from other genera; Schtdtesia Sprengel
(1815) containing C. petraea only; and Phacel-
laria Willdenow ex Steudel ( 1840), including C.
suhmutica. None of these genera have been ac-
cepted by recent authors.
More recently, Camus proposed the subgen-
era Monanthochloris, including within it C. per-
rieri (1949), and Pterochloris, which contains C.
hitmhertiana (1950). Subsequently, Camus
(1957) elevated the latter subgenus to the ge-
neric level.
Generic conspeeti of Chloris have been writ-
ten spor;idicallv, Iiut all are of the nature of
catalogs rather than re\isions or monographs.
Of these, the treatment by Steudel ( 1854) is the
most complete. In it he recognized 69 taxa and
included a s\noptic key as well as an enumera-
tion of species, each with a short description.
Later listings by Regel ( 1862, 1863), based upon
the specimens at Leningrad, included a total of
only 21 taxa.
Regional revisionary studies restricted to
Chloris are few, the most notable being those
of the North American species by Nash (1898),
the treatment by Swallen (1939) in l^orth
American Flora, and the publications bv Everist
( 1935a,b, 19.37, 1938) on the Queensland species.
SubsequentK , Lazarides (1972) treated Chloris
in his stud\' of the tribe Chlorideae in Austra-
lia.
TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS OF CHLORIS
Most recent classifications of the Gramineae
are based heavily upon cytological and ana-
tomical characteristics; in contrast, the older sys-
tems were constructed primarily on the basis of
spikelet morphology. The higher categories rec-
ognized in the older classifications (especially
subfamilies) may be quite artificial. This is
reflected most strikingly in the modern systems
b\- the redefinition of the subfamily Festucoi-
deae, which has had many of its genera distrib-
uted to other subfamilies.
All recent treatments have placed Chloris
and most of the rest of the genera in the tribe
Chlorideae in a separate subfamily, which is
usualh' called the Eragrostoidcae or Chlori-
doideae. Tlie number of tribes included in this
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chi.obis (GnAMiNEAE)
subfamily has varied considerably; for example,
Gould ( 196Sa ) recognized seven.
Throughout the development of the more
modem classifications, the group of genera fonn-
ing the Chlorideae has remained relatively
stable, including such familiar genera as Bou-
telotia. Biichlol'. Ctcnium. Cijnodon, Entcropo-
gon, Eustacliys, Gynmopogon, and Tetrapogon,
among others.
The taxonomic parameters of these genera
have been widel)' accepted; yet intensive study
of certain complexes immediately reveals the
artificialit\' of man\' of the genera. Most inves-
tigations of generic relationships have been con-
fined to the study of Narious species of selected
genera; seldom have attempts been made to ex-
amine the majorit\' of species from a number
of viewpoints, especially for endomorphic char-
acters.
A report of such an attempt for ChJoris fol-
lows. The limited a\'ailabilit\' of material for
manv taxa has frustrated certain phases of stud\',
most notabh' those requiring living materials.
Areas and species deserving further investiga-
tion will be immediateK' apparent.
The discussion is divided into three areas:
cvtological, histological, and morphological evi-
dence. An attempt to s\nthesize these lines of
evidence as a basis of classification of the spe-
cies in the genus follows.
Cytology
No single, extensive attempt to determine
chromosome numbers in Chloris has been made,
and the counts reported in Table 1 are largely
taken from incidental reports of chromosome
numbers of a variety of grasses. In some cases
I have been able to verify the identification of
the plant b\' examining the voucher specimen;
for these, the herbarium containing the voucher
is indicated in parentheses after the counter's
name. Chromosome numbers followed by my
name are reported for the first time. Vouchers
for these are deposited in the California State
University Herbarium at Humboldt.
From Table 1 it can be seen that chromo-
some numbers have been listed for fewer than
half of the species in Chloris, and thus, only
limited conclusions can be drawn. Most spe-
cies have a base number of x=10 and onl\- in-
frequently have other numbers been noted. Rel-
atively few diploids have been identified; most
species are at various polyploid levels, with the
decaploid number of 2n = 100 being the highest
known in the genus. Several species have vary-
ing chromosome numbers. Cltloris gatjana is
noteworthy in this respect, with 2n = 20, .30, and
40.
There are few studies of reproductive mecha-
nisms. .Again, the best-known species is Chloris
gaijana. Moffett (1944) suggested that the spe-
Table 1. Cliromosome numbers in the genus Chloris.
Species
Geographic origin
Counted by
Chlom andropogonoides
C. aristata
C. Iicrroi
C. bournei
C. canterai
C. chloridea
C. ciliata
40
100
40
40
50
72
40
80
40
C. crinita
40
Te.vas (without precise locality)
Texas: Nueces Co. (TAESI); San
Patricio Co. (TAES!); Starr Co.
(TAES! TEX! UC!)
Texas: Hays Co.
Mexico: Oaxaca (USI)
Me.xico: Hidalgo (UC! US!)
Mexico: Queretaro
Mexico: Chiapas
Texas : Brazos Co. ( as a weed in a
grass nursery)
India ( without precise locality )
Without locahty
Texas: Milam Co. (TAES! UC! US!)
Mexico: Chiapas
Mexico: San Luis Potosi (US!)
Texas: Wharton Co. (TEX!)
Texas: Walker Co.
Botanical Garden, Lyon (cultivated)
Dominican Republic: Santiago
Texas: Bee Co. (TAESI)
Texas: Cameron Co.
Texas (without precise locality)
Argentina : Cafayate
Brown (1950)
Gould (1960)
Anderson 3,282 (HSC)
Tateoka (1962a) (as C. rufescens)
Gould (1965) (as C. rufescens)
Gould ( 1966) (as C. rtifescens)
Gould & Soderstrom (1970) (as C.
rufescens )
Gould (1960)
Janaki-Ammal in Darlington & Janaki-
Amma! (1945)
Krishnaswamy ( 1940 )
Gould (1958) (as C. pohjdactyla)
Gould & Soderstrom (1970)
Gould (1965)
Brown (1950)
Gould (1958)
Singh & Godward ( 1960)
Gould & Soderstrom (1967)
Gould (1968b)
Anderson 4,546 ( HSC )
Brown (1951)
Bowden & Senn (1962)
Bricham Young University Science Bulletin
Table 1. (continued)
C. cucullata
40
C. gaijana
C. halophila
C. injlata
C. vilosa
C. plurifhra
C. pyciwthrix
40
20
30
40
80
20
40
ca 50
20
30
80
30
36
40
C. radiata
40
C. Toxburghiana
20
C. scariosa
40
C. submutica
ca 65
80
Without locality
Texas: WiUacy Co. (TEX!)
Mexico: Coahuila
Texas: Brooks Co. (TAES!); Kerr
Co. (TAES!); Kimble Co. (TAESI);
Maverick Co. (TAES!); Terrell Co.
(TAES! TEX! UC!); Val Verde Co.
(TAES!)
Texas: Hays Co.
Texas: Travis Co. (3 locations)
England (cultivated)
Ethiopa; Kenya (Nzoia); South Afri-
ca; Southern Rhodesia ( Katambora ) ;
Sudan; Uganda
Southern Rhodesia
Texas ( without precise locality )
central Africa
Kenya: Kitale
Kenya ( cultivated )
Te.xas: Brazos Co. (as a weed in a
grass nursery) (TAES!); Kenedy Co.
Kenya ( cultivated )
Africa
Southern Rhodesia
central Africa
Congo: Kenya (Alengo); Southern
Rhodesia; Tanzania; Uganda
Kenya: Kitale
Tanzania: Kisarawe
Kenya: Sierra Leone (cultivated)
Bolivia: Cochabamba
Without locality
Without locality
Without locality
Taiwan
Dominican Republic: Santiago
Mexico: Yucatan
Texas: Cameron Co.
Pakistan: Karachi, Nazimabad
Nigeria (seed from USPI,
.386)
Sudan
no. 212-
Texas: San Patricio Co. (TAESI);
Willacy Co. (TAES!) (Label on
voucher indicates that n = 42)
South Africa
tropical Africa ( without precise lo-
cality )
Transvaal: Irene
Kenya: Nairobi
Botanical Garden, Lyon ( cultivated )
Kenya
Australia: Queensland (K!)
Without locality
Mexico (without precise locality)
Mexico: Durango
Botanical Garden, Berlin (cultivated)
Mexico: Michoacan ( UC! )
Mexico: Chihuahua
Mexico: (seed from USPI, no.
216-386)
Avdulov (1928)
Brown (1950)
Gould (1966)
Gould (1968b)
Anderson 3,279
Amlcrwii 2,609; 2,612; 2,614; 2,654;
3,274; 3,347; 3,356 (all HSC)
Hunter ( 1934 )
Moffett (1944)
Moffett & Hurcombe ( 1949)
Brown (1950)
Brown & Emery ( 1958 )
Singh & Godward (1963)
Pritchard & Gould ( 1964 )
Gould (1968)
Pritchard & Gould (1964)
Moffett (1944)
Moffett & Hurcombe ( 1949)
Brown & Emery ( 1958 )
Hutton (1961)
Singh & Godward (1963)
Tateoka (1965a)
Pritchard & Gould (1964)
Bowden & Senn (1962)
Avdulov (1928) (as C. barbata)
Krishnaswamy (1940)
Janaki-Ammal in Darlington &
Janaki-Animal (1945) (as C. barbata)
Chen & Hsu (1962) (as C. barbata)
Gould & Soderstrom (1967) (as C.
barbata )
Gould & Soderstrom ( 1970)
Anderson 4,545 (HSC)
Baquar and Saeed (1969) (as C
barbata )
Anderson 3,435 (HSC)
Thomas in Darlington & Wylie
(1955)
Gould (1968b)
de Wet (1954)
Thomas in Darlington & Wylie ( 1955)
Moffett & Hurcombe ( 1949)
Tateoka (1965a)
Singh & Godward ( 1960)
Pritchard & Gould (1964)
Singh & Godward ( 1960)
Krishnaswamy ( 1940 )
Avdulov (1931)
Gould (1960)
Singh & Godward ( 1960)
Gould (1965)
Reeder (1971)
Anderson (HSC)
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Gr.\mineae)
Table 1. (continued)
C. tnincata 40
Australia ( without precise locality )
Without locality
Australia (seed from USPI, no.
212-389)
Avdulov (1928)
Krishnaswamy (1940)
Anderson (HSC)
C. verticillata n =
= ca 28
Texas, Mason Co.
Gould (1960)
2n = 40
Texas: Gray Co.
Texas: Archer Co.; Bosque
Brazos Co.; Eastland Co.; Jack
Wise Co.
Co.;
Co.;
Brown (1950)
Gould (1968b)
ca 40
Kansas: Shawnee Co.
Anderson 2,768; 2,769 ( HSC )
40
Nebraska; Dundy Co.
Texas: Sterling Co.
Texas: Travis Co.
Anderson 2,774; 2,776 (HSC)
Anderson 3,002 (HSC)
Anderson 3,338; 3,347; 3,356;
3,361; (HSC)
63
Texas: Montague Co.
Gould (1968b)
C. vir'^ata
20
South Africa: Cape Provinces, Mafe-
king (K!)
Moffett & Hurcombe (1949)
Te.\as ( without precise locality )
Brown (1950, 1951)
Botanical Garden, Bedin (cultiva
ited)
Singh & Godward (1960)
Mexico: Baja California Sur;
Coahuila; Qucrctaro
Gould (1966)
Australia (without precise locality)
Pritchard & Gould (1964)
Texas: Castro Co. (TAES!)
Gould (1968b)
India: Gorakhpur
Gupta (1969)
Texas: Brewster Co.
Anderson 2,579 (HSC)
Madagascar (seed from USPI. no.
219-956)
Anderson (HSC)
26
Without locality
Thomas in Darlington & Wylie ( 1955)
30
Without locality
Krishnaswamy (1940)
40
Without locality
Krishnaswamy (1940) (as C. caudata)
C/iZarts-probable hybrids
n =
= ca 20
Texas: Brazos Co. (TAES!)
Gould (1960) (as C. subdolicho-
stachya )
n =
= ca 20
Texas: San Patricio Co.
Gould (1960) (as C. hitisifutimea)
n =
= ca 31
Texas: Willacy Co. (TAES!)
Gould (1960) (as C. latisquamea)
n =
= ca 32
Texas: Brazos Co. (TAES! )
Gould (1958) (as C. latisquamea)
n =
= ca 33
Texas: Llano Co. (TAES!)
Gould (1960) (as C. suhdolicho-
stachija )
n =
= ca 36
Te.\as: Lampasas Co. (TAES!)
Gould (1958) (as C. latisquamea)
n=42
Texas: Llano Co.
Gould (1958) (as C. latisquamea)
2n =
= ca 56
Te.\as: Mason Co.
Gould (1968b) (as C. latisquamea)
2n =
= ca 68
Texas: Williamson Co.
Gould (1968b) (as C. latisquamea)
'Tlie n number is fjiven vvlieie the roimt uiisinally reported is not logically convertible to the '2n number.
cies was an aponiict. Brown and Emery ( 1958)
reported the occurrence of four-nucleate enibrvo
sacs, a character associated witli apomicts. Hut-
ton (1961), working with different material, re-
ported eight-nucleate, apparently normal, em-
bryo sacs that also showed delayed embryo and
endosperm formation (an unusual feature).
These studies were carried out primarily on
tetraploids. Bogdan (1961) reported both dip-
loid and tetraploid forms to be sexual. This
same conclusion was borne out by circumstantial
evidence in the study bv Pritchard and Gould
(1964),
My own field observations in the Chloris
andropogonoides-C . cucuUata-C. verticillata hy-
brid complex show high seedset in plants with
low pollen stainability, circumstantially suggest-
ing apomixis in this group.
Leaf Epidermis
The epidermal studies in Chloris which are
reported here were initiated by Rogers ( 1967 ) ,
who examined 36 species in this and allied gen-
era. These studies were later expanded by my-
self, and a total of .55 species has now been ex-
amined.
Rogers studied man)' epidermal features of
a large number of specimens of the wide-rang-
ing species, Chloris virgata, in order to estab-
lish a basis for the selection of epidermal char-
acters, to detemiine the spectrum of variation,
and to assess the relationship of geographic ori-
gin to character expression. Table 2 gives the
origin ot these sjiecimt'ns and the epidermal
characters surveyed.
Rogers's study indicated that the density of
prickles varied randomly with respect to geog-
Brigham Young Univehsity Science Bulletin
Oo o OoOopgoOO
80888SRRSSOO
0,0,0,8,^,^,0,0,0, 0,0.0,
8§Mf 9 99" #tii
ogggo 88g§ooq
8919998 8 @99
n n '^ ^ ( — in C-J d —
©eeoo V
OQ R Qf^
On n 9 Q Sy
vv
O 8 Oo
WW XX n^-^ZZ AAA^BI
Fig. 1. Microhairs (upper figure of each set) and
costal silica cells (lower figure) of Austrochlom,
Chloric, Enleropogon, Eustachi/s, and Tetrapogon.
(A) Austrochloris dichanthioides (Everist) Laza-
rides; (B) Chloris brandegei (Vasey) Swallen;
(C) C. divaricata R. Brown; (D) C. submutica
Humboldt-Bonpland-Kunth; ( E ) Eustachys petraea
Swartz; (F) Chloris bournei Rangaehariar and
Tadulingam; (G) Euatachijs distichnplujUa La-
gasca; ( H ) Chloris scariosa F. von Mueller; ( I )
Eustachys retusa Lagasca; (J) Chloris halophila
Parodi; (K) C. ventricosa R. Brown; (L) C. mos.^-
flni/;iVt'ti.siv Schumann; (M) Tetrapogon macrnnlhns
(Jaubert and Spach) Bentham; (N) Chloris pec-
tinaia Bentham; (O) C. robusta Stapf in Chevalier;
(P) C paniculata Scribner in Robinson; (Q) C.
roxburghiana Schultes; (R) Tetrapogon spathaccus
( Hochstetter) Hackel ex Durand and Schinz; (S)
Chlorii ciliata Swartz; (T) C. prieurii Kunth; (U)
C sagracana A. Richard; (V) C. suriiigari Hitch-
cock in Urban; (W) Tetrapogon tcncllus (Rox-
burgh) Chiovenda; (X) Chloris chloridea (Presl)
Hitchcock; (Y) C. somalensis Rendle; (Z) Entero-
pogon dolichostachya ( Lagasca ) Lazarides; ( AA )
Chloris dementis Merrill; (BB) C. radiata (Lin-
naeus) Swartz; (CC) C. texensii Nash; (DD) C.
mollis (Nees) Swallen; ( EE ) Tetrapogon villosus
Desfontaines; (FF) Eustachys paspaloidet (Vahl)
Lanza and Mattei; (GG) E. glauca Chapman;
(HH) Chloris ekmanii Hitchcock; (U) C. pumilio
R. Brown; (JJ) C cuhensii Hitchcock and Ekman;
( KK ) C. ilandi/ana C. D. Adams; ( LL ) Eiitero-
pogon acicularls (Lindley) Lazarides; (MM)
Eustachys neglecla Nash; ( NN ) Chloris truncata
R. Brown; ( OO ) C andropogonoides Fournier;
(FF) C. berroi Arechavaleta; (QQ) C. cruciate
(Linnaeus) Swartz; (RR) C canterai Arechava-
leta; (SS) C. amethystea Hoclistetter; (TT) C.
lobata Lazarides; (UU) Eustachys tenera (Presl)
A. Camus; (VV) Chloris pycnothrix Trinius; (WW)
C. aristata (Cervantes) Swallen; (XX) C. virgata
Swartz; (YY) C. pilosa Schumacher; (ZZ) C. gay-
ana Kunth; (AAA) C. inflata Link; (BBB) C. or-
thonoton Doell in Martins. Arrangement is by over-
all similarity of microhairs. X 475.
raphy, from ab.sont to moderately abundant.
Because of this random variabilit)', prickles were
not emphasized as a taxonomic character.
Of the otlier epidemial characters studied,
Rogers concluded that the most stable were
shape, size, and type of microhair and the shape
of the costal silica cells. Typical microhairs and
costal silica cells are illustrated ( Fig. 1 ) for
40 species of Cliloris and for 14 other species
which were formerly placed in Chloris, but
which are now placed in other genera.
Two types of microhairs, unicellular and bi-
cellular, were observed in the taxa studied.
Table 3 lists the species showing these two
microhair t)'pes. One species complex (consist-
ing of C. aristata, C. gaijana, C. inflata, C. ortho-
noton, C. pilosa. C. jx/rnothrix, and C. virgata)
possesses vmieelliilar microhairs. The spikelets
and inflorescences of these species are similar to
one another, yet they are not unique in the
genus, and several strongly resemble particular
species with bicellular liairs. The remaining
species all have bicellular microhairs. While
several different shapes and sizes of hairs are
recognizable, these cannot be correlated with
an\' macroscopic features.
\'irtuall\' all of the taxa examined have
costal silica cells var\ing from cuboidal to
saddle shaped (Fig. 1; Table 3). Only one spe-
cies differs from this pattern: C cruciata has
costal silica cells which tend to be more elon-
gated and to ha\'e more deeply indented end
walls than the remaining species.
Anatomy. Embryology, and Seedling
Morphology
Anatomical, embr\ological, and seedling
studies on a selected group of 28 taxa in Chloris
and a]Ii(>d genera were completed by Jensen
( 1969 ) . The species were selected to be repre-
sentati\'e of as man\' different sections of the
genus as possible in terms of spikelet morphol-
og\'. Characteristics studied included leaf anat-
omy, embryo stnicture, root-hair position and
aspect, shape of the first seedling leaf, and t\'pe
of starch grains. Individual discussions of these
features follow.
Jensen examined several anatomical features
of leaf cross sections, including the shape of the
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Ta.xonomy of the Genus Chloris (Ghamineae)
00
CO
.9^
S
nr
o
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u -w
"■a
<
c
■s -a
H
p to
CJ
P c
6
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U
■5
c
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so
s
3
2
1— 1 1-H
4 ei
i-H 1—1
in
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1
1
1
i-H
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■^ -"T
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CO
.—I
CO
o
ol
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8
3
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CD
§
05 Tf
g
g
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■*j* Tj< CO d ■*** '^
ome
dome
dome
dome
1
o
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1 i
-high d
-triang.
-triang.
-triang.
bi)
C
a
■c
-triang.
-triang.
dome
dome
-triang.
Tj -0 -a -a
tu 0) 0) 0;
e S E E
1
-0 IS -0
dj OJ 1;
E S E
-0 TJ
E 1
21-25
14-24
19-22
20-22
OI
^ CO — «
Cvl Ol Ol
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f-H I-H
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3-15
21-27
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6-20
05
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CO r- lo CD CD
^H ^H ^H ^H ^H
■4< -3" O ■"t ■*
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t« l-< Ui Im
c4 c4 c4 cd
3 3 3 3
cr tr cr IT
o o c o
X !< X X
rt « ctf rt
CO TT in CD
3 3^4
3 5- 3
CO VI
_g 2 o
rt cu rt c3 rt ?3
M" CO -^ c-l O Tt
I I I J I T
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t~ in in -^
4 4
in oi oi oi o oi
-H -H o c3> 00 d>
4-» ■•H
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U
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feo
c
«
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3
Q
3
Q
o
>h3
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c
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CJ
o c
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53 >
D
s
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s
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I I J iM O O
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e
X t:
^ o
-< Z
Table .3. Epideniud characteristics of selected species
of Austrochloris, Chloris, Enteropogon, Eustachys, and
Tetrapogon.
Costal silica
Figure 1
Species
cell shape
reference
Chloris species
with hicellular microhairs
C. amethystea
cuboidal
SS
C. andropogonoides
saddle
oo
C. herroi
cuboid-saddle
pp
C. hournei
cuboid-saddle
F
C. hrandegei
short saddle
B
C. canterai
cuboidal
RR
C. eld or idea
saddle
X
C. ciliata
cuboidal
s
C. dementis
cuboid-saddle
AA
C. cruciata
very short saddle
to cross shaped
QQ
C. cuhcusis
short saddle
JJ
C. dandyana
saddle
KK
C. divaricatd
narrow saddle
c
C. ekmanii
cuboidal
HH
C. halophila
cuboid-saddle
J
C. lohata
cuboidal
TT
C. mollis
saddle
DD
C. mossamhicensis
cuboid-saddle
L
C. paniculata
round-cuboid
P
C. pcctinata
sho t saddle
N
C. pricurii
saddle
T
C. pumilio
cuboid-saddle
II
C. radiata
cuboid-saddle
BB
C. robtista
saddle
O
C. roxhurghiana
short saddle
Q
C. sagraeana
short saddle
U
C. scariosa
cuboid-saddle
H
C. somalensis
cuboid-saddle
Y
C. sidimtitica
short saddle
D
C. suringari
saddle
V
C. texensUi
short saddle
CC
C. truncata
cuboid-saddle
NN
C. ventricosa
cuboid-saddle
K
Chloris species
tfif/i unicellular microha
irs
C. aristata
cuboid-saddle
WW
C. gai/ana
cuboid-saddle
zz
C. inflata
cuboid-saddle
AAA
C. orthonoton
cuboid-saddle
BBB
C. pilosa
cuboid-saddle
YY
C. pycnothrix
saddle
VV
C. virgata
short saddle
XX
Species formerly i» Chloris, now excluded and placed
in related genera, all with hicellular microhairs
AtLiirochloris dichanthioid
es culxjid-saddle
A
Enteropogon acicularis
short saddle
LL
E. dolichostaclnjs
culx>idal
Z
Eustachys distichophylla
culx)id-saddle
G
E. glauca
cuboid-saddle
GG
E. neglecta
.short-saddle
MM
E. paspaloides
cuboidal
FF
E. petraea
culx)idal
E
E. retusa
saddle
I
E. tenera
cuboidal
UU
Tetrapogon macranthus
cuboidal
M
T. spathaceus
cuboid-saddle
R
T. tenellus
saddle
W
T. villosus
cuboidal
EE
Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
keel, the disposition of vascular bundles, the tex-
ture of the adaxial surface (ribbed or smooth),
the extent of the sclerenchyma girder, the dis-
tribution of bullifomi cells, and the nature of
the vascular bundle sheath. While individual
species may show stable and recognizable pat-
terns, few correlations between leaf anatomy
and spikelet morphology could be made. Like-
wise, there were no consistent correlations of
anatomical features with either microhair or
costal silica cell types.
The classical study of Rceder (1957) in
comparing anatomical features of embryos of
various genera of grasses is well known. Reeder
separated the grass genera studied into essential-
ly two groups, panicoid and festucoid, on the
basis of four embiTO characteristics: ( 1) whether
the lower portion of the scutellum is separate
from the rest of the embr)'0 (panicoid) or fused
(festucoid); (2) the presence of an epiblast
(festucoid) or its absence (panicoid): (3)
whether both vascular traces diverge from about
the same point (festucoid) or are separated by
an elongated area of vascular tissue between
points of divergence (panicoid); and (4) wheth-
er the margins of the embrvonic leaf overlap
(panicoid) or just meet (festucoid).
Jensen (1969) studied three of these charac-
teristics for 25 selected species in C^'Inris and
certain related segregate genera (Table 4).
Typically, all species studied had the scutellum
separate from the rest of embryo (panicoid), an
epiblast present (festucoid), and vascular traces
separated by an elongated area of vascular tis-
sue (panicoid).
Tlie fourth feature, whether or not the mar-
gins of the embr\'onie leaf overlap, was studied
on 19 of Jensen's 2S taxa (Table 5). While
both festucoid and panicoid types are repre-
sented among these species, consistent correla-
tions with other anatomical features or with
Table 4. Ta.xa in CMoris and related segregate genera
having panicoid scutellum type, an epiblast present
(festucoid), and a panicoid arrangement of vascu-
lar tissue.
CMoris aristata
C. herroi
C. hournei
C. prieurii
C. ptjcnothrix
C. radiata
C. canterai
C. rohii.tta
C. cMoridea
C. sidfmutica
C. cruciata
C. truncata
C. dandyana
C. divaricata
C. virgata
Enteropogon acicularis
C. gaijana
C. halopMla
C. inflata
C. mollis
C. ortlionoton
Eustachys distichopliylla
E. glauca
E. neglecta
E. petraea
Table 5. Comparison of embryonic leaf types in se-
lected species of CMoris and related genera.
Species with panicoid embryonic leaves
Chloris herroi C. prieurii
C. chloridea
Species v\ith festucoid embryonic leaves
Chloris artktata C. polydactyhi
C. hournei C. pycnothrix
C. canterai C. radiata
C. cruciata C. rohusta
C. divaricata C. virgata
C. halophila Eusiachys distichophylla
C. mollis E. glauca
C. ortlionoton E. neglecta
gross spikelet morphology are absent. Those
species with festucoid embryonic leaves, for ex-
ample, represent diverse forms with respect to
microhairs and costal silica cells, as well as
spikelet characteristics.
Tateoka ( 1962b) recognized four starch-grain
types— simple, compound, or some variation of
each— as being characteristic of various groups
of grasses. Jensen reported that compound
starch grains were widespread in the species
studied, with one notable exception, Enteropo-
gon acicularis, which had simple starch grains.
This species had been placed in Chloris until re-
centh', wlien it was removed b\' Lazarides
(1972). Jensen found that the following species
all have compound starch grains: Chloris aristata,
C. herroi, C. hournei, C. canterai, C. chloridea,
C. cruciata. C. dandijana, C. divaricata, C. gay-
ana, C. haIo])hihi, C. inflata, C. mollis, C. ortho-
noton, C. prieurii. C. ptjcnothrix, C. radiata,
C. rohttsta, C. suhmutica, C. truncata, C. vir-
gata, Eustachi/s distichopht/Ua, E. glauca, E. ne-
glecta. and E. petraea. I ha\e examined the
starch grains of C. crinita. C. pluriflora, and C.
scariosa; they are all compound.
Differences in root hair development in
grasses were first shown b\' Sinnott ( 19.39 ) and
Sinnott and Bloch ( 1939). Later, the taxonomic
significance was pointed out bv Reeder and von
Maltzalin (19.53) and Row and Reeder (1957).
These authors described one type in which the
root hair piojeets forward at about a 45" angle
from the smaller of two epidermal cells. A
second kind has the root hair developing near
the middle of either sister epidermal cell and
projecting outuard at an angle of about 90°.
A third t\'pe has sister cells of the epidennis
slightly different in size, with the root hair pro-
jecting at an angle of about 60° near one end of
the cell, though Row and Reeder suggest that
tlie variability' in size of the sister cells is more
reliable than the angle of projection. Because
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Cramineae)
of the limited availability of viable seeds, Jensen
was able to examine onh' ten species for this
characteristic, all of which had the root hair pro-
jecting at an angle of about 60° near one end of
the cell. The species examined were: Chloris
canterai, C. gayana, C. inflata, C. pilosa, C.
pijcnothrix. C. stil)mutica. C. truncata, Eiistaclnjs
caribaca, E. distichopluiUa. E. petraca, and E.
rettisa.
The first seedling leaf in panicoid grasses is
relatively wide and curled; that of festucoids is
long and narrow ( Stebbins, 1956 ) . The species
listed above all had panicoid seedling leaves, ac-
cording to Jensen.
Relationships of Chloris and Other Genera
As with manv genera in the Gramineae,
generic delimitations in the Chlorideae may be
difficult to assess; and they, of necessity, may
be somewhat arbitrar\' and artificial. The com-
plex that includes Chloris is no exception. While
most of the species have long been included
within the genus and most of the characteristics
recognized, some species have been placed in
adjacent genera in the past, a few more recentK'
so. A graphical conspectus of Cliloris and re-
lated genera is presented in Fig. 2. The number
of taxa commonly accepted in each is indicated
by the relative size of the circle. Also given
arc those species in ClUoris that resemble the
satellite genera, as well as those in the satellite
genera that have been included in Chloris.
There is little infonnation, aside from spike-
let moiphology, that is useful in generic delimi-
tation within this group. Chromosome counts
are mostly of the same basic number; leaf epi-
dermal and anatomical characteristics do not
appear uniciue to particular genera; genetic in-
fonnation is \irtuall\- nonexistent. Consequently,
speculation on relationships, both intergeneric
and interspecific, rests heavilv upon infomiation
gleaned primarily from the structure of the in-
florescence and spikelet and, secondarily, upon
data concerning vegetative features. However,
the genera in this complex have been long
recognized and have remained relatively un-
changed. The description of each of these, as
commonly accepted toda}-, is given in Table 6,
and their relationships to Chloris follow.
Eustachi/s. This genus was first described
in 1810 by Desvaux, but it has been treated
subsequently as a subgenus of Chloris bv the
EOSTAPFIELLA
NEGLECTA
PASPALOIDES
PETRAEA
EU ST ACHYS
RETUSA
)
A U S T R C H L R I S
TENERA
ULIGINOSA
DISTICHOPHYLLA
/
FLORIDANA
y
iSLAUCA
DELICATULA
G YMNOPOGO
UNISPICEUS
E N T E R P G N
ACICULARIS
DOLICHOSTACHYA
;
D A K N P H L I S
X'CYNOCHLOR I S
Fig. 2. Relationships of Chloris and allied genera.
10 Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
Table 6. Comparison of various characteristics of Chloris and related genera.
Genus
Vegetative characteristics
Inflorescence type
Glumes
Number
Chloris
Cyrtodon
Daknopholis
Enteropogon
tufted, rhizomatous or sto-
loniferous; sheaths usually
overlapping at the base,
blades narrow to broad, not
distichous
rhizomatous to stoloniferous;
sheaths usually overlapping
at the base, blades generally
narrow, acute, distichous
prostrate, repent to stolonif-
erous; leaves basal, sheaths
overlapping, blades small,
subelliptic, obtuse
erect, tufted, sheaths usual-
ly not markedly overlapping
at the base, blades narrow,
flat or convolute
usually a single radiate se-
ries of 4-10 spikes, occasion-
ally 2-more approximate or
only slightly separated series
of 10-20 spikes; rarely an
indefinite number of termi-
nal spikes or as few as 1-2
spikes
a single radiate series of
4-9 spikes
a single radiate series of
2-4 spikes
usually a single terminal
spike, sometimes several to
many in a radiate or sub-
verticillate series
both glumes simi-
lar, narrowly ovate
to lanceolate; acute
to acuminate; awn-
usually 1,
rarely 2 and
then in the
same inflor-
less or only awn-
tipped
escence as
spikelets
with
1
both glumes nar-
rowly lanceolate
to ovate
1
first glume ovate;
second glume tnm-
cate, apex marked-
ly truncate and
1
erose
both glumes nar-
rowly lanceolate to
ovate
1
Eustachys
Gymnopogon
tufted, rhizomatous or sto-
loniferous; sheaths strongly
overlapping, largely basal,
equitant; blades generally
broad, obtuse, occasionally
acute
tufted, sheaths strongly over-
lapping, largely basal;
blades markedly distichous,
stiff, acute to acuminate
usually a single radiate sc-
ries of 4-30 spikes, rarely
only 1-2
a single series of 6-20
spikes, generally borne sing-
ly at a node
first glume ovate-
lanceolate, acute,
awn-tipped or
awnless; second
glume linear to
linear - lanceolate,
retuse, short awned
between the lobes
both glumes nar-
rowly lanceolate,
acuminate
usually 1,
sometimes 2
Neostapfiella erect, tufted; sheaths some-
what overlapping; blades
narrow
Tetrapogon tufted to short stoloniferous
or rhizomatous; sheaths usu-
ally overlapping at the base,
blades narrow to broad, not
distichous
2-3 spikes
both glumes nar-
rowly lanceolate,
acuminate
1 or 2
a single radiate
1-4 spikes
series
of
both glumes simi-
lar, ovate to lance-
olate
usually 2 or
3
majority of authors, the most notable exception
being Nash (1898). EttstacJnjs is obviously
closely related to Chloris, though distinct in
several features. Vegetatively, the strongly flat-
tened, folded, equitant leaf sheaths set Eu-
stachys apart from most species in Chloris. In
addition, the second glume in Eustachys is bi-
lobed at the apex, with a short awn arising be-
tween the lobes; in Chloris the second glume is
acute to acuminate and is rarely awned. The
fertile and sterile florets of Eustachys are com-
monly pale to dark brown to almost black and
are awnless or short-awned. Florets in Chloris
are usually pale to tawny, seldom darker, and
Biological Series,
Vol. 19, No. 2
Taxonomy
OF THE Genus Ciilohis
( Gramineae)
11
Spikelet characters
Fertile floret(s)
Sterile
Awn
Pubescence
: floret(s)
Shape and color
Keel
Margins
Callus
Number
Size and shape
elliptic to hinceo-
usually well
glabrous to
usually
bearded
usually 1 —
usually markedly
late to ovate; often
developed.
jilose to
ciliate or
sometimes
dissimilar from fer-
acute, sometimes
rarely ab-
ong-ciliate
appressed
2 — more
tile floret; usually
obtuse or acumi-
sent
pubescent
rarely
well developed,
nate, rarely bifid;
several
rarely reduced
usually laterally
compressed; tawny
to light brown.
rarely black or
dark brown
ovate to lanceo-
awnless
short
short
short-
to 1,
absent, or, if pres-
late; prominently
ciUate
cUiate
pubescent
highly
ent, reduced and
laterally compres-
reduced
forming only a knob
sed; tawny
at ape.x of rachilla
joint
lanceolate to ellip-
short awned
scabrous
scabrous
bearded
obsolete
tic; prominently
to nnicronate
laterally compress-
ed; tawny
dorsally compress-
usually well
scabrous
scabrous
bearded
1
similar to fertile
ed to nearly latte-
developed
floret, but much
rete, but not lat-
smaller
erally compressed.
linear in side view.
elliptic to lanceo-
late in dorsal view;
tawny to greenish
elliptic, lanceolate
short or ab-
usuallv glab-
conimonlv
bearded
usually 1,
markedly dissimilar
or ovate, acute to
sent
rous, some-
appressed
sometimes 2
from fertile floret;
shortly acuminate;
times pilose
pubescent
usually well devel-
strongly laterally
oped, rarely re-
compressed; often
duced
dark brown or
black, rarely light
brown
usually narrowly
usualh' well
glabrous.
sparsely to
bearded
1-2
highly reduced to
elliptic; nearlv te-
de\eloped
scabrous, or
densely
obsolete
rete to slightly dor-
pilose
ciliate
sally or laterally
compressed; tau ny.
brown or purplish
ovate to lanceo-
well devel-
glabrous to
glabrous
densely
1
similar to fertile
late; laterally com-
oped
pilose
to sparsely
long
floret but slightly
pressed; tawny
ciliate
bearded
smaller
elliptic to broadly
usually well
densely
densely
densely
usually 2-4,
similar to fertile
lanceolate; lateral-
developed
pubescent
pubescent
bearded
sometimes 1
floret but smaller;
ly compressed; us-
lower well devel-
ually tawny
oped, upper small-
er
are usualh' prominenth' awned. Cliloris sub-
mutica is perhaps most similar to Ettstacliys, pri-
maril\ because of the lack of prominent awns.
Sanchez ( 1971 ) enumerated several anatomi-
cal features bv which the leaves of Cliloris and
Eustaclii/s differ. Sanchez reported that Eu-
staclujs has, for the most part, relatively thick-
walled, uniformh- sized bulliform cells; a promi-
nent epidemial band of these lies adaxial to the
midrib. By contrast, Chloris has unequally sized,
thin-walled bulliform cells and lacks a concen-
tration of these in the midrib region. While
none of these characters appear to be exclusive
to either genus, the trend shown clearly re-
12
Bricham Young University Science Bulletin
inforces the exomoiphic differences between
them.
Tetrapogon. This Old World genus is best
separated from Chloris on the basis of having
two ( occasionally three ) fertile florets per spike-
let. Chloris regularly has a single fertile floret,
though very occasionally individuals of certain
species may produce a spikelet with two or more
fertile florets. In addition, both glumes in Tetra-
pogon are thin, papery, or parchmentlike and
(like the spikelets) are relatively large. The
glumes in species of Clihris are not thin and
papery, but are finner and relatively smaller.
Several species in Chloris strongly resemble
Tetrapogon. Chloris inossamhicetisis, an African
species, is similar in many respects, but the bulk
of material which this author has examined has
spikelets with one fertile floret; only a few plants
have spikelets with two or more florets. Chloris
bournei, C. tcightiana, and, to a lesser extent,
C. quinquesetica—aW from India— are similar to
several Tetrapogon species, primarily in size of
spikelets. However, they have just a single fer-
tile floret and are best retained in Chloris.
The strikingly different Chloris scariosa from
Australia could easily be given generic status,
for its spikelets (with their several flabellate
sterile florets) arc unlike any other species in
Chloris. Chloris scariosa has relatively large,
papery glumes, in this respect strongly resem-
bling Tetrapogon. I am maintaining this spe-
cies in Chloris largely because of its single fer-
tile floret. If Chloris scariosa were to be given
generic rank, then a number of other somewhat
unusual species are also deser\ing of such con-
sideration—a process that could hopelessly frag-
mentize the genera in this complex.
Gymnopogon. The most striking difference
between this genus and Cliloris is vegetative.
Qymnopogon is characterized by thick, sharp-
pointed, distichous blades, the sheaths of which
are more or less cquitant and basal. Further-
more, many species of Gymnopogon have the
spikes well separated and spreading, making the
inflorescence quite open. Chloris generally has
broader, more lax blades and sheaths that only
partly overlap. While a few species have distant
spikes, they are mostly borne in one or more
radiating series.
Most species of Gymnopogon either lack
sterile florets or they are very greatly reduced.
In Chloris the sterile floret is generally well
developed.
Overall, Chloris mollis is probably most simi-
lar to Gymnopogon, a fact reflected in its no-
menclatural histoiy. While the leaf blades of
C. mollis are relatively short and sharp pointed.
the sheaths are not as strongly overlapping. The
spikes are somewhat distant, but not as markedly
so as in Gymnopogon. Sterile florets in C. mollis
are well developed; in this respect they are un-
like those in Gymnopogon.
Chloris dementis, C. ekmanii, C. pycno-
thrix, and C. radiata all have mucli reduced
sterile florets; but in all other respects they fit
Chloris well.
Cynodon. Clifford and Everist (1964) de-
scribed a sterile intcrgeneric h\brid, which they
named Cynochloris macivorii, which was found
growing with Cynodon dactylon and Chloris
divaricata on a lawn bowling rink at Ipswich,
Queensland. The identification of this plant
rests upon its intermediacv between the two
putati\e parents with respect to a number of
spikelet, habit, and behavioral characteristics,
since experimental recreation of the hybrid has
not been attempted. On the basis of the data,
there is little doubt as to the correctness of Clif-
ford and Everist's inteipretation, however.
The existence of this bigeneric hybrid at-
tests to the genetic proximity of these two gen-
era; \et the two can ordinarily be separated
readily by morphological features. Most species
of Cynodon have obsolete or verv poorly de-
veloped sterile florets, while in Chloris they are
usually well developed. Likewise, in Chloris
the callus is prominentK' short bearded, whereas
in Cynodon it is less obviously pubescent.
Daknopholis. Described in 1967 by Clayton,
this genus was erected to contain several anom-
alous species of Chloris: C. hoivinii, C. perrieri,
and C. ramosissima. Two features will separate
the new genus from Chloris: ( 1 ) the lack of
a well-defined sterile floret and (2) the presence
of a truncate and erose second glume. In over-
all appearance Daknopholis is more suggestive
of Cynodon than Chloris. The relationships
were discussed in some detail by Clayton
(1967).
Entcropogon. Tliese Old World trooical pe-
rennials (as treated b\' Clayton [19 17], for ex-
ample) are easily separated from Chloris in hav-
ing a single spike or, rarely, two; most Chloris
species have three or more .spikes. In addition,
the fertile lemmas of Entcropogon are strongly,
dorsally compressed and have a raised midnerve.
I do not believe that this difference in num-
ber of spikes accurately reflects the relationships.
Two species with many spikes that are often
treated in Chloris— C. acicularis from Australia
and C. dolichostachya from southeastern Asia-
have strongly dorsally compressed spikelets with
a raised midnerve on the lemma. The similarity
to Enteropogon is such that one would be hard
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 T.\.\onomv of the Genus Chloris (Cramineae)
13
pressed to separate these two taxa of Chloris
and various species of Enteropogon on the basis
of spikelets alone. They could, of course, be
separated readily on the number of spikes. But
the differences do not end here. Tateoka ( 1962b )
reported that starch grains were simple and an-
gular in Enteropogon, while Chloris has only
compound grains. Both CJdoris acicularis and
C. dolichostaduja have Enteropogon-ty^e starch
grains, further reinforcing the removal of these
species from Chloris. Accordingly, I have fol-
lowed Lazarides (1972) in removing these two
species from Chloris and referring them to En-
teropogon.
Trichloris. This genus has been character-
ized as having three prominent awns on the
fertile and sterile lemmas: one is an extension
of the midnerve and the other two are of lateral
nerves. The relative length of these awns varies
between species.
The prominently threc-awned lemmas of
Trichloris will distinguish it readily from virtual-
ly all species of Chloris in the Western Hemis-
phere. Chloris chloridca and C. halophila have
somewhat bilobed lemma apices, but these are
mucronate, at most.
This same awn difference serves also for the
Eastern Hemisphere, except in Australia. There
are several Australian species, too, that have
lateral nerves extended into awns (prominently
so in C. lohata and C. punulio; less obvious in
C. ilivaricata and C. pectinata.) In all likelihood,
of course, this resemblance is a result of parallel
evolution and docs not reflect a close genetic
relationship. Nevertheless, it is ambiguous to
continue to recognize Trichloris in the New
World, while maintaining the three-awned spe-
cies from Australia in Chloris. Clayton (1967)
recognized this ambiguity and treated the two
species of Trichloris as members of Chloris.
More recently, Sanchez (1971) resurrected
Trichloris on the basis of anatomical studies of
leaves. According to Sanchez, the bulliform
cells of most Argentine species of Chloris have
achloroph\llous cells hing immediatelv below
them in the mesophyll. Such achlorophvllous
cells are onlv rarely found in Trichloris.
While there are recognizable tendencies in
the patterns of variation in these anatomical
features, there is no reinforcement from spike-
let morphology. Consequently, I am following
the lead of Clayton ( 1967 ) in treating the two
species of Trichloris as members of Chloris.
Neostapfiella. This genus from Madagascar
is relatively poorly represented in most herbaria.
The limited material available, however, shows
the spikelets with either two basal fertile florets
or with the single terminal sterile floret identical
to, or strongly resembling, the basal fertile
floret. Additionally, the number of spikes (one
to three) is fewer than that generally found in
Chloris. Neostapfiella is probably more closely
related to Tetrapogon than to any species in
Chloris.
Relationships within Chloris
This synthesis is based primarily upon the
gross morphologv of the inflorescence and spike-
let; but studies of the leaf epidermis, already
discussed, provided important additional infor-
mation. Chromosome number and structure have
contributed virtually nothing, for the genus is
essentially monobasic and the chromosomes very
similar.
Some species complexes are well defined; i.e.,
there is a strong correlation of morphology, an-
atomv, and geographv. Other species may re-
semble one another, but they are geographically
isolated in such a wav as to preclude a direct
cvolutionarv- connection. In still other complexes
there may be little or no outward resemblance;
vet the formation of hybrid swarms recombines
those highly divergent characters and indicates
strong cvolutionan' ties. Still other taxa are
isolated entities, displaying no obvious relation-
ships with any other species or complexes.
Tlie formal recognition of a series of sub-
genera would be folly, not that some complexes
are unworthy of it, but because the naming of
these as subgenera will necessarily create a resi-
due of species that cannot be grouped. The in-
dividual species in this remnant cannot be
treated as a single subgenus, for such would
be blatantly artificial and misleading. The other
extreme would be to treat each as the single
member of its own subgenus, a practice leading
to rather hopeless fragmentation. I have tried
to compromise in the following discussion. Those
groups containing obviously closely related spe-
cies—whether the basis is morphological, geo-
graphical, genetic, or all three— are treated as
species complexes and discussed as such. The
isolated species are discussed individually wher-
ever this author feels that they have importance.
In addition, discussions of relationships, espe-
cially within the various complexes, follow the
descriptions provided later. A graphical synop-
sis of relationships within the genus is provided
in Fig. 3.
The Chloris inflate complex.
Members of this complex are characterized
by single-celled microhairs, by typical Chloris-
type silica cells, and, in most, by a prominent
14
Brigham Young Univebsity Science Bulletin
burmensts
scavvosa
robusta
anethystea
mossambicensis
somalensis
filiformis
Qubmutica
paniaulata
Fig. 3. Relationships of species and species complexes in the genus Chloris.
tuft of hairs on the upper margins of the fer-
tile lemma. Included here arc five very widely
distributed species {Chloris gmjana, C. inflata,
C. pilosa, C. pi/cnothrix, and C. virgata), as well
as several more restricted species (C. aristata,
C. castilloniana, C. jormosana, and C. orthono-
ton). Of these, Chloris jn/cnothrix is the most
aberrant; if it were not for possession of unicel-
lular microhairs, it would be placed confidently
in the following complex.
The Chloris radiata complex.
Six similar species (C. arenaria, C. ctibensis,
C. ekmanii, C. halophila, C. radiata, and C. sa-
graeana) make up this complex. All have com-
paratively narrow spikelets and reduced sterile
florets; relatively long awns are also a common
feature. The cpidennal pattern includes bicel-
lular microhairs and cuboidal silica cells. While
most of the species have inconspicuously ciliate
upper lemma margins, C cuhcnsis may approach
the C inflata complex in having more prominent
pubescence. Though Chloris cruciata is not in-
cluded here because of its somewhat unique
short cells, it is similar in overall spikelet struc-
ture.
The Chloris ciliata complex.
While this group presents more interspecific
taxonomic problems than any other group, it
is well defined as a whole. All species (Chloris
berroi, C. canterai, C. ciliata, C. dandijana, and
C lamproparia, are characterized bv having rel-
atively short-awned, elliptic fertile lemmas that
are prominently spreading-ciliate along most of
the margin. Epidermal patterns are typical of
Chloris. Chloris sesquiflora is similar, but the
marginal pubescence is strongly appressed.
The Clitoris verticillata complex.
Were it not for the extensive introgression
between Chloris andropogonoides, C. cucullata,
and C. verticillata, they would probably not be
included in a single complex. Moi-phologically,
there is considerable divergence, especially in C.
cucullata, in which the broad fertile and sterile
lemmas are distinctive in the genus. While in-
trogression involving the very rare C. texensis
has not been demonstrated, in spikelet and in-
florescence morphology it is obviousl)' similar to
C. andropogonoides.
In Chloris chloridea and C hrandegei there
is a strong tendency toward dorsal compression
of the spikelet. In other respects the plants are
similar to C. halophila, though considerably
more robust. The development of underground
spikelets in Chloris chloridea is unique in the
genus.
Four Australian species have bilobed fertile
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chlouis (Ghamineae)
15
and sterile lemmas. In Chloris pumilio and C.
lohata, this lobing is very prominent; the other
two, C. pectinata and C. cUvaricata, are less so.
The outward similaritv' to C. plurifhra and C.
crinita, both formerly in Trichloris, an American
genus, is probabK- the result of parallel evolu-
tion.
Another pair of Australian species, Chloris
triincata and C. ventricosa, is notable for having
ver\' truncate or ventricose fertile lemmas. Chlo-
ris triincata is strikingK similar to the North
American C. verticillata; again, the similarity
seems best explained by parallel evolution.
Chloris h>ngiaristata and C. prieurii, both
primariK- African in distribution, have several
sterile florets and relati\ely narrow, long-aw ned
lemmas. Tlie glandular strip along the side of
the lemma in C. prieurii is unusual in Chloris.
Clitoris hournei. C. (piincptcsetica, and C.
wightiana all have relatively large spikelets with
obtuse lemmas, coarsely pubescent lemma mar-
gins, and several sterile florets. Thev bear a
strong resemblance to species in Tetrapogon
but ha\e just a single ferHlc floret, whereas
Tetrapogon has more than one.
The above discussion leaves unmentioned a
rather large number of species which are quite
isolated moiphologicalh' ( Fig. 3 ) . Unquestion-
ably, these are best retained as a part of Chloris,
for thev have all of the features characteristic of
the genus; and yet, the elaboration of some in-
di\idual structural feature causes them to stand
alone. None is trulv widelv distributed, and
several are narrow endemics; this suggests adap-
tation to a particular climatic or edaphic regime.
Chloris Swartz
Chloris Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25.
1788.
Rabclochloa Beauvois, Ess. Agrost. 84, 158,
176. 1812.
Phacellaria Willdenow ex Steudel, Nom.
Bot. ed. 2. 1:353. 1840. Herbarium name, given
as a svnonym.
Heterolepis Ehrenberg ex Boissier, Flora
Orientalis 5:554. 1884. Herbarium name, given
as a synonym of Chloris.
Trichloris Fournier, Mex. PI. 2:142. 1886.
Chloropsis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2:771. 1891.
Leptochloris Munro ex Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI.
2:771. 1891.
Pterochloris Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat.
(Paris). Ser. 2. 29:349. 1957.
Fibrous-rooted annuals or rhizomatous,
stoloniferous, or cespitose perennials, ranging in
^The inflorescence branches of the various species bear spikelets that range from virtually sessile to obviously pedicellate, and thus may
be called fpikes or racemes, depending upon emphasis. In this study the main inflorescence branch is arbitrarily called a spike.
size from only a few cm to over 2 m tall; epi-
dermal cells of root tips slightly different in
size, giving rise to root hairs which project
forward at about 60°; sheaths glabrous, scab-
rous, or villous; hgule often a ciliate crown,
sometimes absent; blades narrow to wide, flat
or rolled, deeply keeled and V-shaped, or with
rounded keels and with several furrows, scleren-
chyma girders complete or only on abaxial side,
bulliform cells generally large and penetraring
the mesophvll, bundle sheaths complete or in-
complete; costal silica cells usually cuboidal-
saddle- or axehead-shaped, very rarely some-
what cruciate, stomatal apparatus medium- to
triangular-dome shaped, bicellular microhairs
usually present, with relatively broad and short
terminal cells, or, less commonly, single-celled;
spikes' usually 5 to 25 (occasionally as few as
1 or 2, rareb' more than 25), frequentlv digi-
tateh arranged, occasionally in several verticils,
sometimes with a few isolated single spikes;
spikelets borne in two staggered rows on one
side of the rachis, sessile to pedicellate, com-
monly rather densely imbricate and appressed,
sometimes sparsely so; glumes usually unequal,
lanceolate, often glabrous with scabrous nerves,
mostly acute, rarely acuminate, shorter than
the florets; fertile lemmas one (very rarely
two), lanceolate, occasionally elliptic, three-
nerved, callus bearded, margins shortly to
prominently pubescent, intemerves usually
glabrous, sometimes scabrous, rarely pilose,
midnerv'cs scabrous or glabrous, rarely long-
pubescent, midnerve usually extended as an
awn, either from the tip or from betv\'een two
teeth, rarely only mucronate; palea shorter than
the fertile lemma, with two scabrous nerves,
otherwise glabrous; stamens three, anthers rela-
tively small; pistil one, with two stigmas; lodi-
cules two; sterile floret usually one (rarely two
or three, mostly barren, very rarely staminate
or perfect, varying widely in size and shape
from highly reduced to well developed and
similar to the fertile floret, rudimentary to
cylindrical to obovoid, acute to truncate, awned
or unawned; caryopsis ovoid, elliptic to obo-
void, round to trigonous in cross section, the
embryo relatively small, lower portions of
scutellum separate from the rest of the embryo,
epiblast present, vascular traces separated by
an elongated area of vascular tissue, embryonic
leaf margins usually not overlapping, very
rarely overlapping; starch grains of endosperm
compound; basic chromosome number x^9
(rarely), 10 (usually), the chromosomes rela-
tively small.
16
Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
Widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, spheres, both north and south of the equator
or warm temperate regions of both hcmi- (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Worldwide distribution of the genus Chloris. { This map is a composite of the distribution maps of all
of the species.)
Key to the species of Chloris
1. Inflorescence of many (30 or more) short spikes (6 cm or less) arranged along a cen-
tral axis which is at least 1 cm in length, the spikes not in verticils 2
Inflorescence of less than 30 spikes, the spikes arranged in one or more verticils 3
2. Sterile florets two or more; widely distributed in Africa, occasional in
India C. rox])ur<i}mina, p. 22
Sterile floret one; endemic to Cocos Island, off the west coast of Cen-
tral America C. paniculata, p. 24
3. Spikes two to four, forming a cylindrical, spikelike inflorescence; the spikes attached to
one another at least at the base and often for the full length, separable only with dif-
ficulty; Argentina, Uruguay C. herroi, p. 25
Spikes neither attached to one another nor forming a cylindrical, spikelike inflorescence 4
4. Spikes one to three 5
Spikes four or more 14
5. Sterile florets two or three 6
Sterile floret one (See also Chloris suringari, which has a highly reduced upper sterile
floret.) - .' 10
6. Fertile lemmas 1.8 to 2.8 mm long 7
Fertile lemmas 2.7 to 4.2 mm long 8
7. Inflorescence a single spike; lemmas awned from about the middle of the keel; Cuba,
Cura9ao) C. stirinp.ciri, p. 39
Inflorescence of more than one spike; lemmas awned subapically; southcentral United
States, Caribbean Islands, Mexico, Central and South America C. ciliata, p. 27
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 T.jv.xonomv of the Genus Chloris (Gr.^mineae) 17
8. Combined length of fertile- and sterile -floret awns 6.5 to 9 mm, usually more than
7 mm; annuals; Africa C. lamproparia, p. 30
Combined length of fertile- and sterile-floret awns 4 to 8 mm, usually less than 7
mm; perennials; South America, Texas 9
9. Plants densely tufted, with basal, narrow, rolled, curved leaves; spikes 3 to
5 cm long C. canterai var. grandiflora, p. 32
Plants not densely tufted; leaves cauline, up to 5 mm wide, not curled or curved; spikes
4 to 14 cm long C. canterai var. canterai, p. 30
10. Spikelets diverging from the rachis at nearly right angles; spikelets obviously
pedicellate; Culja, Haiti, Jamaica C. cruciata, p. 37
Spikelets appressed or cmly slightly divergent from the rachis; spikelets sessile or
nearly so 11
11. Awn of fertile lemma less than 1.5 mm long; internerves appressed-pubescent; Mau-
ritius C. filiformis, p. 39
Awn of fertile lemma more than 2 mm long; margins and keel spreading-pubescent; in-
ternerves glabrous or with inflated hairs 12
12. Awn of fertile lemma longer than 5 mm; Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola
_ C. ekmanii, p. 119
Awn of fertile lemma less than 4.5 mm long 13
13. Internc'i-ves glabrous; Cuba, Curasao C. surin^,ari, p. .39
Internerves densely covered with inflated hairs; Malagasy Republic
C. humbertiana, p. 104
14. Sterile florets two or more, the uppermost floret sometimes represented only by
the clavate rachilla joint 15
Sterile floret one 41
15. Sterile florets greatly modified, commonly o\er 3 mm wide, flabellate, margins scarious,
more or less inrolled and enclosing one another; Australia C. scariosa, p. 40
Sterile florets neither greatly modified, flabellate, nor involute, seldom more than 1.5
mm wide 16
16. Fertile lemmas with a row of glands along the sides; Africa, India —
C. prieurii. p. 42
Fertile lemmas without a row of glands, though sometimes appressed-pubescent
with nonglandular hairs 17
17. Fertile lemmas with a short mucro (less than 1 mm long); Africa C. pilosa, p. 58
Fertile lemma with an awn more than 1 mm long .- 18
18. Sterile floret pubescent, either with a prominently appressed-pubescent callus, or
densely pubescent on the midncrve, upper margins, or apex 19
Sterile floret glabrous or, at most, with a few ( 10 or so ) appressed hairs on the back 26
19. Callus of sterile floret bearded 20
Callus of sterile floret not bearded 21
20. Sterile floret unawned, acuminate; rachilla joint not obvious; culms stout, bam-
boolike; Africa C. rohusta, p. 43
Sterile floret obviously awned; rachilla joint prominent; culms not stout and bam-
boolike; New World C. mollis, p. 45
21. Leaf sheath, blade, and spike rachis densely pustulose-pilose; sides of fertile and sterile
lemma prominently and densely pustulose; India C. wip.htiana, p. 48
Leaf sheath, blade, and spike rachis glabrous , scabrous, or sparsely pilose, but never pus-
tulose; sides of lemma glabrous or occasionally appressed-pubescent, but not pustulose.. 22
18 Bricham Young University Science Bulletin
22. Culms densely appressed-pubescent for several mm just below the points of attach-
ment of the spikes 23
Culms glabrous or scabrous below the points of attachment of the spikes 24
23. Upper margins of lowermost sterile floret ciliate; sterile florets usually four ( occasion-
ally 3); uppermost sterile floret spherical and inflated; India ...C. quinqtiesetica, p. 4S
Upper margins of lowermost sterile floret usually not ciliate, occasionally sparsely pubes-
cent; sterile florets usually three (rarely two or four); upper sterile floret resembling
the lower, neither spherical nor inflated; Ceylon, India, Thailand C. montana, p. 51
24. Awn of fertile lemma 2 mm long or less; Burma C. btinnensis, p. 125
Awn of fertile lemma more than 3.5 mm long 25
25. Midnerve of lowest sterile floret densely and prominently appressed-pubescent; fer-
tile lemma longer than 3 mm; lowest sterile floret 1.5 mm or longer, its awn usually
shorter than 4 mm; stoloniferous perennial; southern India C. hournei. p. 53
Midnerve of lowest sterile floret sparsely appressed-pubescent; fertile lemma less than 3
mm long; lowest sterile floret less than 1.5 mm long, its awn over 5 mm; annual or
weak perennial, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes; pantropical C. infhita. p. 53
26. Awn of fertile lemma longer than 30 mm; Africa C. longiaristata, p. 46
Awn of fertile lemma less than 15 mm long 27
27. Sterile florets two or three, only the lowermost awned, the others awnless 28
Sterile florets two or three; all are awned 34
28. Fertile lemmas prominently ciliate along most of the margin, the cilia spreading
at nearly right angles; lemmas broadly elliptic 29
Fertile lemma margins glabrous or with .strongly spreading hairs near the apex,
but never along tlie lower margins 33
29. Fertile lemmas 1.5 to 2.8 mm long 30
Fertile lemmas 2.9 to 4.2 mm long 31
30. Spikes three to five (rarely six or seven), usually less than 8 cm long; Texas,
Mexico, Central America, southern Brazil, Argentina C. ciliata, p. 27
Spikes 7 to 40 (usually 10 to 20), usually more than 8 cm long, occasionally as
short as 5 cm; Florida, West Indies, South America C. dandijanci, p. .34
31. Spikes one to four (often two); combined length of awns of fertile and sterile floret 6.5
to 9 mm (usually about 7 mm); annuals; Afric;i C. himpwparia, p. .30
Spikes two to nine (usually three or more); combined length of awns of fertile and ster-
ile floret 4 to 8 mm (usually less than 7 mm); perennials; South America, Texas .32
32. Plants densely tufted with basal, narrow, rolled, curved leaves; spikes 3 to 5 cm
long C. canterai \ar. grandijUmi, p. 32
Plants not densely tufted; leaves cauline, up to 5 mm wide, not curled; spikes 4
to 14 cm long C. canterai var. canterai. p. .30
33. Annual plants arising from a fibrous root system, occasionally rooting at the lower nodes
if culms are decumbent; Africa C. pilosa, p. 58
Perennial plants, usually with prominent, aggressive stolons, occasionally tufted; widely
distributed in the warmer parts of the world C. gaijana, p. 65
(NOTE: Occasional specimens of C/iZoris uenfn'ro.sr; having two sterile florets will -
key to this point. )
34. Awn of fertile lemma less than 2 mm long; Burma C. burmensis, p. 125
Awn of fertile lemma more than 3.5 mm long 35
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 T.^.xonomv or the Genus Ciii.oris (Cramineae) 19
35. Culms densely appressed-pubesceiit for several mm just below the points of attach-
ment of the spikes; Ceylon, India, Thailand C. montana, p. 51
Culms scabrous or glabrous just below the points of attachment of the spikes 36
36. Upper sterile floret inflated, nearh spherical; widespread in wanri re-
gions C. inflata, p. 53
Upper sterile floret cylindrical or very narrowly turbinate 37
37. Rachis pilose; eastern China, Hong Kong, North Vietnam, Taiwan ...C. formosana, p. 57
Rachis scabrous 38
38. Fertile lemma with three awns, the lateral about equal to the central, or shorter.... 39
Fertile lemma with only a single awn, lateral awns absent 40
39. Awns subequal, the lateral only slightly shorter than the central C. crinita, p. 87
Awns unequal, the lateral about one-tenth the length of the central ..C. pluriflora. p. 89
40. Fertile lemmas acute at the ape.x; margins not inrolled, densely ciliatc, especially
on the upper margins; spikelets tawny: robust, stoloniferous perennials more
than 50 cm tall; widespread in warm regions C. gmjana, p. 65
(NOTE: On rare occasions, specimens of C/i/o;/.s HKWsa7ni»!censis, from southern
Africa, and C. sa'^raeana, from tlie Caribbean region, both rarely haying two
sterile florets, will key to this point. )
Fertile lemmas obtuse to rounded at the apex; margins inrolled and appressed-
pubescent; spikelets dark brown to black at maturity; relatively short, tufted
perennials; Australia C. truncata. p. 7S
41. Sterile lemma bilobed for upper one-third to nearly all of its length, the lateral lobes
usually awned 42
Sterile lemma not prominently bilobed 47
42. Fertile lemma margins pubescent to ciliate on upper half, the hairs usually prom-
inent and spreading, especially toward the apex 43
Fertile lemma margins glabrous, scabrous, or strongly appressed-pubescent, but
upper margins without prominent spreading hairs 44
43. Fertile lemma margins pubescent mostly on upper half; sterile floret bilobed nearly to
the base, the lobes usually widely divergent at maturity; sterile lemma lobes gradu-
ally tapering into an awn; fertile lemma awns subeciual; Australia C lohata, p. 82
Fertile lemma margins pubescent along most of length (the hairs spreading apically,
appressed basally); sterile floret bilobed to about the middle, very occasionally to the
base, the lobes not widely di\ergent at maturity; sterile lemma lobes usually trun-
cate to somewhat rounded, the awn arising laterally; median awn of fertile lemma
usually about twice the length of the lateral awn C. piimUio, p. 80
44. Lateral and central awns of fertile lem ma subequal to equal; southwestern United
States, Mexico, and South America C. crinita, p. 87
Lateral awns of fertile lemma about one-tenth the length of the central awns 45
45. Spikelets densely pectinate, crowded, diverging at wide angles from the rachis; Aus-
tralia C. pectinata, p. 86
Spikelets not densely pectinate, only slightly imbricate, appressed to the rachis 46
46. Spikes in two or more verticils; South America C. halophila, p. 117
Spikes in a single radiate series; Australia C. divaricata, p. 83
47. Fertile lemma awnless or with a short awn, generally less than 2 mm long 48
Fertile lemma prominently awned, the awn usually more than 3 mm long 52
20 Bricham Young University Science Bulletin
48. Sterile floret very narrowly cylindrical, usually about 0.2 mm wide, usually
sparsely pilose near the apex; Baja California, Mexico C hrandegeu p. 72
Sterile floret broader, usually more than 0.3 mm wide; at most merely scabrous
at the apex 49
49. Sterile floret inflated-spherical, about 1 mm wide, usually as wide as long; Texas, New
Mexico, Oklahoma, northeast Mexico C. cticullata, p. 91
Sterile floret not inflated-spherical, less than 5 mm wide, usually at least twice as long
as broad 50
50. Fertile lemma margin glabrous, scabrous, or appresscd-pilose for no more than
one-half of its length; keel usually glabrous, occasionally scabrous near the
apex, rarely sparsely appressed-pubescent; Mexico, Colombia
C. sul>imitica, p. 106
Fertile lemma margin and keel appressed-pubescent for most of length 51
51. Sterile floret elliptical, flattened, about 1 mm long; fertile lemma prominently spread-
ing-pilose on margins and keel; South America C. sesquiflora, p. 104
Sterile floret cylindrical to naiTowlv turbinate, inflated, ca 2 mm long; fertile lemma
margins and keel appressed-pubescent; Africa C. ametht/stca, p. 106
52. Fertile lemma broadly elliptic, prominently long-ciliate along most of the mar-
gin, the cilia spreading at nearly right angles 53
Fertile lemma margins glabrous or with appressed to widely spreading hairs near
the apex, but never along the lower margins 54
53. Fertile lemma more than 3.5 mm long, gibbous; awn definitely subapical; Ar-
gentina C. castilloniana. p. 69
Fertile lemma less than 3 mm long, elliptic, not gibbous; arising only slightly subapi-
cally; Florida, Bahama Islands, Jamaica, South America . C. chmdyana, p. .34
54. Plants producing cleistogamous underground spikelets at the ends of thin rhi-
zomes; southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, and V'cne-
zuela C. chloridea, p. 74
Plants not producing cleistogamous underground spikelets 55
55. Spikes naked 2 to 5 cm from the liase; endemic to eastern Texas; rare, possi-
bly extinct C. texemis, p. 103
Spikes floriferous to near the base 56
56. Spikes borne in two or more verticils, these usually well separated. (See also C.
virgata which may have two verticils, closely inserted.) 57
Spikes borne in a single terminal whorl 61
57. Sterile floret greatly reduced, usually less than 1 mm long; annuals; widely distributed
in American tropics; Hawaii C. racliata, p. 110
Sterile floret longer than 1 mm, well developed; perennials, tufted or stoloniferous 58
58. Upper margins of fertile lemma with a prominent tuft of spreading white hairs,
these usually longer than 1 mm; side of fertile lemma grooved, the groove
usually with many glandular hairs ( though these may be somewhat obscure or,
rarely, absent); Brazil Ascension Island C. orthonoton, p. 69
Upper margin of fertile lemma scabrous or appressed short-pilose; side of fertile
lemma without a groove or glandular hairs 59
59. Fertile lemma 2.0 to 3.5 mm long; widely distributed in central and southcentral United
States C. verticiUuta, p. 93
(NOTE: Various introgressants of Chloris verticillata, C. cticuUata, and C. ondropof^o-
noides may key to this point. See full discussion of this problem in the text.)
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Gramineae) 21
Fertile lemma longer than 3.8 mm 60
60. A\\'n of fertile lemma longer than 9 mm long; South America C. halophila, p. 117
Awn of fertile lemma shorter than 5 mm long; Baja California, Mex-
ico C. hrandeiiei, p. 72
61. Fertile lemma with a dense tuft of spreading hairs on the upper margins, the longest
usually more than 1.5 mm long (see also C. aristata and C. cubensis, which occasion-
ally have rather long hairs near the fertile lemma apex) ^ 62
Fertile lemma without a dense tuft of long spreading hairs on the upper margins,
though often with shorter (generall)' less than 1 mm), appressed hairs, occasionally
scabrous or glabrous 64
62. Fertile lemma with a shallow lateral groove 63
Fertile lemma without a lateral groove; southern Africa C. mossamhicensis, p. 123
63. Annual plants; fertile lemma usually prominently carinate, gibbous; lateral groove
of fertile lemma glabrous or appressed-pilose, not glandular; widely distribu-
ted C. virgata, p. 60
Perennial, stoloniferous plants; fertile lemm.x rounded on the back, neither carinate nor
gibbous; lateral groove of fertile lemma usually with many glandular hairs
(though these are sometimes obscure, or, rarely, absent); Brazil, Ascension
Island C. orthonoton, p. 69
64. Spikelets bright green to olive green; Ethiopia, Somali Republic
-. C. soinalensis, p. 109
Spikelets pale brown, tawny to black, but not greenish, at least at maturity 65
65. Fertile lemma usually less than 2 mm long; Phillippini' Islands C. dementis, p. 109
Fertile lemma more than 2 mm long 66
66. Spikes naked 2 to 5 cm from the base; endemic to eastern Texas; rare, possibly
extinct C. texensis, p. 103
Spikes floriferous to near the base 67
67. Sterile floret more than 0.6 mm wide, often nearly 1 mm wide 68
Sterile floret less than 0.6 mm wide 70
68. Upper fertile lemma margins densely ciliate or spreading-pilose, the margins not
inroUed; Central America . C. aristata, p. 70
Upper fertile lemma margins glabrous, scabrous, or appressed-pilose, the margins
inrolled, especially below 69
69. Margins of fertile lemma glabrous or sparsely pilose; fertile lemma apex generally acute,
occasionally somewhat rounded; fertile lemma tawny to purple tinged, seldom dark
brown or black; Australia C. ventricosa. p. 76
Margins of fertile lemma appressed-pilose; fertile lemma apex broadly obtuse
to rounded; fertile lemma dark bro\vn to black at maturity. Australia
C. truncata, p. 78
70. Awn of fertile floret usually less than 5.5 mm long; southern Texas, northeastern
Mexico C. andropogonoides, p. 95
Awn of fertile floret usually more than 6 mm long 71
71. Sterile floret less than 1 mm long 72
Sterile floret more than 1 mm long ; 74
72. Culms slender, wiry; blades filiform or narrow, less than 1 mm wide (frequently
less than 0.5 mm wide); Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola C. ekmanii, p. 119
Culms stout, not wiry; blades (at least the wider) 5 to 10 mm wide 73
22 Bricham Young University Science Bulletin
73. Awn of fertile lemma 6 to 13 mm long; fertile lemma margins sparsely pilose;
leaf blade apex acute to subacute; widely distributed in American tropics;
Hawaii C. racliata, p. 110
Awn of fertile lemma 10 to 45 mm long; fertile lemma margin scabrous, rarely sparsely
pilose; leaf blade apex obtuse, rarely acute; South America, Africa
C. pipiothrix, p. 114
74. Culms slender, wiry; blades filiform or very narrow, usually less than 1 mm wide,
frequently less than 0.5 mm wide; Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica
C. ekmanii, p. 119
Culms stout, not wiry; blades, at least the larger, generally broader than 1.5 mm .-. 75
75. Blades usually densely pubescent on both upper and lower surfaces; awn of fertile lemma
20 to 24 mm long; sterile floret narrowly cylindrical, 1.6 to 1.9 mm long, 0.2 to 0.3
mm wide; Cuba C. arenaria, p. 119
Blades usually glabrous or scabrous, occasionally sparsely pilose near the base; awn of
fertile lemma less than 13 mm long; sterile floret comparatively broader, 0.3 to 0.6
mm wide, 0.7 to 1.9 mm long 76
76. Spikes strongly divergent from the vertical axis, becoming horizontally spreading
or even somewhat reflexed at maturity; keel of fertile lemma glabrous, occa-
sionally very sparsely appressed-pubescent; longest callus hairs 0.3 to 0.8 mm
long; marginal hairs of fertile lemma strongly appressed, shorter than 0.5 mm
long; Caribbean Islands, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica C. sagracaiui, p. 121
Spikes not divergent more than 45° from the vertical axis; keel of fertile lemma
usually prominently appressed-pubescent, occasionally sparsely so, rarely gla-
brous; longest hairs of the callus I.O to 1.2 mm long; marginal hairs of the lemma
somewhat spreading, especially toward the apex, the longest usually 1 mm or
longer; Caribbean Islands, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica .C. cuhemis, p. 123
I. CHLORIS ROXBURGHIANA Schultes, spikelets densely imbricate, ca 17 per cm of the
Mantissa 2:3.39. 1824. (Based on Chloris rachis length; glumes narrowly lanceolate, gla-
pohjstachija Roxburgh. See explanatory note brous except for the slightly scabrous midrib;
in text.) Fig. 5, A-E. first glume 0.9 to 1.0 mm long, ca 0.1 mm wide;
^, , . , , _, , , -- second glume 1.9 to 2.2 mm long, ca 0.2 mm
Chlons pohjstochya Roxburgh Hortus ^^j^^. ^^^j,^. ,^^^,^^^^ ^^ ^^ 2.I mm long, ca 0.4
Bengalensis 82. 1814. Nomen nudum. Non ^^^ ^^.^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^.^^.^ ^,^^„^^ ,,^,.^^^f^^, ^^,^^_
Lagasca, IHlb. ^^^^ glabrous to sparsely ciliate, especially
Chloris pohjstacluja Roxburgh, Flora In- above; sides sparsely appressed-pilose to gla-
dica 1:332. 1820. Non Lagasca, 1816. (See b^ous, apex acute, awn 10 to 15 mm long; sterile
explanatory note in text. ) florets usually two (occasionally three) gla-
Chloris myriostachija Hochstetter, Flora brous, shaped much like the fertile lemma, lower
38:204. 1855. sterile floret 0.7 to 1.0 mm long, 0.2 to 0.3 mm
(HOLOTYPE: "Hb. abyss. Buch. nr. 1416," wide, upper floret(s) progressively smaller, awn
not seen, but description is of this taxon. ) of lower sterile floret ca 10 mm long; caryopsis
Chloris myriostachija viu. minor Chiovenda ca 1.1 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, ellipsoidal, trigo-
in Pirotta, Annuario Reale 1st. Bot. Roma nous; chromosome number 2n = 20.
8:54. 1903. (Description is of a small var- Only C/i/on* paniculafa \ms as large a num-
iant of the species ) ^^^ °^ spikes as C. roxburghiana. These two are
most easily differentiated by the number of
Perennial to 125 cm tall, arising from a sterile florets, C. roxburghiana always having at
strongly stoloniferous, woody base; sheaths least two, while C. paniculata always has one.
glabrous below, often pilose above; ligules Chh)ris roxburghiana is a stoloniferous perennial
pilose; blades up to 30 cm long, 5 to 6 mm found in Africa and India. Chloris paniculata
wide, glabrous or scabrous; spikes many (usu- has a unique growth habit, with well-developed,
ally 50 or more) attached along a short axis at short, vertical rhizomes bearing the frayed rem-
the culm apex and fonning a dense inflores- nants of previous years' growth as well as many
eence up to 15 cm long and 4 to 6 cm wide; long, arching, basal leaves; it is endemic to
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Gramineae)
23
Fig. 5. C/iforis roxhurghiana and C. paniculata. (A-E) C. roxburghiana. (A) habit, x 1/5; (B) spikelet, partly
dissected, x 15; (C,D) lower and middle sterile florets, respectively, x 10; (E) caryopsis, x 10. (F,G)
C. paniculata. (F) habit, x 1/5; (G) spikelet, partly dissected, x 15.
24
Bricham Young University Science Bulletin
Cocos Island, which is off the western coast
of Panama.
Chloris mijriostachya has been used as a
name for this species for many years, especially
in African floras. Part of this erroneous usage
can be traced to the difficulty of typifying the
Roxburgh names. William Roxburgh first used
C. pohjstachija in 1814 (Hortus Bengalensis
82.), publishing it without a description. Iden-
tification of this name rests with its subsequent
publication by Roxburgh (Flora Indica 1:332.
1820.), who included a fairly complete descrip-
tion. By that date, however, Lagasca y Segura
(1816) had published the same name for a
Mexican species (sec under C. suhimiticu).
Shortly afterward, Schultes (Mantissa 2:. 3.39.
1824.) published a new name, C. roxhurghkina.
based upon C pohjstaclu/a Roxburgh. No plant
specimen that mav be connected positively with
Roxburgh's name can be located; however, im-
portant clues may be obtained from the Rox-
burgh drawings at Kew and from the descrip-
tions given b>' Roxburgh, both those of the
published Flora Indica as well as the copy of
the manuscript of that work in the Kew Li-
brary. The drawings, labelled "C. pohjstachija,"
show an inflorescence of sixteen spikes arranged
along a short common axis, and a series of dis-
sected spikelets showing broadly ovate-elliptic
fertile lemmas and two similar sterile florets.
While the inflorescence drawing does not
portray accurately the more t\pieal specimens
of this taxon from Africa ( though Indian col-
lections bearing a strong resemblance are com-
mon) the spikelet drawings leave no question
as to the identity of Roxburgh's Chloris pohj-
stachija and thus, indirectly, C. roxhurghiana
Schultes.
Chloris roxburghiana is common (sometimes
dominant) in grasslands, brush, and disturbed
areas, often on sandy loams from low to me-
dium elevations (Fig. 6). Associates include
Cenchrus sp., Pennisettim sp., Sporobohis sp..
Acacia mellifera, Blepharis sp.. Commiphora sp.,
and Euphorbia spinescetu.
Representative specimens examined: AN-
GOLA: Mossamedes Dtr., Camucuio, Azancot
de Menezes 363 (K). BOTSWANA: Maklautsi-
Shashi Rivers, Palapye, de Beer, s.n., 9 May
1957 (K). ETHIOPIA: Harrar Prov., 40° 39' E,
10° 10' N, Burger 2,899 (K); Sidamo Prov., 20
mi N of Moyale (Kenya), Moonei/ 7,421 (K).
INDIA: Nilgiri Dtr., ' Kitagin Ghat, Fischer
2,086 (K). KENYA: Kibwezi Plains, Balhj 1,329,
8,090 (K); 25 mi SSW of Kitui, Bogdan AB
5,126 (K,US); Lugard's Falls Road, Tsavo Na-
tional Park, Greenwatj and Kanuri 12,636 (K);
Fig. 6. Distribution of Cliloris mxl>urnhiana. Inset
A: India.
Wei Wei 50 mi N of Kapenguria, Trelawnij AB
4,325 (K,UC). MALAGASY REPUBLIC: Mom-
bas, anon. (K). MALAWI: Lilongwe Dtr., Salu-
beni 428 (K). MOZAMBIQUE: Louren^o
Marques Dtr., between Moambas and Sabie,
Torre 2,237 (K). REPUBLIC OF THE
CONGO: Plaine du Lac Edouard, Pare Nation-
ale Albert, Louis 4,787 (K, US). SOMALI RE-
PUBLIC: Boundaiy Pillar 93, 8°37'N, 45°9'E,
Gillett 4.197 (K, US). SOUTHERN RHODE-
SIA: 30-60 mi S of Ft. Victoria, Rodin 4,251 (K,
UC, US); Sabi River Valley, Melsetter, Whellan
1,021 (K). SUDAN: Equatoria Prov., Kidepo
resthouse, Mijers 11,236 (K). TANZANIA:
Tanga Dtr., Kange Estate, Faulkner 832 (K);
SW of Umba River, Kivingo, Greenuaij 1,996
(BM, K); Lake Manyara National Park, Green-
wai/ and Kirrika 11,089 (K, US). UGANDA:
K;inamugit, Eggeling E 2.946 ( K, US ) ; Turkana
Dtr., Oropoi Valley, Liebenberg 1,776 (K).
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA: Kruger Natiimal
Park, between Punda Maria and Pafuri (Mo-
zamljique), Godfrey SH-1.729 ( K, US); be-
tween Beauty and Ellisras, Werdemann and
Oberdicck 1,801 (K).
2. CHLORIS PANICULATA Scribncr in Rob-
inson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 38:262.
1902. (HOLOTYPE: "Nuez Isl . . . an islet
near Cocos Isl.: Snodgrass and Heller, no.
968;" in GH. Not seen, but description is
clear.) Fig. 5, F and G.
Perennial to 70 cm tall, arising from an
upright, stout, underground stem bearing many
rootlets and shreds of leaf sheaths; sheaths
Biological Seiiies, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chlohis (Gramineae)
25
glabrous; ligule lacking; blades very long and
narrow, up to 50 cm long and 5 mm wide, arch-
ing, glabrous except for the scabrous margins;
inflorescence paniclelike, made up of at least
50 spikes racemosely arranged on the upper 10
to 12 cm of the culm; spikes about 5 cm long
at lower part of inflorescence, becoming pro-
gressively shorter near the tip; glumes narrow
to broadly lanceolate, glabrous except for the
scabrous midnerve; first glume ca 1.2 mm long,
0.2 mm wide; second glume ca .3 mm long, 0.4
mm wide; fertile lemma ca 2.6 mm long, 0.6
mm wide, broadly lanceolate, glabrous except
for the prominently bearded callus and scab-
rous keel, apex ± obtuse, awn 2.5 to 2.8 mm
long; sterile floret one, ca 1.5 mm long, 0.3 mm
wide, glabrous, awn 1.5 to 1.8 mm long.
Only Chloris roxhurghiana has as many
spikes as C. panicithta. Differences between
these two species have been discussed under C
roxlmrghiana.
Chloris paniculata is an endemic known
only from Cocos Island and its associated islets
—an archipelago lying about 300 miles south-
west of Costa Rica, to whom it belongs. Rob-
inson (1902) and Stewart (1912) both reported
it as being abundant on rocky cliffs near the
coast, both on the main island and on the islets.
Most of the vegetation of the island area is
made up of common Central American species
or pantropical weeds. Only eight endemics in
a total of about a hundred species were re-
ported by Stewart. Fosberg and Klawe (1966)
also report C. paniculata from Cocos Island.
I cannot suggest a species in Chloris. nor
for that matter anv other genus in the Chlori-
deae, that might be said to be closely related
to C paniculata. The previously discussed re-
semblance to C. roxhurghiana is superficial, for
there are manv spikelet details in which they
differ. Certain species of Leptochloa have a
similar aspect because of the large number of
spikes. Leptochloa, however, has spikelets which
unifonnh' have a larger number of fertile flor-
ets, and the sterile floret is not as elaborated in
structure and size as is generally the case in
Chloris.
Specimens examined: COCOS ISLAND: ex-
posed rocky cliffs near the ocean, Stewart 260
(F,MO,NY,US).
3. CHLORIS BERROI Arechavaleta, Anales
Mus. Nac. Montevideo 5:388. 1896.
(HOLOTYPE: "Berro, Uruguay, Estancia
de Soriano, Estancia de Vera." This speci-
men was not seen, though specimens at K!
and US! are labeled essentiallv the same
and are the species as commonlv under-
stood. The description and illustration ac-
companying the original description leave
no (juestion as to the identity of the taxon,
however. ) Fig. 7, A-D.
Chloris accumbens Hackel ex Arechavaleta,
Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo 5:391. 1896.
Nomen nudum, pro sijn. C. berroi.
Perennial from a fibrous root system, tufted,
15 to 80 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; ligule ciliate;
blades narrow, 3 to 15 cm long, 1.5 to 2.0 mm
wide, glabrous or sparsely pilose near the base;
spikes two to four, 3 to 12 cm long, tightly
appressed, adherent, and forming a narrow,
cylindrical, spikelike inflorescence; spikelets
densely imbricate, 9 to 12 per cm of the scab-
rous-hispid rachis; glumes glabrous, lanceolate;
first ghnne 1.5 to 1.6 mm long, ca 0.3 mm wide;
second glume 2.1 to 2.6 mm long, 0.3 to 0.6 mm
wide; fertile lemma ovate, 2.7 to 3.5 mm long,
0.8 to 1.2 mm wide, margins and keel ciliate
with hairs up to 2 mm long, awn 2.7 to 3.4 mm
long; sterile florets usually three, up to 1.9 mm
long, lowennost awned, upper unawned, gla-
brous; caryopsis 1.2 to 1.8 mm long, 0.5 to 0.7
mm wide, obovoid, trigonous; chromosome
number 2n^40.
Chloris berroi can be distinguished from
all other species of the genus by its cylindrical
inflorescence; this results from the interweaving
of the spikelets on adjacent spikes and, more
especially, from the hispid hairs of the rachises.
The spikes remain interconnected past maturity,
except for the very tips, and may be separated
from one another only by actually tearing them
apart.
Individual spikelets of Chloris berroi are
very similar to the other species in which the
lemnias have ciliate margins, especially those of
C. ciliata and C. clanchjana. Other than the
inflorescrnce differences previously mentioned,
there seem to be no other characteristics sepa-
rating them.
Chloris berroi is restricted to the Rio de la
Plata region of Argentina and Uruguay (Fig.
8), where Parodi ( 1919) reported it to be abun-
dant in the campo.
Specimens examined: ARGENTINA: Prov.
Buenos Aires; La Plata, Spegarrini 1,433 (NY);
Pergamino, Niedfeld 38 (US). Prov. Entre Rios:
camino de Puerto Constanza a Gualeguaychu,
Burkart 10,529 (US); Dep. Federacion: Estan-
cia "Buena Esperanza," Pedersen 6,254 (US).
URUGUAY: Dep. Canelones: Montevideo,
Sello s.n. (MO). Dep. Florida: Arroyo Mansa-
viUagra, Gallinal 5,790 (MO). Dep. Soriano,
26
Bricham Young UNivERSiTi' Science Bulletin
Fig. 7, Chloris berroi and C. ciliata. (A-D) C. benoi. (A) h;ibit.. x 1/5; (B) spikelet, x 10; (C) lower sterile
floret, X 15; (D) upper sterile floret, x 15. (E-I) C. ciliata. (E) habit, x 1/4; (F) spikelet, x 10; (G)
sterile florets, x 15; (H) upper sterile floret, x 15; (I) caryopsis, x 10.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Gbamineae)
27
Fig. 8. DistribuKon of Chloric herroi (southern South
America ) .
Berw 6,385 (US). Dtp. Tacuarembo, Herter
587a (MO).
4. CHLORIS CILIATA Swartz, Prodr. Veg.
Ind. Occ. 25. 17S8. (HOLOTYPE: Not
seen. Swartz's original description in 1788 is
clear; his amplification in 1797 leaves no
doubt.) Fig. 7, E-I.
Anchopoiion ptihescens Aiton, Hortns Ke-
wensis 3:423. 1789. (Based on Chloris cil-
iata Swartz.)
Ctinodon ciliatus (Swartz) Raspail, Ann.
Sci. Nat. Bot. (Paris) 5:303. 1825. (Based
on Chloris ciliata Swartz. )
Chloris propinqua Steudel, Syn. PI. Glum.
1:204. 1854. (HOLOTYPE: "Duchai.ssing
legit in Guadeloupe." A fragment in US!,
from the Steudel specimen in P, is badly
shattered but would appear to be Chloris
ciliata. The description seems to fit Chloris
ciliata Swartz.)
Chloris ciliata var. texana Vasev, U. S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 121. pi. 30. 1890.
(HOLOTYPE: "Near Brownsville" US!)
Chloris texana (Vasey) Nash, Bull. Torrev
Bot. Club 25:441. 1898. Based on Chloris
ciliata var. texana Vasey.)
Chloris nashii Heller, Muhlenbergia 5:120.
1909. (Based on Chloris ciliata var. texana
Vasey. )
Perennial 25 to 60 cm tall, tufted, erect;
sheaths glabrous, hgule absent or reduced to
a short ciliate crown (Northern Hemisphere) or
densely and conspicuously pilose (Southern
Hemisphere); blades 10 to 20 cm long, ca 5
mm wide, long-acuminate, glabrous or scabrous;
spikes three to five (rarely si.x or seven), 3.5
to 6.0 cm long (occasionally up to 8 cm) some-
what flexuous and spreading, glumes narrowly
lanceolate, glabrous except for the scabrous
midrib, becoming hyaline near the margins;
first glume 1.3 to 1.7 mm long, 0.2 to 0.4 mm
wide; second glume 2.0 to 2.5 mm long, 0.2 to
0.4 mm wide; fertile lemma 1.8 to 2.8 mm long,
0.8 to 1.1 mm wide, strongly flattened, elliptic,
margins and keel strongly ciliate, the cilia 0.5
to 1.5 mm long, awn 0.9 to 2.7 mm long; sterile
florets two, lowermost enclosing the upper;
lower sterile floret 1.3 to 1.8 mm long, 0.8 to
1.8 mm wide, truncate, glabrous, awn 0.9 to 1.4
mm long, upper floret similar but smaller, 0.8 to
1.1 mm long, 0.9 to 1.2 mm wide, membranous,
awnless; caryopsis ca 1.4 mm long, ca 0.7 mm
wide, obovoid to ellipsoid; chromosome number
2n=40.
The species in this complex (Chloris herroi,
C. canterai, C. ciliata, C. dandijana, and C.
lamproparia) are characterized by elliptic to
lanceolate lemmas, the margins of which are
densely ciliate, usually along the entire length.
Chloris herroi is easily distinguished, for it has
spikes so interconnected by hispid hairs on the
rachises that it appears to have but a single
spike. The remaining species, however, present
a more complex pattern. While most collections
will fit a given species quite well, certain geo-
graphic areas (most often in South America)
may have individuals which are somewhat inter-
mediate with respect to the characteristics. Fig-
ure 9 illustrates selected features of a large
number of specimens chosen at random from
throughout the ranges of the species.
While this diagram reveals no distinct sub-
populations, certain variation trends may be
discerned. One trend is characterized by indi-
viduals with relatively short lemmas, short
marginal cilia on the lemmas, short awns,
and' few spikes (six or less). These are the
plants commonly called C. ciliata and are repre-
sented bv the open circles situated roughly in
the lower left quadrant of the diagram. A sec-
ond trend, represented mostly by open circles
with an upward line, is shown in the upper
left quadrant. These collections had longer
28
Bricham Young University Science Bulletin
CO
<
n:
<
LlI
en
<
Ll
O
n
I—
CD
z
UJ
3.5-
3.0-
2.5-
2.0
1.5
1.0-
0.5-
46 A
6 4
44 4 4
44 44 4 4 o
4 o 4
44 44444 po 44 oo i
444444 A ^
o4 444 44 A ooo
A A 4444 44 4 o o
A 44444 44
4 4 4 44AA44o 4
4 4
4 44o44 44 44
44o4444 4 o o
4 44 4 o
44 44oA4 4 o o o o
4 o
4 o o o oo
o oooooo o ooo
o ooo oo o o
o oooo ooo o oo o o
o ooo o oo
o o ooo
o oooo
t
9 f
t
O NEW WORLD
• OLD WORLD
6 4 SPIKES 7 OR MORE
O • SPIKES 6 OR LESS
COMBINED LENGTHS OF AWNS OF
STERILE AND FERTILE FLORETS:
O • MORE THAN 7.5 MM
O •LESS THAN 7.4 MM
1.5
2.0
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
LEMMA LENGTH IN MM.
4.5
Fig. 9. Comparison of various morphological and geographical characteristics of Clitoris canterai var. canterai
and var. grandiflora, C. ciliata, C. dandyana, and C. lamproparia.
lemmas and marginal hairs, a larger number of
spikes (often more than 20), but short awns;
these are representative of plants commonly
called C. damhjana. Extremes of these popula-
tions are easily separated, though individual
plants may diverge considerably from the
"average" member of each trend.
The third and fourth trends overlap more
with respect to the morphological characteris-
tics analyzed and are most easily separated
geographically. These two groups are inter-
mingled in the upper right quadrant and differ
from both of the pre\ious trends in length of
the lemma and of its marginal cilia. Within this
group, the New World collections are perennials
with relatively short lemmas, marginal cilia, and
awns. These are the plants commonlv named
C. canterai. The remaining specimens are Old
World annuals and have, generally, longer
lemmas, marginal cilia, and awns; these are
commonly called C lamproparia.
Well-defined discontinuities between the
various populations have not been demon-
strated, at least on the basis of the characteris-
tics employed. However, it does not seem that
merging all of these into a single species is
justified, for discernible variation trends are
evident. Thus four species are recognized, each
centering in one of the four trends discussed
above.
Certain other characteristics were of value
in differentiating elements within these taxa, but
did not clarify the relationships between them;
these are discussed individually under the ap-
propriate species. All populations are deserving
of further study, especially in areas of sympatry.
Mass collections as well as cytological exam-
ination and genetic analysis ^\■ill be especially
valuable.
Tabic 7 compares all of the species in this
complex witli respect to a variety of characters.
Figures 7, 11, 1.3, and 15 should also be used
for comparison.
There aie two recognizable geographic vari-
ants within Chloris ciliata: (1) a North Ameri-
can population with nonciliate ligules and (2)
a South American group with prominently cil-
iate ligules. No other differences could be
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (CfRamineae)
29
Table 7. Comparison of Chloris berroi, C. canterai, C. ciliata, C. dandyana, and C. lamproparia.
Annual
or
Species
perennial
C. berroi
C. canterai
perennial
perennial
C. ciliata
perennial
C. dandyana
perennial
Fertile
lemma
Spike
Culm
type
Number
Length
( in cm )
Length
( in mm)
Marginal
hair
length
( in mm )
Awn
length
( in mm )
C lamproparia annual
erect, 15-80 cm tall
erect, to 1 in tall (ex-
cept shorter and ces-
pitose in var grandi-
flora)
erect, tufted, 25-60
cm tall
erect, usually tufted,
rarely stoloniferous,
up to 1.35 cm tall
erect to decumbent,
10-60 cm tall
2-4
2-9, often
3-6
3-5, rarely
6-7
4-28, u.sual-
ly more
than 8
1^, often
2
3-12 2.7-3.5
4-14 2.7-3.7
3.5-6 1.8-2.8
7-20 1.6-2.8
ca 4
3.2^4.2
up to 2.0
1.5-3.0
0.5-1.5
1.0-3.0
2.0-3.0
2.7-3.4
2.4-5.5
0.9^2.7
1.4^.8
3.5-6.0
found, and the two are not givt>n taxononiic
statu.s.
Chloris ciliata is widely distributed in open
grasslands in the south central United States,
Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean region,
and in southern South America (Fig. 10).
Representative specimens examined: BA-
HAMA ISLANDS: Na,ssau, Curtiss 72 ( F, MO,
NY, US). ARGENTINA: Prov. Cordoba: Bell
Ville, Paradi 3,055 (US); Prov. Entre Rios:
Dep. Federacion, Estancia "Buena Esperanza,"
Pedersen 6,197 (US); Prov. Formosa: ]or<ien-
sen 3,328 (US); Prov. Jujuy: camino a San
Pedro, Parodi 9,796 (US); Prov. Mendoza:
Santa Rosa, Jensen-IIaanip s.n., 1904-5 (MO,
US); Prov. Salta: N of Salta City, Stephens and
Hartley SH 57 (US). CUBA: Prov. Habana:
Marianao, Ekrnan 1,192 (US); Prov. Pinar del
Rio: Bay of Mariel, Britton and Earle 7,570
( NY ) ; Prov. Santa Clara Lomas de Banao, Luna
888 (NY). HAITI: Port-de-Paix, Ekrnan 4,324
(US); Massif de la Pelle, Port-au-Prince, Ek-
rnan N. //. 8,145 (US); Gonave Island: vicinity
of Etroite, Leonard 3,371 (US); Tortue Island:
Basse Terre, Leonard and Leonard 12,444 (NY,
US); vicinity of Jean Rabel, Leonard and
Fig. 10. Distribution of Chloris ciliata. (A) Southern South America,
Islands. (C) Central America and Caribbean Islands.
( B ) Puerto Rico, Leeward, and Windward
30
Bricham Young University Science Bulletin
Leonard 12,934 (US). JAMAICA: Middlesex
Co.: Clarendon Parish, Inverness, Harris 12,755
(F, MO, NY, US); Manchester Parish, Harris
12,689 (F, MO, NY, US); Cornwall Co., St.
James Parish, Montego Bay, Hitchcock 9,671
(US). LEEWARD ISLANDS: Antigua: Dead-
sands Bay, Box 31 (US); Guadeloupe Island,
Duss 31,587 (NY, US); St. Barthelemy, Questel
337 (US). MEXICO: Coahuila: Castaiios,
Reeder, Reeder and Soderstrom 3,270 (US);
Nuevo Leon: Monterey, Kenoijer 315 (MO);
Oaxaca: Toniellin, Hitchcock 6,220 (US); San
Luis Potosi, 7.5 mi N of El Naranjo, McGregor
et al. 813 (US); Tamaulipas: 22 km S of Vic-
toria, Martinez and Lmjando F-2,283 (TEX,
US); Yucatan: Chichen-Itza, Swallen 2,409
(US); Tizimin, Swallen 2,491 (US); Uxmal,
Swallen 2,612 (US); Peto, Swallen 2,672 (US);
Merida, Souza-Novelo 15 (US). PUERTO
RICO: Ponce, A. Chase 6,495 (NY, US).
SANTO DOMINGO: Prov. Santo Domingo:
Llano Costero, Ekman 12,486 (US); Barahona,
Fuertes 308 (US). UNITED STATES: New
York: Yonkers, mill yard, Nash s.n., 24 July 1898
(NY). Texas: Aransas Co., Rockport, Swallen
10,297 (US); Bee Co., Pettus, Tharp 43,071
(TEX); Bexar Co., 20 mi S of San Antonio,
Silveus 137 (TEX); Calhoun Co., 2 mi SW of
Port Lavaca, Rowell and Webster 2,117 (TEX);
Cameron Co., Laguna Atascosa Refuge, Fleet-
wood 3,800 (TEX); De Witt Co., near Edgar,
Owens 155 (US); jim Wells Co., 6 mi W of Alice,
Gotdd and Kapadia 8,854 (UC); Karnes Co.,
5 mi S of Kennedy, Emery 773 (TEX); Kleberg
Co., King Ranch, M. C. Johnston 541,669 (TEX);
Matagordo Co., near Palacios, Rogers 6,607
(TEX); San Patricio Co., 1 mi SE of Sinton,
Gould 9,903 (TEX); Starr Co., Fort Ringgold,
E of Rio Grande City, Tharp and York 51-84
(TEX); Travis Co., Zilker Park, W. V. Brown
s.n., 6 Oct 1957 (TEX); Wharton Co., 12 mi
N of El Campo, W. V. Brown 3,265 (TEX);
Willacy Co., Sauz Ranch, M. C. Johnston and
Davis, 5,319.84 (TEX). URUGUAY: Dep. Mon-
tevideo, Herter 78,127 (US). VIRGIN IS-
LANDS: St. Croix: Bassin Yard, Ricksecker 42
(F, MO, NY, UC, US). WINDWARD IS-
LANDS: Barbados, Hitchcock 16,514 (US);
Grenada: Richmond Hill, Broadway 1.869
(NY); Martinique, Du.ss 1,273 (MO, NY. US).
5. CHLORIS LAMPROPARIA Stapf in Che-
valier, Bull. Bot. Soc. France Mem. IV.
8:220. 1912. (HOLOTYPE: Chad, "Bag-
uimii, emplacement de la ville de Massenia,
25-31 Aout 1903, no. 9633 bis." P! ISO-
TYPE: K!) Fig. 11.
Annuals 10 to 60 cm tall, erect to decum-
bent; stems usually branched at the base, these
sometimes rooting at the lower nodes; sheaths
glabrous; ligule a short ciliate crown; blades
5 to 20 cm long, 3 to 5 mm wide, sparsely pus-
tulose-pilose above, especially near the base,
glabrous to scabrous below; spikes one to four
(often two) ca 4 cm long, appressed or only
slightly divergent; spikelets densely inserted oh
the rachis, usually divergent, ca 10 per cm of
the long scabrous-hispidulous rachis; glumes
lanceolate-ovate, thin, brown, glabrous (except
for the scabrous midnerve); first glume 3.9 to
4.4 mm long, 0.6 to 0.9 mm wide, apex acute;
second glume 6.5 to 8.0 mm long, ca 1 mm wide,
apex acute to acuminate; fertile lemma 3.2 to
4.2 mm long, 0.8 to 1.7 mm wide, broadly ovate
to elliptic, dark brown, keel appressed-pubes-
cent, margins with spreading ciliate hairs, 2 to
3 mm long, internerves glabrous, apex acumin-
ate, awn 3.5 to 6.0 mm long; sterile florets two
or three; lowest sterile floret 1.3 to 1.6 mm
long, 1.0 to 1.5 mm wide, triangular, apex trun-
cate, awn 2.3 to 4.7 mm long, upper florets
similar in shape, but progressively smaller, un-
awned; caryopsis 1.5 to 2.0 mm long, 0.8 to 1.0
mm wide, ovoid to obovoid.
Chloris lamproparia is the only species in
the group with ciliate margins on the lemma
that is distributed in the Old World, and it is
also the only annual. It is most similar to C.
canterai, differing from it in having larger spike-
lets, though occasional specimens are inter-
mediate in spikelet size and can be assigned
most easily by their geographic origin and
habit.
Chloris lamproparia is distributed across cen-
tral Africa (Fig. 12), where it is reported to be
common in wet grasslands and savannas.
Representative specimens examined: CAM-
EROUN: Tchabaol, 45 km ENE of Maroua,
Letouzeij 6,473 (K). MALI: Bore, Dcmange
14/1.957 (K). NIGERIA: Domaturu, De Leeiiw
1,097a (K); Zaria Dtr„ Tat/lor H. 2,624/32 (K).
SUDAN: Darfur Prov.: 3 km NE of Kes, Jack-
son 4,040 (K); Jcbel Marra, Zalingei, Wickens
2,304 (K); Equatoria Prov., 13 mi SW of Ka-
poeta. Peers s.n., 29 Aug 1953 (K); Kordofan
Prov.: El Muglad, Andretos 3,063 (K); near
Hamadi, on El Obeid-Dilling road, Harrison
901 (K). TANZANIA: Tumba Rukwa, Michel-
more Cl,557 (K). UGANDA: Moroto, Wilson
15 (K). UPPER VOLTA: Ouagadougou, Chev-
alier 24,674 (K).
6a. CHLORIS CANTERAI Arechavaleta var.
CANTERAI. Anales Mus. Nac. Montevideo
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chlohis (Gbamineae)
31
r~\
Fig. 11. Chloris lamproparia. (A) habit, x 1/4; (B) spilcelet, partly dissected; (C) lemma with one side re-
moved, showing palea and sterile floret within; (D) sterile florets; (E-F) upper sterile florets; (G) cary-
opsis. (B-G) \ 10.
5:385. 1896. (HOLOTYPE: "Anderson . . .
Montevideo." Not seen, but original descrip-
tion clearly identifies the plant.) Fig. 13,
A, C-J.
Chloris parodiana Rosengurtt and Izaguirre,
Bol. Soc. Argentina Bot. 12:128. 1968.
(HOLOTYPE: "Paraguay, Paraguari . . .
Rosengurtt B-5,979, MVFA." Not seen, but
description and illustration are clear. )
Perennial up to 1 m tall, tufted and erect;
sheaths glabrous; ligule long-ciliate, with cilia
up to 7 mm long; blades narrow, often rolled
and appearing filiform, 1 to 5 mm wide, up to
25 cm long, glabrous to slightly scabrous, occa-
sionally sparsely long-pilose; spikes two to nine
(often three to six), 4 to 14 cm long, usually
more than 7 cm long, erect to curving; spike-
lets densely imbricate, appressed, light to me-
diimi brown, ca 11 per cm of the scabrous
rachis; first glume 1.6 to 2.4 mm long, 0.5 to
0.6 mm wide, narrowly lanceolate, markedly
inequilateral; second glume 2.3 to 3.8 mm long,
0.4 to 0.6 mm wide, narrowly lanceolate, equi-
32
Bbicham Younc University Science Bulletin
Fig. 12. Distribution of Chloris lamproparia.
lateral or inequilateral; fertile lemma narrowly
ovate, 2.7 to 3.7 mm long, usually more than 3
mm, 0.6 to 1.1 mm wide, ovate, callus bearded,
densely ciliate on keel and margins, marginal
cilia 1.5 to 3.0 mm long, intcmerves glabrous,
awn 2.4 to 5.5 mm long; sterile florets two
(sometimes three), similar, turbinate-flattened;
lower sterile floret 1.1 to 1.8 mm long, about
half as wide, glabrous; awn 1.5 to 3.5 mm long;
upper sterile floret(s) similar to lower in shape,
but smaller, about 0.5 mm long, awnless; car-
yopsis ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.3 to 2.0 mm long, 0.8 to
0.9 mm wide; chromosome number 2n=36.
6b. CHLORIS CANTERAI Arechavaleta var.
GRANDIFLORA (Rosengurtt & Izaguirre
de Artucio) Anderson, comb. nov. Fig. 13,
B-J. Chloris <:,ran(UfIora Rosengurtt and Iza-
guirre de Artucio, Bol. Soc. Argentina Bot.
12:127. 1968. (HOLOTYPE; "Uruguay,
dcp. Florida . . . Gallinal et Rosengurtt, PE-
5,790 . . . MUFA." Not seen, but original
description and illustration are clear.)
Perennial, densely cespitose, 5 to 30 cm tall
(often about 20 cm) arising from a dense
cluster of very narrow, often curved and rolled
leaves; spikes three to five, ca 3 to 6 cm long;
other characteristics as in var. canterai, except
chromosome number unknown.
The most marked difference within Chloris
canterai is a vegetative one. A group of speci-
mens, primarily from Argentina ( Fig. 14, open
circles) is shorter than usual and has a well-
defined, cespitose growth habit. No spikelet
distinctions could be found. A few of these
have been collected in the same precise loca-
tion as specimens of var. canterai; but the
collection data indicate that they are found in
dry, rocky areas as opposed to the lower, wetter
sites in which var. canterai is typically found.
While one immediately suspects that an environ-
mental factor may be influential, or that the
cespitose individuals are merely more heavily
grazed, the morphological disccmtinuity is so
well defined that it is felt that the population
is worthy of being recognized taxonomically.
Rosengurtt and Izaguirre de Artucio (1968)
have given this population the name Chloris
grandiflora. I feel that this overemphasizes the
differences, however, and I have consequently
reduced it to a varietal rank.
In addition, Rosengurtt segregated a second
species from this variable population, naming
it Chloris parodiana. It is based largely upon
the relative length of lemma cilia. I do not feel
that the differences emphasized are stable, at
least on the basis of the data summarized in
Fig. 9; and I, consequently, have treated it as a
synonym under var. canterai. Further studies
of a more experimental nature will be needed
to detemiine the validity of all of these taxa.
While some specimens of Chloris canterai
and C. lamproparia may be difficult to separate,
there are ample differences. Chloris canterai is
a tufted. South American perennial (Fig. 13)
with relatively smaller and narrower spikelets
and more spikes per inflorescence than C.
lamproparia, which is an African annual (Fig.
11).
Chloris canterai var. canterai is restricted to
northeastern Argentina, extreme southern Brazil,
Paraguay, and Uruguay ( Fig. 13, shaded cir-
cles), where it is reported as occurring on moist
soils on the campo. Chloris canterai var. grandi-
flora, on the other hand, is found on dry sites,
often rocky areas, most commonly in Argentina.
A single specimen from BM! (collected by
Gardner in 1839) is labeled "Banks of the Rio
Gurgueia, Piaui," an area of Brazil far to the
north of any existing collections and probably
represents a labeling error. All North American
plants arc naturalized introductions.
Representative specimens examined: CHLO-
RIS CANTERAI var. CANTERAI. AR-
GENTINA: Prov. Chaco: Tintina, Parodi 812
(US); Prov. Corrientes: Mercedes, Parodi 6,242
(US); Prov. Santa Fe: bajos del Rio Salado,
Burkart 9,077 (US); Prov. Formosa: Pilcomayo,
Morel, 6.569 (US). BRAZIL: Rio Grande do
Sul, Sao Gabriel, Rambo 25,567 (US); Uru-
guaiana, Poste Zootecnico, Stcallen 7,617 (US).
PARAGUAY: Dep. Paraguari: Caapucu, Rosen-
gurtt 5,405 (US); Dep. Presidentc Hayes: S of
Villa Hayes, Rosengurtt 5,631 (US). UNITED
STATES: Texas: Atascosa Co., 4.5 mi SE of
Jourdanton, /. C. Johnson 2,044 (TEX); Jack-
son Co., 4 mi E of Edna, Gould 6,781 (TEX,
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Gramineae)
33
Fig. 13. Chloris canterai var. cantcrai and var. grandiflora. (A) habit, C. canterai var. canterai, x 1/6; (B)
habit, C. cantcrai var. grandiflora, x 1/3; (C) spikelet, x 10; ( D.E ) sterile florets, partially dissected, x 15;
(F) uppermost sterile floret, x 15; (G) caryopsis, x 10; { H-J ) outlines of spikelets, showing variation, x 10.
34
Bricham Young University Science Bulletin
• =C, CANTERAI VAR. CAMERA 1
0=C. CANTERAI VAR, GRANDIFLORA
Fig. 14. Distribution of Chloris canterai var. canterai
(dots) and var. grandiflora (open circles) in South
America and Te.\as (Inset A).
UC); 14 mi NE of Port Lavaca, Gould and
Reeves 8,208 (TEX, UC); La Ward, Tharp et
al. 51-1,603 (TEX); 4 mi SE of Morales, Turner
3,276 and Tharp 53-430 (TEX); Milam Co.,
Buckholts, Gould 7,692a (TEX); Wharton Co.,
6 mi S of El Campo, Anderson 3,288 (HSC).
URUGUAY: Dep. Cancloncs: Pando, Montaro
709 (K); Dep. Cerro Largo: Rio Negro, Gal-
linal et al. PE-5,531 (MO, UC, US); Dep. Flor-
ida: Arroyo Mansavillagra, Rosengurtt 5,852
( US ) ; Dep. Paysandu, without preci.sc locality,
Rosengurtt B-909 (US); Dep. Rocha: Camino
de las Indios, Rosengurtt B-6,938 (K); Dep.
Salto: without precise location, Del Puerto s.n.
in LS74 (US). CHLORLS CANTERAI var.
GRANDIFLORA. ARGENTINA: Prov. Buenos
Aires: Sierra de la Ventana, Bartlett 20,029
(US); San Nicolas, P«ror// 1,023 (US). Prov.
Corrientes: Dep. Mercedes, Estancia "Ita
caabo," Parocli 6,118 (US). BRAZIL: Rio
Grande do Sul, Uruguaiana, Poste Zootccnico,
Swallen 7,656, 7,697 (US). URUGUAY: Dep.
Colonia: San Juan, Herter 18,789 (US); Dep.
Florida: Arroyo Mansavillagra, Rosengurtt 5,790
(US).
CHLORIS DANDYANA CD. Adams, Phv-
tologia 21:408. 1971. (See discussion of this
name below. ) Fig. 15.
Andropogon harhatum Linnaeus, Svst. Nat.
ed. 10. 2:1305. 1759. Non A. harhatum Lin-
naeus, 1771. (See discussion of this name
below. )
Andropogon polydactijlon Linnaeus, Sp. PI.
ed. 2. 2:1483. 1763. (See discussion of this
name below.)
Chloris pohjdactijla (Linnaeus) Swartz,
Prodr. Veg. Occ. 26. 1788. (Based on An-
dropogon polydactijlon Linnaeus. )
Chloris consanguinea Kunth, Rev. Gram.
1:89. 1829, pubhshed in key; Enum. Pi.
1:264. 1833, republished with full descrip-
tion. (HOLOTYPE: "Rio Janeiro," not seen,
but description is clear. )
Chloris elata Desvaux, Opuscules 73. 1831.
(HOLOTYPE: "Brasilio," not seen, but de-
scription is clear. )
Chloris arundinacea Nees ex Steudel, Syn.
PI. Glum. 1:207. 1854. (HOLOTYPE:
"Sello. Brasil." Fragment of type in US!
from B.)
Chloris harhata (Linnaeus) Nash, Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club 25:443. 1898. Non C. har-
hata ( Linnaeus ) Swartz, 1797. ( Based on
Andropogon harhatum Linnaeus, 1759. )
Chloris pohjdactijla f. stolonifera Parodi,
Rcvista Argentina Agron. 20:24. 1953.
(PARATYPE: US! A stoloniferous form.)
Perennial to 135 cm tall, usually tufted,
rarely stoloniferous, erect, arising from a thick
fibrous root system; sheaths glabrous, becoming
long-pilose at the ligule; blades up to 45 cm
long, 1.5 cm wide, usually glabrous with scab-
rous margins, occasionally scabrous on both
surfaces; spikes four to twenty-eight (usually
more than eight), flexuous, to 20 cm long, usu-
ally more or less .spreading, sometimes even
drooping; spikelets densely imbricate, averaging
12 per cm of the scabrous to hispid-ciliate
rachis; glumes pale, glabrous, with scabrous to
short-hispid midnerves; first glume 1.0 to 2.5
mm long, 0.2 to 0.4 mm wide, ovate-lanceolate;
second glume 1.9 to 3.5 mm long, 0.2 to 0.4
mm wide, narrowly lanceolate; fertile lemma
1.6 to 2 8 mm long, 0.5 to 0.9 mm wide,
elliptic, prominently flattened, usually pale
brown, margins prominently ciliate with hairs
at least 1 mm long and often up to 3 mm long,
keels densely appressed-pilose, awn 1.4 to 4.8
mm long; sterile florets usually two, the upper
hidden in the lower; lower sterile floret cvlin-
drical to narrowly turbinate, 1.0 to 1.6 mm long,
glabrous, awn 1.7 to 4.0 mm long; upper sterile
floret flattened and thin, 0.5 to 0.9 mm long,
0.3 to 0.7 mm wide, unawned; caryopsis ca 1
mm long, 0.5 mm wide, ellipsoidal.
Because of a complicated nomenclatural
problem involving Chloris dandijana and C
inflata, it is necessary that a complete review
of the history of these taxa be made.
BiOLOGiCAi, Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Gramineae)
35
M\miViM
4 ^!;:l^^»»»-s
Fig. 15. Chloris dandyana. (A) Inflorescence, x 1/3; (B) spikelet from specimen with long leimna margin
hairs; (C) spikelet from specimen with short lemma margin hairs; (D) sterile florets; (E) caryopsis; (F-J)
outline of series of spikelets, showing variation. ( B-] ) x 10.
In 1759 Linnaeus described Andropogon
barhatum (Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2:1305), providing
a brief description and a reference to "Sloane.
hist. t. 65. f. 2." The protologue is inconclusive.
The plate in Sloane is likewise not confirming,
but the description of a Jamaican plant accom-
panying the plate (p. Ill) would seem to fit
best the plant described above. Reference will
be made later in this discussion to a specimen
labeled Aiidropogon barhatum in the Linnaean
Herbarium.
Linnaeus again described Andropogon bar-
batum in 1760 (Amoen. Acad., p. 412), chang-
ing and amplifying the description and drop-
ping the reference to Sloane, citing instead
"Brown, jam. 364." The description again is not
conclusive, but it would still appear to be the
above-described species.
In 1763 the above names, references, and
descriptions were tied together (Sp. PL, ed. 2.
2 ; 1483 ) ; but the name of the plant was changed
to Andropogon polijdactijlon, no reason being
given for the change. There is no question of
Linnaeus's intent, for he copied directly the
description accompanying the 1759 publication
of Andropogon barbatum and referred to Brown
and Sloane, this time adding a direct reference
to "p. Ill" of the latter work. Reference was
also made to the Amoenitates (1760).
In addition to the changes of names in the
written descriptions, corroborative evidence is
obtained from the Linnaean Herbarium, for
there (in the Andropogon folder) is a specimen
of the plant described above with three epithets
written on it: "barbatum," "fasciculatum," and
"polydactylon." The first two names are both
lined through; the last is not. Nonetheless, An-
dropogon polydactylon is clearly a superfluous
name and is illegitimate.
In 1771 Linnaeus again used the name An-
dropogon barbatum (Mantissa, p. 302), this
time providing a clear description of a plant
from the East Indies. There is no question
about this description; it obviously refers to the
36
Brigham Young Univebsity Science Bulletin
pantropical weed with inflated, truncate sterile
florets, commonly called either Chloris barbata,
C. paraguaijensis, or (as in this study) C. inflata.
There are two specimens— one immature, the
other mature— of this ta.xon in the Linnaean
Herbarium. One is labeled "barbatum"; the
name is not lined through. Again, there is no
explanation for Linnaeus's second and different
usage of Andropogon barbatum. The protologue
is a description only; there are no references to
previous publications. There is little question
then about the species referred to; it is cer-
tainly not the same ta.xon which was given this
name previously.
The transfer of Andropogon barbatum Lin-
naeus (1771) by Swartz cannot stand, for the
basionym is a later homonym. It did, however,
occupy barbata in Chloris, so that Andropogon
barbatum Linnaeus (1759)-the first name ap-
plied to the species with ciliate margins on
the lemmas described above— cannot be used
as was proposed by Nash ( 1898 ) .
Thus, all of the names used for this species
are unacceptable and the new name Chloris
dandtjana Adams is adopted.
Chloris dandijana is distinguished from
other members of this group primarily in spike-
let size and lemma pubescence— characters in
which it may approach C. ciliata, at least in
South America. It is distinguished from C. can-
terai in usually having a relatively large num-
ber of flexuous spikes. There are, however,
some specimens that differ from this pattern—
these plants usually having relatively short hairs
on the lemma margins and sometimes only
seven to ten short spikes. In an attempt to
learn more about this pattern of variation, many
specimens were scored for these and other
characters and various correlations were at-
tempted. Fig. 16 shows the geographic origin
of some of these specimens and their character-
istics. No sharply defined patterns emerged,
except that individuals with combinations of
short lemma hairs and short spikes occurred
randomly in South America but were neither
found in the West Indies nor in Florida. In
South America, however, these plants have no
distinctive distribution pattern. If these variants
were always found in areas of sympatry, a good
case could be made for introgression with an-
other species; but the presence of aberrant
plants in Venezuela, for instance, where the
nearest sympatric populations are in southern
Brazil, virtually rules out all but the most
ancient or fast-moving gene flows. Further
studies, especially attempts at hybridizing var-
ious portions of the populations, may shed light
• LEMMA MARGIN QUA MORE THAN
2.2 MM LONG
•-LEMMA MARGIN CILIA LESS THAN
2.1 MM LONG
• LEMMA LENGTH MORE THAN 22 MM
-• LEMMA LENGTH LESS THAN 21 MM
• SPIKES EIGHT OR MORE
4 SPIKES SEVEN OR FEWER
• SPIKES MORE THAN 7.0 CM LONG
f SPIKES LESS THAN 6.9 CM LONG
Fig. 16. Geographic distribution and morphological
characteristics of Chloris dandtjana.
on this problem. Since there are no sharp dis-
continuities in the variation pattern and only
slight correlations of the characteristics with
geographical distribution, I do not feel justified
in naming the variants.
Representative specimens examined: AR-
GENTINA: Prov. Catamarca: Dep. Capital,
Choya, Castillon 42,882 (US); Prov. Chaco,
without precise location. Asp 21 (US); Prov.
Cordoba, Rio Tercero, Stuckert 13,689 (US);
Prov. Corrientes: Isla Corrientes en el Rio Uru-
guay, Cerca Monte Caseros, Rosengurtt B-3,679
(US); Prov. Formosa: Costa Alegre, N de la
Primavera, Morel 7,039 (US); Prov. Jujuy: 15
km SE of San Pedro, Eyerdam and Beetle
22,320 (UC, US); Prov. Misiones: San Javier,
Obcra, Schwindt 4.779 (US); Prov. Salta: Dep.
Oran, Maldonado 790 (F, US); Dep. Cande-
laria, Ruiz de los Llanos, Montenegro 322. 325
(US); Rosario de la Frontera, Los Banos, Ven-
turi 7,974 (US); Prov. Santiago del Estero: be-
tween Forres and Robles, Bartlett 17,944, 19,744
(US); Beltran, Maldonado 510 (US); Prov.
Tucuman: Dep. Leales, Tres Pozos, Descole-
Schreiter s.n.. 5 Dec 19.38 (NY, US); Rio Chico,
Escaba, Monetti 42,931 (US); Cruz Alta,
Schreiter 3,987 ( US ) ; Burruvacu, Venturi 2,537,
2,661 (US), 7,536 (F, US). BAHAMA IS-
BiOLOciCAi. Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genu.s Chloris (Gramineae)
37
LANDS: Cat Island, Orange Creek, Britton and
Milkpaugh 5J33 (F, NY); Eleuthera I.sland,
Governor's Harbor, Hitchcock s.n., 14 Nov 1S90
(F, MO); Long Island, vicinity of Clarence
Town, Britton and Millspaugh 6,245 (F, NY);
New Providence, Blue Hills, Wihon 8,247 (F,
NY); Hog Island, near New Providence, Wilson
8,292 (F, MO, NY). BOLIVIA: Dep. Santa
Cruz: among bushes in savanna, Cardenas 5,362
(US); Dep. La Paz: Coripata, Hitchcock 22,689
(US); Dep. Cochabamba: without precise loca-
tion, Spiag,ai 26 (US). BRAZIL: Bahia: Cruz
das Almas, Pinto 746 (UC, US); Matto Grosso:
Corumba, A. Chase 11,136 (US); Aquidauana,
A. Chase 11,046 (US); between Campo Grande
and Dourados, A. Chase 10,915 (F, NY, US);
Minas Geraes: Buritys, near Rio Sao Francisco,
A. Chase 10,460 (US); Priapora, Dorsett and
Popenoe 3,436 (US); Pernambuco: vicinity of
Pernambuco, A. Chase 7,757 ( NY, US ) ; Rio de
Janeiro: San Pedro, NW of Gabo Frio, A. Chase
10,158 (US); vicinity of Sao Leopoldo, Leite
471 (NY); Geno Largo, near San Luiz, Ramho
53,116 (US); Santa Vitoria de Palmar, SwuIIen
7,416 (US). BRITISH GUIANA: Essequibo Co.,
Rupunini River, Loxton s.n., 26 Sep 1955 (K).
COLOMBIA: Dep. Antioquia: 1 km E of Puente
de Occidente, Pelaez and Barkleij 595 (US);
Dep. Bolivar: Tierrabomba Island, Cartagena
Bay, Killip and Smith 14,136 (NY, US): Dep.
Torrecillo: near Turbaco, Killip and Smith
14,639 (F, MO, NY, US); Div. Boyaca, Soata,
Cuatrecasas 1,094 (F, US); Dep. Gundinimarca:
Route de Honda a Guaduas, Humbert 27,097
(US); Girardot, Pennel 168 (NY); Dep. Huila:
3°23'N, 74°49'W, Fosherg 19,589 (US); Dep.
Valle: Hova del Rio Sanjunifiuin, Cnafreca.^as
15,366 (US); Dep. Magdalena: E of Los Ve-
nadas, 10°N, 73°43'W, ^ Ditgand 5,829 (US);
Dep. Santander: 12 km from Bucaramanga, Lati-
genheim 3,198 (UC, US). ECUADOR: Prov.
Imbabura: cntre Paramb;as y Pajon, Acosta-
Solis 12,667 (F, US). GRAND CAYMAN:
Hitchcock s.n., 19 Jan 1891 (MO). JAMAICA:
Cornwall Co.: Santa Cruz Mts., Britton 1.172
(NY); Middlesex Co.: Lower Clarendon Parish,
Inverness, Harris 12.743 ( F, MO, NY, US ) ; Lee-
ward Islands: Antigua, road to Hermitage Bay,
Box 26 (US). PARAGUAY: Dep. Boqueron:
Puerto Casado, Hartley SH 141 (US); Puerto
Sastre, Ramirez 5, 19 (US); Mariscal Estigar-
ribia, Rosengurtt B-5,813 (US); Dep. Goncep-
cion: Estancia "Fanciere," Ramirez 193 (US);
Dep. Paraguari: Caapucu, Anderson 1155A
(US). PERU: Dep. Cajamarca: Jaen, Hutchin-
son, 1,422 (UC, US); Dep. San Martin: Puca-
yacu, 11 km S of Tarapoto, Ferretjra 7,725 (US).
URUGUAY: Dep. Artigas: Santa Rosa del
Guareim, Herter 1,048 (US). UNITED
STATES: Florida: Dade Co., Miami, Tracy
8,857 (F, MO, NY, TEX, US); Monroe Co.":
Upper Matccumbe Key, A. Chase 3,914 (US);
Long Key, Silveus 5,329 (TEX); Key Vaca,
Sicallen 5.189 (US); Plantation Key. Swollen
5,210 (US); Big Pine Key, Swallen 14,461 (US);
Ke\- Largo, Weatherwa.x 61,009 (UC). VENE-
ZLTELA: Carabobo, Valencia, Carreno 8,236
( US ) ; Distrito Federal, vicinity of Caracas,
Bailey and Bailey 200, 554 (US); Merida, Tovar,
Fendler 1.854.5 (US); Miranda, between Los
Tequcs and El Garrizal, Pittier 12,973 (NY, US);
Tachira, La Mulera, Tamayo 2.296 (US);
Trujillo, San Jacinto, Tamayo 1,698 (US); Zulia,
savannas of Lagunillas, Jahn 658 (US).
8. CHLORIS CRUCIATA (Linnaeus) Swartz,
Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 25. 1788. (Based
on Agrostis cruciata Linnaeus. ) Fig. 17,
A-E.
Agrostis cruciata Linnaeus, Svst. Nat., ed.
10. 2:87.3. 1759. ("Sloan, jam. t. 69. f. I."
cited by Linnaeus. The illustration cited is
a good likeness of the species treated here.
A specimen, in LINN!, labeled Agrostis
cruciata is somewhat immature and does
not ha\'e the spreading spikelets character-
istic of the species. In all other respects
the specimen fits the usual circumscrip-
tion. )
Rahdochloa cruciata (Linnaeus) Beauvois,
Ess. Agrost. 84, 158, 176. 1812. (Based on
Chloris cruciata [Linnaeus] Swartz.)
Cynodon cruciafus (Linnaeus) Raspail,
Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. (Paris) 5:.30.3. 1825.
(Based on Chloris cruciata [Linnaeus]
Swartz. )
Chloris humholdtiana Steudel, Syn. PI.
Glum. 1:205. 1854. ("C. cruciata H. B. [vix
Swartz.] Ins. Cuba" cited. Description
clearly of C. cruciata as commonly under-
stood. )
Chloris hrevightma Wright, Anales Acad.
Ciencias Habana 8:200." 1871. (HOLO-
TYPE: "1848. Ganuela. . . ." is cited in pro-
tologue. "1848" is evidently an error for
"1548" for a photograph, in US!, of the
type in GH has the latter number. Isotypes,
also with the number "1548" are in BM!
and Gi.)
Tufted perennial up to 35 cm tall; sheaths
glabrous; ligule shortly pilose; blades very nar-
row, usually less than 0.5 mm wide, up to 6
38
Brighaai Young University Science Bulletin
$m^
Fig. 17. Chloris cniciata, C. filifoTmis, and C. suringari. (A-E) C. cruciata. (A) habit, x 1/6; (B) portion
of single spike, x 2; (C) spikelet, partly dissected, x 10; (D) sterile floret, x 10; (E) caryopsis, x 10.
(F-J) C. suringari. (F) habit, x 1/5; (G) portion of spike showing rachis and attached spikelets, x 10;
(H) spikelet, partly di.ssected to show lowest sterile floret, x 10; (I) upper two sterile florets, x 10; (J)
caryopsis, x 10. (K-L) C. filifonnis. (K) habit, x 1/3; (L) spikelet, partly dissected, x 10.
cm long, involute; inflorescence of two or three
radiate branches, spreading horizontally; spikes
1.0 to 2.5 cm long; spikelets somewhat ap-
pressed when immature, eventually spreading
at nearly right angles to the rachis ; spikelets
only slightly ( if at all ) imbricate, averaging
five or six per cm of the rachis length; first
glume ovate-lanceolate, 0.7 to 1.3 mm long,
0.1 to 0.3 mm wide, glabrous, midrib sometimes
slightly scabrous; second glume narrowly lan-
ceolate, 1.6 to 2.2 mm long, 0.1 to 0.3 mm wide,
glabrous, midrib occasionally scabrous; fertile
lemma pale, narrowly lanceolate, 2.2 to 2.8 mm
long, 0.3 to 0.5 mm wide, glabrous, occasionally
the inroUed hyaline margins with a few short
hairs, callus bearded, awn 7.5 to 17.0 mm long;
sterile floret one, 0.5 to 1.4 mm long, 0.2 to 0.3
mm wide, narrowly truncate, borne on a fairh'
long rachilla joint, awn 3.7 to 7.0 mm long;
caryopsis narrowly cylindrical, 1.4 to 1.5 mm
long, ca 2.0 mm wide.
Chloris cniciata is the only species in the
genus with a tufted habit, very narrow leaves,
two or three horizontally spreading spikes, and
spikelets that are divergent from the rachis at
right angles (Fig. 17). Other species from the
Caribbean (especially C. sagraeana and C. ek-
inanii) have similar, though appressed, spike-
lets; they also lack the other features.
Epidermal studies of this species ( Rogers,
1967, and those reported earlier in this paper)
revealed the presence of somewhat cruciate
short cells, a feature not found elsewhere in
Chloris. All inflorescence and spikelet character-
istics are typical of Chloris, however, and I do
not feel that ta.xonomic recognition of this spe-
cies as a distinct genus is warranted.
Chloris cruciata has been collected in stony
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No.
Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Ghamineae)
39
soils (often of serpentine origin) from Cuba,
Haiti, and Jamaica (Fig. 18).
Representative specimens examined: CUBA:
Prov. Habana: Guanabacoa, Lomas de Jatas,
Ekman 279 (US); San Miguel de Casuora,
Loma de la Vita, Leon 11,753 (US); Prov. Las
Villas: 10 km S of Santa Clara, Howard et al.
100 (UC); vicinity of Sancti Spiritus, Leon
1,497 (US); Oriente Prov.: Bazate, banks of
Rio Canto, Ekman 3,016 (K, NY, US). HAITI:
Massif du Nord, between Cerca-Carvijal and
Bois-Charles, Ekman H607 (US). JAMAICA:
Cornwall Co., Troy, Harris 12,647 (F, K, MO,
NY, US); St. Elizabeth Parish, between Ipswich
and Black River, Hitchcock 9,597 (US); Middle-
sex Co., vicinity of Mandeville, Britton 1,029
(NY); SurrcN' Co., St. Andrew Parish, Stonv
Hill, Harris 'll,341 (F, K, NY, US); Clifton,
Harris 11,375 (F, NY, US); near Kingston, along
Stonv Hill Road, Hitchcock 9,276 (F, NY, UC,
US); Blue Mountains, Yallahs Valley, Perkins
1,481 (US).
9.
CHLORIS FILIFORMIS (Vahl) Poiret in
Lam. Encycl. Method. Bot. Suppl. 2:238.
1811. (Perhaps based on Ctinosurus fili-
formis Vahl.) Non Chloris filifortnis Poiret.
Fig. 17, K-L.
Ci/nosurus filiformis Vahl, Symbolae Bot.
2:20. 1790. (HOLOTYPE: Photograph, in
US!, of type from Vahl Herbarium, C. )
Chloris filiformis Poiret, in Lam. Encvcl.
Meth. Bot. Suppl. 2:237. 1811. (TYPE
MATERIAL: P! There are several speci-
mens at P, in the Herbarium Richard,
labeled "Chloris filiformis Poiret. He. de
France." While Poiret did not designate a
ts'pe as such, they probably represent au-
thentic material. Tlie specimens fit the de-
scription closelv; and this is, unquestion-
ably, the same taxon first described by
\'ahl under Cynosurtis, though Vahl is not
cited by Poiret in the protologue of this
name. )
Chloris distachya Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1:291.
pi. 57. 1830. "(HOLOTYPE: "Chloris dis-
tachya Kunth, Insula franciae. Ex Museo
Fig. 18. Distribution of Chloris crucUita.
Paris." Not seen, but description and ac-
companying plate are clear. )
Stoloniferous or tufted perennial, 10 to 30
cm tall; sheaths glabrous to sparsely pilose,
compressed, keeled; ligule a very short ciliate
crown, often with a few longer hairs near the
margins; blades narrow, 1 to 6 mm long, about
1 mm wide, folded, often curved, sparsely pilose
near the base, becoming apically glabrous,
acute; spikes one or two, 1 to 3 cm long, erect;
spikelets rather densely imbricate, ca 12 per cm
of rachis length, more or less appressed; glumes
lanceolate, glabrous; first glume 1.7 to 2.0 mm
long, ca 0.4 mm wide; second glume 2.5 to 2.8
mm long, ca 0.4 mm wide; fertile lemma 2.6 to
2.8 mm long, 0.5 to 0.6 mm wide, lanceolate-
elliptic, apex acute, callus bearded, internerves
densely appressed-pubescent, awn 1.0 to 1.2
mm long; sterile floret 1.3 to 2.0 mm long, 0.2
to 0.5 mm wide, narrowly lanceolate to linear,
acute, sparsely appressed-pubescent, awn 0.5 to
1.1 mm long; caryopsis not seen.
Known only from Mauritius and nearb\- is-
lets, Chloris filiformis is easily distinguished
from the similar C. .suring,ari (from Cuba and
Cura^'ao) by having considerably shorter awns
and lemmas with appressed pubescence on the
internerves rather than spreading pubescence
on the margins and keels (Fig. 17, K-L, F-J,
respectively ) .
Specimens examined: MAURITIUS: Mon-
tague Longue, dry regions, Botiton s.n., without
date (K);"R()und' Island, rocky hillside, 520 ft.,
//. //. Johnston s.n., 28 Nov 1889 (K); Round
Island, Wiene s.n., Nov 1937 (K). Hubbard and
Vaughn (1940) reported this species also from
the islets of Gunners Quoin and Le Morne.
10. CHLORIS SURINGARI Hitchcock in Ur-
ban, Svmb. AntiU. 7:167. 1912. (HOLO-
TYPE: "Curasao ad Brakkeput . . . W. F. R.
Suringar, Jan 14, 1885" Type fragment, in
US!, from Krug and Urban Herbarium.)
Fig. 17, F-J.
Densely tufted, very shortly stoloniferous,
diminutive perennial up to 15 cm tall; sheaths
very short, about 1 cm or less, striate, sparsely
to densely pilose below, becoming glabrous
above on some culms; ligule a short tuft of
hairs; blades highly reduced, less than 0.5 mm
wide and 2 cm long, usually somewhat curved;
apex blunt to acute, glabrous to sparsely pilose;
inflorescence a single spike 1.0 to 2.5 cm long;
spikelets imbricate, about 15 per cm of the
rachis; first glume 1.0 to 1.5 mm long, 0.4 to
0.5 mm wide, lanceolate, appressed to the
40
Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
rachis, one-nerved, glabrous, marginal areas thin
and hyaline; second glume very narrowly lan-
ceolate, diverging from the rachis at about 70°,
2.3 to 3.0 mm long, ca 0.3 to 0.4 mm wide, one-
nerved, glabrous, margins hyaline; fertile lemma
ovate-lanceolate, 1.7 to 2.5 mm long, 0.4 to 0.6
mm wide, densely pubescent on the callus,
margins and keel with hairs about 0.7 mm long,
avvned from about the middle of the keel, the
awn 2 to 3 mm long, straight or slightly genicu-
late; sterile florets three, the lowest about 1 mm
long, 0.3 to 0.4 mm wide, avvned from about
the middle, the awn 1.5 to 2.0 mm long; upper
sterile florets much reduced, awned; caryopsis
ca 1.2 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, ovoid, flattened
to slightly trigonous.
This unique species, endemic to Cuba and
Cura9ao, may be immediately separated from
the similar species, C. filiformis, in having rela-
tively long awns and a single spike ( Fig. 17,
F-J). Additional notes on the relationships of
these species have been presented under C.
filiformis.
Collection labels indicate that Chloris sur-
ingari grows on limestone benches and rocks
not far from the seashore. Only four specimens
were seen in all herbaria consulted.
Specimens e.xamined: CUBA: Oriente Prov.,
El Guanal, Leon 11,564, Jan 1940 (US). CURA-
SAO: without precise location, Bohlinp^h 9.281.
1909-1910 (US); limestone bench near Willem-
stad, Britton and Shafcr 3,058, 20-27 Mar 1913
(US); Kleine Berg, Mordant 251, 23 Nov 1966
(P)-
11. CHLORIS SCARIOSA F. von Mueller,
Fragm. Phyt. Australiae. 6:85. 1867.
(HOLOTYPE: MEL, not seen. There are
two specimens at Kew, collected by von
Mueller in 1879, both of this species as
commonly understood. One is labeled
"Chloris scariosa F. Muell. Gracemere.
Bowman. Herb. F. Mueller. 1879." The
other is labeled "Chloris lativalvis Muell.
Sturt's Creek. M. Gregory." Lazarides
[1972] says that the latter specimen is an
isotype of the holotype at MEL. The pro-
tologue. which is very short, refers to
"glumis latis scariosis insignis." Since von
Mueller, as evidenced by other descriptions
on the same page, was familiar with the
species of Chloris in Australia, there is no
doubt as to the taxon to which he referred
and Lazarides 's designation of the Gregory
specimens as the type is reasonable. Chloris
lativalvis was apparently never published.)
Fig. 19, A-D.
Erect cespitose or stoloniferous perennial,
25 to 50 cm tall; sheaths glabrous to very
sparsely spreading pubescent; ligule a short
ciliate crown; blades up to 20 cm long, 5 to 8
mm wide, glabrous to scabrous or very sparsely
pilose; spikes four to six, 3 to 5 cm long, virgate
to somewhat spreading; spikelets imbricate, ca
7 per cm of the scabrous rachis; glumes un-
equal, purplish, membranous, glabrous except
for the scabrous midrib; first glume elliptic to
linear, 4.0 to 4.7 mm long, ca 0.5 mm wide,
rounded at the apex; second glume 5 to 7 mm
long, ca 1 mm wide, narrowly oblanceolate to
obovate or elliptical, apex bifid; fertile lemma
highly modified and differing from any other
species in Chloris, callus narrow and elongated
at the base of the lemma, 1.0 to 2.5 mm long,
densely bearded, sharp-pointed, body of lemma
ovate to ellipsoid, 1.0 to 2.5 mm long, 0.5 to
1.2 mm wide, margins membranous, prom-
inently winged, glabrous below, becoming
densely spreading ciHate above, keel sparsely
to densely pilose, especially below, awn 5.8 to
8.5 mm long; sterile florets three to five, broad,
membranous margined, with prominent veins;
lowermost floret broadly cordate or even am-
plexicaulous at the base and partly surrounding
the corky rachilla, tapering to a narrow tip
above, ca 4.5 mm long, ca 5 mm wide, awn 5
mm long, upper sterile florets progressively re-
duced; caryopsis 1.3 to 1.5 mm long, 0.8 to 1.0
mm wide, broadly obovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous;
chromosome number 2n=^40.
No other species in the genus has such
highly modified spikelet parts as Chloris scar-
iosa. The broadly winged fertile lemmas and
sterile florets at once set this species apart from
all others. This unique character was recognized
by Thellung (1919), \\ho erected the section
Hackelochloris to include it.
Furthei-more, there is a strong overall re-
semblance between C. scariosa and various spe-
cies of Tetrapogon. Certainly, the two genera
approach closely at this point and must be
rather arbitrarily separated on the basis of fer-
tile floret number. Both epidermal and anatomi-
cal features have been studied; no significant
differences between the two genera can be
demonstrated. On these bases it does not seem
desirable to erect a new genus for this single
species.
Chloris scariosa has been collected from a
variety of soils, most commonly in arid regions
of Queensland and Northern Territory, Aus-
tralia (Fig. 20).
Representative specimens examined: AUS-
TRALIA: Northern Territory: 5 mi S of Yam-
BiOLOCicAi, Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Cm,onis (Gramineae)
41
Fig. 19. Chloris scariosa and C. prieurii. (A-D) C. scariosa. (A) habit, x 1/4; (B) spikelet, partly dis-
sected, X 5; (C) sterile florets, partly dissected, x 5; (D) caryopsis, x 10. (E-H) C. prieurii. (E) habit,
X 1/4; (F) spikelet, partly dissected, x 10; (G) sterile florets, partly dissected, x 15; (H) caryopsis, x 10.
42
Bricham Young Universit-i- Science Bulletin
Fig. 20. Distribution of Chloris scariosa.
bah Station, Perry 3,368 (K); near coast, 60 mi
N of Wollogorong Station, Pern/ 1,218 (K, US);
8 mi N of Tennant Creek, Perry 551 (K); Burt-
well, Cleland 349 (K). Queensland: Burke Dtr.,
Cloncurry, Allan 20 (K); Forest Home Station,
Brass 1,790 (K); near Normantovvn Township,
flood flats of Norman River, Lazarides 4,248
(K, US); Charters Towers, Michael 1,299 (K);
Antil Plains, near Townsville, White 8,909 (K,
NY, US); Warrego Dtr., claypans near Cun-
namulla. White 11,566 (K, US). South Austra-
lia: Cordillo (Downs), Clehnul s.n., 5-24 (Ma\-,
1924?). Western Australia: between Gasco\ne
and Fortescue River, King s.n. 1885 (K).
SWITZERLAND: Derendingen, Kammgarn
Fabrik, Prob.st s.n., 25 Oct 1919, adventive (K).
12. CHLORIS PRIEURH Kunth, Rev. Cram.
1:89. 1829. (HOLOTYPE: "... He St.
Louis [Senegal] Roger Dedit, Major 1S25."
P! ISOTYPE: K! Fig. 19, E-H.)
Chloris cryptostachya Steudel ex J. A.
Schmidt, Beitr. Flora Cap Verdischen In-
seln 148. 1852, (HOLOTYPE: " . . . C.
punctulata Hochstetter hrbr. u. it. iiubic. nr.
23 Cordofan." P! ISOTYPE: K!)
Chloris punctulata Hochstetter ex Steudel,
Syn. PI. Glum. 1:205. 1854. (HOLO-
TYPE: "Hrbr. un. it. nubic. nr. 2.3." P!
ISOTYPE: K!)
Chloris subtriflora Steudel, Syn. PI. Glum.
1:208. 1854. (HOLOTYPE: "LaPrieur in
Senegambia." No collection that can be
identified positively as the holotype can be
found, though there are specimens in the
Herbarium Richard in P! that were col-
lected by Le Prieur in Senegal in 1829.
These are not labeled as Chloris triflora,
and there are no other data on the labels.
Dr. W. D. Clayton, in a personal commu-
nication, says that the type cannot be found
at CN. Under these circumstances, it must
be presumed lost. The description, while
not detailed enough for positive identifica-
tion, suggests strongly that the plant re-
ferred to is C. prieurii. )
Chloris multiradiata Hochstetter, Flora
38:204. 1855. (The original description
seems to refer to C. prieurii. There are
possible isotypes in K! and P! The K speci-
men is C. virgata; the P specimen, C.
prieurii. )
Stoloniferous perennial up to 80 cm tall;
sheaths glabrous, occasionally becoming pilose
near the ligule; ligule variously short-ciliate to
long-pilose; blades narrow, 10 to 14 cm long, up
t(j 5 mm wide; lower surface glabrous, upper
surface scabrous to pilose; spikes appressed to
slightly di\'erging, three to seven, 6 to 11 cm
long, spikelets imbricate, 8 to 11 per cm of
the scabrous-hispidulous rachis; glumes thin
and delicate, narrowly lanceolate, glabrous with
slightly scabrous midnei-ves; first glume 2.1 to
2.2 mm long, 0.2 to 0.3 mm wide; second glume
3.7 to 4.0 mm long, 0.2 to 0.3 mm wide; fertile
lemma nairowly elliptic, 3.3 to 4.7 mm long,
0.4 to 0.7 mm wide, with a row of clavate
glandular hairs along the middle of the lemma
side, awn 10 to 18 mm long; sterile florets
four or five, the lower successively enclosing
the upper and becoming progressively more
reduced; lowemiost sterile floret cylindrical, 1.5
to 2.5 mm long, 0.2 to 0.4 mm wide, awn 8 to
17 mm long, uppermost sterile floret more or
less flabellate, ca about 0.3 mm long, 0.1 mm
wide, awn 1.5 to 2.0 mm long, intermediate
sterile florets gradualh' changing from cylin-
drical to flabellate; caryopsis 2.0 to 2.5 mm
long, 0.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, strongly flattened,
light brown.
(July two species of Chloris have a row of
glandular hairs on the side of the lemma— C.
prieurii and C orthonoton. The two are easily
separated. C. prieurii is limited to the Old
\\'orId ( Fig. 21 ) and has four or five sterile
florets (Fig. 19, E-H); C. orthonoton is, on
the other hand, from South America and has
a single sterile floret (Figs. .33, A-D; 39).
Representative specimens examined: BOTS-
WANA: between Kapupahedi and Tamso, Oka-
vango National Territory, anon. (K). CHAD:
Bilthie, Ro.ssetti 39 (BM). CAPE VERDE IS-
LANDS: Boa Vista, Chevalier 44,423 (K).
ETHIOPIA: Nario Dikeno, Schimper 1,607
(MO). GHANA: Accra, Irvine 3,023 (MO).
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy ok the Genus Chlohis (Gramineae)
43
Fig. 21. Distribution of Chloris prieurii. Inset A:
India.
INDIA; Rajasthan Prov., Jaipur, Raizada 2/53
(K). MALI: San.sancling, Chevalier 24,958 (P);
Nara, Chudeau sm., 26 Aug 1918 (P); Tim-
buktu, Hagerup 239 (US). NIGERIA: Bomu
Prov., 48 mi N of Damaturu, De Leeuw 1,150
(K). SENEGAL: Kaolack, Berhaut 456 (P);
Mbambev, Chevalier 33,795 (P); Pointe Louis,
Roberfi/' 149.16.2 (K). SUDAN: Blue Nile
Prov., Bagein, 50 mi S of Khartoum, Jackson
2,336 (K); Darfur Prov., ]chv\ Mana, Blair 140
(K); Khartoum Prov., Khartoum, Schweinftirth
813 (US); Kordofan Prov.: El Muglad, An-
drews 3,062 (K); El Obeid, Harrison 76 (K).
UNITED STATES (adventive): Alabama: Mo-
bile, Mobile and Ohio wharf, Mohr 44 (US);
North Carolina; Wilmington, McCarthi/ 90
(US). UPPER VOLTA; Gourma, Rossetti 110
(K).
13. CHLORIS ROBUSTA Stapf in Chevalier,
Bull. Soc. Bot. France Mem. IV 8:221.
1912. (DUPLICATES OF SYNTYPES;
"Haut-Chari, Ndelle, 20-2.5 Dec 1902, Chcx-
alicr, 6.991; Nicreria du Nord, Borgu. Bar-
ter, S7S." K! ) Fig. 22. A-D.
Robu.st perennial to .3 m tall, aquatic to
subaquatic with very strong, heavy culm bases,
and often dense rooting at the lower nodes,
stoloniferous with stolons up to 7 m long;
sheaths glabrous; ligule a minute naked crown;
blades up to 40 cm long and 20 mm wide,
glabrous and glaucous or scabrous; spikes seven
to twenty-eight, 6 to 10 cm long, erect, some-
what flexous; spikelets imbricate, ca nine per
cm of rachis length; first glume ovate-lanceolate,
glabrous except for the slightly scabrous mid-
nerve, 1.6 to 2.5 mm long, ca 0.2 to 0.3 mm
wide; second glume linear-lanceolate, arcuate,
glabrous except for the scabrous midnerve, 4.0
to 5.5 mm long, 0.4 to 0.5 mm wide; fertile
lemma 3 to 4 mm long, 0.4 to 0.5 mm wide,
narrowly elliptic, apex long-acuminate, tapering
into the awn, upper % of the margin with long
hairs, these up to 2.5 mm long; callus bearded,
awn ca 0.5 to 1.0 mm long; sterile florets two;
lower sterile floret similar to the fertile floret
in shape, staminate, often with a rudimentary
pistil, 2.5 to 3.5 mm long, ca 0.3 mm wide,
margins with cilia up to 2.5 mm long, callus
bearded, upper lemma sides sparsely pubescent,
palea present, about as long as the sterile
lemma; upper sterile floret clavate, less than 1
mm long, pilose. Caryopsis not seen.
Chloris rohusta is unique in many respects,
including the bamboolike growth habit, pref-
erence for aquatic to subaquatic habitats, and
spikelets with sterile florets that are regularly
staminate. These features, together with the
overall morphological aspect of the spikelets,
suggest that this species should be separated
from the rest of Chloris. Epidennal and ana-
tomical characters, however, are those typically
found in other species of Chloris; and, there-
fore, there seems to be little justification for
segregating it.
This species has been collected throughout
equatorial Africa (Fig. 23). Its tall, bamboo-
like, elastic culms form large colonies along
and in rivers and streams. Associated grasses
include Phragmites communis and species of
Andropogon.
Representative specimens examined; CAM-
EROUN; riverain forest of Sanaga River, near
Goyoum, 20 km W of Deng Deng, Breteler
980 (K). DAHOMEY: entre de Lac Ozri et
Zagnando, Chevalier 23.054 (K). GHANA; 3
mi from Yendi, Kufapindi River, Adams and
Akpahla 4,101 (K); 30 mi from Navrango,
Tumu Road, Adams and Akpabla 4,361 (K);
Sakogu-Shishe Road, old Morago River bridge,
Ankrah 20.507 (K); Daka River near Yendi,
Brand 444 (US); Weija, near Accra, Hall 2,552
(K); \\'enchi, between Banda and Menji, Mor-
ton GC 25,256 (K); near Daboya, Thorold 288
(K). I\'ORY COAST: Marabadiassa, along
Bandama Blanc River, As.si 7.178 (K); entre
Sanlo and Kalepui, Assi 9,291 (K); bords du
Bandama River, Dume, Roherty s.n. (MO
1640174). NIGERIA: between Oyo and Iseyin,
44
Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
Fig. 22. Chloris robusta and C. Mollis. (A-D) C. rohmta. (A) lower and middle portions of stem, \ 1/3;
(B) upper stem and inflorescence, x 1/4; (C) spikelet, partly dissected, x 10; (D) sterile florets, x 15.
(E-J) C. mollis. (E) habit, x 1/4; (F) spikelet from type of C. mollis, partly dissected, x 10; (G)
floret from type of C. anlsopoda, x 10; (H) sterile florets from spikelet with two sterile florets, x 20; (I)
sterile floret from spikelet with single sterile floret, x 15; (J) caryopsis, x 5.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 T.^.xonomv of the Genus Chlobis ( Gr.a.mineae)
45
Fig. 23. Distribution of Chloris robusta (equatorial
Africa).
Brenan and Keaij, 8,959 (K); Yola, Dalziel 269
(K); Lagos, Foster 2 (K); Jebba, on Niger
River, Uagerup 692 (K, US); Onitsha Prov.,
near Nzam Anambra Forest Reser\'e, Oramili
Creek, Jones 6,888 (K); Oyo Prov., Dtr. Ibadan,
Awba Hills Forest Reserve, Onochie and Jones
14,666 (K); bv Chinchaga River, near Muina,
Meikle 736 (K); Kaiama, Ward 35 (K, US).
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO; Prov. Equa-
teur, Bangui, Ubangi River, MeruiUan 209 (K).
SIERRA LEONE: Moa River, Mafindo Falls,
near Kailahun, Deifihton 4,004 (K, US). SU-
DAN; Equatoria Prov., 40 mi NW of Yei, Myers
7,865, 8,496 (K); Bahr Chazal Prov., Mvolo.
Schwcinfurfh 2,843 (US). UGANDA: Kitgum,
Cluia. Thomas 4,346 (K).
14. CHLORIS MOLLIS (Nees) Swallen, North
AiiKT. Flora 17:596. 19.39. (Based on Ct/w-
nopo^on mollis Nees.) Fig. 22, E-J; 24.
Gi/mnopogon mollis Nees, Agrost. Bras.
427. IS.3,3. (FRAGMENT OF TYPE?: US!
Labeled "G\ninop(>gon mollis Nees. Type.
Campi Mimoso dicit. Prov. Piauhy." The
name of the herbarium from which the
fragment was obtained is illegible. While
the infomiation on the label is sketchy, it
does match exactly the collection location
noted by Nees. This, together with the
very complete original description, leave
no question as to the typification of this
name.)
Gijmnopogon rupestre Ridley, Jour. Linn.
Soc. Bot. (London) 27:73. 1891. (HOLO-
TYPE: BM! ISOTYPE: US! "Fernando do
Noronha. Cliffs on Portuguese Bay. Ridley,
Ramage, Sept. 14,1887.")
Chloris luetzeUmrgii Hitchcock, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington 36:197. 192.3. (HOLO-
TYPE: "Serra do Borborema, State of Para-
hvba do Norte, Brazil, April, Lutzelburg,
No. 12451" US!)
Chhris anisopoda Scribner in Robinson,
Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 38:118. 1902.
ISOSYNTYPES: [Galapagos Islands]
"Charles Isl., Baur, 333; Snodgrass and
Heller, 459" US! SYNTYPES; GH, not
seen. )
Chloris angustiflora Arcsehoug, Kongl. Sven-
ska Fregatten Eugenics Bot. III. 118. 1910.
(TYPE: not seen, but description of speci-
men, collected on the island of Puna, by
Andersson is conclusive.)
Chloris leptantha Hitchcock e,\ Urban,
Symb. Antill. 7:166. 1912. (HOLOTYPE:
"Hab. in insulis orae \'enezuelensi adjacen-
tibus Bonaire, 19 Feb 1885. W. F. R. Sur-
ingar." US!)
Chloris rupestris (Ridlev) Hitchcock, U. S.
Dopt. Agric. Misc. Publ. 243:126. 1936.
(Based on Gijmnopogon rupestre Ridley.)
Annuiil 40 to 60 cm tall from a fibrous,
rather poorlv developed root system; sheaths
usually denseh- appressed- to spreading-pilose,
especialK near the apex, occasionally i-nclosing
cleistogamous spikelets; ligule long-pilose;
blades variable in size, ranging from short and
verv narrow up to -30 cm long and 1 cm wide,
appressed-pilose on both upper and lower sur-
faces; inflorescence of three to seven spikes, 6
to 9 cm long, mostly radiate at the apex of the
culm, sometimes with one or two single spikes
inserted separately just below; spikelets imbri-
cate, seven to ten per cm of rachis length;
glumes thin, transparent, narrowly lanceolate,
glabrous except for the scabrous midnerve; first
glume 3 to 4 mm long, 0.2 to 0.3 mm wide,
Fig. 24. Distribution of Chloris mollis. Insets: (A)
northern South America. (B) eastern Cuba, Ja-
maica, Hispaniola. (C) Galapagos Islands.
46
Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
glabrous; second glume 3.1 to 4.6 mm long, ca
0.3 mm wide, glabrous; fertile lemma very
narrow, 2.5 to 6.8 mm long, ca 0.3 mm wide,
glabrous e.xcept for the prominently bearded
callus and the short-ciliate upper margins, awn
4.0 to 7.5 mm long; sterile floret usually one
(occasionally two), and then the lowermost
bearing rudimentary flower parts; lowermost
sterile floret cylindrical, 1.2 to 1.6 mm long,
0.1 to 0.2 mm wide, awn 3.7 to 5.8 mm long,
callus prominently pubescent with spreading
hairs, margin ciliate above; upper sterile floret,
when present, ca 1 mm long, 0.1 mm wide,
callus bearded, awn ca 2.5 mm long; caryopsis
ca 3.3 mm long, ca 0.5 mm wide, narrowly
cylindrical.
ChloTts mollis is unique in the genus in hav-
ing sterile florets with a prominently pubescent
callus and long awns.
As may be seen from the synonymy, this
species has been placed in both Gymnopogon
and in Chloris. In some respects it does have
characters of both genera. Many species of
Gymnopogon are characterized b\' having short,
stiff, sharp-pointed leaf blades, which appear
crowded at the base of the culm because of
their short, overlapping sheaths. Chloris mollis
has these characters, except that the leaves are
not crowded at the base. Gt/mnopogon tends
to have inflorescence branches somewhat stag-
gered at the culm apex rather than in the ver-
ticillate arrangement so common to Chloris. In
this respect, Cliloris mollis is intemiediate be-
tween the two genera, with the upper spikes
more or less radiate but occasionally with a few
remote lower spikes. In Gi/mnopogon the sterile
floret is usually much reduced, often being rep-
resented only by a swollen area at the junction
of rachilla and awn. One species, G. foliosus,
however, does have a reasonably well-developed
sterile floret and bears a remarkable resem-
blance to Chloris mollis. Essentially then, we
are faced with the problem of which characters
to accept. I believe that by emphasizing pri-
marily the rather unusual vegetative character-
istics and inflorescence of such species of Gt/m-
nopogon as G. floridamts, G. cliapmanniamis.
etc., that the highest degree of homogeneit\'
may be established in the resulting group. In
such a system, Chloris mollis is still essentially
unclaimed, for its outward vegetative appear-
ance and inflorescence type do not fit well with
Gymnopogon. However, the well-developed
sterile florets of C mollis are certainly more
like the majority of Chloris species rather than
most of the Gymnopogon taxa.
Representative specimens examined: BRA-
ZIL: Bahia: Juazeiro, Dorsett and Popenoe
411h (US); Ceara: Crateiis, Swollen 4,481
(US); Iguatu, Swollen 4,399 (K. US); Fernando
de Noronha: Morro Francez, Simmons 9,263
(US); Maranhao: Municipio de Loreta, be-
tween Balsas and Paniaiba Rivers, Eiten and
Eiten 4,503 (K, US); Paraiba: Pombal, Picket
3,804 (US); Soledade, Pickel 3,851 (US); Per-
nambuco: Serra do Genipapo, A. Chase 7,686
(US); Pcsqueira, Pickel 1,662, 3,675 (NY, US);
Piaui: Fazenda Nacional, Sivallen 4,179 (NY,
US), 4,296 (K, US); Picos. Sivallen 4,228 (US);
Rio Grande do Norte: Santa Cruz, Swollen
4,558 (US); Angicos, Swollen 4,714 (K, US).
COLOMBIA: Bolivar Div.: Cartagena, Hitch-
cock 9,906 (US); Magdalena Div.: Santa Marta,
H. II. Smith 2,752 (F, K, MO, NY, US). COS-
TA RICA: Boruca, Pittier 3,675 (BR). CUBA:
Oriente Prov.: Caimenera Naval Station, Hiorom
and Ramsden s.n., 6 Feb 1919 (US). CU-
RASAO: near Willemstad, Britton and Shafer
2,906 (US). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Prov.
Barahona: Las Salinas, Fuertes 1,921 (US).
ECUADOR: Prov. Guayas: Chanduy, in littore
Maris Pacific!, Spruce 6,436, Apr 1862 (K, NY,
US); between Guayaciuil and Salinas, Hitch-
cock 20.056 (US);' Chongon, A.^plund 7,671
(US). GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: Charles Is-
land: near Black Beach, Howell .9,.3.55 (NY,
US), Svenwn 184 (US); Post Office Bay,
Howell 8,801 (US). GUATEMALA: Dep. Za-
capa: I mi W of Tcculutan, Stei/ermark 29,192
(US). HAITI: Anses-a-Pitre, Ekman 6,999 (G,
K, US); jean Rabel, Leonard and Leonard
12,581 (US). JAMAICA: Gordontown, Harris
11,515 (F, K, MO, US); near Kingston, Harris
12,212 (K, US). LESSER ANTILLES: Bon-
aire Island, Boldingh 7,208B ( US ) ; Aruba, Sur-
ingar 12 (US). PERU: Prov. Lambayeque: en-
tre Motupe y Olmos, Lopez 1,238, 2,463 (US);
Prov. Tumbes: entre Pocitos v Una de Gato,
Fcrreyra et al. 10,6.34 (US).' VENEZUELA:
Dep. Federal, Gran Roque, Gines 4,615 (US);
Anzoatequi, 14 km S of San Mateo, Garroni 53
(US).
15. CHLORIS LONGIARISTATA Napper, Kir
kia 3:117. 1963. (ISOTYPE: "Tangain ika,
Ngudu. R. R. Staples. 382. 1/4/1935."' K!)
Fig. 25, E-H.
Stoloniferous perennial 30 to 70 cm tall;
siieaths somewhat compressed, glabrous; ligule
a short ciliate cro\vn; blades up to 15 cm long,
3 to 6 mm wide, acute, glabrous below, sparsel)'
long-pilose above and on the margins, especially
near the base; spikes three to five. 3.5 to 12.0
cm long, appressed to slightly divergent; spike-
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Ciiloris (Gramineae)
47
Fig. 25. ChloTis quinquesetica and C. longiaristata. ( A-D ) C. quinquesetica. (A) habit, x 1/4; (B) spikelet,
partly dissected, x 10; (C) sterile florets, x 10; (D) caryopsis, x 10. (E-H) C. longiaristata . (E) habit, x
1/4; (F) spikelet, partly dissected, x 5; (G) sterile florets, x 5; ( H) caryopsis, x 5.
48
Bricham Young UNrv'EBsrrv Science Bulletin
lets slightly divergent, ca four per cm of the
scabrous rachis; glumes very narrowlv lance-
olate, pale, membranous, tapering to a delicate
point or a short awn; first glume 3.7 to 4.9
mm long, 0.2 to 0.4 mm wide; second glume
5.5 to 6.7 mm long, 0.3 to 0.5 mm wide; fertile
lemma dorsally compressed, 7.5 to 8.1 mm long.
0.8 to 0.9 mm thick, 1.0 to 1.5 mm wide, nar-
rowly lanceolate to elliptic, callus well devel-
oped, tapering, shaip pointed, densely bearded,
margins, sides, and keel glabrous except coarse-
ly scabrous near the apex, awn .30 to .35 mm
long, subtended by two short teeth; sterile
florets two or three, lowermost sterile floret
narrowly cylindrical, 2.0 to 2.7 mm long, 0.3
to 0.4 mm wide, glabrous below, sparsely
scabrous above, gradually narrowing into the
awn, awn 20 to 35 mm long, subtended by a
pair of deltoid teeth, rachilla joint well de-
veloped; upper sterile florets progressively re-
duced; car\()psis ca 3 mm long, ca 0.7 mm
wide, dorsal!)- flattened, shallowly trigonous.
Chloris longiaristata is most closely related
to C. prieiirii, from which it mav be separated
by its ven,- long awns, longer than those on
any other species of Chloris, and lack of ciliate
hairs on the upper lemma margins.
Specimens examined: TANZANIA: Mwanza,
Lloyd 4 (K).
16. CHLORIS QUINQUESETICA Bhide, Jour.
Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal n.s. 8:311. pi. 24.
1912. (HOLOTYPE: "Papadi Bassein,
growing on the bounds of rice fields in
semisalt lands. R. W. Bhide. .30-8-191 1."
K! ) Fig. 25, A-D; ,30.
Perennial, culms eri'ct to strongh stolonif-
erous and rooting at the lower nodes, to .50
cm tall; sheaths glabrous; ligule a tuft of hairs;
blades to 15 cm long, 2 to 4 mm wide; upper
surface glabrous to scabrous, lower surface
glabrous to loosely pilose; spikes three to eight
(rarely two, occasionally up to eighteen, as
indicated in original description), only slightK'
divergent, 1.5 to 5.0 cm long, decunent at the
base and united into a common axis bearing
a few spikelets; culms villous for 5 to 6 mm
below the spikes; spikelets densely imbricate,
averaging ca 20 per cm on the prominenth
hirsute rachis; glumes linear-lanceolate to ovate,
membranous, glabrous except for the scabrous
midnei-ve; first glume 1.5 to 1.8 mm long, 0.2
to 0.3 mm wide; second glume 2.2 to 2. .5 mm
long, 0.5 to 0.6 mm wide; fertile lemma 2.0
to 3.1 mm long, 0.8 to 0.9 mm wide, ovate,
keel and lateral nerves usually appressed-pubes-
cent, sometimes glabrous, margins densely
spreading-pubescent with hairs about 1 mm
long, callus densely bearded, awn 4 to 8 mm
long; sterile florets three or four; lowest sterile
floret tiuncate, 1.3 to 1.6 mm long, 0.5 to 0.6
mm wide, glabrous below but with a prominent
fringe of hairs along the upper margin, awn
3.5 to 6.0 mm long; upper florets enclosed by
the lower and progressively reduced, becoming
more inflated; carvopsis 1.4 to 1.6 mm long,
0.5 to 0.7 mm wide, ellipsoid.
Onlv two species of Chloris— C. (fuitvjuese-
tica and C. montana—\\Ave a dense fcltlike pu-
bescence just below the points of attachment
of the spikes. Chloris quinquesetica usuallv has
four sterile florets (occasionally three); the
lowermost sterile floret is ciliate along the
upper margin, and the upper sterile floret is
spherical and inflated (Fig. 25, A-D). On the
other hand, Chloris inontana usually has three
sterile florets. These are conunonK' all glabrous,
though occasionally sparsely pilose; and the
upper sterile floret resembles the lowest and
is not spherical and inflated (Fig. 27, F-I). A
comparison of C. qiiinqiiesetica and similar
species is shown in Table 8.
Specimens examined: INDIA: Kistna Dtr. :
Vijayarion, Barber 8,243 (K); Kannefalli,
Bourne s.n., without date, (K); Juhi, near Cawn-
porc, Diithie 7,7.59 (K); Cawnpore. Makldom-
pur, Mohbs s.n., Aug 19.33 (K); Sindi, Hooper
s.n., without date (K); Madh Island, Santapau
21,284 (K); Andra Pradesh, Secunderabad,
without collector or date (K).
17. CHLORIS WIGHTIANA Nees ex Steudel,
Syn. PI. Glum. 1:206. 1854. (ISOTYPES:
There are three sheets with apparentK' four
different collections mounted upon them at
K!, among which are undoubtedly dupli-
cates of the synt\pes cited bv Nees and,
subsequently, Steudel. Among these is a
specimen labeled "Herb. Wight. 1766.
Chloris Nxightiana NE. Wall s.n. .3809." The
label corresponds in many respects to the
specimen cited in the original description. )
Fig. 26.
Chloris incompleta Wight ex Steudel, Svn.
PI. Glum. 1:206. 1854. Pro sijn. Non'C.
incompleta RotJi, 1821.
Tufted to somewhat stoloniferous perennial,
10 to 30 cm tall; sheaths densely pustulose-
pilose; ligule a densely ciliate crown; blades up
to 4 cm long, ca 4 to 6 mm wide, densely pustu-
lose-pilose on both surfaces; spikes three or four,
1.0 to 2.5 em long, appressed or onlv slightly
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris ( Cr.^mine.\e)
49
■S
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50
Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
Fig. 26. Chlom wightianii. (A) habit, \ 1/4; (B) leaf (left) and enlargement of blade (right) showing
pustulose-ba.sed hairs; (C) spilcelet, partly dissected, x 10; (D) sterile florets, x 15; (E) caryopsis, dorsal
view (left) and lateral view (right), x 10.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Ciiloris (Gramineae)
51
divergent; spikeli't.s clen.sel\- imbricate, .spread-
ing widely from the pii.stulose-pilose rachis, ca
12 per cm of rachis length; glumes broadly
lanceolate, thin, membranous, glabrous except
for the midnei-ve, which is sometimes scabrous;
first glume 2.0 to 2.5 mm long, 0.2 to 0.3 mm
wide; second glume 2 to 3 mm long, 0.3 to 0.4
mm wide; fertile lemma 2.7 to 3.1 mm long,
0.9 to 1.0 mm wide, elliptic, callus, margins,
and keel denseh' and prominently spreading-
pilose, lemma sides pustulose, awn 7.5 to 10.0
mm long; sterile florets three or four, lowest
sterile floret broadly triangular, 1.4 to 1.5 mm
long, 1.9 to 2.0 mm wide, pustulose, midrib
densely pilose, awn 6 to 7 mm long, upper
sterile florets progressively reduced; caryopsis
ca 1.3 mm long, ca 0.9 mm wide, ca 0.5 mm
thick, ovoid-elliptic, strongly dorsally flattened.
Ciiloris wigJitiami may be easily separated
from all other species in the genus by its pustu-
lose pubescence; this is especially noticeable on
the sheaths and blades. Only Ciiloris arcnaria
is as pubescent, but it is not pustulose. A com-
parison with other similar species is presented
in Table S.
Only two collections in addition to the iso-
types mentioned above were studied in the
herbaria. One label indicated the plant was
collected on alkaline soil.
Specimens examined: INDIA; Peninsula In-
diae Orientalis, Wig/if without precise localit)',
date, or collection number (K); Tinnevelly Dtr.,
Tamparaparani Ri\er delta, Lumlararaj v.n., 28
Dec 1943 (K).
IS. CHLORIS MONTANA Roxburgh, Flora
Indica ed. Care>- 1:331. 1820. (T\pe not
found. There is, however, a colored plate
at K!, number 882 in the Roxburgh Flora
Indica drawings labeled "Chloris montana
Roxb." This plate clearly shows a villous
upper culm and a good spikelet dissection,
leaving no question about the plant to which
Roxburgh was referring.) Fig. 27, F-I, 28.
Andropo'^on tefru-aristiitiis Roxburgh, ex
Hooker, ' Flora British India 7:292.' 1896.
Pro si/n.
Chloris montana Roxburgh var. glatica
Hooker f. in Trimen, Flora Ceylon 5:276
1900. (ISOTYPE?: "from the herbarium.
Ceylon. Jaffna, abundant. H. Trimen 22. 2
ii 90." US! The collection data correspond
with those given in the original description,
but no collection number or date was gi\en.
The plant is small, possibly only a seasonal
dwarf; no spikelet differences were noted.)
Stoloniferous, occasionally tufted, perennial
from 20-50 cm tall; sheaths glabrous; ligule a
short ciliate crown; blades up to 12 cm long,
2-4 mm wide, glabrous below, glabrous to scab-
rous above; spikes two to five, 1.5 to 6.5 cm
long, slightly divergent; upper culms puberu-
lent; spikelets densely inserted, appressed, av-
eraging ca 15 per cm of the scabrous to sparsely
pilose rachis; glumes narrowly lanceolate, pale,
translucent, glabrous except for the scabrous
midnerve; first glume 1.5 to 1.7 mm long, ca
0.2 mm wide; second glume 2.2 to 2.7 mm long,
0.2 to 0.4 mm wide; fertile lemma 2.1 to 3.5
mm long, 0.5 to 0.7 mm wide, elliptic, upper
margins ciliate with hairs up to 1 mm long,
keel glabrous, sides glabrous to sparsely ap-
pressed-pilose, callus bearded, awn 4.2 to 9.5 mm
long; sterile florets usually three (rarely two or
four); lowest sterile floret 0.9 to 1.7 mm long,
0.4 to 0.6 mm wide, truncate, usually glabrous,
rarely with a few appressed hairs in the mid-
nerve region, awn 3.9 to 9.5 mm long; upper
sterile florets progressively reduced, temiinal
sterile floret elongated to subspherical, usually
only slightly inflated; caryopsis 1.7 to 2.0 mm
long, ca 0.3 to 0.4 mm wide, ellipsoid, trigonous.
Some specimens of Chloris montana have the
sterile lemma apex quite ciliate, though not as
densely as C. quinqttesetica, which they may
resemble in other respects (Figs. 27, F-I; 25,
AD).
Occasional specimens may approach C.
inflata. particularly in the number of sterile flo-
rets. Chloris montana usually has three sterile
florets, though sometimes only two. Likewise,
(.'. inflata usualh has only two sterile florets,
though some plants from the South Pacific
island archipelagoes regularly have three. How-
ever, C. montana is a stoloniferous perennial with
puberulous upper culms and without inflated
upper sterile florets (Fig. 27, F-I). Chloris in-
flata is usualh' a tufted annual though oceasion-
alh stoloniferous, and has glabrous upper
euims and inflated upper sterile florets ( Fig. .30,
A-M). Additional differences between these
and other similar species are presented in
Table 8.
Representative specimens examined: INDIA:
Nellore Dtr., Tada, Bourne 2,471 (K); Kistna
Dtr., Manilipatain, Madras, Gamble 17,396 (K);
Madras Dtr.: Dugarazpatam, Gamble 20,389
(K); Adzar, Gamble 20,784 (K); Chingleput
Dtr., Aradi, anon. IS Sept 1917 (K); Chitoor
Dtr., Panappakkam, without collector or date
(K); Pondicherry, Perrottet s.n., 1839 (K).
MAURITIUS: Round Island, Barkley?, without
52
BniGHAM Young University Science Bulletin
17. Chloris bournei and C. montana. ( A-E ) C. bouniei. (A) habit, x 1/4; (B) spikelet, partly dissected,
10; (C,D) sterile florets, showing variation, x 10; (E) caryopsis, x 10. ( F-I ) C. montana. (¥) habit,
1/4; (G) spikelet, partly dissected, x 10; (H) sterile florets', dissected, x 10; (1) caryopsis, x 15.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chlohis (Gramineae)
53
Fig. 28. Distribution of Chloris montana. Inset A:
Mauritius, Reunion, and Round Island.
collection number or date (K). THAILAND:
HuaHin, Kerr 13,477 (K).
19.
CHLORIS BOURNEI Raiigachariar and
Tadulingam, Jour. Indian Hot. Soc. 2:189.
1921. (TYPE: MH, not seen. Original
description and accompanying illustration
Fig. 27, A-E.
arc clear.
Stoloniferous perennial up to 1 m tall, with
geniculate culms ascending from a tufted l)ase;
sheaths glabrous, ciliate near the membranous
ligule; blades up to 10 cm long, 5 mm wide,
glabrous, scabrous, or sparsely pilose above,
pilose on lower surface, especially at base; spikes
three to nine, 6 to 9 cm long; spikelets imbri-
cate, ca six per cm of the scabrous rachis;
glumes broadly lanceolate to ovate, glabrous
and membranous except for the scabrous to
hispid midnerve; first glume 1.8 to 2.5 mm long,
0.3 to 0.4 mm wide; second glume 3.2 to 3.7 mm
long, 0.4 to 0.5 mm wide; fertile lemma elliptic
to obovate, 3.0 to 3.7 mm long, 0.8 to 1.3 mm
wide, densely appressed-pubescent along callus,
margins, and keel, awn 3.5 to 7.0 mm long;
sterile florets two or three; lowest sterile floret
obovate, 1.5 to 2.8 mm long, ca 1 mm wide,
glabrous to sparsely pubescent on the midnerve,
somewhat inflated, often containing rudiments
of the palea, stamens, and pistil, occasionally
apparently fertile, somewhat inflated, awn 3 to
4 mm long; caryopsis ca 1.7 mm long, 0.7 mm
wide, ellipsoid-ovoid; chromosome number 2n
=40.
ChloTis bournei and C. inflata are similar,
though C. bournei has much larger spikelets
(Table 8; Fig. 27, A-E). Also, Chloris bournei
is a stoloniferous perennial, while C. inflata is
a tufted or stoloniferous annual.
Representative specimens examined: INDIA:
Coimbatore Dtr.: Talamalai Forest Reserve,
Jacob 100 (K); Coimbatore Botanical Garden,
Janaki-Ammal 1,172 (K); Bombay, Hubb, Koelz
19,901 (US); Arcot Dtr.: Ammapettai, banks of
Uppanera, Narayanaswami 4,171 (K); Tanjore
Dtr.: Ponnakani Meda, Narayanaswami 5,141
(K); Bellary Dtr.: Tornagallu, Rangachari s.n.,
II Aug 1901 (K); Madras Presidency: near Ah-
mednagar, Shattuck s.n., (K, US 879426); prope
Palamaltah, Wight 3,316 (US); Godaveri Dtr.:
Samalkot, anon., 19 Jan 1918 (K).
20. CHLORIS INFL.\TA Link, Enum. PI. 1:105.
1821. (FRAGMENT OF TYPE?: "Chloris
inflata Link. Hb. Link. Sem. ex California."
US! It is uncertain whether this is a frag-
ment of the type, but the original descrip-
tion does refer to seed having been sent by
Dr. Chamisso and that the origin was Cah-
fomia. The locality must be an error. For-
tunately, the original description clearly ap-
plies to the species described below.) Fig.
30, A-M.
Andropogon barJiatum Linnaeus, Mantissa
302. 1771. Noil A. barbatum Linnaetis Syst.
Nat. ed. 10. 2:1305. 1759. (For a full ex-
planation, see below and also under Chloris
(landi/ana.)
• = BOURNEI
A=QUINQUESETICA
Fig. 29. Distribution of Chloris bournei (circles I
C. quinquesetica (triangles).
and
54
Bricham Young University Science Bulletin
Fig. 30. Chloris inflata and C. formosana. (A-M) C. inflata. (A) hubit, x 1/3; (B) spikelet, partly dissected,
X 10; (C-G) fertile florets, showing variation, x 10; (H-L) sterile florets, showing variation, x 10; (M)
caryopsis, x 10. (N-Y) C. formosana. (N) spikelet. partly dissected, x 10; (O-S) fertile florets, showing varia-
tion, X 10; (T-X) sterile florets, showing variation, x 10; (Y) caryopsis, x 15.
Biological Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Ta.xonomv of the Genus Chloris (Gramineae)
55
Chloris harbata (Linnaeus) Swartz, Flora
Indiae Occ. 1:200. 1797. ( Basrcl on An-
dropogon harhatum Linnaeus, 1771, but
not Andropogon harhatum Linnaeus, 1759. )
f^on Chloris barhata ( Linnaeus ) Nash, 1898.
Chloris longifolia Steudel, Syn. PI. Glum.
1:205. 1854. (HOLOTYPE:' 'Hrhi. Cum-
ing, nr. 696." P! FRAGMENT OF TYPE:
US!)
Chloris paraguuiensis Steudel, Syn. PI.
Glum. 1:204. 1854. (TYPE: "Rengger
legit in Paraguay." Not seen. Original de-
scription clearly fits the above species.)
Chloris harbata Swartz var. divaricata
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2:771. 1891. (ISO-
TYPE: "Turong. Anam. Com. 2/1889." K!)
Chloris rufescens Steudel, Syn. Pi. Glum.
1:206. 1854. (Ti'PE: "Un'me legit in Ins.
Maurit." Not seen. The original descrip-
tion is not conclusive, but it seems to fit
this species best.) Non Chloris rufescens
Lagasca, 1805.
Annual 15 to 95 cm tall, erect to decumbent
and rooting at the lower nodes; sheatlis gla-
brous; ligule short, pilose, occasionally mcreh-
shortly cihate; blades flat, up to 15 cm long,
0.3 to 0.6 mm wide, glabrous, occasionally pi-
lose at the base; spikes seven to fifteen, 3 to 8
cm long, digitate, ± erect, often somewhat
fk'xuous and purplish; spikelets densely imbri-
cate, about 14 per cm of the scabrous rachis;
glumes lanceolate to narrowly ovate, hyaline,
glabrous except for the scabrous midnerve;
first glume 1.2 to 2.1 mm long, 0.1 to 0.3 mm
wide; second glume 2.3 to 2.7 mm long, 0.2 to
0.3 mm wide; fertile lemma 2.0 to 2.7 mm long,
0.4 to 0.7 mm wide, oxate to elliptic, callus and
upper margins spreading to appressed-pilose,
with hairs up to 1 mm long, keel glabrous to
pilose, sides of lemma occasionallv sparsel\ ap-
pressed-pilose, awn 4.0 to 7.7 mm long; sterile
florets usuall)' two (rarel\- three), lowest sterile
floret 0.9 to 1.3 mm long, 0.4 to 0.9 mm wide,
narrowly turbinate, tnmcate, inflated, usually
glabrous, occasionalh' sparsely appressed-pilose
on back, awn 5 to 7 mm long; upper sterile floret
obovoid to subspherical, markedly inflated,
about % the lengtli and width of the lower;
caiyopsis 1.1 to 1.4 mm long, 0.4 to 0.5 mm
wide, ellipsoid to obovoid; chromosome num-
ber 2n = 20, 40, ca 50.
Chloris inflata varies greatly in several char-
acters, including size, growth habit, spikelet
pubescence, and number of sterile florets. Ni'i-
ther discernible geographic patterns nor con-
sistent correlation of characters can be dis-
tin<Tuished, except that specimens from the island
archipelagoes of the southwest Pacific show a
high frequency of plants with three sterile flo-
rets. One collection with three sterile florets
was named C. harbata var. divaricata by Otto
Kuntze (1891), though he mentioned only that
the awn of the sterile floret was divaricate to
reflexed. The plant is essentially identical to
other populations of C. inflata in all other
respects.
Chloris inflata is similar to C. formosana
(Fig. 30, N-Y), C. montana (Fig. 21, F-I), and
C. quinquesetica (Fig. 25, A-D). It is readily
separated from the last two by being annual
and lacking a felt)' pubescence at the apex of
the culm just below the point of attachment
of the spikes. In addition, it has more spikes
(7-15) than Chloris montana (2-5). C. quin-
quesetica usually has four sterile florets; C.
inflata, two or three.
Detailed differences and a short key, sepa-
rating Chloris inflata and C. montana, are given
under the latter species. Table 8 presents a
comparison of this and other related species.
Considerable confusion has been evident as
to whether Chloris harbata (Linnaeus) Swartz,
C. inflata Link, or C. paraguatjensis Steudel
should be the accepted binomial. Certainly, the
last name is predated by the other two and must
be rejected. A full discussion of the relationship
of Andropogon harhatum Linnaeus (both 1759
and 1771), Chloris polydactyla (Linnaeus)
Swartz, and Chloris harbata (Linnaeus) Swartz,
has been presented in the treatment of C
dandt/ana and should be consulted (p. 34).
Essentially, I am rejecting C. harbata (Lin-
naeus) Swartz, for the basionym (Andropogon
barbatum Linnaeus, 1771) is a later homonym.
Swartz clearly referred to Andropogon barbatum
Linnaeus, 1771, when making the transfer; and
thus, C. harbata cannot be accepted as a new
name as proposed by previous authors. The
next available name is Chloris inflata.
Chloris inflata has been collected in a wide
variety of habitats throughout the warm temper-
ate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the
world (Fig. 31). Chloris inflata is often a
\veed in waste areas, but it may be found also
in cultivated fields, along beaches, etc. It ap-
pears to be very salt-tolerant: one gathering
from La Salinas, Dominican Republic {Howard
and Howard 8,411, NY! US!), was growing on
pure salt rock. Still other collections are from
sand dunes, loams, or limestone derivatives.
Representative specimens examined: (Note:
Chloris inflata is very well represented in major
herbaria and over 700 individual specimens
56
Brigham Young Universiti- Science Bulletin
Fig. 31. Distribution of Chloris inflata. Inset A; Hawaiian Islands
South Kennedy
Station, Adams
LANDS: Giaiul
were examined. The following list represents
only a small fraction of these collections. A com-
plete list is available from the author in mimeo-
graphed form.) ADMIRALTY LSLANDS: Bis-
marck Arch., Goodenough Island, Milne Bay
Dtr., Brass 24,419 (K).' ANTIGUA: near St.
John, Rose et al. .3,377 (NY, US). ARGEN-
TINA: Buenos Aires, Isla Manel, Parodi 740
(US). AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory: near
Darwin, Black 1:270.200 (K); Queensland:
Dtr.: 1.3 mi SE of Eaglefield
L079 (K). BAHAMA IS-
Turk Island, Millsixiii^h and
Millspaugh 9,002 (F, NY); Inagua, Hitchcock
s.n., 3 Dec 1890 (F, MO). BARBADOS: Bridge-
ton, F. W. Jolnison 1,194 (NY). BORNEO:
Balikpapan, Frost i (K). BRAZIL: Bahia: 46
km VVSW of Joazeiro, A. Chase 7.939 ( F, US);
Pernambuco: Bello Jardim, Serra do Genipapo,
A. Chase 7.698 (F, MO, US). BRITISH
GUIANA: Georgetown, Graham 345 (K). BUR-
MA: Mandalav, White 132-237 (US); Sagaing,
Huk s.n., 5 July 1890 (K). CANTON ISLAND:
without precise location, Degener and Hathaway
21,251 (MO, NY). CELEBES ISLAND: Mana-
do, Egvjan 1.732 ( K, US). CEYLON; Trincoma-
lee coast, Kingdon-Ward 23,064 (K). COCOS
KEELING ISLAND: St. John 26,465A (K).
COLOMBIA: Dep. Atlantico: entre Palmar de
Varelay Pondera, Dttgand 4.42S (US). CUBA:
Havana Prov.: without precise location. Baker
1,441 (F, US); Oriente Prov.: Guanta-
namo Bay, Britlon 2.0.32 (NY, US); Isla
de Pinos, Curtiss s.n., Apr. 1904 (NY).
CURASAO: near Willemstad, Curran and I la-
man 63 (NY, US). DOMINICA ISLAND: near
Morne Daniel, Hodge 3.893 (NY). DOMINI-
CAN REPUBLIC: Prov. Barahona: Neiba Val-
ley, Howard and Howard 8,360 (NY, US); Prov.
Monte Cristo: Guayubin, Abbott 876, 878
(US); Prov. Santo Domingo: vicinity of Ciudad
Trujillo, A//«rf/ 14,626 (NY). FERNANDO DE
NORONHA: Quixaba, Cutjler 9,395 (US). FIJI
ISLANDS: Viti Levu Island, Greenwood 1,213
1.308 (US). FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne,
lloock s.n., 2 Jun 1962 (NY). GHANA': near
Labadi, Adams 3,835 (K). GRAND CAYMAN:
without precise locatitm, Moggs 61 (K). GREN-
ADINES: Petit Martinicjue, Howard 10.917
(NY). GUADELOUPE: Basse Terre, Dms
3,158 (NY, US). HAITI: Gonave Island, vicinity
of Etroite, Leonard 3,339a {¥, NY, US); Tortue
Island, vicinity of LaVallec, Leonard and
Leonard 11.262 (UC). HONDURAS: Dep.
Atlantida, Standleij 56,587 ( F, US). INDIA:
Madura Dtr.: Pulnev Hills, Dindigal. Anglade
1.109 (K); Chingleput Dtr.: Madnis, Gamble
16,415 (K); Calcutta, Heifer s.n., 18.36-.38 (BR,
NY); Coimbatore Dtr.: Anai Katti, Rapi and
Naganathan 4,802 (K). IVORY COAST:
Abidjan Plateau, Adjanohoun 428A (K).
JAMAICA: between Portland Point and
Rocky Point, limestone plain, Britton 1.903
(NY); Kingston, Harris 9,049 (F, K, NY, US).
BiOLOcicAi. Series, Vol. 19, No. 2 Taxonomy of the Genus Chloris (Gramineae)
57
JAVA: Ambarawa, Brooks s.n., Mar 1909 (BM).
KENYA: Voi Dtr., Tsavo National Park, E of
Lugard Fall.s, Grceiucai/ ami Kamiri 12.S74
(K); Kwale, SW of Mombasa, Bogdan AB
3,194 (K). LINE ISLANDS: Christmas Island,
Pearson P22 (K). LIBERIA: Cape Palmas,
Hale 157 (US). MACAU: vacant lot, Hitchcock
19,153 (US). MALAGASY REPUBLIC: No,ssi
Be, Hildchramit 2.939 (US), 2,932 (K). MA-
LAYSIA: Singapore, Bor S61 (K); Selonger
State, Port Swettenham, BuckiU 12,839 (K).
MARSHALL ISLANDS: Guam, Fosberg 25,334,
31,223 (US); Pagan Island, Bonham 33 (US);
Saipan Island, Fosberg 31,287 (US); Tinian Is-
land, Fosberg 24,798 ( US ) ; Bikini Atoll, Taiilor
1,500 (UC); Eniwctok Atoll, Fosberg 24.407
(US); Kwajalein Atoll, Fos]>erg 31,202 (US);
Majura Atoll, Fosl>rrg 31.193 (US). MAR-
TINIQUE: St. Anne, S of Dunkertiue-
Catherini' mangrove, Ei^lcr 39—73 (NY).
MAURITIUS: Battc-rie Dauphine, Saner 2.701
(F). ME.\IC:0: Tamaulipas: N of Ciudad
Mante, Beetle M-521 (UC); Yucatan: Me-
rida, Swallen s.n.. Aug 1932 (US). MOLLUCA
ISLANDS (HALMAHERA): Morotai, Main
and Aden 1.477 (US). NEW CALEDONIA:
Anse Vata, McKee 4.063 (K). NEW PROVI-
DENCE: Nassau, Matthews 61 (K). NIGERIA:
Lagos, Ward 9 (K). PALAU ISLAND: Ara-
kabesan Island, Ilosaka 3.354 (US); Peleliu Is-
land, Fosberg 31,952 (US). PANAMA: near
Miraflores, Locks, Allen 1,752 (F, K, MO, NY).
PAPUA: Daru Island, Brass 6.403 ( BM, US);
Fairfax, 9°55'S, 147°20'E, Gillison NGF 22,211
(K); SW base of Mt. Lawes, Eucalyptus savan-
nah, Sclwdde 2.644 ( K, US). PEMBA IS-
LAND: Vaughn 252 (BM). PHILIPPINE IS-
LANDS: Luzon: Manila, Clemens s.n., Sep 1924
(UC, US); Corregidor, Cunung 696 (K, MO).
PUERTO RICO: Mona Island! Sardinera, Brit-
ton et al. 1.831 (NY, US); Isla de Culebra,
Brown and Wheeler 141 (NY, US); Guanica
Bav, A. Chase 6,529 (US). RYUKYU ISLANDS:
Okinawa, Amano 6,800 (US). ST. KITTS:
Hitchcock 16,369 (US). ST. LUCIA: Brooks 20
(US). SAMOA EAST: Tutuila Island, Collarnio
508 (US). SERAM (CERAM) ISLAND: Am-
boina, Robinson 1,647 (BM). SEYCHELLES
ISLANDS: Mahe Island, Boivin s.n., 17 Nov
1855 (K). TAIWAN: Chiayi, Devol 7,095 (UC).
TANZANIA: Dar Es Salaam, Hitchcock 24.424
(US); Tanga Pro\-.: Sakura Sec: Panxani
Dtr., Tanner 2,027 (K, UC). THAILAND:
Bangkok, Kerr 3,761, 7.853 (BM); Wangka,
Kwae Noi River basin, Wichian 330 (K)."tI-
MOR: Kupang, R. Brown s.n.. Apr 1S0.3 (BM).
TOBAGO: Spexside, Purseglove P. 6,358 (K).
TRINIDAD: Woodbrook, Broadwai/ 7.177 ( F,
MO). UNITED STATES: Hawaii: Oahu, N of
Koko Head, Degener 10,835 (NY); Texas:
Hidalgo Co., McAllen, roadside, Anderson
3,875 \USC). VENEZUELA: Lara, Palmasola,
Pittier 6,385 (US). VIRGIN ISLANDS: St.
Croix, Thompson, 5 Oct 1921 (NY, US); St.
Thomas, Hitchcock 16.320 (US); Tortola, Velez
3.123 (K). WAKE ISLAND: Peale Islet, Fos-
berg 34.928 (US). WEST IRIAN (IRIAN
BARAT): Merauke River, Kelapi Lima, McKee
1.705 (K). ZANZIBAR: Cooke s.n.. 1861 (MO).
21. CHLORIS FORMOSANA (Honda) Keng,
Claves Gen. Sp. Gramineamm Primarum
Sinicanun 197. 1957. (Based on Chloris
barbata Swartz var. jormosana Honda.) Fig.
30, N-Y.
Chloris harhata Swartz \ar. formosana
Honda, Bot. Mag. Toho 40:4.37. 1926.
(SYNTYPES: "Taiwan: 'Takao, G. Naka-
hara, no. 6.35, anno 1905." "Baehu, B. Ha-
yata anno 1919." Not seen. Description re-
fers to species as commonl)' understood.)
Perennial often stoloniferous, 30-75 cm tall,
erect to decumbent; sheaths glabrous, rarely
sparsely pilose; ligule a very short ciliate fringe;
i)lades up to 20 em long, usuaii\' folded, gla-
brous, acute; spikes five to nine, 4 to 8 cm long,
erect to somewhat lax; spikelets densely imbri-
cate, ca fourteen per cm of the pilose rachis;
glumes lanceolate, glabrous, except for the
scabrous midnerve; first glume 1.0 to 1.5 mm
long, ca 0.2 mm wide, acute; second glume
2.2 to 2.5 mm long, 0.2 to 0.3 mm wide, apex
obtuse, mucronate; fertile lemma 2.3 to 3.0 mm
long, 0.5 to 0.7 mm wide, with a lateral groove,
which is occasionally appressed-pilose, upper
margins denseh' pilose with hairs up to ca 1
mm long, keel glabrous, slightly gibbous, awn
2.0 to 5.7 mm long; sterile florets two; lower
sterile floret oblanceolate to truncate, 1.6 to
1.9 mm long, 0.6 to 0.7 mm wide, flattened or
only slightl\- inflated, awn 2.3 to 5.0 mm long;
upper sterile floret of same shape as lower, but
smaller, 0.5 to 0.7 mm long, 0.4 to 0.5 mm wide,
glabrous, awn 1.5 to 2.5 mm long; car\'opsis
1.2 to 1.6 mm long, 0.3 to 0.4 mm wide, ellip-
soid.
Chloris formosana is most easily confused
with C. inflata. The following key will separate
the two:
1. Lower sterile floret 1.6 to 1.9 mm long,
flattened or only slightb' inflated; upper
sterile floret about one-third the size of
58
Brigham Young University Science Bulletin
the lower, scarcely inflated; upper
sheaths, ligules, and Iowit portions of
leaves glabrous, rarely sparsely pilose;
perennials.
C. fonnosana (Fig. 30, N-Y)
1. Lower sterile floret 0.9 to 1.3 mm long,
usually inflated; upper sterile floret two-
thirds to aljout the same size as the
lower, usually inflated and spherical; up-
per sheaths, ligule, and lower portions of
the leaves usuallv loosely pilose, though
sometimes sparsely so; annuals, occasion-
ally rooting at the lower nodes.
C. inflata (Fig. 30, A-M)
Other species that might be confused with
C. formosana are compared in Table 8.
Collected from sandy or gravelly soils, often
near the ocean in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan,
and Vietnam (Fig. 32).
Representative specimens examined: CHINA:
Fukien Prov.: Amoy, Chung 6,055 (US), Price
1,363 (K); Kwangtung Prov.: Taio, Chun 3,-
114B, 3,123 (NY); Pakhoi, Hitchcock 19,255
(US); Hainan Island: Hoihow, Hitchcock
19,547 (US), McChire 10,451 (BM, K), Tsan^i
986 (NY). HONG KONG: Bor H.K. 76 (K),
Ford s.n., 25 Aug 1893 (K, NY), Hance 1.943
(BM); Quarry "Bay, Sampson 851 (BM).
NORTH VIETNAM: Tonkin, route de Haiphong
a Doson, bords des chemins, Petelot 425 (NY,
US). TAIWAN: Takao, Henri/ s.n., 1S93-4
(BM), Henry 1,023 (K), Plaijfair' 53 (K); with-
out precise location, Tonaka 10.352 (BM NY
UC).
22. CHLORIS PILOSA Schumacher, Beskr.
Guinciske Planter 75. 1827. (PHOTO-
GRAPHS OF HOLOTYPE: K! US! Type
specimen, in Isert and Thonning Herbarium,
C, has mucronate lemmas.) Fig. .33, E-K.
Fig. 32. Distribution of Chlaris formosana (southeast
China, Hainan, and Taiwan).
Chloris breviseta Bentham in Hooker f.,
Niger Flora 566. 1S49. (SYNTYPES: "Cape
Coast, Don" BM! "Cape Coast, Vogel" K!)
Chloris nigra Hackel. Bol. Soc. Broteriana
21:179. 1908. (TYPE: "Insula S. Jacobi
Prom Viridis, pr. Trinidade, leg. A. Bar-
jona" not seen, but description is clear.)
Chloris virgata Swartz var. breviseta (Ben-
tham) Pilg(>r e.x Peter, Beih. Repert. Sp.
Nov. 40:262. 1931. (Based on Cliloris
breviseta Bentham. )
Annual often weakly rooted, sometimes
shortly stoloniferous, erect or in stoloniferous
specimens somewhat decumbent, usually 30 to
70 cm tall, occasionalK' to 2 in; sheaths gla-
brous to denscK' pilose; ligule densely and prom-
inently pilose; blades 2 to 10 mm wide, up to
.30 cm long, scabrous; spikes five to nine, 3
to "^j cm long; spikelets loosely imbricate, ca five
to seven per cm of the scabrous rachis; glumes
membranous, une(jual; first glume 1.1 to 1.6
mm long, 0.2 to 0.3 mm wide, narrowly lanceo-
late, glabrous except for the 
