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BRITANNICA
BOOK OF THE YEAR

1953

"Happy and Glorious" Her Majesty (lie Queen on
her way to open Parliament on November 4, 1952.

BRITANNICA
BOOK OF THE YEAR

1953

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, LTD.

CHICAGO LONDON TORONTO

FNCYCLOPvEDIA BRITANNICA. I TO
I ONDON, 1953

PRINIfcO AND BOUND BY

KNIGHT & FORSTER, LTD

LEEDS

Quotations from British government publications have been made with
the kind permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

PREFACE

THE memorable period which this edition of the Book of the Year records
touched the deepest emotions of the English-speaking peoples. The death of
King George VI, a beloved sovereign, the servant of his subjects, brought
sadness to all; the accession of his daughter, our Queen, Elizabeth, a resurgence of
confidence and loyalty. In the United States, where events in Britain had been
followed almost with feelings of family, a great soldier, General Eisenhower, to
whom the free world owed much, was elected President.

All these events and many more the Britanmca Book of the Year 1953 recalls
by word and illustration. For the press photographers, 1952 was a year of golden
opportunity superbly taken: King George's last, sad farewell to his daughter at
Heathrow (p. 443), Queen Elizabeth's return to her capital (p. 269), the lying-in-
state in Westminster hall (p. 268), the proclamation of the coronation (p. 363) and
the % Happy and Glorious ' of our frontispiece are examples of their power to hold
a moment of time beyond forgetfulness.

The Book of the Year contains few new titles. Two of them, EUROPEAN DEFENCE
COMMUNITY and MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAMME, are notable contributions to a
clear understanding of developments in western Europe. Others, no less weighty,
are ULTRASONICS and COST OF LIVING, which subject is removed from PRICES to
be given extended and enlightening treatment on its own. SPELEOLOGY, for the
intrepid only, appears for the first time, so do POTTERY AND PORCELAIN and HOME
GUARD; SAUDI ARABIA is separated from ARABIA and OLYMPIC GAMES makes its
one in four appearance.

Following custom, some major articles are picked out and prefaced with
historical paragraphs covering a longer period than one year. EDUCATION is one
of these and TRANSPORT, a new title, surveys the attempt to integrate road and
rail services in Britain. Abroad, the situation in Southeast Asia is clarified by the
special treatment given to MALAYA, FEDERATION OF, INDOCHINA and INDIA.

.JOHN ARMITAGE

London Editor.

EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

WALTER YUST, . Editor-in-Chief of Encyclopaedia Britannica
JOHN ARMITAGE, London Editor

The initials and names of contributors to the Britannica Book of the Year with the principal
articles written by them are given below. The arrangement is alphabetical by initials.

A.A.P. Greece

ALEXANDER ALEXANDROU PALLIS, BA Minister Pleni-
potentiary attached to the Greek Embassy, London, Director,
Greek Office of Information, London. Author of Greece's Anatolian
Venture and After, In the Day\ of Janissaries , etc

A.D.Ls. Entomology

ANTHONY DAVID LEES, M A , Ph D Senior Scientific Officer,
Agricultural Research Council Unit of Insect Physiology, Cambridge

A.Dr. Textile Industry (in part)

ALFRED DAWBER, Mem Text Inst Director, Emmott and
Company, Ltd , technical publishers, Manchester Editor, Textile
Manufacturer, Manchester, compiler of Textile Manufacturer Year
Book; etc

Ae. Rackets; Tennis

LORD ABERDARfc, B A , C B E Chairman, National Association
of Boys' Clubs Former rackets and tennis amateur champion of
Britain, U S and Canada Author of First Steps to Rackets (with
b B. Noel), etc

A.Flo. Latin- American Literature

ANGEL FLORES Chairman, Latin-American Area Studies, and
Professor of Latin-American Literature, Queens College, Flushing,
New York Author of Lope de Vega; Cervantes Across the Centuries;
The Kafka Problem; Fiesta in November

A.F.T.-D. Chemistry (in part)

AUBREY FIENNES TROTMAN-D1CKENSON, MA., B Sc ,
Ph D. I.C I Research Fellow, Victoria University of Manchester

A.G.L.H. Horticulture

A G L HELLYER. Editor, Amateur Gardening, London

A.G.L.I. Hospitals (in part)

ARTHUR GLEND1NNING LOVELESS 1VES. MVO, MA
Secretary, King Edward's Hospital Fund for London Author of
British Hospitals

A.G.S. Insurance (in part)

ANTONE G. SINGSEN Assistant Ducctor, Blue Cross Com-
mission, American Hospital Association; Assistant Secretary-
Treasurer, Health Service, Inc.

A.H.H. Venereal Diseases (in part)

ARTHUR HERBERT HARKNESS, FRCS Director (Vencrc-
ology), Institute of Urology, London, Surgeon, Lock Hospital,
London; Dermatologist, London Skin Hospital Author of Non~
gonococcal Urethriti r

A.H.J.B. Docks and Harbours (in part); etc.

ALFRED HENRY JAMES BOWN, OBE, FC1S, M Inst T
General Manager and Clerk, River Wear Commissioners, Sunderland
Author of Port Operation and Administration (with C A Dove).

A.H.Ld. Forestry (in part)

ARTHUR HENRY LLOYD. OBE.MC.TD.MA Lecturer
in Forestry, University of Oxford Author of Engineering for Forest
Rangers.

A.H.Md. Betting and Gambling (in part)

ALBERT H. MOREHEAD Editor, The Official Rules of Card
Games Bridge Editor, New York Times. Author of The Modern
Hoyle; etc.

A.Hw. Cancer

ALEXANDER HADDOW, M.D , D.Sc., Ph.D Professor of
Experimental Pathology, University of London, and Acting Dean,
Institute of Cancer Research; Director, Chester Beatty Research
Institute, Royal Cancer Hospital, London.

A.J.A. Social Services (in part)

A. J. ALTMEYER Commissioner, Social Security Administration,
Federal Security Agency, Washington.

A.J.Ar. Industrial Health (in part)

ARTHUR JOSEPH AMOR, C.B.E , M.D., M Sc., D.l.H Principal
Medical Officer, Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd , London
Author of An Atlas of Silicosis; The Chemical Aspects of Silicosis,
Notes on the Toxicity of Solvents.

A. J.Coe. South African Literature (in part)

ABEL JACOBUS COETZEE, M.A., D.Litt , D.Lit et Phil Pro-
fessor of Afrikaans Linguistics and Folklore, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Author of Groei van die Afrikaanse
Kultuurgedagte aan die Rand, etc.

A.J.Li. Spirits (in part)

ALFRED J LIEBMANN President, Schenley Research Institute.
New York

A.J.P. Rifle Shooting

ARTHUR JOHN PALMER Secretary, National Small-Bore
Association, London. Editor. Rifleman, London

A.J.Rr. Book Publishing (in part); Literary Pri/es (in part)

ANNE J RICHTER Book Editor, R R. Bowker Company, New
York, Editor, The Literary Market Place

A.L.Blr. Scandinavian Literature; etc.

ALAN LEIGH BLAIR Writer on Scandinavian literature, Stock-
holm Translator of Barabbas (Par Lagerkvist), In the Wake o)
Odysseus (Goran Schildt), Carl Linnaeus (Knut Hagberg), etc.

A.L.HK Dance (in part)

ARNOLD LIONEL HASKELL, MA Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour. Director, Sadler's Wells School, London Author of
Balletomama, Diaghileff; Ballet Panorama, In Hh True Centre, etc.

A.M.F. Cartography; etc.

ANTHONY MARGARFT FERRAR, B Sc Assistant to the Map
Curator, Royal Geographical Society, London

A.MJd. Islam

ABDUL MAJID, M A Imam, the Mosque. Woking, Surrey
Editor, Islamic Review, Woking

A.Mu. Dance (in part)

ARTHUR MURRAY. President, National Institute of Social
Dancing, USA Author of How to Become a Good Dancer, Modern
Dancing; etc

A.Mwl. Tourist Industry

SIR ALEXANDER HYSLOP MAXWELL, K C.M G. Chairman,
British Travel and Holidays Association, London.

A.O.C. Aviation, Civil (in part)

AUBREY OLIVER COOKMAN. Jr. Associate Editor, Aviation,
Popular Mechanics Magazine, Chicago

A.Pr. ^ Russian Literature; etc.

ANDRfi PIERRE, A dc 1'U. Member of editorial staff, l.e Monde,
Pans Author of Vie de Tolstoi; U.R S S , Staline contre Hitler,
Qui succedera a Staline?

A.R.K. Chambers of Commerce (in part)

ARTHUR RICHARD KNOWLES, CBE, F C.I S Secretary-
General, Association of British Chambers of Commerce, London

A.R.M. Fisheries

ARTHUR RICHARD MARGETTS, M A Scientific Officer,
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fisheries Laboratory, Lowes-
toft, Suffolk

A.R.Mack. Aliens (in pan); Immigration and Emigration (in pait)

ARGYLE*R MACKEY. Commissioner, Immigration and Natural-
ization Service, U S. Department of Justice, Washington.

A.Sn. ^ Wines (in part)

ANDRE- LOU IS SIMON President, Wine and Food Society,
London. Author of Vintagewise, A Wine Primer, A Dictionary oj
Gastronomy, Concise Encyclopaedia of Gastronomy; etc

A.Stn. Exchange Control and Exchange Rate*

ALEXANDER STEVENSON Member of staff. Department of
Operations (Europe, Africa and Australasia), International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development, Washington *

A.T.CI. New Zealand

ARTHUR TREVOR CAMPBELL, M A. Public Relations Officer,
New Zealand High Commission, London.

A.T.Me. Historical Research

ALEXANDER TAYLOR MILNE. M A , F R.Hist S Secretary
and Librarian, Institute of Historical Research, University of London.
Compiler of Writing* on British History (annual).

A.W.E. Botany

ARTHUR WALLIS EXELL, M.A , F.L S. Deputy Keeper, Botany
Department, British Museum (Natural History), London. Aufflbr ol
Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of S. Tome 1 ; Conspectus florae
Angolensis

A.W.G. Shipping, Merchant Marine (in part)

ALBERT W. GATOV. Chairman, Federal Maritime Board.
Administrator, Maritime Administration, U S. Department of
Commerce, Washington.

vii

Vlll

CONTRIBUTORS

A.Ws. Fashion and Dress (in part)

AUDREY WITHERS, O.B.E., B.A. Editor, Vogue, London.

B.A.S. Wines (in part)

BASILE A SAMARAKIS. Director, International Wine Office,
Pans. Editor, Bulletin mtnsuel de rOffice International du Vin.

B.Ca. Friends, The Religious Society of (in part)

BERNARD HALL CANTER, B A. Editor, The Friend, London.

B.C. de G. Channel Islands

BASIL CAMPBELL DE GUfcRIN, M J.I , member. Guild of
Agricultural Journalists and Society of Authors. Journalist, Guern-
sey, Channel Islands, author of The Norman Isles; Footpath Guide to
Jersey, Footpath Guide to Guernsey, etc.

B.C1. Ornithology

BRUCE CAMPBELL, PhD Secretary, British Trust for
Ornithology, Oxford Co-author of Snowdonia (New Naturalist
series), author of Bird Watching for Beginners.

B.C.R. Trade Unions

BENJAMIN CHARLES ROBERTS, B A. Lecturer in Trade
Union Studies, London School of Economics, University of London.

B.C.R.A. Pottery and Porcelain

Article prepared by the Information Department, Bntish Ceramic
Research Association, Stoke-on-Trent

B.Dr. Art Sales

BERNARD DENVIR, B A. Art Critic, Tribune and Daily Herald,
London; Joint Editor, Art News and Review, London Author of
Drawings of William Hogarth; etc.

B.Fy. Machinery and Machine Tools (in part)

BURNHAM FINNEY Editor, American Machinist, New York.

B.J.W. Dentistry

BRYAN JARDINE WOOD, F D.S.R.C S Editor, British Dental
Journal, London.

B.L. Timber (in part)

(EDWARD) BRYAN LATHAM, M M Past President, Timber
Trade Federation of the United Kingdom Member, Home Grown
Timber Advisory Committee, Forestry Commission, member,
Executive Council, Timber Trade Federation, member, Executive
Committee, National Saw-milling Association; member, Governing
Council, Empire Forestry Association

B.L.B. Immigration and Emigration (in part)

BERTHA LILIAN BRACEY, O B E , B A European specialist,
U.S. High Commission for Germany.

B.Lg. Theology

BERNARD LEEMING, S J , MA. Ph D., D D Professor of
Dogmatic Theology, Heythrop College, Chipping Norton, Oxford-
shire Author of Admota nones de Verbo Incarnato

Bly. Olympic Games (in part)

LORD BURGHLEY, K C M G , Hon LL D. Chairman, British
Olympic Association; member, Executive Committee, International
Olympic Committee, President, Amateur Athletic Association and
International Amateur Athletic Federation Rector, University of
St. Andrews.

B.M.St. Airports (in part)

BEN M. STERN Director, Office of Aviation Information, Civil
Aeronautics Administration, U S Department of Commerce,
Washington.

B.R.P. Burma; Thailand

BERTIE REGINALD PEARN, MA, F R.Hist S. Formerly
Professor of History, University of Rangoon Author of History of
Rangoon

Br.S. Crime (in part) ; Police (in part)

BRUCE SMITH Secretary and acting Director, Institute of Public
Administration, New York Author of Police Systems in the US;
The State Police; etc

B.Sk. Gliding (in part)

BEN SHUPACK, B S , M A Director, Soaring Society of America.
Inc , Elmrra, New York

B.W. Sociology

BARBARA WOOTTON, M A. Nuffield Research Fellow, Bedford
College, London, formerly Professor of Social Studies, University
of London Author of Freedom under Planning, Testament for Social
Science.

B.W.C. Swimming (in part)

BERTRAM WILLIAM CUMMINS Public Relations Officer and
Past President, Amateur Swimming Association, London. Founder
and Hon Editor, Swimming Times, Croydon, Surrey

C.A.Br. Australian Literature

CLIFFORD AMANDUS BURMESTER, B A. Chief Reference
Ofacer, Commonwealth National Library, Canberra.

C.A.Hh. Hotels, Restaurants and Inns (in part)

CHARLES A. HORRWORTH. Executive Vice- President. American
Hotel Association, New York.

C.A.K. Stocks and Shares (in part)

CHESTER A KLINE. Assistant Professor of Insurance, Wharton
School of Finance and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia. Author of Windstorm Insurance.

C.A.Mo. Meat

CECIL ALFRED MORRISON. Advertising Manager and Assistant
ELtor, Meat Trades' Journal, London.

C.A.Sd. Leather; Shoe Industry

CALVIN ADAMS SHEPARD. Editor, Shoe and Leather News,
London.

C.A.Va. Puerto Rico

CARLOS A. VILA. Division of Statistics, Bureau of the Budget,
Government of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

C.B.E. Archery

CHARLES BERTRAM EDWARDS. Secretary, Grand National
Archery Society and Royal Toxophilite Society, London. Author of
An Archer's Notes.

C.Bk. Southern Rhodesia

COLIN LAMONT BLACK. B.A. Public Relations Officer, Office
of the High Commissioner for Southern Rhodesia, London.

C.C. Canada

CHRISTINE COMBER, B.A. Writer on Commonwealth Affairs,
London. Former member of the staff, Foreign Research and Press
Service, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London; former
member of the staff, Foreign Office, London.

C.C.C. Police (in part)

SIR CHARLES CRAIK CUNNINGHAM, K B.E., C.B., C.V.O ,
M A , B.Litt. Secretary, Scottish Home Department, Edinburgh

C.C.G. Ultrasonics

CYRIL CLEMENTS GEE. Press Officer, Mullard Ltd., London
Contributor to Electronic Engineering (London), Wirefess World
(London), etc.

C.C.N.V. Physiology

CHARLES CYRIL NORROY VASS. M.Sc , Ph.D., M.B., Ch.B
Reader in Physiology, University of London (at St. Thomas's
Hospital Medical School) Part-author of Synopsis of Physiology
(4th ed ).

C.Cy. Canadian Literature (in part) ; etc.

CHARLES CLAY Former Director, Canadian Research and
Editorial Institute, Ottawa Author of Young Voyageur; Muskrai
Man, etc.

C.D.H. Mexico

C. DAVID HELLYER. Assistant Director, School of Inter-
American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida

C.D.M. Book Collecting and Book Sales

CHARLES DUDLEY MASSEY Managing Director, Pickering
and Chatto, antiquarian booksellers, London.

C.E.R. Forestry (in pan)

CHARLES EDGAR RANDALL, A B., MA Information
Specialist, Division of Information and bducation, Forest Service,
U S. Department of Agriculture, Washington Author of Our
Forests; etc.

C.E.R.S. Railways (in part )

CHARLES ELY ROSE SHERRINGTON, QBE, MC, M.A
Secretary, Railway Research Service, and Director, Research
Information Division, British Transport Commission, London
Author of Economics of Rail Transport in Great Britain} 100 Years
of Inland Transport.

C.E.T. Mineralogy

CECIL EDGAR TILLEY, B.Sc , Ph D , F R.S. Professor of
Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Cambridge; Fellow of
Emmanuel College, Cambridge

C.F.As. Airports (in part)

CHARLES FERDINAND ANDREWS, A R Ae.S., A I B Former
member of the technical staff. Aeroplane, Assistant Editor, Air
Travel, and Editor, Airports and Air Transportation, London Author
of The Modern Airport Design, Construction and Operation

C.F.Cg. Telephone (in part)

CLEO F. CRAIG. President, American Telephone and Telegraph
Company, New York.

C.F.Ke. Motor Industry (in part)

CHARLES F KETTERING Director and former Vice-President.
General Motors Corporation, Detroit

C.F.Mt. Wool

CECIL FINER MALLETT, M B E. Joint Editor, Weekly Wool
Chart, Bradford, Yorkshire.

C.F.Sz. Wealth and Income, Distribution of (in part) ; etc.

CHARLES F SCHWARTZ. Assistant Chief, National Income
Division, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington.

C.G.C. Jet Propulsion (in part)

CYRIL GORDON CONWAY, D Sc. Principal Scientific Officer,
Chief Scientist's Division, Ministry of Fuel and Power, London
Author of Data Book on Heat-Resisting Steels.

C.G.Fe. Chambers of Commerce (in part)

CECIL GEORGE FREKE, C I.E , M.A , B.Sc Director, British
National Committee, International Chamber of Commerce.

C.G.My. Poultry

CLARENCE GEORGE MAY. Editor, Poultry World, London.
Author of Natural Hatching and Rearing; Bantams for Eggs.

C.H.Bu. Machinery and Machine Tools (in part)

CHARLES HENRY BURDER, M.B.E., B.A. Director and Editor,
Machinery, London.

Ch.FI. Motor Racing

CHARLES FOTHERGILL. Motoring Correspondent, News
Chronicle, London. Author of The Story of the Grand Prix.

C.H.G.T. Banking (in part): Bank of England ; etc.

C. H GORDON TETHER. Money Market Editor, Financial Times,
London. *

Ch.Ra. Building and Construction Industry (in part) ; Housing (in part)
CHESTER RAPKIN. Research Associate, Institute for Urban
Land Use and Housing Studies, Columbia University, New York.
Co-Author of Systems and Structure of Urban Traffic; etc.

C.L.B. Psychology

SIR CYRIL LODOWIC BURT, M.A., D.Sc., Hon.LL.D., Hon.
D.Litt. F.B.A. Hon. Fellow, Jesus College, Oxford. Professor
Emeritus of Psychology, University of London. Author of The
Young Delinquent; The Backward Child; Factors of the Mind; etc.

CONTRIBUTORS

C.L.Be. Wild Life Conservation (In part)

CHARLES LEOFRIC BOYLE Lieut.-Col., R A. (retd.). Secretary,
Fauna Preservation Society, London.

C.L. de B. Fencing

CHARLES-LOUIS de BEAUMONT, M.A. Hon. Secretary,
Amateur Fencing Association, London Author of Modern British
Fencing \ Fencing.

C.L.Wi. National Parks (in part)

CONRAD L. W1RTH. Director, National Park Service, Washington

C.McG. Cuba ; Netherlands Overseas Territories (in part) ; etc.

CONSTANTINE EDWARD McGUIRE Economic Adviser
(U.S A.). Author of Italy's International Economic Position; etc

CMcN.G. Consumer Credit (in part)

JOHN CAMERON McNEIL GREIG Secretary, Institute of
Credit Management; Deputy Secretary. Hire Purchase Trade
Association, London.

C.Mn. Shipbuilding (in part) ; Shipping, Merchant Marine (in part)

CUTHBERT MAUGHAN Shipping Correspondent, The Time*,
London. Author of Trade Term Definitions, Commodity Market
Terms, Markets of London, Our Mercantile Marine; etc

C.M.Pn. Industrial Health (in part)

CARL M PETERSON, M D. Secretary, Council on Industrial
Health, American Medical Association

C.N. r Missions, Foreign Religious

CECIL NORTHCOTT, M A Editorial Secretary, United Society
for Christian Literature, London Author of Religious Liberty

C.Q. Motor Cycling

CYRIL QUANTRILL. Sports Editor, Motor Cycling, London

C.R.A. Marriage and Divorce

CLIFFORD R. ADAMS, M A , Ph D Professor of Psychology in
charge of Marriage Counselling for the School of Education,
Pennsylvania State College, Regional Consultant, American Institute
of Family Relations. Author of Preparing for Marriage

C.R.Gy. War Pensions (in part)

CARL RAYMOND GRAY, Jr Administrator of Veteran's Affairs,
Veterans Administration, Washington

C.Ry. * Moscow; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

CYRIL RAY Member of editorial staff, Sunday Times, London;
formerly correspondent in Moscow Editor, Scenes and Characters
from Surtees, author of Algiers to Afrua

C.S.M. Church of South India

CAMPBELL SEYMOUR MILFORD.M C,M A West Asia Secre-
tary, Church Missionary Society, London Formerly Vice-Principal,
St Paul's College, Calcutta, and Canon of Calcutta Cathedral

C.V.C. Korean War (in part)

CHESTER V CLIFTON, Jr Colonel, U S Army; Assistant to the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington

D.A.G.R. Building and Construction Industry (in part)

DONALD A G REID, B Sc (Eng.), M I.C E , A M I Struct E
Principal, L C.C Bnxton School of Building, London Author of
Building Science

D.A.Sn. Malaya, Federation of; Singapore; etc.

DERRICK ADOLPHUS SINGTON, B A Correspondent in the
Far East, contributing to Glasgow Herald, Manchester Guardian,
New Statesman; etc.

D.B.S. Bridges (in part)

DAVID BARNARD STEINMAN, AM, C E , Sc D . PhD,
F.R S A US authority on the design and construction of long-
span bridges.

D.Cr. Aircraft Manufacture; Royal Air Force

DOUGLAS COLYER, C B , D F C , M A , Air Marshal, RAF
(retd ) British Civil Air Attache, Pans, Brussels, The Hague, Rome,
Madrid and Berne.

D.D.C. Children's Books

DORIS DAVIES CHILCOT, F L.A Principal Assistant in Charge
of Work with Young People, Islington Public Libraries, London

D.F.K. Israel

DAVID FRANCIS KESSLER, B A Managing Director, Jewish
Chronicle, London

D.F.Ky. Angling

DONOVAN FRANK KELLEY Writer on angling, Plymouth.

D.H.G. Child Welfare (in part)

DENNIS HERBERT GEFFEN, M.D , D P H., M.R.C S , L R.C.P.
Medical Officer of Health, St Pancras and Hampstead metropolitan
boroughs, London. Lecturer on Child Welfare, Institute ot Child
Health, University of London Vice-Chairman, National Baby
Welfare Council. Author of Public Health and Social Services,
Manual of Child Welfare (British Red Cross Society manual);
Hygiene, Infectious Disease and Dietetics.

D.Hmn. Education (in part)

DAVID RENNIE HARDMAN, M.A., LL.B., J.P. Educational
Adviser and Consultant, London. Formerly Parliamentary Secretary,
Ministry of Education. Author of What About Shakespeare >? ,
Poems of Love and Affairs.

D.Hn. Newspaper and Magazines (in part)

DEREK HUDSON, M.A. Literary Editor, Spectator, London.
Author of Thomas Barnes of " The Times"; British Journalists and
Newspapers; etc.

D.Ho. Congregational Churches (in part)

DOUGLAS HORTON, D.D., Litt.D. Minister and Secretary,
General Council of Congregational Christian Churches in America,
New York. Author of Out of Life ; Congregationalism, A Study in
Polity.

D.I. Ireland, Republic of

DENIS LIDDELL IRELAND. Former Senator, Republic of Ireland
Author of Eamon de Valera Doesn't See It Through, Six Counties
in Search of a Nation; etc.

D.I.C. Spirits (in part)

DENYS IRVINE COOMBER, B.Sc., A R.I C , Ph D. Senior
Scientific Officer, Government Chemist's Department, London

D.J.B.C. Societies, Learned and Professional

DARRELL JOHN BARK WELL COPP, B Sc General Secretary,
Institute of Biology, London

D. J.H. Wages and Hours (in part)

DONALD J HART, M A. Dean, School of Business Administra-
tion, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

D.Me. Scotland (in pan)

SIR DAVID MILNE, K C.B , MA Permanent Under Secretary
of State for Scotland

D.Nn. London

LADY DOROTHY NICHOLSON, MA., M B E Author of
Private Letters, Pagan and Christian, Pilgrim* were I'hey All, (as
Lady Dorothy Brooke) The Londoner, etc

D.R.Gi. France

DARSIE RUTHERFORD GILLIE. Legion of Honour Pans
Correspondent, Manchester Guardian

D.R.P. Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United Kingdom of

DAVID RUSSELL PROSSER Editor, Western Mail, Cardiff

D.Rr. Glass

DENNIS LIONEL THOMAS RIDER Secretary, Glass Manufac-
turers' Federation, London, European Glass Manufacturers'
Federation, etc.

D.Stn. Art Exhibitions (in part); Painting (in part)', etc.

DENYS SUTTON, B A . B Litt. Art Critic, London Author of
French Drawings o) the 1 8th Century, American Paintings, etc

D. In. Infantile ParalysU

DANIEL THOMSON, M D , D P H Medical Officer, Ministry
of Health, London

D.V. v Oxford University

DOUGLAS VEALE, C B E . M A . Hon LL D Registrar, Uni-
versity of Oxford, Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford

D.W.K.-J. Bread and Bakery Products

DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT-JONES, PhD, B Sc , FRIG
Analytical and Consulting Chemist, London Author of Modern
Cereal Chemistry, The Practue and Sue me of Bread-making

E.A.Pc. Baptist Church

ERNEST ALEXANDER PAYNE, M A , D D General Secretary,
Baptist Union of Great Britain and Ireland Author of The Free
Church Tradition in the Life of England, I he Chunh Awakes, Henrv
Wheeler Robinson, etc

E.A.Ss. Gymnastics

EDWARD ALFRED SIMMONDS, A C 1 S Honorary Secretary,
Amateur Gymnastic Association, London

E.Ba. Freemasonry

ERNEST BEHA Editor, Freemason, London Author of Lodges
with a Difference

E.B.Nn. Rubber (in part)

EDWIN BOHANNON NEWTON Director, Technical Service
Research, B F. Goodrich Research Centre, Brecksville, Ohio

E.B.R. Seismology

ELLIOTT B ROBERTS. Captain, U S Coast and Geodetic Survey,
Washington, Chief, Division of Geophysics

E.C.Sd. Aviation, Civil (in part)

EDWIN COLSTON SHEPHERD, B A , B Litt Air Correspondent,
Sunday Times, London, formerly Aeronautical Correspondent, The
Times, and Editor, Aeroplane, London Author of The RAF
To-day, Great Flight*

E.E.Bs. Civil Service

SIR EDWARD ETTINGDENE BRIDGES, GCB, GCVO,
M C , MA, Hon LL D , Hon D Litt , Hon D C L Permanent
Secretary to the Treasury, London

E.E.R. United States of America; etc.

EDGAR EUGENE ROBINSON, A.M , LL D. Byrne Professor of
American History and Director of the Institute of American History,
Stanford University, Stanford, California Author of The New
United States, etc

E.F.Hk. Yachting

EDWARD FOWLES HAYLOCK Editor, Yachting World,
London.

E.Hin. Zoological Gardens; Zoology

EDWARD KINDLE, MA, Sc.D , Ph D , F R S. Scientific
Director, Zoological Society of London Author of Flies and
Disease- Biting Flies; A Laboratory Notebook of Zoology.

E.H.Kg. National Trust

SIR EDWARD HERBERT KEELING, M.C , M A. Member of
Parliament. Chairman, Publicity Committee, National Trust, London

E.H.S. Isle of Man

ERNEST HENRY STENNING, T D , MA, Vice-Principal.^Cing
William's College, Castletown, Isle of Man; Canon of St. Columba
Author of The Isle of Man.

E.I.U. Vital Statistics

ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT, Economist Newspaper
Ltd., London.

CONTRIBUTORS

E J.C. Canning Industry (in part)

EDWIN J CAMERON Director, Research Laboratories, National
Canners' Association, Washington

E.J.L. Sweden

ETHEL JOHN LINDGRLN, M A., Ph D. Lecturer, Department
of Anthropology, University of Cambridge; Editor of 'I fie Study
of Society Method', and Problem*.

E.N.T. Paints and Varnishes

ERIC NESHAN TIRATSOO, PhD, D1C, BSc, ARSM,
FGS.FRGS.M Inst Pet Editor, Paint Manufacture, Petroleum,
Atomics, Chemical Industries, London Author of Petroleum Geology

E.O.G. Cocoa; Coffee

EDGAR OTTO GOTHSCH, B Sc (Econ ) Economic Assistant,
Commonwealth Economic Committee, London

E P.J. Diabetes

E P JOSL1N, M D . Sc D Professor Emeritus of Clinical Medicine,
Harvard University Medical School, Medical Director, George F
Baker Clinic, New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massa-
chusetts

F.R.Bk. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

EUGENE R BLACK President, International Bank for Recon-
struction and Development, Washington.

Er.Gr. Alaska

ERNEST GRUENING Governor of Alaska

E.Si. Speleology

ELI SIMPSON Recorder, British Speleological Association,
Settle, Yorkshire

F.S.J. Youth Employment (in part)

ELIZABETH S JOHNSON Chief, Division of Child Labour and
Youth Employment, Bureau ol Labour Standards, U S Department
of Labour, Washington

t.Sl. Psychiatry

ERWIN STENGEL, M D . M R C P Reader in Psychiatry.
University of London (at the Institute of Psychiatry), Honorary
Physician, The Bethlem Royal Hospital and Maudsley Hospital,
London

E.Sn. , Fur* (in part)

FDWARD M STANTON Fur Editor, Women s Wear Daily,
New York

P W.C. Electrical Industries (in part)-, etc.

EDWARD WILLIAM GOLDING, M Sc.Tech , M I E E ,
M,A I F E Head of Rural Electrification and Wind-power Depart-
ment, Electrical Research Association, London Author of Electrical
Measurements and Measuring Instruments, Electrification of Agri-
culture and Rural Districts

E W.Gt. Geography

FDMUND WILLIAM GILBERT. B Litt , MA Fellow and
Lecturer in Geography, Hertford College, Oxford, Reader in Human
Geography, University of Oxford Author of The Exploration of
Western Amerua

E Wi. Italy; Saar; Trieste; etc.

ELIZABETH W1SKFMANN, M A , M Litt Writer on Foreign
Affairs. London Author of Czechs and Germans, Undeclared War,
Italy, The Rome- Berlin A MS

E.W.Wte. Arts Council of Great Britain

LRfC WALTER WHITE, BA Assistant Secretary, Arts Council
of Great Britain, London Author of Stravinsky a Critical Survey,
'I he Rise oj English Opera

F.\.S. International Monetary Fund

FRANK A SOUTHARD, Jr US Executive Director, International
Monetary Fund, Washington Author of Foreign Exchange Practice
ami Policy, The finance's of European liberation

F.A.Sw. Art Exhibitions (in part); Museums (in part)

FREDERICK A SWEET Associate Curator of Painting and
Sculpture, Art Institute of Chicago

F.B.H. Portugal, etc.

FRED BRABY HILLS Portuguese Programme Organizer, BBC
Furopean Service, London

F.D.S. Book Publishing (in part)

FRANCIS DOUGLAS SANDFRS Secretary, Publishers Associa-
tion of Great Britain and Ireland, London Author of British Book
Trade Organisation

F.E.Lk. Gems

FRANCIS ERNFST LEAK, FGA Manager, John Bennett,
Jeweller, Bristol, Senior Partner, West of England Gemmological
I aboratory, Bristol

F.L S. Eritrea; Libya; etc.

FRANK EDMUND STAFFORD, CMC, CBE. FRAS,
F R G S Special Adviser (Foreign Office) in Eritrea

F.HI. International Trade

I RANCIS LA BELLE HALL Chief, Foreign Trade Section,
International Economic Analysis Division, U S Department of
Commerce, Washington Author of Sterling Area Trade Patterns
K///J Special Reference to the Dollar Problem

I U.S. Motor Boat Racing

I RANK HARVEY SNOXELL Asst Editor. The Motor Boat and
Yachting, London Author of Motor Boating, co-author of The
M.9/or Boat Manual

F.J.I, Botanical Gardens

FRANCIS JOHN LEWIS, D Sc , F R S.E , F L.S Formerly
Professor of Botany. Fuad I University, Cairo, and Visiting Lecturer
in Botany, Royal Holloway College, University of London Medical
and Scientific Representative, Macmillan and Co. Ltd , Publishers,
London Contributor to the Journal of Ecology, London, etc

F.J.Os. Town and Country Planning

F J OSBORN. Chairman of Executive, Town and Country Plan-
ning Association, London Author of Green-Belt Cities; etc.

F.J.S. Nutrition (in part)

FREDERICK J STARE,. M D! Professor of Nutrition, Schools of
Medicine and Public Health, Harvard University.

F.L.DO. New York City

FRANK LEE DONOGHUE Special Consultant on Public
Relations for Department of Commerce, City of New York Author
of Spotted Horse Patrol (case histories of the New York State Police);
etc

F.L.K. Libraries (in part)

FRANCIS LAWRENCE KENT, M A Librarian, U N E.S C O.,
Paris; formerly Librarian, University of Bristol Co-editor, World
list of Scientific Periodicals

F.Lr. Ear, Nose and Throat, Diseases of

FRANCIS LOEFFLER LEDERER, M D Professor and Head of
Department of Otolaryngology, University of Illinois College of
Medicine, Chicago Author of Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat,
Principles and Practice of Otorhmolaryngology , etc

F.N.H. Nuts

FRANK NORMAN HOWES, D Sc Principal Scientific Officer,
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey Author of Nuts, their Pro-
duction and Everyday Uses, etc

E.P.L.L. Respiratory Diseases

FRANK PATRICK LEE LANDER, OBE., MD,BS,FRCP
Physician, Brompton Hospital and Royal Free Hospital, London,
Lecturer in Medicine, Royal Free Hospital Medical School. University
of London

F.R.N.N. Atomic Energy

FRANK REGINALD NUNES NABARRO, M B F , MA, D Sc
Lecturer in metallurgy, University of Birmingham

F.R.P Furs (in part)

FRANCIS REXFORD POLAND Managing Director, P R
Poland and Son, Ltd , fur and skm merchants, London

F.R.Tn. Narcotics (in part)

FRANCIS RAYMOND THORNTON, OBE Chief Inspector,
Drugs Branch, Home Office, London

F.S.B. Literary Research

FREDERICK SAMUEL BOAS, OBE, MA., Hon LL D ,
Hon D Lit , F R S L A Vice-President, Royal Society of Literature
and English Association, President, Elizabethan Literary Society
Author of Shakespeare and his Predecessors, Christopher Marlowe
A Study, University Drama in the Tudor Age, etc

F.S.R. Marine Biology

FREDERICK STRATTEN RUSSELL, F R S Director, Plymouth
Laboratory, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Author of The Seas (with C M Yonge).

F.Ss. Mathematics

FRANK SMITHIFS, M A . Ph D Fellow of St John's College,
Cambridge, Lecturer in Mathematics, University of Cambridge.

F.T.C. Printing (in part)

FRANK LUDDINGTON COLLEY Editor. British Printer,
London

F.V.W. Soaps, Perfumery and Cosmetics

FREDERICK VICTOR WELLS, PCS, F R H S Editor. Soap,
Perfumery and Cosmetics, London, Vice-Chairman, Society of
Cosmetic Chemists of Great Britain

F.W.Ta. Cotton (in part)

FREDFRICK WILLIAM TATTERSALL, FRSS, FRES
Cotton Trade Expert and Statistician, Manchester

F.W.W.-S. Drawing and Engraving

I RANCIS WILLIAM WENTWORTH-SHEILDS, N R D.
Designer, Visiting Instructor, Twickenham School of Art, Middlesex

G.A.Ro. Iron and Steel (in part)', Metallurgy; etc.

GAR A ROUSH Former Editor, Mineral Industry, New York
Author of Strategic Mineral Supplies

G.D.H.L. Air Races and Records; etc.

GEORGF DAVID HOUGH LINTON Joint Fditor, Airport
Visitor, London

G.D.M. Chemistry (in part)

GEORGE DENIS MEAKINS, MA., BSc, D Phil Lecturer in
Chemistry, Victoria University of Manchester.

Ge.Bu. Hospitals (in part)

GEORGE BUGBEE Executive Director, American Hospital
Association, Chicago

G.F.C. Rubber (In part)

GODFREY E. COOMBS, B.Sc Secretary, British Rubber Pro-
ducers' Research Association, London

G.E.R.D. Oceanography

GEORGE EDWARD RAVEN DEACON, D Sc., F.R S Director,
National Institute of Oceanography, Great Britain.

G.Hb. Floods and Flood Control (in part); etc.

GENE HOLCOMB Formerly Deputy Chief, Technical Information
Division, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army,
Washington

G.H.Ba. Lacrosse

GEORGE HENRY BARK. Hon Secretary, English Lacrosse
Union

CONTRIBUTORS

G.H.Be. Genetics

GEOFFREY HERBERT BEALE. M B E , Ph D Lecturer in
Genetics, University or Edinburgh

G.H.BI. Local Government

GEORGE HAROLD BANWELL Secretary, Association of
Municipal Corporations, London

G.H.M.K Canning Industry (in part)

GEORGE HENRY MORRIS FARLEY, B Sc Editor, Tin-Printer
and Box-Maker and Canning Industry, London

G.Hs. Hemp; Jute

GORDON HUGHES Managing Director, British-Continental
Trade Press, Ltd, London, Editor, Jute and Canvas Review, Jute
Market Price*; Jute, Canvas and Cordage Trader Directory, Waste
and Reclamation Trades Review, etc, London

G.I.B. Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; etc.

GEORGE I BLANKSTEN Associate Professor of Political
Science, Northwestern University, Lvanston, Illinois Author of
Ecuador Constitutions and Caudillos, Peron's Argentina

G.J.M.J. Juvenile Delinquency

GEORGE JAMES MORLEY JACOB, J P General Secretary,
London Police Court Mission, member. Panel of Chairmen of
the Metropolitan Juvenile Courts

G.L.Bs. Television (in part)

GEORGE LISLE BEERS, Sc D Assistant Director of Engineering,
RCA Victor Division, Radio Corporation of America, Camden,
New Jersey

G.L.W. Refugees

GEORGL L WARREN, A B Adviser on Refugees and Displaced
Persons, U S Department of State, Washington

G.L.Wn. Railways (/// part)

G LLOYD WILSON, Chairman, Transportation and Public
Utilities Department, and Professor of Transportation and Public
Utilities, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Author of
Transportation Economic Principles and Practice*,, Traffic Manage-
ment, Air Transportation; etc

G.McA. Housing (in part)

GILBERT MCALLISTER, M A Public Relations Consultant,
Member of Executive, Town and Country Planning Association,
London Author of Town and Country Planning (with Elizabeth
McAllister), Houses as Homes, etc Fditor of Homes, Towns and
Countryside (With Hi/abcth McAllister)

G.M.Hy. Newspapers and Magaiines (in part)

GRANT M HYDF, A M Professor of Journalism, School of
Journalism. University of Wisconsin, Madison. Wisconsin

G P. Argentina; Brazil

GEORGE PLNDLL, M A Writer and broadcaster on Latin-
American affairs, London Author of Much Sky Impressions of
South America, Uruguay South America's birst Weljare State

C.I' G. Museums (in part)

GEORGE PHILIP GRIGGS, M A Secretary, Museums Associa-
tion, london, Editor, Museum? Journal, London

G P.O. Post Office; Telephone (in part); etc.

Articles compiled through the courtesy of the Postmaster General,
London

(J.R.Rr. Fives (in part)

GEOFFRFY ROLAND RIMMER Chairman. Executive Com-
mittee, Rugby Fives Association, london

G.S.B. Korean War (in part)

GFORGE S BLANCH ARD Major, U S Army, Assistant to the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington

G S.K. Presbyterian Church

GUY SOULLIARD KLhTT Research Historian. Department of
History, The Presbyterian Church in the United States of America

(i Sr. Canadian Literature (in part)

GUY SYLVKSTRF, F R S C I ecturer Author ofPoetes catholiques
de la Frame contemporaine, Sondages, etc

G.Th. Iceland

GUDLAUGUR THORVALDSSON. cand oecon Officer of the
Iceland Bureau of Statistics. Reykjavik

G.Wr Broadcasting (in part)

C. GORDON WINTLR Chief Publicity Officer (Europe), BBC,
I ondon

G.Wt. lobacco

GORDON WtST Editor, Tobacco, London

H.A.Cn. Clothing Industry (in part)

HARRY A COBRIN Executive Secretary, Clothing Manufacturers
Association of the United States of America, New York

1 1. \.E.S. Badminton

HERBLRT AUGUST EDWARD SCHCELE Hon Secretary.
International Badminton Federation, Secretary, Badminton Associa-
tion of England Editor, Badminton Gazette, London

H.A.P.F. International Court of Justice

HAP FISHFR. M A Barnstcr-at-Law. Fellow of All Souls
College, Oxford

H.A.Ws. Motor Transport (in part)

HARRY A WILLIAMS Director of Public Relations, Auto-
mobile Manufacturers Association, Detroit

H.B.Cs. Anthropology (In part)

HFNRY B COLLINS, Jr Senior Ethnologist, Bureau ot American
Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington

H.Bfe. Motor Cycle and Cycle Industry

HAROLD BRIERCLIFFE. Editor, Motor Cycle and Cvcle Trader,
London.

H.B.P. Veterinary Medicine (in part)

HERBERT BUTLER PARRY, M A , M R C V S Senior Scientific
Officer, Animal Health Trust, Kennett, Newmarket, Suffolk

H.B.S. Heart Diseases

HOWARD BURNHAM SPRAGUE. M D Associate Physician,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston

H.C.Ce. Hotels, Restaurants and Inns (in part)

HENRY CHARLLS CLARKE Formerly Secretary of the Hotels
and Restaurants Association of Great Britain Author of Hotels and
Restaurants

H.C.D. Education (in part); Universities and Colleges; etc.

HAROLD COLLETT DENT, B A , Hon F E I S Educational
Correspondent, The limes, London Author of A New Order In
English Education, Education in Transition, Secondary education for
All, Part-time Education in Great Britain

He.Br. Banking (/// part)

HENRY BRUtRE Hon Chairman of the Board, Bowery
Savings Bank, New York

H.E.Hn. Squash Rackets

HENRY ERIC HAYMAN Secretary, Squash Rackets Association,
London

H.F.C.G. Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats (in part)

HUBERT FRANCIS CAWDRON GRIGG, BSc(Econ)
Economic Assistant, Commonwealth Economic C ommittee, London

H.G.N. Congress, U.S.

HERBERT GEORGE NICHOLAS, M A Fellow of New College,
Oxford, Faculty Fellow. Nuffield College. Oxford Author of
The American Union, The British General Election of 1950

H.G.S. Shipbuilding (in part)

H GERRISH SMITH Chairman of the Board, Shipbuilders
Council of America

H.J A. Narcotics (in part)

H J ANSLINGER, Commissioner of Narcotics, U S Treasury
Department, Washington, U S Representative, U N Commission
on Narcotic Drugs Member, Committee on Narcotic Drugs and
Drug Addiction, National Research Council, USA Author of
The Physician and the Federal Narcotic IMW, etc

H.J.Mr. Taxation (in part)

HERBERT J MILLER Executive Director, Tax Foundation, Inc ,
New York, Formerly Director of Research, Commission on
Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government (Hoover
Commission)

H.L. Interior Decoration

HOPE LOVLLL, B A Formerly Intelligence Officer, Council of
Industrial Design, London

H.L.B. Fires (in part)

HLDLEY LE BAS, B A Hon Secretary, Fton Fives Association,
London

H . Ln. Denmark ; Greenland ; etc.

HELGF LARSEN, M A Teacher at Nykobmg Kathedralskole,
Denmark Author of Politiske Grundtauker (political ideas). Contri-
butor to De fern lauge dr (The five long years)

H.M.As. National Parks (in part)

HAROLD MAURICL ABRAHAMS. MA. LL B Secretary,
National Parks Commission, London

H.M.E. Epidemics

HAROLD MAN LEY FLLIOTT. MB, B Chir , D P H Medical
Officer, Ministry of Health, London

H.M.H. American Literature

HARRISON M HAYFORD. Ph D Assistant Piofessor of Lnglish,
Northwestern University. Evanston, Illinois

H.Mra. Crime (in part)

HERMANN MANNHEIM. Dr Jur Reader in Criminology,
University of London (at the London School of Economics) Author
of Social Aspects of Crime in England, Criminal Justice and Social
Reconstruction, etc

H.M.W ' X-Ray and Radiology

HARRY M WfcBER. M D Associate Professor of Radiology, Uni-
versity of Minnesota Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota

H.Ra. Dermatology

HERBERT RATTNLR. M D Professor and Chairman, Depart-
ment of Dermatology, Northwestern University Medical School,
Chicago

H.S.A. Cricket

HARRY SURTEES AI THAM. DSO, MC, MA Treasurer.
M C C , London Author of A Historv of Cricket

H.S.I). Anglo-Egyptian Sudan; Egypt

HERBERT STANLEY DFIGHTON, M A , B Litt bellow of
Pembroke College, Oxford, former Visiting Professor, F-uad I
University, Cairo

H.Sn. Northern Ireland

HUGH SHEARMAN. B A , Ph D Author of Anglo-Irish Relations;
Ulster, Modern Ireland

H.Su. Accident Prevention (in part)

HELEN ISABEL SUTHERLAND, M Inst T A , F C.TS ,
F Comm A Secretary, Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents,
London

H.S.Vg. Air Forces of the World (in part)

GENERAL HOYT SANFORD VANDENBERG Chief of Staff,
US Air Force, Washington

XII

CONTRIBUTORS

H.S.-W. Czechoslovakia ; Hungary ; Yugoslavia ; etc.

(GEORGE) HUGH NICHOLAS SETON-WATSON, M A. Pro-
fessor of Russian History, University of London (at the School of
Slavonic and East European Studies) Author of Eastern Europe
Between the War's, 1918-41, The East European Revolution, etc

Hn.De. Algeria ; French Union ; French West Africa ; Tunisia ; etc.

HUBERT DESCHAMPS Former French Colonial Governor.
Professor at 1'Ecole de la France d'Outrcmer and 1'lnstitut d'Etudes
Politiques (University of Pans) Author of Madagascar, Champlain,
I' Union Fran faise, Method* et Doctrines colonial* de la France; etc

H.W. Tuberculosis

HARLEY WILLIAMS, O B E , M D Author of The Healing Touch,
Between Life and Death, The Conquest of Fear.

H.W.Dg. Prisoners of War; Red Cross

HfcNRY W DUNNING Executive Secretary, League of Red Cross
Societies, Geneva

H.W.Hk. Child Welfare (tn part)

HOWARD WILLIAM HOPKIRK. A B Superintendent, Louisville
and Jefferson County Children's Home, Louisville, Kentucky

H.W.Le.P. British Army

H W Le PREVOST Major, British Army Information Division,
Ministry of Supply, London, formerly of Directorate of Public
Relations, War Oflice, London

H.Z. Wild Life Conservation (in part)

HOWARD ZAHNISER Executive Secretary, Wilderness Society
(USA), Editor, The Living Wilderness, Book Editor, Nature
Magazine, Washington

I.C. Jewry, World

ISRAEL COHFN, B A Vice-Chairman, Foreign Affairs Committee,
Board of Deputies of British Jews, formerly General Secretary,
World Zionist Organization Author of Contemporary Jewrv,
Travels in Jewrv, A Short History of Zionism

I.H.Fk. Medicine (in part)

ISAAC HARVEY FLACK, M D Editor, Family Doctor, London
Author of iMwwn lait 1845-1899, Eternal Eve the History o) Gynaeco-
logy and Obstetric*,

I.L.BI. Linen and Flax; etc.

IRENE BLUNT Secretary, National Federation of Textiles, Inc ,
New York

I.Mu. Table Tennis

HON IVOR MONTAGU, M A Chairman. English Table Tennis
Association, President, International Table Tennis Federation
Author of Table Tennis Todav, Table Tennis

l.R.M.M. Architecture (in part)

IAN ROBERT MORE McCALLUM, ARIBA, A A dipl
Editor, Architectural Review, London, Editor, Physical Planning
Author of A Pocket Guide to Modern Building* in London

I.W.R. Words and Meanings, New (tn part)

\ WILLIS RUSSELL Chairman of the Research Committee on
New Words of the American Dialect Society which contributed to
the United States section of the article The Committee consisted
(1952) of Henry Alexander, Thomas L Crowell, O B Emerson,
Atchcson L Hench, Mamie J Meredith and Peter Tamony

J.A.F. Archaeology (in part)

JAMES A FORD Assistant Curator of North American Archae-
ology, American Museum of Natural History, New York.

J.A Gn. Country Life

JAMES ARCHIBALD GARTON, MC, DL, JP Lieutenant-
Colonel Master, Somerset Guild of Craftsmen Member of the
House of L aity, Church Assembly Formerly High Sheriff of Somer-
set Author of The Guest, the Bowman, Glowing Embers from a
Somerset Hearth

J.A.Hu. Commonwealth of Nations (in part); etc.

JOHN ANTHONY HUTTON, B A Formerly Research Assistant,
University of Oxford Institute of Colonial Studies

J.A. Ml. Electric Transport (in part)

JOHN ANDERSON MILLER, Ph B Member of the staff, General

Author of Fares

Electric Company, Schcnectady, New York
Please', Men and Volt* at War, etc

J.A.Rs. Greyhound Racing

JOSEPH ALEXANDER RICHARDS Managing Editor, Grey-
hound Owner and Breeder, London

J.A.S.R. Coal

JOHN ANTHONY SYDNEY RITSON. DSO, O B E., MC,
T D , B Sc , M I M E Professor Emeritus of Mining, University of
London

J.Be. Baseball

JOHN BRICKHOUSE Director of Sports, WGN, Inc, Chicago
Author of Jack Brkkhauses' s Major League Baseball Record Book

J.B.Kr. Stomach and Intestines, Diseases of

JOSEPH B KIRSNER, M D Professor of Medicine. University
of Chicago

J.Bs. Gynaecology and Obstetrics

JOSEPHINE BARNES. MA, DM, MRCP, F.R C S ,
F R C O G Assistant, Obstetric Unit, University College Hospital,
London, Assistant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, Elizabeth
Vjiarrctt Anderson Hospital, London, Lecturer in Obstetrics and
Gynaecology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, University
of London, etc. Author of Gynaecological Histology

J.Bx. Shops and Department Stores

JOHN BAXTER, B.Com , Ph D (Econ ). Head of Research Depart-
ment, Marks and Spencer, Ltd , London.

J.C.G. Polo

JACK ROSE COMPTON GANNON, C.B E., M V O Writer on
polo, Newbury, Berkshire; formerly Manager and Secretary,
Hurlmgham Club, London.

J.C.G.J. Wales

J. C. GRIFFITH JONES. Journalist and Broadcaster, Welsh
Correspondent, Observer, London

J.C.HI. English Literature (in part)

JOHN CLIVE HALL Publisher's General Manager, London
Author of The Summer Dance and other Poems.

J.Chn. Archaeology (in part)

JOHN CHARLTON, M.A , F S A Member of the staff, Inspect-
orate of Ancient Monuments, England Excavator of Roman and
Mediaeval sites.

J.C.P.P. Osteopathy

JOCELYN CAMPBELL PATRICK PROBY, M.A , B Litt., M R O
Member, General Council and Register of Osteopaths, Ltd , London
Author of Essay on Osteopathy, The Relation of Micro-Organisms
to Disease, etc

J.Cw. Music

JOHN CULSHAW Author, lecturer and broadcaster on music,
London Author of Sergei Raihmaninov; The Concerto; etc

J.C.Wn. Tunnels

JOHN CROSSLEY WADDINGTON, M Inst C M A S C E ,
F G S Chief Civil Engineer, A Waddington and Son, Ltd , London

J.du.M. Chess

J du MONT Chess Editor, The Field, London, and Manchester
Guardian Author of The Basis of Combination in Chess and (with
S. G Tartakower) 500 Master Games of Chess

J.E. English Literature (in part}

JOHN EALES, M A. Fiction Critic, Fortnightly, London

J.E.N. Livestock (in part)

JAMES EDWARD NICHOLS, M Sc , Ph D , F.R S Ed Professor
of Agriculture (Animal Husbandry), University of Wales (at
University College of Wales, Aberystwyth) Author of Livestock
Improvement

J.E.Sp. Philippine-,

JOSEPH E SPENCFR Professor of Geography, University of
California, Los Angeles

J.E.WI. Berlin; Germany

JOHN EMLYN WILLIAMS, MA, Ph D Central European
Correspondent, Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Massachusetts

J.F.A. Ice Hockey (in part)

JOHN FRANCIS AHEARNE, 1C IS Secretary, British Ice
Hockey Association, London, Vice-Prcsident, International Ice
Hockey Federation

J.F.B. Bridges (in pan)

JOHN FLEETWOOD BAKER, OBE, MA, Sc D , D Sc ,
M Inst C E , MI Struct E , Assoc M Am Soc C E Professor of
Mechanical Sciences and Head of Department of Fngineermg.
University of Cambridge, Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge
Author of Analysis of Engineering Structures, etc

J.F.C. Australia, Commonwealth of ; etc

JAMES FORD CAIRNS, M Com Lecturer in Economic History,
University of Melbourne, Nuffield Dominion Fellow (Social
Sciences), 1951

J.Ge. Meteorology (in part)

JOHN GLASSPOOLE, M Sc . Ph D Head of British Climatology
Branch, Meteorological Office, London Author of British Floods
and Droughts (with CEP Brooks)

J.G.H. Mental Diseases

JOHN GERARD HAMILTON. MD, BS, MRCS. LRCP.
D P M Physician, Bethlem Royal Hospital and Maudsley Hospital,
London

J.G.Sh. Lawn Tennis

BRIGADIER JOHN GEORGE SMYTH, VC, MC Member
of Parliament Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Pensions,
London Formerly Lawn Tennis Correspondent, Sunday Times,
London

J.G.V.D. Architecture (In parr)

JAMES GROTE Van DERPOOL Professor of History of Architec-
ture and Avery Librarian. Columbia University, New York

J.Hkn. Ceylon (la part); etc.

JOHN HOCK1N London Editor, Times of Ceylon

J.HI. Civil Defence

SIR (ERIC) JOHN HODSOLL Wing Commander, RAF. Director
General Civil Defence Training, Home Oflice, London

J.H.M.S. Liberal Parties

JOHN HUTCHISON MacCALLUM SCOTT, BA Honorary
Secretary, Liberal International Author of Beaten Tracks; Eastern
Journey, World Liberalism

J.H.Ps. London University

J HOOD PHILLIPS, M.A Secretary to the Senate, University
of London.

J.Hy. Sewerage

JOHN HURLEY, B.Sc , F R.I C., F Inst S.P., F I S E , F R.San I
Manager, Sewage Disposal Department, Wolverhamptdh

J.J.Hy. Munitions of War (in part)

JAMES J. HAGGERTY, Jr. Military Editor, American Aviation
Publications, Washington

CONTRIBUTORS

Xlll

J.J.O'C. Sugar (in part); Tea

J. J. O'CALLAGHAN. Economic Assistant, Commonwealth
Economic Committee, London.

J.Kd. . Water Supply (in part); etc.

JULIUS KENNARD, B.Sc.(Eng.)? M.I C E , M I.W E , M Cons E.
Chartered civil engineer, Senior partner, Edward Sandeman,
Kennard and Partners, London.

J.K.L. Banking (in part); Federal Reserve System

JOHN K. LANGUM. President, Business Economics, Inc , Chicago,
former Vice-President, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.

J.K.R. Agriculture (in part); etc.

JOHN KERR ROSE, A.M., Ph D , J.D. Geographer, Legislative
Reference Service, Library of Congress, Washington

J.Ky. Unitarian Church

JOHN KIELTY. Secretary, General Assembly, Unitarian and Free
Christian Churches, London.

J.LaF. Roman Catholic Church (in part)

JOHN LaFARGE, S. J. Associate Editor, America, New York

J.L.Be. Patents

SIR JOHN LUCIAN BLAKE, M Sc. Barnstcr-at-Law Comp-
troller-General, Patent Office, London.

J.Ln. Capetown; South Africa, Union of; etc.

JULIUS LFWIN, B A , LL B. Barnster-at-Law Advocate of the
Supreme Court of South Africa; Senior Lecturer in Native Law and
Administration, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
Joint Editor, African Studies, Author of Studies in African Native
Law, etc.

J.McA. Uruguay

JOHN McADAMS. Former Instructor of Latin-American History
and Government, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto
Rico.

J.M.H. . Water Supply (in part)

JOHN MELLISH HENDERSON. Consulting Sanitary Engineer;
Special Consultant, Communicable Disease Centre, U S Public
Health Service, Savannah, Georgia

J.M.MacC. Scotland (in part)

JOHN MacDONALD MacCORMICK, M A., LL B , LL D Rector
of the University of Glasgow Author of Experiment in Democracy

Jn.Rl. Soil Conservation (in part)

SIR (EDWARD) JOHN RUSSELL, DSc.OBE.F.RS Formerly
Director, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertford-
shire. Author of The Fertility of the Soil, Soil Conditions and Plant
Growth, English Farming; etc. Editor of Agriculture Today and To-
morrow

Jo.Ms. Social Services (in part)

JOHN MOSS, C B E Barnster-at-Law Author of Hodden's
Health and Welfare Services Handbook

J.Ppr. Meteorology (in part)

JOSEPH PEPPER. MA, Ph D Head of World Climatology
Branch, Meteorological Office, London

J.R.Ay. Nationalization

JOHN RAYNER APPLEBEY, MA Leader Writer, Financial
Times, London.

J.R.Oi. Betting and Gambling (in part)

JOHN REGINALD CHAMBERS Fellow of the Institute of
Directors Company director, London Author of History of
Administrative Services, British Expeditionary Forces

J.R.Ra. Agriculture (in part)

JOHN ROSS RAEBURN, B Sc (Agnc ), M S., M A , Ph D Reader
in Agricultural Economics, University of London (at the London
School of Economics)

J.Sn. Lutherans

JOSEPH SIMONSON Executive Secretary, Division of Public
Relations, National Lutheran Council, New York, Editor, National
Lutheran, New York.

J.Sto. Electronics (in part)

JAMES STOKLEY, B.S (Ed ), MS. Publicity Representative,
General Electric Research Laboratory, Schenectady, New York,
Editor of Science Marches On Author of Stars and Telescopes,
Science Remakes Our World; Electrons in Action

J.W.D. Canoeing

JOHN WEBSTER DUDDER1DGE, B Sc. Hon Secretary, British
Canoe Union; Master in charge of Physical Education, Haberdashers'
Aske's School, Hampstead, London.

J.W.Fr. Bowls

JOHN WILLIAM FISHER, M R.C S , D.P H , D P M. Bowls
correspondent, Western Morning News, Plymouth, Express and Echo,
Exeter, etc. Author of A New Way to Better Bowls, Bowls, etc.

J.W.Ge. Electric Transport (in part)

JOHN WATKIN GRIEVE, B Sc , A M.I E E Electrification
Engineer, Electrical Engineering New Works and Development
Section, Railway Executive, London.

J.W.J. Electric Power (in part)

JOHN W JENKINS. Member of staff, Publications Division,
Federal Power Commission, Washington.

J. W.Mw. Chile (in part) ; etc.

JOSEPH W. MARLOW, A.B . LL.B. Lawyer; former Editor and
Research Analyst, Military Intelligence Service, U S. War Depart-
ment, Washington.

J.Wn. Pakistan

SIR JOHN CHARLES WALTON, K.C.I.E., C B., M.C , M.A.
Formerly Assistant Under Secretary of State for India and Deputy
Under Secretary of State for Burma.

K.Am. Festivals

KENNETH ADAM Controller, Light Programme, BBC. London

K.G.B. Aden ; British Borneo ; Gibraltar ; Kenya ; etc.

KENNETH GRANVILLE BRADLEY, B A., CMC Editor,
Corona, London. Author of Diary of a District Officer, The Colonial
Service as a Career, etc

K.M.S. Eastern European Economic Planning; etc.

KAZIMIERZ MACIEJ SMOGORZEWSKI Foreign Correspon-
dent Founder and Editor, Free Europe, London. Author of The
United States and Great Britain, Poland's Access to the Sea; etc

K.R.V. Advertising (in part)

K R V1NEY Assistant Editor. World's Press News, London

K.S.D. Olympic Games (in part)

KENNETH SANDILANDS DUNCAN, M.B E Secretary,
British Olympic Association, London. Author of In Athletics, Do
it this Way, The Oxford Pocket Book of Athletic Training

L.A.Wn. Golf (in part)

LINCOLN A WERDLN Member of sports staff. New York Times

L.B.K. Armies of the World

LYMAN BICKFORD KIRKPATRICK, Jr Former member of
editorial staff, US News and World Report, Washington; general
staff officer on staff of General Omar Bradley. Europe, 1944-45

L.B.N. Telegraphy (in part)

MAJOR-GENERAL LESLIE BURTONSHAW NICHOLLS, C.B.,
C B E , M I E E Fellow of University College, London. Chairman,
Cable and Wireless Ltd . London

L.dc B.H. Swimming (in part)

LOUIS dc BREDA HANDLEY Honorary Coach, Women's Swim-
ming Association of New York Author of Swimming for Women

L.D.L. Painting (in part); Sculpture (in part)

LESTER D LONGMAN Head of Art Department, State Univer-
sity of Iowa Author of History and Appreciation of Art, Questions
on Art, etc

L.F.Ms. Dyesruffs; etc.

LAURENCE EDMUND MORRIS Editor, Dyer, Textile Printer,
Bleacher and Finisher, London

L.F.C. Methodist Church (in part)

LESLIE FREDERIC CHURCH. B A , Ph D , F R Hist S Con-
nexional Editor, Methodist Church in Great Britain Author of
The Knight of the Burning Heart, The Larly Methodist People, etc

L.G.O.J. Home Guard

BRIGADIER LLEWELLYN GRAHAM OWEN JENKINS,
C B E , p s c Deputy Director, Home Guard, War Office, London

L.Hdn. Gas

LESLIE HARRY HARDERN, B A. Public Relations Officer, North
Thames Gas Board, London Joint author of Physical Planning

L.Hs. Speedway Racing

LAWRENCE H1GGINS Speedway Racing Correspondent,
Kemsley Newspapers, London.

L.J.An. Insurance (in part)

LAURENCE J ACKERMAN Dean, School of Business Admini-
stration, and Dean, College of Insurance, University of Connecticut
Author of Risks We Face, etc.

L.J.D.R. Classical Studies

LEOPOLD JOHN DIXON RICHARDSON, M A Professor of
Greek, University of Wales (at University College of South Wales
and Monmouthshire, Cardiff), Hon Secretary, Classical Association

L.L. Furniture Industry

LESLIE LEWIS Editor, Furnishing World. London Author of
Furniture Facts

L.M. Football

LAURENCE MONTAGUE, BA Sports Editor, Manchester
Guardian

L.M.Gh. United Nations

LELAND M GOODRICH Professor of International Organization
and Administration, Columbia University, New York Co-author
of Charter of the United Nations Commentary and Documents

L.M.K. Biochemistry

LLOYD M KOZLOFF Assistant Professor, Department of
Biochemistry, University of Chicago

Ln.M. Dance (in part)

LILLIAN MOORE Concert Dancer, Choreographer, NBC. Opera
Television Series; American Correspondent, Dancing Times, London
Former Soloist, Metropolitan Opera Ballet, New York

L.Rs. Balance of Payments; etc.

LASZLO ROSTAS, LL D , Dr rcr pol , MA, Assistant Director
of Research in Economics, University of Cambridge, Consultant
on Productivity, Board of Trade, London Author of Comparative
Productivity in British and American Industry; part-author of Taxation
of War Wealth.

L.W.F. Prisons

LIONEL WRAY FOX, C B , M C. Chairman, Prison Commission
for England and Wales Author of The Modern English Prison

L.W.R. Friends, Religious Society of (in part)

LYMAN W R1LEY. Member of staff, University of Pennsylvania
Library, Philadelphia

M.Ab. Investments Abroad (in part)

MILTON ABELSON Economic Analyst, Washington

Ma.Br. Turkey

MALCOLM BURR, M A , D Sc , A R.S.M., F R Ent Soc. Author
of In Bolshevik Siberia; Slouch Hat; The Insect Legion, etc. Trans-
lator of Tourist's Guide to Istanbul

XIV

CONTRIBUTORS

M.A.Me. Horse Racing (in part)

MICHAEL AUSTIN MELFORD, B A Sporting Correspondent,
Daily Telegraph, London

M.BIf. Communist Movement

MAX BELOFF, B Lit! , M A Reader in the Comparative Study of
Institutions, University of Oxford, Professorial Fellow, Nuffield
College, Oxford Author of The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia,
1929-1941

M.Dk. Roman Catholic Church; etc.

(JOHN) MICHAEL DERRICK Assistant Editor, Tablet, London,
Editor, Catholic Year Book, London Author of Eastern Catholics
under Soviet Rule, etc.

M.Dn. Law and Legislation (in part)

MITCHELL DAWSON, Ph B , J D Lawyer and Writer, former
Editor, Chicago Bar Record

M.Ds. Iron and Steel (in part)

MAX EM1L DAV1LS, B A. Public Relations Officer, British Iron
and Steel Research Association, London; Joint Editor of the
Handbook of Steel and Steel Products Author of The Story of Steel

M E.VVr. South African Literature (in part)

MARY EVELYN WRIGHT, B A Former Principal of Ellershe
High School. Sea Point, Cape Province, South Africa Compiler of
English language through English Literature

M.F. de C. Virgin Islands

MORRIS F DE CASTRO Governor of the U S Virgin Islands

M.Fe. Trust Territories

MAURICE FANSHAWE, B A Wnter on International Affairs,
London Author of Permanent Court of International Justice, What
the League of Nations has done, Armaments, The Charter Explained,
Trust Territories, etc

M.I i. Medicine (in part)

MORRIS FISHBEIN, M D Editor, Excerpta Medico, Contributing
Editor, Postgraduate Medicine (USA)

M.F.S. Munitions of War (in part)

MALCOLM F SCHOEFFEL Rear Admiral, U S Navy Chief,
Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, Washington.

M.F.T. Nutrition (in part)

MARTHA F TRULSON Research Associate in Nutrition, School
of Public Health, Harvard University

M.J.B. European Coal and Steel Community

MOR1TZ JULIUS BONN, Dr rer pol Writer on Economics,
London Formerly Professor, University of Munich; Principal,
Munich College of Commerce, Professor of Economics and Rector
Magmfictis, Berlin College of Commerce, and Lecturer, London
School of Economics. Author of Ifa Crumbling of Empire , Wandering
Scholar; etc.

M.Mack. Albania

(JOHN) MALCOLM MACKINTOSH, M A Programme Organ-
izer, Bulgarian and Albanian Sections, BBC Overseas Service,
London

M.N. Bacteriology

MILAN VACLAV NOVAK, M D Professor and Head of Depart-
ment of Bacteriology, University of Illinois College of Medicine,
Chicago, Bacteriologist in Chief, Research and Educational Hospital,
Consultant on Bacteriology, Veterans Administration, Hines,
Illinois

M.Pr. Ex-servicemen's Organizations (in part)

MORTON PUNER. Director, Special Features Department,
Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'nth, New York.

M.S.F. Japan

MIRIAM S FARLEY. Editor, Far Eastern Survey, American
Institute of Pacific Relations, Inc., New York Author of Aspects
of Japan's labor Problems, etc

M.Si. Printing (in part)

MacD SINCLAIR Editor, Printing Equipment Engineer, Cleveland.
Ohio

M.Ss. Belgium; etc.

MARCEL HENRI STUNS Vice-President, International Federa-
tion of Journalists, Honorary President, Belgian Press Association
Editor-in-Chief, Het Laatste Nieuws, Brussels, Correspondent to
The Times, London.

M.S.Sh. Fertilizers

MARGARET SARAH SMITH, B Sc., Ph D., A R I C Lecturer
in Chemistry, Wye College (University of London), Wye, Kent.

N.Bh. Jerusalem

NORMAN de MATTOS BENTWICH, M A . Hon LL.D Formerly
Professor of International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Author of Palestine; Judea Lives Again', Jewish Youth Comes Home,
Israel

N.C.B. Timber (in part)

NELSON C. BROWN, A B , M.F Professor Emeritus of Forest
Utilization, New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse University,
Syracuse, New York

N.McW. Athletics (in part); etc.

NORRIS DEWAR McWHIRTER, M.A Athletics Correspondent,
Observer, Star, etc., London. Editor, Athletics World, London
Author of Get to Your Marks (with R. McWhirter).

N.Mgh. Commonwealth of Nations (in part)

NICHOLAS SETON MANSERGH. QBE, B.Litt.. M.A , D.Phil.
Abe Bailey Research Professor of British Commonwealth Relations,
Royal Institute of International Affairs, London. Author of The
Commonwealth and the Nations; Britain and Ireland, The Coming
of the First World War.

N.P.Macd. Chile

NORMAN PEMBERTON MACDONALD Writer on Latin-
American affairs, London Author of Hitler over Latin America

O.E.L. , Hawaii

OREN E LONG Governor of Hawaii.

O.F.K. Norway

OLE FERDINAND KNUDSEN, M Sc (Econ ) Assistant Press
Attach*, Royal Norwegian Embassy, London

O.M.G. China

OWEN MORTIMER GREEN, B.A. Far Eastern Specialist,
Observer, London. Author of China's Struggle with the Dictators,
The Foreigner in China, The Revolution in China; etc

O.S.T World Council of Churches

OLIVER STRATFORD TOMKINS, M A. Warden, Bishop's
Hostel, Lincoln, formerly Associate General Secretary, World
Council of Churches. Author of The Wholeness of the Church,
The Church in the Purpose of Cod.

O.Tw. Arabia; Arab League; Jordan; etc.

OWEN MEREDITH TWEEDY, B A Retired Government Officer
Author of By Way of the Sahara, Russia at Random, Cairo to Persia
and Back

O.T.W.P. Dairy Farming (in part); Forage Crops; etc.

OWEN THOMAS WILLIAMS PRICE, B Sc , MA, D Phil
Departmental Demonstrator in Agricultural Economics and Special
Lecturer in Land Economics, University of Oxford

P.A.Sd. Meteorology (in part)

PFRCIVAL ALBERT SHFPPARD, B Sc , F In&t P Professor of
Meteorology, University of London (at Imperial College) Author
of " The Earth's Atmosphere " in A Century of Science

P.A.W.T. Golf (in part)

PAT A1NSWORTH WARD-THOMAS Golf Correspondent,
Manchester Guardian.

P.E.G. Mineral and Metal Production

PAUL EVtLEIGH GRAINGER, B Sc (Econ ), F S S Statistician,
British Non-Ferrous Metals Federation and British Bureau of
Non-Ferrous Metal Statistics, Birmingham.

P.Ge. Netherlands

PIETFR GEYL, Lilt Dr Professor of Modern History, University
of Utrecht, former Professor of Dutch History and Institutions,
University of London Author of The Revolt of the Netherlands,
Napoleon, For and Against

P.H.-M. British West Indies; Caribbean Commission; Jamaica; etc.
PHILIP HEWITT-MYRING Public Relations Adviser to the
Comptroller for Development and Welfare, West Indies.

P.H.M.-B. Tropical Diseases

SIR PHILIP HENRY MANSON-BAHR, CMC, DSO, MA,
MD, FRCP, MR C.S., D T M and H , F Z S Consulting
Physician, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London Author of Life
and Work of Sir Patrick Manson; Dysentnc Disorders, editor of
Manson' s Tropical Diseases, 7th-Hth ed.; Synopsis of Tropual
Medicine; etc.

P.Ss. Insurance (in part)

PERCY STEBBINGS Insurance Editor Correspondent to the
Financial Times, Bankers' Magazine, Investors Chronicle, London,
etc

P.Ta. Employment (in part); Strikes and Lockouts (in part)

PHILIP TAFT, B A , Ph D Professor of Economics, Brown
University, Providence, Rhode Island Author of Economics,
Problems of Labor, etc

P.W.B.C. Skiing

P W B CARY Member, Ski Club of Great Britain; contributor
on ski-racing to The Field, London, etc

P.W.H. Photography

PERCY WOOTTON HARRIS, Hon.F R P S , M R I Formerly
President, Royal Photographic Society, London, Editor, Miniature
Camera Magazine, London

Q.W. International Law

QU1NCY WRIGHT, AM, Ph D , LL.D Professor of Inter-
national Law, University of Chicago. Author of A Study of War, etc

R.A.Bn. Advertising (in part)

ROGER A. BARTON Editor, Advertising Agency and Advertising
Handbook, New York, Lecturer in Advertising, Graduate School
of Business. Columbia University, New York.

R.Ba. Consumer Credit (in part)

ROBERT BARTELS Associate Professor of Marketing, Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio Joint author of Credits and
Collections in Theory and Practice

R.D.B. Rowing

RICHARD DESBOROUGH BURNELL, M A Rowing Corres-
pondent, The Times, London, Editor, British Rowuig Almanack
Author of Swing Together.

R.E.EI. Libraries (in part)

RALPH E. ELLSWORTH, Ph D. Director of Libraries and
Professor of Librananship, State University of Iowa Author of
Modular Planning for College and University Libraries (with Don E
Bean)

R.F.Am. British Council

GENERAL SIR RONALD FORBES ADAM, Bfc, G C B., D.S.O.,
O B E. Chairman and Director-General, British Council.

CONTRIBUTORS

R.F.G.C. Congregational Churches (in part)

RALPH FORMAN GODLEY CALDER, M.A., B D. Secretary,
Colonial Missionary Society, London: former Editor, Scottish
Congregationaltst, Glasgow, Editor, British Missionary, London

R.G.D.A. . Cost of Living; Prices (in part)

ROY GEORGE DOUGLAS ALLEN, O B E., M A , D Sc.(Econ ),
F B.A. Professor of Statistics, University of London (at the London
School of Economics). Author of Mathematical Analysis for Econo-
mists, Statistics for Economists; etc

R.G.L. Inventors, Awards to

RHYSGERRAN LLOYD, M A , B Sc. Barnster-at-Law. Secretary,
Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors, London Editor,
Kerly on Trade Marks (7th ed ).

R.H.Cn. Theatre (in part)

RONALD HENRY CRICHTON. Music and Drama Officer,
British Council, Dusseldorf. Contributor to The Listener, World
Review, Ballet, London, etc

R.H.Frg. Rheumatic Diseases

RICHARD HAROLD FREYBERG, M D Associate Professor of
Clinical Medicine, Cornell University, Medical College, Director,
Department of Internal Medicine and Director, Arthritis Clinic,
Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, Assistant Attending
Physician and Director, Arthritis Clinic, New York Hospital.

R.H.Ls. Museums (in part)

RALPH H LEWIS Assistant Chief, Museum Branch, National
Park Service, U S Department of the Interior, Washington

R.Ho. Billiards and Snooker

RICHARD WILLIAM HOLT. Editor, Billiard Player, London

R.H.Ri. Grain Crops; Wheat

RICHARD HOOK R1CHENS, M A Assistant Director, Common-
wealth Bureau of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cambndge Author
of The New Genetics in the Soviet Union (with P. S Hudson)

R.H.S1. Jet Propulsion and Gas Turbines (in part)

REGINALD HERBERT SCHLOTEL, F R Ae S Director of
Industrial Gas Turbines, Ministry of Supply, London.

R.Ja. Employment (in part); Petroleum; Transport

ROBLRT JAMIESON Member of editorial staff, Daily Telegraph,
London

R.J.My. Clothing Industry (in part); Fashion and Dress (in part)

RONALD JOSEPH MURRAY Features Editor, Men's Wear,
London

R.L. Anglican Communion; Church of England

ROGFR LLOYD, M A Canon of Winchester Author of The
Church and the Artisan lodav, The Church of Lngland lit the Twentieth
Century

R.L.Fo. Accident Prevention (in part)

R. L FORNEY General Secretary, National Safety Council,
Chicago

R.L.Hs. Hockey

RICHARD LYNTON HOLI ANDS Hockey Correspondent,
London Author (with R Y. Fison) of Hockey.

R.L.S.-R. Radio, Scientific Developments in; etc.

REGINALD LESLIE SMITH-ROSE. CBE. D Sc . PhD,
FCGI, DIC, ARCS, MIEb, FIRE Director of Radio
Research, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London

R.Man. - Cinema (in part)

ROGER MANVFLL, B A , Ph D Director. Butisn Film Academy.
London, Editor, The Cinema (annual), Experiment in the Him, etc.
Author of Film, A Seat at the Cinema, etc Joint Author of Movie
Parade, History of the British Film (with Rachel Low), etc

R.M.S. Soil Conservation (in part)

ROBERT M SALTER Chief, Soil Conservation Service, U S
Department of Agriculture, Washington

R.N.Ba. ' Royal Navy

ROBERT NESHAM BAX, C B Admiral. R N (retd )

R.R.W.F. Fruit; Market Gardening; etc.

ROGER ROLAND WESTWELL FOLLEY. B Sc . B Com Senior
Agricultural Economist, Wye College (University of London), Wye,
Kent. Author of The Economic* of a Fruit Farm

R.S.T. Munitions of War (in part)

ROBERT S THOMAS, A M Military Historian, Historical
Division, Special Staff, U S. War Department, Washington Author
of The Story of the 30th Division, A EF, etc.

R.Sy. Methodist Church (in port)

RALPH STOODY Executive Director, Commission on Public
Relations and Methodist Information. USA.

R.T.B.F. Eli7abethII;etc.

ROGER THOMAS BALDWIN FULFORD, M A Author of
Royal Dukes; The Prince Consort, Queen Vktoria Editor (with
Lytton Strachey) of The Greville Memoir*

R.V.B.B. Navies of the World

RAYMOND VICTOR BERNARD BLACKMAN, A M.I N A ,
A.I Mar E. Editor, Janes Fighting Ships, London. Author of Modern
World Book of Ships.

R.W.B. New Zealand Literature

ROBERT WILLIAM BURCHFIELD, M A , B A , Rhodes Scholar,
Magdalen College, Oxford.

R.W.Cr. Broadcasting (in part)

RUFUS WILLIAM CRATER New York Editor, Broadcasting-
Telecasting Magazine (Washington).

R.W.D. Physics

ROBERT WILLIAM DITCHBURN, M A., B.Sc., Ph.D. Professor
of Physics, University of Reading. Author of Light.

R.W.Lt. German Literature

RUDOLF WALTER LLONHARDT, Ph D Formerly German
Lector, University of Cambndge Author of " Modern German
Literature" in Cassells Encyclopaedia oj World Literature

R.Ws. Italian Literature; etc.

ROBERTO WEISS, B A Professor of Italian, University of London
(at University College). Author of Humanism in England during the
Fifteenth Century, II Primo Secolo dell'Umanesinio; etc

S.B.H. Textile Industry (in part)

STANLEY B HUNT President, Textile Economics Bureau, Inc ,
New York, Editor, Textile Organon, New York

S.G1. India

SARVEPALL1 GOPAL, M A , D Phil Assistant Director, National
Archives of India, New Delhi Author of The Permanent Settlement
in Bengal and its Results

S.Hr. North Atlantic Treaty Organization; etc.

SEBASTIAN HAFFNER, Dr jur Diplomatic Correspondent,
Observer, London.

S.J.Bkr. Police (in part)

STANISLAUS JOSEPH BAKER, CB. B Sc Assistant Under-
secretary of State, Home Office, London

S.J.G.F. Colombo Plan

STANLEY JAMES GUNN FINGLAND Principal, Common-
wealth Relations Office. London

S.McC.L. International Labour Organization

SAMUEL McCUNE LINDSAY Professor Emeritus of Social
Legislation, Columbia University, New York Author of Railway
Labor in the U S , Emergency Housing Legislation , etc

S.Nn. English Literature (in part)

SYLVA NORMAN Writer and critic, London. Author of After
Shelley, Cat Without Substance

S.Nr. Formosa; Korea; etc.

STANLEY NEHMER Office of International Materials Policy,
U S Department of State, Washington; Lecturer in Economics,
American University, Washington.

S.P.J. " Air Forces of the World (in pan)

S PAUL JOHNSTON Director, Institute of the Aeronautical
Sciences, New York

S.Ps. Philately

STANLEY PHILLIPS Managing Director, Stanley Gibbons Ltd .
London, Fditor-in-Chief, Stanley Gibbons Stamp Catalogues,
Joint Editor, Gibbon* Stamp Monthly Author of Stamp Collecting,
Stamp* oj Great Britain, 1911-21, etc

S.Re. Socialist Movement

SAUL ROSE Secretary, International Department, Labour Party,
London

S.Sd. Export-Import Bank of Washington

SIDNEY SHERWOOD, A B Secretary, Export-Import Bank of
Washington

S.Tf. Broadcasting (in part)

SOL TAISHOFF President. Editor and Publisher, Broadcasting-
Telecasting Magazine, Washington

T.Bar. Wealth and Income, Distribution of (in part)

T1BOR BARNA, B Sc (Econ.), PhD Chief of Economics
Section, Research Division, United Nations Economic Com-
mission for Europe, formerly Official Fellow of Nufficld College.
Oxford Author of Redistribution of Income through Public Finance
in 1937

I.C. Church of Scotland

THOMAS CALDWELL, MA, BD, PhD, DD Principal
Clerk, General Assembly of the Church of Scotland

T.D.R. Ice Skating (in part)

THOMAS DOW RICHARDSON Vice-Chairman of Council and
Chairman, Ice Figure Committee, National Skating Association,
London Author of Modern Figure Skating; The Complete Figure
Skater, fee Rink Skating, Skating with T. D Richardson

T.E.Hy. , Christian Science

THOMAS E HURLEY Manager, Committees on Publication of
the Mother Church, First Church of Christ, Scientist, Boston,
Massachusetts

T.E.U. Political Parties, British

T E UTLEY, M A Leader Writer, The Times, London. Author of
Eiioys in Conservatism

T.G.W. Aliens (in part)

TERENCE GERARD WEILER, B A Principal, Aliens Depart-
ment, Home Office, London.

T.H.MacD. Roads (in part)

THOMAS H MacDONALD. Commissioner, Bureau of Public
Roads, U S Department of Commerce, Washington

T.J.B. Venereal Diseases (in part)

THEODORE J BAUER, M.D Medical Director and Chief,
Division of Venereal Disease, U.S. Public Health Service,
Washington.

T.Q.C. Theatre (in part)

THOMAS QUINN CURTISS Dramatic Critic; contributing book-
reviewer to Herald-Tribune Books and New York Times Book Review,
Drama and Film Critic, Paris Herald-Tribune, Theatre Correspondent,
Variety, Pans

T.R.F. Endocrinology

THOMAS ROGERS FORBES. Associate Professor of Anatomy
and Assistant Dean, School of Medicine, Yale University.

XVI

CONTRIBUTORS

T.Rse. Contract Bridge

(JOHN) TERENCE REESE Bridge Correspondent, Observer and
Evening Newt, London Author of Reese on Play, The Elements of
Contract (with Hubert Phillips), etc

T.V.H. Athletics (in part)', etc.

THOMAS V. HANEY. Member of staff, New York Times

V E.F. Antarctica

VIVIAN ERNEST FUCHS, MA, Ph D Principal Scientific
Officer, Falklands Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau

V.E.Y. Plastics Industry

VICTOR EMMANUEL YARSLEY, D Sc , M Sc , F.R I.C , F P I
Managing Director, Dr V E, Yarsley (Research Laboratories) Ltd ,
Hook, Surrey, a Vice-President, Plastics Institute, London Author
of Plastics; Plastics Applied

V.S.S. Paper and Pulp Industry

VINCENT STANLEY SMITH Paper mill advertising consultant,
London

V.T.E. Austria

VICTOR THOMAS EGGER, B Sc (Econ ), Ph D Director of
London branch of Austrian publishers and printers Broadcaster
on politics and economics

W.A.D. Theatre (in part)

WILLIAM AUBREY DARLINGTON, M A Dramatic Critic,
Daily Telegraph, London, and London Drama Correspondent,
New York Times Author of The Actor and His Audience, etc

W.As. Heavy Engineering; Light Engineering

WILLIAM ANDREWS, B Met , FIM Technical Editor, The
Times Review of Industry, London

W.B.Dy. Boxing (in part)

WILLIAM HENRY BARRINGTON DALBY Writer and broad-
caster on boxing, London; Administrative Steward, British Boxing
Board of Control

W.B.F. Anthropology (in part)

W B FAGG Hon Secretary, Royal Anthropological Institute,
London

W.B.Hd. * Geology

WALTER BRIAN HARLAND, M A Fellow of Gonville and
Cams College, Cambridge, Lecturer in Geology, University of
Cambridge

W.C.An. Spanish Literature

WILLIAM CHRISTOPHER ATKINSON, M A. Stevenson
Professor of Spanish, University of Glasgow Author of Spain, a
Brief History, etc

W.Dk. Blood, Diseases of the

WILLIAM DAMASHEK, M D. Professor of Clinical Medicine,
Tufts College Medical School, Medford, Massachusetts, Senior
Physician and Haematologist, New England Center Hospital,
Boston, Editor-in-Chief, Blood the Journal of Hematology, New
York

W.E.Sn. Palaeontology

WILLIAM ELGIN SWINTON, B.Sc , Ph D., F R S E Principal
Scientific Officer, British Museum (Natural History), London.
Author of The Dinosaurs, The Corridor of Life, Geology and the
Museum

W.Ft. Paraguay

WESLEY FROST, A M , LL D Professor of International Rela-
tions, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York; formerly U S
Ambassador to Paraguay.

W.G.P. Indonesia; etc.

W1BO GODFRIED PEEKEMA, D L Legal Adviser, Standard-
Vacuum Oil Company, The Hague

W.H.A. Salvation Army

WILLIAM HERBERT ASHWORTH Brigadier, Salvation Army.
Publicity Director, Press Officer and Advertising Manager, Salvation
Army International Headquarters, London

W.Han. Motor Industry (in part); Motor Transport (in part)

WOODTHORPE JUDE HARRISON, B.A Economist, London

W.H.Ctr. Council of Europe

WILLIAM HORSFALL CARTER, M.A Head of Publications
Office, Council of Europe, Strasbourg; Editor, The fortnightly,
London, 1937-19, formerly Laming Travelling Fellow, The Queen's
College, Oxford. Co-author of The Life of Leonid Krassln; translator
of books from French, German and Spanish.

W.H.G. Roads (in part)

WILLIAM HENRY GLANVILLE, C B , C B E., D.Sc., M I.C E.
Director of Road Research, Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, Road Research Laboratory, Harmondsworth, Middlesex

W.H.Is. Central African Federation; Gold Coast; etc.

(WILLIAM) HAROLD INGRAMS, CM G., O B.E Adviser on
Overseas Information to the Secretary of State for the Colonies,
London Author of Arabia and the Isles; Seven across the Sahara;
Hong Kong, etc

\V.H.Jn. Business Review; Taxation (in part); etc.

WALTER HENRY JOHNSTON. B A. Assistant Editor, Yorkshire
Cost, Leeds. Translator of Hegel's Science of Logic

W.HI. Finland

WENDY HALL, B A. Author and journalist, London. Author of
Green Cold and Granite A Background to Finland; etc.

WILLIAM HUNTER McCREA, M.A., Ph.D., B.Sc, ...
Professor of Mathematics, University of London (at Royal Holloway
College. Engleficld Green, Surrey) Author of Physics of the Sun and
Stars; Relativity Physics, etc

W.H.Oe. Surgery

SIR (WILLIAM) HENEAGE OGILVIE, K B.E , MA, M.Ch.,
M D , Hon LL D , Hon. F.A.C.S , Hon F R.C.S C , Hon.F R A.C S.,
Hon M.S. Senior Surgeon to Guy's Hospital, London, and Lecturer
in Surgery, Guy's Hospital Medical School (University of London);
Surgeon to the Royal Masonic Hospital, London; late Vice-President,
Royal College of Surgeons, London; Editor, Practitioner. Author of
Recent Advances in Surgery; Forward Surgery tn Modern War,
Surgery Orthodox and Heterodox; etc.

W.H.R. Beekeeping

WILLIAM HENRY RICHARDSON Methodist Minister; Fellow
of the Royal Entomological Association ; Honours Diploma Lecturer
and former Chairman, British Beekeepers' Association.

W.H.W, Philosophy

WILLIAM HENRY WALSH, M A. Fellow and Tutor, Merton
College, Oxford, Lecturer in Philosophy, University of Oxford
Author of Reason and Experience, An Introduction to Philosophy of
Hi ttory.

W. J.CI. Co-operative Movement (in part)

WALLACE JUSTIN CAMPBELL Director, Washington Office,
Co-operative League of the USA.

W.J.G.C. Spice*

WILLIAM JOHN GAVIN COWIE, M A Economic Assistant,
Commonwealth Economic Committee, London.

W.K.F. Pharmacy

WILLIAM KENNETH FITCH, M P.S Editor, Pharmaceutical
Journal, London, Publications Manager, Pharmaceutical Society of
Great Britain Author of Gas Warfare.

W.L.Be. Eye, Diseases of the

WILLIAM L BENEDICT, M.D Emeritus Professor of Ophthalm-
ology, University of Minnesota Graduate School, Mayo Foundation,
Rochester, Minnesota

W.Mr. Organization of American States

WILLIAM MANGER, Ph D Assistant Secretary-General,
Organization of American States, Washington.

W.N. Words and Meanings New (in part)

WALTER NASH. M A. Lektor in English, University of Lund,
Sweden

W.O.L.S. Youth Employment (in part)

WILLIAM OWEN LESTER SMITH, LL D , M.A Professor of
the Sociology of Education, University of London (at the Institute
of Education) Author of To Whom do School* belong 7 , Education
in Great Britain; etc

W.P.Ma. Telegraphy (in part)

WALTER P. MARSHALL President, Western Union Telegraph
Company, New York

W.P.Ws. Co-operative Movement (in part)

WILLIAM PASCOF. WATKINS, B A. Director, International
Co-operative Alliance, London Author of Co-operation A Survey
of the Principles and Organisation of the Co-operative Movement in
Great Britain and Ireland (jointly with Professor F Hall)

W.R.W. Veterinary Medicine (in part)

WALTER REGINALD WOOLDRIDGE, M Sc., PhD.
M.R C V.S., F R I.C Scientific Director, Animal Health Trust,
London Author of War Gases and Foodstuffs; Animal Health on
the Farm.

W.Ss. Field Sports

WILSON STEPHENS. Editor-in-Chief, The Field, London

W.T.Ws. Judiciary, British; Law and Legislation (in part)

WILLIAM THOMAS WELLS, B A. Barnster-at-Law. Member
of Parliament Member, Lord Chancellor's Committee on the
Practice and Procedure of the Supreme Court and Magistrates'
Courts Rules Committee Author of How English Law Works,

W.V.P. Hong Kong

WILFRED VICTOR PENNELL. Assistant Editor, South China
Morning Post, Hong Kong.

W.V.Wt. Prices (in part)

WILLIAM V WILMOT, Jr. Instructor, Department of Economics,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

W.W.Bn. Education (in part)

WILLIAM W. BRICKMAN. Associate Professor of Education
and Chairman, Department of History of Education, New York
University; President's Research Fellow, Brown University, Provi-
dence, Rhode Island, 1950-51. Former Editor, Education Abstracts;
author of Guide to Research in Educational History.

W.W.G. ' Cambridge University

WALTER WYATT GRAVE, M.A., Ph.D. Principal, University
College of the West Indies, St. Andrew, Jamaica. Formerly Regis-
trary. University of Cambridge, and Fellow of Emmanuel College,
Cambridge.

W.W.Rr. Stock! and Shares (in part)

WILLIAM WOTHERSPOON ROGER. Assistant Editor, Financial
Times, London.

ANONYMOUS.

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952
JANUARY

I : Egypt Egyptians opened fire on British
positions in the curfew area of Ismaiha.
Exchanges of fire continued for 3 hr.

2: Great Britain-Libya. The Treasury
announced that from Jan. 3 Libya would
be included in the sterling area for pur-
poses of the Exchange Control act.

United Nations. The general assembly
resumed al the Palais de Chaillot, Pans.

3: Burma. Burma became a member of
the International Monetary fund and of
the International Bank for Reconstruc-
tion and Development.

Cricket. Australia beat the West Indies
by one wicket in the fourth test match at
Melbourne, thereby winning the series.

4: Egypt. The British army closed all
roads into Suez.

Cricket. The third test match between
England and India ended in a draw at
Calcutta.

5- India-United States. The prime minis-
ter and the U S. ambassador signed an
agreement setting up an I ndo- American
fund for economic development.

United States-Great Britain. Winston
Churchill, British prime minister, arrived
in Washington for talks with President
Harry S. Truman

7- Great Britain. R. A. Butler, chancellor
of the exchequer, announced that the
gold and dollar reserves of the sterling
area had fallen, in the last quarter of
1951, by nearly 334 million.

France. Rene Pleven, prime minister,
resigned following his defeat in the
assembly by 339 votes to 245 in the first
of eight votes of confidence connected
with the Finance bill.

8: Germany. Final figures in the 1950
census showed that more than 9,600,000
persons had moved into western Germany
during and after World War II.

9: Belgium. Joseph Pholien, prime minis-
ter, together with his Christian Social
government, resigned after criticism by
his own party of the government's
economic policy.

France. Georges Bidault, M.R.P.,
agreed to try to form a government.
10: United States. R. B. Russell, chairman
of the Senate Armed Services committee,
said that the total strength of the armed
forces was expected to reach 3,578,000
by the end of June.

The U.S. cargo ship " Flying Enter-
prise " sank about 40 mi. from Falmouth,
Cornwall.

1 1 : Canada. Winston Churchill arrived in
Ottawa for a four-day visit.

France. General Jean de Lattre de
Tassigny, high commissioner and c.-in-c.
in Indochina, died in Pans.

German Fed. Rep. The Bundestag
ratified the treaty setting up a European
Coal and Steel community by a majority
of 89 votes.

United Nations. The general assembly
adopted the western disarmament pro-
posals by 42 votes to 5 with 7 abstentions.
12: Egypt. A large-scale action was
launched in the Tel el-Kebir area by about
100 Egyptians of the National Liberation

army. Bntish losses were one killed and
two wounded, and Egyptian losses 12
killed, 15 wounded and 41 captured.

Persia. The government demanded the
closing of all British consulates in Persia
by Jan. 21.

1 3 : Norway. A Norwegian trawler stopped
the Gnmsby trawler " Paynter " on the
ground that it was fishing inside Nor-
wegian waters.

14 Tunisia. Several thousand ex-service-
men and trade unionists clashed with
police outside the courthouse in Tunis
when demonstrators tried to rescue the
trade-union leader Abdel Aziz el-Mestin
who was being tried for taking part in a
forbidden demonstration.

Awards to Inventors. Sir Robert
Watson-Watt was awarded 50,000 for
his initiation of radar and his contribution
to its development

Cricket. England beat India in the
fourth test at Cawnpore by 8 wickets.

15: Great Britain. Damage in the Orkneys

estimated at about 1 million was caused

by storms with winds of hurricane force.

Commonwealth. A conference of

Commonwealth finance ministers to dis-

CALENDAR 1952

JANUARY FEBRUARY

SMTWTFS SMTWTFS
12345 12

13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29

MARCH APRIL

1 12345

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30
30 31

MAY JUNE

123 1234567

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30

JULY

12345
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31

SEPTEMBER

AUGUST

10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30

NOVEMBER

12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31 .

DECEMBER

1 123456

2345678 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
9 10 II 12 13 14 IS 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 28 29 30 31
30

Bank Holidays in 1952
Good Friday April II

Easter Monday April 14

Whit Monday June 2

August 4

Christmas Day December 25
Boxing Day December 26

cuss the balance of payments crisis
opened in London.

Belgium. The king approved a new
government headed by Jean Van Houtte.

Korea. The Communist delegation
accused the United Nations of having
bombed a prisoners' camp at Kandong,
east of Pyongyang, the previous night.

Malaya. General Sir Gerald Templer
was appointed British high commissioner
for the Federation of Malaya.

United States. Military aid to Persia
was suspended because that country had
failed to sign the mutual security pact.
16: Egypt. British forces surrounded and
searched the villages of Tel el-Kebir and
El Hamada.

A crown prince was born to Queen
Narnman and named Prince Ahmed Fuad.

France. Edgar Faure agreed to try to
form a government, Georges Bidault
having failed

Indochina. It was learned that the
Vietminh had concentrated more than
100,000 troops for an attack in the Red
river delta.

United States-Great Britain. Winston
Churchill returned to Washington from
Canada.

17: Southern Rhodesia. Sir Godfrey Hug-
gins, prime minister, arrived in London
for discussions on Central African
federation.

United States-Great Britain. Winston
Churchill addressed a joint session of
congress on international problems con-
fronting the U.S. and Great Britain.
18: Great Britain-United States. Details
were announced in London of the agree-
ment reached by Winston Churchill and
Harry S. Truman on mutual assistance
between Great Britain and the U.S. in
supplies of steel, aluminium and tin.

Egypt. A state of emergency was pro-
claimed m Cairo after gangs of Moslem
brotherhood sympathizers had forced
bars and cabarets to close early because
they objected to public entertainment
while their colleagues were fighting in the
canal zone.

France. Edgar Faure was elected prime
minister in the National Assembly by
401 votes to 101.

Tunisia. Habib Bourguiba, president
of the nationalist Neo-Destour party,
and about 11 other Neo-Destour and
Communist party leaders were arrested
in Tunis by order of the resident-general.
19: Greece. Dimokratiki, the official
newspaper of the E.D.A. (Union of
the Democratic Left), was proscribed.

Tunisia. Rioting by nationalists broke
out in Mateur, southwest of Bizerta:
casualties were reported as 8 killed and
26 wounded.

United Nations. The assembly endorsed
by 40 votes to 5 with 3 abstentions the
Political committee's decision of Jan. i7
to refer the new Soviet disarmament
proposals to the special disarmament
commission.

20: Egypt. British troops occupied a large
section of Ismailia on the northern bank.

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

of the Sweet Water canal. This followed
several hours of skirmishing during which
an American nun was killed.

Indochina. French and Vietnamese
troops launched an attack south of the
road from Hoa-Bmh to Hanoi against
the main body of Vietmmh forces
attempting to cut off Hoa-Bmh.

Tunisia. All copies of the Neo-Destour
newspaper Liwa EI-Hona were seized as
they came off the press.
21 : Commonwealth. The Finance Ministers'
conference ended in London.

Iraq. A British subject, an Israeli and
two Iraqis were sentenced by a special
court in Baghdad to five years' hard
labour for espionage on behalf of Israel.

Malaya. It was announced that 1,025
terrorists had beenjulled during 1951
and that 201 had surrendered.

Persia. The nine British consulates
were closed.

United States. President Truman asked
for a total expenditure of $85,400 million
in his budgetary recommendations for
the fiscal year ending June 3, 1953.
22: Italy. Alcide De Gaspen, prime minis-
ter, outlined his government's budget
proposals which included military ex-
penditure of 250,000 million lire over
two years.

23: Belgium. The House of Representatives
passed by 103 votes to 97 a vote of
confidence in Van Houtte's government.
24: Canada. Vincent Massey, former
Canadian high commissioner in London,
was appointed governor-general in suc-
cession to Field Marshal Viscount Alex-
ander of Tunis

Egypt- The British embassy in Cairo
warned that there could be no basis for
negotiating with the Egyptian govern-
ment until action was taken to end
attacks on British forces in the canal zone.

Nepal. King Tnbhuvana proclaimed a
state of emergency and vested absolute
powers in the prime minister following a
revolt in which the semi-military Raksha
Dal organization played a leading part.

United Nations. A delegation repre-
senting 13 Arab and Asian states asked
Padillo Nervo, president of the general
assembly, to intercede with the French
delegation with a view to ending of
French " repressive " measures in Tunisia
25. Egypt. During a three-hour battle
British troops took by force the two
principal police buildings in Ismailia
after the Egyptian police, acting on
orders Trom Cairo, had refused to
surrender.

Tunisia. The total number of dead in
the riots reached 67.

26 Egypt. King Farouk proclaimed
martial law throughout Egypt and ap-
pointed the prime minister, Nahas Pasha,
as military governor in Egypt after a day
of noting and arson in Cairo.

European Army. A conference attended
by the foreign, defence and finance
ministers of France, Belgium, the Nether-
lands, Italy, Luxembourg and the German
Federal Republic opened in Paris.

United Nations. The general assembly
endorsed, by 49 votes to none, the
Soviet bloc abstaining, a $250 million
relief programme for Palestine refugees.
27: Egypt. King Farouk dismissed the
prime minister, Nahas Pasha, and called
on AH Maher Pasha to form a govern-

Korea. The U.N. delegation at the
truce talks presented the Communists
with full Allied terms for an armistice.

Motor Racing. Sidney AUard, driving
an Allard saloon car, won the Monte
Carlo rally.

28: Great Britain. Earl Alexander of Tunis
was appointed minister of defence, to
take effect from March 1.

Winston Churchill arrived in London
from the United States.

Egypt. A Bntish military train was
blown up by a mine near Kantara. Four
British soldiers were injured and 20yd.
of track destroyed.

European Army. The conference ended
in Pans.

Saar. The government announced
that an envoy designated " head of the
Saar deputation for European problems "
would be sent to Parts.

United States-Great Britain. Avercll
Harnman, U.S. director of mutual secur-
ity, announced the decision to grant Great
Britain $300 million of military aid in the
current fiscal year.

29: Great Britain. R. A. Butler, chancellor
of the exchequer, announced the govern-
ment's proposals for meeting the United
Kingdom's adverse trade balance. These
included further cuts of $150 million in
imports.

Cricket. Australia won the fifth test
match against the West Indies at Sydney
by 202 runs and the series by four games
to one.

30. N.A.T.O. It was announced that
Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, U.S.
navy, had been appointed supreme Allied
commander, Atlantic.
31- Great Britain. An opposition amend-
ment expressing no confidence in the
government's economic policy was de-
feated by 309 votes to 278.

Royal Tour. Princess Elizabeth and the
Duke of Edinburgh left London by air
for Nairobi on the first stage on their
journey to Australia and New Zealand.

Egypt. The cabinet dismissed and
replaced 10 officers concerned with law
and order, including the director-general
of police and the director-general of
public security.

German Fed. Rep. Police raided the
offices throughout western Germany of
the Communist and Socialist Reich
parties and seized documents for evidence
in support of the government's petition
to the Constitutional court asking that
the two parties should be declared un-
constitutional.

Persia. A government official an-
nounced that Persia had signed a barter
agreement with Hungary for the sale of
Persian oil.

FEBRUARY

\ : Great Britain. Anthony Eden arrived
in Paris for talks with French ministers.
Royal Tour. Princess Elizabeth and
the Duke of Edinburgh arrived at
Nairobi, Kenya.

United Nations. The general assembly
approved nem. con., the Soviet bloc
abstaining, the resolution recommending
the admission of Libya to the United
Nations.

Fine Arts. Dr. A. Scharf gave 10.500
gns. for Pieter Brueghel the elder's
"Christ and the Woman taken in
Adultery ", a record price in England
for that painter's work. In 1834 the
same painting had been sold for 10 gns.
2: Egypt. The arrest was announced of
Ahmed Hussein, Socialist party leader.
3: Royal Tour. Princess Elizabeth and
the Duke of Edinburgh arrived at Nyeri,
Kenya.

Korea. The Communists presented a
nine-point programme for the exchange
of prisoners which omitted the principle
of voluntary repatriation but included a
ban on the re-enlistment of repatriated
prisoners-of-war.

4: Sudan. The formation was announced
of the Sudan party, advocating an
independent Sudanese republic within
the Commonwealth.

5: Belgium. The Senate * ratified the
Schuman plan treaty by 102 votes to 4
with 58 abstentions.

Jordan. King Talal returned to Amman
after a fortnight's visit to Italy, France
and Switzerland.

Southern Rhodesia. Sir Godfrey Hug-
gins, prime minister, left London after
talks on Central African federation.

United Nations. The general assembly
ended its session in Paris.

United States. The Senate Foreign
Relations committee unanimously ap-
proved the Japanese peace treaty and the
mutual security pacts between the U.S.
and Japan, the Philippines, Australia and
New Zealand

6: Great Britain. King George VI died
at Sandrmgham, Norfolk. Queen Eliza-
beth II and the Duke of Edinburgh left
by air for Uganda to return to the U.K.
7. Great Britain. Queen Elizabeth and the
Duke of Edinburgh arrived in London

Egypt. It was announced that police
operations against terrorists had led to
the arrest of more than 500 persons in
the canal zone and to the discovery of
large stocks of arms and ammunition.

Malaya. General Sir Gerald Templer,
the new high commissioner, arrived in
Kuala Lumpur

8: Great Britain. Queen Elizabeth II
made her accession declaration at her
first Privy Council and her accession
was publicly proclaimed throughout
Great Britain and in many parts of the
Commonwealth.

German Fed. Rep. The Bundestag
carried by 204 votes to 156 with 6 ab-
stentions a government resolution pledg-
ing a German defence contribution to the
European Defence community on con-
dition that Germany was accepted in the
community as a sovereign and equal
partner.

Italy- U.S.S.R. The Italian govern-
ment sent a note of protest to the Soviet
Union against the repeated use by the
latter of the veto in the U.N. Security
council to obstruct Italy's admission to
the United Nations.

9: Malaya. Troops were parachuted into
the jungle for the first time to take part
in operations against terrorists.

U.S.S.R. The Soviet navy journal
Red Fleet announced that the Soviet
Union's economic strength was double
that of 1940.

10. German Fed. Rep. A conference of
trade union delegates at Munich, repre-
senting 900,000 members, rejected unani-
mously a German contribution to Euro-
pean defence.

Cricket. India beat England in the
fifth and last test match at Madras by an

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

innings and eight runs. The series was
thus drawn.

11: Great Britain. The body of King
George VI was brought from Sandnng-
ham church, Norfolk, to London for the
lymg-in-state at Westminster hall.

Egypt. General Sir George Erskme's
H.Q. announced that all military road
blocks and check points on the mam
Port Said-Ismailia-Suez road had been
removed and that 40 Egyptian police at
Ismailia had been rearmed.

12 Northern Ireland. Cities and towns
throughout Northern Ireland proclaimed
the accession of Queen Elizabeth II.

Belgium. The Christian Social govern-
ment was defeated by 91 votes to 84 with
1 abstention on a motion of censure for
the decision that King Baudoum should
not attend the funeral of King George VI.

United States. A State Department
official sid that Great Britain had
declined a U.S. offer of testing sites for
the trial of the first British atomic bomb

13 Israel. David Ben-Gunon, prime
minister, announced a partial devaluation
of the Israeli pound.

14- Germany. The eastern German govern-
ment sent a letter to the four occupying
powers proposing the initiation of talks
on a German peace treaty.

Korea. The Communists presented a
new nine-point plan for the exchange of
prisoners.

Tunisia. It was learned that security
operations in the Cape Bon and Sousse
areas had resulted in 1,483 arrests, 453
releases, 710 compulsory removals to
other districts and the recovery of 710
firearms.

15 Great Britain. The burial of King
George VI took place at St. George's
chapel, Windsor, after a state procession
through London.

Egypt. Following the derailment of a
train by mines at El Kap, six miles north
of Kantara, General Erskine ordered the
remtroduction of road blocks on the
Port Said-Ismaiha highway.

Italy. The Senate approved the bill
endorsing the admission of Greece and
Turkey to the Atlanta pact.

16- Egypt. General Erskine ordered the
complete stoppage of all rail movement
in the canal zone.

Japan. Hayato Ikcda, finance minister,
announced new foreign exchange regu-
lations designed to restrict exports to the
sterling area and increase imports.

17: Egypt. In response to urgent Egyptian
requests, General Erskine relaxed the
restrictions on rail movement in the
canal zone.

18: Greece. The bill to ratify Greece's
accession to N.A.T.O. was passed by
parliament.

Korea. The Communist delegation
at the truce talks challenged the right of
the United Nations to veto their choice
of the U.S.S.R. as one of the neutral
supervisors of an armistice.

19: German Fed. Rep. The report of the
Temporary Council commission of
N.A.T.O. recommended a German def-
ence contribution of 1 1,250 million marks
in the year beginning July 1, 1952.

Hungary. A government decree ordered
the nationalization of all privately owned
tenement houses, apartment and office
buildings, storehouses, and some family
residences.

Libya. Polling began in Libya's first
general election.

Tunisia. Telegraph and telephone com-
munications linking Tunis with Sfax
and Sousse were cut by saboteurs.

20: Malaya. General Tcmpler was in-
stalled as high commissioner.

Casualty figures up to Jan 31, 1952,
were given as: Communists, 2,778 killed,
1,396 wounded, 1,553 captured or sur-
rendered, civilians, 1,862 killed, police,
987 killed.

N.A.T.O. The ninth session of the
council opened in Lisbon with Lester
Pearson, Canadian minister for external
affairs, in the chair.

Winter Olympic Games. Jeannette
Altwegg (Great Britain) won the women's
figure skating at Oslo.
21 i Great Britain. N.A.T.O headquarters
in London announced the appointment of
Admiral Sir Arthur Power, c.-m-c. Ports-
mouth, to be first allied c.-m-c. Channel
command, and Air Marshal A. C
Stevens, air -officer commanding-in-chief,
Coastal command, to be allied air
c.-m-c. Channel command.

H. F. C. Crookshank, minister of
health, announced the abolition of
identity cards.

22: Great Britain. It was announced that
S. J L. Hardie, chairman of the Iron and
Steel corporation, had resigned because
of disagreement with the government on
steel prices.

Korea. General Ridgway's H.Q. an-
nounced that 69 Korean prisoners and
one U.S. soldier had been killed and 142
prisoners and 23 U.S. soldiers wounded
in a not at a civilian internment camp
on Koje island on Feb. 18

N.A.T.O. The council at Lisbon
approved plans for a close working
relationship between N A.T.O and the
proposed European Defence community.

Pakistan. After riots in Dacca, it was
agreed that Bengali, as well as Urdu,
should be a stale language.
23. Egypt-U.S.S.R. A barter agreement
was concluded.

Korea. The Communist delegation
protested about the Korean civilian
casualties during the riot at the intern-
ment camp on Koje island

Peking radio charged the UN. with
using germ warfare in Korea.
24: Indochina. The withdrawal of French
and Vietnamese forces from Hoa Bmh
and from Colonial Highway no. 6 was
announced.

N.A.T.O. The council at Lisbon issued
a communique stating that member
nations would provide in 1952 approxi-
mately 50 divisions in appropriate con-
ditions of combat readiness and 4,000
operational aircraft in Europe (including
Great Britain).

25: Great Britain. Duncan Sandys, minis-
ter of supply, announced in the Ho'use of

Commons that he had authorized an
average increase of 4 a ton in the con-
trolled maximum prices of iron and steel.

Defence estimates of 1,377,200,000
for 1952-53 were presented to parliament.

N.A.T.O. The ninth session of the
North Atlantic council ended at Lisbon.

New Zealand-Great Britain. The prime
minister of New Zealand announced an
agreement to resume chilled beef ship-
ments to Great Britain.
26: Great Britain. An opposition motion
expressing approval of the government's
far eastern policy but censuring Winston
Churchill for not having given it adequate
expression when he was in the U.S , was
defeated by 318 votes to 285.

Australia. John McEwen, minister of
agriculture, announced that there would
soon be a general decline in all food
imports into Great Britain.

German Fed. Rep. It was announced
that the Federal German government
had agreed to base its defence contribu-
tion in the N A.T.O. year 1952-53 on the
figure recommended by the Temporary
Council committee (DM 1 1 ,250 million).

Korea. The Communist delegation
refused to consider a U.N. proposal to
have four neutral nations supervising a
truce instead of six.

N.A.T.O. About 200 British, U.S,
French and Italian ships and hundreds
of aircraft began a nine-day training
exercise in the Mediterranean.
27 Great Britain. Estimates of
2,553,407,415 for the civil and revenue
departments, and the Ministry of De-
fence, were presented to parliament.

It was announced that all fares for
services provided by the London Trans-
port executive and by the Railway
executive in London would be increased
from March 2

Australia. The bill to ratify the Japan-
ese peace treaty was passed in the House
of Representatives by 54 votes to 46.

Korea. General Ridgway's H.Q. re-
jected Communist charges that U.N.
forces had adopted germ warfare.
28. Canada. Vincent Massey assumed
office as the first Canadian-born governor-
general of Canada

29: France. Edgar Faure's government
resigned after being defeated by 309 votes
to 283 on the second motion of confidence
to raise all taxes by 15% to provide
revenue for military expenditure. Presi-
dent Vincent Auriol asked Paul Reynaud,
right-wing Independent, to try to form a
government.

N.A.T.O. Admiral L. D. McCormick,
supreme allied commander, Atlantic,
arrived in London for discussions.

MARCH

1 : Egypt. Ali Maher's government re-
signed following the resignation of Zaki
Abd ul-Mataal, finance minister, and
Ahmad Murtada al-Maraghi Bey, minister
of the interior.

Formosa-Japan. A conference to nego-
tiate a peace treaty between the Chinese
Nationalist government and Japan opened
in Taipeh.

German Fed. Rep. Heligoland was
officially returned to the Federal Republic
by the British authorities.

Uruguay. The new constitution came
into effect. It replaced the president by a

national council of government elected by
a general assembly.

2: Egypt. Ahmad Neguib el-Hilaly, the
new prime minister, announced that he
had formed a government.

France. Rene Pleven declined the
invitation to try to form a government,
Paul Reynaud having failed.
3: Egypt. Parliament was adjourned rbr
one month by royal decree.

France. Antoine Pinay agreed to try
to form a government.

Korea. Moscow Radio, Peking Radio
and Pyongyang Radio repeated the

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

Communist charges that U S. planes had
dropped fleas carrying bubonic plague
over North Korea. The U S. Defence
Department said in Washington that the
plague was the result of a collapse of the
Communist medical services
4: Great Britain-German Fed. Rep. A
trade agreement foi 1952 was concluded
in London.

Australia. The bill to approve the
security treaty between the United States,
Australia and New Zealand was passed
in the House of Representatives

Germany. The east Berlin authorities
cut west Berlin's supply of electric power.
The west German government retaliated
by cutting an equal amount of current
from Hamburg to Mecklenburg.

United States. Dean Acheson, U S
secretary of state, repudiated Communist
charges that the United Nations were
using germ warfare in Korea.
5: Great Britain. The official opposition
amendment to the govei nment motion on
defence was defeated by 314 votes to 219

Korea. The United Nations asked the
Communists to account for 173 U.N.
prisoners of war not on the Communist
list of 1 1,150 submitted on Dec. 18. 1951.
6: France. Antome Pmay was elected
prime minister in the National assembly
by 324 votes to 206

Libya. Final results of Libya's first
general election were. Isttqlal party, 44
seats. Congress party, 8

United States. President Truman sent
a message to congress calling for a con-
tinuation of the Mutual Secunty pro-
gramme after June 30, with an expenditure
of $7,900 million (2,821 million) in the
12 months to June 30, 1953

U.S.S.R. Moscow Radio announced
that the Soviet Union planned to devote
113,800 million roubles (about 10,100
million), or 23 8% of its total budget, to
military expenditure

7: European Army. The six-power con-
ference resumed in Paris
8: Australia. R. G. Menzies, prime
minister, announced that as an emergency
measure all imports, including those from
the sterling area, would be subject to
immediate restrictions.

France. Antome Pmay, prime minister,
succeeded in forming a government.

Korea. General James Van Fleet,
commander of the U.S. Eighth army,
estimated the Communist strength in
Korea at 900,000 men, of whom about
450,000 were in the front line.
9: Indochina. Emperor Bao Dai broadcast
an announcement that a National
assembly was to be created representing
the three states, Tongking, Annam and
Cochin China, to consist of 85 members
of whom about half would be elected.

Malaya. The British frigate H.M.S.
" Amethyst " successfully bombarded
Communist camps after sailing up the
Sungai Perak river in northern Malaya.
10: Cuba. General Fuigencio Batista, ex-
president of Cuba, deposed President
Carlos Prfo Socarrds and assumed control.

U.S.S.R. The government sent a note
to the governments of Great Britain,
France and the United States containing
proposals for the discussion of a peace
treaty with Germany.
11: Great Britain. R. A Butler, chancellor
of the exchequer, opened his first budget,
rood subsidies were cut by 160 million
a year, income tax rates were lowered and
the bank rate was raised from 2 % to 4 %.

The Parliamentary Labour party passed
a resolution " to impose such standing
orders as will make it obligatory on all

members to carry out decisions of the
parliamentary party ".

Burma. The foreign minister announced
that Burma had decided to participate in
the Colombo plan.

Italy-U.S.S.R. A trade agreement was
signed.

Nigeria. The House of Representatives
was formally opened.
12: Great Britain. The Marquess of Salis-
bury was appointed secretary of state for
Commonwealth relations in succession to
Lord Ismay who was appointed secretary-
general of N.A.T.O.

Burma. Ba U was elected president.

New Zealand. Lieut -General Sir
Willoughby Norne was appointed
governor-general in succession to Lieut.-
General Lord Freyberg.

South Africa. E. H. Louw, minister of
economic affairs, announced that imports
of consumer goods for 1952 would be 40 %
of 1948 imports, as against 60% in 1951.
1 3 : Korea. A not among prisoners of war
at Koje island, near Pusan, led to South
Korean prison guards' and soldiers'
killing 12 prisoners and wounding 26.

South Africa. The Van Riebeeck festival
fair was opened in Capetown as part of
the celebrations of the tercentenary of the
landing of Jan Van Riebeeck to establish
a victualling station at the Cape
14: United Nations. The Disarmament
commission held its first meeting m New
York.

15: Italy. The Senate ratified the bill
embodying Italy's adherence to the
Schuman plan.

16: Denmark. The foreign ministers of
Denmark, Norway and Sweden after a
conference in Copenhagen announced
their decision to set up a Nordic council
to discuss matters of common interest.

Indochina. A heavy attack was begun
on Vietminh positions 25 mi. south of
Hanoi.

Korea. General Lee Sang-Cho, head

of the Communist delegation, cntized the

U.N. representatives for their handling of

the noting on Koje island.

18: France. The secretary of state for the

budget announced that total expenditure

for 1952 would amount to 3,860,000

million francs. This would result in a

deficit of 200,000-300,000 million francs.

19: Egypt. King Farouk ordered three

police chiefs and the acting governor of

Cairo into retirement because of their

failure to control the riots of Jan. 26.

20' Egypt. British forces withdrew from

the occupied areas of Ismailia.

Korea. The two delegations agreed
upon ten ports of entry m which neutral
inspection teams could watch the opera-
tion of a truce.

South Africa. The Supreme court judged
the Separate Representation of Voters act,
putting Cape Coloured voters on a sep-
arate roll, to be invalid. D. F. Malan,
prime minister, stated that his government
did not propose to accept the position.

Trieste. About 30 people were injured
after Italian demonstrations in favour of
the return of the Free Territory to Italy.

United States. The Senate ratified the
peace treaty with Japan by 66 votes to 10.
21 : Finland. Urho Kekkonen resigned the
premiership following the refusal of a
right-wing parliamentary group of Ag-
rarians to accept a Cabinet decision to
reduce the price of butter. He agreed to
remain in office until April 2.

GoW Coast. The assembly elected
Kwame Nkrumah first prime minister of
the Gold Coast by 45 votes to 31, with
8 abstentions.

Morocco. It was learnt that the sultan
had delivered a memorandum asking the
French government for revision of the
protectorate treaty.

Soutfi Africa. D. F. Malan, prime
minister, announced that the government
would introduce legislation to put the
sovereignty of parliament beyond doubt.

World Health Organization. The U.N.
secretary-general announced that the
W.H.O. had sent to China and to North
Korea a telegraphed offer to help control
the epidemics in North Korea.

22- Ceylon. Don Stephen Senanayake,
prime minister, died in Colombo of
injuries received in a riding accident.

Egypt-Great Britain. Exploratory talks
on an Anglo-Egyptian settlement were
opened between the British ambassador
and the Egyptian prime minister and
foreign minister.

Trieste. Rioting broke ,out led by
organized Fascists who attacked British
centres and stoned British soldiers. About
150 persons were injured.

23- Korea. The U.S. Eighth army an-
nounced that in the previous week U.S.
aircraft had shot down or damaged 33
MIG 15 planes without loss

United States. President Truman
allocated $4,300,000 for the reception and
resettlement of refugees from Soviet-
controlled countries under the Mutual
Security programme.

24 . Colombo Plan. The fourth meeting of
the committee was opened in Karachi by
the prime minister of Pakistan.

Egypt. King Farouk dissolved parlia-
ment at the request of the government.

Trieste. Demonstrations against the
allied military government in Trieste and
in favour of the return of the Free Terri-
tory took place m Rome, Milan and other
towns in northern Italy
25: Great Britain. A retrospective award
of 51,252,000 for the central pool for
doctor's remuneration under the national
health service was announced for the year
ended March 31, 1951.

German Peace Treaty. British, French
and U.S. notes, replying to the Soviet
note, were presented in Moscow. They
stated that free all-German elections
would be a prerequisite of a peace
treaty

Israel. A demonstration of more than
1 5,000 persons, organized by the Freedom
(Cherut) party, took place in Tel Aviv in
protest against the negotiations at The
Hague on collective compensation for
Nazi crimes against the Jews.

Kashmir. The Constituent assembly,
meeting in Jammu, unanimously elected
ten persons to represent the state in the
Indian parliament.

Libya. The first Libyan parliament was
opened in Benghazi by King Idris.

Malaya. Twelve persons, including two
British officials, were killed and eight
others wounded in an ambush near Tan-
jong Mahm.

26: Burma. U Nu, prime minister,
announced that " major military opera-
tions " had been launched against Chinese
Nationalist troops in Burma near the
eastern frontier.

Ceylon. The governor-general ap-
pointed Dudley Shelton Senanayake, son
of the deceased prime minister, to be
prime minister.

Tunisia. Mohammed Shenik, prime
minister, and three other Tunisian
ministers were arrested by order of Jean
de Hautecloque, resident-general.

United Nations. Yakov Malik, Soviet
delegate, rejected the proposal that the

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

International Red Cross should investi-
gate the charges or bacteriological warfare
in Korea and repeated his demand that
the Disarmament commission should deal
with the matter.

27: Great Britain-Bechuanaland Protec-
torate. The British government announced
their decision to make final and perma-
nent the former Labour government's
provisional refusal to recognize Seretse
Khama as chief of the Bamangwato.

German Fed. Rep. A bomb, addressed
to Konrad Adenauer, German Federal
chancellor, exploded at Munich police
headquarters.

Malaya. General Templer, high com-
missioner, imposed a 22-hr, curfew and a
reduction of the rice ration on the people
of Tanjong Malim as a collective punish-
ment for non-co-operation.

28: South Africa. The Senate rejected by
20 votes" to 14 a motion asking the
government to accept the appeal court's

judgment on the Separate Representation
of Voters act or resign.

Tunisia. The bey appointed Salah
ed-Din Bakkush to replace Mohammed
Shenik as prime minister.
29: European Federal Union. The fourth
annual congress opened at Aachen
attended by 250 delegates from 12
countries.

Malaya. The appointment of Major-
General Sir Hugh Stockwell as g.o.c.,
Malaya, was announced

Rowing. Oxford won the boat race by
a canvas (about 10 ft.) in 20 mm. 23 sec.
30: Persia. The government imposed
martial law and a curfew

Thailand. Marshal Pibul Songgram
formed a new government.

United States. President Trumatt
announced that he would not stand for
re-election as president.
31 : U.S.S.R. Moscow radio announced a
cut of 10%-20% in retail food prices.

APRIL

\ France-Indochina. It was announced
that Jean Letourneau, French minister
for the associated states, had been en-
trusted with the full powers of high
commissioner in Indochina.

Netherlands. Queen Juliana and the
Prince of the Netherlands left Amsterdam
for a three weeks' visit to the U.S.
2: Great Britain. Polling began in county
council elections

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Sir James
Robertson, the civil secretary, presented
to the legislative assembly a draft new
constitution.

Finland. Urho Kekkonen, prime
minister, withdrew his resignation after
receiving a full vote of confidence.

France. The council of the Republic
ratified the Schuman.plan by 182 votes
to 32.

3 : Great Britain. Talks on Trieste between
Bntish, US. and Italian representatives
began in London.

France. The National Assembly passed
by 351 votes to 212 the clause of the
Finance bill enabling the government to
impose by decree cuts in expenditure of
110,000 million francs.

U.S.S.R. A Soviet-sponsored inter-
national economic conference opened in
Moscow attended by over 400 delegates.
4' Great Britain. R. A. Butler, chancellor
of the exchequer, stated in the House of
Commons that the total gold and dollar
deficit for the first quarter of 1952 was
$636 million, as compared with $940
million in the last quarter of 1951.

In the London County council elections
the Labour party obtained 92 seats and
the Conservative party 37.

Indochina. French Union forces
claimed a break-through to the sea 65 mi.
southeast of Hanoi, thereby completing
the encirclement of large Vietminh forces.

Korea. Prisoner-of-war exchange talks
were postponed indefinitely.

Spain. A. M. Artajo, foreign minister,
left Madrid on an official tour of near
eastern Moslem states. General Franco
broadcast a message of good will to
Moslems.

5: Greece. Parliament passed, in the
absence of Greek Rally deputies, a

" pacification and leniency " bill pro-
viding for commutation to life imprison-
ment of all death sentences except those
imposed for espionage.

Korea. U N. headquarters in Tokyo
reported widespread epidemics of disease
in China and North Korea

Malaya. A questionnaire from General
Templer, high commissioner, was deliv-
ered to every householder in Tanjong
Malim asking for information about
Communists in the area

Horse Racing. H. Lane's Teal, ridden
by A. P. Thompson, won the Grand
National at Aintree, Liverpool.
6: Indochina. General Gonzales de
Linares, French Union commander in
northern Vietnam, announced that the
Vietminh 320th division no longer existed
as a formation. He said Vietminh
casualties since March 1 were 1,568
killed and 2,280 prisoners.
7 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The legislative
assembly declared its full agreement in
general with the draft new constitution

United States. The government sus-
pended all exports of steel and banned
all deliveries of steel in anticipation of a
steel strike ordered by the Steelworkers'
union to start at midnight on April 8.
8' France. The Finance bill was* passed
in the National Assembly by 311 votes
to 206 after ten votes of confidence had
been taken on its various clauses.

Morocco. The Spanish minister in
Tangier announced that the Spanish
government had demanded a revision
of the Tangier convention and a return
to the conventions of 1923 and 1928.

United States. An order was issued
authorizing the resumption of steel
exports and lifting the embargo on steel
deliveries to manufacturers. The presi-
dent of the Steelworkers' union called off
the steel strike after President Truman
ordered the industry to be taken over by
the Department of Commerce.
9: Bolivia. A nationalist revolution broke
out in La Paz under the leadership of
General A. Saleme, General H. Torres
Ortiz and H. Siles Suazo.

Italy. Preliminary results of a census
taken on Nov. 4, 1951, showed the

population to be 47,138,235, compnsing
one million more females than males.

Malaya. The curfew on Tanjong Malim
was eased and the rice ration increased.

New Zealand. The government an-
nounced a tightening of control of
motor car imports from the United
Kingdom and the banning of imports of
motor cars from the United States.

U.S.S.R. A Soviet note in reply to the
western note of March 25 rejected the
proposal that a U.N. commission should
investigate the conditions for elections
in Germany and suggested that the
investigation should be undertaken by a
commission of the four occupying powers.
10' Malaya. General Templer, high com-
missioner, ordered punishment, including
a curfew and a cut in rations, for the
village of Sungei Pelak, Selangor, for
supplying food to terrorists and refusing
to co-operate with security forces.
11: Great Britain. Final results in the
county council elections showed that of
the 62 counties in England and Wales
Labour controlled 12, Conservatives 7,
a combination of Conservatives, Indepen-
dents and others 9, Liberals 1, and that
Independents controlled the remainder.

Bolivia. After three days' fighting with
estimated casualties of 200 dead and 800
wounded, the rebels overcame govern-
ment resistance and a truce was signed
about 70 mi. from La Paz.

France-India. The National Assembly
ratified a treaty with India transferring
the territory of Chandernagore from
French to Indian sovereignty.

Malaya. Collective punishment was
imposed on a large resettlement area
five miles north of Kuala Lumpur for
non-co-operation with the security forces.

United States. It was announced that
General Dwight D. Eisenhower, supreme
commander, Allied powers in Europe,
had asked to be relieved of his command
by about June 1.

12: Bolivia. A new government assumed
office under Hernandez Siles Suazo.

France. At the second reading in the
National Assembly, the Finance bill was
adopted by 330 votes to 208.

13. Moscow International Trade Economic
Conference. The conference ended after
resolving to appeal to the U.N. to call an
international trade conference

14. Korea. General James Van Fleet,
Eighth army commander, said that, while
U.N casualties in the past year had been
66,000, the enemy's had been 530,696.

Trieste. Trieste Slovenes of all political
parties assembled in a Slovene village
near Trieste to protest against the
London talks. About 300,000 persons
attended a meeting in Belgrade to protest
against the London talks on Trieste.
15: Great Britain. The government issued
a statement declaring the intention of the
United Kingdom to associate itself as
closely as possible with the European
Defence community while Britain was a
party to the North Atlantic treaty.

United States. President Truman signed
the Japanese peace treaty and the three
security treaties with Australia and New
Zealand, with Japan, and with* the
Philippines.

16: Bolivia. Victor Paz Estenssoro was
declared president.

Egypt. Abd-el Fattah Amr Patflia,
Egyptian ambassador to Great Britain,
who had been recalled to Egypt in Dec.
1951, returned to London.

South Africa. J. G. N. Strauss, leader
of the opposition, announced that the

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

Labour party and the Torch Commando
had agreed on a common front with the
United party to oppose the government's
attempts to upset the rule of law.

17. N.A.T.O. Sir Frederick Hoyer-Millar
was appointed permanent U.K. repre-
sentative on the North Atlantic council

1 8 Japan. About a million workers joined
in a one-day strike in protest against the
government bill on subversive activities

19. Austria. About 2,000 Communists
clashed with the police after the U.S.
military commander had banned a Com-
munist meeting in the U.S. sector of
Vienna.

Italy-German Fed. Rep. A one-year
trade agreement was signed in Milan.

20. Egypt. King Farouk signed a decree
giving the government full powers to
purge the administration of corruption.

German Dem. Rep. The Socialist
Unity party called for " urgent and dis-
ruptive " action to prevent the German
Federal Republic from signing the pro-
posed treaties with the west.
21: Great Britain. Sir Stafford Cnpps,
former chancellor of the exchequer in
the Labour government, died at Zurich

A de Havilland Comet jet airliner flew
from London to Rome in 2 hr. 17 mm

Yugoslavia. A Soviet emigre was
sentenced in Belgrade to life imprison-
ment for espionage for the U.S.S R.

22 Greece. The publisher and head
printer of the Athens opposition news-
paper Embws were arrested for publish-
ing a secret military report.

Indochina. French Union forces
claimed to have almost completely des-
troyed the 98th Vietminh regiment east
of Hanoi Over 1,000 of its men were
killed and 690 taken prisoner.

Spain. Don Jos6 de Lequenca, Spanish
ambassador to the U.S , said that Spain
was willing to join N A.T O and could
offer an army of 2 million men to fight
Communism.

United States. A Republican amend-
ment in the Senate denying the president
the right to use government funds for the
operation of the steel mills failed to gam
a two-thirds majority.

An atomic bomb was exploded in the
Nevada desert

23 Central African Federation. A con-
ference was opened in London by the
Marquess of Salisbury, secretary of state
for Commonwealth relations

German Fed. Rep. A government
resolution declaring, inter alia, that under
international law the Saar was a part of
Germany and that present conditions
there had no basis in law was passed in
the Bundestag by 191 votes to 135
24: Persia. The government announced
that Martial law in Tehran would be
extended for two months.

Yuoslavia-U.S.S.R. The Yugoslav
Foreign Ministry demanded the recall
of the Soviet first secretary in Belgrade
because of alleged espionage activities.
25- International Court of Justice. The
text was published of the British case in
the Persian oil dispute as well as the
British reply to the Persian argument
that the court had no jurisdiction in the
matter.

South Africa. The United party, the
Labour party and the Torch Commando
held a demonstration in Capetown to
laSunch the united front campaign against
the government's bill to set up a High
Court of Parliament.

United States. The State Department
announced that it had been decided to
resume U.S. military aid to Persia.

26: Egypt-Spain. A cultural treaty was
signed in Cairo.

Malaya. Long Pin, commander of
the 1st regiment of the Malayan Races
Liberation army, was killed with three
of his bodyguard by British troops.

Association Football. Walthamstow
Avenue beat Leyton by 2 goals to 1 in
the Football Association amateur cup
final at Wembley, Middlesex.

27 : Korea. The total number of prisoners
held by the U.N. was estimated at
nearly 170,000 of whom only 70,000 had
expressed a wish to return to communist
territory.

United States. The U.S. destroyer
" Hobson " sank after colliding with the
U.S. aircraft earner " Wasp ", during
manoeuvres in mid- Atlantic There were
61 survivors from "Hobson's" crew of
237, and no casualties in " Wasp ".

28: Great Britain. Enrolment began for a
new Home Guard.

India-Japan. The state of war between
the two countries was formally ended.

Japan. The Japanese peace treaty
came into force. It had been ratified
by Argentina, Australia, Canada, Ceylon,
Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Pakistan,
the United Kingdom and the U.S.

An amnesty granting pardons, reduc-
tions of sentence or restoration of civic
rights to 1,303,000 persons was prom-
ulgated.
Japan-Nationalist China. A separate

peace treaty was signed at Taipeh,
Formosa, under which Japan renounced
any title to Formosa and the Pescadores
and her former assets in China.

N.A.T.O. General Matthew B. Ridg-
way was appointed supreme Allied com-
mander in Europe.

Netherlands. Queen Juliana and the
Prince of the Netherlands returned to
Amsterdam after a visit to the U.S.
29: Australia. The Pacific Security pact
between Australia, New Zealand and the
United States came into effect.

Germany. A French airliner flying
from Frankfurt to Berlin was attacked
by two Soviet fighters. Two passengers
were severely injured.

United States. A federal district judge
ruled in Washington that President
Truman's order of April 9 for the
seizure of steel mills was illegal.
30- Great Britain-Australia. ,A British
grant of A 561,000 to the Australian
sugar industry was announced.

Malaya. The federation government
announced increased rewards for the
killing or capture of leading Malayan
Communists.

United States. The Court of Appeals
restored the government's seizure of the
steel mills and gave the administration
until 4.30 P.M. on May 2 to file a petition
for a review of the case with the Supreme
Court. More than 600,000 workers were
idle as a result of the strike.

MAY

1 Egypt. The British minister submitted
to the Egyptian foreign minister a claim
for E 1 5 million for damage to British
property during the Cairo riots of Jan. 26.

United States. The U.S. Circuit Court
of Appeal rejected an application by the
steel companies to prevent the admini-
stration from granting wage increases to
workers in the seized steel mills.

The State Department banned all travel
to Communist countries by U.S. citizens
without specific permission.

2 Great Britain. The annual report of the
Colonial Development corporation stated
that the total deficiency attributable
to the corporation during 1951 was
2,905,290, or about twice that of 1950.

Egypt. Leave for British troops was
allowed again after having been sus-
pended for six months.

United States. The president of the
Steelworkers' union called off the strike
in response to President Truman's appeal.
Both the steel companies and the admini-
stration applied to the Supreme court for
a decision on the legality of the president's
seizure of the steel mills.

3. Association Football. Newcastle United
(the holders) beat Arsenal 1-0 in the F.A.
cup final at Wembley, Middlesex.

Aviation. On the first flight of a new
jet air liner service a British Overseas
Airways corporation Comet arrived in
Johannesburg from London having taken
23 hr. 38 mm. for the 6,724-mi. flight.

4. Korea. Pyongyang Radio broadcast an
alleged confession by two captured U.S.
airmen that they had dropped germ
bombs on North Korea on Jan. 13 and
that they had been trained in germ and
atomic warfare since Aug. 15, 1951.

5: Great Britain. The first experimental

television programme for schools was
transmitted by the B.B.C.

Central African Federation. The con-
ference in London ended. It was an-
nounced that agreement had been reached
on a draft constitutional scheme for the
federation of Southern Rhodesia, Nor-
thern Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
6 Great Britain. The movement of farm
stock throughout England and Wales was
halted because of outbreaks of foot and
mouth disease

Germany. It was announced that the
German Federal and Democratic govern-
ments had signed a trade agreement.

India. Rajcndra Prasad was declared
elected president of India. He received
84% of the total poll.
7: Great Britain. The following govern-
ment appointments were announced:
H. F. C. Crookshank (formerly minister
of health) to be lord privy seal; I. N.
Macleod to be minister of health; A. T.
Ljennox-Boyd (formerly minister of state
for colonial affairs) to be minister of trans-
port and civil aviation; H. L. D'A. Hop-
kinson (formerly secretary for overseas
trade) to be minister of state for colonial
affairs.

Great Britain-Austria. Leopold Figl,
Austnan chancellor, arrived in London
for a four-day visit.

Korea. General Mark Clark arrived in
Tokyo to assume his duties* as supreme
commander, Allied forces, far east.

Communist prisoners on Koje island
seized the camp commandant, Brig.-
General Francis T. Dodd, and held him
as hostage.

Malaya. It was announced in the
legislative council that the strength of the
special constabulary would be raised to

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

42,000 and that 186 senior police posts
would be created.

United States. The Foreign Affairs
committee approved unanimously a
$6,901 million Mutual Security bill.

Fisheries. The Gnmsby trawler" Royal
Marine" was arrested at Harstad,
northern Norway, on a charge of fishing
inside Norwegian territorial waters.
8: Great Britain. In a white paper on
transport policy the government proposed
that transport undertakings set up under
the Road Haulage executive should revert
to private enterprise.

Great Britain-Denmark. King Frederik
of Denmark and Queen Ingnd arrived in
London.

Great Britain-Korea. Anthony Eden,
British foreign secretary, gave the revised
estimate of U.N. prisoners in Communist
hands as: U.S., 3,201, U.K., 919; other
commonwealth, 12; Turkish, 234; other
nations, 52; South Korean, 7,150.

Korea. U.N. aircraft attacked a Com-
munist supply base at Suan, 40 mi S.E.
of Pyongyang, in a raid described as the
biggest of the war.

United States. Frank Pace, secretary of
the army, gave in New York a full des-
cription of an atomic gun being developed
by the U.S. army and said that soldiers
were already being trained to use it.
9: Great Britain. Sir Walter Monckton,
minister of labour, set up a court of
inquiry to investigate the dispute about
union membership between D. C. Thom-
son and Co., Ltd., Dundee publishers,
and the printing unions.

Trieste. The Anglo-U.S.-Italmn dis-
cussions in London ended. A com-
munique was issued announcing airange-
ments for the administration of the
Bntish-U S. Zone A

10. Korea. Bng.-General Dodd was released
by the Communists after his successor,
Brig -General C. F Colson, had made a
number of promises to his captors
II Great Britain. As a result of local
elections held on May 8 the Labour party
claimed to have gained control of
11 county boroughs, 16 non-county
boroughs, 27 urban district councils and
3 Scottish burghs.

Panama. Colonel Jose Rcmon was
elected president with 133,208 votes, a
majority of 55,028 over his chief
opponent The results of the election
were not announced until June 6
12: Bulgaria. Rationing was abolished and
the currency was revalued.

European Defence Community. Lord
Alexander, British defence minister, had
discussions in Pans with Rene Pleven,
French defence minister, on the co-opcra-
tion of British armed forces with E.D.C
13. Germany. In reply to a Soviet note the
western powers stated that they were
ready to begin negotiations with a view to
German unity, the election of a free all-
German government and the conclusion
of a peace treaty with that government.

Korea. Bng.-General C. F. Colson was
relieved of his command of the U.N.
prison camp on Koje island.

Tunisia. A bomb exploded in the
central post office in Tunis killing 5
persons and injuring U.

Yugoslavia. A memorandum addressed
to the British and U.S. governments
rejected the London agreement on Tneste
as being contrary to the Italian peace
treaty and a violation of Yugoslav rights.
14: Great Britain. The basic rates of pur-
chase tax of 66f % and 334% on gar-
ments, footwear, gloves and household
textiles were reduced to 50% and 25%.

15: South Africa. The High Court of
Parliament bill passed its third reading
in the assembly by 82 votes to 57.

Trieste. The Yugoslav military govern-
ment announced new measures radically
modifying Zone B and linking it more
closely with Yugoslavia.

United States-Great Britain. An in-
formal agreement was announced under
which some of the Caribbean bases leased
to the U.S. in 1941 for 99 years in
exchange for 50 old U.S. destroyers were
returned to the U.K. for food production.
16: Spain. General Franco announced that

food rationing would end on June 1 .
18: Burma. It was announced that govern-
ment forces had recaptured 50 villages
from the Karen rebels in the previous
four days.

19: Great Britain-Germany. The German
debt conference reopened in London.

China. A note was received from the
British government announcing the
decision of British firms to close in China.

European Defence Community. The
foreign ministers of the six participating
powers met in Pans to examine the com-
pleted draft of the treaty.

India. Final results of the elections to
the House of the People 1 Congress
secured 362 seats, the Communists and
allies 27, the Socialist party 12, Kisan
Mazdoor Praja (peasants' workers' and
peoples' party) 10, Independents 36, and
other parties 6

Spain- Yemen. A treaty of friendship
was signed in Cairo

20- German Dem. Rep. The government
increased by 50% the duty on all goods
entering eastern Germany from the west.
21 Great Britain. Seven masked men held
up a Post Office van near Oxford street,
London, and stole from it money esti-
mated at 200,000.

Persia. Mohammad Mossadegh, prime
minister, admitted that the government's
efforts to sell oil abroad had failed, and
that the oil industry was at a standstill
22. German Fed. Rep. It was announced
that basic agreement had been reached
by Konrad Adenauer, Federal German
chancellor, and the Allied high com-
missioners on the terms of the contract to
end the German Federal Republic's status
as an occupied country.

United States. The Senate passed the
McCarrag bill to revise the immigration
and naturalization laws.
23 : Korea. Brig -General Dodd and Bng.-
General Colson, former commanders of
Koje island prisoner-of-war camp, were
demoted to the rank of colonel

South Africa. C R. Swart, minister of
justice, banned the Capetown weekly
newspaper Guardian under the Suppres-
sion of Communism act.

United States. The House of Represen-
tatives finally approved, by 245 votes to
110, a $6,174,600,000 Foreign Aid bill.

U.S.S.R.-Persia. A Soviet note warned
Persia that acceptance of U.S. aid in-
volving certain military obligations would
be incompatible with the good-neigh-
bourly relations undertaken in the 1921
Soviet-Persian agreement.
24: Australia-Great Britain. R.G. Menzies,
prime minister, arrived in London from
the United States for a fortnight's official
visit.

Korea. The South Korean government
declared martial law over southeastern
Korea including Pusan.
25: France. Andre Stil, editor of the Com-
munist paper Humanite, was arrested on a
charge of instigation to violence because

an article in his newspaper called on
Parisians to protest against General
Ridgway's arrival on May 28.

Malaya. Manap Jepun, commander of
a bandit regiment, who had $M 75,000
on his head, was killed by security forces.

U.S.S.R.-Germany. The Soviet reply
to the western powers' note of May 13
complained that the western powers did
not seem to desire a German peace treaty
or German unification.
26: Great Britain. The appointment of
General Sir John Harding as chief of the
imperial general staff was announced, with
effect from Nov. 1, 1952.

Council of Europe. The fourth session
of the consultative assembly opened in
Strasbourg. Francois de Menthon
(France) was elected president in suc-
cession to Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium).

German Fed. Rep. The German con-
tract ending occupation and granting
sovereignty to the Federal Republic was
signed in Bonn by the United States,
Great Britain, France and the German
Federal Republic.

Korea. The commandant of the prison
hospital on Koje island disclosed that,
since July 2, 1951, at least 115 men had
been sentenced to death and executed by
their fellow-prisoners.

Persia. The conclusion of a contract
for the sale of 3 million tons of oil a year
to an unnamed U.S. firm was announced.
27: German Dem. Rep. The government
cut off telephone communication between
the Soviet zone and west Berlin.

European Defence Community. The
E.D.C treaty was signed in Paris by the
foreign ministers of France, Belgium, the
German Federal Republic, Italy, the
Netherlands and Luxembourg.

The foreign ministers of E D.C states,
Anthony Eden, British foreign secretary,
and the permanent representatives of
N.A.TO states signed two additipnal
protocols on the assistance to be given by
E D.C. signatories to N A T.O. members
and vice vena, in the event of armed
aggression.

Roman Catholic Church. Fifteen
cardinals, 300 bishops and thousands of
pilgrims attended the opening of the 35th
world Euchanstic congress in Barcelona.
28- Great Britain. Earl Alexander of Tunis,
British minister of defence, gave U K.
casualties in Korea as 513 killed, 1,601
wounded, 939 prisoners and 197 missing.

France. Over 700 persons were arrested,
including Jacques Duclos, Communist
leader, after Communist demonstrations
in Pans against General Ridgway's
arrival.

United Nations. Sir Gladwyn Jebb,
U.K. representative, proposed a new
disarmament plan on behalf of the three
western powers for a maximum of
between 1 million and 1 5 million men
each for the total strength of the armed
forces of the US, the U S S.R. and
China, and between 700,000 and 800,000
each for Great Britain and France.

United States. The Senate passed the
Foreign Aid bill by 64 votes to 10.

Horse Racing. The Aga Khan's Tulyar,
ridden by C. Smirke, won the Derby at
Epsom, Surrey.

29: Great Britain-U.S.S.R. The Soviet
embassy announced the recall of Ghcoufhy
Zarubin, Soviet ambassador in London.

Italy. The official figures were pub-
lished of the local government elections
The Christian Democrat party emerged
stronger than the left extremists as a
whole, and with the rest of the centre

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

parties still had a majority over all
extremists.

United States. President Truman asked
congress for $3,341 million for further
production of atomic weapons.
30: Council of Europe. The consultative
assembly voted, nem. con., in favour of
merging the Organization for European
Econdmic Co-operation with the Council
of Europe.

German Debt Conference. The creditors
rejected a German offer of DM. 170
million rising to DM. 270 million to meet
prewar German debts.

Horse Racing. Capt. A. M. Keith's
Frieze, ridden by E. Britt, won the Oaks
at Epsom, Surrey.

31 : France. Police raided all the principal
Communist headquarters in France and
seized large quantities of documents and
arms.

India. Final figures for the 1951 census
showed the total population to be
356,829,485 (excluding Jammu and Kash-
mir). There were 10 million more males
than females.

U.S.S.R. The 63-mi. Volga-Don canal
was opened.

JUNE

\ ' Great Britain. Court mourning for
King George VF ended.

Ceylon. In the general election the
United National party won 54 of the 101
seats in the House of Representatives

German Dem. Rep. Orders for sealing
off the zonal frontier with west Germany
were officially promulgated.

Roman Catholic Church. The 35th
Euchanstic congress ended in Barcelona.

United States. General Eisenhower
arrived in Washington having relin-
quished his appointment as supreme
commander, Allied forces in Europe.
2: Indochina. Emperor Bao Dai dis-
missed the cabinet of Tran Van Huu and
designated as his successor Nguyen Van-
Tarn, minister of the interior in the out-
going government.

Korea. U.S. tank troops entered the
prisoner-of-war camp on Koje island and
burnt Communist propaganda signs

United States. The Supreme court
upheld a lower court's ruling of April 29
that President Truman had acted uncon-
stitutionally in seizing the steel mills.
3: Germany. British troops and west
Berlin police began a partial blockade of
the Communist broadcasting station in
the British sector of Berlin, as a protest
against the Soviet seizure of territory
belonging to the British sector.

Rumania. It was announced that Ana
Pauker, foreign minister, had been
severely criticized for " left and right
deviatiomsm " and refused re-election to
the Politburo and central committee

United States. A joint conference of the
House of Representatives and the Senate
Foreign Affairs committees agreed on
a new foreign aid programme of
$6,447,730,750 for 1952-53.

Exploration. It was announced that
bad weather had defeated both a Swiss
attempt to climb Mt. Everest and a British
" rehearsal climb ", led by Eric Shipton,
on the neighbouring Cho Oyu
4: Aden. Prince Ah Abdul Kanm was
unanimously appointed sultan of Lahej
by the electoral body of the sultanate.

Argentina. General J. D. Per6n was
inaugurated president of Argentina for
his second consecutive six-year term.

Jordan. The government announced
the appointment of a regency council of
three to act for King Talal because of his
deteriorating health.
South Africa. About 2,000 persons,
led by Torch Commando officials, took
part in a procession in Capetown in
protest against the High Court of Parlia-
ment act.

5: Great Britain. Queen Elizabeth II took
her first salute as sovereign at the trooping

the colour ceremony on the Horse Guards
parade, London.

It was announced that Sir William
Haley, director-general of the British
Broadcasting corporation since 1944, had
been appointed editor of The Times in
succession to W. F. Casey

United States. The Department of
Commerce prohibited the export of all
steel mill products except those essential
to defence production
6- O.E.E.C. Anthony Eden, British
foreign secretary, was elected to succeed
D. U Stikker as chairman.
7: Great Britain. The coronation of Queen
Elizabeth II, to take place on June 2, 1953,
was proclaimed in London

France. Communist party and Com-
munist trade union offices in all major
ports were raided by security police.

Greece. King Paul and Queen Fredenka
left Greece for a state visit to Turkey.
8: Great Britain. It was announced that
Air Chief Marshal Sir William Dickson
had been appointed chief of the air staff,
to succeed Marshal of the R.A.F. Sir
John Slessor on Jan. 1, 1953.
9: France-India. Representatives of the
two countries exchanged the instruments
of ratification of the cession by France to
India of the settlement of Chandernagore,
decided by a referendum in 1949.

India-Japan. A peace treaty was signed
in Tokyo between representatives of the
two countries.

International Court of Justice. Moham-
mad Mossadegh, Persian prime minister,
opened the Persian case in the oral hear-
ings on the Anglo-Persian oil dispute at
The Hague.

United States. The Senate passed by
59 vote's to 1 1 the $6,447 million Foreign
Aid bill.

Cricket. England won the first test
match against India at Headmgley, Leeds,
by seven wickets.

10: Great Britain. Earl Alexander of Tunis,
minister of defence, arrived in Tokyo.

Germany. The British commandant
removed the cordon round the Com-
munist broadcasting building in the
British sector of Berlin

Korea. In a two-hour battle between
Koje island prisoners and U.N. troops
who had entered one of the compounds
to split up the inmates into smaller units
3 prisoners were killed and 1 39 wounded.

United Nations. Y. Malik, Soviet dele-
gate to the Disarmament commission,
rejected the western proposal for the
limitation of armed forces.
1 1 : Australia-France. R. G. Menzies, Aus-
tralian prime minister, arrived in Pans for
talks with A. Pinay, French premier.

Italy-Great Britain. The Italian under
secretary for foreign affairs stated that the
failure of Great Britain to provide em-
ployment for about 1,100 Italian miners
who had been training there constituted
a breach of contract.
12: Great Britain. R. A. Butler, chancellor
of the exchequer, announced that the
country's gold and dollar reserves had
fallen by less than 10 million since the
end of March, as compared with a loss of
334 million in the last quarter of 1951.

Belgium. The bill for the ratification of
the Schuman plan was passed in the
House of Representatives by 165 votes
to 12 with 13 abstentions.

Kashmir. The constituent assembly
decided to terminate hereditary rule and
to elect its head of state under a new
constitution to be framed.
1 3 : Great Britain. Earl Alexander of Tunis
arrived in Seoul, South Korean capital.

Great Britaln-U.S.S.R. It was an-
nounced that Andrey Gromyko, Soviet
deputy foreign minister, had been
appointed ambassador to London.

International Court of Justice. Sir
Lionel Heald, British attorney-general,
opened the British case in the Anglo-
Persian oil dispute

Korea. The South Korean government
announced the discovery of a Com-
munist plot to assassinate President Rhee
14' China. The completion of the Chung-
kmg-Chengu railway was announced.

Food and Agriculture Organization. The
F.A.O council, in Rome, approved a
proposal to create an emergency food
reserve by which stocks could be stored
and administered on an international
basis, ready to meet famine

United States. President Truman
attended the keel-laying of the first
atomic-powered submarine, U.S.S
" Nautilus ", at Groton, Connecticut.
15: Italy-N.A.T.O. The cabinet approved
the appointment of General Frattmi as
commander of N.A.T.O. land forces,
southern Europe in succession to General
Maunzio dc Castigliom

U.S.S.R.- Venezuela. Tass agency re-
ported that the Soviet Union had broken
off diplomatic relations with Venezuela in
protest against the expulsion of two
Soviet embassy officials
16: Australia. R. G. Menzies, prime
minister, left London for Washington
after talks with British ministers.

France- Yugoslavia. A one-year trade
agreement was signed.

Italy. The Chamber of Deputies rati-
fied the Schuman plan.

Sweden-U.S.S.R. Two Soviet fighter
aircraft shot down a Swedish Catalma
reconnaissance aircraft over international
waters in the Baltic. The crew of seven,
two of whom were injured, were rescued.
17: Japan. More than 800,000 workers
went on strike and about 200,000 students
stayed away from universities in protest
against the government's anti-subversive
activities bill and the revision of the
labour law.

Korea. U.N. forces repulsed a heavy
Chinese attack after five and a half hours
of fighting. Chinese casualties were
reported as 1,000 killed and wounded.
18: Great Britain. A four-day conference
of British diplomats from 11 middle
eastern counties opened in London.

France. The national assembly passed
the military budget of 1,270,000 million
francs by 507 votes to 99.

Italy. The Chamber of Deputies
approved, by 410 votes to 34, the bill for
the suppression of Fascist activities.

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

The Rome correspondent of Pravda
was ordered to leave Italy for sending
defamatory reports to Moscow.

N.A.T.O. The largest naval and air
cxccrcise since before World War II,
involving the forces of nine N.A.T.O.
countries, began in home waters under
the command of Admiral Sir Arthur
Power, Allied c.-in-c.. Channel

Persia-Italy. The owners and agents
of the tanker " Rose Mary ", carrying a
cargo of crude Persian oil to Italy on
behalf of a Swiss firm, were restrained
from removing any of the cargo at Aden.
19: Great Britain. Earl Alexander of Tunis,
British defence minister, arrived in Ottawa.

Malaya. Sir Gerald Templer, high
commissioner in Malaya, addressing a
press conference in London, said that the
Federal government had the whole-
hearted support of the Malayan people,
and that of the terrorists killed since
1948, 2,845 were Chinese Total terrorist
casualties since the start of tht emergency
were announced as 4,816, of whom 3,149
had been killed, 752 had surrendered, and
91 5 had been captured. In addition, it was
estimated that 1,643 terrorists had been
wounded. Security forces casualties were
1,438 killed and 2,229 wounded
20. Venezuela. The government broke off
diplomatic relations with Czechoslovakia.
22. Great Britain-United States. Earl
Alexander of Tunis, British minister of
defence, arrived in Washington after talks
with the Canadian government.

Australia. Flood damage in New South
Wales was estimated at A 10 million.

Korea. Chinese casualties in the
Chorwon sector since June 10 were esti-
mated at 3,500.

23: Great Britain-United States. Dean
Acheson, U S secietary of state, arrived
in London for talks with cabinet ministers.

International Court of .Justice. Sir Eric
Beckett concluded the British case in the
Anglo-Persian oil dispute.

Japan. The government applied for
membership of the United Nations

Korea. About 500 Allied aircraft
bombed five hydroelectric plants near
the Yalu river, which divides North Korea
from Manchuria.

United States. The Senate Foreign
Relations committee approved the Bonn
agreement with the German Federal
Republic.

24 German Fed. Rep. The German Federal
contribution to the European Defence
community was officially announced as
310, 000 men in the army and 100,000 men
in all other services, the whole to be
increased by about 90,000 men in wartime.

Japan-Great Britain. Shumchi Mat-
sumoto, the first Japanese ambassador to
Great Britain since World War II,

presented his letters of credence to Queen
Elizabeth IT.

Korea. Eight power stations in North
Korea were attacked by U.N. aircraft.

United States. The Senate Foreign
Relations committee approved the Pans
agreement extending the guarantee of the
North Atlantic treaty to the German
Federal Republic.

Cricket. England won the second test
match against India, at Lord's cricket
ground, London, by eight wickets.
25: Great Britain. Earl Alexander of Tunis,
defence minister, arrived in London after
his visit to the United States, Canada and
the far east.

Burma-Pakistan. A five-year treaty of
friendship was signed in Rangoon.

Korea. An attempt was made on the
life of Syngman Rhee, South Korean
president

Netherlands. At a general election for
the second chamber the Labour party and
the Catholic Peoples' party each won
30 seats, the Anti-Revolutionaiies 12,
Christian Histoncals 9; Liberals 9; Com-
munists 6, Christian Reform party 2; and
National Catholics 2.

United States. President Truman
vetoed the revised immigration bill on the
ground that it continued the discrimina-
tory system of quotas.

26 United States. The House of Repre-
sentatives voted by 278 to 1 13 to override
President Truman's veto of the McCarran-
Walter immigration bill of June 25.

Yachting. R. S. Nye's " Canna "
(United States) won the major trophy in
the Newport-Bermuda race with a cor-
rected time of 3 days I6hr 5 mm. 47$
sec. The British R.N S A yacht " Samuel
Pepys ", the smallest in the race, was fifth.

27 Great Britain. The Cantei bury diocesan
conference recommended that every bene-
ficed clergyman should receive a minimum
stipend of 500 a year

Malaya. The terrorist Moo Yat Mai,
on whose head was a price of 1,500,
surrendered at Taiping, Perak

United States. The Senate overrode
President Truman's veto of the immigra-
tion bill of June 25, which thus became
law.

28- Egypt. Hilaly Pasha, prime minister,
resigned. King Farouk asked Hussein
Sirry Pasha to form a government.

Pakistan-Poland. A trade agreement
was signed.

30- Great Britain. The House of Commons
select committee recommended a civil list
of 475,000, including a margin of 95,000
for contingencies, as compared with
410,000 provided for King George VI.

United States. The Senate approved a
military expenditure bill of $46,000
million by 66 votes to none.

JULY

1 : Great Britain. An opposition motion
criticizing the government for failing to
secure effective consultation before the
Yalu river bombing raids was defeated
in the House of Commons by 300 votes
to 270.

Iceland. Asgeir Asgeirsson was elected
president of Iceland.

India. In Uttar Pradesh the Zamindari
(landlord) system was abolished and
ownership of land was thenceforth to be
vested in the State government.

2: Australia. R. G. Menzies, prime
minister, arrived in Australia after his
seven-week tour of Europe and the U.S.

3: Great Britain-Spain. It was announced
that the British government had allowed
the export of arms to Spam, in further-
ance of the export drive.

Japan. The upper house passed the
government's Subversive Measures Pre-
vention bill by 133 votes to 79.

Jordan. King Talal I arrived in Amman
from Europe.

Malaya. The Federal council unani-
mously approved the Federal Regiment
bill providing for a force eventually to be
entirely responsible for Malaya's defences.

United States. The Senate approved
the $6,001,947,750 Foreign Aid bill.
4: Korea. The South Korean parliament
surrendered its constitutional power to
elect the president.

Lawn Tennis. Frank Sedgman (Aust-
ralia) won the men's singles champion-
ship at Wimbledon, beating Jaroslav
Drobny (Egypt) in the final.
5: Persia. Mohammad Mossadegh, prime
minister, submitted his resignation to the
shah.

Rumania. It was announced that Ana
Pauker, foreign minister, had been
relieved of her post and that Simion
Bughici would succeed her.

Lawn Tennis. Maureen Connolly (U.S.)
beat Louise Brough (U.S.) in the final
of the women's singles at Wimbledon.
Frank Sedgman (Australia), with K Mc-
Gregor (Australia), won the men's
doubles and, with Dons Hart (U S.), the
mixed doubles.

Rowing. Leander beat Sydney Rowing
club (Australia) to win the Grand Chal-
lenge cup at Henley. M. T. Wood
(Australia) beat T. A. Fox (London
Rowing club) in the Diamond Sculls.

6- Great Britain. London's last tramcar
was taken out of service.

Persia. The Majlis nominated Moham-
mad Mossadegh to form a new govern-
ment by 52 votes to 3 with 10 abstentions.

7- Navigation. The U.S liner " United
States " beat the record for an Atlantic
crossing by lOhr. 2 mm.

8. Germany. The U.S. commandant in
Berlin protested to the Soviet authorities
against the kidnapping of Walter Linse,
an economist working for the " free
lawyers " organization in the U S. sector.
9: Great Britain. The text of the Trans-
port bill, to denationalize road haulage
and to decentralize control of railways,
was published.

Great Britain-N.A.T.O. General Mat-
thew B. Ridgway, supreme Allied com-
mander, arrived in London to acquaint
himself with British problems relating to
European defence

Eritrea. The assembly approved a
constitution establishing Eritrea as an
autonomous unit federated with Ethiopia.
10- Indochina. The French H.Q. announced
that in an operation begun on July 8
south of Hu6 on the coast of Annam,
Vietmmh losses were 50 killed and 265
prisoners. French losses were 8 killed
and 13 wounded.

Persia. Mohammad Mossadegh ac-
cepted the premiership
1 1 : Korea. Heavy Allied air attacks were
made on targets at Pyongyang, Hwangju
and Sanwon. Sorties numbered 1,330
in 24 hr.

United States. General D wight D.
Eisenhower was nominated Republican
candidate for the presidential election.

Golf. A. D. Locke (South Africa) won
the open championship at Royal Lytham,
Lancashire.

12: Austria. Passenger traffic on the
Danube between Linz and Vienna was
resumed for the first time in 12 years.

Korea. The U.S. far east air force
announced that U.N. forces had lost 719
aircraft in the war against 524 lost by
the Communists.

Aviation. Cyril Gregory (Sleaford,
Lincolnshire) won the King's cup air
race in a Taylorcraft monoplane at an
average speed of l!3-5m.p.h.

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

13: South Africa. Twenty-eight Africans
were arrested in Cape Province for
breaking the segregation laws.
14: United Nations. A report to the
Security Council from the U.N. command
m Korea stated that more than 100,000
prisoners in U.N. hands refused to be
repatriated.

15: South Africa. Emil Sachs, former
general secretary of the Garment Workers
union, was sentenced to six months'
imprisonment under the Suppression of
Communism act.

16: Greece. It was officially stated that a
Communist spy ring had been discovered
along the Greek-Albanian border in the
Konitsa area. Twenty-five persons had
been arrested.

India-Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah,
Kashmir prime minister, arrived in
Delhi for discussions.

Israel. The west German delegation
offered Israel DM. 450 million (about 37
million) as reparations for Jewish victims
of Nazi oppression.

Korea. Peking radio claimed that
nearly 7,000 persons had been killed in
U N. air attacks of July 1 1 on Pyongyang
and that 52 had been killed in Antung in
Manchuria.

Persia. Mohammad Mossadegh
resigned the premiership after the shah
had refused to allow him to assume the
war portfolio.

17: Great Britain-U.S.S.R. Pavel Kuznet-
zov, second secretary at the Soviet
embassy, left the United Kingdom in
compliance with a Foreign Office request.
Persia. Kavam es-Saltaneh was
nominated prime minister in the Majlis
by 40 votes with 30 National Front and 3
other abstentions.

18: Great Britain. Sir Walter Monckton,
minister of labour, referred back pro-
posals for wage increases submitted by
12 wages councils in distributive and
allied trades representing more than a
million workers

19: United States. The secretary of the
Navy published details of the $12 million
naval shipbuilding programme for 1952
which included a second 60,000-ton
aircraft carrier of the " Forrestal " class
and a second nuclear-powered submarine.
Cricket. England beat India in the third
test match at Old Trafford, Manchester,
by an innings and 207 runs.

Olympic Games. The XVth Olympic
Games opened at Helsinki, Finland.
20: Egypt. Hussein Sirry Pasha, prime
minister, resigned.

Persia. More than 100 demonstrators

were arrested after disorders in Tehran.

21 Egypt. The king asked Hilary Pasha,

prime minister, March 2-June 28, to form

a government.

Indochina. Vietminh troops attacked an
undefended rest centre about 40 mi.
southeast of Saigon and massacred 21
people; 23 persons were wounded

Nepal. The working committee of the
Nepal Congress party directed the prime
minister, M. P. Koirala, and his col-
leagues to resign.

Persia. Kavam es-Saltaneh, prime
minister, resigned after failing to control
riots and disturbances throughout the
country.

22: International Court of Justice. The

court upheld by 9 votes to 5 the Persian

objection that it was not competent to

deal with the Anglo-Persian oil dispute

referred to it by the British government.

Nepal. The prime minister rejected

the Congress party order of July 21.

Netherlands. Willem Drees asked to be

relieved of the task of forming a coalition
government. He had begun his efforts on
June 27.

Persia. The shah reappointed Moham-
mad Mossadegh prime minister after he
had been supported by 61 of the 64
deputies present in the Majlis.
23: Egypt. A military coup was carried
out in Cairo without bloodshed by
General Mohammed Neguib who pro-
claimed himself commander-in-cnief.
Later, Hilary Pasha's government
resigned.

Netherlands. L. J. Beel, Catholic
party prime minister, 1946-48, and
minister of the interior in the outgoing
cabinet, was asked by the queen to form
a cabinet.

24: Australia. The Ministry for Immigra-
tion announced that immigration would
be reduced to 80,000 annually, or half
the average for the preceding four years.

Egypt. A new cabinet was announced
under Ah Maher.

United States. President Truman
announced that the steel dispute had been
settled

25 : German Fed. Rep. The Schuman Plan
treaty came into force and all Allied
restrictions on German steel production
were lifted.

Korea. After 18 meetings in secret
session the United Nations agreed to a
Communist request to resume open truce
talks.

Puerto Rico. Under a new constitution
Puerto Rico became a self-governing
free commonwealth associated with the
U S , with control of domestic affairs.
26 Great Britain. Duncan Sandys, minis-
ter of supply, announced that guided
rockets that could travel at more than
2,000 m.p.h. had been developed.

Belgium. Serious disorders occurred
at Namur as a result of army demonstra-
tions against the increase from 18 to 24
months of the conscription period.

Egypt. King Farouk abdicated at the
demand of General Mohammed Neguib.
The ex-king's son was later proclaimed

King- Ahmed Fuad II of Egypt and the
Sudan. The ex-king and queen and the
infant king left by sea for Europe.

United States. Adlai Stevenson,
governor of Illinois, was nominated
Democratic candidate for the presidential
election.

27. Nepal. It was announced that M. P.
Koirala, prime minister, and two other
ministers had been expelled from the
Congress party for three years because
of their refusal to accept the party's
mandatory list of new ministers.

29: Great Britain. R. A. Butler, chancellor
of the exchequer, announced in the House
of Commons new measures designed to
achieve a balance of payments in the
second half of 1952.

Belgium. A 24-hr, strike was begun at
the steel works at Ougree-Marihaye in
protest against the extended period of
military service. *

30: Great Britain. An opposition amend-
ment regretting the inadequacy of the
government's economic programme was
defeated in The House of Commons by
302 votes to 277, the government's
motion was then carried by 299 votes to
277.

Australia-Malaya. R. G. Mcnzies,
Australian prime minister, announced
that Air Vice-Marshal F. R. W. Scherger,
R.A.A.F., had been appointed air officer
commanding, Malaya, from Jan. 1, 1953.
Egypt. The government abolished the
titles of bey and pasha, formerly con-
ferred by the king. It was announced
that all political prisoners charged with
crimes of lese-majeite had been released
by the prime minister's order.

Korea. A heavy Allied air raid was
made on a metals factory near the Man-
chunan border.

Persia. The British Bank of Iran and
the Middle East closed. Martial law was
prolonged for another month by decree.

31: German Fed. Rep. It was announced
that more than 13,000 refugees had
arrived from eastern Germany during
July, the highest figure ever recorded.

AUGUST

\ : Great Britain. A government motion
approving the Bonn and E.D.C. treaties
and the protocol to the North Atlantic
treaty was accepted in the House of
Commons by 293 votes to 253 after an
opposition amendment to it had been
defeated, 294-260.

2: Egypt. The cabinet appointed a pro-
visional council of regency.
3: Cuba. It was learned that ten men, of
whom five were police officials, had been
arrested for plotting against the regime.

Persia. The Majlis approved a bill to
try Kavam es-Saltaneh, former prime
minister, and confiscate his property.

Olympic Games. The XVth Olympic
Games ended at Helsinki.
4: Korea. Truce talks were resumed by
staff officers at Panrnunjom. Two heavy
Allied air raids were made on a military
H.Q. near Pyongyang.

Pacific Council. The first session opened
in Honolulu, attended by the foreign
ministers of the U.S., Australia and New
Zealand.

United States. As a result of the steel
strike the army announced a strict ration

of ammunition of calibre larger than 50
in. for use by any but units in action or
troops destined for combat in Korea.

5: Japan. Two British sailors were sen-
tenced by the Kobe provincial court to
two and a half years' imprisonment on
charges of robbery with violence.

Japan-Nationalist China. Diplomatic
relations were resumed with the ratifica-
tion of the bilateral Japanese peace treaty
signed on April 28. Eighty-eight Japanese
war criminals convicted by Chinese courts
were released from Sugamo, near Tokyo.
United States. Fourteen Communists
were convicted by the Federal court, Los
Angeles, of conspiring to teach and
advocate the violent overthrow of the
U.S. government.

6: German Dem. Rep. At Leipzig 23
persons were sentenced to prison terms,
of which the maximum was 15 years, for
having moved 460 textile machines to
western Germany.

Pacific Council. The first conference
ended in Honolulu.

7: Korea. The Fifth Air force announced
total enemy losses of MIG jet fighters in

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

the war as 359 destroyed and 544
damaged.

Persia. The Majlis elected Abul Kasim
Kashani as its new president.

South Africa. A total of 134 Africans
who had participated in the passive
resistance campaign were sentenced to
fines of 2 or 20 days in prison. All
chose imprisonment.

8: Korea. Heavy Allied air attacks were
made on Sinchon, 45 mi. southwest of
Pyongyang.

9: Sarawak. The government declared a
state of emergency in Kuchmg province
where the search for a terrorist Com-
munist group was proceeding.
10: Egypt. Ah Maher, prime minister,
announced the end of press censorship.

European Coal and Steel Community.
The inaugural meeting of the High
authority was held in Luxembourg.

Korea. Incomplete results showed that
Syngman Rhee had been re-elected South
Korean president.

1 1 : Ethiopia. Emperor Haile Selassie signed
a constitution providing for the federation
of an autonomous Eritrea with Ethiopia.

German External Debts Conference.
The head of the German delegation to the
London conference declared the total of
the German external debt as DM 14,300
million.

Jordan. The government terminated
King Talal's reign because of his ill-
health and proclaimed his son, Crown
Prince Hussein, as king.

Sarawak. A government spokesman
said that terrorist outrages had been com-
mitted by members of an organization
calling itself the Sarawak -Indonesia
People's Liberation army.
12. Egypt. A draft decree was published
entitling the government to buy, for distri-
bution to the peasants, all estates of more
than 200 ac., at prices based on the
average market value of land during
1936-39. The cabinet decreed increases in
taxes on all incomes over E 800.

Persia. Martial law and the curfew
were lifted in Tehran.
13: Great Britain. The annual conference
of the Confederation of Shipbuilding and
Engineering Unions decided unanimously
to ask for further talks with employers
about rejected wage claims.

Egypt. Army units occupied the indus-
trial areas of Kafr cl-Dawar and
Moharrem Bey near Alexandria after
clashes between textile workers and police
in which 9 persons were killed and 25
injured.

Indonesia. It was announced that in a
battle on Aug. 8-10, near Kunmgan,
western Java, 58 rebels and 17 soldiers
had been killed.

Japan. Japan was formally admitted
to the International Monetary fund and
the International Bank for Reconstruc-
tion and Development.

Persia. A mob led by the newly formed
Persian neo-Nazi party raided the Soviet
embassy information centre and the
Hungarian legation.

14: Nepal. King Tnbhuvana announced
the appointment of an advisory council
of five to assist him in governing.

South Africa. J. S. M or oka, president
of the African National congress, was
arrested under the Suppression of Com-
munism act.

15: Austrian Peace Treaty. The U.S. State
Department announced that the U.S.S.R.
had rejected the proposals made on
March 13 by the United States, Great
Britain and France for granting a peace
treaty to Austria.

South Africa. Nana Sita, president of
the Transvaal Indian congress, was
arrested under the Suppression of Com-
munism act.

16: Great Britain. Thirty-one persons were
killed and 33 houses were destroyed at
Lynmouth, Devon, when the river Lyn
flooded and changed its course.

South Africa. Ninety-six non-Euro-
pean members of the passive resistance
campaign were arrested in Port Elizabeth.

Aviation. The British 100- seat airscrew-
turbine powered Bristol Britannia airliner
made its maiden flight from Filton,
Bristol.

18: Great Britain-United States. The
British Ministry of Supply announced
negotiations for the sale of British radio-
active compounds in the U.S

Indochina. A Victminh raid was made
on a 35,000-ac. rice estate in southern
Vietnam, about 20 mi. west of Cantho.
Seven estate workers were killed and the
contents of the magazine seized.
19: Israel. A bill for the extension of mili-
tary service from two years to 30 months
for men aged 1 8-26, and from 1 8 months
to two years for those aged 27-29 inclusive
was passed by the Knesset.

Persia. Sumkaists (members of the
neo-Nazi party) and Pan-Iramsts burned
down the Tudeh party " peace centre "
and attacked a Communist newspaper
office.

Cricket. The final test match between
England and India ended in a draw at the
Oval, Kenmngton England thus won the
series by three matches to none
20: Argentina-Great Britain. It was
announced that 4,000 tons of frozen meat
would be shipped immediately to Great
Britain and the price settled later (Ship-
ments had been suspended on June 25.)

Persia. The government reimposed

martial law and a curfew for two months

21: Kashmir. The constituent assembly

passed a resolution to end dynastic rule

and substitute an elected head of state.

Kenya. The government ordered a
curfew m the Nyen and Nanyuki areas-
in north Kenya because of expected
"unlawful assemblies and organized
intimidation by threats of violence."

Persia. The military governor of
Tehran banned political meetings
22 . Kenya. A gathering of Kikuyu ministers
and elders of both Protestant and Roman
Catholic churches pledged their support
of the government in combating the
activities of the anti-European secret
society, Mau Mau.

Cricket. Surrey beat Derbyshire at the
Oval, Kenmngton, thus winning the
county championship.
23: Arab League. The Arab League
Security pact came into force, having been
ratified by Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Jordan and
Saudi Arabia.

24: Greece-Great Britain. It was learned
that the Greek minister of agriculture had
ordered the compulsory expropriation of
Copais, a British-owned estate about 60
mi. from Athens, under a law providing

for the distribution to landless peasants
of estates of over 65 ac.

Korea. U.N. aircraft bombed Anju, a
large Communist supply town about
100 mi. north of Pyongyang.

25 : Indochina. The French army launched
a heavy attack on Vietminh positions
north of Hud, using 7,000 troops and also
bombers.

Jordan. King Hussein arrived in Am-
man from Switzerland and received a
state welcome.

26: Egypt. Government officials, including
all ministers, were ordered to state their
private wealth.

Kashmir. A conference on Kashmir
between Indian and Pakistan representa-
tives opened in Geneva.

Aviation. A British Canberra jet
bomber flew from Northern Ireland to
Newfoundland and back in a total flying
time of 7hr. 50 mm the first double
crossing in a day. The return flight set up
a new record with a time of 3 hr. 25 mm.
and an average speed of 606 m.p.h.

27: Japan-Great Britain. The High court
of Osaka refused an application for bail
for the two British sailors detained at
Kobe

United Nations. The disarmament
commission rejected by 9 votes to 1
(U.S.S.R ), with Chile and Pakistan
abstaining, a Soviet resolution proposing
immediate discussion of germ warfare

28: German Fed. Rep.-Israei. The con-
ference at The Hague on German repara-
tions to Israel ended after agreeing that
Germany should pay Israel DM. 3,000
million in goods, and additional goods to
the value of DM 450 million.

U.S.S.R. It was announced that V. A
Zorm would replace Y. Malik as perma-
nent delegate to the United Nations.

29- German Fed. Rep.-Switzerland. The
German Federal government agreed to
pay Switzerland about 53,300,000 in
settlement of wartime and postwar debts
of about 97,580,000

Indochina. Official reports of a French
action to exterminate the 101st Vietminh
regiment, about 25 mi north of Hue,
stated that 1,318 prisoners were taken,
90 men killed and the battalion H.Q.
captured.

Korea. The heaviest air raid of the war
was made on Pyongyang. 1,403 sorties
were flown.

South Africa. The Cape division of the
Supreme court ruled unanimously that
the High Court of Parliament act was
" invalid, null and void, and of no legal
force and effect."

30: Persia. Mohammad Mossadegh,
Persian prime minister, rejected joint
Anglo-U.S. proposals for solution of the
oil problem.

Aviation. The four-jet Avro 698,
Britain's first delta-wing bomber, made
its maiden flight.

31: Malaya. The armed strength of the
terrorists was officially assessed at 3,000-
5,000.

SEPTEMBER

\ : Korea. The heaviest Allied carrier air
raid of the war was made near the Chinese
and Siberian frontiers; targets included
an oil refinery at Aoji, an iron mine at
Musan and the port of Chongjui, on the
northeast coast.

Netherlands. Willem Drees (Labour)
formed a coalition government.
2: Great Britain. The Trades Union
congress, meeting at Margate, voted by a
majority of more than four -million in
favour of the general council's statement

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

advocating the greatest possible re-
armament within the means available
to the country.

The queen approved the appointment
of Field Marshal Sir William Slim as
governor-general of Australia, to take
up his duties early in 1953.
3: Belgium. Joseph Pholien, minister of
justice, resigned because of popular
agitation against his action in reprieving
two Belgians convicted of treason during
World War II.

Korea. A report from the U.N. com-
mand gave the number of aircraft lost
during the war as 753; Communist
losses were estimated at 1,318, including
620 damaged.

4: Great Britain. The Trades Union
congress passed by 7,771,000 votes to
39,000 a composite resolution criticizing
the government's economic policy and
stating that until adequate pnce controls
and food subsidies had been restored
attempts to restrict justifiable wage
increases should be rejected.

Indochina. A French attack in central
Vietnam practically destroyed two Viet-
mmh regiments.

5: U.S.S.R.-Austria. The Soviet govern-
ment received notes from Great Britain,
France and the U.S. asking for a meeting
of the foreign ministers' deputies to
initial the draft of an Austrian peace
treaty submitted in March.
6: Great Britain. Thirty people were
killed and 60 injured when a DH.l 10 jet
fighter disintegrated over the airfield at
Farnborough, Hampshire, during the
display arranged by the Society of
British Aircraft Constructors.

Chile. In the presidential elections
Carlos Ibanez, president 1927-31, headed
the poll but failed to secure a clear
majority over the combined votes of the
other three candidates.
7: Egypt. Ah Maher resigned and was
succeeded as prime minister by General
Negutb. During the night 51 political,
official and military personalities had
been arrested.

Persia. Mohammad Mossadegh, prime
minister, publicly i ejected the Churchill-
Truman proposals for resolving the
Persian oil deadlock.
8: Great Britain-China. A party of
British M.P.s arrived in Peking at the
invitation of the Chinese Institute of
Foreign Affairs.

9: Arab League. Abdurrahman Azzam,
secretary-general, resigned.

Cuba. It was announced that the two
closest rivals to General Carlos Ibanez
in the presidential elections had acknow-
ledged his victory and that Ibanez would
assume the presidency on Nov. 4.

Egypt. The cabinet approved a bill to
reorganize the political parties and
passed the land reform scheme limiting
holdings to 200 ac., or 300 ac. in the
case of families with two children, and
providing for the redistribution of some
730,000 ac.

Lebanon. All the ministers of Sami
es-Solh's cabinet resigned. President
Beshara Khahl el-Khun appointed a
three-man emergency cabinet with Nazim
Akkan as prime minister.
10: Great Britain. Executives of the 38
unions affiliated to the Confederation of
Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions
decided by a large majority to ban over-
time and restrict piecework in protest
against the employers' rejection of wage
claims.

1 1 : European Coal and Steel Community.
The assembly elected Paul-Henri Spaak,

former Belgian prime minister, as its
president.

12: Greece. A government bill restoring
the majority system in parliamentary
elections was passed by 132 votes to 121.

N.A.T.O. " Mainbrace ", a two weeks'
naval exercise, began in the North
Atlantic and the North sea.
13: Korea. A heavy U.N. air attack was
made on the Suiho (Supung) power plant
on the Yalu river, the British government
having been informed beforehand.

Mexico. Adolfo Ruiz Cortmez was
proclaimed president as a result of
elections held on July 6 He would
assume office on Dec. 1.

Horse Racing. The Aga Khan's
" Tulyar ", ridden by C. Smirke, won
the St. Leger at Doncaster.
14: Arab League. Abd el-Khalek el-
Hassuna was elected secretary-general by
the council.

Lebanon. Saab Salaam, a former
home minister, formed a cabinet.
16: Egypt. The cabinet approved a bill
reducing by 15% the rent of all houses
built since Jan. 1, 1944.

Pakistan-U.S.S.R. A barter agreement
was signed in Karachi.
17: Great Britain-Yugoslavia. Anthony
Eden, British foreign secretary, arrived
in Belgrade on an official visit.

France. The secretariat of the French
Communist party announced the removal
of Andr6 Marty and Charles Tillon from
the secretariat and political bureau
respectively.

Syria. A Damascus press report
announced the constitution, sponsored
by Colonel Adib es-Shishakli, army chief
of staff, of a new political party, the
Arab Liberation movement.

United States. The federal authorities
arrested 18 leading Communists in
middle west and west coast states on
charges of conspiring to overthrow the
government by force.
18- Great Britain- Yugoslavia. Anthony
Eden, British foreign secretary, in a
speech in Belgrade, said Great Britain
was ready to help Yugoslavia secure the
peace and independence which were the
right of every nation.

Lebanon. President Beshari Khahl
el-Khun resigned in response to strong
national demand for a radical reorganiza-
tion of the administration An interim
cabinet was formed headed by General
Fuad Shehab.

N.A.T.O. The council met in Paris
and appointed H. Kraft, Danish foreign
minister, as its chairman.

United Nations. The Security council
supported, by 10 votes to 1, Japan's
application for U.N. membership. The
U.S.S.R. applied the veto.
21: Egypt. General Neguib ordered the
surrender of all arms to the authorities.

Italy-German Fed. Rep. Alcide De
Gaspcri, Italian prime minister and
foreign minister, arrived in Bonn on a
four-day official visit.
22: South Africa. D. F. Malan, prime
minister, declared that interference by
the British Labour party in South
African domestic affairs would not be
tolerated.

Sweden. Results of elections to the
second 'chamber of the Riksdag on
Sept. 21 were: Social Democrats 109
seats (formerly 112), Liberals 59 (57),
Conservatives 30 (23), Agrarians 27 (30)
and Communists 5 (8).

U.S.S.R.-China-Finland. A triangular

trade agreement was signed in Moscow.

23: Great Britain-Austria. Anthony Eden,

British foreign secretary, arrived in
Vienna on an official visit.

Great Britain-Yugoslavia. Anthony
Eden announced that Marshal Tito had
been invited to visit the U.K.

Iraq-Great Britain. King Faysal of
Iraq arrived in London for a visit which
included two days at Balmoral as the
guest of Queen Elizabeth II.

Lebanon. Camille Shamun, a promin-
ent member of the Socialist opposition,
was elected president by parliament by
74 votes to I. General Fuad Shehab,
acting prime minister, formally resigned.
24: Rumania. The national assembly
unanimously approved a new draft
constitution and a new electoral law
presented by the minister of justice.

Boxing. Rocky Marciano (U.S.)
became the world heavyweight champion
by knocking out Jersey Joe Walcott
(U.S.), the holder, at Philadelphia.
25: Burma. The government announced
a state of emergency in the Shan states
where underground Communist lebels
had begun to campaign for a peasant
rebellion.

Egypt, it was disclosed that 450 officers
of all ranks of the armed forces had been
retired on pension. It was also learned
that the ambassador to Spain and the
ministers to the Netherlands, the Vatican,
Portugal and Brazil had been dismissed
and the resignation accepted of the
ambassador to Afghanistan.

Lebanon. President Shamun nominated
Abdullah el-Yafi as prime minister.
26: Kenya. Seventeen arrests were made
following Mau Mau raids on European
farmlands near Mount Kenya.

Lebanon. Abdullah el-Yafi resigned.
Saadi Mounla agreed to try to form a
cabinet.

U.S.S.R.-United States. Pravda accused
George Kennan, U.S. ambassador, of
malicious hostility to the Soviet Union
and of breaking his diplomatic obli-
gations.

27: German Fed. Rep. E. Ollcnhauer was
elected leader of the Social Democratic
party in succession to the late Kurt
Schumacher by an overwhelming vote.

Korea. General Mark Clark, supreme
Allied commander, announced the estab-
lishment of a sea defence zone around
the Korean peninsula, any ship entering
the area would be subject to search.

U.S.S.R.-Austria. A Soviet reply to
the western powers' note of Sept. 5 on
an Austrian peace treaty rejected the
proposal for a short form of treaty as
violating the Potsdam agreement.
28 : Great Britain. Anthony Eden, foreign
secretary, returned to London after his
visits to Yugoslavia and Austria.

Jordan, Tewfik Abulhuda, prime
minister, resigned and was asked by the
regency council to form a new govern-
ment.

Korea. The truce talks were adjourned
until Oct. 8.

Lebanon. Saadi Mounla resigned
having failed to form a cabinet.
29: Great Britain. The British Labour
Party conference opened at Morecambe,
Lancashire, and defeated by 3,986,000
votes to 1,728,000 a resolution calling
for a national campaign to demand the
government's resignation.

Sir Rupert de la Bere was elected lord
mayor of London for the civic year
beginning Nov. 9.

World Water Speed Record. John
Cobb, holder of the world's land speed
record, was killed on Loch Ness, Inver-
ness-shire, while attempting to beat the

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

water speed record, when his jet-propelled
boat "Crusader" disintegrated.
30: Great Britain. At the Labour Party
conference the voting for thp national
executive resulted in the Bevan group
securing 6 of the 7 constituency seats
out of a total membership of 27.

Jordan. Tewfik Abulhuda, prime
minister, formed a new government.

Korea. The South Korean prime

minister resigned because of ill-health.

The British government confirmed
officially the presence of Soviet technical
troops, estimated at 1,200-5,000, in
North Korea.

Malaya. The Duchess of Kent and
her son, the Duke of Kent, arrived in
Singapore at the start of a tour of
Malaya, Sarawak, Brunei, North Borneo
and Hong Kong.

OCTOBER

\ : Korea. U.S. soldiers killed 56 Chinese
prisoners in a camp on Cheju island and
wounded 120 others while breaking up a
banned Celebration of the third anniver-
sary of the establishment of the Chinese
People's Republic.

2. Great Britain. At the Labour Party
conference a resolution calling for a
re-examination and reduction of the
rearmament programme was rejected by
3,644,000 votes to 2,288,000.

Japan. The results of a general election
held on Oct. 1 were: Liberals 240 seats
(285 at previous election), right-wing
Socialists 57 (30), left-wing Socialists 54
(16), Communists (22), others (In-
dependent, Labour, Co-operative) 30 (26).

3: Great Britain. The first British atomic
weapon was exploded off the Monte Bello
islands, Western Australia

Great Britain-United States. The
appointment of Sir Roger Makins, deputy
under secretary in the Foreign Office, to
succeed Sir Oliver Franks as ambassador
in Washington was announced.

Kenya. The wife of a Kenya civil
servant was found stabbed to death at her
farmhouse 12 mi. from Nairobi.

5. German Dem. Rep. Nikolay Shvernik,
chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the U S.S.R., arrived in east
Berlin to attend the third anniversary of
the founding of the -German Democratic
Republic

U.S.S.R. The 19th congress of the
Communist party of the Soviet Union
opened in Moscow attended by Stalin and
members of the Politburo.

6: Kenya. Sir Evelyn Baring, governor of
Kenya, began a tour of the troubled
Kikuyu areas.

Korea. The Communists launched a
strong attack along two-thirds of the front
with forces estimated at 15,000 men,
strongly supported by tanks.

7: France. The cabinet declared that the
French delegation would tolerate no inter-
ference in Tunisian and Moroccan affairs
at the U.N. general assembly and would
oppose inclusion of the questions on the
agenda.

German Dem. Rep. Otto Dibehus, head
of the Evangelical Churches in Germany,
accused the east German government of
interfering with religious education and
church welfare work.

Kenya. Chief Waruhiu of the Kikuyu
tribe, who had denounced Mau Mau
activities at a tribal meeting, was murdered
by an African gang seven miles from
Nairobi.

8: Great Britain. One hundred and twelve
people were killed and more than 200
injured when two expresses and a local
train were in collision at Harrow and
Wealdstone station.

Korea. The Communist truce delega-
tion rejected U.N. proposals of Sept. 28.

United States-U.S.S.R. A U.S. note
rejected the Soviet demand for the recall
of George Kennan, U.S. ambassador in
Moscow, and maintained that Kennan
was right in his criticism of restrictions
placed on Americans in Moscow.
9: Great Britain. The Conservative Party
conference opened at Scarborough, York-
shire.

Kenya. The police made 40 arrests
during a raid on a Mau Mau initiation
ceremony. The government granted all
resident magistrates in troubled areas the
power of High court judges in dealing
with Mau Mau cases

10: Great Britain. It was announced that
the queen had accepted the resignation of
the Earl of Clarendon as lord chamberlain
and had appointed the Earl of Scarbrough
in his place.

Greece. The government resigned and
parliament was dissolved. It was an-
nounced that a general election would be
held on Nov. 16.

12: Indochina. An attack by 10,000 French
Union troops against Vietmmh concentra-
tions in the Nmh Bmh area, southeast of
Hanoi, was reported.
13. Turkey-Great Britain. The Turkish
prime minister and foreign minister
arrived in London on a five-day official
visit.

14: Great Britain. It was announced that
Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of
Edinburgh would leave England in Dec.
1953 for a tour of Australia, New Zealand
and Ceylon.

Egypt. It was announced that Colonel
Rashad Mehanna had been dismissed
from the regency council " for reasons of
state and in the interests of the army
movement."

Indochina. Vietmmh forces began an
offensive in the area between Nghia Lo
and Van Yen in Tongking.

Korea. U.N. troops launched a heavy
attack, north of Kumhwa.

United Nations. The seventh session of
the general assembly was opened in New
York by Luis Padilla Nervo, the retiring
president.

U.S.S.R. The 19th Communist Party
congress ended after the election of a new
central committee of 125 members and
1 10 alternate members, as compared with
71 and 68 previously.
15: Great Britain-Persia. Great Britain
rejected the Persian counter-proposals for
the solution of the oil dispute.
16: Great Britain-Kenya. Oliver Lyttelton,
British colonial secretary, gave an account
in the House of Commons of Mau Mau
crimes in Kenya and expressed the
government's full support for the measures
being taken by the Kenya government.

Persia-Great Britain. Mohammad
Mossadegh, Persian prime minister,
announced in a broadcast his decision to

break off diplomatic relations with Great
Britain because of the latter's refusal to
accept the Persian counter-proposals for
a solution of the oil dispute.
17: Finland. Urho Kekkoncn, prime
minister in the coalition government,
resigned following disagreement between
the Social Democrats and Agrarians on
the government's proposed rent bill. Juno
Paasikivi, president, asked Kekkonen to
form a new government.

Kenya. The formation of a voluntary
" block wardens " organization for the
security of houses was announced.

United Nations. A request of the Asian-
Arab bloc in the general assembly to
include on the agenda the question of
South Africa's apartheid policy was
accepted by 45 votes (including the U.S.)
to 6 (including Great Britain and France)
with 8 abstentions.

1 8 . Korea. In a special report to the U.N.
general assembly the U.N. command
stated that the Communist armies
numbered more than a million men,
mostly Chinese, deployed in depth, and an
air force of more than 2,000 aircraft,
mostly jets.

South Africa. Eleven persons, including
four Europeans, were killed and 27
injured in a not in New Brighton, an
African suburb of Port Elizabeth, after
police had arrested two Africans for theft.
19: Egypt. It was announced that an
espionage network had been discovered
and that certain members of it had been
arrested.

Kenya. Mau Mau terrorists burnt down
the Nyeri Polo club and set alight 300 ac.
of grazing land. Forty-one Africans
alleged to be participating in a Mau Mau
ceremony were arrested by a police patrol.
20: Kenya. The government proclaimed a
state of emergency throughout the colony :
nearly 100 Africans, including Jomo
Kenyatta, president of the Kenya African
union, were arrested.

Indochina. The withdrawal of French
and Vietnam forces from the port of
Gia Hoi, ten miles northwest of Nghia
Lo, was announced.

21 : Great Britain. An increase of Is, a week
in the wages of adult male railway workers
was recommended by the Railway Staff
National tribunal.

Egypt. Censorship was imposed on
newspapers and on telegraph and tele-
phone messages.

United Nations. The general assembly
rejected by 46 vctes to 5 a Soviet proposal
that Communist representatives should be
invited to give evidence in support of their
charges that the United Nations had
adopted germ warfare in Korea. The
Soviet bloc then rejected a U.S. request,
accepted by 53 votes to 5, that an inter-
national commission should investigate
the matter.

22: Austria. The coalition government
resigned after the two partners the
People's party and the Socialists had
failed to agree on the budget.

Kenya. Two Kikuyu tribesmen were
sentenced to death for murdering a wit-
ness in a Mau Mau case. Senior Chief
Nderi was murdered by Mau Mau
terrorists in the Kikuyu area.
23: Great Britain. Winston Churchill,
prime minister, gave the House of Com-
mons an account of the results of the first
British atomic explosion on Oct. 3.*

German Fed. Rep. It was announced
that Field Marshal Albert Kesselrmg had
been freed by the British authorities as an
act of clemency.

Yugoslavia. Drastic economic measures-

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

were announced to counteract the effects
of the serious drought
24: Finland. Urho Kekkonen's govern-
ment resumed office.

France. It was announced that Andrd
Marty's membership of the political
bureau of the French Communist party
had been suspended.

Japan. Shigeru Yoshida was re-elected
prime minister at the opening of the Diet.
25: Kenya. The Nairobi district commis-
sioner proscribed nine African news-
papers.

Syria. Nine Syrians were sentenced to
death by a military court in Damascus for
collaborating with Israel.
27- Iraq. Parliament was dissolved by
royal decree.

Kenya. A European farmer and his
two African servants were murdered at
North Kinarvgop, about 80 mi. from
Nairobi.

Persia. The police confirmed that 180
Tudeh party supporters had been arrested
in the previous two days for demon-
strating against the shah.
28. Austria. Leopold Figl, chancellor.

formed a coalition cabinet of the same
composition as before, after the People's
party and the Socialists had agreed to
shelve their differences over the budget.
29: Great Britain. It was announced that
the Bevamte group had decided to accept
under protest the recent decision of
the Parliamentary Labour party ordering
" the immediate abandonment of all group
organizations within the party other than
those officially recognized."

Egypt-Sudan. An agreement was signed
recognizing Sudanese sovereignty over the
Sudan until such a time as self-determina-
tion should be exercised.

Kenya. Oliver Lyttelton, British
colonial secretary, arrived from London.

Persia. The government rejected a
Swiss request to allow the British consul
to remain in Tehran to look after the
interests of British subjects.
30: Argentina. Students and school-
children demonstrated outside the British
embassy in Buenos Aires in support of the
Argentine claim to the Falkland Islands

Kenya. More than 500 people were
arrested, bringing the total to 3,633.

NOVEMBER

1 : Great Britain-Persia. The last of the
British embassy staff left Tehran.

United Nations. It was announced that
the secretary-general had dismissed three
American officials who had refused to
testify before the U S. Senate security
sub-committee investigating Communist
affiliation of Americans on U.N staffs
2: Indochina. It was estimated that
French and Thai casualties during the
recent Vietminh offensive in the Thai
country had totalled 920, and that three
Vietminh battalions had been destroyed.

Sudan. It was announced that the five
main Sudanese parties favouring union
with Egypt had merged into the new
Nationalist Union party

Yugoslavia. Marshal Tito opened the
sixth congress of the Yugoslav Com-
munist party in Zagreb.
3: Malaya. A reduction in the rice
ration and a curfew were imposed on the
Johore village of Pekan Jabi for failure
to co-operate with the authorities.

N.A.T.O. " Long Step ", a naval and
air exercise in which British, U S ,
French, Italian, Greek and Turkish
forces participated, began in the Mediter-
ranean

Yugoslavia. In his report to the Com-
munist Party congress Marshal Tito
declared that the U.S.S.R had betrayed
Marxist Socialism and had become a
" state capitalistic " and " imperialist
power ".

4: Great Britain. Queen Elizabeth II
opened parliament in state for the first
time in her reign.

Persia. The Majlis passed a bill
authorizing the prosecution of Kavam
es-Saltaneh, former prime minister, and
confiscation of his property.

United States. General Dwight D.
Eisenhower was elected president. Results
ofthe elections were : Senate, Republicans
48 seats, Democrats 47, Independents 1 ;
House of Representatives, Republicans
221, Democrats 213, Independents 1.

Yugoslavia-Italy. The Yugoslav gov-
ernment handed to the Italian ambassador

a note protesting against " the gradual
annexation by Italy of zone A of the
Trieste Free territory."

5' France. The national assembly decided
by 314 votes to 294 to suppress the
High Court of Justice which had been
set up in 1944 to try Philippe Petain and
prominent members of his administration.
Japan. The higher court in Osaka con-
firmed the judgment of the Kobe district
court which had sentenced two British
sailors to two and a half years' imprison-
ment but suspended the sentence and
handed the two men over for trial by
British naval court martial.

6- Nobel Prizes. The literature prize was
awarded to Francois Mauriac The
chemistry prize was awarded jointly to
A. J P. Martin and R. L. M Synge.
The physics prize was awarded jointly
to Professor E. Purcell and Professor
F. Bloch. The medicine prize was
awarded to Professor S. A. Waksman.
No peace prize was awarded.

7: Yugoslavia. The Communist Party
congress approved new party statutes and
a change of the party's name to League
of Communists of Yugoslavia

8. South Africa. Thirteen Africans were
killed and 78 injured in riots m Kimberley.
Damage to buildings was estimated at
50,000.

9. Indochina. Large forces of French
Union airborne troops were dropped at
Phu-Doan, in Vietminh territory, 60 mi.
northwest of Hanoi.

Israel. Chaim Weizmann, first presi-
dent of Israel, died at Rehovoth.
10: Kenya. The Tanganyika police arrested
1 38 Kikuyu immigrants from Kenya who
were suspected of being members of
Mau Mau.

Korea. General James Van Fleet,
Eighth Army commander, announced
the mobilization t>f two new South
Korean divisions and six regiments.

Malaya. About 40 terrorists attacked a
police post at Nami in the Kuala Nerang
district of Kedah. One home guard
was killed and two persons wounded.

United Nations. Trygve Lie, secretary-
general, announced his resignation.
12: Great Britain. Antony Head, secretary
of state for war, announced in the House
of Commons that effective Home Guard
battalions would be reduced from 900
men to 300.

Kashmir. The assembly amended the
state constitution to provide for an
elected head of state to replace the
hereditary ruler.

South Africa. Police at Kimberley
arrested more than 100 Africans and
seized large quantities of weapons in
raids on African locations.
13: Egypt. The council of ministers issued
a decree providing that General Neguib's
actions as c.-m-c. during July 23, 1952-
Jan. 23, 1953, would be considered acts
of sovereign right.

South Africa. The appellate division
of the Supreme court unanimously dis-
missed the government's appeal against
the Cape Supreme court's decision that
the High Court of Parliament act was
invalid.

14: Indochina. A strong Vietminh attack
on Phat-Diem, about 70 mi. southeast
of Hanoi, was repulsed. The enemy lost
130 killed and the French Union forces
50.

Kenya. The governor announced the
proscription of the Kikuyu Independent
Schools association and of the Kikuyu
Kannga Education association. Thirty-
four schools were shut because of their
connection with Mau Mau, and 150
others were warned.

15: German Fed. Rep. -Arab League. The
German Federal government published
the text of a note from the Arab League
stating that ratification by Germany of the
German-Israeli agreement of Aug. 28
would be a violation of neutrality and
would endanger traditional German-
Arab friendship.

Kenya. An Asian woman was strangled
to death by terrorists at her farm 15 mi.
from Nairobi

South Africa. It was announced that
7,530 arrests had been made since the
beginning of the passive resistance cam-
paign

1 6 : Persia. The foreign minister announced
the dissolution of the Supreme court as a
measure of judicial reform.

United States. The Atomic Energy
commission announced the end of a
series of atomic weapon tests at Eniwetok
atoll m the Pacific including " experiments
contributing to thermonuclear weapons
research."

17: China. Peking radio announced a
reorganization of the administrative
system in preparation for the introduction
of a five-year plan in 1953.

German Dem. Rep. The government
issued a decree mobilizing all state
resources to avert a food crisis.

Greece. The results of a general election
of Nov. 16 were: Greek Rally 239 seats,
E.P.E.K -Liberal Union 61.

Hungary. A Yugoslav and three
Hungarians were sentenced to death for
espionage and terrorism.

Kashmir. The erstwhile prince regent,
Kharan Singh, was sworn in as president.
18: Great Britain. The government abol-
ished the charge payable on land to be
developed.

Indochina. A French spokesman
estimated that 6,000 enemy troops had
been put out of action since Nov. 1.

Iraq. The Iraq Petroleum company's
pipebne from Kirkuk to Banias in Syria
was officially opened at Kirkuk by King

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

Faysal II. It had been in operation since
April.

Kenya. Jomp Kenyatta, president of
the Kenya African union, was charged
with managing the Mail Mau subversive
movement. He was remanded in custody.
19: Great Britain-Malaya. Oliver Lyttel-
ton, British colonial secretary, told the
House of Commons that the weekly
average of terrorist attacks in Malaya
was now 30, as compared with 50 in
September and 123 in February.

France. The council of ministers
adopted the text of the Finance bill in
which the main provisions of the govern-
ment's fiscal reform bill had been in-
corporated.

Greece. A new government under
Field Marshal Alexandros Papagos, head
of the Greek Rally, was sworn in.

U.N.E.S.C.O. Spam was admitted to
U.N.E.S.C.O. by 44 votes to 4 with 7
abstentions.

20. United States. President-elect Dwight
D. Eisenhower announced that John
Foster Dulles would be secretary of state
and that Charles E Wilson would be
secretary of defence.

21 Hong Kong. It was reported that four
British-owned companies in Shanghai
had been requisitioned by the Chinese
Communist government

United States. It was announced that
President-elect Eisenhower had chosen
George M. Humphrey to be secretary of
the Treasury, Herbert Browncll, Jr , to be
attorney-general and Harold A Stassen
to be director of mutual security.

22 U.N.E.S.C.O. Jaime Torres Bodet,
director-general since 1948, resigned in
protest against a reduction in
U N E.S C.O.'s budget for the next two
years.

Bolivia. President Victor Paz Estenssoro
re-formed his government; only six
former ministers were retained.

23. Kenya. Fifteen Africans were killed
and 27 wounded when police fired on a
large mob of Ktkuyu at Karawara, 14 mi.
from Thika.

Iraq. Following the resignation of
Mustafa el-Uman, General Nureddm
became prime minister.

24: Great Britain. The following govern-
ment changes were announced: the
Marquess of Salisbury to be lord president
of the council; Viscount Swinton to be
secretary of state for commonwealth
relations; Lord Woolton to be chancellor

of the Duchy of Lancaster, with a seat
in the cabinet; and Sir Arthur Salter to
be minister of materials.

Nigeria. Fifty persons were arrested
as a result of a riot at Oke Ode on Nov.
18.

United Nations. A. Vyshinsky
(U.S.S.R.) rejected in the ad hoc political
committee the Indian proposals for an
armistice in Korea.

25: Great Britain. It was announced that
no army Z reservists or R.A.F. G
reservists would be called up for training
in 1953.

United States. The American Federa-
tion of Labour elected George Meany
as its president m succession to William
Green, who died on Nov. 21.
26: Great Britain. Labour retained the
seats in by-elections m the Small Heath
division of Birmingham and the Farn-
worth division of Lancashire with reduced
majorities.

27: Kenya. Tom Mbotela, a member of
Nairobi city council, was found murd-
ered less than two miles from Nairobi.
28 : Great Britain. Antony Head, secretary
of state for war, stated at a press con-
ference in London that it was not possible
to reduce the present period of two years'
national service.

It was announced that the period during
which the resale of new cars was
restrained under the covenant scheme
had been reduced from two years to 12
months.

Commonwealth Economic Conference.
The conference opened in London.

South Africa. The government made
it an offence for any person to permit or
address any meeting of more than ten
Africans.

29. Korea. Allied artillery and fighter
bombers attacked Communist troop and
gun positions on the central front
throughout the day, during which enemy
guns fired more than 10,000 shells into
the Allied lines.

Roman Catholic Church. Pope Pius
XII announced that he would create 24
new cardinals at a secret consistory on
Jan. 12, 1953.

30: United States. President-elect Eisen-
hower announced the appointment of
Wmthrop W. Aldrich, chairman of the
Chase National bank in New York, as
ambassador to Great Britain in succession
to Walter Gifford.

DECEMBER

1- Great Britain-Malaya. General Sir
Gerald Templer, high commissioner in
Malaya, arrived in London.

Saar. In elections held on Nov. 30 at
Saarbrucken the Saarlanders voted, by
more than a two-thirds majority, in
favour of the existing regime of autonomy
and economic union with France.

United Nations. The political committee
voted by 53 votes to 5, with Nationalist
China abstaining, m favour of Indian
proposals for an armistice in Korea.
These provided that the United Nations
should assume responsibility for any
unrepatriated prisoners 30 days after the
reference of the matter to the political
conference.

2: Iraq. The arrest was announced of
about 200 Communists who were alleged
to have instigated the nots in the previous
week.

Libya-Egypt. King Idris of Libya
arrived in Cairo on a state visit.

South Africa. Twenty non-European
leaders, included J. S. Moroka, president
of the African National congress, and
Y. M. Dadoo, president of the South
African Indian congress, were sentenced
to nine months' imprisonment by the
Rand Supreme court for contravening the
Suppression of Communism act. The
sentences were suspended for two years
on condition that the defendants were not

further convicted under the act during
that time.

3: Czechoslovakia. Eleven Communist
leaders, including Rudolf Slansky, sec-
retary-general of the Communist party
until 1951, and Vladimir dementis,
former foreign minister, were hanged
in Prague for " Trotsky-Titoism and
Zionism."

Kenya. The trial of Jomo Kenyatta
opened at Kapenguria.

United Nations. The general assembly
endorsed by 54 votes to 5 the Indians
proposals for an armistice m Korea. The
Soviet proposals and amendments to the
Indian draft were rejected by 40 votes to
5 with 11 abstentions.

Venezuela. Colonel Marcos P6rez
Jim6nez was appointed provisional presi-
dent and formed a new government.
4 : Great Britain. Winston Churchill, prime
minister, announced the government's
decision to curtail expenditure on defence
production so as to prevent any sub-
stantial rise above the current year's
expenditure

German Fed. Rep. The coalition parties
decided, in agreement with the govern-
ment, to defer until Jan 1953 the third
reading of the bill to ratify the Bonn and
Pans treaties.

Indochina. A French communiqu6
reported fierce fighting 50 mi. southeast
of Hanoi as a result of a French diver-
sionary attack to relieve pressure on Na-
Sam

Italian. Fightmg"bctween left-wing and
government supporters broke out in the
Chamber of Deputies after the adoption
of a proposal that the chamber should sit
every day until the electoral reform bill
had been passed.

United States. The Congress of Indus-
trial Organizations chose Walter Reuther
to be its president in succession to the
late Philip Murray.

5: Korea. Dwight D. Eisenhower, UJS.
president-elect, ended a three-day visit to
Korea during which he saw front-line
troops and conferred with President
Syngman Rhee and U N. commanders.

Tunisia. A curfew was imposed after
Fehrat Hashed, secretary-general of the
General Union of Tunisian Workers, had
been found murdered near Tunis.
6: German Fed. Rep. The Bundestag com-
pleted the second reading of the bill to
ratify the Bonn and Paris treaties.

U.N.E.S.C.O. Poland withdrew its
membership.

7: Formosa. Chinese Nationalists executed
nine Communist spies

France. The central committee of the
Communist party decided to deprive
Andre" Marty and Charles Tillon 01 any
posts of leadership and of membership of
the central committee.

Indochina. Rebels withdrew from the
port of Yen-Cuha about six miles south-
east of Ninh-Binh; they left 200 dead,
bnnging total Vietminh casualties in five
days' fighting in the area to about 600.
8 : Israel. Isaac Ben-Zvi was elected presi-
dent of Israel in succession to the late
Chaim Weizmann.

Morocco. More than 500 persons were
arrested after two days' noting m Casa-
blanca in which seven Europeans and 40
rioters were killed. Four national news-
papers were suspended.
9: Egypt. Mahmoud Fawzi, ambassador
to Great Britain, was appointed foreign
minister.

DIARY OF EVENTS, 1952

Korea. Heavy U.N. bombing attacks
were made on the railway centres of
Hunyung, Nagin, Musin and Hyesanjin
and on other industrial and military
targets along the Manchunan border in
northeast Korea.

Poland-Israel. It was announced that
Poland had demanded the withdrawal of
the Israeli minister in Warsaw, who was
also minister in Prague.
10: Egypt. General Neguib announced in a
broadcast the abolition of the 1923 consti-
tution and the creation of a committee to
draft a new one.

Cricket. Australia beat South Africa
by 96 runs in the first test match at
Brisbane.

11: Commonwealth Economic Conference.
A communiqui issued at the end of the
conference in London recorded the
decision to adopt a more positive policy
to expand world production and trade

Switzerland. Philipp Etter was elected
president of the Swiss Federal council,
and, therefore, of the Swiss confederation.

United States. It was announced that
Great Britain, France, the Netherlands,
Norway and Sweden had protested
against proposed screening of all seamen
entering U.S. ports.
12: Morocco. About 500 further arrests

were announced.

13' Kenya. Four Africans condemned for
Mau Mau murders were hanged at
Thomson's Falls.

14. Commonwealth-Pacific Defence. It was
announced that the prime ministers of
Australia, New Zealand and Great
Britain, meeting in London, had discussed
the situation in the Pacific and southeast
Asia and had reached complete under-
standing on certain fundamental proposi-
tions which would be communicated to
the United States.

Korea. Eighty-two civilian internees
were killed and 120 wounded in a not at
Pongam island prison camp.
15: Great Britain-China. The Foreign
Office announced the decision to close the
British consulate at Tientsin

Great Britain-United States. A contract
worth nearly $90 million was signed under
the U.S. military aid programme for the
production by Great Britain of Centurion
tanks for the Netherlands and Denmark.

Sudan. The government suspended for
six months the bi-weekly pro-Communist
newspaper Sahara

United States-Korea. The U.S. govern-
ment expressed deep concern at the
Chinese rejection of the Indian peace
proposals and declared that the responsi-
bility for peace in Korea now lay clearly
with the Peking and North Korean
authorities.

16: Great Britain. An opposition motion
regretting the imposition of collective
punishment in Kenya was defeated and a
government amendment approved by 301
votes to 278.

The government announced that from
Jan. 1, 1953, the building licence system
would in effect be suspended for houses of
not more than 1,000 sq ft

Kenya. The magistrate adjourned the
tnal of Jomo Kenyatta until Dec. 30 on
the ground that D. N. Pritt, Q. C., counsel
for the defence, had been guilty of con-
tempt of court in a cable sent to four
NV.P.s in London and published in the
Kenya press.

N.A.T.O. The Atlantic council made
a decision the effect of which was that
Admiral Earl Mountbatten of Burma

would be c.-in-c., Mediterranean, under
N.A.T.O.

17: Yugoslavia-Vatican. The Yugoslav
government announced in a note to the
Vatican the break ing-oiT of diplomatic
relations.

18: Argentina. Eleven leading members of
the opposition Radical party were arrested
on charges of conspiring against the
security of the state.

Indochina. The French high command
announced that the Vietminh had lost
about 6,000 in killed and wounded on
their assaults on Na-Sam.

Persia. Martial law was extended in
Tehran for another two months.
19: India. The House of the People
approved the five-year plan by 286 votes
to 62.

Jawaharlal Nehru announced the gov-
ernment's decision to establish an Andhra
state consisting of the eleven Telugu-
speaking areas of Madras state excluding
Madras city.

Israel. The government resigned and
recommended to the president a coalition
of " constructive forces of the state."
20. Cuba. It was announced that ten
former naval officers, who had been
attempting to persuade members of the
armed forces to join in an armed revolt
against the government, had been arrested.

Aviation. Eighty-six men of the U S
armed forces were killed in the worst
disaster in aviation history when a C124
Globcmaster crashed as it was taking off
from an airfield near Moses Field,
Washington state

21 : German Dem. Rep. Seven members of
the Christian Democratic Union party
were sentenced at Erfurt to prison terms of
from 8 to 15 years for trying to organize
groups hostile to the state and for
espionage on behalf of western states.

Israel-Poland. It was disclosed that the
Israeli government had rejected the Polish
demand for the recall of (he Israeli
minister in Warsaw and Prague.

22. Israel. David Ben-Gunon announced
his new government, based on a coalition
of the Mapai (Labour party), the General
Zionists and the Progressive party which
together commanded 77 out of the 120
votes in the Knesset.

23 . Great Britain-United States. A British
note reiterated verbal protests against the
section of the McCarran-Walter immi-
gration act requiring the scieenmg of the
crews of ships arriving in U S ports.

France. Antoine Pmay and his govern-
ment resigned following the decision of
the M.R P (one of the Coalition parties)
to abstain during the vote of confidence
on family allowances.

Korea. U.N. bombing raids were made-
on a troop centre east of Chaeryong on
the Haeju peninsular and on an air base
at Pyongyang.

Saar. Johannes Hoffmann, leader of
the Christian People's party, was re-
elected chief minister by the diet.

24: Kenya. Eleven Kikuyu, including three
women, were murdered by Mau Mau

Netherlands. The Ministry of Foreign
Affairs announced the arrest, under sus-
picion of espionage, of C. Pissarev,
correspondent of the Soviet agency
Toss.

United States. The McCarran-Walter
act, which had been passed by congress
over the veto of President Truman, came
into force, setting up an almost completely

revised code for immigration, naturaliza-
tion and deportation.
25: Great Britain. Queen Elizabeth II made
the first Christmas broadcast of her reign
from Sdndnngham house, Norfolk.

26: France. Jacques Soustelle, honorary
president of the Oaullist group in the
assembly, was asked by President Vincent
Auriol to try to form a government
following the refusal of Guy Mollet,
Socialist, to make the attempt.

27: South Africa. D. F. Malan, pnme
minister, ordered an air force Dakota to
fly to Madagascar to pick up a 5-ft.-long
fish believed to be a coelacanth.

28: France. Georges Bidault agreed to try
to form a government, Jacques Soustelle
having failed.

Philippines. The army arrested about
300 suspected Chinese Communist agents
on charges of rebellion.

U.S.S.R.-Norway. Pravda accused Nor-
way of taking measures unfriendly to the
Soviet Union by constructing naval and
air bases in its northern regions bordering
on the Soviet Union.

29: Great Britain. The minister of aircraft
production announced that super-priority
was being extended to the Avro and
Handley-Page medium bombers and to
three types of civil aircraft the Comet,
the Viscount and the Britannia.

Indochina. The emperor Bao Dai
accepted the resignation of Nguyen Van
Tn, defence minister.

In mopping-up operations in the
southern part of the Red river delta,
French aircraft sank 30 sampans, killing
about 100 men; 450 Vietminh prisoners
were captured by land forces.

Japan-Great Britain. An agreement was
signed in Tokyo allowing airlines of both
countries to operate London-Tokyo and
Singapore-Hong Kong-Tokyo services.

United States. General Hoyt S. Van-
denberg, chief of staff of the air force,
stated in an article that the Soviet Union
had produced five times as many aircraft
as the U.S. since 1947.
30. German Fed. Rep. West Berlin authori-
ties said that 122,000 refugees from eastern
Germany had arrived in west Berlin
during 1952, including 2,400 policemen.

Colombo Plan. It was announced that
Indonesia had accepted full membership
of the Colombo plan for aid to under-
developed countries.

Korea. The Communist armistice dele-
gation accused the United Nations of
having shelled the conference site three
times, dropped propaganda leaflets twice
in the neutral zone and of having made
27 flights over the zone.

Cricket. South Africa beat Australia
by 82 runs in the second test match at
Melbourne.

31: Great Britain. Winston Churchill,
prime minister, sailed for the United
States en route for Jamaica.

Argentina-Great Britain. A protocol to
the 1949 trade agreement was signed in
Buenos Aires. It provided for the purchase
by the United Kingdom of 255,800 tons
of Argentine beef.

France. Ren6 Mayer, Socialist Radical
leader agreed to try to form a govern-
ment, Georges Bidault having failed.

Kenya. The Supreme court discharged
with costs the rule nisi calling on D. N.
Pritt, Q.C., defence counsel in the trial of
Jomo Kenyatta to show cause why he
should not be committed for contempt
of court.

BOOK OF THE YEAR

ABYSSINIA: see ETHIOPIA.

ACCIDENT PREVENTION. Road Safety The
Ministry of Transport continued its road safety campaign
with the help of local authorities and of the Royal Society
for the Prevention of Accidents. " More Courtesy " was
chosen as the theme for 1952 A National Safety week
was held (Aug. 2-9), the theme being " Safe Driving ".
On Aug. 1 the minister of transport broadcast an appeal
to all road users. A team of representatives of the ministry
and the Ro.S.P.A., and of members of parliament, toured
the London-Brighton road to watch road behaviour There
was an exhibition of roadmanship at London's Charing
Cross underground station. The parliamentary secretary
to the Ministry of Transport toured certain districts to study
local road and traffic conditions.

The government's Committee on Road Safety issued
reports on the revision of the Highway code, on motor-
cycling accidents and on the 1951 Chatham bus disaster m
which 24 cadets were killed. In February the minister of
transport broadcast on zebra crossings to explain correct
crossing procedure. Certain amendments to the regulations
introduced in 1951 came into force in March.

Arising out of a private member's motion in the House of
Commons in June, the pai hamentary secretary to the
Ministry of Transport reviewed measures to be taken by the
government to increase road safety: viz., illumination of
zebra crossings; elimination of " black .spots "; financial
aid for the provision of school patrols; and proposals for
increasing the number of mobile police patrols. It was
announced that 1-5 million would be made available for
the removal or improvement of " black spots ". Instructions
were issued to local authorities on the use of flashing lights
in beacons by day and night.

The Duke of Edinburgh, presiding at the annual meeting
of the Automobile association, appealed to all organizations
interested in road safety to work together. As a result, the
president of the Ro.S P.A. called a conference of 37 national
societies in October.

Statistics of accidents involving dogs submitted to the
Ro.S.P.A. by chief constables throughout the country were
collated in a leaflet and discussed at a press conference held
in conjunction with animal welfare societies. They showed
that one in seven road accidents reported to the police
involved dogs.

The National Safety congress was attended by over 1,000
local authority delegates. Papers included a statistical
review of road accidents, " The Vehicle and Road Safety ",
by W. H. Glanville, director of road research, Department
of Scientific and Industrial Research.

Nearly 300,000 commercial drivers entered the 35th
National Safe Driving competition. The number of child
cyclists who passed the Ro.S.P.A.'s Cycling Proficiency test
reached a total of over 32,000 since the scheme started in
1947. A typical test at a Croydon school was televised by the
British Broadcasting corporation.

The Automobile association issued an illustrated booklet
for the guidance of motorists entitled Safety through Courtesy.

Industrial Safety. An Industrial Safety conference and
exhibition held in Scarborough was attended by over 600
representatives of industrial firms. Other conferences included
a Chemical Works Safety conference, a one-day conference
of industrial representatives in London on " The Manage-
ment and Accident Prevention " , and the annual conference
of the Industrial Safety Officers' section; H. R. Payne, chair-
man of the National Industrial Safety committee, gave the Shaw

SLIPPERY ROAD

LEVELCROSSING

DANGEROUS HILL

ROADWORKS CHILDREN PEDESTRIAN CROSSING

Examples of international road signs proposed bv an expert group

of the United Nations. The group recommended that symbol*, shapes

and colours of signs should be standardized.

ADEN ADVERTISING

lecture at the Royal Society of Arts on " Industrial
Accidents '.'. A *' Better Housekeeping " (the term used in
industry for tidiness related to safety) week was held in
industry throughout the country (Oct. 6-11).

Home Safety. The 35th local Home Safety committee was
formed. The Children and Young Persons (Amendment)
act 1952 came into force on Oct. 1. This raised the age limit
in connection with the necessary provision of fireguards,
from 7 to 12 years, and extended the section to any heating
appliance liable to cause injury. A classified precis of fatal
accidents in the home Jan.-Dec., 1951, was produced by the
electrical branch of the Home Office. (H. Su.)

United States. Accidents caused 94,000 deaths in the
United States in 1951. Information available up to July
1952 indicated that the 1952 accidental death total would be
slightly higher than in 1951. There were 9,400,000 injuries
in 1951.

The 40th National Safety congress was held in Chicago in
Oct. 1952. In June, President Harry S. Truman called a
Conference on Industrial Safety. It appeared late in 1952
that the year's toll of occupational accident fatalities would
probably be a little greater than the F951 toll of 16,000.

During the first eight months of 1952, there were 23,770
motor-vehicle deaths, an increase of 3% over 1951.

The first teen-age traffic conference was held in Golden,
Colorado, in August. A meeting of the President's Highway
Safety conference was held in Chicago in October. In the
1951 National Traffic Safety contest, which took account of
good safety records as well as sound programmes in all
phases of traffic safety, Colorado received the grand award
among states and Shaker Heights, Ohio, among cities.

Recognition of the seriousness of the farm accident prob-
lem was indicated by the fact that in 1952, 29 states had
state farm safety committees and 12 states had full-time
farm safety specialists. President Truman proclaimed the
eighth National Farm Safety week, in July 1952.

Among children and young people from 1 to 24 years of
age, accidents ranked first as a cause of death. For children
under 5 years of age, the total accidental death rate in 1952
was about half that at the turn of the century while the motor-
vehicle rate was about 15% lower than the 1929 peak. For
children from 5 to 14 years, the total accidental death rate
was about half the 1903-7 average, while the motor-vehicle
rate was about 40% less than the 1927 peak.

The 1951 toll of deaths in home accidents was 28,000.
Estimates for 1 952, based on the first seven months, indicated
that home fatalities in 1952 would be slightly higher than in
1951. (R L. Fo.)

ADEN. British colony and protectorate and free port
on the south coast of Arabia. (Also Kamaran [area 22 sq.mi. ;
pop. c. 2,200], a pilgrimage quarantine island and radio
station off the Yemen coast, is administered from Aden.)

Colony. Area: 80 sq.mi. (mcl. Penm island [5 sq.mi.] and
Kuria Muna islands). Pop.: (1946 census) 80,876; (1951 est.)
100,000. Language: Arabic; Indian dialects and Somali
also spoken. Religion: Moslem. Administration: governor;
executive council, 3 ex-officio and 3 nominated members;
legislative council, 4 ex-officio and up to 4 official and 8
unofficial nominated members.

Protectorate. Western and eastern areas, the latter including
the Hadhramaut and Socotra island. Total area, 112,000
sq.mi. Pop. (1951 est.): 650,000. Religion: Moslem.
Administration : indirect, by sultans with advice of political
officers under British agents. Premier chieftain (western),
Faal Abdul Karim, sultan of Lahej, until June 4, when
succeeded by Ah Abdul Karim al-Abdali; premier chieftain
(eastern), Sir Salih bin Ohahb al-Qu'aiti, sultan of Shihr and
Mukalfa. Governor. Tom Hickinbotham.

History. In June 1952 the sultan of Lahej ordered the
killing of two of his amirs and fled to the Yemen. Protec-
torate levies were sent to Lahej for a few days to maintain
order and a temporary regency was established. The sultan
was deposed by his people and his brother was elected to
succeed him. Aden came into the news again shortly after-
wards when a Panamanian-registered tanker, the " Mary
Rose ", carrying oil from Abadan, Persia, was detained at the
port by an order of the court, and litigation followed about
the ownership of its cargo. Aden college was opened during
the year to provide secondary, and later higher, education
for boys from both the colony and the protectorate. At
Abyan about 100,000 ac. were now under irrigation.

(K. G. B.)

Education. Schools (1951) public, primary 11 (teachers 112, pupils
2,360), secondary 3 (teachers 40, pupils 716); independent (aided and
non-aided), primary 19 (teachers 59, pupils 2,677), secondary 8 (teachers
34, pupils 1,038)

Finance and Trade. Monetary unit: Hast African shilling (20s =1
sterling) Budget (1952 est) revenue 1,513,389, expenditure
1,476,962 Foreign trade (1951) imports 50,216,737; exports
44,366,309. Principal export salt (338,768 tons in 1951)

See W. H. Ingrams, Arabia and the Isles (London, 1952)

ADENAUER, KONRAD, German lawyer and states-
man (b. Cologne, Jan 5, 1876), became chancellor of the
German Federal Republic on Sept. 15, 1949. (For his
earlier career see Bntanmca Book of the Year 1952.)

Adenauer's chancellorship was marked by the substantial
economic recovery of the republic and by renewed German
participation in external politics. He visited Pans in April
1951 and Rome in June, and again Paris (Nov. 20-23, 1951)
for talks with Dean Acheson, Robert Schuman and Anthony
Eden. In visiting London on Dec. 3 Adenauer was the first
German chancellor since Heinnch Brilning (1931) to be
received there. He paid a third visit to Pans, Dec. 28-30, to
continue discussions on the European army project with his
French, Italian and Benelux colleagues; he returned to
London (Feb. 17-19, 1952) for another meeting with Acheson,
Schuman and Eden at which agreement on western German
rearmament was reached. On May 26, 1952, at Bonn, he
signed the " convention on relations between the three powers
and the Federal Republic of Germany " and the next day,
in Paris, a treaty establishing the European Defence com-
munity (q.v.). On July 9, in a speech to the Bundestag at
Bonn he warned that western Germany's only alternative
to the E.D.C. was Soviet domination. He was the first
president of the European Coal and Steel community council
of ministers to be elected (Luxembourg, Sept. 8). On Dec. 8,
in his second major speech to the Bundestag on the E.D.C.,
he rebuked those Germans who thought that Germany could
again play a lone role in world politics and economy.

ADVERTISING. Changes m the newsprint rationing
system, introduced for an experimental period of six months
on Aug. 24, 1952, permitted Britain's newspapers to publish
their biggest issues since 1940. The dailies, for example,
were allowed to go up to 8 pages, or 16 pages in the case of
papers with a small page-area. The result was an immediate
increase in the amount of advertising space available, an
opportunity of which advertisers were not slow to take
advantage.

However, the ever-mounting graph of advertising expendi-
ture had already ascended to new record heights earlier in the
year. In the first six months of 1952 the revenues accruing
to national, provincial and local weekly newspapers, maga-
zines and trade and technical journals from the sale of
display-advertising space amounted to 22,527,786, an
increase of 13-69% on the total of 19,814,356 for the
corresponding period of 1951. It appeared certain that press

ADVERTISING

display advertisement revenues for 1952 as a whole would
exceed the figure of 42,628,319 recorded for the full year
1951. Later figures showed tha e t in the Jan.-Sept. 1952 period
display advertisement revenues of all classes of press media
amounted to 33,506,509, an increase of 10-13% on the
total of 30,425,125 recorded for Jan.-Sept. 1951.

The Statistical Review, which compiled these figures,
noted that in the first half of 1952 there had been some
outstanding increases in advertising expenditure on behalf
of particular product groups. As compared with the first
half of 1951 the value of space bought by the automotive
group during the first six months of 1952 was 26% up.
Increases were also registered by tobacco (31 % up) alcoholic
drinks (26% up), clothing and dress fabrics (22% up) paints
(100% up) and mail order (1 1 5 % up). It was estimated by the
Statistical Review that press advertising by mail order houses
was running at the rate of 1,500,000 a year, while the
number of* 1 advertisers in the field was constantly growing.

This development was the cause of some concern in the
advertising business because of the propensity for mail
order advertising to be misused by the dishonest or careless
trader. There were instances where advertisers using the so-
called " bargain squares " of the newspapers had failed to
honour their obligations cither by supplying items which
did not tally with the claims made for them in the advertise-
ments or by failing entirely to post off the goods for which
they had been sent money. In an attempt to check such
abuses the Newspaper Proprietors' association announced
in October that its members would no longer accept business
from advertising agencies whose mail order advertising
clients fell short of their promises in their dealings with the
public where it was shown that the agents had neglected to
satisfy themselves thoroughly about the bona fides of the
firms for whom they were placing advertising.

Earlier in the year the British Broadcasting corporation
set up an advisory mail order panel designed to screen mail
order organizations who wished to advertise in the columns
of the Radio Times and the Listener These controls were
still further tightened by the corporation in November.

The Advertising association published the results of the
second of its postwar investigations into advertising costs in
February This showed that in 1948, the year under review,
British advertisers spent 124,470,000 to reach the nation's
consumers via the press, outdoor advertising, direct mail and
other media. Some 52,210,000 of this sum was handled by
advertising agencies who collected 6,580,000 in fees and
commission for their work. The 124,470,000 it compared
with 115,000,000 in 1947 and 103,000,000 in 1938 was
accounted for as follows:

Press, Cost of space: national newspapers, 12,130,000, provincial
and suburban newspapers, 23,200,000, magazines and periodicals,
10,300,000; trade and technical press, 13.400,000, directories, guide-
books, etc., 600,000. Block, art charges and other production costs,
6,550,000 Total, 66,180,000 (1938 total, excluding blocks, etc.,
47,280,000).

Poster and Transport. Hire of sites (including posting and mam-
enance), 10,190,000, cost of posters, car cards, etc., 1,670,000
Total, 11,860,000 (1938 total, 5,300,000).

Outdoor Signs Cost of new signs, hire of sites and maintenance,
3,500,000 (1938 total, 1,000,000).

Radio. Time charges, 29,000, programme costs, 21,000 Total,
50,000 (1938 total, 1,700,000).

Films and Slides. Distribution and exhibition, 2,190,000, production
x>sts, 500,000. Total, 2,690,000 (1938 total, 750,000).

Direct Mail. Postage, 1,250,000; other costs (printing, duplicating,
snvelopes, addressing, etc ), 3,750,000. Total, 5,000,000 (1938 total,
4,800,000).

Dealer Aids. Display material, 4,000,000; miscellaneous, 700,000.
Total, 4,700,000 (1938 total, 6,750,000).

Other printed matter, 13,500,000 (1938, 15,500,000).

Exhibitions. Hire of space, 2,100,000, cost of stands, 6,100,000.
Total, 8,200,000 (1938 total not available).

Free Samples and Gifts, 720,000 (1938, not available).

Miscellaneous, 1,070,000 (1938, not available).

Fees and Other Expenses. Fees paid to advertising agents and
consultants for special services (estimate), 700,000; expenses of firms'
own advertising departments (estimate), 6,300,000

The government's white paper on the future of British
broadcasting, issued in May, recommended that the establish-
ment of independent television stations, to transmit pro-
grammes paid for by advertisers, should be permitted.
In the field of outdoor advertising there was gratification
over 'the decision of the Ministry of Fuel and Power to
abolish entirely all the statutory regulations dealing with
advertisement, shop-window and other lighting. A 750
international colour .poster competition, conducted by the
British and London Poster Advertising associations, attracted
widespread support, entries being received from all over the
world. As part of its educational programme the Advertising
association organized an essay contest for younger adver-
tising people and awarded three travelling bursaries carrying
cash prizes of 100 each.

Commonwealth. An analysis of Australian advertising
figures for the year ended June 30, 1952, showed that reduc-
tions in the sizes of the metropolitan daily newspapers,
occasioned by high newsprint prices and import restrictions,
had resulted in a substantial loss in the amount of advertising
carried. Weekly journals managed to show a slight increase
and national magazines throughout Australia practically
held their own.

In South Africa it was revealed that of the total revenues
of the Union's advertising media the sum of 1,500,000 was
being taken annually by the South African Broadcasting
corporation's sponsored programme network, started in
1950. This sum was estimated to represent 10% of the
country's annual total advertising expenditure.

Big advertisers in India collaborated for the first time in
the establishment of an Indian Society of Advertisers, a new
trade body aimed to watch over their interests.

Europe. In May the first advertising conference to be held
in Ireland took place at Cork and was attended by represen-
tatives of the Advertising Press Club 'of Ireland, the Irish
Association of Advertising Agencies and the Publicity Club
of Ireland. Under the auspices of Danish advertising organiz-
ations a " Youth in Advertising " conference was staged in
Copenhagen during June at which delegates from many
European, American and Commonwealth countries were
present. The International Union of Advertising organized
a " World Publicity Week " (May 5-11). (K. R. V.)

United States. Advertising in 1952 continued to expand
in volume and an expenditure of more than $7,000 million
was estimated. Television continued to be the most spec-
tacular advertising medium.

Televisiofi. The networks derived a larger proportion of
their revenues from television than from radio. Volume of
advertising in network television was $111,667,702 for the
first eight months of 1952, as compared with $73,459,488
for the same period of 1951. Volume of network radio
advertising was $103,982,740 for the 1952 period. The
19,124,900 sets in use by October compared with only 10
million at the beginning of 1951 and 3,950,000 in 1950. It
was believed that the growth of television would be accelerated
by the action of the Federal Communications commission in
lifting its ban on the construction of new television stations.
The commission provided for the opening of 2,053 new
stations in 1,291 communities in the United States and its
possessions. Only 108 stations had previously been on the
air, capable of reaching only half the country's population.

Most advertisers on network television were appropriating
additional advertising funds for their use of television, rather
than reducing their expenditures in other media. Only radio
seemed to suffer materially. Neither was the impact of

AFGHANISTAN

television upon the audiences of other advertising media
especially adverse. A survey showed that there was no
significant difference in readership of newspapers in homes
with or without television. Studies by other organizations
showed that there was a decline in radio listening and motion-
picture attendance in homes with television, but that reader-
ship of newspapers and magazines increased.

Radio. Network radio advertising stood at $103,982,740
for the first eight months of 1952, as compared with
$119,044,020 for the same period in 1951. In spite of this
decline, radio listening was healthy, the A. C. Nielsen com-
pany reporting 43,800,000 U S. homes with radios, or 98 %
of all. A Pulse survey indicated that there were 27,500,000
radio-equipped automobiles. It was estimated there were
105,300,000 radio sets in use in the United States.

Newspapers Estimates by Media Records placed the total
of general and automotive advertising in newspapers at 6 -4%
lower during the first half of 1952 than for the comparable
period in 1951. The shortage of materials brought about by
the steel strike resulted in some falling-off in advertising,
especially in the industrial and housing equipment and supplies
classifications. The lagging cigarette advertising of the first
six months was stimulated in the summer by the introduction
of a new king-size cigarette. During the summer the tyre
manufacturers were more active in advertising than in recent
years. In June the Bureau of Advertising, American News-
paper Publishers association, announced that national adver-
tisers in 1951 spent $513,486,000 for newspaper advertising,
exceeding the 1950 total by $14,467,000 or 2 9%.

Magazines. In the first eight months of 1952 advertising
in general and farm magazines totalled $344,678,162, as
compared with $314,699,630 for the same period the year
before. The Magazine Advertising bureau forecast a volume
of advertising in magazines in 1952 of more than $550 million
as compared with $511 million in 1951 and $464 million in
1950. The bureau also announced circulation of general and
farm magazines at 158,841,553 at midyear, there were 99
copies per 100 population, as compared with only 20 copies
per 100 in 1914. It stated that 82% of all families and 69%
of all individuals were magazine readers.

In July totals of magazine sales in 1951 were published,
showing that they stood at 3,720 million copies, an increase
of 7 5% over 1950 This was an average of more than 30
copies of magazines for every person in the United States ten
years old or more. It meant that more than 10 million
magazines were bought every day of the year by subscription
or on news-stands Many magazines were reaching record
circulation, and as the result of such achievements announced
increases in advertising rates.

Other Media. Dollar volume of direct mail advertising was
estimated by the Direct Mail Advertising association to be
$856,936,423 for the first nine months of 1952, a gam of more
than 10% over the corresponding period in 1951. The
association's grand award for the best campaign of the year
went to the National Broadcasting company for its adver-
tising in promotion of television.

In the first study of its kind, the Associated Business Publi-
cations revealed that 489 advertisers spent $74,061,817 in
business paper advertising in 1951. Many business publica-
tions announced in the course of the year increases in adver-
tising rates, continuing a trend that was pronounced in
1951.

At the end of September the volume of outdoor advertising
was running at a rate 9 % above the previous year. Expendi-
tih-e in 1951 totalled $89,600,000. It was estimated that the
outdoor industry spent approximately $40 million a year on
the construction and maintenance of about 275,000 poster
panels and 35,000 painted bulletins. According to a survey
by the International Council of Industrial Editors, com-

pany publications had a combined monthly circulation of
70,718,860, and more than $112 million was spent annually
on about 6,500 publications sent to employees, customers and
stockholders. (R. A. BN.)

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Edward L Bernays, Public Relations (Oklahoma,
1952); J, Walter Thompson Company (comp ), Population and its
Distribution, seventh ed (New York, 1951); William H. Whyte, Jr.,
and the editors of Fortune. 7v Anybody Listening? (New York, 1952);
Rodney Silverman (ed ) Advertising Expenditure in 1948 (London.
1952).

AFGHANISTAN. Independent kingdom in central
Asia, bounded N. by the U.S.S.R., W. by Persia, S. and S.E.
by Pakistan and E. by China (Sinkiang). Area: c. 251,000
sq.mi Pop. (1950 est.): 12,000,000. Races: Pakhtuns
(Pathans) or Pashtuns 60-5%, Tadzhiks 30-7%, others
8-8%. Language: Pashtu or Pakhtu and Persian. Religion:
Moslem, mainly Sunm. Chief towns (pop. 1 950 est.): Kabul
(cap. 307,000); Kandahar (195,000); Herat (150,060); Mazar-
i-Sharif (100,000). King, Mohammed Zahir Shah; prime
minister, Shah Mahmud, the king's uncle.

History. A royal proclamation in Feb. 1952 called upon
the people to elect the 8th National Assembly (171 seats).
As no census of population was ever taken there were no
electoral lists, and public meetings voted for the official
candidates by acclamation. In Kabul there were two opposi-
tion candidates, but the government candidates were said to
have been elected by considerable majorities; however,
of 50,000 entitled to vote only 7,000 actually voted In
August Akai Abdul-Hayi Habibi, head of the Afghan
Democratic party (m exile at Peshawar), sent a protest to the
United Nations against the fettered elections and the " family
dictatorship ". In October King Zahir delivered a speech
at the opening of the new assembly in which he deplored
the fact that the relations with Pakistan had not improved:
" We have the most friendly feelings towards Pakistan, but
we cannot forget the cause of Pakhtumstan."

Shah Wall Khan, Afghan ambassador to Great Britain,
said in a press interview (The Hindu, Jan. 6) that the area
of Pakhtumstan included the states of Chitral, Dhir, Swat,
Bajaur, Tirah, Wazinstan and Baluchistan. " The right of
eight million Pakhtuns to enjoy freedom cannot be ignored,"
he added. " Unless Pakistan troops are withdrawn from the
occupied areas of Pakhtumstan, the situation may get out of
control." He also described the imprisonment by Pakistan
police of Abdul-Ghaffar Khan, the leader of the Khudai
Khidmatgar (Red Shirts), as a *' monstrous act ". In March
the Pakistan government prohibited the Delhi-Kabul air
line from passing over Pakistan territory. According to
Dawn, a Karachi newspaper, arms and other war material
were smuggled into Afghanistan from India by air.

From 1951 about 50 German technicians and thousands
of Afghans had been building a new hydro-electric power
station at Sarobi (on the Kabul river, about 50 mi. down-
stream from the capital) : when completed it would generate
about 1 6,000 kw. Two other hydro-electric power stations
were being built by the Americans on the Arghandab river
in the Kandahar area: they would generate 85,000 kw. and
1 20,000 kw. respectively. The country's total generating
capacity in 1952 was estimated at 1 3,000 kw.

A bill to nationalize petroleum was passed in January by
the 7th National Assembly; a U.N. technical assistance
mission was invited to Afghanistan, and visited the Shibar-
ghan area, in the northwest, about 45 mi. from the Soviet
border, where rich oil deposits had been discovered.

On Aug. 21 Izvestia published a report that this mission
was a tool of the U.S., to plan construction of military roads
and airfields near the Soviet border. In spite of Afghanistan's
explanation, the U.S.S.R. protested to Kabul against the
mission's presence in Afghanistan. The Kabul government

AGRICULTURE

refuted the note of protest in September, declaring that such
oil prospecting was in the country's vital interests.

On Jan. 23, W. Averell Ha/riman, director of the U.S.
Mutual Security agency, announced that U.S. economic aid
to Afghanistan was being temporarily withheld because the
anti-Communist security pledge required by the Mutual
Security act of 1951 had not been given by the Afghan
government.

Education. Schools (1951): elementary 334, pupils 100,250 (incl.
c. 5,000 girls); secondary, lower 25; secondary, higher 7; teachers'
training colleges 2. University of Kabul with six faculties.

Agriculture. Main crops ('000 metric tons. 1948 est.): wheat 1,700;
barley; rice, paddy 333; millet; maize; cotton seed 9; grapes 20;
cotton, ginned (1951) 10. Livestock ('000 head, Sept. 1948): horses
500; asses 1,000; mules 200; cattle 2,500; sheep 14,000; goats 6,000;
camels 350; chicken 40,000. Raw wool production, greasy (1950 est.)
7,000 ton.

Finance. Monetary unit: afgtiani. After the devaluation of Jan.
1952, the official exchange rate in Kabul was: Pak. Rs. 100- Af. 635-90
(old rate: 50S-71). Budget: total revenue estimated at Af. 188 million.
Note circulation (April 1950): Af. 800 million.

Foreign Trade. Principal imports: textiles, sugar, china, petrol and
paraffin (4-5 million gal. in 1949). cement (18,100 tons in 1949),
machinery, tea, coflec, cocoa. Principal exports: karakul skins ($26
million in 1950), carpets, cotton, raw wool, fruit, spices.

Transport and Communications. No railways. Roads (1949): 2,265
mi. Licensed motor vehicles (Dec. 1950): cars 975, commercial 3,735.
Telephones (1949): 3.899. Radio receiving sets (1949): 4,800.

See: E. Caspari and E. Cagnacci, Afghanistan: Crocevia dell" Asia
(Milan, 1951); Rahman Pazhwak, Arayana (London, 1951).

AGRICULTURE. World Prices. Early in 1952, and
again after August, the high prices paid in dollar markets for
raw materials and foodstuffs again declined. By the end of the
year the most sensitive wholesale prices averaged about
13% less than during Dec. 1951, and 24% less than during
the first three months of 1951 when the highest demands
resulting from the outbreak of the Korean war were being
experienced. The decline during 1952 in the level of prices
paid to Canadian farmers for their products was 1 1 %.
In the United States, wholesale prices of wheat declined by
8%; of maize by 13%; of cotton by 15%; of coffee by 4%;

TABLE I. PRODUCTION OF WHEAT AND RYE
(million metric tons)

1934-38

(average)

1951

1952t

Europe ....

61-4

60-1

62-4

North and Central America

28-2

43-3

65-5

South America .

8-5

4-5

Asia ....

43-4

45-4

45-9

Africa ....

3-8

4-5

Oceania ....

4-4

4-5

World total*

149-7

162-3

180-7

Excluding U.S.S.R. t Preliminary.

SOURCE. F.A.O. Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Economics and Statistics.

of cocoa by 14%. Wool prices declined until April but
advanced again later to about the levels of late 1951 . Greater
declines affected international markets for vegetable oils and
fats. Within the first six months of the year, free market
prices of coconut and palm oil fell by one-third, thus returning
to the levels of 1949. For rubber the decline was as much as
45% during 1952 as a whole.

These changes occurred in spite of a high and reasonably
stable level of general economic activity in most countries,
and a rising rate of expenditure on defence. They were, in
part, a reaction from the rapid inflation of basic commodity
prices and stockpiling during the latter half of 1950 and
early 1951. But they also reflected a restriction of European
demands as a result of underlying balance-of-payment
difficulties and of North American demands by a continuation
of the comparatively high rate of saving (7 %) of disposable
incomes reached in 1951. By the autumn there was also
some concern in the United States that investments in new
industrial plant and equipment would not be long maintained
at recent high rates, that private stockpiles of materials would
be reduced and that the greatly expanded productive capacity
of manufacturing industries would not be fully used should
government spending be curtailed.

The instability of primary product prices, and uncertainty
about their future movements, was particularly disturbing
to the United Kingdom and the sterling area. The terms of
trade of the United Kingdom itself improved during the
year: the exports required to pay for a given volume of
imports declined by some 9%. But Commonwealth pro-
ducers of vegetable oils, cocoa and other basic agricultural
products were concerned about their future markets, and
the sharp decline in rubber prices aggravated Malaya's
problems at an unfortunate time. Exports of rubber had a
value 180 million less during the year ended June 1951
than during the previous year and a further decline was
foreseen. The British delegate to the U.N. Economic and
Social council meeting in June stated that erratic fluctuations
in primary product prices benefited no one and that further
consideration should be given to possibilities of stabilization

TABLE 11. EXPORTS OF WHEAT AND WHEAT FLOUR (WHEAT EQUIVALENT)
FROM PRINCIPAL EXPORTING COUNTRIES FOR 12-MONTH PERIODS, JULY-
JUNE

(million metric tons)
1934-38 1950-51 1951-52*

(average)
Exporting countries

Argentina .... 3-4 2-8 0-8

Australia .... 2-9 3-6 2-8

Canada .... 4-8 6-1 9-4

United States . . . 1-0 10-0 12-8

Total . . . .12-1 22-5 25-8

Reported destinations
United Kingdom .
Europe (excl. U.K.)
North and Central America
South America

A demonstration in Hyde park, London, of on animal sprayer which,
it was claimed, was- more economical than sheep dipping.

Asia .

Africa .

Others .

Total

5-7
3-0
0-7
1-1
1-3
0-2
0-1
12 1

4-3
7-7
1-5
2-3
5-2
1-2
03
22-5

46
81
2-0
2-3
7-0
1-4
04
25 8

' Preliminary.

SOURCE. F.A.O. Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Economic* and Slat

AGRICULTURE

through long-term commodity agreements. The council
later agreed to invite the International Bank for Recon-
struction and Development and the International Monetary
fund to study suggested measures for international economic
stability and invited the secretary-general of the United
Nations to prepare a report on relative movements of
prices of various classes of goods moving in world trade.
The price fluctuations experienced in 1952 were all the
more serious, because in most countries other than the
United States central monetary reserves were inadequate.
Early in the year the finance ministers of the British Common-
wealth met in London to discuss the balance-of-payment
problems of the sterling area and, although they looked
towards expansion of production as a solution to recurrent

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN

ENGLAND, SCOTLAND AND WALES

1940- 1952

940 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 5
670

COMPENSATION PAID
tf'OOO)

crises, they were obliged to seek a balance of payments with
non-sterling areas during the second half of the year by restrict-
ing imports and consumption. The possibilities of achieving
greater stability of commodity prices were discussed at the
Commonwealth Economic conference (Nov.-Dec.)

United Kingdom. The United Kingdom planned to reduce
imports by 10% below the average level of 1951, and much
of the reduction fell on foodstuffs. This naturally led to a

continuation of the drive for expansion of food production
within the United Kingdom. New long-term plans* were
widely advocated.

On Feb. 4 the minister of agriculture announced that a
subsidy of 5 an acre would be paid towards the cost of
ploughing up land which had been under grass for four or
more years and sowing approved crops on it for harvest
in 1952. The main purpose was to secure about 500,000 ac.
additional spring-sown grain crops to augment supplies of
feedingstuffs for use in winter 1951-52 and so to help to
increase meat production. The June agricultural census in
the United Kingdom indicated a net reduction of the grass-
land area between 1951 and 1952 by 1 34,000 ac. and an
increase on the area of barley and oats by some 400,000 ac.
at the expense mainly of wheat, potatoes and bare fallow,
as well as of grassland.

In April, the government announced the bas^s of their
expansion policy. No specific crop and livestock " targets "
were set but the principal objectives were (i) an expansion of
the tillage area by some 1, 500,000 ac. (12%) beyond that of
1951 ; (11) an increase of 15% in the production and utilization
of grass; (in) a raising of ullage crop yields by 5%; (iv)
greater pig and poultry production in the proportions
required by consumers and to the extent made possible by
the additional feeding grains grown on the expanded tillage
area ; (v) maintenance of the existing numbers of dairy cows
but with a continuing increase in milk yields per cow, (vi)
a raising to the utmost possible extent of beef, veal, mutton
and lamb production. Efficiency in the use as well as in the
production of home-grown feedingstuffs was essential, and
it was hoped that an extra 250,000 tons of meat might be
forthcoming by 1955-56, although in the meantime a reduction
would probably occur. Most of this extra supply would be pig-
meat, but further increases of beef and mutton should follow.

It was with this plan in mind that the annual review of
agricultural prices in the United Kingdom was concluded
on April 24 after nearly nine weeks of discussion. Agree-
ment was reached with farmers' unions on price and subsidy
increases designed to raise farmers' gross receipts by just
over 39 million and so adequately to compensate for
increases in costs. Of this amount 15-5 million were to be
applied as subsidies on fertilizers, calf-rearing and the
ploughing-up of grasslands. The government undertook,
moreover, to stabilize the basic release prices of rationed
feedingstuffs at least until the end of March 1953. The pur-
pose of this, and of the subsidies, was to keep farmers' costs
down and so minimize their difficulties in securing enough
capital to finance further increases in production. The
subsidies were also intended to steer production practices
in the direction advocated by the government.

The farmers' unions expressed the view that still further
financial help was required if the full production potential of
British agriculture were to be made use of, but they realized
that, in the meantime at least, the resources of labour and
materials to match this financial help could not be promised.
The minister of agriculture was confident that the agreed
settlement was a firm foundation for the long-term policy
which was being worked out by government and unions,
and he thought the industry could be reasonably expected
to reverse the tendency towards reduced production and
by 1956 to raise net output to at least 60% above the average
level of the 1936-38 period. He also said that, with the full
support of leaders of the industry, vigorous action would
be taken to ensure that the limited area of agricultural land
in the United Kingdom was neither used inadequately nor
misused through incompetence.

Later, in August, the system of voluntary part-time liaison
officers was revived. During World War II such officers,
each covering several counties, interpreted the government's

AGRICULTURE

A combine harvester working on a field oj barley at Darenth, Kent. Combines have greatly increased in popularity in recent years.

policy to county agricultural executive committees and other
agricultural organizations and at the same time served to
keep the minister of agriculture informed of local develop-
ments, and particularly of anything hindering the expansion
of food production.

One possible hindrance -the contraction of credit in
accordance with general financial policy was largely re-
moved by a special request to banks to give priority to farm
credit needs. But another hindrance proved unusually great.
Between mid-Nov. 1951 and mid-June 1952 there were 430
outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease and livestock worth
1-5 million were slaughtered in accordance with the long-
established control policy. The restrictions on livestock

Despite the interest of the Organization for European
Economic Co-operation, however, little progress could be
made in freeing trade. In some countries fears of over-
production of particular commodities arose. In western
Germany, farmers expected that dairy product prices would
have to be substantially reduced as a result of greatly increased
production, particularly of butter. In Denmark, the prices
paid for bacon exported to the United Kingdom were
reduced by 8 % at the end of September.

Commonwealth. The most noteworthy change in the
agricultural policies of Commonwealth countries during
the year was in Australia where, in March, the prime minister
announced that emphasis would now be given to rural

movements were imposed over wider areas and for longer production and that indiscriminate expansion of secondary

periods than ever before. But despite these measures, fresh
outbreaks continued to occur, though less frequently, during
the remainder of the year.

Yet another hindrance, affecting some localities, was the
shortage of labour for farm work. In England and Wales
the number of male regular workers was 22,000 (4% lower
in June 1952 than a year earlier), and on Aug. 18 legal
minimum wage-rates were raised for those over 21 by 5s.
to 1 13.v. per week.

Western Europe. In western Europe as in the United
Kingdom, international balance-of-payment problems con-
tinued to influence farm production and trade policies.
Countries with opportunities to increase their exportable
surpluses of farm products were naturally interested in
securing freer trade and officials from 16 countries met under
the chairmanship of Robert Schuman, French minister of
foreign affairs, during March in Paris for a preparatory
conference on a European agricultural community (the
Pflimlin plan). Although, in restricting imports of food-
stuffs in an attempt to achieve financial stability, the United
Kingdom and other importing countries had given some
consideration to the difficulties of the exporting countries
themselves, it was felt in Paris that the resulting pattern of
restrictions was a serious obstacle to economic development
of agriculture.

industries would be limited. Special taxation concessions
were granted to encourage the building of living-quarters
for farmworkers and also to encourage fodder conservation,
irrigation and the use of more machinery. The wheat export
tax was abolished. A five-year plan to increase the annual
agricultural output by A 100 million and save $7 million
now spent on imports of tobacco, cotton and linseed, was
prepared by the minister of agriculture. Under this plan
the wheat area would be expanded from 10-4 million ac.
in 1951-52 to 14 million ac., the oat and barley acreage from
less than 3 million ac. to 4-5 million, the tobacco acreage
from 5,000 to 20,000 ac. Beef, mutton, lamb and pig-meat
production might be raised from I million tons a year to
1 -25 million, and milk production from 1,205 million gallons
to 1,350 million. The construction of new roads and improved
stock routes in western Queensland was also continued,
and experiments in the transport of meat by air from the
Kimberleys, which began in 1947, gave encouraging results.
Another interesting experiment was undertaken by three
leading graziers, the introduction from Texas of a new breed
of cattle, the Santa Gertrudis, developed from the Indian
Brahman and the Scottish shorthorn. On the other hand,
the food farm project in central Queensland was pronounced
a failure, with a total financial loss of at least A 568,300.
The Queensland government recommended to the British

AGRICULTURE

TABLE III. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF RICE (MILLED RICE EQUIVALENT),
FOR 12-MoNTH PERIODS JULY-JUNE

(million metric tons)
1934-38

(average) 1950-51 1951-52*
Exporting countries

Burma . 3-1 14 12

Indochina . 13 02 04

Thailand . 14 1-5 15

United States . 01 04 0-8

Totalf - 79 45 4-7

Importing countries

Europe . 12 06 03

North and Central America 03 04 03

South America . 01 01-01

Asia ... 58 3-1 3-7

Africa . ... 4 01 01

Others . 2

Total ... 7 8 43 47

* Preliminary t Including exports from other exporting countries

SOUKCE F A O Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Economics and Stati\t!c\.

government, which had invested 1 million in the project,
that the 700,000 ac. of land originally set aside should be
more closely settled by pnvate enterprise.

In New Zealand, a new meat production plan was initiated
with the encouragement of a 15-yr. agreement with the United
Kingdom, but deficiencies in supplies of capital equipment
and requisites tended to reduce the rate of expansion.

In Canada, a significant development was a further
acceleration of the drift of workers from farming to other
occupations. This was caused largely by the rapid opemng-
up of mineral and other resources in Alberta and elsewhere,
and it led the National Advisory Council on Manpower to
try and secure more immigrants trained in agriculture, and
to arrange for better housing and other inducements to
young men to stay on farms. Sales of farm machinery were
at a high level, and total capital expenditure on new farm
buildings and equipment was some 1 3 % greater than during
1951.

Indian plans to increase food production were temporarily
upset by a severe drought affecting by June a belt 300 mi.
wide spreading northwards from the Arabian sea. Famine
relief measures on a large scale became necessary, and some
5 million cattle were affected by the scarcity of fodder.
Later, in September, Madras and Mysore also faced the
threat of famine. These difficulties drew attention to the
results of the latest human population census which were
published in June and indicated that between 1941 and 1951
the population had increased by 12-5%. Supplies of gram
for controlled distribution during the later part of the year
were fortunately more adequate than for some time, partly
because of imported supplies and better procurement from
the new wheat harvest in areas not stricken by drought.
On Oct. 2, Gandhi's birthday, 55 community development
projects were inaugurated by the president, Rajendra Prasad.
These included the use of better seeds and of farm implements,
improvements in marketing and agricultural credit, the
reclamation of waste land, the provision of irrigation, the
extension of educational and medical services, and better
housing. The United States would contribute for these
projects Rs.40 million in the form of technical assistance,
equipment and materials.

For Ceylon a six-year programme of development to begin
in Oct. 1953 was proposed by a mission sent by the Inter-
national Bank for Reconstruction and Development. This
would call for a total capital expenditure during the six
years of Rs. 1,600 million, largely in agriculture.

Progress under the Colombo plan (q.v.) generally was
regarded as not unsatisfactory by the consultative committee
which met in Karachi in March, although southeast Asia's
capacity to absorb development goods and personnel was
reported to be a limiting factor, and, owing to rearmament,

the flow of machinery and other engineering goods from the
United Kingdom was no greater than during 1951.

Development of Agriculture. The year was one of rising
activity by the agencies of the United Nations in the field
of technical assistance and economic planning for the poorer
countries. The problem of supplying sufficient food for the
rapidly increasing population of the world was many times
stressed as urgent and fundamental. As one means to its
solution the reform of land tenure arrangements was pro-
posed. In India and Egypt, as well as in several other
countries, substantial reforms were carried out but financial
difficulties retarded their extension.

Considerable progress was made with agricultural develop-
ment in several British colonial territories. In the Gold Coast
farmers were again willing to have diseased cocoa trees
destroyed. In Tanganyika the Kilimanjaro Native Co-
operative union opened their new building which had cost
200,000 obtained largely from prosperous coffee growers.

The progress Of mechanization continued in many
countries. The latest available comprehensive tractor
statistics, those for 1951, are set out in Table IV, and indicate
the varying extents of mechanization in different regions.
The United Kingdom had the largest number of tractors
in relation to the area of arable land.

TABLE IV ARABLE LAND AND TRACTORS, 1951

Percentage Percentage Arable land

of world's of per tractor

arable world's (in

land tractors hectares)

North America 18 68 53

Europe . 14 16 171

USSR . 18 9 400

Oceania . 2 3 114

United States .15 62 48

Canada .3 6 100

United Kingdom 06 53 21

France . 17 22 156

Australia 11 21 100

SOURCE The European Tractor Industry In the Setting of the World Market,
Table I, U N Economic Commission for Europe, Feb 1952

Scientific Research Amongst noteworthy experiments
directly related to agriculture were those in the use of (i)
antibiotics such as procame, penicillin and aureomycm in
cow and pig feeding, and of other antibiotics in the pro-
tection of plants; (n) new chemicals for rodent control;
(in) vaccines of many types for the control of foot-and-
mouth disease; (iv) a new chemical, krihum, and a sodium
salt of alginic acid to improve the structure of soils; (v)
pasture plants to provide out-of-season grazing. There was
also study of the possible effects on human beings and wild
life of the rapidly increasing use of chemical sprays for the
control of weeds. (J. R. RA.)

United States. Crops. The early summer of 1952 was one
of the hottest and driest on record. Serious drought occurred
in a dozen states, ranging from Maine to Texas. The situation
was especially devastating in the Alabama-Tennessee area.
Yet the southern Great Plains produced a record wheat crop
and the southern and western cotton lands gave a crop more
than 2 5 million bales above average for the decade. Wheat,
rye, rice and buckwheat totalled about 42 million tons, almost
as much as the 1947 record.

Though official feed grain acreage goals were not reached,
the four feed grains, corn, barley, oats and grain sorghums,
produced about 119 million tons, to which corq made a large
contribution in quality and quantity (3,256,550,000 bu.). An
above-average hay crop appeared sufficient to provide mid-
western surplus for a deficit south. The four oil seeds,
soya beans, cottonseed, flaxseed and peanuts, were about one-
third above average and 2% more than the 1951 record.
Tobacco was a near record crop. Potatoes, white and sweet,
were below average, as were the pulses (dry beans and peas).

AGRICULTURE

TARI.K V. U.S. CROP PRODUCTION AND Yim.u

1952* 1951

Yield ( Production Yield Production
per ac. COOOs) per ac. COOOs)

Field crops

Corn, bu.

39 6

3,256,550

36-2

2,941,423

Wheat, bu.

18-4

1,298.921

16-1

987,474

Oats, bu. .

32-7

1,265,660

36-1

1,316,396

Barley, bu.

27-0

222,476

27-1

254.668

Rye, bu. .

11-7

15,759

12-4

21.410

Flaxseed, bu.

9-1

31,033

8-7

33.802

Rice, bags (yield Ib.) .

2,440-0

47,730

2,250-0

43,805

Hay, all, tons .

1-38

103,858

1-45

108,461

Beans, bags (yield Ib.) .

1,237

16,291

1,231-0

17,446

Soya beans, bu. .

20-6

296,209

21-2

280,512

Peanuts, Ib.

736-0

1,225,145

831-0

1,676,125

Potatoes, bu.

243-7

345,561

240-7

325,708

Sweet potatoes, bu.

91 2

30,814

91-8

28,278

Tobacco, Ib.

1,248-0

2,234,535

1,307-0

2,328,226

Sugar beet, short tons .

15-2

10,334

15-2

10,485

Cotton, bales (yield Ib.)

280-2

14,413

271-9

15,144

Fruit crops

Apples, bu.

95,975

110,660

Peaches, bu.

62,622

63,627

Pears, bu.

30,879

30.028

Grapes, tons

3,092

3,386

Oranges, boxes .

118.180

Grapefruit, boxes

40,370

* Estimate, Oct. 1952.

Fruit crops, excepting pears, were below 1951, most of them
below average. Commercial vegetables for the fresh market
were 3% below 1951 but 5% above average. Vegetables for
processing were one-sixth below 1951 but 14% above average.

Livestock. Livestock and poultry on U.S. farms in Jan.
1952 showed a net increase of about 4% over 1951. Further
increase was indicated during 1952. Livestock was up 4%,
poultry 3%, meat animals 5%; milk stock declined slightly,
work stock declined 1 1 %. The total value for seven species
was $19,549,896,000, as compared with $17,127,355,000 a
year earlier. Milk cows reached a record average price of
$250 per head. As predicted late in 1951, the pig crops of
1952 were cut about 9% to about 93,107,000 head as com-
pared with the previous year, largely because of the unfavour-
able price-feed ratio (the corn-pig ratio). Cattle, however,
increased to approximately 93,000,000 head.

Slaughter in 1952 of about 27-5 million cattle and calves
and 85 million head of pigs, plus sheep, lambs and poultry
provided about 22,600 million Ib. of red meat and 5,750
million Ib. of poultry. Of that amount, more than 94% was
distributed to U.S. civilians, about 5% to the U.S. armed
forces and small amounts exported. Thus the U.S. civilian in
1952 consumed about 142 Ib. of red meat and 35 Ib. of
poultry, 2% to 3% more than in 1951. Larger amounts,
particularly of beef, would be ready for slaughter in 1953.
Egg production was a new record, providing 406 or more per
person. Milk production declined.

Feed grains totalling 119 million tons, plus 20 million tons
of carry-over stocks and additional amounts of oil meals,
provided about 165-3 million tons of concentrate feeds for
the 1952-53 feeding year, as compared with 169-8 million
tons a year earlier, but because of the reduction in livestock
to be fed the amount per animal unit was the same as in the
previous year. The hay supply was above average, though
regionally short because of drought.

Agricultural Stocks and Foreign Trade, Trade in agri-
cultural products in 1951-52 contributed more than 25% of
all U.S. exports and more than 40% of U.S. imports, U.S.
agricultural exports reached an unprecedented value of
$4,042,601,000, about 20% more than in the previous year.
Fxports of cotton ($1,204-2 million) and wheat ($1,066-8
million) contributed more than half the value. As compared
with the values of the previous year, vegetables ( |- 52%),
wheat (~f- 42%), and cotton ( f 28%) showed the biggest
increases, whereas oil seeds declined by 29%. On a volume

basis, milled rice increased 77% and lard 48%, but
soya beans decreased 41 %.

Agricultural imports in 1951-52 totalled $4,692,665,000, as
compared with $5,146,465,000 in the previous year. Of the
1951-52 total, $2,727,848,000 was classed as complementary;
i.e., goods of kinds for the most part not grown commercially
in the U.S. Coffee was the most important ($1 ,337 9 million),
followed by crude rubber ($787-8 million). Carpet wool
decreased by 61 %. Supplementary agricultural imports
foreign products similar to products of domestic commercial
production were valued at $1,946,817,000, as compared
with $2,280,853,000 in 1950-51. The leading item, cane sugar,
increased slightly, but the second product, wool for clothing,
declined 28%. Molasses showed the biggest increase (I 55%),
cattle the biggest decline (62%).

Farm Product Prices. Prices on all farm products changed
very little in 1952. The index stood at 288 (1910-14-100)
in September, as compared with 2,91 a year earlier. However,

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AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE

crops were up to an index of 264 as compared with 239 a year
earlier. Livestock and their products, on the other hand,
were down to 309 from 337.

The government's new retail price index eased slightly in
September after a steady rise after February, a result of a 1 %
decline in food costs between mid-August and mid-September.
Further declines were expected later in the year.

Farm Income. Gross farm income for 1952 was estimated
at $37,600 million, 2% more than in 1951; of that total,
$33,500 million was cash receipts from a record volume of
farm marketings. Livestock and livestock products accounted
for $18,900 million, 3% less than in 1951. Crops at $14,600
million were up about 12% compared with the previous year,
mostly because of an estimated 9% increase in volume of
sales. Costs of farm production had risen almost constantly
since World War II began, and 1952 was no exception
estimated farm production costs of $23,400 million were 4%
higher than in 1951. Net farm income, estimated at $14,200
million, was slightly below 1951 and in purchasing power was
lower than any of the previous ten years, excepting only 1950.

Farm Labour. Near the peak of the 1952 autumn harvest
period, 13,252,000 persons were working on farms, of whom
9,543,000 were farm operators or unpaid members of their
families, and 3,709,000 were hired workers. This was nearly
100,000 more hired workers, but about 200,000 fewer family
workers than a year before.

The average for all farm wage rates was about 69 cents
per hour, 5% more than a year earlier. Monthly rates to
married men, with house furnished, averaged $146, as com-
pared with $138 per month a year earlier The agreement
permitting Mexican farm workers to help harvest crops in the
U.S., due to have expired on June 30, was extended for 18
months. (See also BEEKEEPING ; COCOA ; COFFEE ; DAIRY FARM-
ING; FERTILIZERS; FORAGE CROPS; FRUIT; GRAIN CROPS; HOPS;
LIVESTOCK; NUTS; POULTRY; ROOT CROPS) (J. K. R.)

AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURE. With the arma-
ment drive continuing at or near full power throughout 1952,
emphasis in British aircraft construction was once again on
military types, though some interesting new civil aircraft
made their first appearance at the Society of British Aircraft
Constructors' show at Farnborough in September.

In the rearmament programme super-priority was given
by the government to the production of the Hawker Hunter
and Vickers-Supermanne Swift day-fighters and the Gloster
Javelin all-weather fighter (delta-wing). Among bombers on
the super-priority list were the four-engmed Vickers Valiant
and the twin-engined Canberra, one of which, on Aug. 26,
made the first double crossing of the Atlantic in a single day.
The double journey took 7 hr. 58^ min., of which the crossing
from west to east took 3 hr. 25 mm , giving an average speed
of 605-52mp.h.

The versatile Canberra also appeared at Farnborough
as a flying test-bed for three alternative sets of engines.
In one, two of the new Bristol Olympus turbo-jets were
fitted, each delivering a take-off thrust of 9,750 Ib. ; a second
was powered by two Sapphires (standard equipment for the
Canberras being built in the United States) while the third
carried its normal Avon engines fitted with " re-heat ".

The four Avon-engmed Avro 698 delta-wing bomber made
its first flight on Aug. 30 and it was announced that an order
for an appreciable number of these bombers had been given
even before the machine had been flight-tested. It was
expected to attain a speed approaching that of sound and
to have great range and load capacity. It was rumoured that
the production version might be powered by the Olympus.
Late in December another long-range bomber, the Handley
Page HP. 80, with four Sapphire engines and crescent-shaped
wings, made a successful first flight, prior to which, like the

Avro bomber, it had already been ordered in quantity for the
R.A.F. The makers claimed that it could carry a heavier
bomb load farther, faster and higher than any other bomber
in existence.

In civil aircraft, the most interesting newcomer was the
Bristol Britannia, a 95-seater airliner equipped with four
Bristol Proteus airscrew-turbine engines, of which British
Overseas Airways corporation ordered 25. The prototype
was demonstrated at the S.B.A.C. flying display a fortnight
after its first flight. In appearance and in many of its details
it was reminiscent of the Bristol Brabazon.

The de HaviIIand Comet I was operated on several of
B.O.A.C.'s routes in the course of the year and the Comet II
was expected in service before the end of 1954. Design work
on the Comet III made rapid progress. Powered, like the
Comet II, by the Rolls-Royce Avon, the first production
model was promised for late 1956, with accommodation for
78 passengers and a stage-length of about 2,700 mi. An
order for Comet Ills was received from Pan American World
airways in October.

A new Rolls-Royce engine, the Conway, working on a
by-pass principle, giving greater fuel economy, was released
from the secret list on Oct. 23.

To assist take off, the de Havilland company developed
the Sprite rocket, giving a thrust of 5,000 Ib. for 1 1 sec
A Sprite-fitted Comet was spectacularly demonstrated at the
Farnborough show.

The Saunders-Roe Princess 140-ton flying boat first flew
on Aug. 22. Its ten engines were Bristol Proteus 2s. Two
other Princess boats were under construction but were
awaiting completion until the more powerful Proteus 3
engines became available. An earlier intention to use these
boats as Royal Air Force transports was abandoned and
their ultimate use remained uncertain.

The Bristol 173, the first British twm-engmed helicopter,
made its maiden flight early in 1952. Equipped with two
550-h.p. Alvis Leonides engines, it was designed to carry
13 passengers at a speed of 105 m.p.h. Bristols also began
production of their Sycamore (Type 171) 4/5 seater military
reconnaissance and air-sea rescue helicopter.

Canada. Canadair were engaged on the design of the CL-21
high-wing 32-passenger pressurized air liner, to be equipped
with two Wright R 1820 C9 HE engines. Production could
be started in the last months of 1954.

Australia. On Oct 1 the Commonwealth Aeronautical
Research laboratories announced a design for a two-seater
supersonic all-weather fighter with swept wings powered by
two Rolls-Royce Avons and capable of supersonic speeds. It
was also stated that the first Australian-built Canberra
bombers and Sabre fighters would be flying by early 1953.

United States. According to the president of the Aircraft
Industries association, more than 10,000 aircraft were
delivered from the United States factories to the armed forces
since the outbreak of war in Korea up to Sept. 1952. Output
was still expanding and by December production was expec-
ted to reach its peak of about 1,100 military aircraft a month.
Unfortunately a strike of 40,000 workers in the Douglas
and Lockheed plants in September interfered with the
programme.

In the field of military aircraft, progress was more pro-
nounced in the transport class than among combat types.
Among the latter the navy's XA-25-1 Savage, manufactured
by North American and powered by two Allison T-40 jets,
together producing more than 1 1 ,000 equivalent shaft horse-
power, made its first flight, while the first prototype XP-57-1
four-engined flying boat continued its test programme
throughout the year.

Lockheeds gave details of military transport versions of
their Super-Constellation, for both the navy and the air force.

AIR FORCES OF THE WORLD

Powered by four Wright R-3350 compound engines of 3,250
h.p. each, they would be capable of carrying 106 troops or
73 stretcher patients. A Super-Constellation commercial
freighter, the L1049B, was als\> promised for delivery in
1953 with piston engines and in 1956 with Allison T-38
propeller-turbines. In the latter version it was estimated that
the transport of freight from coast to coast of the United
States would cost as little as 3 5 cents per ton-mile.

In October, the Boeing Airplane corporation published
details of a 70- to 80-passenger 500-m.p.h jet transport
which they expected to be ready to demonstrate to military
and commercial customers in the summer of 1954 for delivery
by the end of 1956. A tanker version was also projected.
Douglas were busy with their DC-8 80-passenger airliner for
delivery about the same time. Although naturally interested
in jet transport, they stated that they did not expect a suitable
engine for their products to be available before 1957 and
would not use propeller-turbines as interim equipment.
Meanwhile, the DC-6B, of which nearly 200 had been ordered,
received its certificate for an all-up weight of 1 07,000 lb.,
an increase of 7,000 lb.

The Convair liner 340 also had its permissible all-up
weight increased by 1 ,725 lb. to 46,725 lb. The United States
air force placed orders for a number of C-131As, pressurized
evacuation transports based on the Convair 240.

Planned expenditure of over $200 million on helicopters
was announced by the army and navy This included pur-
chase by the navy of the Kaman K-225, with a Boeing
YT-50 gas-turbine engine developing 175 h.p., which made
its first flight on Dec. 17, 1951.

Early in the year, Pratt and Whitney received a contract
from the air force to develop an atomic aero-engine. Con-
solidated Vultee were also entrusted by the General Electric
Company of America with a development contract for
atomic powerplants.

Of the Wright R-3350 compound engine mentioned, the
makers claimed that, weighing less than 1 lb. per h.p., the
engine had a lower fuel consumption than any existing
aircraft engine (-38 Ib/h.p. hr ), due to the recuperation of
20% power from the velocity of exhaust gases

Fords received the contract to build the Pratt and Whitney
J-57 jet of which no details were available, but which was
stated to deliver a thrust of 10,000 ib. Another Ford plant
would assemble the Westinghouse J-40 axial-flow jet with an
estimated thrust of 7,500 lb.

Netherlands. Fokkers produced a full-scale mock up of
their Model 27, high-wing, twin turbo-prop, 28-passenger
air liner and announced the development of three prototypes,
the third being a freighter version. An agreement was signed
with the Fairchild Engine and Airplane corporation for the
manufacture of the Fokker S-14 jet trainer in America.

France. The Marcel Dassault factory continued its series
of jet fighters. The MD-453 Mystere night-fighter made its
first flight in July and was reputed to have attained a level
speed of more than 1 ,000 k.p.h. In November it was claimed
that the Mystere IV fighter had broken the world horizontal
speed record with a speed of 683 m.p.h. An order for 250 of
this type was received from the United States. (See also
JET PROPULSION AND GAS TURBINES, ULTRASONICS.)

See The Time* Survey of British Aviation (London, Sept 1952); Jane's
All the World'* Aircraft (London, 1951-52), Aeroplane Directory
.London, 1952). ' (D. CR.)

AIR FORCES OF THE WORLD. Great Britain
and the Commonwealth. The most striking thing about the
1952 display at Farnborough was the obvious trend toward
the delta (or arrowhead) wing. Machines of this type had
appeared in experimental form a year earlier, but had now
been translated into service types. One notable example was

the two-seat Gloster Javelin, which was the first British
operational aircraft with delta wings. It was reported to be
able to fly at speeds higher than the speed of sound. It was
powered with two Armstrong-Siddeley Sapphire engines,
each with a static thrust of more than 8,000 lb. It was
being put into production for probable service use late in
1953.

The largest delta-wing aircraft jet to be flown was the four-
jet Avro 698 bomber. This was a very large aeroplane capable
of carrying big bomb loads over long ranges. Although
recently completed and with but a few flight-test hours behind
it, it put on a notable flying exhibition at Farnborough. In
addition to the two service-type delta-wing aircraft, a number
of research machines were on display, enough to indicate a
very marked trend in that direction in British designing

A new all-weather day-and-night fighter, the de Havilland
DH.110, exhibited high speed and manoeuvrability but
suffered an unfortunate accident when it disintegrated in
flight Two other new swept-wing single-seat fighters were
shown, the Hawker Hunter and the Vickers-Supermanne
Swift. Both these machines were on Great Britain's super-
priority production list.

In light bombers, the production model of the English
Electric Canberra B-2 was on display. This twm-jet high-speed
bomber later in the year made a round trip across the Atlantic
in a single day It had been selected by the U.S air force for
production in the United States.

Among heavy bombers, in addition to the Avro 698, the
Vickers Valiant in recently modified form was displayed. This
machine was one of the most beautiful and most efficient
aero-dynamically to have been built anywhere. It was notable
for the fact that its four jet engines were almost completely
buried within its wings with practically no external projections.

For the Royal Navy, the Fairey Gannet in its production
form put in an appearance. This aircraft was powered with
double turbine-driven propellers It was intended for anti-
submarine warfare.

The 140-ton Saunders-Roe Princess flying boat, designed
originally for the overseas operations of B.O.A.C. and later
turned over to the Royal Air Force as a troop transport, made
flight demonstrations during the Farnborough show It was
one of the world's largest flying boats, with a total weight in
excess of 300,000 lb. It was powered with ten Bristol Proteus
turbine-driven propeller engines

On Dec. 24, 1952, the R.A.F.'s first crescent-wing type
bomber, the Handley Page HP. 80, made its maiden flight.
It was revealed that the bomber had been ordered in quantity
for Bomber command.

Power Plant Development. Great Britain continued its all-
out development of jet and turbine propeller engines.
Improvement in power output and reduction in fuel consump-
tion had been continuous, but no outstanding new types
appeared during 1952. The power range ran from small
turbine units of 1,500-lb. thrust up to large jet engines
delivering 10,000 lb. or more. Outstanding engines in the
pure jet class were the Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire of more
than 8,000-lb. thrust; the Bristol Olympus with a static thrust
of 9,700 lb.; and the Rolls-Royce Avon at 6,500 lb. All these
engines were listed for high production priority to meet the
production requirements of the R.A.F.

In the propeller turbine field, the important production
engines were the Armstrong-Siddeley Python and the Mamba
by the same company. The former delivered 3,670 brake h.p.
and 1,180 lb. of thrust, and the latter 1,320 brake h.p. and 400
lb. of thrust. The Bristol Proteus was rated at 3,300 brake h.p.
and 1 ,200 lb. of thrust. Rolls-Royce, in addition to its straight
jet types, had a small propeller-turbine type, the Dart, which,
in its latest form, was good for 1,400 brake h.p. and 365 lb.
of thrust.

AIR FORCES OF THE WORLD

A number of British manufacturers had established branches
in Canada for the production of parts or of completed air-
craft. From the military point of view, greatest interest
centred around the operations of Canadair Ltd. in Montreal
and Avro and de Havilland in Toronto. During 1952,
Canadair Ltd., was producing U S.-designed Sabre jets for
the Royal Canadian Air Force. These machines were fitted
with U.S.-built jet engines, but it was planned to install the
Canadian-built Orenda engine when it was in production.
Avro at Toronto was producing the only Canadian-designed
and built military aircraft in the country. The CF-100 was
an all-weather two-seat fighter, designed for installation of
two Avro Orenda engines. The prototype was flown in 1950
and the production model made its first flight in Sept. 1952.
A new plant for the production of the Orenda engine was
completed and put into operation in the autumn of 1952.

(S. P. J.)

United States. The outbreak of the Korean war in June
1950 found the United States with a 48- wing air force. As
the air force climbed from 48 to 68 to 84, and then to 95
authorized wings, the increases in strength of the other
services and in their money authorizations moved up corres-
pondingly. In Oct. 1951 the joint chiefs of staff approved the
143-wing air force programme. Their decision, put into effect
in July 1952 with the congressional appropriations acts for
the fiscal year 1953, gave a 50% increase to the air force
(126 combat wings plus 17 troop carrier wings) with no such
corresponding increase for the other services. Thus, the idea
of a balanced force as a roughly equal three-way division of
funds among the services was modified This change in the
concept of balanced forces was influenced by recognition of
the revolution taking place in weapons and centred on atomic
power. Although the build-up toward the 143-wing air force
goal called for increases in personnel, equipment and installa-
tions, the larger air force called for only 14% more military
personnel than the 95-wmg air force which was achieved
during 1952.

To increase the striking power of the United States far east
air forces, two wings of the strategic air command's F-84 jet
fighter aircraft were flown across the Pacific by refuelling in
flight. Additional assignments of units and aircraft were made
to the far east air forces and to the N.A.T.O. forces in Europe.
With U.S. assistance, the number of useful modern combat
aircraft at N A.T O.'s disposal, including F-84 jets, was
increased considerably after July 1951. More modern
operational bases became available, and by 1952 U.S. F-86
Sabres were stationed in the United Kingdom. Three
U.S.A.F. bases in French Morocco were operational by the
end of the year The air base at Thule, Greenland, begun in
March 1951, was operational in Sept. 1952. This northern-
most air base m the world, carved out of the frozen arctic,
afforded a new and shorter route between the great capitals
of the world and was of the greatest importance to future
aviation, both military and civil.

The increase in air force units and activity called fo* an
increase in production of aircraft. Total aircraft deliveries for the
air force in July 1952 were more than five times that of June
1950, at the outbreak of the Korean war, and by the end of 1952
production was nearly seven times the production of July 1950.
Several new aircraft were seen during the year. The Boeing
YB-52, an eight-engine jet swept-wing Stratofortress designed
gradually to replace the intercontinental B-36, made its first
flight on April 15. The swept-wing Convair YB-60, an eight-
engine swept-wing jet version of the B-36, made its first flight
April 1 8. The air force ordered production of an undisclosed
number of delta-wing F-102 Convair jet interceptors, the first
operational aircraft designed to fly at supersonic speeds. The
F-102 was developed from the experimental Convair XF-92,
the first delta-wing aircraft known to have flown successfully.

Also in production in substantial quantities was the air force's
only tanker aircraft, the Boeing KC-97.

It was announced in July that no additional B-36 heavy
bombers would be ordered, although the B-36 would remain
the backbone of the country's strategic air potential for some
time to come.

For the sixth successive year the air force investigated
reports of ** flying saucers " but found no evidence that the
frequency of the " sightings " revealed a planned threat to the
security of the United States.

On March 25 two Republic F-84G Thunderjet fighter
bombers dropped practice bombs on a target at a halfway
point of a 4,775-mi. nonstop flight in which they were refuelled
six times by Boeing KB-29 tankers. The flight from Langley
air force base, Virginia, to Edwards air force base, California,
and return, was accomplished in approximately 1 1 hr. 20 mm.

In April the air force admitted that an F-84 jet fighter aircraft
had been successfully launched from a B-36 bomber in flight.

As from July 1, 1952, the air force began using the nautical
system of knots and nautical miles (instead of " miles per
hour " and " statute miles ") as the official unit of measure-
ment. The change was made to facilitate navigational
measurements and standardize interservice usage.

Aviation history was made on July 31, with the arrival of
two United States military helicopters at Prestwick, Scotland,
at the end of the first crossing of the Atlantic by two Sikorsky
H-19 helicopters. The flight of 3,410 mi. in five legs was
completed in a flying time of 42| hours at an average speed
of 80m ph.

As of April 1, the air force special weapons command, with
headquarters at Kirtland air force base, New Mexico, became
a part of the air research and development command, with
headquarters at Baltimore, Maryland, to operate as the air
force special weapons centre.

A new air force, the crew training air force, was established
m March at Randolph air force base, Texas, under the air
training command, to give advanced training in combat flying
This included training 3-man crews for the Boeing B-47
Stratojet, 11 -man crews for B-29 Superforts, and training in
combat tactics for fighter-bomber pilots and fighter-inter-
ceptor teams. (H. S. Vo.)

U.S.S.R. The biggest question m any evaluation of world
air power in 1952, as it had been during the previous five years,
was the standing of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The
biggest gamble faced by military air planners of the western
nations was the determination of what kind of aircraft they
must build, and how many, to balance the threat of the grow-
ing Soviet air power.

The President's Air Policy commission of 1947 (the Fin-
letter board), basing its judgment upon intelligence then
available, came to the conclusion that some time in 1952
the Soviet air force would be capable of making an air attack
in force against U.S. industrial centres with atomic bombs.
Whether or not such a level of competence had been reached
by 1952 was a matter for speculation.

Guesses as to the total air strength of the U.S.S.R. ranged
from 8,000 to 20,000 first-line combat aircraft, with the
probability of equal numbers in reserve. It was known that
high-grade aeronautical research had been going forward
since the end of World War II, assisted by captured German
technicians. It was known also that large and active produc-
tion centres were in being and that they had been turning out
aircraft continuously since the end of that war. A long-
standing programme of training young pilots had undoubtedly
supplied the Soviet air staff with many resourceful and well-
trained airmen. There was every reason to believe that many
of the MIG-15 fighters that had been encountered on the
Korean front were flown by Soviet pilots. These were there-
fore accumulating actual battle experience, and the lessons

AIR FORCES OF THE WORLD

New British military aircraft announced in /y.v. /. \ ickers Super-
marine Swift, powered by a Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet: the first
swept-wing fighter to operate successfully from an aircraft car net .
2. De Havilland 110 twin-engined fighter with Avon turbo/els. One
of these aircraft fell apart at Farnborough air show on Sept. 6
causing 30 deaths. 3. Firefly A.S. Mark 7, which made its puhln
debut at the naval air display at Lee-on-Solent, July 12,
4. Boulton-Paul P. 120 research delta-wing aircraft powered by u
single Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet. 5. Hawker P. 1067 Hunter fighter
powered bv one Avon turbojet. A. Gloster G. A. 5 Javelin multi-purpose
fighter, powered br two Armstrong-Siddeley Sapphire turbojets,
Britain's most powerful jet engines. This was the first operational
delta-winged aircraft to xo into production. 7. Avro 6 ( AV Vulcan with
4 Avon turbojet s: the world's first four-engined delta-wing jet bomber.

AIRPORTS

of actual air warfare were being transmitted daily to air force
headquarters. General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, chief of the air
staff of the U.S. air force, summarized Soviet air power as a
*' highly organized and versatile complex of air forces, armed
with first-class equipment, well-informed as to the latest
techniques, and supported by a massive industrial and
research structure over which it exercises the highest
priorities."

The well-known MIG-15 still appeared to form the back-
bone of Soviet fighter squadrons, but several improved models
were reported A twin-engined single-seated version was
observed in considerable numbers in eastern Germany. This
machine appeared to have two axial-flow engines in the wing
roots and was apparently somewhat heavier and more power-
fully armed than the original model. It was said to mount
four 23-mm. or four 30-mm. cannon. The other variation
was apparently a night fighter with a single engine (and
possibly an afterburner). It was a two-seater type, probably
for pilot and radar operator. The nose had been modified to
permit the installation of radar gear above the engine air-
mtake.

Another fighter development reported early in 1952 was that
of the MIG-19 This was said to be a short-bodied swept-
wmg fighter with tail surfaces carried high above the fuselage.
It was said to bear a very close resemblance to the German
Focke-Wulf-103, designed at the end of World War II by
Kurt Tank.

In light bombcis, the Ilyushm IL-26 with twin jet engines
mounted in the wing nacelles appeared to be widely used but
a slightly smaller version of the same type was also reported
It was probably fitted with newer, higher-thrust engines which
would give it increased performance over the IL-26. A wholly
new type of light bomber which would eventually replace the
IL-26 series was reported and identified as the EF-150. It was
said to be the work of a group of German design engineers.
It was described as a swept-wing monoplane with a span of
more than 100 ft , powered by two axial-flow jet engines of
more then 10,000-lb. thrust each, suspended in nacelles under
the wings It was said to have a top speed in excess of 600
m.p.h and to be able to operate at high altitudes. It was
handled by a crew of three.

The other important development appeared to be among
heavy bombers. Until recently, the only reported long-range
bombers of importance were the TU-4, a Soviet-built adap-
tation of the U.S. B-29 class bomber. In now seemed probable
that a new machine, the TUG-75 long-range intercontinental
bomber, was being developed It was not known if this
machine had been built and flown but the general specifi-
cations had been reported The design was apparently based
on the use of six turbine-driven propeller engines, probably
a development of the German BMW-028 engines The
fuselage was said to be long and slim, and the wings of high
aspect ratio with a moderate degree of sweepback. Its range
and other performance capabilities would probably be
similar to those of the U.S. B-36 bomber.

It was also well known that the Russians were not depending
entirely on long-range bombers of the TUG-75 class to
deliver intercontinental air attacks. With the help of many
of the former German V-2 experts, they were unquestionably
developing long-range guided missiles of greater capability
than the German V-2. There were many indications that
experimentation with guided missiles was going forward at a
high rate' in the U.S.S.R.

Power Plant Developments. Little was known of the
details of Soviet aircraft engine development but, judging
from the reported performances of their aircraft and the
examination of the few actual pieces of equipment that had
come into U.N. possession in Korea, their engine designers
were keeping up with design progress elsewhere. Not only

were German jet engine technicians made available to th<
Soviet aircraft constructors at the end of World War 11, bui
a number of British-built jet power plants were delivered tc
Soviet satellites in 1947 and 1948. There was no question but
that they had been able to develop better engines than th<
ones they received from Great Britain at that time. The)
undoubtedly increased the thrust capability of these engine!
and, at the same time, developed engines of considerably
greater thrust, probably approaching the 10,000 to 1 1,000-lb,
class. The projected use of turbo-prop engines for the TUG-75
bomber had been mentioned, but how soon such engines
might be available in quantity was unknown.

Other Countries. The so-called off-shore procurement
programme under the Mutual Security agency, /.*., the pur-
chasing of fighter aircraft for N.A.T.O. from European
manufacturers using U.S. money, was inaugurated in Sept-
ember. The plan was to build up N.A.T.O. air strength more
quickly and to bolster up some of the lagging European air-
craft industries. It was thought also that more aircraft could
be obtained for the same money because of substantially
lower labour and other production costs in Europe than in the
United States. During the fiscal year 1953, the United States
was to contribute $225 million to the programme, which was
to be matched by $175 million from other N.A.T.O. countries.

The programme contemplated manufacture of aircraft by
five outstanding European firms. The Dutch Fokker Aircraft
company would finish an order of British Gloster Meteors and
would switch over to production of Vickers-Armstrong
Swifts. Rolls-Royce Avon engines for these machines would
be provided by the Belgian Fabrique Nationale d'Armes.
A French company, Avions Marcel Dassault, would build
the MD-453 Mystere, a swept-wing interceptor fighter. This
machine was to be powered by jet engines, the Atar 101D to
be built by Socie'te' Nationale d' Etude et de Construction de
Moteurs d' Aviation. The Fiat company of Italy would build
both air frame and engine for the de Havilland Venom night
fighter.

The 1953 programme had not yet been completed by Oct.
1952, but contract negotiations were under way and it was
contemplated that three-year production schedules would be
laid down. These aircraft, together with machines that were
already being supplied to N.A.T.O. by U.S. manufacturers
and by Canada, would greatly strengthen the western air
forces in Europe. (See also ROYAL AIR FORCE.) (S. P. J.)

AIRPORTS. Late in 1952 the long-delayed decision of
the Ministry of Civil Aviation in Great Britain was announced
on the selection of the most suitable site for a new terminal
airport in the London area. As was expected, the choice fell
upon Gatwick, a privately owned airport established in the
more immediate pre- World War II period and situated some
27 mi. from London on the London-Brighton electric railway.
The announcement met with a mixed reception from several
directions, from local town planning authorities to others
more intimately concerned with air line operation. Although
the problems set by the local terrain which beset the original
constructors had been largely solved, the bisecting of a main
arterial road and the proximity of the railroad embankment
to the ends of the two proposed parallel runways of 7,000 ft.
length each, provided potential new ones.

On a broader issue, the decision to establish a permanent
secondary terminal to London airport to handle European
and internal short-haul air traffic exposed the weakness of
the preconceived theory that modern airports of sufficiently
grand proportions could cope with hitherto impossible
densities of traffic movements. This view was largely sup-
ported by the experience gained of high-density movement
during the famous Berlin air lift. It was hardly realized then
that the operation of intensive military air-freighting involved

AIR RACES AND RECORDS

The control tower at Luton airport, Bedfordshire, which was opened
on Sept. 24, the tower is 52 ft. 6 in. from ground to roof level.

disciplines on the air crews and on traffic controllers that
could not be applied to carriage by civil airlines and also that
some reduction of the safety factor was justifiable in the
Berlin air traffic pattern that could not be tolerated in civil
aviation. The same shortcoming of high density traffic had
also become evident elsewhere, for example in the New York
area, where Newark airport had to have some restriction
placed upon its movements during 1952.

A further consideration was the potentiality of helicopter
aircraft for assimilating much of the short-haul and possibly
even European range traffic and for saving time. Once the
mechanical problems of this type were surmounted, the whole
airport constructional and improvement policy of world civil
aviation authorities might change overnight. For example,
the construction of rings of major airports around large centres
of population would no longer take pride of place in the civil
aviation budget, for the helicopter could operate from much
more modest bases situated at centres in or around the axes
of the population areas served.

ACTIVITY AT AIRPORTS IN riu BKIIISII Isits 1951

Freight set

down and

Aircraft Passengers Handled picked up

Terminal

Transit

London

49,341

766,345

29,747

14,457

Northolt

53.330

739,933

9,794

8.207

Belfast (Nutts Corner) .

9,035

133,992

1.408

Glasgow (Renfrew)

20,858

139.562

496

Isle of Man (Ronaldsway)

9,819

94,823

7.549

355

Liverpool (Speke) .

19,507

81.146

2.796

1.457

Lympne

14.061

33,686

13,102

Manchester (Ringway) .

21.093

109,306

5,940

3,070

Prestwick

12.747

53,982

74.129

570

Southampton (Eastleigh)

16.537

48,555

1.247

334

Guernsey

12.505

81,570

10,417

686

Jersey ....

19,426

191,248

5,344

640

Dublin

9,908

273,326

2,668

4,268

Shannon

4,993

26,245

132,087

624

SOURCE: Ministry of Civil

Aviation

(London), and

Acr Lingus (Dublin).

The foregoing considerations undoubtedly helped towards
a noticeable slowing of the tempo of airport construction and
development during 1952. Much of this was attributable,
however, to the demands of military air programmes of
various nations and to the prevailing financial stringency in
many countries. In air matters, which included ground
establishments, military and civil affairs were as ever inextric-
ably mixed, and the general policy in 1952 was one of first
tilings first, according to the length of the national purse.
At the same time, airport projects of some magnitude that
seemed likely to materialize in spite of current fiscal diffi-
culties were noted during the year at places as far apart as
Puerto Rico, Jerusalem, and Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia.

In the middle east, Jordan decided in 1952 to enlarge
Kalandia airport, which served Jerusalem, and to make
Amman a major terminal. One of the most rapid constructions
of recent airport history was completed at Khalde, Beirut,
where the Lebanese authorities were largely " sponsored " by
the International Civil Aviation organization. This pheno-
menal project was in sufficient state of progress to come to the
aid of international air lines when Farouk airport, Cairo, was
shut down for political reasons early in 1952.

A rival to the new Livingstone airport, near the Victoria
falls in Northern Rhodesia, appeared in the form of a new
terminal at Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia. The main
runway was completed and it was hoped that Kentucky, as
the airport was named, would serve as an alternate for Comet
jet airliner services. (C. F. As.)

United States. On June 30, 1952, the end of the sixth year
of the U.S. 12-yr., $520 million Federal Aid Airport
programme, a total of $183,145,451 in federal funds had
been scheduled, of which $181,729,792 had been put under
contract. Federal funds had been granted to 2,286 projects
at 1,159 different airports. Of this total, 1,680 projects had
been completed and 353 were under construction.

The Civil Aeronautics administration opened 45,000 mi.
of ultra modern very-high frequency airways in the United
States on June 1. These new Victor airways offered increased
accuracy and simplicity in air navigation over much of the
United States to all types of aircraft and would eventually
largely replace the existing 70,000 mi. of airways based on
the low or medium frequency, four-course radio ranges.
Cornerstone of the Victor airways was the very-high-frequency
omni-dircctional range, commonly referred to as the omni-
range, which offered courses in all directions. By midyear
the C.A.A. had commissioned more than 350 omniranges
in the United Stales. At the request of the air force, action
was taken to provide aircraft movement information service
at II air route traffic control centres. (B. M. ST.)

The new terminal at Isla Verde was planned to relieve
congestion at the existing airport, Isla Grande, which served
San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico, and was reputed to be
the busiest in Latin America, largely because of the insular
position of the country which makes air traffic of paramount
importance to national economy. (See also AVIATION, CIVIL.)

(C. F. As.)

AIR RACES AND RECORDS. A major inno-
vation in 1952 was the institution in Britain of an individual
air racing championship, based on points gained in certain
nominated races. The first winner, who also received the
Royal Aero Club Jubilee trophy, was W. P. I. Fillingham.

The British national air races for 1952 were staged at
Newcastle-upon-Tyne airport, July 11-12. Four handicap
events were held, all over two laps of a 32-mi. course. The
King's cup race, for which the other events were eliminators,
was won by C. Gregory in a Taylorcraft. The Air League
challenge cup, now awarded for the fastest lap speed during
the meeting, went to J. M. Wilson (Vampire, 500 m. p. h.).

ALASKA ALBANIA

The South Coast race (Aug. 2) was won by the veteran
Wing Commander R. H. Mclntosh (Proctor); Italian entrants
were second and third.

Canberra jet bombers set up several more point-to-point
records, notably the first double crossing of the north Atlantic
in one period of daylight (Aug. 26). The pilot, Wing Com-
mander R. P. Beamont, with two companions, used the
same route as on previous similar flights, Belfast (Aldergrove)-
Gander, returning in 3hr/25min. (average 605-52 m.p.h.).

The crew of three- (left to right) P. Millwood, D. A. Watson and
R. P. Beamonl of the English Electric Canberra bomber that on
Aug. 26 flew from Belfast to Gander, Newfoundland, and hack.

On Sept. 28 a standard Canberra piloted by Wing Commander
II. P. Connolly reached Nairobi from London in 9 hr. 55 min.
On July 10 D. W. Morgan flew the prototype Vickers-
Supermarine Swift from London to Brussels in 18 min. 3-3
sec. (average 665-9 m.p.h.), and, in a very different category
<the 500-1,000 kg. class), T. W. Hayhow set up no fewer than
28 point-to-point records between London and various
European cities in his Auster Aiglet. In the same class
M. A. Conrad (Piper Pacer) achieved a distance of 2,460 mi.
from Los Angeles to New York state. A world distance
record for helicopters was claimed by E. Smith, who flew
a Bell 47 from Fort Worth, Texas, to Niagara Falls (1 ,21 7 mi.)
non-stop.

The U.S.S.R. held the great majority of the world's
model aircraft records (e.g., duration, 5 hr. 10 min.; distance,
221 mi.), and in 1952 claimed several for parachuting.

During the year public demonstrations of flying at super-
sonic speeds were made for the first time, and it was revealed
that the U.S. Skyrocket had been flown " at more than 1,300
m.p.h. and at a height greater than 79,000 ft. " during its

1 951 tests. These performances were not submitted as records,
but on Nov. 20 Capt. J. Slade Nash of the U.S.A. F. flew a
Sabre (F-86D) over an official course near the Salton sea
{California) at 699-9 m.p.h. 29 m.p.h. higher than the four-
year-old existing record. (Sec also GLIDING.) (G. D. H. L.)

ALASKA. Northernmost territory of the United States,
separated from Siberian U.S.S.R. by the Bering strait. The
Aleutian islands, extending 1,200 mi. westward from the
extremity of the Alaskan peninsula, constitute part of the
territory. Area: 586,400 sq. mi. Pop. (1952 est.): 160,000
excl. military, naval and coast-guard personnel. Chief towns
(pop. 1950): Anchorage (11,254); Juneau (cap., 5,596);
Fairbanks (5,771). Governor, Ernest Gruening.

History. The most important event occurring in Alaska in

1952 was the announcement by the Aluminium Company of
America (Alcoa) of plans to construct a $400 million hydro-
electric power station and aluminium reduction plant in the
Taiya valley near Skagway. The construction of the project

would be accompanied by the establishment of a new city of
20,000 inhabitants. The Alcoa project, in addition to the
$40 million pulp mill already under construction at Ketchikan
and the nearly completed plywood mill at Juneau, promised
further stabilization of the economy of southeastern Alaska,
previously dependent on the seasonal salmon and halibut
fishing industries.

Constructional activity continued to reach new high levels
with defence construction maintaining the lead. Projects
looking towards the continued development of the territory
were undertaken or further pursued, particularly in housing,
road building and airport and harbour improvements. Rail-
way facilities underwent extensive rehabilitation and con-
struction proceeded on the large hydro-electric installation
at Eklutna near Anchorage. A statehood bill for Alaska was
passed in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1951 but
failed of passage in the Senate in 1952.

Education. Schools (1951-52): elementary and secondary pupils
20,936, teachers 748.

Finance. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1952. territorial tax
collections amounted to $15,100,543, an increase of 34-15% over the
previous year. The territorial treasury had a net cash balance of
$9,007,492 as of June 30, 1952.

Agriculture. Total value of crop and livestock production in 1952
was $4,870,960. compared with $2,186,233 for the previous year.

Fisheries. The salmon pack, considered the largest in the world,
totalled 3,505.500 cases in 1952 with a value of about $90 million.
The halibut, shrimp, crab and cod fishery brought the total value of the
sea food packed to more than $110 million.

Industry. Production (1950): coal 412,000 tons; gold 289,000 oz.
A large iron ore deposit was discovered near Klukwan. (ER. GR.)

ALBANIA. People's republic in the western part of the
Balkan peninsula bounded N. and E. by Yugoslavia, S. by
Greece and W. by the Adriatic sea. Area: ll,100sq.mi.
Pop.: (1930 census) 1,003,097; (mid- 1950 est.) 1,200,000.
Language: Literary Albanian and two spoken dialects, the
Gheg north of the river Shkumbi and the Tosk in the south.
Religion: Moslem 65%, Greek Orthodox 23%, Roman
Catholic 1 1 %. Chief towns (1949 est.): Tirana (cap., 40,000);
Scutari or Shkoder (30,000); Koritsa or Korce (28,000);
Elbasan (18,000). Chairman of the presidium of the People's
Assembly, Omer Nishani; prime minister, minister of foreign
affairs and of national defence, General Enver Hoxha.

History. Albania lived through another year of its
precarious existence as a Soviet satellite state cut off from
the rest of the eastern European bloc without any important
change of its political or economic structure. There was
ample evidence that the Communist government was so
preoccupied with the maintenance of the regime in power
and with the problems arising from the country's isolation
that it was unable to make any marked progress towards
its main aims collectivization of agriculture and industriali-
zation. This was borne out during the 2nd congress of the
Albanian Workers' (Communist) party held in Tirana in
March and April. The prime minister, General Hoxha, who
made the principal speech declared: " We have to admit that
the Two- Year Agricultural plan was not properly organized
or carried out . . . This has resulted in a decrease in the
individual production of the peasants." This Two- Year
plan (1949-50) should have been followed by a Five- Year
plan, which was in fact officially inaugurated in 1951, but
owing to the regime's political instability it was not actually
launched until the summer of 1952, leaving the government
three and a half years in which to reach its goals. It was not
surprising therefore that the 'Communist party congress
should have been held in an atmosphere of almost unrelieved
gloom, or that it should have been followed by the dismissal
of four ministers for inefficiency, including Manush Muftiu,
deputy premier and member of the Politburo, and Josif
Pashko, minister of the state control and secretary of the '
central committee of the party.

ALEXANDER OF TUNIS ALGERIA

The theme of the country's isolation was underlined by
frequent announcements throughout the year about the
activities of hostile agents introduced illegally into the country
by Albania's neighbours Greece and Yugoslavia, supported by
Great Britain and the United States. The government also
complained of continuous frontier violations by Greek and
Yugoslav troops, including armed raids on frontier villages.

Meanwhile the U.S.S.R. continued to exploit the Albanian
economy to its own advantage without committing itself to
Albania's defence. It consistently refused to grant Albania
a mutual defence treaty. Nevertheless, although no official
information was forthcoming, it became clear that there was
a change in emphasis in Soviet-Albanian relations which
was also reflected inside the Albanian Communist hierarchy
For the first time the Albanian press referred to the presence
of non-Russian technicians in Albanian industries (Bulgarian
experts were specifically named), a development which gave
rise to the belief that the Soviet government considered
Albania too isolated and exposed for a large number of
Soviet engineers and technicians

The eighth anniversary of the liberation of Albania and
the 40th anniversary of its independence were celebrated at
Tirana on Nov. 28. A Soviet delegation headed by Colonel-
General K. N. Galitsky was present. A monument to Ismail
Kemal, who in 1912 proclaimed the country's independence,
was unveiled at Vlore (Valona).

No settlement was reached m the dispute between Albania
and Great Britain over the Corfu Channel mining incident
in which 44 British lives were lost in 1947. (M. MACK )

Education. Schools (1949) elementary 1,910, pupils 162,000, higher
elementary 145, secondary 20, total pupils 19,140, a teachers' college
was opened at Tirana in 1946, Enver Hoxha announced in Moscow in
Oct 1952 that Albania had five institutions of higher education

Agriculture. Mam crops ('000 metric tons, 1935-39 average, 1947
estimates in brackets) maize 128 7 (140), wheat 41 (54), oats 10 3;
barley 4 7, olives 17, tobacco (1939-41) 2 5 Livestock ('000 head,
1938, 1946 est m brackets) sheep 1,573 9 (1,548), goats 923 3 (854),
cattle 391 2 (345), pigs 15 3 (35), horses 54 4 (50), asses 44 6 (40)

Industry. Crude oil output (1951 est) 157,000 metric tons A
textile works was opened at Fieri in Nov 1951 with a planned yearly
production of 20 million m of cotton fabrics A sugar refinery was
completed in 1951 at Malik with a production capacity of 10.000 tons
Lignite, copper ore, chromium ore, pyrites and bauxite were extracted
and exported in small quantities

Finance. Budget (million leks, 1950 actual, 1951 est m brackets)
revenue 6,966 (9,500), expenditure 6,426 (9,100) including 2,252 (3,607)
invested in the national economy Monetary unit, lek with official
exchange rates of L 12 50 to the rouble, L 140 00 to the pound sterling
and L 50 00 to the U S dollar.

Transport and Communication. Roads (1949) 1,766 mi Licensed
motor vehicles (Dec. 1950). cars 500, commercial 1,240 Railways
(1951) c 81 mi i e , normal gauge fines linking Duresi (Durazzo) with
Tirana and Elbasan via Kavaja-Peqini Radio receiving sets (1950)
40,025

ALEXANDER OF TUNIS, HAROLD RUPERT
LEOFRIC GEORGE ALEXANDER, 1st Earl, of
Erngal, British field marshal (b. Dec. 10, 1891), was educated
at Harrow and Sandhurst and commissioned in 1911, in the
Irish Guards. He served on the western front during World
War I, was mentioned in despatches five times, wounded
three times and received the D.S.O. and M.C. At the begin-
ning of World War II he commanded the 1st division in
France and was responsible for the evacuation of over
300,000 men of the British expeditionary force from the
beaches of Dunkirk. For a time he was g.-o.-c.-m-c., southern
command, but in March 1942 he went to Burma where he
was in charge of the retreat from that country. In August
of the same year he was appointed c.-in-c., middle east, and
it was under him that the German and Italian armies were
driven out of Libya. In Feb. 1943 he became deputy c.-m-c.,
north Africa, under General Dwight D. Eisenhower and
later, in Nov. 1944, supreme Allied commander in the
Mediterranean. On June 4, 1944, Rome was taken by his

armies and in May 1945 Field Marshal Alexander, as he
then was, signed an armistice with the defeated German
commander in Italy.

In 1946 he was created a viscount and in the same year
took office as governor-general of Canada. On Oct. 1, 1947,
the powers of the governor-general of Canada were increased
by letters patent signed by George VI and the holder was
given full royal powers. In April 1948 Viscount Alexander
visited Britain and was invested with the Order of the Garter.
His term of office as governor-general was twice extended,
but on Jan. 28, 1952, it was announced that he was to become
British minister of defence from March 1. At the same time
an earldom was conferred on him and, on relinquishing his
post as governor-general, he took the title of Baron Rideau
of Ottawa and Castle Derg in the county of Tyrone and
Earl Alexander of Tunis. In June he went to Korea and
Japan for military discussions. He left Tokyo for the U.S.
and Canada on June 18 to confer with General Omar Bradley.
Lord Alexander returned to London on June 25.

ALGERIA. French territory of north Africa, between
Morocco (west) and Tunisia (east), with the status of govern-
ment-general of the French Union. Total area: 846,124 sq.mi.
administered in two parts: Northern Algeria (80,919 sq.mi.),
comprising the overseas departements of Algiers, Oran and
Constantme; and the four territories of Southern Algeria
(770,1 59 sq.mi.). Pop. (1948 census): 8,681,785 including
8 1 6,993 (9 4 %) in the southern territories. Arabs and Berbers,
who are Moslem, constitute 86 7% of the population,
Europeans (1936) 987,252, mainly Roman Catholic; Jews
(1949 est.) 130,000. Administration: Algerian Assembly, 120
members elected by two colleges (first college, all citizens of
French status and Moslems distinguished by military, uni-
versity, administrative or judicial qualifications; second
college, all other Moslem citizens). The assembly manages
Algerian affairs in agreement with the governor-general, who
has wide powers. Chief towns (1948 census): Algiers (cap.
315,210); Oran (256,661); Constantme (118,774); Bone
(102,823); Tlemcen (69,668). Governor-general, Roger
Leonard.

History. In 1952 the Algerian Assembly expressed its
hope for wider economic, administrative and political
autonomy, but at the same time asked for further financial
help from France. A French periodical launched a campaign
for " the nationalization of the Sahara ". This meant that
France should have direct control over the Saharan territories,
many of which were in fact controlled from Algeria. Protests
were voiced in Algiers.

In April the 52 persons accused of plotting against the
security of the state (the Blidah conspiracy) were tried by the
Algiers court, and demonstrations took place. Messali Hadj,
leader of the extremist Mouvement pour le Triomphe des
Libertes Democratiques (M.T.L.D.), was sentenced to reside
under surveillance in France. The Front Algerien de la
Liberte, which the Communist party, the M.T.L.D. and the
U.D.M.A. (Union du Mamfeste Algerien, led by Ferhat
Abbas) formed on Aug. 5, 1951, as a protest against alleged
pressure by the authorities at the general election, was
abortive because of wide divergence of opinion and interest
among its components.

The four-year plan, taking account of the increase in popu-
lation, made considerable provision for the development of
agricultural resources and envisaged giving certain workers
professional training for jobs in France. The harvest was to a
large extent enough for local requirements. New irrigation
schemes were completed and the total capacity of reservoirs
amounted to 730,000 cu.m. Algerian workers continued to
emigrate to France and by the end of 1952 their number
was estimated at 200,000.

ALIENS

Education. Schools (1951)- pupils, primary 350,000, secondary
24,000, technical 3,000. University of Algiers, students 5,000.

Agriculture. Mam crops (1951, '000 metric tons) wheat 1,061 , barley
575; oats 152; citrus fruits 270; olive oil 18, figs 18; dates 20; potatoes
200; other vegetables 250; tobacco 20; alfa grass 250; cork 50. Wine-
13,743,000 hi. Livestock ('000 head) cattle 800, sheep 5,300, goats
3,200; horses 220; mules 230; asses 330; camels 150

Industry. Mineral production (1951, '000 metric tons)' coal 250;
iron ore 2,822, phosphates 769; zinc 21 Industrial production (1951,
'000 metric tons) cement 448, superphosphates 120; paper 25, pig iron
6-0, copper wire 7 0, matches (million boxes) 173; electricity (million
kwh ) 665

Finance. Budget (1951-52 est ) balanced at Fr. 72,000 million Note
circulation (Dec 1951) Fr 71,000 million Algerian franc metro-
politan franc.

Foreign Trade (1951, million Fr). Imports 201,126 (mcl 151.778
from France); exports 121,437 (mcl 80,266 to France and 11,600 to
Great Britain) Principal exports wine, cereals, iron ore, vegetables,
citrus fruits, phosphates.

Transport and Communications. Railways (1950) 4,500km ; state
roads 8,000 km , secondary roads 26,000 km Motor vehicles licensed
(1950) 173,000 Ships entered (1951) Algiers 2,185, Oran 1.519
Aircraft landed 10,108

See Industrialisation de I'Afrique du Nord (Pans, 1 952). (Hu. DE.)

ALIENS. The number of aliens registered in the United
Kingdom on June 30, 1952, was 384,488 (males 229,917,
females 154,571), of whom 128,546 were living in the metro-
politan police district (London). The figure on June 30, 1951,
had been 411,238 and on Jan. 1, 1952, was 401,151. The
principal nationalities represented and the number of each
on June 30, 1952, compared with the corresponding figures
at the same date in 1951 were: Austrian 9,243 (10,348);
Czechoslovak 4,441 (6,103); Danish 4,142 (5,255); Dutch
8,524 (9,360); French 15,225 (16,342); German 42,433
(45,285); Hungarian 4,101 (4,760); Italian 31,379 (25,396);
Latvian 1 1,934 (13,436); Lithuanian 5,436 (6,388); Norwegian
5,258 (5,485); Polish 129,575 (143,253); Russian, including
White Russian, 24,477 (26,078); Spanish 4,210 (4,016); Swiss
12,579 (12,933); U.S. 17,318 (17,400), Yugoslav 8,743 (9,431).
The total included more than 7,000 aliens to whom no
nationality could be attributed.

Among aliens not required to register and therefore not
included in these figures were children under 16 years of age;
members of the diplomatic and consular services of foreign
governments; certain officials of international organizations;
members of the U.K. armed forces and of the North Atlantic
treaty forces on duty in the U.K.; British protected persons;
and tourists and other visitors who spent less than three
months in the United Kingdom. The number of incoming
foreign travellers to the United Kingdom in the 12 months
up to Sept. 30, 1952, was 811,211, as compared with 756,579
for the twelve months previous to Sept. 30, 1951. Of these
262,226 arrived by air and 548,985 by sea. In July 1952,
136,245 foreigners landed at U.K. ports and 118,430
embarked. Figures for July 1951, were 128,015 and 106,772.

In April 1952 the immigration inspection of passengers
coming from Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
to Great Britain was abolished. Foreigners who entered the
United Kingdom from the Irish republic became automatically
subject to restrictions on their length of stay and freedom to
take employment by virtue of the provisions of the Aliens
(No. 2) order, 1952 (Statutory Instrument 636/1952). In the
same month an arrangement was made with the other signa-
tories of the Brussels treaty Belgium, France, Luxembourg
and the Netherlands to waive the requirement of individual
passports for persons under the age of 21 travelling in a party
of from 5 to 50 persons (excluding the leader) from one of the
five countries to visit any of the others. Consular conventions
with the United States and Sweden came into force in Sept.
1952. In October the United Kingdom concluded a visa
abolition agreement with Turkey. As a result of earlier agree-
ments the nationals of the following countries were not

required to obtain visas to travel to the United Kingdom:
Belgium, Cuba, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Liechten-
stein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, San
Marino, Sweden, Switzerland "and the United States.

During the first nine months of 1952 nearly 26,000 permits
were issued to allow foreigners to come and work in the
United Kingdom for periods of varying length. Nearly
15,000 of these were for domestic employment in private
households, hospitals and institutions, 2,700 for posts in
industry and commerce and 2,700 for entertainment engage-
ments. In addition, the recruitment of Italian men to work
in undermanned industries continued.

From Jan. 1, 1952, the 15,000 former members of the
German armed forces, 8,500 former Ukrainian prisoners of
war and 1,000 Italian former prisoners of war, who volun-
teered to remain in the U.K. to work in agriculture instead of
accepting repatriation at the end of 1948, were free to take
any work they could obtain. In June 1952, former members
of the Polish forces who were allowed to remain in the United
Kingdom after demobilization, but who were subject to
certain restrictions on their freedom to set up in business or
to take employment, were released from these. The 77,000
foreigners, mostly of Polish or Baltic origin, who were
temporarily accommodated in displaced persons' camps on
the continent immediately after the end of World War II and
had subsequently before 1951 been admitted for employ-
ment in the United Kingdom with a view to settlement, con-
tinued to become free to take any work they could obtain as
soon as they had completed three years' residence.

Between Jan. 1 and Oct. 1, 1952, 4,171 new applications for
naturalization were lodged, as compared with 3,576 for the
same period in 1951. Certificates granted durmg the same
period numbered 2,533. During the same period 3,712 foreign
women who had married British subjects and 695 minors
acquired British nationality by registration as citizens of the
United Kingdom and colonies, as compared with 4,528 and
768 respectively during the first nine months of 1951.

(T. G. W.)

United States. The seven largest nationality groups of
aliens who reported in 1951 were: Mexico (324,104); Italy
(229,062); Canada (217,397); Poland (213,319); Great
Britain (192,723); U.S.^.R. (126,010), and Germany (118,003)

Naturalizations. The number of naturalizations took a
sharp upward trend in the year ended June 30, 1952, to
88,655 or 33,939 higher than the 54,716 naturalized in the
fiscal year 1951. One factor that changed the trend was the
immigration of war brides and displaced persons after the
end of World War II. Many of these immigrants had lived
in the United States long enough to meet the residence
requirements and were becoming eligible for naturalization.

Of the 88,655 persons naturalized, 26,920 were naturalized
under the general provisions of the nationality laws. Two-
thirds of those who received certificates were persons married
to citizens.

Three-fourths of the 2,163 petitions denied were rejected
because the petitioners withdrew or failed to prosecute the
petition. Another principal cause of denial was lack of
knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of the

NON-CITIZENS NATURALIZED IN THE US, 1949-52
(Years ended June 30)

Former nationality 1952

1951

1950

1949

British . 14,993

10,867

12,697

13,284

German

. 13,538

5,439

6,065

5,777

Canadian

. 10,004

5,872

5,882

5,347

Italian

9,720

5,975

8,743

8,301

Polish .

5,858

3,100

3,793

4,371

U.SS.R .

2,851

1,830

2,122

2,752

Mexican .

2,496

1,969

2,323

2,227

Filipino . . 1,813

1,595

3,257

3,478

Other .... 27,382

18,069

21,464

21,057'

Total .... 88,655

54,716

66,346

66,594

AMBASSADORS AND ENVOYS

history, principles and form of government of the United
States. All except 4 of the 279 certificates of naturalization
revoked during the year were initiated by the foreign service
of the State Department because naturalized citizens became
residents of foreign states within five years of naturalization.
New Legislation. The major legislative project of the fiscal
year continued to be the work begun early in 1950 on omni- '
bus bills having for their purpose the recodification, and in
many particulars the revision, of existing laws relating to :
immigration and nationality. Consideration of bills dealing j
with various phases of immigration and naturalization was I
deferred because the general omnibus bill was looked upon
as likely to render separate public enactments unnecessary.
(See also IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION.) (A. R. MACK.)

ALIMENTARY SYSTEM: see STOMACH AND IN- [
TESTINES, DISEASES OF. |

AMBASSADORS AND ENVOYS. The following |
is a list of the chief diplomatic representatives to and from [
Great Britain, Dec. 31, 1952. |

To Great Britain
Shah Wali Khan
Domingo A. Derisi
Lothar Wimmer
Vicomte Obert de

Thieusies

Justo Rodas Eguino
Samuel de Sou/a Leao
Gracie

Nalden K. Nikolov
U Ka Si
Enrique Balmaceda Toro Chile

(vacant)

*Jos6 Maria Villarreal
tGuillermo Pad ilia Castro
Roberto Gonzalez de

Mendoza y de la Torre
Josef Ullrich
*Count Eduard Reventlow
Themistocles Messina
Augusto Dillon
Mahmoud Fawzi
Ato Abbebe Retta

Ernst Ossian Soravuo
Rene Massigli
JHans Schlange-

Schoningen
Leon Victor Melas

Francisco Linares Arandi

Love O. Leger
HArchbishop William
Godfrey

Tiburcio Carias

Imre Horvath

Agnar Klemens Jonsson
*Subandrio

*Emir Zeid ibn al-Hussein
Frederick H. Boland
Eliahu Elath
Manlio Brosio
Shunichi Matsumoto
* Fawzi Mulki

Myo Mook Lee

Victor Khouri
Henry Ford Cooper
(vacant)

Andri Clasen
Francisco de Icaza
ShankerShumshereJung Nepal

Bahadur Rana
Dirk Uipko Stikker

Ruben Dario
Per Preben Prebensen

Juan R. Morales
Pedro Godinot de Vila

(vacant)
Don Alberto Freundt

Jos6 E. Romero

Country

From Great Britain

m^^^^^^^^^^^^^m

Afghanistan

Eric Lingeman

ra^^^^^^^^^l^B^^^^H

Argentina

Sir Henry Mack

Mfl^^^^^^^H^Bi^^^^H

Austria

Sir Harold Caccia

B^^^^^^^^HH^^^^^^^B

Belgium

Sir Christopher Warner

^^^^^^K^^^^l

Bolivia

J. Garnett Lomax

mj^^^^^^^j^^^mm

Brazil

Sir Geoffrey Thompson

Bulgaria

J. E. M. Carvell

Burma

R. L. Speaight

Chile

C. N. Stirling
fL. H. Lamb

Shunichi Matsumoto, the first postwar Japanese ambassador to

Colombia

SirGilbertMacKereth

London, on his way to present his credentials to Queen Elizabeth II.

Costa Rica
Cuba

H. B. Livingstone
Adrian Holman

To Great Britain Country From Great Britain

Jcrzy Michalowski Poland *Sir Francis Shepherd

Czechoslovakia
Denmark

Sir Philip Broadmead
*E. A. Berthoud

Ruy Ennes Ulrich Portugal *Sir Nigel Ronald
NicolaeCioroiu Rumania W.J.Sullivan

Dominican Rep.
Ecuador
Egypt
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Germany, West.

Stanley H. Gudgeon
Norman Mayers
Sir Ralph Stevenson
Douglas Busk
Sir Andrew Noble
Sir Oliver Harvey
Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick

Jos6 Arturo Castellanos Salvador, El R. H. Tottenham-Smith
Sheikh Hafiz Wahba Saudi Arabia George C. Pelham
Dukeof Primode Rivera Spain *Sir John Balfour
BoGunnar R. Hilgglcif Sweden *R. B. Stevens
Henri de Torrente Switzerland Sir Patrick Scrivener
Faiz El-Khouri Syria *W. H. Montagu-Pollock
Phra Bahiddha Nukara Thailand *Ci. A. Wallinger
Hiiseyin Ragip Baydur Turkey *Sir A. Knox Helm

Greece
Guatemala

Sir Charles Peake
W. H. Gallicnne

Andrey A. Gromyko U.S.S.R. *Sir Alvary Gascoigne
Walter Sherman Gilford United States *Sir Roger Makins

Haiti
Holy See

D. J. Mill Irving
Sir Walter Roberts

Enrique E. Buero Uruguay * Douglas F. Howard
Carlos Sosa-Rodrigue/ Venezuela *Sir Robert Urquhart

Honduras

G. E. Stockley

Nguyen Khac Ve Vietnam **H. A. Graves
Hasan Ibrahim Yemen M. B. Jacomb

Hungary
eel and
ndonesia

R. M. A. Hankey
J. D. Greenway
Sir Derwent Kermode

(vacant) Yugoslavia *Sir Ivo Mallet
' United Nations IjSir Gladwyn Jebb

raq
reland

Sir John Troutbeck
Sir Walter Hankinson

Ambassador. Unstarred, Minister, t Charge d'Affaires. J Consul General.
High Commissioner to German Federal Republic. 11 Apostolic Delegate.
11 Permanent U.K. representative to the United Nations. ** Also accredited

srael

Sir Francis Evans

to Cambodia and Laos.

taly

Sir Victor Mallet

. apan

Sir Esler Dening

The following is a list of high commissioners within the

ordan
Korea

G. W. Furlonge
W. G. C. Graham

Commonwealth of Nations, Dec. 31, 1952.

Lebanon

E. A. Chapman-Andrews

From Australia to

Liberia

C. F. Capper

Canada Francis Michael Fordc

Libya

Sir Alec Kirkbride

Ceylon Arthur Roden Cutler

Luxembourg

Geoffrey Allchin

Great Britain .... Sir Thomas Walter White

Mexico

John W. Taylor

India W. R. Crocker

Nepal

Christopher H.

New Zealand .... (vacant)

Summerhayes

Pakistan L. E. Bcavis

Netherlands

Sir Nevile Butler

South Africa .... William Roy Hodgson

Nicaragua

H. J. Evans

From Canada to

Norway

Sir Michael Wright

Australia ..... Colin Fraser Elliott

Panama

E. A. Cleugh

Great Britain .... Norman A. Robertson

Paraguay

Ian Henderson

India Escott M. Reid

Persia

(vacant)

New Zealand .... Alfred Rive

Peru

Sir Oswald Scott

Pakistan ..... Kenneth Porter Kirkwood

Philippines

F. S. Gibbs

South Africa .... Terence W. L. MacDermot

AMERICAN LITERATURE

From Ceylon to
Australia .
Great Britain
India
Pakistan

From Great Britain to
Australia
Canada
Ceylon
India

New Zealand
Pakistan
South Africa
Southern Rhodesia

From India to
Australia
New Zealand .
Canada .
Ceylon
Great Britain
Pakistan .

From Ntw Zealand to
Australia .
Canada
Great Britain .

From Pakistan to
Australia
New Zealand
Canada
Ceylon
Great Britain
India

From South Africa to
Australia .
Canada

Great Britain .
Southern Rhodesia

From Southern Rhodesia to
Great Britain
South Africa

J Aubrey Maartensz

Edwin Aloysius Perera Wijeyeratne

C Coomaraswamy

T B. Jayah

Sir Stephen Holmes

Sir Archibald Nye

Sir Cecil Syers

Sir Alexander Clutterbuck

Sir Roy Price

Sir Gilbert Laithwaite

Sir John Le Rougetel

I M R Maclennan

{Prince S Duleepsmghji
(resident in Australia)
R. R Saksena
C P N Singh
Bal Gangadhar Kher
Mohan Sinha Mehta

GEL Alderton

Thomas Charles Atkinson Hislop

Frederick Widdowson Doidge

{Yusuf A Haroon
(resident in Australia)
M Ikramullah
Haji Abdus Sattar Saith
M A H Ispahani
Shaib Qureshi

(vacant)

Alfred Adrian Roberts
Albertus Lourens Geyer
Terence Henry Eustace

Kenneth M Goodenough
Anthony Dnnkwater Chataway

AMERICAN LITERATURE. Two American literary
events of unusual significance in 1952 were the publication
of The Revised Standard Version of the Holy Bible and
Great Books of the Western World. Although most non-
fiction writers concentrated on the American scene, there
were several excellent reports on world affairs. William
L. Shirer wrote Midcentury Journey, a survey of western
Europe's years of conflict. Leland Stowe's Conquest by
Terror described the situation in the satellite countries of
the U.S.S.R. Ray Brock wrote Blood, Oil and Sand on the
middle east, and Justice William O. Douglas recorded his
visit to China and his views on the far east in Beyond the
High Himalayas. Thomas E. Dewey's Journey to the Far
Pacific approved U.S. foreign policy but stressed the dangers
of trying to force Asia into western moulds. Among the
few books on the Korean conflict were Battle Report by
Walter Karig and others; and The Hidden History of the
Korean War, by I. F. Stone, an unorthodox analysis. Many
books about the American scene were expert analyses from
special points of view. Robert Morrison Maclver, a sociolo-
gist, in Democracy and the Economic Challenge argued for a
mixed economy. George A. Graham, a political scientist,
presented a thoughtful and scholarly discussion of corruption
and moral standards in Morality in American Politics.
Reinhold Niebuhr, a theologian, in The Irony of American
History, surveyed the failure of democratic accomplishments
to keep pace with democratic theories. David Riesman,
another sociologist, and Nathan Glazer, in Faces in the
Crowd, anatomized the American personality. Herbert Agar,
in A Declaration of Faith, urged the historical precedent of
respect for the individual conscience.

Of books about the natural world, George Gamow's
The Creation of the Universe posited a continuous evolution-
ary process, and Harold C. Urey's The Planets discussed a

theory of the origin of the solar system. Henry Chapm
F. G. Walton Smith traced the effect of the Gulf strean

and
tm on

climate and economy in The Ocean River. Marston Bates'
Where Winter Never Comes offered a charming apologia
for life in the tropics.

An important work on American art was Hugh Sinclair
Morrison's Early American Architecture which covered the
period from the first colonial settlements of the Atlantic
coast, the south, and west up s to national times. Arnold
Hauser published a two-volume Social History of Art. Lloyd
Goodrich wrote an excellent appreciation of a U.S. painter
in John Sloan. Barry Ulanov's A History of Jazz in America
was encyclopaedic in its scope and detail.

The field of biography and reminiscences was dominated
by campaign literature. Prominent were Noel Fairchild
Busch's Adlat E. Stevenson of Illinois and John Gunther's
Eisenhower, the Man and the Symbol. The most controversial
book of memoirs was Whittaker Chambers' Witness, a
political and spiritual autobiography. Robert Payne recorded
the life and achievements of Charles Chaplin in The Great
God Pan.

Edwin Thomas Martin wrote Thomas Jefferson Scientist,
and Howard Swiggett's The Extraordinary Mr. Morris gave
an unbowdlenzed picture of the founding father. Zoltan
Haraszti, in John Adams and the Prophet? of Progress, drew
on a mass of hitherto unpublished marginalia as well as
published writings. Douglas Southall Freeman added a
fourth volume to his monumental George Washington, A
Biography. A one-volume biography, Abraham Lincoln,
by Benjamin P. Thomas appeared, and another important
item in the Lincoln bibliography was Thomas Harry Williams'
discussion of the Civil War president as a military strategist
in Lincoln and his Generals. A Civil War biography which
had considerable popular appeal was Nina Baker's Cyclone
in Calico, the story of Mary Ann Bickerdyke, the first field
hospital nurse in U.S. history.

The fifth volume of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
appeared, edited by Julian Boyd and others. Elting E.
Monson edited volumes v and vi of The Letters of Theodore
Roosevelt, covering the years of the big stick. Herbert
Hoover's Memoirs. The Great Depression, 1929-1941 dealt
with the origins of the depression, the campaign of 1932 and
its aftermath. Arthur H. Vandenberg, Jr., edited The Private
Papers of Senator Vandenberg. Mr. President was an
authorized selection by William Hillman from the personal
letters, diaries and papers of Harry S. Truman. Samuel I.
Rosenman's Working With Roosevelt was a leisurely remi-
niscence of Franklin JD. Roosevelt. Irving Dilliard collected
papers and addresses of the jurist Learned Hand into The
Spirit of Liberty. The Diary of George Templeton Strong,
edited by Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, gave
the reader a contemporary eyewitness report on mid-19th
century New York. Among books of broader scope were
Herbert Joseph Muller's The Uses of the Past, which presented
profiles of former societies; and Economic Forces in American
History, in which George Soule organized vast statistical
information.

Fiction. The most welcomed novel of the year was Ernest
Hemingway's short work, The Old Man and the Sea, the
spare, and often moving, story of an old fisherman's venture
beyond known waters to catch a giant marlin. John Stein-
beck returned to American readers with East of Eden, a
large uneven novel which combined a history of his own
family in the Salinas valley with portraits of a very good
man and a very bad woman. Ralph Ellison's first novel,
Invisible Man, roused a good deal of interest.

The most conspicuous group of writers were southerners.
Elizabeth Spencer's This Crooked Way had considerable
distinction. John Burress, in Little Mule, pictured the
struggle of a little boy in a poverty-stricken family to take
his dead father's place on the farm. The Alexandrians, by

AMRIT KAUR ANDORRA

Charles Mills, covered 100 years in the life of a small aristo-
cratic community.

The year saw Siroma, Texas, by Madison Cooper,
represented as the longest American novel ever published.
But it also saw a solid group of excellent books distinguished
for their conciseness. Jean Stafford's The Catherine Wheel
was a controlled and effective study of a woman's relationship
to the children of a man she might marry. Wright Morris,
in The Work*; of Love, created a striking character who
fumbles for and cannot grasp the love of a woman or a son.
Foibles of both the academic world and the liberal intellectual
were anatomized in Mary McCarthy's The Grove? of Academe
Isabel Bolton portrayed with skilful delicacy an old woman
reviewing her life in Many Mansion?

Of novels whose chief interest lay in their special settings
or milieux, Edna Ferber's Giant was the most sensational,
largely because of the animosity it aroused in the inhabitants
of Texas, the subject of her criticism Pat Frank wrote about
a heroic retreat from a Korean front in Hold Back the Night,
one of the year's few war novels. Thomas Sterling, in
Strangers and Afraid, created characters far more complex
and real than the usual sociological Negro types.

The most popular of the year's historical novels was
Thomas Bertram Costam's The Silver Chalice, a story of
Joseph of Anmathaea and the Holy Grail. Truman Nelson's
The Sin of the Prophet was a fictionalized account of Theodore
Parker and the Abolitionists in Boston. The Gown of Glory,
by Agnes Shgh Turnbull, concerned a preacher in a small
Pennsylvania town during the early 20th century. Clyde
Bnon Davis' Thudburv, an American Comedy was social
history of the same era as seen in the life of an upstate New
York magnate.

Scholarship. The year in scholarship brought a number of
biographies and critical studies of major American writers.
Leon Howard, in Victorian Knight-Errant, studied the early
literary career of James Russell Lowell Several items were
added to the growing Melville library Lawrance Thompson,
in Melville's Quarrel with God, argued a new interpretation
of his whole literary career, Merrell Davis studied one book
thoroughly in Melville's Mardi, Luther Mansfield and
Howard P. Vincent edited Moby- Dick with voluminous
notes. The American Men of Letters Scries added Richard
Volney Chase's Emily Dickinson Sam Clemens of Hannibal,
the first volume of a biography projected by Dixon Wecter,
was a superb picture of Mark Twain's formative years.

Ellsworth Barnard surveyed the poet's entire works in
Edwin Arlington Robinwn, a Critical Study. Harold Watts,
in Ezra Pound and the Cantos, upheld the integrity of the
work but admitted flaws. Carlos Baker's Hemingway The
Writer as Artist, while it included some biographical material,
concentrated on the writer's ideas and theories. Irving
Howe's William Faulkner- a Critical Study augmented the
reputation of a leading novelist; Rossell Hope Robbms'
The T. S. Eliot Myth derogated that of a leading poet.

Among more general works a landmark was The Confident
Years: 1885-1915, the completing volume of Van Wyck
Brooks' distinguished Makers and Finders. A History of the
Writer in America 1800-1915. Edward Charles Wagen-
knecht's Cavalcade of the American Novel was a critical
history in terms midway between those of the sociological
and the " new " critics. Orville Prescott's In My Opinion
was an inquiry into the contemporary novel.

Poetry. Two collections by eminent poets appeared during
the year, Wallace Stevens' The Man with the Blue Guitar and
Marianne Moore's Collected Poems. A new volume in the
Yale Series of Younger Poets was W. S. Merwin's A Mask
for Janus, which reflected not too sombrely on the desolation
of our times. Samuel Yellen's In the House and Out was
also tinged with a sense of doom. Thomas Hornsby Ferril's

New and Selected Poems used American themes and folk-
ways. Ernest Kroll wrote Cape Horn and Other Poems.
The lyrics of Robert Hillyer's The Suburb by the Sea were
pleasant and relaxed. Other volumes included Shirley
Barker's A Land and a People, on New England themes, and
Joseph Bennett's Decembrist. Babette Deutsch's Poetry in
Our Time was a history of contemporary English and
American poetry; and Louise Bogan's survey, Achievement
in American Poetry, 1900-1950, contained extended criticism
of Pound and Eliot. (See also LITERARY PRIZES ) (H. M H.)

AMRIT KAUR, RAJKUMARI, Indian politician
and social worker (b Kapurthala palace, Lucknow, Feb. 2,
1887). A Punjabi Sikh noblewoman who was later secretary
to the Mahatma Gandhi for 16 years, Amnt Kaur was
educated at Sherborne School for Girls, Dorset, and in
London. She came to prominence in Indian social and
educational affairs as chairman of the All-India Women's con-
ference, 1931-33, of which she became president in 1938. In
1932 she gave evidence on behalf of a number of Indian
women's organizations before Lord Lothian's Indian Fran-
chise committee (1932) and before the joint select committee
of the U.K. parliament (1933) When the Indian government's
Advisory Board of Education was revived in 1935, Amnt
Kaur became its first woman member; she resigned in 1942
at the time of the August civil disobedience outbreak and with
other Congress leaders was then imprisoned until 1945; she
was re-appointed to the board in 1946. She was a leading
member of the Indian delegations to U N.E.S.C.O. in London,
Nov 1945, and Paris, 1946. Upon the achievement of Indian
independence on Aug. 15, 1947, she was appointed minister
of health, being the only woman in the cabinet; she was
re-appointed to the health ministry (and resigned the com-
munications portfolio which she had held since Aug. 1951)
when Jawaharlal Nehru (</.v.) re-formed his government on
May 13, 1952, after the 1951-52 general elections. Amnt K-aur
led the Indian delegation to the World Health organization
in 1948 and 1949, and in 1950 was elected president of the
World Health assembly. She re-visited England on a number
of occasions and made broadcasts from London in 1950 and
on Jan 21, 1952. On the anniversary of Gandhi's birth, Oct
2, 1952, Rajkuman Amnt Kaur made a broadcast from Delhi
which also inaugurated the third Indian anti-tuberculosis fund
campaign. Her publications included To Women (1945) and
Challenge to Women (1946).

ANAEMIA: see BLOOD, DISEASES OF THE.
ANCIENT MONUMENTS: see HISTORIC BUILDINGS.

ANDORRA. Small autonomous principality between
France and Spam, bounded N. by the departements of Ariege
and Pyrenees Orientales, and S. by the Spanish province of
Lenda. Area: 191 sq.mi. Population (1952 est.): 6,000.
Language: Catalan. Religion: Roman Catholic. Capital:
Andorra-la-Vieja (pop., 1952 est., 600). Co-princes: the
president of the French republic and the bishop of Urgel,
Spain, respectively represented by their viguiers. An elected
general council of 24 members appoints one of its members
as the syndic general des vallecs (from 1946, Francisco
Cayrat). '

History. Twelve out of 24 members of the general council
were re-elected on Dec. 15, 1951. Only the heads of families
voted. Jean Menant was appointed French viguier in succes-
sion to Andre Bertrand; he was sworn in at a solemn sitting
of the general council and the syndics did him homage. Jaime
Sansa Nequi continued to serve as the Spanish viguier.

The 60 French gardes mobiles, stationed in the territory
from autumn 1944, left Andorra. The population of Las

ANGLICAN COMMUNION ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN

Escaldas, a township rapidly growing since 1946, exceeded
that of Andorra-la-Vieja.

See Jose Maria Vicial y Guitart, Institucionts Politico* v Societies de
Andorra (Madrid, 1949).

ANGLICAN COMMUNION, In 1952 the bishops
of the Episcopal Church of Scotland elected the Right Rev.
Thomas Hannay, bishop of Argyll and the Isles, as primus
to succeed the Right Rev. John How, bishop of Glasgow,
who retired from both his offices. The diocese of Northern
Rhodesia was filled by the appointment of the Right Rev.
Oliver Green-Wilkinson, previously a missionary priest of
the diocese, who thus became the youngest bishop in the
whole of the Anglican communion. During the year a new
Anglican diocese of Central Tanganyika was formed in
Africa. In the autumn St. Augustine's college, Canterbury,
was reopened as the Central Missionary college of the
Anglican communion to which could come ordinands and
priest-students from all over the world. The first warden
was Canon C. K. Sansbury.

The last of the European missionaries of the Anglican
communion in China were expelled from the country in
1952, and this branch of Anglicanism entered upon a period
of great travail, most of the details of which still remained
unknown to Anglicans in the west. Some of the expelled
missionaries were sent by the missionary societies to do
pioneer work in the Chinese resettlement areas in Malaya.

In August the archbishop of Canterbury spent his holiday
in the United States as the guest of the presiding bishop of
the Episcopal Church, and thus cemented still further the
bonds between the two branches of the Anglican communion.
Though on holiday, he accepted an invitation to preach in
Boston and met many members of the Episcopal Church.
In the autumn the Duchess of Kent, with her son the Duke
of Kent, made a prolonged tour of the far east. In Borneo
she laid the foundation stone of the new cathedral of Kuching,
which would replace the old one built in 1849. The new
cathedral was to be consecrated in 1955, the first centenary
year of the foundation of the diocese. (See also CANTERBURY,
ARCHBISHOP OF; CHURCH OF ENGLAND; CHURCH OF SOUTH
INDIA; WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES.) (R. L.)

ANGLING. The outstanding event of 1952 was the
capture of a 44-lb. carp by R. Walker in a west country lake.
This raised the record for the species by 13 Ib. Six other carp
over 20 Ib. were recorded. The annual all-England contest,
fished on the River Severn in September, produced a record
aggregate of 1| tons. Winners were Leeds, with I351b.
Newport won the first Welsh national championship, held on
the Gloucester canal in October. Outstanding among game
fish were a 49-Ib. salmon from the Hampshire River Avon and
an 18 Ib. 2 oz. sea-trout from the Ythan (Scotland). Inter-
national trout contests, held on Killarney and Loch Leven,
were both won by Ireland.

The death occurred in January of John Eastwood, founder
of the Angler's Co-operative association; a memorial fund
was launched to perpetuate his work for pure rivers. His
association secured a notable court victory in the River
Derwent pollution case.

Reviving interest in competitive casting was evidenced in
tournaments held in Scotland, south Wales, London and Deal
(Kent). Three new sea-fish records were established a mack-
erel of 4 Ib. | oz. from the Isle of Man (Flight Lieut. P.
Porter), a sting-ray of 59 Ib. from Clacton (J. M. Buckley) and
a grey mullet of 10 Ib. 1 oz. from Portland (P. Libby).
Unusual salt-water captures were a 4lb. black fish (Scar-
borough) and a rare specimen of horse-mackerel, 2| Ib. (Sal-
combe). Tunny-fishing was marred by rough weather, and
only four were landed. Blue sharks were exceptionally
numerous off the south coast of Cornwall in the autumn ; many
were brought in by competitors in the Looe Sea Angling festi-
val. The National Federation of Sea Anglers' festival at
Ramsgate in October was marred by the presence of swarms
of small spur-dogfish.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. (All 1952.) R. Walker. Rod-building for Amateurs
(Folkestone); G. Brennand, The Fisherman's Handbook (London);
F. H. Hornsey, Match- Fishing with the Champions (London); Alan
Young, Sea-Angling: Modern Methods and Tackle. (London).

(D. F. KY.)

ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN. Territory in north-
east Africa under the joint sovereignty of Great Britain and
Egypt. Area: 967,500 sq. mi. Pop. (no census ever taken,
1950 est.): 8,350,000. Language: English, Arabic, and

The Archbishop of Canterbury ; speaking from the pulpit of tin' Old North church at Boston, Massachusetts in September. Dr. Fisher spent a
holiday in the United States at the invitation of the presiding bishop oj the Episcopal Church,

ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN

Mounted Sudanese policemen inspect a British (hvrs <'<;> An\\'a\\ ('<>
aircraft began on May 2 Jnn Lomi

various Nilotic and Negro tribal dialects in the south.
Religion: Arabic minority is Moslem; Negro population
mainly heathen; only c. 20% of population in the south is
Christian. Chief towns (pop., 1948 est.): Khartoum (cap.,
71,400); Omdurman (125,300); El-Obeid (70,100); Wad
Medani (57,300); Port Sudan (47,000). Governor-general,
Sir Robert Howe.

History. The affairs of the Sudan during 1952 were once
more intimately bound up with the development of Anglo-
Egyptian relations. When these became critical at the time
of the unilateral denunciation by Egypt of the 1936 Anglo-
Egyptian treaty and of the 1899 condominium arrangements
for the Sudan, on Oct. 27, 1951, it was stated as one ground
for this action that Great Britain had " persistently tried to
separate the Sudan from Egypt ". This provoked from the
British Foreign Office a reaffirmation of the " two funda-
mental principles " of their policy namely, " that they will
agree to no change in the status of the Sudan without con-
sultation with the Sudanese, and that they will maintain the
right of the Sudanese freely to choose their own status."

On Jan. 17 a draft constitution, prepared by the Sudanese
Constitutional commission, was submitted to the legislative
assembly. It proposed a bicameral parliament consisting of a
Chamber of Deputies 100 strong with power to elect the
prime minister and of a Senate having 30 elected and 20
nominated members. Other than the prime minister, the
council of ministers was to consist of Sudanese, eligible for,
but not necessarily members of, parliament, and chosen by
the governor-general in consultation with the prime minister.
External affairs and defence matters were to some extent
reserved to the governor-general who might, in an emergency,
preside over the council of ministers. Differences within the
Sudan were reflected in the provision for a minister of
southern affairs, who was himself to be a southerner. It
was made clear that this was to be no more than a temporary
constitution, designed to function until the Sudanese had
decided upon their future. For this purpose it was suggested
that a constituent assembly should be set up before the end
of 1953. This, on the advice of a resident international com-
mission, should supervise the achievement of full self-
determination.

Meanwhile the two major groups of parties, or " fronts ",
(Umma, or Nation, standing for independence and Ashigga

net ni Khtirhnun airport. The first regular passenger service by jet
)ti u> Johannesburg via Khartoum.

aspiring to the Nile valley unity) had agreed on Jan. 3 to
ask for a plebiscite on the future of the country. The increas-
ing tempo of political life was reflected in the appearance of
new parties, one a Socialist party and another, the Sudan
Republican party, favouring the creation of a secular Sudan-
ese republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, in accord-
ance with the example set by India.

The reopening of Anglo-Egyptian negotiations in April
provoked a message from Miralai Abdullah Khalil, the
leader of the legislative assembly and also secretary-general
of the Umma party, expressing confidence in British intentions
and attacking Egypt's " deplorable attitude " and " attempts
to impose her crown on us ". However, a strong Umma
delegation accepted an invitation to visit Egypt in May.

On April 23 the legislative assembly approved the draft
constitution with some modifications. Substantial powers
remained with the governor-general, but his rights to over-
rule decisions of parliament was specifically limited. The
Senate was to be in accordance with the recommendations
of the Constitutional commission but the chamber was
reduced in size to 78 members. Of these 24 representing the
more politically advanced areas were to be elected by man-
hood suffrage and secret ballot, and 54 were to be chosen
by manhood suffrage exercised through tribal electoral
colleges. The assembly provided for the exercise by the
Sudanese of their right of self-determination, at such a
time and in such a manner as they themselves should deter-
mine.

After General Neguib (himself of Sudanese birth) had
attained power, the Egyptian government began a re-
examination of its policy towards the Sudan. (H. S. D.)

Education (1950). Northern System. Government schools: elementary
262, pupils 37,000; sub-grade and Koran 540, pupils 40,000; inter-
mediate 21, pupils 2,661; secondary 6, pupils 1,457; technical 3, pupils
ning colleges 5, teachers trained annually over 255.
chools 172, pupils 15,900. University education at

college and higher education at Kitchener School of
/; System. Schools : elementary 3, pupils 327; second-
e 1, pupils 150; pupils at mission schools 23,384.
'

264;- teachers' tr

Non-government

Gordon Memori;

Medicine. Suutht

ary 1 ; intermedia

Government train ng schools 2; primary teachers' training centres 2.

Agriculture. Main crops ('000 metric tons 1949; 1950 in brackets):
cotton, ginned 66 (86), cottonseed 175 (105), sesame seed 168-3, gum
arabic (exports only) 33 9, groundnuts 18, dates 25, mai/c 19, millet
100, sorghum 642. Livestock ('000 head, Jan. 1950): cattle 4,000,
sheep 5,600, camels (1949) 1,500, horses (1949) 20, pigs (1949) 4,
goats (1949) 4,300, asses 500.

ANTARCTICA ANTHROPOLOGY

Finance and Banking. Budget ( million) (18 months 1950-51,
actual) revenue 44 8, expenditure 23 2, (1951-52 est.) revenue 24-8.
expenditure 17-8 Total external debt (Dec 31, 1949) 12-3, of which
5-3 to Egypt for development Monetary unit Egyptian pound with
an exchange rate of E 975 to the pound sterling and E 348 to
the U.S. dollar

Foreign Trade. (E million, 1950). Imports 26 8; exports 33 2
Main sources of imports UK 40%; India 14% Main destinations of
exports- U.K. 54%, India 12% Mam imports sugar, coffee and tea
18%; cotton piece-goods 12%, coal, oil fuel and petrol 5% Mam
exports, raw cotton 69%, gum 8%, cottonseed 6 , livestock 5%

Transport and Communications. Railways (1950) 2,056 mi Licensed
motor vehicles (Dec 1950) cars 3,500, commercial 14,500 Telephones
(1951): 8,300 Wireless licences (1949) 3,227

ANGOLA: see PORTUGUESE OVERSEAS TERRITORIES.
ANNAM: see INDOCHINA.

ANTARCTICA. A continent lying almost entirely
within the Antarctic circle, nine-tenths covered by an ice
sheet. Area: nearly 6 million sq.mi Uninhabited, but
divided into Ross dependency (New Zealand), Adehe land
(France), Australian Antarctic territory, Queen Maud land
(Norway) and Falkland Islands dependencies (U.K.). The
only portion not officially claimed is the sector south of the
Pacific between long. 80" and 150 W., where explorations
have been made almost entirely from the United States There
are also Argentine and Chilean claims (which overlap one
another) to most of the Falkland Islands dependencies.

History. No new expeditions left for Antarctica during
1952; two completed their work and returned to Europe.
These were the International Norwegian-British-Swedish
expedition to Queen Maud land and the South Georgia
survey. Parties sponsored or organized by various govern-
ments remained active.

International Norwegian-British-Swedish Expedition. After
two seasons' work all personnel of the expedition were taken
aboard the " Norsel " (Capt. Guttorm Jakobsen) on Jan. 15,
1952. The base, which was built on the floating ice shelf, was
already buried beneath the snow and it was unlikely it would
be seen again owing to continued burial and the gradual
dispersal of the ice shelf. The work of the expedition included
the mapping of a mountain area 200 mi. inside the ice-bound
coast. Seismic sounding of the ice had provided a profile of
the rock floor which indicated that a mountain and fjord type
of country would be revealed if the ice cover were removed.
The results of the geology, glaciology and fneteorology were
afterwards studied in Europe.

South Georgia Survey. This private expedition made a
number of journeys among the high mountains of the island.
The parties travelled in the old mode, manhauhng their
sledges. Some coastal journeys were made on board local
sealing vessels On Jan. 1, 1952, the geologist, Alec Trendall,
fell 175 ft. into a bergschrund badly damaging his left knee.
After seven days' difficult travelling with Trendall bound to a
sledge, the party arrived back at the whaling station hospital
at Grytviken. Though interrupted by this episode the work
was continued and resulted in extensive alterations and
additions to the map of the southern and southeastern coast-
line of South Georgia and the mountains oCthe interior. The
geological work accomplished prior to the accident provided
interesting new light on the structure of the island.

Falkland hlands Dependencies Survey. Seven bases were
active during the year. The Hope bay base (lat. 6324'S.,
long. 5659'W.) destroyed by fire in 1948 was rebuilt in early
February. It was reported that an Argentine party used force
to obstruct the British re-occupation of their base. After
diplomatic exchanges the building of the new accommodation
was carried out. All the F.I.D.S. bases made three-hourly
meteorological observations. The mam exploratory activities
were from Hope bay where sledge journeys up to two months'

duration were made for the purposes of survey and geology.
The survey's ship " John Biscoe " left Southampton on Oct.
20, 1952, with relief personnej and stores for all bases.

Adelie Land Expedition. The French expedition continued
its work in Adelie land. In Jan. 1952 the Norwegian ship
" Tottan " brought a relief party to the four men at Pointe-
Geologie to study the emperor penguin rookery during the
winter breeding season. On Jan. 23 the Port Martin base was
destroyed by fire during a 60-m.p.h. blizzard. No lives were
lost but the base had to be abandoned. Three additional men
joined the four at Pointe-G6ologie where the party of seven
remained for the year under command of Mario Marret.

Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition. The
Australian bases on Heard island and Macquarie island
continued the programme of research in meteorology and
various branches of physics. Two members of the Heard
island base, A. G. Forbes and R. J. Hoseason, lost their lives
when the latter was swept to sea by a giant wave and the
former died of exposure on a glacier while trying Jo fetch
help for a third man, J. Atkinson. Atkinson survived 24 hr.
of exposure but suffered severe frostbite.

Argentina and Chile in the Antarctic. Argentina and Chile
continued to maintain the bases which they had established
in the Falkland Islands dependencies sector of the Antarctic.
It was reported that for the first time some sledge journeys
were made in the northern part of Marguerite bay from the
General San Martin base. The object of the journeys was
not stated.

Whaling. The antarctic whaling season was completed in
the record time of 63 days ( Jan. 2-March 5) when the annual
quota of 16,000 blue whale units had been reached. The
total whale oil obtained during the season was* 2,473,681
barrels and was valued at approximately 30 million. The
opening and closing dates for the season and the overall limit
of 16,000 blue whale units remained the same for the season
1952-53. (V. E. F.)

ANTHROPOLOGY. Eastern Hemisphere. At Vienna
in Aug 1952 there was convened the fourth session of the
International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological
Sciences. The president was the Reverend Professor Wilhelm
Schmidt, of the Vatican City, doyen and, at the age of 84, still
active leader of the Vienna school of anthropology, which has
probably produced a greater volume of valuable field research
than any other in the history of anthropology, even though
some of its basic assumptions are not universally acceptable.
The meeting was a most valuable occasion for comparison of
aims, methods and results between the world's chief schools
of anthropological thought; there were some 800 members
covering most countries of the world, but the countries
dominated by the U.S.S.R. again absented themselves. Little
is known of significant progress in Soviet studies in recent
years, except possibly in certain aspects of archaeology.

The 30th session of the International Congress of Ameri-
canists met, at the invitation of the Royal Anthropological
institute, at Cambridge, England, in August, with J. E. S.
Thompson of the Carnegie institution, Washington, D. C,
a British subject, as president. It was attended by some 180
members from many countries mainly in Europe and the
Americas, and important developments both in theory and in
fieldwork were reported, notably in Maya archaeology.

During the congress, the Huxley Memorial lecture of the
Royal Anthropological institute was delivered by the dis-
tinguished Danish ethnologist Professor Kaj Biricet-Smith;
it was a masterly account of the history and significance of
Danish contributions to the foundation and growth of the
science of anthropology.

The Pan-African Congress on Prehistory held its second
meeting at Algiers in September; it was to have been held in

ANTHROPOLOGY

South Africa in 1951, but Field Marshal Smuts' invitation
issued at the first meeting in Nairobi in 1947 was withdrawn
by the South African government. Reports submitted showed
that considerable progress had been made in the mam fields of
African prehistory and in the correlation of their respective
time scales. It was noted with satisfaction that much activity
was now taking place in west Africa, including Nigeria and
the Gold Coast (where Dr. O. Davies had now joined
Professor A. W. Lawrence as an additional professor of
archaeology at the University college).

The U.N.E.S.C.O. Statement on the Nature of Race and
Race Differences drafted by a committee of representative
British, French, American and other scientists in 1951 (in
substitution for that of 1950 which had been severely criticized
in Britain and elsewhere as scientifically unsound) was further
refined in consultation with anthropologists, biologists and
geneticists in many countries, and a provisional text was
offered for discussion at a plenary session of the International
Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences in
Vienna. It was endorsed unanimously and might be said to
represent a firm consensus of opinion among the world's
scientists concerned with all the physical aspects of race. The
effect of the statement was to make it clear that in the con-
sidered view of all reputable scientists there is no scientific
ground for raciahstic theories.

The Nuffield Blood Group centre of the Royal Anthro-
pological institute was set up on Jan. 1 as an international
clearing-house for the collection, study and dissemination of
the latest information about the fast-developing study of the
human blood groups. Before the end of the year, it was
receiving and processing data from 74 countries, comprising
24 in Europe, 13 in America, 17 m Asia, 4 in Australasia and
16 in Africa; in most of these, large numbers of people were
tested during the year. Among notable pieces of work were
the discovery by Dr. H. Lehmann of the sickle-cell trait
among tribes in southern India, a suggestive link with many
African tribes (which may have originated in southern Asia);
and the success of Dr. M. Lubran and B. E. Gilbey in
ascertaining the blood groups (including the Rh factor) of
ancient Peruvian mummies in the British Museum by tests
on desiccated muscle tissue.

An international centre for the study, documentation,
collection and distribution of ethnographical films was set
up at the Mus6e de 1'Homme, Pans, under the auspices of the
International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological
Sciences, with Jean-Paul Lebeuf as director. Specimens of
the excellent work done recently by the film section of the
Mus& de 1'Homme among the tribes of the western Sudan
were shown at the Vienna meeting of the congress and later
at the Royal Anthropological institute in London.

An important exhibition of Mexican art from the earliest
times to the present was held from May to July at the Musee
National d'Art Moderne, Pans, and later transferred to
Stockholm. The pre-Columbian cultures were particularly
well represented. Many of the finest pieces in Mexican
museum and other collections, including large stone sculp-
tures, had been specially brought to Europe for the exhibition.

The first important museum of archaeology and ethnology
in the British West African colonies was completed and
opened at Jos, northern Nigeria, in April, as a centre for field
research, especially in the archaeologically rich tmfields.

Further light was thrown on the perennial controversy about
the age and origins of the great ruined buildings of Zimbabwe
in Southern Rhodesia by tests carried out (at Chicago) on
excavated wooden lintels by the radiocarbon method. It was
found that these lintels, which had previously (owing to their
supposed perishability) been quoted as evidence for a very
late dating (c. A.D. 1700), in fact appeared to be as old as the
5th or 6th century A.D. a finding not very different from

that suggested by Miss G. Caton-Thompson m 1931, working
by archaeological methods.

In February occurred an event always of great interest to
anthropologists the installation of a Divine King (Reth) of
the Shilluk tribe in the southern Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, when
Kur wad Fafiti succeeded Dak wad Fadiet. The ancient and
elaborate ceremonies, deriving from pre-Egyptian times, were
systematically observed (for the fourth time) by anthropolo-
gists, and some fallmg-oflT was noticed in the solemnity of the
observances since the last installation in 1946. (See Man, 141,
London, 1952.)

Discussion of the aims and methods of social anthropology
initiated by Professor Evans-Pntchard's Marett lecture m
1950 (Man t 198, 1950) was vigorously continued in Man and
elsewhere and, in common with similar theoretical con-
troversy in the western hemisphere, was a notable stimulus
towards improved fieldwork methods.

Perhaps the most controversial publication of the year was
T. Heyerdahl's American Indians in the Pacific, in which he
carried further the process, begun with The Kon-Ttki Expedi-
tion (London, 1950), of submitting to a popular verdict his
thesis of the peopling of Polynesia from the Americas rather
than via southeast Asia, which was unacceptable to most
ethnologists These continued to feel that while the book
marshalled an imposing, if uneven, array of facts in support
of the theory, a far vaster array bearing in the contrary
direction had been ignored. "The book, published in August,
was extensively discussed at the International Congress of
Americanists.

Notable fieldwork during the year included Professor
Raymond Firth's return to the Polynesian island of Tikopia,
and the work in Africa of two Hormman students of the
Royal Anthropological institute, R. E. Bradbury at Benin,
Nigeria (throwing light for the first time on the social back-
ground of the great collections of Benin art in London, Berlin,
Vienna and elsewhere), and Miss E. R. MacHatton among
the Latuka of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.

Rivers Memorial medals of the Royal Anthropological
institute were awarded to Dr. L. S. B. Leakey for fieldwork
in several branches of anthropology in east Africa and to
Professor Monica Wilson for socio-anthropological fieldwork
in southern Africa; the Curl prize was awarded to A. Kobben
of Amsterdam for an essay on statistical method. (W. B. F.)

The sixth edition of the Royal Anthropological institute's
classic manual, Notes and Queries on Anthropology, appeared
in a new format and with completely revised contents covering
physical and social anthropology, material culture and field
antiquities. Karl Gustav Izikowitz' Lamet, Hill Peasants of
French Indochina, an integrated study of a little-known tribe
in northern, Laos, was published by the Gothenburg museum.

The methodology and scope of social anthropology were
discussed by Raymond Firth in Elements of Social Organiza-
tion, a volume that focused attention on the situation of
primitive societies and peasant communities in the indus-
trialized world of today. An interpretation of the archaeo-
logical data relating to primitive economy was presented by
J. G. D. Clark in Prehistoric Europe: the Economic Basis.
The most substantial contribution in the field of primitive
economics was M. J. Herskovits' Economic Anthropology, an
enlargement and revision of the author's standard reference
work, The Economic Life of Primitive Peoples. Philip Mayer's
" Two Studies in Applied Anthropology in Kenya " reported
on field investigations on the economic life of the Gush tribe.

Western Hemisphere. The year 1952 was one of marked
activity and accomplishment in all branches of anthropology.
Anthropologists showed a tendency to re-examine and define
more sharply their objectives and to improve and refine their
methods and techniques. As examples might be mentioned
two papers analysing and interpreting some of the social and

ARABIA

psychological factors involved in culture change- "Experi-
mental Design in the Study of Cultural Change," by George
Spmdler and Walter Goldschmidt, and " Some Dynamic
Forces in Tlingit Society," by Fredenca de Laguna, both
published in the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, and
another group of papers in the American Anthropologist on
" The Training of the Professional Anthropologist ", by
Theodore McCown, W. D. Strong, C. F. Voegelm and Z. S.
Harris, W. N Fenton, Eliot Chappie and Margaret Mead.

The Wenner-Gren foundation International Symposium on
Anthropology was held June 9-20 at New York. The theme
was " A World Survey of the Status of Anthropology ",
and 80 anthropologists and other scientists from the United
States and 18 other countries participated

The Guggenheim Memorial foundation awarded 22 fellow-
ships for work in anthropology and related fields. The
Wenner-Gren foundation awarded 33 grants-m-aid and fellow-
ships and initiated a project for preparation of a *' Handbook
of World Resources for Research and Education in Anthro-
pology ", to contain summary descriptions of the organization
and operations of all institutions with interest in anthropology.
Erminie W. Voegelm began preparation of the section on U S
resources.

The Bureau of Ethnic Research, an information and
research centre for the study of modern Indian groups in the
southwestern United States, was established at the University
of Arizona, Tucson, under the supervision of Emil W Haury
and William H. Kelly. A grant from the Carnegie corpora-
tion to New York enabled Northwestern university, Evanston,
Illinois, to broaden its African area programme by creation
of a new African study centre, with Melville J Herskovits
as director.

Viking fund medals were awarded to Ralph Lmton, general
anthropology, Carleton Coon, physical anthropology, and
Frank H. H. Roberts, archaeology. Brewton Berry received
the Amsfield-Wolf award for his book Race Relations.

William S. Laughlin resumed his ethnological and physical
anthropological work in the Aleutian Islands, and G. C.
Lucier made a study of the non-material culture of the
Noatak Eskimos of northern Alaska, both projects supported
by the Arctic Institute of North America. Fredenca de
Laguna and Catherine McClellan conducted ethnological
work among the Tlingit of Yakutat bay, and Edmund S.
Carpenter made a study of space and time concepts of the
Amhk Eskimos on Southampton island, north of Hudson
bay. Field research in South America by the University of
California, Berkeley, included ethnological studies in Brazil
by William D. Hohenthal, in Bolivia by John F. Coins and
in Venezuela by H. T. McCorkle, jr. Stig Ryden made a third
expedition to the Tiahuanaco area of Bolivia for the ethno-
graphical department of the Gothenburg museum, Gothen-
burg, and Kaj Birket-Smith of the National museum, Copen-
hagen, conducted ethnological work on Rennell island.
Ethnological studies of the Plateau tribes were made by
Norman Lermer, Al and Letitia Mohr and Thomas Garth
for the University of Washington, Seattle.

The second and third volumes of Proceedings of the 29th
International Congress of Americanists, edited by Sol Tax and
including selected papers on " Acculturation in the Americas "
and " Indian Tribes of Aboriginal America ", were published
by the University of Chicago. The status of anthropological
research in Alaska was discussed by Viola Garfield, Margaret
Lands, Fredenca de Laguna, W. S. Laughlin and J. L.
Giddings, jr., in Science in Alaska, a volume of selected papers
of the first Aiaskan Science conference, edited by H. B.
Collins and published by the Arctic Institute of North
America.

The status of constitutional research and its relation to
anthropology as a whole was discussed in an article by

Edward E. Hunt, jr., " Human Constitution: An Appraisal,"
published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
One of the most significant contributions of recent years to
the problem of Neanderthal man was F. Clark Howell's
article, " The Place of Neanderthal Man in Human Evolu-
tion ", published in the same journal. (H. B. Cs.)

BIHIIOGRAPHY (All published 1952) A. M. Hocart, The Northern
States of FIJI (Occ Pap , Royal Anthrop Inst , London), E O. James,
Marriage ami Society (London); A Metraux, L'lle de Paquei (Paris);
G M Morant, The Significance of Racial Differences (U N.E SCO,
Pans), A. R Radchffc-Brown, "The Comparative Method in Social
Anthropology ", J R Anthrop Insi , (vol Ixxxi, London) , E. W Smith,
African Symbolism (Henry Myers lecture of the Royal Anthropological
institute, London), M N Srinivas, Religion and Satiety among the
Coorg\ of South India (Oxford), D Westermann, Geschtchte Afrikas
(Cologne), Robert Broom and J T, Robinson, Swankrans Ape-Man
Paranthropus Crasiidem (Pretoria), Ernest Wallace and E A Hoebel,
The Comanches, Lords of the South Plaim, (Oklahoma), W N. Fenton
(ed ), Symposium on Local Diversity in Iroquots Culture; Robert F.
Hei/c and John E Mills, The Four Agei of Tiurai (Los Angeles),
Carl Etter. Ainu Folklore, W D Hambly, Bibliography of African
Anthropology

ANTIGUA: see LEEWARD ISLANDS.

ARABIA. Peninsula of southwestern Asia of approxi-
mately 1,071, 300 sq.mi., with a total population estimated at
12,180,000. It consists politically of two independent Arab
states, Saudi Arabia (a,v.) and Yemen (^.v.); the protected
sultanates of Oman and Masqat, or Muscat; the autonomous
sheikhdoms of Bahrein, Kuwait, Qatar and the Trucial
sheikhdoms; and Aden colony and protectorate (</.v.).
Language: Arabic. Religion: Moslem (Sunni).

Bahrein. Area: 213sq.mi. Pop. (1950 est.); 110,000.
Capital, Manamah. Ruler Sheikh Sulman bin Hamad
al-Khalifah. British political resident for the Persian gulf
area, Sir Rupert Hay; political agent for Bahrein, W. S.
Laver.

Kuwait. Area: r. 9,000 sq.mi. Pop. (1950 est.): 170,000.
Ruler, Sheikh Abdullah bin Salim as-Subah. British political
agent, C. J. Pelly.

Oman and Muscat. Area: c. 65,000 sq.mi. Pop. (1950
est.): 550,000. Capital, Muscat. Ruler, Sultan Said bin
Taimur. British consul, Major F. C. L. Chauncy.

Qatar. Area: c. 4,000 sq.mi. Pop. (1950 est.): 20,000.
Ruler, Sheikh Ah bin Abdullah al-Tham.

Trucial Sheikhdoms. Area: c. 16,000 sq.mi. (including the
sheikhdoms of Sharjah, Ras al-Khaimah, Umm al-Qawain,
Ajman, Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Kalba). Pop. (1950 est.):
80,000.

History. The loss of Anglo-Iranian oil supplies, which had
ceased in June 1951, had been more than made up by in-
creased production from other neighbouring oilfields,
including Kuwait where by the end of 1951 output was up
by 58% and Qatar where the figure was 47%. In the first
half of 1952, this increased production was maintained from
both fields.

In June, after an exchange of diplomatic notes, the British
government rejected the Persian claim that the Bahrein
Islands were an integral part of Persia. It maintained its
contention that Bahrein was a state under British protection
and that it would not recognize the Persian claim to it or to
any other territory belonging to any state under British
protection in the Persian gulf.

In January a new well was discovered in Kuwait some
seven miles from the mam oilfield at Burgan. Early in the
year the sheikh of Kuwait approved a development scheme
for his capital. It foreshadowed the rebuilding of most of
the city over a period of 1 5 years.

Early in the year the British protected trucial shiekhs made
repeated representations regarding the delay in the develop-
ment of their reputed oil resources.

ARAB LEAGUE ARCHAEOLOGY

In May, Sir Roger Makins fy.v.), then under secretary of
state in the British Foreign Office, visited the Persian gulf
oil centres in Kuwait, Bahrein, Qatar and Sharjah. In
September armed tribesmen led by a Saudi Arabian official
occupied two Baraimi settlements situated in a part of the
undefined Muscat-Saudi Arabian frontier zone over which
the sultan of Muscat claimed sovereignty and which might
include potential oil resources. This Saudi Arabian intrusion
was resented by sheikhs of the Trucial coast who sent armed
levies to Baraimi. Later, at the request of the sultan of Muscat,
the British government took the matter up with the Saudi
Arabian government which was reported to have appealed
to Washington. (O. Tw.)

Economy. Oil production ('000 metric tons)

1950 1951 1952*

Bahrein . ... 1,500 1,509 750

Kuwait . 17,018 28,327 18,700

Qatar . 1,600 2,348 1,534

* Six months

ARAB LEAGUE. The covenant of the League of
Arab States was signed in Cairo on March 22, 1945, by
Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Trans-Jordan
and Yemen. The headquarters of the league council, on
which each member-state had one vote, was set up in Cairo.
The league's aims were stated to be the co-ordination of
the political action and the protection of the sovereignty of
the Arab countries. Secretaries-general in 1952: Abdurrah-
man Azzam and (from Sept. 14) Abd el-Khalek el-Hassuna

History. On Feb. 2 the league approved the terms of
an Arab security and economic aid agreement for submission
to the member governments. This came into force on Aug.
23, after ratification by Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Jordan and Saudi
Arabia. In November delegates from Egypt, Syria, Lebanon
and Jordan met at Amman and discussed Israeli violations of
the armistice and how they could be met effectively.

After the coup d'etat in Egypt of General Mohammed
Neguib O/.v.) on July 23, Abdurrahman Azzam declared his
support for the new regime, but on Sept. 9 he resigned the
league secretaryship-general. On the following day the
council met in Cairo under the chairmanship of Ali Maher
(^.v.), who had resigned the Egyptian premiership three days
before. On Sept. 14 the council elected Abd el-Khalek el-
Hassuna, a former Egyptian foreign minister, as secretary-
general. It also accepted the political committee's recom-
mendations that the resettlement of Palestinian refugees in
western Jordan or other Arab countries should be attempted
The council also delegated Ah Maher (who had been ap-
pointed by Neguib as chief Egyptian delegate in U.N.) to
protest on behalf of the league to the German federal govern-
ment against the payment of compensation to Israel, on the
grounds that the money would be used to strengthen Israeli
aggression against the Arabs. Two days later, Sept. 16, the
political committee of the league decided to send a delegation
to Bonn to support this protest. The committee also passed
a resolution approving the opposition of Tunisia (q.v.) to
the latest French policy. A further resolution decided to
raise the Palestine question at the October meeting of the
U.N. assembly and to set up within the league secretariat
a " Palestine department ". A final proposal to apply
discrimination against Jews in member states was rejected
on Egypt's insistence that such a policy was contrary to
the Egyptian constitution. The protests to the German
Federal government over the Israeli compensation agreement
were at first rejected by the German government; but on
Egypt's threatening to break off Egyptian-German trade
relations, discussions were resumed on the basis that no
material would be included in the German compensation to
Israel which could be used to the military detriment of mem-
bers of the league. (See also ISLAM.) (O. Tw.)

ARCHAEOLOGY. Great Britain. The largest archaeo-
logical undertaking in Great Britain in 1952 was probably
that directed by Sir Mortimer Wheeler at Stanwick, York-
shire, where the extensive and impressive earthworks of
that Brigantine stronghold were shown to belong to the
Roman invasion period. But before they were completed
the region was overrun by the legions that they were meant
to withstand. Other prehistoric investigations in the north
were by Professor and Mrs. S. Piggott (hill-forts in southern
Scotland) and by Grahame Clark at the east Yorkshire
mesohthic site of Seamer An important bronze hoard was
found by C. Green at Gorleston, Suffolk. Work continued
at the Iron Age village at Meare (Somerset), directed by
H St. George Gray; C A. R. Radford found structures of
two prehistoric periods (3rd-century B.C. and Belgic) beneath
the Roman villa at Littleton in the same county, and, among
others, the investigation of the prehistoric Scilhes was
continued by Mr. and Mrs B. H. St. J. O'Neil.

Further digging by Professor I. A. Richmond and J. P.
Brailsford at Hod Hill, Dorset, showed most of this important
early Roman site to be recoverable despite the fact that
most of the structures were of timber; at Leicester R. Good-
child examined the wall and ditch of the Roman city and
suggested that both belonged probably to the early 2nd
century, as both the wall and its clay and gravel backing
overlay traces of Ist-century occupation; at Great Casterton,
near Stamford, Lincolnshire, P. Corder and W. Barley
uncovered the foundations of an unusual large circular stone
structure with a plaster floor and heated by a hypocaust,
thought to be for corn-drying.

C. D. P. Nicholson reported the result of three years' work
on the thousands of fragments of painted wall-plaster found
at the Lullingstone (Kent) Roman villa which was destroyed
late in the 4th century. They came from two adjacent rooms
on the principal floor and it was suggested that one was a
Christian domestic chapel and the other a narthex. The
main feature recovered was a brightly painted colonnade of
six bays, containing figures in the typical early Christian
" ornate " position. Two fragmentary clu-rho monograms
appeared to confirm the Christian character of what was
probably the earliest recognizable place of Christian worship
in Britain.

Other work in Scotland included J. R. C. Hamilton's
excavations at Jarlshof (Shctlands) where three main periods
were recognized. The earliest was a Bronze Age culture,
represented by modest huts; next an Iron Age occupation
indicated by a great broch or stone tower, attached to which
was a walled courtyard containing a large roughly circular
house; this was modified early in the Romano-British period
by the cojistruction of a large " wheel-house ". This last
occupation continued until the Viking incursion of the 9th
century.

Europe. Czechoslovakia. Among finds were mammoth
bones (dated probably early Wurmian II) near Napajedla,
Moravia; surface finds nearby included Aungnacian (I I to
HI) implements. The tumulus of Caka, near Jehezovce,
southern Slovakia, produced native pottery, which showed
Lusatian urnfield influence, in the central burial-chamber;
there were also two Bronze-Age skeletons and another
(inhumation) burial which showed links with Middle Danube
cultures. The Slav fortifications of Klucov, Bohemia, were
found to antedate the union of the Czech tribes. (See Archeo-
logicke Rozhledy, pt. 2, Prague, 1952.)

France. Professor D. A. E. Garrod and Mile. S. de St.-
Mathurin discovered further mainly complete specimens
of Magdaleman rock-sculpture in their latest season at
Roc-aux-Sorciers near Angles-sur-1'Anglin (Vienne). An
intact length of overhanging cliff-face was found to be
carved with an elaborate frieze of animal figures, mainly

ARCHAEOLOGY

A reconstruction of the Pictish village ofJarlshoj, in ///<' Shetland Islands, as it was when the Vikings arrived at the beginning of the 9th
century A.D. The village clustered round the ruined broch towers of a former axe when immigrants, pirates and slave traders troubled the

highlands and islands of northern Scotland.

Middle Bronze Age graves examined included one " bun "
grave but yielded few grave-goods.

Italy. The first extended publication appeared of the
excavations conducted for over ten years beneath the high
altar of St. Peter's, Rome (see B. Appolloni-Ghetti, A. Fer-
rua, E. Kirschbaum and E. Josi, I* Esplorazioni sotto la
Confe.ssione di San Pietro, Vatican City, 1951). Earlier
reports had described part of the pagan necropolis beneath
the crypt and the plan of basilica erected by Constantino I
in c. A.D. 330. There were subsequent alterations, such as
those of the 7th and 12th centuries, culminating in the great
and final rebuilding undertaken by Pope Clement VIII at
the end of the 16th century. Throughout these centuries
the successive structures had had a single focus: the tradi-
tional site of the tomb of St. Peter who was martyred in the
circus known to have been nearby. The structures now
examined owed their survival mainly to the levelling of the
sloping site carried out by Constantino's builders in order to
provide a level platform for his basilica. This levelling
involved on the south side of the slope the raising of the
ground level by about 30-40 ft. and the consequent engulfing
of the pagan cemetery beside the Via Cornelia. In this area
and beneath the high altar was found a shrine, the structure
of which could be ascribed to c. A.D. 160. Situated behind
the main range of pagan tombs, it originally comprised a
small paved court with an altar carried on two columns and
backed by a niche a known early Christian type all much
altered in succeeding periods. A later report by Professor
M. Guarducci described the discovery nearby, in a tomb of
the Valerii, of two graffito heads, one of which had beside it
the letters FTETP . . . , which it was presumed could be
completed as FFETPOZ, Petros.

Caves at Toirano, near Alberga in Liguria, were reported
to contain Palaeolithic remains. At Pompeii excavation,
resumed in 1951, continued under Professor Amadeo Maiuri

ibex but also including two horses; there were also parts of
three human figures. Other finds, reported by E, de Fouton,
included the grotto of Pas-de-Julies at Treves (Gard), where
hundreds of skeletons and many pots ascribed to the late
Neolithic Age were found; an Azilian dwelling-site with
burins and scrapers at Cassis; a kitchen-midden culture
site at Pontreau; and a site with a remarkably unbroken
series of cultures extending from the Tardenoisian to the
beginning of the early Iron Age.

Germany. Reports included accounts of Neolithic and
Bronze Age sites and an early Iron Age settlement in the
Straubing district; an early urnfield near Erding (Bavaria);
early Bronze Age spearheads from Naab (Palatinate); and
Roman buildings at Guating. Very fruitful local investigations
were continued in the Hamburg area where a valuable series
of archaeological " horizons " were established for the city
area from the 9th to the 12th century. (See Hammaburg,
vol. vtii, Hamburg, Sept. 1952.)

Greece. Professor A. J. B. Wace reported that the Perseia
fountain-house, mentioned by Pausanias in the 2nd century
A.D. had been located beneath the ruins of a 3rd-century
building of similar character hitherto thought to have been
a Hellenistic gymnasium. South of it was found .a bronze
hoard, containing hammer, chisels, adze, dagger, double axe,
several knives and much bronze scrap; part of a stone
mould for adze-heads was found in the " House of the Oil
Merchant ". Other finds included a group of inscribed clay
tablets, as yet undeciphered, but considered to be written
in Linear B Mino-Mycenean script, probably in Greek.
On the back of one tablet was a \ivc\ygraffito of a Mycenean
swordsman possibly a trial-piece. The prehistoric cemetery
outside the Lions gate produced an important series of
painted potsherds in the "Palace" and Ephyrean styles
(15th-century B.C.) and part of a large ivory plaque which
had been carved with opposed griffins of very high quality.

ARCHAEOLOGY

as part of a five-year programme to clear the buildings north
and south of the great palaestra (gymnasium) and amphi-
theatre. The most spectaculaj find was a group of painted
wall-panels with a Venus of remarkably " Renaissance "
character. Further reports were received of the Temple of
Hera Argeia discovered by U. Zanotti-Bianco and P. Zancani-
Montuoro on the banks of the River Sele six miles north of
Paestum in Magna Graecia. Finds included a number of
metopes carved with figure subjects which included the
Labours of Hercules and a striking series of dancing girls.
Many Tanagra figures were also found. The finders' first
report furnished the following chronology: occupation of the
site by Greek colonists in the 7th century B.C.; building of
the " treasury " c. 560 B.C. and of the temples of Hera Argeia
and Neptune towards the end of the 6th century; devastation
in the 4th century followed by partial restoration; final
decline in the Roman period. (See U. Zanotti-Bianco and
P. Zancani-Montuoro with F. Krauss, Heraion alia face del
Sele, vol. I, Rome, 1951; J. Berard, Revue archeologique,
6th series, vol. xl., Paris, 1952.) In a temple quarter outside
the city of Aquileia (which was destroyed by Attila) the
western part of a large early Christian basilica was found
beneath the pavement of a mediaeval nunnery. The basilica
was itself built over a third-century mosaic pavement which
was inscribed with its donors' names.

Poland. An account in Sprawozdania P.M. A. (Warsaw,
1951) referred to excavations in progress on protohistoric
earthworks at Brodno Stare, near Warsaw, and to an enor-
mous hoard of amber found at Bassonia, Putawy. There
were over 600 Ib. of amber and 60 Ib. of beads, regarded as
of the 5th century A.D. About 70 beads later went to the
Lublin university museum. An island in Lake Lednice, 12 mi.
west of Gniezno, produced a full series of occupation levels,
beginning with the Neolithic period, followed by Bronze,
and Iron Age levels, a heavy mediaeval occupation beginning"
about the 6th century, fortifications in the 10th century and,
c. 1000, a stone stronghold with church, built over earlier!
Slav fortifications. (See Archeohgicke Rozhledy, Prague,!
1952.) |

Near and Middle East. Afghanistan. At Mundigak, 30 mi.|
north of Kandahar, J. M. Casal began the excavation of a!
large tell or occupation-mound, several acres in extent,
finding a series of early levels terminating with the Bronze
Age. Later came elaborate brick structures, subsequently
altered, while the site in its final phase had granaries of
Harappa type.

Cyprus. At Enkomi-Alasia, the predecessor of neighbour-
ing Salamis, the curator of the Cyprus museum, P. Dikaios,
examined groups of early 14th-century (B.C.) buildings,
first located in 1951 and situated inside the northern part
of the city wall, which they antedated, In the 1 3th century B.C.
they were reconstructed and strongly fortified, especially
towards the west. Indications of a series of destructions and
reconstructions in the late 1 3th and early 1 2th centuries B.C.
pointed to continued invasion or the threat of it. Many
fine examples were secured of late Bronze Age Cypriot and
Mycenaean wares, but the most important find was probably
an inscribed, baked clay tablet, not yet deciphered.

Latest reports on the long series of University of Pennsyl-
vania museum excavations at Curium (12 mi. west of Limas-
sol) related to the precinct of Apollo Hylates. Its southern
margin (opposite the temple itself) was found to consist of a
colonnaded building, measuring 189ft. by 58ft.; this over-
lay an earlier structure, probably destroyed by an earth-
quake, and contained five compartments, each surrounded
internally by raised and colonnaded platforms apparently
the exedrae referred to in a Trajanic inscription of A.D. 101
recently found on the site. East of this complex another
building, set askew, had a courtyard plan with rooms on

three sides and was thought to be a gymnastic or guild
building. The site, which had had a long life, produced finds
ranging from early native bronzes of about 600 B.C. to
material dating from near the end of the western Roman
empire.

Egypt. Z. Goreim, keeper of antiquities at Sakkara,
reported finding an extensive artificial terrace revetted in
limestone blocks and provided with close-set square bastions
ornamented with strip-pilasters. This construction had
apparently been left unfinished when the enclosure of which
it was part was enlarged. It closely resembled the enclosure
wall of the step pyramid of Zozer. A trial excavation in the
centre of the enclosure disclosed limestone walling suggestive
of a step pyramid. Goreim considered that constructional
details pointed to a date somewhat later than that of Zozer.
Iraq. Reports by M. E. L. Mallowan and others on the
excavations, and ivories, tablets and other finds, at Nimrud,
appeared in Iraq xiv, pt. I (Baghdad, 1952). Iraq xiv, pt. II
(1952) contained an account by R. D. Burnett and W. Watson
of the Russian excavations of 1950 at the Urartian site of
Karmir-Blur near Jafcrbad on the banks of the River Zanga.
The main structure was a massive citadel, dated by the exca-
vators as late 9th or 8th century B.C. ; it was destroyed in the
6th or 7th century. Finds included stamp-cylinders; enormous
quantities of beads, described as from Iran or India; scara-
boids of Phoenician or Egyptian type ; and a splendid bronze
helmet decorated with lion-head snakes, a frieze of chariots,
etc., and inscribed to the god Mali by Sarduri son of
Agisti.

Three small metal dogs discovered at Nimrud, Iraq.

Libya. Work directed and reported by Kathleen Kenyon
at the Roman city of $abratha in Tripolitania paid particular
attention to evidence of Phoenician occupation. The earliest
period encountered suggested squatting traders, probably
merely tent-dwellers, using pottery which might belong to
the 6th century B.C. About 400 B.C. the settlement took shape,
with harbour structures protected by an impressive wall,
which was, however, gradually swamped by private and
public buildings as the town expanded. The 1st century B.C.
saw Roman planning largely replacing Phoenician and a
policy of public building, lasting for some three centuries,
which produced a forum, basilica, ceina, temples, etc. A
suburb to the east contained a large theatre. Third-century
barbarian devastation was followed by Constantinian
rebuilding. About A.D. 450 organized town-life was virtually
ended by the Vandal invasions, but a century later came a
Byzantine reoccupation, confined, however, to the town-
centre. The basilica was converted into a Christian church.
The end came with the Arab invasions.

Persia. R. Ghirshman reported as the work of the French
archaeological mission at the Elamite city of Choga-Zambil
(Dur-Untashi), which lies southeast of Susa. It was some
225 ac. in extent, with an inner enceinte or fortified enclosure
(of nearly 40 ac.) which contained an impressive temple

ARCHERY

quarter. In this the excavators had discovered the remains of
a ziggurat, ascribed to Untash-gal, king during the Elamite
ascendancy of the mid- 13th century B.C. and builder of much
of Susa. Near the foot of the ziggurat were found various
temples of the same date and retaining dedication-inscriptions
to various Elamite gods. Such finds included a large circular
podium of brick, with dedications by Untash-gal to the
gods Insusmak and Huban. The city was destroyed, apparently
forever, in the great Assyrian campaigns of the mid-7th
century B.C.

Turkey. Probably of most general interest was the re-
housing of the Byzantine mosaics found before World War II
by the Walker trust in the great imperial palace at Istanbul.
This work (directed by Professor D. Talbot Rice) involved
the lifting of some outlying parts of the floor and the conse-
quent discovery beneath it of stamped bricks apparently of
the late 5th century. This suggested that these splendid
mosaics, with their numerous free-style figures somewhat in
the Syrian manner and their more formal and classical
animated-scroll borders, might perhaps date at least from
the early 6th century A.D. Trial excavations nearby revealed
massive substructures consisting mainly of a series of deeply
buried vaults (up to 20 ft. in height), the earliest (attributed
to the 4th century) being of stone, with brick repairs and
alterations in succeeding centuries. (J. CHN.)

North America. The Illinois State museum issued the
fifth volume in its scientific series, the first devoted to archae-
ology (" Hopewelhan Communities in Illinois ", Thome
Deuel, ed.). It was most interesting that the cultural complex
which had been determined to be early Hopewell (radio-
carbon date c. 200 B.c.-l B.C.) had several similarities to the
comb-ceramic cultures of Siberia and Japan.

James A. Ford of the American Museum of Natural
History conducted brief exploratory excavations at the
Poverty Point site in northern Louisiana. Air photographs
revealed that there is a remarkable arrangement of six
concentric earth embankments lying to the east of the 70-foot
high mound that stands on this site. The outermost embank-
ment is three-quarters of a mile in diameter. Trenches across
these embankments demonstrated that they are artificial and
were constructed during the period of the pre-ceramic
Poverty Point cultural complex. The entire construction
seemed to be related to an old channel of the Mississippi
river dated c. 1 500 B.C However, the radiocarbon date for a
site of the same culture, excavated in 1951 in Mississippi by
Ford and Philip Phillips of Harvard university, was 399 J-
80 B.C.

Charles E. Borden of the University of British Columbia
continued excavations at the deep site which he discovered
in the Musqueam reserve in 1951. A number of artifacts
were recovered and material from the lower levels was
markedly different from the protohistoric Musqueam remains
in the upper levels.

W. S. Laughlin headed a party from the University of
Alaska which continued the programme of research in the
Aleutian Islands. Work was concentrated in the eastern
islands and particular attention was paid to the dating of
an early lamellar flake industry. On the basis of radiocarbon
dates, Laughlin estimated that prehistory of the islands had
been traced back for about 4,000 years.

In Eskimo archaeology interest centred on the problem
of the Dorset culture. The first information about Dorset
dwellings came from excavations made by Deric O'Bryan at
Mill Island. Bernard G. Hoffman published a short but
highly significant paper (in American Antiquity, vol. 18, no. 1)
which used the recently available dating of late Pleistocene
events and of the Dorset-related early cultures of the north-
eastern United States to examine whether these cultures
could have derived their traits from Dorset. He suggested

that such early cultures as the Old Copper culture of Wis-
consin and the Lamoka, Frontenac and Laurentian cultures
of New York state may be in part ancestral to Dorset rather
than the reverse.

The remains of a mammoth skeleton were excavated near
the village of Santa Isabel Ixtapan in the dry bed of Lake
Texcoco, 18 mi. northeast of Mexico City, under the direction
of Luis Aveleyra and Manuel Malonado Koerdell. Six
flint artifacts were found in close association with the bones
and one of these was a projectile point very similar to the
Scottsbluff type. Another mammoth with artifacts associated
was discovered in southern Arizona, just north of the Mexican
border. Eight projectile points of the Clovis Fluted type
were found in direct association with the skeleton; Earnest
Antevs, a Pleistocene geologist, estimated that the minimum
age of the discovery was 10,000 years.

Central America. The most spectacular discovery of the
year was made in the Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque,
southeastern Mexico. For the last four field seasons Alberto
Ruz of the Institute Nacional de Antropologia y Historia
had been clearing a rubble-filled stairway discovered under-
neath a stone slab forming part of the temple floor. This
stairway led down to the base of the 20-metre pyramid which
forms the foundation for the building. In the spring of 1952
a stone doorway was discovered at the foot of the stairs and
this gave access to a vaulted chamber. The walls of this
chamber were covered with typical Maya paintings, somewhat
damaged by lime deposits. In the centre of the chamber was
a sealed stone sarcophagus richly carved in low relief, set
on low stone blocks. Late in the year, this casket had not
been opened, as considerable preliminary work was necessary
to ensure that the heavy stone lid could be raised without
damage to the box or its contents.

The Carnegie Institution of Washington continued its
Maya area programme The map of the numerous house
mounds at Mayapan, Mexico, was completed and several
of the smaller structures excavated. Graves were discovered
beneath the house floors. R. E Smith also dug in one of
the many cenotes (cave reservoirs) at the site. This had a
stairway leading down to the water and an artificial platform
on the floor of the cavern. E. M. Shook completed a study
of the great wall which surrounded the city, and
T. Proskounakoff began recording the numerous sculptures
that had been found. (J. A. F.)

ARCHERY. At the international championship meet-
ing in Brussels, in July, 1 1 nations were represented by 27
ladies and 60 gentlemen. Jean Lee (U.S.) retained her title
of lady world champion with 3,185 points; second, Mrs.
Jean Richards (U.S ), 3,035; third, Mrs. D. M. Hinton
(Great Britain), 2,669. Stellan Andersson (Sweden) won the
gentlemen's title with 3,151 points; second, B. Lundgren
(Sweden), 3,050; third, Emar Tang Holbek (Denmark),
3,025. The ladies' teams results were: first, United States;
second, Great Britain; third, Sweden. Gentlemen's teams:
first, Sweden; second, Denmark; third, Great Britain. It
was decided that the world championships should again be
shot annually instead of biennially.

The British championships were held at Oxford in early
July, 175 archers competing. Ladies' results were: first,
Mrs. T. C. Morgan (Shrewsbury), 1,428; second, Mrs. D. M.
Hinton (Dudley, Worcestershire), 1,424; third, Mrs. R.
Frith (Watford), 1,421. Gentlemen: first, W. Bickerstaff
(Belfast), 1,322; second, Lieut.-Commander W. F. Paterson
(Portsmouth), 1,269; third, Lieut.-Commander B. McC.
Smith (Weymouth), 1,226. The county team championships
were won by the Ladies of Yorkshire and the Gentlemen of
Hampshire. The number of clubs affiliated to the Grand
National Archery society rose from 165 to 255.

ARCHITECTURE

Two competitors in the Southern Counties Archery Society's North v.
South match which was held at Winchester in May.

The British Long-Bow society, formed late in 1951, at
whose meetings traditional English long-bows only may be
used, held its meeting at Hurlingham in October, the winners
being Miss R. Marchant (Tunbridge Wells) and C. B.
Edwards (Ashford, Kent). (C. B. E.)

ARCHITECTURE. In Great Britain 1952 was remark-
able less for the completion of any spectacular buildings than
for gradual but steady progress in realizing plans laid in previous
years. Schools, housing in general and the new towns in
particular reflected praiseworthy but, except in a few cases,
unadventurous effort. Less satisfactory were the commercial
projects, new blocks of offices (especially in the City of
London) and the partially reconstructed centres of such
blitzed cities as Plymouth and Exeter, whose new buildings
exhibited a heavy-handedness reminiscent of prewar confusion
in architectural aims, as well as a frequent disregard for
scale-adjustment in relation to existing surroundings.

The centenary of the opening of London's Kings Cross
station was marked in 1952. Designed by the engineer Lewis
Cubitt, the building is generally considered to be a major
example of early functionalism and a plea was made for the
removal of the unsightly group of buildings that obstructed
the forecourt and impaired the view of the building.

Among a number of excellent schools completed to the
designs of the London County council architect's department
(Robert H. Matthew, architect in charge) was a primary
school for 100 children at Benbow street, Deptford. The
construction was of a light welded galvanized steel frame with
walls of pre-cast concrete slabs: One for 600 children at
Denmark Hill employed the same structural system. Another
L.C.C. school (one of the first schools to use pre-stressed
concrete) was built in Poplar to the designs of Cecil Handisyde
in association with Hammet and Norton; Felix J. Samuely
was consulting engineer. The system, designed for a multi-
storey structure, was as follows: structural columns of in situ
reinforced concrete; main beams of pre-stressed concrete soffits

with pre-cast trough-shaped units between and in situ concrete
poured on top to bond the whole into one monolithic structure.
This form of structure proved successful and would be used
for a number of other schools.

The first prize of 1,000 guineas for a design submitted in a
competition for a housing scheme at Golden lane, London,
sponsored by the corporation of London, was won by Geoffrey
Powell. The scheme, which was expected to cost about 1
million, had to provide accommodation for about 940 people
at a density of 200 to the acre. The assessor was Donald H.
McMorran.

A large housing scheme at Priory Green, Frnsbury, London,
designed by Tecton with Skinner, Bailey and Lubetkin as
executive architects, was occupied during the summer. It
comprised 269 flats in two eight-storey and four four-storey
blocks. A further eight-storey block would be built later.
Construction the same for all blocks was reinforced con-
crete cross walls varying from 5 in. to 7 in. in thickness, with
reinforced concrete floor slabs 4V in. thick. The main
elevations were divided into panels with an infilling of 4^-in.
brickwork with straight vertical joints, separated from an
inner lining of 2|-in. cell concrete by a 2-in. air cavity. The
ends of the reinforced concrete cross walls were covered by
cast-iron downpipes, and the edges of the floor slabs with
horizontal gutters, both of rectangular section. These served
the treble purpose of facing the outside edges of the cross
walls and floor slabs, covering the joint between the brick
panel walls and the concrete structure and serving as a
rainwater disposal system. The two-storey-high entrance halls
were decorated with murals by Feliks Topolski depicting the his-
tory of London with emphasis on local events and traditions.

The " Commonwealth house " was exhibited on a site near
Kew bridge, Middlesex. Designed by C. A. V. Smith and
J. P. Meckridge, an Australian architect, it was intended
mainly for export. In view of the shortage of skilled building
labour in the colonies, the aim was to produce a house capable
of quick erection by average handymen and one occupying
the minimum of shipping space. It was hoped eventually to
produce 20,000 of the houses each year. The estimated cost
for a minimum often houses was 1,150 each (free on board).
The total floor area provided was 905 sq.ft.

In the new towns housing was well under way: most
spectacular were the large blocks of flats (small though the
proportion of these to houses would be). At Sish lane,
Stevenage, Hertfordshire, the firm of Yorke, Rosenberg and
Mardall were responsible for a group of buildings which
included a seven-storey block. This was constructed with a
reinforced concrete box frame with no projecting beams or
columns. Where cross wall and floor slabs projected beyond
the main building face they were covered with blue-grey
frost-proof eggshell glazed tiling. Flank walls were finished
outside with panels of 4^-in. brick in Flemish bond, the
headers having snapped ends facing outwards and allowed to
project to random lengths, giving a rich textural effect. The
whole scheme comprised 1 10 flats in all with 54 flats in the
seven-storey block, and the rest in two and three-storey blocks.

By the end of the year demolition was completed of the
temporary Festival of Britain exhibition buildings on the
South Bank site, London. Several of the buildings in the
downstream section were retained, among them the Tele-
kinema, for use as the National Film theatre, and the former
administration building for use as offices by the Council of
Industrial Design. Hugh Casson, director of architecture for
the Festival of Britain 1951, had been knighted in the New
Years Honours.

Commonwealth. Canada. A memorial gymnasium was
built at Vancouver, British Columbia, to the designs of Fred
Lasserre in association with Sharp, Thompson, Berwick and
Pratt. At first floor level the building had all-glass walls; the

ARCHITECTURE

London flats which were designed by Tecton and occupied in the summer. They are part of a large housing scheme at Priory Green, Finsbury.

flat roof above it had deep overhanging eaves. The completed
scheme would include a swimming pool and snack bar.

Ceylon. The Colombo exhibition illustrating the possibilities
of the Colombo plan (a.v.) opened during February. It was
planned with the help of a London designer, Misha Black,
whose United Kingdom pavilion was the most interesting of
the structures there.

Nigeria. At Onitsha the first part (the lady chapel) of the
new Anglican cathedral for the Niger diocese was consecrated
in May. The architect was Richard S. Nickson. The building
would be entirely without windows or glazing of any kind,
natural ventilation being provided by concrete louvred panels
spanning between buttresses which along with the end walls
were of locally quarried ironstone laid in coursed rubble.

South Africa. The Van Riebeek Festival fair, celebrating
the landing of the first white settler at the Cape in 1652, was
held in Capetown from January to April. The architect in
charge was Sir Hugh Casson. A number of tall office and
flat buildings were erected in Johannesburg. Nearly all of
them exhibited similar characteristics: a frank expression of
the grid structure in the elevations; unpretentious but well-
considered detailing; and well-balanced handling of texture
and pattern. Groot Drakenstein, a block of luxury bachelor
flats, can be taken as typical. Thirteen stories high, all flats
consisted of a single living room, with dining recess and
balcony and separate kitchen and bathroom. The framework
was reinforced concrete with a panel infilling of red and plum-
coloured rustic bricks. The architects were H. H. Le Roith
and Partners.

Europe. Denmark. Jn Copenhagen a 14-storey office
building named the Panoptiken was completed to the designs
of Mogens Jacobsen and Alex Poulsen. The structure was of
reinforced concrete with a facing of prefabricated panels. The

largest congress hall in Denmark was opened at Aalborg in
north Jutland. It included a theatre, concert hall and music
rooms. The architects were Preben Hansen, Otto Frankild
and Arne Kjaer. Two noteworthy small houses both showed
American influence. One at Vedbaek, built by the architect
Haldor Gunegsson for himself, acknowledged a debt to
Frank Lloyd Wright with its brick walls, shingle roof and
large sliding glass doors. The other at Hellebaek near Elsinore
again built by an architect, Jorn Utzon, for himself was
nearer in manner to the houses of the San Francisco bay
region. All the outer walls were of glass but for the north wall
which was of yellow bricks and entirely without windows.
The roof was surfaced with aluminium.

France. Plans for the new Paris headquarters building of
U.N.E.S.C.O. were published in November. The architects
were Marcel Breuer (U.S.A.), Bernard Zerhrfuss (France) and
Eero Saarinen (U.S.A.), with Pier Luigi Nervi (Italy) as
engineer. A consultant advisory panel included Lucio Costa
(Brazil), Walter Gropius (a.v.) (U.S.A.), Le Corbusier
(France), Sven Markelius (Sweden) and Ernesto Rogers
(Italy). The site was one bordering the Bois de Boulogne
between the Porte Dauphine and the Porte Maillot. Owing,
however, to objections by the Paris town planning authorities,
the design was rejected, and the French government's offer
of the site withdrawn. Instead the site originally proposed
(behind the Ecole Militaire), was offered again, this time
without aesthetic restrictions. U.N.E.S.C.O. accepted the
offer and re-appointed the same team of architects and
advisers to produce another (third) scheme.

Italy. An estate of 440 flats housing some 3,000 people
was completed near St. Paul's Without the Walls at Rome.
The architects were S Muratori and M. do Renzi. The site
was between the Via Ostense and the old autostrada. The

ARCHITECTURE

flats were built in blocks of from three to eight storeys; in
addition, there were open and covered markets, arcaded
shops, a covered area for newspaper kiosks and bars, a day
nursery, playgrounds and public gardens. The structures
were of reinforced concrete with infilling of brick, rendered; "
roofs were low-pitch and covered with pantiles. The whole
scheme showed the influence of similar estates in Sweden.
A new church was built at Recoaro Terme, a small tourist
centre and watering place in the Veneto. The architect was
G. Vaccaro. The walls were of cream-coloured stone laid in
a strongly contrasting pattern with a light-red marble from
Verona. The barrel-vaulted roof was of reinforced concrete,
covered with copper. The new Centro Svizzero, Milan
containing the Swiss tourist offices, bank, consulate, chamber
of commerce, clubs, etc. replaced that destroyed in a World
War II air raid: a competition for a new design sponsored in
1947 by the Swiss society of Milan was won by A. Meili and
construction began in 1950. The Centro consisted of a multi-
storey " slab " set obliquely over a lower (five-storey) building:
it was a frame structure faced with Carrara marble " bricks ".

Netherlands. At Rotterdam the enormous wholesalers'
building was opened. The idea for it arose as a result of the
wartime destruction of the city centre, where most of the
wholesalers were situated. The building, designed by
van Tijen and Maaskant, provided accommodation for 150
firms, and included offices, showrooms, warehouses, exhibi-
tion space and a garage for 400 cars, as well as a restaurant,
a cafeteria, recreation rooms and conference halls.

Switzerland. The two most interesting buildings to be

completed during the year in Switzerland were an art gallery
and an open air swimming pool. The art gallery, at Claris,
was designed by Hans Leuzinger and consisted of two wings.
One housed a private art collection (a gift to the city), the
other a public collection and rooms for temporary exhibitions.
The structure was of reinforced concrete with walls of yellow
brick. All galleries were top lit. The swimming pool was
situated on a river, in the middle of Zurich, and was partly
built over the river on reinforced concrete stilts. All structures
were of reinforced concrete except for the changing-rooms
which were of timber. The colour scheme was mostly white
and grey with occasional bright accents. (I. R. M. M.)

United States. There was further experiment in 1952 with
constructional methods, new materials and the employment
of mechanical equipment. For example, one of the first
buildings in America to use pre-stressed concrete in a
structural system was erected on the new campus of Man-
hattanville college, Purchase, New York, from the designs of
Eggers and Higgins. Among other structural innovations of
interest were the 75-ft.-span light ribbed timber roof employed
by E. J. Bartel at Newton, Kansas; and the 222-ft. diameter
thinly spun dome of the Jordan Marsh store in " Shoppers'
World " at Framingham, Massachusetts, designed by Ket-
chum, Gina and Sharp.

The United Nations' group in New York, as the conference
building and the general assembly building were completed,
proved to be the outstanding architectural attraction of the
year for the critics. The desire to design and erect office
buildings that would also be civic monuments manifested

The United Kingdom pavilion at the Van Riebeek festival fair, Capetown, 1952. The architect in charge was Sir Hugh Cat

Mountain can be seen in the background.

Table

AREAS AND POPULATIONS

itself in several cities. In some of these, potential revenue
was sacrificed to achieve a distinguished design and to increase
the attractiveness of the space to be occupied. Most conspic-
uous of these was Lever house, New York, by Skidmore
Owings and Merrill, which included a splendid open court,
which added distinction to the great glass-sheathed mass of the
building, but was reported to sacrifice $200,000 a year in terms of
rental space. The new 41-storey Prudential building by Naess
and Murphy, under construction in Chicago, was designed to
offer its tenants unusual luxury services rather than com-
petitive rents. The Alcoa building, Pittsburgh, by Harrison
and Abramovitz, dramatically took advantage of its site on
the Golden Triangle. Using aluminium exterior wall panels,
ingenious windows, sealed yet easily washed from the inside,
and inside ceilings, ducts and piping in conjunction with a
steel frame fireproofed with foam concrete, the building
was probably the lightest of comparable size so far con-
structed.

Except in congested urban areas, there was a marked trend
toward low spreading buildings, often employing noise-buffer
courts and with interiors having a continuity of design with
the outdoor environment. Attractiveness and increased
" livability " from the pupil's point of view were admirably
achieved, as in Flewelling and Moody's new F.I Segundo
(California) public school and the Portola junior high school,
at El Cerrito, in the same state, by Miller and Warnecke.
Frank Lloyd Wright's continuation of his notable project for
a new campus for Florida Southern college at Lakeland,
Florida, was of marked architectural interest and influence.

The building of large private houses continued to be a rare
occurrence, but many noteworthy moderate-sized houses,
geared to informal and efficient living, were built, such as the
Rawson house on Long Island, New York, by Petroff and
Clarkson and the sub-tropical house for Roland Phillips at
Miami, Florida, by Igor B. Polevit/ky.

New religious buildings included Percival Goodman and
Associates' Temple Beth Israel at Lima, Ohio, and Kivett
and Meyer's synagogue and, school at Kansas City, both
resourceful and distinguished designs. Among successful
solutions to the small church problem were Pietro Belluschi's
First Presbyterian church, Cottage Grove, Oregon, and
Ramey, Himes and Buchner's Lutheran church at Clay Centre,
Kansas.

Mexico. For the design of the spectacular Ciudad univer-
sity near Mexico City, Carlo Lazo co-ordinated the activities
of 140 architects. The new campus was to accommodate
26,000 students and included a stadium seating 1 10,000. (See
also BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY; HISTORIC
BUILDINGS; HOUSING; INTERIOR DECORATION; TOWN AND
COUNTRY PLANNING.) (J. G. V. D.)

AREAS AND POPULATIONS OF THE
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. The political entities
of the world arc listed here with their areas, populations and
number of persons per square mile. The latest census or
official estimates are given for each country.

The central block of the new Swiss Centre in Milan, completed
in 1952; A. Meili, architect.

Area

Population

Persons

Name of continent and state

(in sq.mi.)

COOO)

per sq.mi.

WORLD TOTAL .

58,209,392

2,400,000

41-2*

AFRICA ....

11,634,040

198,000

17-0

Belgian colony and trusteeship

940,540

15,307

British colonies, dependencies, etc.

2,997,189

59,582

Egypt

386,110

20,729

53-7

Ethiopia and Eritrea .

398,350

16,104

40-4

French overseas territories and

protectorates ....

4,252,124

50,245

Italian trusteeship

216,310

1,100

5-1

Liberia

43,000

1,350

31-4

Libya

679,183

1.124

1-6

Portuguese overseas territories

794,959

10,559

South-West Africa (mandate of

South Africa)

317,725

430

1-4

Spanish colonies and protectorates

134,715

1,554

Tangier, International Zone of

232

150

Union of South Africa

472,494

12,646

26-8

ANTARCTICA .

6,000,000

ASIA (exclusive of U.S.S.R.) .

9,767,574

1,272,000

129-7

Afghanistan ....

251,000

12,000

47-8

Arabian desert ....

193,000

Largely uninhabited

Bhutan

18,000

300

16-7

British colonies, dependencies, etc.

245,932

10,584

Burma .....

261,600

18,674

71-4

Ceylon

25,322

7,743

305-8

China (including Formosa, Kwan-

tung, Manchuria and Tibet)

3,876,956

476,435

122-9

French overseas territory and

associated states

285.987

27,897

India

1,174,116

356,692

304-9

Indonesia

583,479

76,500

131-4

Iraq

168,043

5,100

30-3

Israel .....

8,048

1,605

199-4

Japan .....

146,690

83,200

554-6

Jordan .....

37,100

1,267

34-2

Korea .....

85.225

30,000

351-9

Kuwait .....

9,000

170

18-9

Lebanon .....

3,475

1,285

369-8

Mongolia

606,000

850

1-4

Nepal

54,000

6,910

128-0

Netherlands New Guinea .

152,100

700

8-5

Oman and Muscat

65,000

550

8-5

Pakistan . .

364,737

75,842

207-9

Persia .....

634,413

18,772

29-6

Philippines ....

115,600

21,400

185-1

Portuguese overseas territories

8.876

1,456

Qatar

4,000

5-0

Ryukyu Is. (U.S. occupied territory)

935

9-17

980-7

Saudi Arabia ....

597,000

6,000

10-1

Sikkim

2,745

136

50-4

Syria

66,063

3,228

48-9

Thailand (Siam)

198,270

18,836

95-0

Trucial Sheikdoms

16,000

5-0

Turkey

296,184

20,935

70-7

Yemen .....

75,000

4,500

AUSTRALASIA and OCEANIA

3,303,388

12,900

3-9

Australia

2,974,581

8,539

2-8

ARGENTINA

Area Population Persons

Name of continent ami state (in sq ml ) ('000) per iq mi

Australian dependencies 183,553 1,058

British colonies, dependencies, etc " 23,800 535

French overseas territories . 9,199 117

New Zealand . 103,416 1,939 18 8

New Zealand dependencies 1,656 104

United States possessions 7,407 635

EL) ROPLf (exclusive of U SS R) 1,912,630 396,300 2124

Albania 11.100 1,200 109 1

Andorra 191 6 31 4

Austria . 32,375 6,919 213 7

Belgium 11,781 8,678 736 6

British colonies and dependencies 124 335

Bulgaria 42,796 7,735 180 7

Czechoslovakia . 49,354 12,340 250

Denmark (mcl Faeroe Islands) 16,616 4,281 258 3

Estonia 18,357 1,200 65 4

Finland (mcl Aland Islands) 130,119 4,033 309

France 213,010 42,293 198 9

Germany (excl Saar) 136,461 68,363 5009

Greece (mcl islands) 51,182 7,604 1290

Hungary 35,893 9,201 256 3

Iceland . 39,768 144 36

Ireland, Republic of 26,601 2,961 1112

Italy 116,226 47,021 404 6

Latvia 2S.395 2,100 82 7

Liechtenstein 61 14 226 2

Lithuania 25,173 3,000 119 2

Luxembourg 999 299 298 9

Monaco 06 19

Netherlands 12,868 10,286 799 3

Norway (e\cl Svalbard) 125,182 3,294 262

Norwegian dependency (Svalbard) 24,295 3

Poland 120,359 25.500 211 9

Portugal (mcl A/ores and Madeira) 35,415 8,490 2397

Rumania 91,671 16,094 175 6

Saar 734 848 1,155-4

San Marino 38 13 341 3

Spam (mcl Canary Islands) 194,945 28,002 143 6

Sweden 173,390 7,047 40 6

Switzerland 15,944 4,715 295 8

Trieste, Free Territory of 293 378

United Kingdom 94,501 50,370 533

Vatican City 05 1

Yugoslavia 99.181 15,772 159

USSRt 8,598,678 201.300 23-4

NORTH AMLRICA 9,370,536 216,300 23

British colonies and dependencies 21.099 2,895

Canada 3,843,144 14,009 3 6

Costa Rica 19,238 794 41 4

Cuba 46,748 5,523 118 1

Dominican Republic . 19,129 2,121 1109

fcl Salvador 13.176 1,859 141 1

French territory and departments . 1 ,206 544

Greenland (Danish possession) 839,782 23 03

Guatemala . . 45,452 2,787 61 3

Haiti . . 10,748 3,112 289 5

Honduras . . 59,160 1,505 25 4

Mexico 760,373 25,400 33 4

Netherlands Antilles . . 403 166 4119

Nicaragua . . . 57,145 1,503 18 4

Panama (excl Canal Zone) . . 28.575 850 28 2

United States (continental) . 3,022,387 150,697 499

United States possessions . . 574,982 2,419

SOUTH AMERICA 6,956,904 111,400 160

Argentina. 1,084,359 18,000 166

Bolivia . 416,040 3,019 7 2

Bra/il . . . 3,288,042 52,645 16-1

British colonies and dependencies 90,681 433

Chile . . 286,396 6,032 21 1

Colombia. . . . 439,714 11,266 256

Ecuador . . . 104,510 3,077 29 4

French Guiana . . . 35,139 29 0-8

Netherlands territory (Surinam) 54,291 223 4-1

Paraguay 157,047 1,406 89

Peru 482,258 8,405 17-4

Uruguay 72,172 2,365 32 8

Venezuela .... 352,143 5,175 14-8

* In computing the world density the area of Antarctica u omitted, t Areas
and populations of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are included in U S S.R. totals.

ARGENTINA. Second-largest South American repub-
lic, occupying the southeastern portion of the continent.

Area (excluding the so-called " Zona Austral " which is
supposed to comprise the " Malvinas "; />., Falklands, and
other islands or territory in Antarctica): 1,084,359 sq.mi.
Pop.: (1947 census) 15,893,827; (mid-1952 est.) 18,000,000.
The population is overwhelmingly European in origin
(mostly Spanish and Italian, with Irish, German, Croat and
Polish admixtures); in 1940 about 9% were of mixed blood,
the dwindling Indian population was estimated at 262,600
and the total of foreign-born population was 2,355,900.
Language: Spanish. Religion: mainly Roman Catholic;
Jewish 360,000. Capital and leading port (pop., 1952 est.):
Buenos Aires (3,383,000). Other chief towns (pop., 1947
census): Rosano (761,300), Cordoba (351,644); La Plata,
now Eva Peron (271,738); Lanus (242,760); Santa F6
(168,011); Tucuman (152,508), Mendoza (105,328); Mar del
Plata (104,513). President of the republic, General Juan
Domingo Peron.

History. The Argentine people would remember 1952 as
the year of the death of Sefiora Eva Peron, the president's
wife. After a long illness Senora Peron died on July 26 at the
age of 33. Although she possessed no official standing in the
government, " Evita " had exercised a powerful influence in
public affairs: she won the franchise for women and helped
to organize and direct the Labour movement from which
Per6n's regime had drawn much of its strength. Her death
was the occasion for unparalleled demonstrations of sorrow
and respect. Tributes to her memory included the following:
the trade unions ruled that " every day for ever " a wreath
would be laid on her tomb by a delegation of workers;
the Ministry of Education decreed that portraits of Eva
Peron should be hung in all schools in the country, and that
offerings of flowers should be made before them every
morning; the same ministry announced that one school in
each of the principal towns of the republic would be re-
named " Eva Per6n "; congress passed a bill ordaining that
" for the rest of history " July 26 would be a day of national
mourning; the provincial legislature changed the name of the
provincial capital from La Plata to Eva Peron; during her
illness congress had officially pronounced that Senora Peron
was the "spiritual chief of the state"; her autobiography
was made compulsory reading for schoolchildren; and the
former territory of La Pampa became Eva Peron state, with
a Syndicalist constitution.

The economic life of the nation was beset with problems:
the prolonged rise in the cost of living caused the government
to adopt a drastic deflationary policy; the constantly dim-
inishing reserves of foreign currency compelled the president
to appeal again and again for greater production, in order
that exports might be increased, and obliged him to take
measures to enforce economy; for the same reason, imports
were limited to essential supplies. Petrol was rationed at the
beginning of January; one meatless day a week was decreed
in that same month; a campaign was launched to persuade
the people that excessive meat-eating was unhealthy; in
February all prices were officially frozen, and many Argen-
tine consulates abroad were closed. In August it was an-
nounced that it would be necessary for Argentina to import
wheat from the United States. Because of the dollar shortage,
this transaction had to be accomplished in a round-about
manner, Argentina shipping 260,000 tons of maize to France;
France exporting 200.000 tons of barley to the United States;
and the United States sending 200,000 tons of wheat to
Argentina.

By September it became apparent that a deflationary ten-
dency had begun. This was partly the result of the govern-
ment's policy of credit restriction. Another contributory
factor was the recent decline in pastoral and agricultural
production (largely caused by a succession of serious
droughts) which reduced the buying power of rural workers,

ARGENTINA

thereby creating unemployment in some urban industries,
particularly in textiles. Prices of certain goods were slashed
in the shops, and bankruptcies multiplied. Deflation drove
the black market value of the peso from 30 to the U.S. dollar
(in January) to 19 (in September). But nobody believed that
the crisis would be disastrous: all that was needed, was a
bumper harvest, which, if it materialized at the turn of the
year, would go a long way to solving the nation's problems.
The Argentines had suffered many economic crises in the
course of their history; but, after one or two lean years,
the fabulous fertility of their soil had always saved them.

Peron blamed, firstly, the droughts, and, secondly, U.S.
" imperialism " for Argentina's discomfiture, and U.S.-
Argentine relations deteriorated during 1952. In a speech on
Feb. 1 the president declared that the United States had
cornered the world's raw materials and said that Argentina
did not want dollars. A short while ago, he remarked, the
Americans had come to buy Argentine meat for their men
fighting in Korea, and offered dollars in payment. They
had been told, however, that they would get no meat unless
they paid in raw materials. He added : " They did not give
us raw materials, and we did not give them meat." It so
happened that there was no surplus meat available at the
time; but Peron's statement was a typical manifestation of
his resentment against Argentina's northern rival in the
contest for South American hegemony.

Relations with Great Britain were amicable, though
antarctic disputes occurred once again. In February Argen-
tine forces at Hope bay temporarily expelled the British
survey vessel " John Biscoe ", and it was later announced
that the Argentines had established a permanent (their
sixth) antarctic base in that locality. In the same month a
regular air mail service between Buenos Aires and Antarctica
was inaugurated. Per6n stated in May: " Argentina will
no longer discuss her antarctic claims. We shall defend
them. Those who discuss our rights have thousands of
years behind, but perhaps very few ahead. We have but a
century behind, but many in front of us." He continued:
" We must throw generations of Argentines towards the
antarctic, but without fuss. Justice, God and the future are

on our side." The meeting addressed by the president on
this occasion was opened with a showing of the British film
Scott of the Antarctic.

Relations between Argentina and the neighbouring republic
of Uruguay became particularly strained. The Argentine
government resented the fact that Uruguay continued to grant
asylum to anti-Peronista refugees and that criticism of the
Peron regime was frequently expressed in Uruguayan news-
papers and by radio. The Argentine authorities made travel
between the two countries increasingly difficult by various
restrictive measures. In September the Uruguayan govern-
ment expelled an Argentine labour attache who was stated to
have encouraged factory-workers at Montevideo to strike for
higher wages. Argentina retaliated by launching a violent
press campaign against Uruguay and by accusing the
Uruguayan government of having officially recognized British
sovereignty over the Falkland islands an accusation which
was withdrawn, with qualifications, in December.

The 1951 Anglo-Argentine commercial and financial
protocol expired in April 1952. The final meat shipment
due under this agreement was made, belatedly, at the end of
June; and the British embassy at Buenos Aires complained
repeatedly to the Argentine government that their undertaking
to issue import licences for British " non-essential " manu-
factures had not been fulfilled. The Argentine reply was
that unfortunately no sterling was available for this purpose.
Negotiations for a new protocol were in progress, inter-
mittently, throughout the year. Before the official Anglo-
Argentine talks began, President Per6n declared publicly
that he would demand 250 per ton for beef, against the
previous price of about 126. The protocol was at last
signed on Dec. 31. It provided for the purchase by the
United Kingdom of about 255,000 tons of meat in 1953,
the agreed price of good quality frozen beef being 161;
U.K. exports of crude oil, fuel oil and tinplate during 1953
would be of about the same quantities as fixed in the previous
protocol; exports of coal to Argentina would be increased
to 800,000 tons; the Argentine government undertook to
issue import licences totalling 3 million by the end of
Sept. 1953, and the United Kingdom agreed to make available

Troops lining the streets of Buenos Aires at the funeral of Eva Perdn on Aug. 10. She died on July 26 but until AUK. 8 her body lay in state

in the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare.

ARMIES OF THE WORLD

a credit of 20 million, as previously. The transfer of
financial remittances from Argentina was not mentioned in
the new protocol.

An R.A.F. goodwill mission arrived at Buenos Aires in
three Canberra jet-propelled bombers at the end of October.
In November the British foreign under-secretary, Lord
Reading, visited Buenos Aires during a tour of southern
South America. In December President Peron introduced his
second five year plan to congress in an address which was
seen on television for the first time. The new plan was
designed to continue the organization of the state on totali-
tarian lines, under the domination of the Pcromsta party, and.
in particular, to assist the revival of agriculture. (G. P.)

Education. Schools (1949) primary 14,722, pupils 2,119,940,
teachers 92,554. secondary (1946) 1,145, pupils 221,409. teachers
28,360 Universities (1946) 6, students 51.886, teaching staff 2.607

Agriculture. Mam crops {'000 metric tons, 1950. 1951 in brackets)
wheat 5,796 (2,050), barley 762 (349), oats 733 (442), maue 2,670
(1.990), rye 631 (87), potatoes 1,559 (1,250), rice, paddy 141 (191),
cotton, fibre (1950-51, 1951-52 in brackets) 102 (129), sugar, raw
value 613 (651), sunflower seed 920 (1,250), tobacco 35, groundnuts
150, cottonseed 200 (206), linseed 559 (360) Livestock ('000 head)
horses (1949) 7,238, asses and mules (1949) 501, cattle (1951) 43,000,
sheep (1948) 51,172. pigs (1949) 3,000 Fisheries- total catch (1951)
61,270 metric tons

Industry. Industrial establishments (1947) 1 01, 884, persons employed
in manufacturing industries (1949) 1,169,000 Fuel and power coal
('000 metric tons, 1950. 1951 in brackets) 26 4 (3 96), electricity
(million kwh , 1950. 1951 in brackets) 4,428 (4,716), crude oil ('000
metric tons, 1951, 1952, six months, in brackets) 3.540 (1,808) Raw
materials ('000 metric, tons, 1950) lead, smelter 183, zinc, smelter
production 7 53, sulphur 7 8 Manufactured goods ('000 metric tons,
1951, 1952, six months, in brackets) cement 1,548 (795), cotton yarn
91 32, rayon yarn 7 43

Finance and Banking (million pesos) Budget (1952 est ) revenue
6,000, expenditure 9,100 National debt (Dec. 31, 1950, Dec 31, 1951,
in brackets) 15,997 (19,452) Currency circulation (July 1951, July
1952 in brackets) 12,655 (14,905) Gold reserves (million U S dollars.
July 1951, July 1952 in brackets) 288 (268) Monetary unit pew,
with a basic export rate (Oct 1952) of 14 pesos to the pound sterling
and 5 pesos to the U S dollar, and a free market rate (Oct 1952) ol
38 97 pesos to the pound and 13 92 pesos to the U.S dollar

Foreign Trade. (Million pesos. 1951, 1952, six months, in brackets )
Imports 10,491 (5,172), exports 6,709 2 (2,028) Mam sources of
imports (1951) US 21%, France 10%, Bra/il 9%, UK 7 5%,
Germany 7 5% Mam destinations of exports US 17 5%; U K
17%; Bra/il 10 5%, Italy 7%, Germany 7% Mam imports (1951)
machinery and vehicles 18%, iron and steel products 15%, fuel and
lubricants 10 5%, textiles 10%. Mam exports cereals and linseed
23%, meat 15%, wool 13 5%; hides 7 5%

Transport and Communications Roads (1950) 37,000 mi Motor
vehicles licensed (Dec. 1950) cars 250,000; commercial 160,000
Railways (1949-50) 26,568 mi , passenger-mi 8,260 million, freight
net ton-mi 10,580 million Shipping (merchant vessels of 100 gross
tons and over, July 1951) 300, total tonnage 993,798 Air transport
(1949) mi flown 8 million. Telephones (1951) 798,391 Wireless
licences (1949). 1,704,893.

BIBLIOGRAPHY R. J Alexander, The Perdn Era (New York, 1952), F
Cowles, Bloody Precedent the Perdn Story (New York, 1952), R A
Humphreys, Liberation in South America (1952) Editors of La Prensa,
Defence oj Freedom (London, 1952)

ARMIES OF THE WORLD. United States.

The U.S. defence appropriation for the fiscal year 1953
(July I, 1952-June 30, 1953) was $46,610,938,912 (c, 55%
of the total expenditure). The army's share of the budget was
$12,239,500.

Disposition. During 1952 all of the regular infantry
divisions were located overseas. Divisions stationed in the
United States included two airborne, one armoured division
and four national guard infantry divisions which had been
called to active duty. Six U.S. divisions were engaged in
Korea; two were stationed in Japan. In addition, the 7th
army in Germany was composed of four infantry and one
armoured division, together with a constabulary force.

Organization, The average available strength of the army
during 1952 was 1,552,000 men. Strength was maintained
through the draft which had inducted more than a million
men since its resumption in 1950. During the year congress

approved legislation which provided that the army would
be backed by a portion of the million-man ready reserve to
be organized for the armed services. All other reserves would
be in stand-by status. Stand-by reserves would be liable for
service only in time of war or emergency declared by congress
or when the ready reserve was exhausted. During 1952 the
army recalled about 160,000 reserves for two-week periods
of field training on a compulsory basis. About 1 1 ,000
officers holding mobilization designations were required to
report for 15-day mandatory training The number of
aircraft and pilots that were an integral part of the army
increased greatly Strength in aircraft and pilots numbered
about 1,600, with a tentative goal of between 3,000 and
4,000 aircraft. There was no army air corps or branch, but
eight branches used aircraft within their establishments:
infantry, artillery, armour, engineers, signal corps, ordnance,
transport and medical corps. For example, each infantry
division received 26 aircraft of which 10 were helicopters
and the balance light aircraft for observation purposes.
Training Exeicise " Longhorn ", held in Texas, was the
largest army-air force manoeuvre held since World War II.
Troop carrier operations were conducted in cross co-
ordination with the technical air control system, making the
radar control facilities in the forward areas direct air drops.
This enabled much greater accuracy in dropping men and
cargo to ground units near the enemy. It also promised to
supersede " pathfinder " techniques wherein parties were
dropped in advance in a paratroop invasion area to guide
in the main force. New armoured techniques were also
developed in exercise " Longhorn ", with the 1st armoured
division making use of the 100th heavy tank battalion in
company strength. Armoured-air co-ordination was im-
proved, with air force officers riding in the advance tanks.
At the conclusion of the exercise, the 31st infantry division
was air-transported from Texas to its regular training centre
at Camp Atterbury, Indiana

A second major exercise, " Snowfall ", tested 32,000 troops
and about 200 aircraft in cold weather conditions. The exercise
included air drops, night attacks and offensive and defensive
operations with simulated atomic weapons. Major units
engaged in this exercise included the 1 1 th airborne division
and 3rd armoured cavalry. The principal objective in the
exercise, in addition to testing equipment, was to determine
what use could be made of airborne troops when facing
atomic weapons.

Equipment A new lightweight air-to-ground plane was
developed for the army during 1952 to provide close air-
ground support. The FD-25 Defender with a speed range of
35 to 182 m.p.H , cruising range of 630 mi., was designed to
provide battalion support. The plane carried 40 2-75-in.
rockets, or 32 individually launched 2 75-in. rockets, or
four 5-m. rockets. In place of the rockets the Defender
could carry two 40-gal. napalm bombs or two 250-lb. general
purpose bombs. The plane's fixed armament consisted of
two -30-calibre machine guns.

Troops in Korea tested an all-nylon lightweight armoured
vest weighing about eight pounds. The vest was designed as
protection against mortar, grenade and shell fragments.
Reports indicated that the army had developed atomic
shells which could be fired from heavy artillery of the 8-in.
howitzer type. Tests were conducted at Yucca Flat, near
Las Vegas, Nevada, with troops located in the area of atomic
blasts. New equipment was developed for the army anti-
aircraft command, including radar-controlled, fully automatic
77-mm. guns and guided missiles. These were in addition to
the 90-mm. and 120-mm. anti-aircraft guns. An improved
model of the jeep was produced. The new model cost less,
consumed less petrol, and had a splashproof ignition system
for driving in shallow water.

ARMIES OF THE WORLD

A waterproofed Land Rover of the British army being demonstrated

at the Ministry of Supply Signals Research and Development

Establishment at Highclijffe, Hampshire.

A new M-48 or Patton-48 tank was tested by the army.
The tank, which weighed 49 tons, was powered by a 810-h.p.
air-cooled engine with cross-drive transmission. It had a
lower silhouette than any other U.S. tank and an egg-shaped
sloping elliptical hull and turret, increasing the difficulty of
shell penetration. The M-47 tank was adopted as the new
medium tank of the army. This tank weighed 48 tons,
carried a crew of five, had an air-cooled 810-h.p. engine,
and was equipped with a 90-mm. high-velocity gun. (See
also MUNITIONS OF WAR).

Great Britain. The annual defence budget estimates for
1951-52 amounted to 1,273-8 million (30% of the total
expenditure). The conscription term was continued at a
two-year period as the regular and reserve forces exceeded
1,250,000. Tank production was accelerated during 1952
with emphasis placed on the manufacture of Centurion
tanks which were given a " super priority " rating for
production. Guided missiles and anti-mine equipment were
also given " super priority " ratings and together with
Centurion tanks composed about one-sixth of British arma-
ment production. Great Britain received from the U.S.
under the Mutual Security Aid programme anti-tank rocket
launchers, rocket ammunition, tank transporter tractors,
medium and self-propelled guns.

Disposition. During 1952 about 12,000 troops served in
Korea, where together with the Australian, Canadian and
New Zealand troops they were included in the Common-
wealth division. Other main dispositions were: Germany,
four divisions; Austria, one brigade; Trieste, one brigade;
the middle east, including the Suez canal zone, two divisions
and one parachute brigade; Malaya, about 22,000 troops;
Hong Kong, 11,000. The strength of the British army
reached an effective fighting organization of 10 divisions,
with 10 reserve divisions.

Organization. During the year General Sir John Harding
succeeded Field Marshal Sir William Slim as chief of the

imperial general staff. General Harding, who commanded
the 7th armoured division at El Alamein, was formerly
commander of the British Army of the Rhine. In that post
General Harding was succeeded by Lieut-General Sir
Richard Gale, a wartime commander of airborne troops.
(See also BRITISH ARMY.)

Malaya. General Sir Gerald Templer (q.v,) was sent to
Malaya during 1952 to accelerate the campaign against the
Communists. The Malayan federation police force was put
through an intensified period of training. Plans were drawn
up for arming more than 100,000 of the 320,000 home guard.
A new conscription law wa % s passed to allow the regular and
auxiliary military formations to be enlarged. The regular
forces in Malaya consisted of 30,000 troops with 120,000
police regulars, specialists and auxiliaries. It was estimated
that there were about 8,500 Communists, most of whom
were Chinese. (See also MALAYA.)

France. The French military appropriation bill totalled
Fr. 1,045,000 million, a record defence budget accounting
for about one-third of French government spending for 1952.
The budget was an increase of 71% above that for 1951.
It would provide the North Atlantic Treaty organization
forces, by 1953, with eight mobilized front-line divisions with
four additional divisions ready for immediate mobilization.
France expected $625 million worth of offshore contracts
from the United States for its armament industry. The
actual amount received was $185 million, creating serious
budgetary difficulties.

The War in Indochina. At the beginning of the year the
Vietnam army consisted of about 60,000 regular troops with
a similar number of auxiliary troops. This army relied
largely on French officers, with about 3,750 serving in the
Vietnam army formations. The principal operational units
were 35 battalions supplied with light arms from U.S.
military equipment. There was no general staff and the
Vietnam officers' corps, totalling about 1,000, comprised
only 4 colonels and 76 majors. The National Military
academy produced 200 lieutenants every nine months.
During the year the first regimental assault team was formed
under General Nguyen Van Hinh, the first commanding
general of the Vietnam army. The French shifted the com-
mand of the Vietnamese army to General Nguyen, and
assigned the independent Vietnamese force to occupy cap-
tured areas and mop up guerrilla resistance. The Vietnamese
forces concentrated on the development of armour, artillery,
engineering and other specialized units. The total number
of troops in the anti-Communist armies in Indochina was
about 400,000. Of these more than 50,000 were French.
Another 165,000 were French Union troops (Moroccans,
Algerians, Senegalese and Foreign Legion). Another 160,000
were Vietnamese.

The Vietminh (Communist) forces numbered about
350,000, although a large number of these were irregulars.
There was an attrition of Vietminh strength during the early
months of the year as a result of heavy fighting in the Tonkin
war theatre. In this battle zone Vietminh regulars were well
armed with basic infantry weapons but lacked heavy weapons,
armoured vehicles and transport and had no air support.
By the start of the rainy season in June, the French and
allied forces had practically driven the Vietminh forces from
the Red river delta. But in October Vietminh attacked again
in Red river delta. From Nov. 1, 1951, to May 30, 1952, the
French counted 16,756 Vietminh dead and had taken 9,801
prisoners. French estimates put total Vietminh casualties
at more than 50,000. There was increasing evidence during
the year of additional Communist Chinese military advisers
and technicians supporting the Vietminh forces in Indochina.
These Chinese forces were estimated to number 10,000.
(See also INDOCHINA.)

ARMIES OF THE WORLD

Other N.A.T.O. Powers. Belgium. A defence budget of
B.F. 10,080 million or one-seventh of the total expenditure,
was passed in 1952. The term of conscription was reduced
from 24 to 21 months. This reduced by 15% the effectiveness
of the three active divisions. About 20,000 native troops
were being trained in the Belgian Congo for defensive pur-
poses. The troops were led by 356 Belgian officers and 406
N.C.O.s who had volunteered for five-year periods.

Denmark. A defence strength of about 225,000 was the
aim for 1952, including an army of 100,000, a local defence
force of 20,000 and a home defence force of 50,000. The
establishment of a permanent, fully trained division started.
In order to man the division, conscription was extended from
12 to 18 months.

Greece. Armed forces totalled about 176,000, with a
conscription period of three years. However, the cutting of
conscription to two years because of reduction in U.S. aid
was discussed. This would reduce the size of the Greek army
to about 145,000. It was organized into 10 divisions, with
shortages in tanks and artillery.

Italy. Twelve divisions were to be at full strength by the
end of 1952 with three additional divisions to be organized
in 1953, provided that military equipment was received from
the United States. Italy provided four divisions for the
European army, together with one armoured brigade (Arietc)
and two Alpine brigades. A second armoured division, the
Centauro, and a third Alpine brigade would be organized.
Italy had received more than 800 tanks, with artillery,
electronic equipment and anti-tank and anti-aircraft equip-
ment. During 1952, L. 437,760 million or 24% of the total
expenditure was earmarked for defence, an increase of about
one-fifth in the defence appropriation.

The Netherlands. About Fl. 1,500 million (35% of the
total expenditure) was scheduled for the Netherlands national
defence in 1952. The army was to have by the end of 1954
five front-line divisions organized into one corps of three
divisions, with two independent divisions. In addition,
special troops would be organized to defend lines of com-

miini^atinn itirl \/i ilnoraKlo nrtinte in tho *M*th<r1<inHc A

request was made to S.H.A.P.E. to provide U.S., British and
French officers to advise in the training of troops. In addition,
these liaison officers were to act as staff officers in the head-
quarters of the corps and two divisions that the Dutch
provided for S.H.A.P.E. Dutch officers numbering 200 to
300 were sent to the U.S. for intensive training.

Norway. The defence budget for 1951-52 was a record,
Kr. 980 million (34% of the total expenditure), the largest
proportion of this sum being allotted to the army which
would be expanded to a total of 1 1 brigades by 1955. The
standing peacetime defence establishment consisted of two
divisions of reduced strength. This was supplemented by
the home guard. The principal difficulty facing Norway was
the development of a corps of officers and non-commis-
sioned ranks sufficient to lead an army of expanded size.

Turkey. Turkey's entry into the North Atlantic Treaty
organization, together with Greece's, was one of the important
developments of the year. U.S. military advisers were
attached to each corps, division and brigade of the Turkish
army. These teams consisted of advisers on infantry, artillery,
administration, engineers, signals and ordnance. The strength
of the Turkish army was about 400,000 men maintained by
universal military training, with compulsory service for two
years at the age of 20.

European " Neutrals ". Sweden. Principal developments
included re-equipping the army with modern weapons and
increasing the firepower of the artillery. Also, the programme
to place major defence industries, aircraft installations, army
barracks and hospitals underground was accelerated.

Switzerland. Although the permanent regular ground force
numbered no more than about 500 men, all commissioned or
non-commissioned officers, an army of 600,000 could be
placed in the field within 48 hours. This consisted of 4 corps,
composed of 9 infantry divisions, 3 motorized brigades and
24 squadrons of cavalry, together with fortress troops.
About 25% of the national budget was allotted to defence.
All small arms were produced in Switzerland, motor transport
and tanks being purchased from the United States or Great

Tanks of the l-'rench 7th

\ cathedral when llic regimen! i
rd defence budget.

In 1 { )52 France

ART EXHIBITIONS

Yugoslavia. The defence appropriation amounted to 22 %
of the national income, or approximately 238 million.
A military agreement was reached between Yugoslavia and
the United States during 1952 providing for the latter to
supply tanks and heavy artillery to the Yugoslav army.
This agreement followed an inspection tour of Yugoslav
installations by a U.S. military mission. In addition, U.S.
supplies of transport and signal equipment and light weapons
continued and a study was made of the financing of orders
for military equipment in Yugoslavia to contribute to the
expansion of the armament industry. Aid was received from
Great Britain and France as well as from the United States.

U.S.S.R. and the Satellites. The official estimate of the
defence appropriation gave a figure of 23 8% of the 1952
budget of Rb. 476 900 million. This appropriation was
about 18% larger than that for the preceding year. The
increased budget was for additional production of guns and
tanks and expansion of the armament industry.

Disposition. There continued to be 36 Soviet divisions in
the German Democratic Republic, although only 22 of these
were at fighting strength, totalling about 230,000 men.
The remaining divisional headquarters were for administra-
tion of various technical units and anti-aircraft and anti-
tank regiments. The 22 line divisions were believed to be at
about 95% of strength (the normal strength of a Soviet
division being around 8,000 men). It was reported that the
class of 1930 was sent home from Germany and demobilized
There were unconfirmed reports that the Russians planned to
send additional line divisions to eastern Germany. In
addition to the Soviet divisions in Germany, there were
about four divisions in Austria and six in Poland. Two of
the divisions in Poland were armoured. A strategic reserve
of 30 front-line divisions was reported to be stationed in the
Minsk-Leningrad area.

Over-all strength of the Soviet army continued to be
about 175 divisions. However, in addition to regular troops,
the Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Armed Forces
continued to train about 16 million civilians in various
military techniques. This society engaged in training with
rifles, in grenade-throwing and in other fundamentals of
infantry fighting.

Reports indicated that European people's democracies had
80 active divisions under an average peacetime establishment
of 9,000 men to a division. The length of conscription in the
satellite nations was two years and in some categories three.
Estimated strength in divisions included: Poland 22, Rumania
15, Czechoslovakia 15, Bulgaria 12 and Hungary 16. (See
also POLAND.)

Equipment. The Soviet group of armies in eastern Germany
was refitted during the year with new field and anti-aircraft
artillery and motor transport. This equipment was sent to
the 18 tank or mechanized divisions. The U.S.S.R. also
continued to rearm the satellite armies. All old heavy equip-
ment such as tanks, guns and trucks was replaced by modern
Soviet material. However, the transformation of the satellite
infantry divisions into Soviet-type mechanized rifle divisions
was reported to be making slow progress. The U.S.S.R. was
reported to rate the efficiency of the satellite armies in the
following order: Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Rumania and
Czechoslovakia

During 1952 there was a sharp increase in the funds
available to the German Democratic government for con-
struction of military training facilities and barracks. Re-
organization of the Bereitschaften (alert units) into cadre
formations capable of rapid expansion into combat divisions
was completed. It was reported that at least one armoured
division was being formed. There were also signs that a
number of plants in eastern Germany had been retooled to
produce Soviet heavy weapons, indicating the possibility

that the Democratic Republic could arm its own force. It
seemed that the German Democratic force was capable of
being organized into 25 brigades, although probably not
consisting of more than 100,000 men altogether during 1952.

China. The Chinese Communist army numbered about
2,800,000 mobilized troops, with an estimated 2 million
reserve and garrisoned forces. The combat forces were
grouped m four to six field armies containing between 75
and 100 divisions each. Of these troops about 900,000 were
in Korea. There were only five artillery divisions with heavy
artillery, and three armoured divisions with about 500 tanks,
probably Soviet T-34s. Very extensive training was being
conducted in the military academy at Peking, as well as in
the artillery schools at Peking and Paoting, and armoured
schools at Fengtai, Suchow, Nanking and Urumtsi.

During the year increased emphasis was placed on
modernizing the army and revising its tactics and training in
order to provide increased firepower. Special artillery and
armoured force commands were organized. Unconfirmed
reports indicated that tank repair factories had been estab-
lished. Reports also suggested that the Chinese Communists
planned to supplement the 18th division in Tibet with
additional troops in order to dominate the Himalayan area.
The headquarters of the 4th field army, previously at Hankow,
had been shifted to Canton. This shift took the army head-
quarters closer to the southeast coastal defences. According
to an article by General Hsio Hua, of the political department
of the military council, " the Soviet army of today will be
the model of the People's Liberation army of tomorrow."
The premier announced that Communist China had organized
an armed militia of 12 million men to act as reserve forces
for the regular field armies. (See also EUROPEAN DEFENCE
COMMUNITY, NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION.)

(L. B. K.)

ART EXHIBITIONS. The most striking exhibition
of 1952 was undoubtedly the magnificent display of mediaeval
art treasures from Italy held at the Petit Palais, Paris. It
ranged from the middle of the 3rd century A.D. to about
1350 and brought together works from religious buildings
and museums that had never before been seen outside Italy.
This brilliant assemblage threw into sharp relief the artistic
vitality of an epoch not too well-known to the general
public. Italian art of this period had often been considered
as little more than a mixture of Roman and Byzantine styles
and, in the later period, as a pale counterpart, even an
offspring, of the more glorious French tradition. True
enough that many of the paintings shown were in the inter-
national-gothic spirit, though Giotto and Duccio, to say
the least, made their own revolutionary contributions. The
most powerful effect, however, was formed by the impressive
sculpture of Niccola and Giovanni Pisano and Tino da
Camaino, which convincingly demonstrated the continuity
of the classical spirit in Italian art even before it had been
" officially recognized " in the Renaissance.

At Bordeaux and subsequently at Genoa and Barcelona
an attempt was made to suggest the community of spirit
shared by painters working in Italy, Spain and France during
the 15th and 16th centuries, when trade, pilgrimages and
dynastic alliances formed the backcloth to an artistic move-
ment that stretched from Sicily, Naples and Sardinia, through
Pisa, Genoa and Nice, across Provence and down through
Catalonia to Valencia and finally to Majorca. Certain
formulae were shared by many of the artists represented,
though the indifferent examples of Bartolome" Bermejo's
work, the exclusion of the Master of Aix and the restriction
of Antonello da Messina to only one picture lessened the
contribution of the major men, and tended to suggest a level
of common mediocrity. The extent to which the artists of

ART EXHIBITIONS

this period at their best approximated to a common style
was debatable, but the survey did indicate how a sort of
Mediterranean objectivity and the use of classical forms
were imposed on a visual language derived in many cases
from Flemish art. Further light on the variety of influences
at work in the 15th century was provided by the well-
selected exhibition at Tours devoted to the origins of the
Renaissance in France.

These examinations of the cross-currents of European
art provided a fitting introduction to the magnificent Leonardo
exhibitions held in London, Paris, Amboise and Florence
to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the great Floren-
tine's birth. The notable exhibition held at Burlington house,
London, presented the finest group of the master's drawings
(many from the royal library at Windsor) ever to have been
held. Every facet of his genius was represented, including
whole series of sketches for paintings such as the Uffizi
" Epiphany ", the " Leda ", " The Last Supper ", the
"Battle of Anghiari" and the "Madonna with St. Anne",
as well as for the Sforza and Trivulzio equestrian monuments.
Almost a- complete set of caricatures and grotesques and a
series of designs for masquerades and other court theatricals
were also displayed. The landscape drawings included the
" Deluge " series. Drawings of plants and anatomical
studies were complemented by a section dealing with Leon-
ardo's scientific and literary interests. None of his master-
pieces of painting was shown, only copies and related pictures.
The Louvre presented its own Leonardos with particular
emphasis on documentation relating to cleaning.

One of the most suggestive shows of the year, devoted to
mannerism and the school of Fontainebleau, was held at
Naples. An uneasy compromise was reached between an
endeavour to illustrate the specific theme and an attempt to
survey mannerism as an Italian movement with international
ramifications. Few first-rate pictures were included, and the
emphasis was placed rather on " interesting " works. Both
the British Museum's exhibition of Emilian drawings and a
large exhibition at Nuremberg of German art from Diirer to
the Thirty Years' War skilfully stressed the European
affiliations of mannerism.

The spread of Italian influence at a later date was the theme
of the exhibition " Caravaggio and the Netherlands ", held
at Utrecht and Antwerp. Though many of the followers
lagged behind the master, much of historical importance was
shown, but examination of the early Vermeer and Hendrick
ter Bruggen failed to prove any substantial connection with
Caravaggio. This impact on the Netherlands would have
been clearer if the choice of items had been more precise.
The regular channel of Dutch art was examined in the fine
exhibition " Three Centuries of Portraits " staged at the
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. The selection of works by the
Master of Alkmaer, Lucas van Leyden, Jan Scorel and
Antonis Mor formed a valuable introduction to the golden
age of the 17th century. Frans Hals and Rembrandt were
seen to great advantage in a number of important pictures,
many of which came from private collections. Another
section dealt with the 18th-century school, little known
outside the Netherlands. Dutch art was well to the fore in
the fascinating show of still-life painting from antiquity to
the present time held at the Orangerie, Paris. Though the
inclusion of a number of the earlier works seemed to stretch
the theme rather far, the prime examples of the Dutch 17th-
century masters and of Chardin and Ce/annc provided a
fine compensation.

Dutch painting was honoured at the close of the year in the
magnificent exhibition at the Royal Academy, London.
Though a small group of important paintings was loaned
from the Netherlands, most came from English collections,
and a number of little-known works were introduced to the

Leonardo's *' Profile of a warrior wearing an elaborate helmet and
cuirass " seen during (he year at the Royal Academy exhibition.

public. If the early phases of Dutch painting and mannerism
were not too well represented, the 17th century was seen to
great advantage. Over 40 Rembrandts were on display,
though none of his landscapes was shown, while the landscape
painters of the 17th century, particularly Philips Koriinck,
were seen in full splendour. One of the most impressive
exhibitions of recent years, it indicated that English collections
still contained almost unparalleled riches. Jt was certainly
more adequately chosen than the selection of Flemish por-
traits shown at the Orangerie during the autumn, at the same
time as the welcome, if small, collection of Tiepolos and
Guardis exhibited at the Cailleux gallery, Paris. Parisians
were also abje to examine D. G. van Beuningen's celebrated
collection from the Netherlands which contained amongst
other treasures the famous " Three Marys at the Sepulchre "
by Van Eyck, formerly in the Cook collection.

French painting of various ages continued to hold a
major position in exhibitions. Fresh light was thrown on
Philippe de Champaigne at the Orangerie by the display of
several recently discovered or little-known works, including
the rare landscape from Mainz. Of more general interest
was the rich survey of French draughtsmanship down the
ages, held at the Arts Council galleries in London, where the
representation of Claude and Watteau, not to speak of the
19th-century draughtsmen, was especially strong.

The major exhibition of French 19th-century art to appear
in England was devoted to Delacroix (at Wiklenstein, Lon-
don) and a number of the paintings shown stressed his
acquaintance with English art, as well as his dependence on
the Venetians and Rubens. The theme of Anglo-French
artistic relations was further stressed by a smaller, though no
less interesting, group of Gericaults (Marlborough galleries,

ART EXHIBITIONS

*' St. Agnes " (mid-6th century), from S. Appolinare Nnovo, one of

the replicas of the Ravenna mosaics which were exhibited in London

by the Arts Council ilurinn 79.52.

London). English painting of this period was admirably
shown in the survey of Constable at Guildhall, London.
A set of unknown and rare oil sketches on paper by J. M. W.
Turner was also a feature of the season at Leggatt's gallery,
London.

Besancon appropriately celebrated Courbet with a group
of 60 pictures including a number of lesser works amongst
which were some important figure paintings. The custom
of regional museums' honouring the distinguished sons of
their localities was followed at Le Havre, where Boudin,
" king of skies " was justly celebrated. On a larger scale was
the selection from Claude Monet's works which appeared
successively at Zurich, Paris and The Hague. This generous
choice provided a real understanding of his change in the
late 1880s from a purely Impressionist style to one connected
with the Symbolist movement. The Degas exhibition at
Edinburgh and later at the Tate gallery, London, was disap-
pointing and far too few of his important oils found a place.
Amongst late 19th-century French painters, Paul Signac was
awarded a welcome exhibition at the Musee dc 1' Art Moderne,
Paris. The realization that 19th-century and early 20th-
century art is now a period for exact study was demonstrated
at Zurich, which witnessed a lively exhibition of Art Nouveau.
The decorative arts of this period were examined, not quite
so admirably, at the Victoria and Albert museum, London.
An exhibition of 19th- and 20th-century paintings from
private collections was held at the Musee des Arts Decoratifs,
Paris.

Controversy was aroused in Paris, as in London, by the
selection of 20th-century masterpieces arranged by the Con-
gress for Cultural Freedom. It was a personal anthology
rather than a historical exhibition, and the emphasis was a
little too strongly placed on Pict Mondrian and the construct-
ivists. The need for a first rate exhibition, detailing various
phases of the modern movement, was emphasized by the
number of smaller shows of vital schools, such as the Expres-
sionists (at Roland, Browse and Delbanco, London), that did
little more than hint at the fringes. The failure to develop
such themes was proved at the Venice biennale. Though Halm
Soutine and Raoul Dufy were given one man shows, the treat-
ment of Goya and the group known as "The Bridge" was not
wide enough. (Dufy, however, was the theme of a large retro-
spective exhibition at Geneva.) Corot, the Piedmontese lands-
cape painters of the 19th century and Frederico Zandomen-
eghi all aroused interest; the struggle between the protagonists
of realism and abstraction was well conveyed on this occa-
sion.

Retrospective exhibitions of Gwen John, Ethel Walker,
Frances Hodgkins and Jacob Epstein were held at the Tate
gallery, while Max Beerholm (</.v.), Charles Keene and Roger
Fry were honoured elsewhere in London. A welcome
examination of the New English Art club was held at Birming-
ham; modern French primitives, Albert Marquet, Henri
Laurens, Max Ernst and Barbara Hepworth had good exhibi-
tions. The younger French school was shown at the Arts
Council gallery. Nicolas de Stael was introduced to London.
Old masters from Barnard castle were on view at Agnew's,
London, while loan exhibitions of old masters were seen at
Bedford, Peterborough, Worthing and King's Lynn. The
Brunswick art treasures at the Victoria and Albert museum
were of historical, rather than artistic importance. In
London Sung paintings at the British Museum and Hiroshige
prints at the Arts Council galleries made a fine showing, while
Paris saw a splendid exhibition of early Mexican treasures.

(D. STN.)

United States. The Art Institute of Chicago and the
Metropolitan museum, New York, organized jointly an
impressive exhibition of paintings, water colours and draw-
ings by Paul Cezanne, which included the famous " Blue

ART SALES

Vase" from the Louvre and such notable pictures from
American collections as the " Card Players " and the portrait
of Mme. C6zanne, both belonging to Stephen Clark. An
impressive exhibition of 1 3 paintings and 4 pieces of sculpture
bought with Mrs. Simon Guggenheim's bequest (1938) to
the Museum of Modern Art, New York, included Henri
Rousseau's " Sleeping Gypsy ", Pablo Picasso's " Girl
before a Mirror " and " Three Musicians ", Fernand Leger's
41 Three Women " and Amedeo Modigham's " Stone
Caryatid ". The Albright gallery, Buffalo, New York, put
on an exhibition of Expressionism. Works by Vincent Van
Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Edvard Munch and James Ensor,
the fathers of Expressionism, were included, as well as those
of the later German group Franz Marc, Wassily Kandmsky
and Emil Nolde, such French artists as Haim Soutine and
contemporary Americans such as Jack Levme and Hyman
Bloom. The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, held a
retrospective exhibition of Kandmsky Many pictures were
borrowed from the artist's widow in Paris. The National
Gallery of Art, Washington, showed the collection of 19th-
and 20th-century French paintings belonging to the Paris
dress designer Edward Molyneux.

The Society for Contemporary American Art held its 12th
annual exhibition at the Art Institute of Chicago. From the
exhibition the institute was permitted to select $l,500-worth
of pictures or sculpture This time the selections were a bronze
by David Smith called " Beach Scene " and Hans Hofmann's
oil-painting, " Blue Rhythm ". The Museum of Modern
Art, New York, showed the work of " Fifteen American
Painters and Sculptors ", mostly avant-garde but mostly
well known. Included were Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollock,
Bradley Walker Tomlin, William Baziotes, Joseph Glasco and
Herbert Katzman, the sculptors Herbert Ferber and Richard
Lippold, and the lately recognized older painter Edwin
Dickinson. A retrospective exhibition of the work of the
American artist John Sloan, held at the Whitney Museum
of American Art, New York, turned out to be a memorial
show as the artist died in 1951 during the course of arrange-
ments. He was associated with Robert Henri and the group
known variously as The Eight, the New York Realists and
the Ashcan school.

The County museum, Los Angeles, staged an exhibition
of 4,000 years of Chinese ceramics from the third millenium
B.C. to the time of the Emperor Ch'ien Lung (d. 1799) An
exhibition of great interest and superb quality was " Two
Thousand Years of Tapestry Weaving ", snowing work from
Egyptian and Greco-Roman times to the present, put on at
the Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut Among
the 1 82 items was one of the famous Vie Seigneunale tapestries,
lent by the Musee de Cluny, Pans, and a Goya Caprice
tapestry from Madrid. (See also ART SALES, ARTS COUNCIL
OF GREAT BRITAIN, DRAWING AND ENGRAVING; PAINTING;
SCULPTURE) (F. A Sw )

ARTHRITIS: see RHEUMATIC DISEASES.

ART SALES. The excitement of the Hutchmson sale
of sporting pictures enlivened the last days of 1951 and at
Christie's in December nearly 10,000 was given for a second
batch, less important than the first. The most startling event
of the new year at these rooms was the sale of a Pieter
Bruegel " Christ and the Woman taken in Adultery " for the
record price of 11,025; its last recorded auction price had
been ten guineas. A few weeks later seven small drawings
by Sir Max Beerbohm fy.v) fetched 118 13s and a Philippe
de Champaigne of "Cardinal Richelieu" 231. A sale of
water colours showed that Birkett Foster, though still com-
manding high prices, did not get the attention that he had
been attracting some years before, whilst the comparatively

impressive figure of 273 was given for a work by Francis
Towne. A portrait by Goya of the Duchess of Alba brought
in 525 more than the 105 which it had realized 14 years
before and a curiosity, *' The Daughters of George III bathing
at Weymouth " by that lascivious academician M. W. Peters
reached 346. The current taste for mannerist paintings was
shown by the 315 given for a " Madonna and Child " by
Niccolo dell'Abbate. Each year seems to produce its own
Constable and at Christie's in 1952 it was the small " Salisbury
Cathedral " which was sold for 21,525 to a London dealer.
At the same sale a drawing by Bruegel of a " View on the
Rhine " was knocked down for 6,200. Two drawings by
Samuel Scott failed to reach their reserve; they belonged to
the Duke of Windsor The third portion of the Hutchmson
pictures came up on April 4. The outstanding item was
Richard Andsell's " J. Machel with his family, servants and
hounds.*' That hunting pictures are still good value was seen
on May 29, when 966 was given for a Charles Towne of a
groom holding a horse A Raeburn portrait of " Alexander
Hume " brought in the commendable price of 3,045 on
July 25 and on the same day Giampaolo Pannmi's " Interior
of the Parthenon " was sold for 1,365. A small Cezanne oil
painting failed to reach the reserve of 2,940.

At Sotheby's the year ended with an impressive sale of
Goya etchings. Nine impressions of " The Disasters of War "
went for 1,800 and a complete set of " Los Capnchos ",
first impression, brought 500 In February a Richard Wilson
brought in 420 and three large paintings by Sebastiano
Ricci 1,420. A Renoir landscape went for the modest price
of 460, possibly a sign that the market for Impressionism
was beginning to reach a more sensible level, though it was
surprising to find a signed half-length portrait by Allan
Ramsay going for 190. The 18th century, however, was still
holding its position Fragonard's " L'Homme a 1'fipee "
reached 7,500 in February and two Bouchers 3,000. A
small 16th-century French panel of Francis I attributed to
Jean Clouet was sold for 1,500. Dutch paintings were very
variable during 1952. Over 100 of them from the collection
of the Duke of Northumberland realized only 5,020 and a
Frans Hals was brought in at the reserve of 1 1,000 On the
other hand 950 was bid for a small Jan van Goyen landscape
and a similar sized W van de Velde brought in 550. In May a
rare edition of Durer's " Apocalypse " reached 1,400 for the
15 woodcuts. In July another Raeburn, " Miss Macartney ",
reached 2,200 and a Francis Cotes oil painting, " The Young
Cricketer ", formerly belonging to Lord Brocket, 2,000. An
interesting portrait of" Charles II " by Simon Verelst changed
hands at 850 whilst examples of historical portraits of the
same period by artists such as Lely reached around the 500
mark. One of the highest prices at Sotheby's in 1952 was the
3,800 paid for a small Goya painting " Pobrecitas ". In
June the Birmingham museum and art gallery acquired for
2,400 an altarpiece by Jan van Scorel. This was the only
outstanding purchase during the year by a public collector,
though the Victoria and Albert museum, London, bought a
Chippendale commode for 700 and the Tate gallery acquired
privately a study of a dancer in bronze by Degas and was
seeking the funds necessary for acquiring the large group
'* Le Baiscr " modelled under the direction of Rodin.

In Europe the mam sales event of the year was the dispersal
of the Mannheimer collection at Amsterdam. Many of the
items sold came from such famous collections as those of the
Hermitage, Leningrad, and of the Rothschilds. A dinner set
of 24 plates from the table of Catherine of Russia was sold
for 35,000 and a Louis XVI desk by Carhn, ornamented with
Sevres plaques, brought 2,500. A Parisian lustre of the period
of Louis XIV reached 4,500 and a Donatello relief 750. A
great wealth of porcelain and other objects brought the total
of the sale to well over 1 million

ARTS COUNCIL OF GREAT BRITAIN-ASTRONOMY

The Hotel Drouot reflected the quietness of the market
during the year. There were the regular dealers, occasional
novices, but very few spectacular events or moments of high
excitement. Works by members of the school of Pans still
commanded respectable prices. In Brussels a set of etchings
by Dunoyer de Segonzac was able to raise nearly 4,000 at the
Palais des Beaux-Arts. (See also ART EXHIBITIONS.)

(B. DR)

Sec 7 he E\port of Works of Art . etc (H M S O , London, 1952)

ARTS COUNCIL OF GREAT BRITAIN. In

1952 the Arts Council was faced with the difficulty of main-
taining its work during a period of rising costs on a Treasury
grant that for four years had remained stationary at just over
500,000. The extra grant given to the council for the
Festival of Britain, 1951, had been carefully allocated and,
as the success of the Festival meant that not all the council's
guarantees were called up in full, part of the surplus could
be used in 1952 as a reserve for special contingencies. This
was particularly important in view of the difficulties ex-
perienced by many organizations because of rising costs.
In addition, certain local authorities were beginning to take
advantage of their powers under the Local Government act,
1948, to help the arts, and the burden of patronage could
therefore be shared between the Arts Council and the local
authorities.

There was no major change in the pattern of the council's
work in association with opera, ballet and drama companies,
and with the symphony orchestras, but it became clearer
than ever that Covent Garden, Sadler's Wells, the Old Vic
and the permanent symphony orchestras must be regarded
as national institutions in the same sense as the British
Museum, the National gallery and the Tate gallery. A
considerable portion of the council's grant from the Treasury
went accordingly to these organizations. The Old Vic suffered
a year of extremes During the first six months it ran into a
serious financial crisis, due mainly to lack of public support;
but in the autumn its affairs seemed to take a turn for the
better with the success of Romeo and Juliet. The year closed
on a sombre note for the symphony orchestras, who were
faced with the necessity of finding a considerable amount of
extra money to meet the players' increased salaries.

After the emphasis laid on festivals during 1951 , there was a
return to more normal conditions in 1952. The council was
associated with ten festivals of the arts. The art exhibitions
it presented included " French Drawings (Fouquet to
Gauguin)", " Ravenna Mosaics ", " Twentieth-Century
Masterpieces ", " The Paintings of Degas ", and " The
Works of Epstein ". These were all seen in London; and
most of them, in addition to numerous other exhibitions,
were toured through the provinces. The council continued-
sometimes directly and sometimes through a body like the
National Federation of Music Societies to help with expert
advice and to underwrite financially many choral societies,
orchestral societies, music clubs, art clubs and poetry societies
in different parts of the country.

Sec The Artt in Great Britain Seventh Annual Report of the Art*
Council of Great Britain, 1951-52 (London, 1952) (E. W. WTE.)

ARUBA: see NETHERLANDS OVERSEAS TERRITORIES.
ASCENSION ISLAND: see SAINT HELENA.

ASGEIRSSON, ASGEIR, Icelandic statesman (b.
Koranes, Iceland, May 13, 1894), after graduating in theology
at the University of Iceland in 1915, was appointed teacher
at the Teachers' college in Reykjavik (1918-26). He was
politically active in the Social Democratic party, was elected
to the Althing in 1923 and was afterwards constantly re-

elected; in 1930-31 he was president of the Althing. He was
director of education in 1927, minister of finance from 1931
to 1934 and prime minister from 1932 to 1934. During
1934-38 he was again director of education. During 1938-52
he served as director of the Fisheries Bank of Iceland. On
June 29, 1952, Asgeirsson was elected president of Iceland
by 32,924 votes, as against 31,045 votes for Bishop Bjarni
Jonsson and 4,255 votes for Gisli Svemsson.

ASSOCIATION FOOTBALL: see FOOTBALL.

ASTRONOMY. The eighth general assembly of the
International Astronomical union (the second since World
War II) was held in Rome, Sept. 4-13, 1952. It was attended
by over 400 delegates representing 35 countries. Resolutions
were adopted concerning the making of observations and
publication of the results in many branches of astronomy,
particularly those in which planned international co-operation
had become indispensable. Astronomers reviewed much of
the work of recent years and, as a result, were enabled more
effectively to arrange their programmes of future work. As
just one instance of international co-operation, which had
originated informally at the previous assembly and whose
success was reported at Rome, may be mentioned the sharing
between the British Nautical Almanac office and the U.S.S R.
Institute of Theoretical Astronomy in Leningrad of the
calculations for the international periodical volume of
Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars. As an instance of a
production of a single institution that was welcomed for its
usefulness to so many others, there was the Catalogue general
des orbites de cometes de Van 466 a 1952, by F. Baldet and
G. de Obaldia of the Meudon observatory (France> As an
instance of a special requirement noted by the union, there
was the need to extend to the southern sky the survey of faint
extra-galactic nebulae (galaxies) in progress at the Lick
observatory (U.S.) for the northern sky; this would demand
the installation at some observatory in the southern hemi-
sphere of a telescope like the Lick instrument.

Sun. A total eclipse of the Sun, visible along a track from
the south Atlantic to Siberia, crossing Africa and Persia on
the way, occurred on Feb. 25, 1952. Parties of observers from
a number of countries, equipped to carry out several different
kinds of observation, established themselves at various places
on the track, the majority in the vicinity of Khartoum (Sudan),
where totality lasted for 3 minutes. They experienced more
favourable observing conditions than had most observers at
other recent eclipses. The corona was seen to be generally of
the form characteristic of intermediate solar activity, but the
well-developed coronal streamers showed some unusual
features. These were photographed out to a distance of
about 4 solar radii from the limb.

Only preliminary reports upon most of the observations
became available during the year. Some of the measurements
of the more orthodox kinds, such as those made by the
Utrecht astronomers of the variation with height in the
chromosphere of the intensities of spectral lines of various
elements, were so successful that they were expected to become
the standard results for the problems concerned. Of the more
novel sorts of observation mention may be made of the
measurements by French astronomers of solar radio-noise.
Were a human eye sensitive to radiation of radio frequencies
instead of ordinary light, it would see the Sun a.s having a
larger disk with a less definite limb than that seen in the
ordinary way. This is because the tenuous solar corona offers
negligible obstruction to ordinary sunlight but the " inner "
corona is highly opaque in radio frequencies. All this had
been known for some years. But it was impossible with any
available type of radio " telescope " to form an image of the
Sun in the same way as with an optical telescope, and the form

ASTRONOMY

that such an image would take could be inferred from
available methods of observation only to a not very good
approximation. However, by using these methods during the
passage of the moon across the Sun's disk at the eclipse and
suitably analysing the results, additional information was
obtained leading to a much better approximation. The
preliminary conclusions were in general agreement with what
had been inferred theoretically from existing knowledge of the
corona. Further study of these results and others obtained
by U.S. observers was expected to give improved knowledge
of the structure of the corona and of the transmission of
radio-noise through it.

Interstellar Matter. In 1949 W. A. Hiltner had discovered
that the light from some stars is partially polarized. It had
become generally accepted that this effect is produced in the
passage of the light through interstellar "dust ", elongated
particles of which are for some reason aligned parallel to a
particular direction. Considerable theoretical investigations
had been made as to the possibility of such alignment being
due to the existence of interstellar magnetic fields and of
suitable magnetic properties of the particles. In 1952, T. Gold
published a much simpler suggestion depending on dynamical
effects. He showed that when a cloud of elongated dust-
particles collides with a gas-cloud, a partial alignment of the
particles is produced, in the direction of the relative motion.
The conditions assumed were those believed to exist in inter-
stellar matter and the result appeared to be adequate to
account for all features of the observed polarization effects.

The solar corona photographed by the Cambridge expedition on
Feb. 25, 1952, at Khartoum, Sudan. Both polar and equatorial
streamers are shown: the asymmetry of the latter is somewhat unusual.

Most astronomers had accepted the identification (1942)
by W. Baade and R. Minkowski of the Crab nebula as the
visible remains from a supernova outburst in the year 1054.
However, it had been difficult to explain why the nebula was
still shining, there being apparently no associated star capable
of illuminating it. W. H. Ramsey made the fruitful suggestion
that the presence of sulphur and nitrogen, whose lines are a
prominent and unusual feature in the spectrum, is due to the
radioactive decay of certain isotopes of chlorine and carbon.
This decay could release energy at a rate sufficient to account
for the observed luminosity. Moreover, these isotopes would
be a likely product of the processes occurring in a supernova
explosion according to a theory previously given by F. Hoyle.

Galaxy. Two new methods of studying the structure of the
Galaxy confirmed each other in making outstanding progress
in the subject. It was known that the brightest (O- and B- type)
stars render luminous some patches of interstellar hydrogen
in their neighbourhoods. Also it had been noted that such

patches of luminous hydrogen in the Andromeda nebula, to
which our Galaxy was considered to be similar, are con-
centrated in the spiral arms. By very careful measurements,
W. W. Morgan and colleagues determined the distances of
some of the O- and B- stars and the associated hydrogen
emission regions in the Galaxy. He found that these enabled
him to trace out portions of the spiral structure; his results
were greatly in advance of anything previously known of this
structure. But now it had been verified in the previous year
that, as theoretically predicted, interstellar hydrogen emits
radiation of 21 cm. wave length detectable by radio observa-
tions. (This emission does not depend upon excitation by any
stars immersed in the hydrogen gas.)

In 1952 a general survey of the characteristics of such
radiation coming from various directions in the Galaxy was
made by C. A. Muller, H. C. van de Hulst and J. H. Oort of
Leyden, and the first results were reported by Oort in Rome.
They found that the Doppler frequency-shift, varying with
distance from the Sun and produced by the known rotation of
the Galaxy, enabled them to study the space-distribution of
the emitting gas. The main regions of maximum density
in the gas were found in fact to define three spiral arms in our
Galaxy. Moreover, these were in excellent agreement with
Morgan's results for the parts of the arms revealed by his
quite independent method, thus confirming the interpretation
placed upon