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BRITANNIC A
BOOK OF THE YEAR
I 95 1
BRITANNICA
BOOK OF THE YEAR
1951
*i768 *
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA, LTD
CHICAGO LONDON TORONTO
COPYRIGHT BY
ENCYCLOPEDIA BR1TANNICA, LTD.
LONDON, 1951
PRINTED AND BOUND BY
KNIGHT FORSTFR, LTD.
LPEDS
PREFACE
FOR this, the 1951 edition of the Britannica Book of the Year, the opportunity
was taken to emphasize by an increase in length the importance of a few articles
dealing with topics especially prominent in 1950. One of the selected articles
was COMMUNIST MOVEMENT. For, as the contributor has said in his introductory
sentence to it, " it was generally recognized by 1950 that the Communist movement
in the world was a much more complicated affair than had often been realized."
It was hoped, therefore, that the article would give to all a better understanding of
the subject's facets. A corollary to this decision was a fuller treatment for the article
CHINA, a country which by Oct. 1950 had completed its first full year of control by
the People's Republic. A third choice fell most deservedly but less dramatically
upon the British domestic topic of LIBRARIES to mark the centenary of the passing
of the Public Libraries act in 1850.
The year also demanded a number of new titles. One of these, HOLY YEAR,
though by its nature transitory, offered the opportunity for some good descriptive
writing; another, unwelcome, was KOREAN WAR. The barometers of opinion and
emotion were seldom steady about this war but at the start the mood of the Western
world was captured by the cartoon reproduced from Punch on page 649.
Other new articles to be introduced included CIVIL DEFENCE, EUROPEAN COAL
AND STEEL POOL (Schuman Plan), EASTERN EUROPEAN ECONOMIC PLANNING and
HEAVY ENGINEERING and LIGHT ENGINEERING. It had been felt for some time
that the articles on individual industries, which were retained, had failed by
themselves to give the general reader a sufficiently, clear picture of industrial
achievements and developments. The articles on heavy and light engineering were
planned to overcome this defect.
An innovation was the assigning of separate articles to all British and French
colonies, the article FRENCH UNION now becoming a general review like its counter-
part COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS. Marching with the times COMMONWEALTH OF
NATIONS was itself a change of title taking the place of the former BRITISH EMPIRE.
Other changes of title were YOUTH EMPLOYMENT for JUVENILE EMPLOYMENT;
JEWRY, WORLD for JUDAISM. Grave and gay, as much as possible of the happenings
of 1950 were recorded. KASHMIR was conspicuous; Brumas was remembered.
JOHN ARM1TAGE
London Editor.
EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS
WALTER YUST, Editor in chief of Encyclopaedia Britannica
JOHN ARM IT AGE, London Editor
The initials and names of contributors to the Britannica Book of the Year with the principal
articles written by them are given below. The arrangement is alphabetical by initials.
A.A.P. Greece
ALEXANDER ALEXANDROU PALLIS. B.A. Minister Pleni-
potentiary attached to the Greek Embassy; Director, Greek Office of
Information, London. Author of Greece's Anatolian Venture
and After; etc.
A.C.Ch. X-Ray and Radiology
ARTHUR C. CHRISTIE, M.D. Chief, Department of Radiology,
Doctors Hospital Medical Centre, Washington.
A.Ck. English Literature (in part)
ARTHUR CROOK. Literary Critic, London.
A. Da. Football (in part)
ALLISON DANZIG. Member of sports staff, The New York Times.
Author of The Racquet Game; etc.
A.D.Ls. Entomology
ANTHONY DAVID LEES, M.A., Ph.D. Senior Scientific Officer,
Agricultural Research Council, Unit of Insect Physiology, Great
Britain.
A,Dr. Textile Industry (in part)
ALFRED DAWBER, Mem. Text. Inst. Editor of Textile Manu-
facturer, Manchester; compiler of Textile Manufacturer Year Book;
etc.
Ae. Rackets; Tennis
LORD ABERDARE. Chairman, National Association of Boys'
Clubs. Former rackets and tennis amateur champion of Britain,
U.S. and Canada. Author of First Steps to Rackets (with E. B. Noel).
A.Flo. Spanish-American Literature
ANGEL FLORES. Chairman, Latin American Area Studies, and
Professor of Latin American Literature, Queens College, Flushing,
New York. Author of Lope de Vega; Cervantes Across the Centuries;
The Kafka Problem; Fiesta in November.
A.G.Br. Dyestuffs (in part)
ANSCO G. BRUINIER, Jr. Technical Advertising Manager,
Dyestuffs Division, Organic Chemicals Department, E. I. du Pont
de Nemours and Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware.
A.G.L.I. Hospitals (in part); Nursing
A. G. L. IVES, M.V.O., M.A. Secretary, King Edward's Hospital
Fund for London. Author of British Hospitals.
A.G.Ne. Munitions of War (in part)
A. G. NOBLE. Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy. Chief of the Bureau of
Ordnance, Department of the Navy, Washington.
A.H.H. Venereal Diseases (in part)
ARTHUR HERBERT HARKNESS, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Director,
Endell Street Clinic (Institute of Urology), London; Civil Consultant
to the Royal Navy. Author of Non-gonococcal Urethritis.
A.H. J.B. Docks and Harbours (in part) ; etc.
ALFRED HENRY JAMES BOWN, F.C.I.S., M.I.T. General
Manager and Clerk, River Wear Commissioners, Sunderland.
Author of Port Operation and Administration (with C. A. Dove).
A.H.Ld. Forestry (in part)
ARTHUR HENRY LLOYD, O.B.E., M.C., T.D., M.A. Lecturer
in Forestry, University of Oxford. Author of Engineering for Forest
Rangers.
A.H.Md. Betting and Gambling (in part} ; Contract Bridge (in part)
ALBERT H. MOREHEAD. Editor, The Official Rules of Card
Games', Bridge Editor, The New York Times. Author of The Modern
Hoyle; etc.
A.J.A. Social Security, U.S.
A. J. ALTMEYER. Commissioner, Social Security Administration,
Federal Security Agency, Washington.
A. J.Ar. Industrial Health (in part)
ARTHUR JOSEPH AMOR, C.B.E., M.D., M.Sc., D.l.H. Principal
Medical Officer, Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., London.
Author of An X-ray Atlas of Silicosis; The Chemical Aspects of
Silicosis; Notes on the Toxicity of Solvents.
A.J.Coe. South African Literature (in part)
ABEL JACOBUS COETZEE, M.A., D.Litt., D.Litt. et Phil. Pro-
fessor of Afrikaans Language and Folklore, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Author of Opkoms
van die Afrikaanse Kultuurgedagte aan die Rand; Afrikaanse
Volksgeloof\ etc.
A.J.Hy. Advertising (in part)
ARTHUR JAMES HEIGHWAY. Editor, World's Press News,
London.
A.J.L1. Spirits (in part)
ALFRED J. LIEBMANN. President, Schenley Research Institute,
New York.
A.J.Mac. Anglican Communion; Church of England; etc.
ALAN JOHN MACDONALD, D.D., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S. Pre-
bendary of St. Paul's; Rural Dean of the City of London and Rector
of St. Dunstan-in-the-West. Author of Lanfranc, His Life, Work
and Writings', Hildebrand; etc.
A.J.P. Rifle Shooting
ARTHUR JOHN PALMER. Secretary, National Small-Bore
Association, London. Editor of the Rifleman.
A.Kk. Printing (in part)
ALBERT KIRK. Technical Secretary, British Federation of Master
Printers.
A.L.Blr. Scandinavian Literature
ALAN LEIGH BLAIR. Translator and writer on Scandinavian
literature.
A.L.HI. Dance (in part)
ARNOLD LIONEL H ASK ELL, M.A. Director/Principal, Sadler's
Wells School, London; Vice President and Chairman of the Education
Committee of the Royal Academy of Dancing; Joint Director of
the Teacher's Training Course; Chairman of the Ballet Benevolent
Fund. Author of Balletotnania', Diaghlleff; etc.
A.L.W.S. Stocks and Shares (in part)
A. L. W. SHILLADY. Chief Market Editor, Financial Times,
London.
A.M.Ds. Local Government (in part)
AUDREY M. DAV1ES. Librarian, Institute of Public Adminis-
tration, New York.
A.M.F. Cartography
ANTHONY MARGARET FERRAR, B.Sc. Assistant Map
Curator, Royal Geographical Society, London.
A.Mjd. Islam
ABDUL MAJID, M.A. The Imam, the Mosque, Woking, Surrey.
Editor of Islamic Review, Woking.
A.Mu. Dance (in part)
ARTHUR MURRAY. President, National Institute of Social
Dancing, U.S.A. Author of How to Become a Good Dancer', Modern
Dancing ; etc.
An. Child Welfare (in part)
LADY ALLEN OF HURTWpOD, F.I.L.A. President, Nursery
School Association of Great Britain; President, World Organization
for Early Childhood Education; Member of Advisory Council on
Child Care (Home Office, London). Author of Whose Children?
A.N.O. International Monetary Fund
ANDREW N. OVERBY. Deputy Managing Director, International
Monetary Fund.
A.R.K. Chambers of Commerce (in part)
ARTHUR RICHARD KNOWLES, C.B.E., F.C.l.S. Secretary-
General, The Association of British Chambers of Commerce,
London.
A.R.M. Fisheries
ARTHUR RICHARD MARGETTS, M.A. Scientific Officer,
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Fisheries Laboratory, Lowes-
toft, Suffolk.
A.R.MacK. Immigration and Emigration (in part} ; Aliens (in part)
ARGYLE R, MacKEY. Acting Commissioner, Immigration and
Naturalization Service, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington.
A.S.A. Telegraphy (in part)
SIR ARTHUR STANLEY ANGWIN, K.B.E., D.S.O., M.C., f .D.,
M.I.C.E., M.I.E.E., B.Sc.(Eng-). Chairman, Cable and Wireless, Ltd.,
London, 1947-51.
A.Stn. Exchange Control and Exchange Rates (in part)
ALEXANDER STEVENSON. Senior Economist, International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
A.T.CI. New Zealand
ARTHUR TREVOR CAMPBELL, M.A. Public Relations Officer,
New Zealand Government, London.
A.T.Me. Historical Research
ALEXANDER TAYLOR MILNE, M.A., F.R.Hist.S. Secretary
and Librarian, Institute of Historical Research, University of
London. Compiler of Writings on British History (in progress).
A.Var. Helsinki
ANTERO VARTIA. Press Attache*, Finnish Legation, London.
A.W.E. Botany
ARTHUR WALLIS EXELL, M.A., F.L.S. Deputy Keeper, Botany
Department, British Museum (Natural History), London.
A. Ws. Fashion and Dress (in part)
AUDREY WITHERS, B.A. Editor, Vogue, London.
VII 1
CONTRIBUTORS
B.A.S. Wine*
BAS1LE A. SAMARAKIS. Director, 1'Office International du Vin,
Paris.
B.C.Pt. Theology
BERNARD CLIFFORD PLOWR1GHT, B.A., B.D. Secretary,
Life and Work Department, Congregational Union of England and
Wales, London. Author of Humanism Pagan or Christian', Our
Gospel or His; Rebel Religion.
B.Dr. Art Sales
BERNARD DENVIR, B.A. Art Critic, Tribune and Daily Herald,
London; Joint Editor, Art News and Review, London. Author of
Drawings of William Hogarth; etc.
B.Fy. Machinery and Machine Tools (in part}
BURNHAM FINNEY. Editor, American Machinist, New York.
B.J.W. Dentistry
BRYAN JARDINE WOOD, F.D.S.R.C.S. Editor, British Dental
Journal, London.
B.L. Timber (in part)
BRYAN LATHAM. Past President, Timber Trade Federation of the
United Kingdom; Member of Timber Advisory Committee to the
Board of Trade, London.
B.L.B. Immigration and Emigration (in part}
BERTHA LILIAN BRACEY, O.B.E., B.A. Women's Affairs
Ofliccr for Schlcswig-Holstcin, Control Commission for Germany
(British Element).
B.Nc. Cinema (in part)
BOYCE NEMEC. Executive Secretary, Society of Motion Picture
and Television Engineers, New York.
B.PI. Girl Guides (in part)
OLAVE ST. CI AIR, LADY BADEN POWELL, G.B.E. World
Chief Guide. Author of Opening Doorways.
B.R.P. Burma; Thailand
BERTIE REGINALD PEARN, M.A., F.R.Hist.S. Formerly
Professor of History, University of Rangoon. Author of History
of Rangoon.
Br.S. Crime (in part); Police (in part)
BRUCE SMITH. Secretary, Institute of Public Administration,
New York. Author of Police Systems in the U.S.; Rural Crim
Control; etc.
B.Sk. Gliding (in part)
BEN SHUPACK, B.S., M.A. Director, Soaring Society of America.
B.W.C. Swimming (in part)
BERTRAM WILLIAM CUMMINS. Hon. Publicity Secretary and
Past President, Amateur Swimming Association. Founder and
Hon. Editor, Swimming Times, Croydon, Surrey.
C.A.Br. Australian Literature
CLIFFORD AMANDUS BURMESTER, B.A. Chief Reference
Officer, Commonwealth National Library, Canberra, Australia;
former Librarian, Office of the High Commissioner of Australia in
London and Liaison Officer of the Commonwealth National Library.
C. A.Hh. Hotels, Restaurants and Inns (in part)
CHARLES A. HORRWORTH. Executive Vice-President, American
Hotel Association, New York.
C.A.,1. French Union; Indo-China; etc.
CHARLES-ANDR JULIEN. Professor of the History of Coloni-
zation at the Sorbonne, Paris. Author of Histoire de VAfrique du
Nord; Histoire de V expansion et de la colonization francair>es (vol. I,
1948).
C.A.Mo. Meat (in part)
CECIL ALFRED MORRISON. Advertising Manager and Assistant
Editor Meat Trades* Journal, London. f
C.A.Sd. Leather; Shoe Industry
CALVIN ADAMS SHEPARD. Editor, Shoe and Leather News,
London.
C.A.T. Spices
CHARLES A. THAYER. Former President and Former Director,
American Spice Trade Association.
C.Bd. Rubber (in part)
COLIN BRISLAND. Press Officer, British Rubber Development
Board, London.
C.B.E. Archery
CHARLES BERTRAM EDWARDS. Secretary, Grand National
Archery Society and Royal Toxophilite Society, London.
C.Bt. Golf (in part)
CHARLES BARTLETT. Golf Editor, Chicago Tribune; Secretary,
Golf Writers' Association of America.
C.Bu. Sculpture (in part)
CARLYLE BURROWS, B.A. Art Editor, New York Herald Tribune.
C.C.C. Police (in part)
CHARLES CRAIK CUNNINGHAM, C.B., C.V.O., M.A., B.Litt.
Secretary, Scottish Homes Department, Edinburgh.
C.C.N.V. Physiology
CHARLES CYRIL NORROY VASS, M.Sc., Ph.D., M.B., Ch.B.
Reader in Physiology in the University of London. Part author of
Synopsis of Physiology (4th ed.).
C.C.Ws. Consumer Credit (in part)
CHARLES COWLEY WORTERS, F.I.C.M. Secretary, the Hire
Purchase Trade Association and the International Association for
Promotion and Protection of Trade, Ltd., London; Member of
Council of the Institute of Credit Management, London.
C.Cy. Canadian Literature; etc.
CHARLES CLAY. Director, Canadian Research and Editorial
Institute, Ottawa, Ontario. Author of Young yoyageur; Muskrat
Man; etc.
C.D.H. Mexico
C. DAVID HELLYER. Assistant Director, Institute of Inter-
American Affairs, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
C.D.M. Book Collecting and Book Sales
CHARLES DUDLEY MASSEY. Managing Director of Pickering
and Chatto, Booksellers, London.
C.E.L.-Q. Lutherans
CARL E. LUND-QUIST, B.D. Assistant Executive Director, U.S.A.
National Committee for Lutheran World Federation; Executive
Secretary, Division of Public Relations, National Lutheran Council.
C.E.R. Forestry (in part)
CHARLES EDGAR RANDALL, A.B., M.A. Information
Specialist, Division of Information and Education, Forest Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington. Author of Our Forests;
etc.
C.E.R.S. Railways (in part)
CHARLES ELY ROSE SHERRINGTON, O.B.E., M.C., M.A.
Secretary, Railway Research Service, London. Author of Economics
of Rail Transport in Great Britain; 100 Years of Inland Transport.
C.F.As. Airports (in part)
CHARLES FERDINAND ANDREWS, A.R.Ae.S., A.I.B. Assistant
Editor, Air Travel and Editor, Airports and Air Transportation,
London; former member of the technical stalT of the Aeroplane.
C.F.Ke. Motor Industry (in part)
CHARLES F. KETTERING. Director and former Vice President,
General Motors Corporation.
C.F.Mt. Wool
CECIL FINER MALLETF, M.B.E. Joint Editor, Weekly Wool
Chart. Statistics Adviser, United Kingdom Wool Industry Bureau
of Statistics.
C.G.C. Jet Propulsion and Gas Turbines (in part)
CYRIL GORDON CONWAY, B.Sc. Consulting Engineer, Power
Jets (Research and Development) Ltd., London.
C.G.Fe. Chambers of Commerce (in part)
CECIL GEORGE FREKE, C.I.E., M.A., B.Sc. Director, British
National Committee, International Chamber of Commerce.
C.G.My. Poultry
CLARENCE GEORGE MAY. Editor, Poultry World, London.
Author of Natural Hatching and Rearing; Bantams for Eggs.
C.H.Bd. leprosy
C. H. BINFORD, M.D. Medical Director, U.S. Public Health
Service; Pathologist, U.S. Marine Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
C.H.Bu. Machinery and Machine Tools (in part)
CHARLES HENRY BURDER, M.B.E., B.A. Director and Acting
Editor. Machinery, London.
Ch.F. Cambridge University
CHARLES FOX, M.A. Sometime Director of Training in the
University of Cambridge. Author of Educational Psychology (4th
ed.); etc.
Ch.Fl. Motor Racing
CHARLES FOTHERGILL. Motoring Correspondent, News
Chronicle, London. Author of The Story of Grand Prix Motor Racing.
C.H.G.T. Banking (in part); Bank of England; etc.
C. GORDON TETHER. Money Market Editor, Financial Times,
London.
C.L.B. Psychology (in part)
SIR CYRIL LODOWIC BURT, M.A., D.Sc., Hon.Ll.D..
Hon.D.Litt. Fellow of the British Academy. Hon. Fellow, Jesus
College, Oxford. Professor of Psychology, University of London.
Author of Mental and Scholastic Tests; The Subnormal Mind; The
Young Delinquent', etc.
C.L.Be. Wild Life Conservation (in part)
CHARLES LEOFRIC BOYLE. Secretary, The Fauna Preservation
Society, London.
C.L.D. Motor Transport (in part)
CHARLES L. DEARING. Senior Staff Member of The Brookings
Instil ution, Washington. Author of American Highway Policy and
National Transportation Policy (with Wild red Owen).
C.L. de B. Fencing
CHARLES-LOUIS de BEAUMONT, M.A. Membre d'Honneur
de la Federation Internationale d'Escrime; President, British Empire
Fencing Federation; Hon. Secretary, Amateur Fencing Association,
London. Author of Modern British Fencing.
C.McG. Cuba; Netherlands Overseas Territories (in part); etc.
CONSTANTINE EDWARD McGUIRE. Economic Adviser
(U.S.A.). Author of Italy's International Economic Position; etc.
C.Mn. Shipbuilding (/// part); Shipping, Merchant Marine (in part)
CUTHBERT MAUGHAN. Shipping Correspondent, The Times,
London. Author of Commodity Market Terms; Our Mercantile
Marine; etc.
C.M.Pn. Industrial Health (in part)
CARL M. PETERSON, M.D. Secretary, Council on Industrial
Health, American Medical Association.
C.M.R. Girl Guides (in part)
CONSTANCE M. RITTENHOUSE (Mrs. Paul Rittenhouse).
National Executive Director, Girl Scouts of the United States of
America.
C.M.Wi. Bolivia; Ecuador; Liberia
CHARLES MORROW WILSON. Economist, Caribbean and West
African Affairs. Director, American Foundation for Tropical
Medicine. Author of Tropics; World of Tomorrow; Ambassadors
in White; One Half the People; Liberia; etc.
CONTRIBUTORS
IX
^.r. Missions, Foreign Religious
CECIL NORTHCOTT, M.A. General Secretary, United Council
for Missionary Education, London. Author of Religious Liberty.
C.Q. Motor Cycling
CYRIL QUANTRILL. Sports Editor, Motor Cycling, London.
C.R.A, Marriage and Divorce
CLIFFORD R. ADAMS, M.A., Ph.D. Professor of Psychology
in Charge of Marriage Counselling for the School of Education,
The Pennsylvania State College. Regional Consultant, American
Institute of Family Relations. Author of Looking Ahead to Marriage.
C.V.C. ' Korean War (in part)
CHESTER V. CLIFTON, Jr., Lt. Col., U.S. Army. Assistant to
the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington.
D.A.C. Women's Activities
DOROTHY A. CANNELL. Writer and Editor, London.
D.A.G.R. Building and Construction Industry (in part)
DONALD A. G. REID, B.Sc.(Eng.), A.M.I.C.E., A.M.l.Struct.E.
Principal, London County Council Brixton School of Building.
D.A.Sn. Malaya, Federation of; Singapore
DERRICK ADOLPHUS SINGTON, B.A. Correspondent in the
Far East, contributing to Glasgow Herald; Manchester Guardian;
New Statesman; etc.
D.B.S. Bridges (in part)
DAVID BARNARD STEINMAN, A.M., C.E., Sc.D., Ph.D.,
F.R.S.A. U.S. Authority on the Design and Construction of Long-
Span Bridges.
D.C.B. Words and Meanings, New (in part)
DAVID CLAYTON BROWNING, M.A., B.A., B.Litt. Journalist
and author. Author of Everyman's English Dictionary; Everyman's
Dictionary of Quotations and Proverbs.
D.Cr. Aircraft Manufacture; Royal Air Force
DOUGLAS COLYER, C.B., D.F.C., M.A. British Civil Air Attache
at Paris, Brussels, The Hague, Rome, Madrid and Berne.
D.D.C. Children's Books (In part}
DORIS DAV1ES CHILCOT, F.L.A. Principal Assistant in Charge
of Work with Young People, Islington Public Libraries, London.
D.Dz. Atomic Energy (in part)
DAVID DIETZ. Science Editor, Scripps- Howard Newspapers.
Lecturer in General Science, Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Ohio. Author of Atomic Energy in the Coming Era; etc.
D.F.K. Israel; etc.
DAVID FRANCIS KESSLER, B.A. Managing Director, The
Jewish Chronicle, London.
D.F.Ky. Angling
DONOVAN FRANK KELLEY. Writer on Angling, Plymouth.
D.G.B. Sugar (in part)
DAVID GRAHAM BURNS, B.A. Member of the staff, Common-
wealth Economic Committee, London.
D.G.Wo. Textile Industry (in part)
DOUGLAS G. WOOLF. Former Editor in Chief, Textile World,
New York. Textile Consultant and Publisher, East Pasadena Herald,
Pasadena, California.
D.Hn. Newspapers and Magazines (/// part)
DEREK HUDSON, M.A. Literary Editor, Spectator, London.
Author of Thomas Barnes of tl The Times'"; British Journalists and
Newspapers; etc.
D.Hs. Nairobi
DAVID HUGHES, M.A. British Council, Nairobi, Kenya.
D.I. Ireland, Republic of
DENIS LIDDELL IRELAND. Senator, Republic of Ireland.
Author of Eamon de Valera Doesn't See It Through; Six Counties
in Search of a Nation.
D.I.C. Spirits (in part)
DENYS IRVINE COOMBER, B.Sc., A,R.1.C, Ph.D. Senior
Scientific Officer, Government Chemist's Department, London.
D.J.H. Wages and Hours (in part)
DONALD J. HART, M.A. Dean, School of Business Administra-
tion, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.
D.Me. Scotland
SIR DAVID MILNE, K.C.B., M.A. Permanent Under Secretary
of State for Scotland.
D.M.T. Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats (in part)
DONALD MARK TAILBY, B.A. Economic Assistant, Common-
wealth Economic Committee, London.
D.N.L. Societies, Learned and Professional
DAVID NICOLL LOWE, O.B.E., M.A., B.Sc. Secretary, British
Association for the Advancement of Science.
D.Nn. London
LADY DOROTHY NICHOLSON, M.A., M.B.fc. Author of
Private Letters, Pagan and Christian; Pilgrims were They All; The
Londoner; etc.
D.R.Gi. France; Saar
DARSIE RUTHERFORD GILLIE. Legion of Honour. Paris
Correspondent, Manchester Guardian.
D.St. Advertising (in part)
DANIEL STARCH. Consultant in Business Research. Former
Lecturer and Professor at Harvard University and the University of
Wisconsin. Author of Principles of Advertising; etc.
D.V. Oxford University
DOUGLAS VEALE, C.B.E., M.A. Registrar of Oxford University
and Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
D.W. Botanical Gardens (in part)
DONALD WYMAN. Horticulturist, Arnold Arboretum, Harvard
University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.
D.W.H. Socialist Movement
DENIS WINSTON HEALEY, M.B.E., M.A. Secretary, Inter-
national Department of the British Labour Party.
D.W.K.-J. Bread and Bakery Products
DOUGLAS WILLIAM KENT-JONES, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.I.C.
Analytical and Consulting Chemist, London. Author of Modern
Cereal Chemistry ; The Practice and Science of Bread-making.
E.A.P. Spanish Literature
EDGAR ALLISON PEERS, M.A., Hon.LL.D. Professor of
Spanish, University of Liverpool. Author of Studies of the Spanish
Mystics; A History of the Romantic Movement in Spain; etc.
E.Ba. Freemasonry
ERNEST BEHA. Editor of The Freemason, London. Author of
Lodges with a Difference.
E.B.K. New Delhi
Mrs. E. B. BRIDGWATER-KITCAT, M.B.E. Office of the Adviser
in India to the Central Commercial Committee, New Delhi.
E.B.Mc. Korea (in part)
EVELYN BECKER McCUNE (Mrs. George McCune). Lecturer,
University of California, Berkeley, California.
E.C.-Js. Infantile Paralysis; Tuberculosis
EDWARD CLAYTON-JONES, M.D. Assistant Editor, The
Lancet, London.
E.C.Sd. Aviation, Civil (in part); Gliding (in part)
EDWIN COLSTON SHEPHERD, B.A., B.Litt. Air Correspondent,
Sunday Times. Formerly Aeronautical Correspondent, The Times,
and Editor, Aeroplane. Author of The R.A.F. To-day; Great Flights.
Ed.D. Cinema (in part)
EDGAR DALE. Professor of Education, Bureau of Educational
Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Author of
Audio- Visual Methods in Teaching; How to Read a Newspaper; etc.
Ed.R.P. Architecture (in part)
EDMUND R. PURVES. Executive Director, American Institute
of Architects.
E.E.Bs. Civil Service
SIR EDWARD ETTINGDENE BRIDGES, G.C.B., G.C.V.O.,
M.C, M.A., Hon.LL.D., Hon.D.Litt., Hon.D.C.L. Permanent
Secretary to the Treasury, London.
E.E.R. United States of America
EDGAR EUGENE ROBINSON, A.M., LL.D. Byrne Professor of
American History and Director of the Institute of American History,
Stanford University, Stanford, California.
E.F.Hk. Yachting
EDWARD FOWLES HAYLOCK. Editor, Yachting World, London.
E.G. Children's Books (in part)
ELIZABETH A. GROVES, B.A. Assistant Professor, School of
Librarianship, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
E.G.Cs. Ice Skating (in part)
ERIC GEORGE COGGINS. Secretary, National Skating Associa-
tion of Great Britain.
E.Hd. , Afghanistan; Ceylon; Tibet; etc.
EDWIN HAWARD. Secretary, India, Pakistan and Burma Associa-
tion. Author of A Picture of India; Manchurian Medley; The Last
Rebellion; etc.
E.Hin. ' Zoological Gardens (in part) ; Zoology
EDWARD HINDLE, M.A., Sc.D., Ph.D., F.R.S. Scientific Director,
Zoological Society of London. Author of Flies and Disease- Biting
Flies; A Laboratory Notebook of Zoology.
E.H.Kg. National Trust
EDWARD HERBERT KEELING, M.C, M.A. Member of
Parliament; Chairman, Publicity Committee, National Trust.
E.H.Kr. Mineralogy
EDWARD HENRY KRAUS. Dean Emeritus of the College of
Literature, Science and the Arts, and Professor Emeritus of Crystal-
lography and Mineralogy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
E.H.S. Isle of Man
ERNEST HENRY STENNING, M.A. Vice-Principal, Chaplain
and Senior Science Master of King William's College, Isle of Man.
Canon of St. Columba. Chairman of the Ancient Monuments
Committee. Author of The Isle of Man.
E.l.F. Horticulture (in part)
E. I. FARR1NGTON. Former Secretary, Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society and Editor of Horticulture. Author of The Gardener's
Almanac; etc.
E.I.P. Salvation Army (in part)
ERNEST 1. PUGMIRE. National Commander of the Salvation
Army in the United States.
E.I.U. Vital Statistics
ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT, Economist Newspaper
Ltd., London.
E. J.C. Canning Industry (in part)
EDWIN J. CAMERON. Director, Research Laboratories, National
Canners' Association, U.S.A.
E.J.L. " Sweden
ETHEL JOHN LINDGREN, M.A., Ph.D. Lecturer, Department
of Anthropology, University of Cambridge. Edi|or of The Study of
Society; Methods and Problems.
CONTRIBUTORS
E.L.Co. Shipping. Merchant Marine (in part)
E. L. COCHRANE. Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired). Chairman,
Federal Maritime Board, and Administrator, Maritime Adminis-
tration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington.
E.L.S. Armies of the World
EDWIN L. SIBERT. Brigadier General, U.S. Array. Director of
Staff, Inter-American Defence Board, Washington. '
E.M.C. Fertilizers
EDWARD MORTIMER CROWTHER, D.Sc.. F.R.I.C. Head of
the Chemistry Department and Deputy Director, Rothamsted
Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire.
E.M.E. Airports (in part)
EMERY M. ELLINGSON. Manager, Air Transport Association
of America, Los Angeles, California.
E.Mgh. Glass (in part)
EDWARD MEIGH, M.B.E., M.Sc., F.I.I. A., F.S.G.T. Director,
Glass Technical Services, Ltd., London.
E.N.T. Paints and Varnishes
ERIC NESHAN TIRATSOO, Ph.D., D.I.C., B.Sc., A.R.S.M..
F.G.S., F.R.G.S., M.Inst.Pct. Editor, Paint Manufacture', Petroleum;
Atomics; Chemical Industries^ London. Author of Petroleum Geology.
E.O.G. Cocoa; Coffee
EDGAR OTTO GOTHSCH, B.Sc.(Econ.). Member of the staff,
Commonwealth Economic Committee, London.
E.P.J. Diabetes
E. P. JOSLIN, M.D., Sc.D. Professor Emeritus of Clinical Medicine,
Harvard University Medical School; Medical Director, George F.
Baker Clinic, New England Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massa-
chusetts.
E.R.Bk. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EUGENE R. BLACK. President, International Bank for Recon-
struction and Development, Washington.
E.S.Br. Lawn Tennis (in part)
EDWIN S. BAKER, A.B. Executive Secretary, United States Lawn
Tennis Association.
E.Se. Book Publishing (in part) ; Literary Prizes (in part)
EDMOND S. SHGRAVE. Editor, Bookseller, London.
E.S.J. Youth Employment (in part)
ELIZABETH S. JOHNSON. Chief. Division of Child Labour and
Youth Employment, Bureau of Labour Standards, U.S. Department
of Labour, Washington.
E.T/B. Mathematics
ERIC TEMPLE BELL. Professor of Mathematics, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena. Author of The Magic of Numbers;
The Search for Truth ; etc.
E.V.Lh. Brewing and Beer (in part)
E. V. LAHEY. Chairman and President, United States Brewers
Foundation, Incorporated.
E.W.G. Electrical Industries (in part) ; etc.
EDWARD WILLIAM GOLDING, M.Sc. .Tech., M.I.E.E.,
M.A.I.E.E. Head of Rural Electrification and Wind-power Depart-
ment, Electrical Research Association, London. Author of Electrical
Measurement and Measuring Instruments; etc.
E.Wi. Italy; Switzerland; etc.
ELIZABETH WISKEMANN, M.A., M.Litt. Writer on Foreign
Affairs. Author of Czechs and Germans; Undeclared \yar; Italy;
The Rome-Berlin Axis.
E.W.We. Tourist Industry
ERNEST WALTER WIMBLE, C.B.F, Member of the British
Tourist and Holidays Board; Member of the Motels Executive
(British Transport Commission).
F.A.Sw. Art Exhibitions (in part); Museums (in part)
FREDERICK A. SWEET. Associate Curator of Painting and
Sculpture, The Art Institute of Chicago.
F.C.H. Rotary International
FREDERICK C. HICKSON, F.C.I.S. General Secretary, Rotary
International in Great Britain and Ireland.
F.C.W. Cancer
FRANCIS CARTER WOOD, M.D. Emeritus Director, Cancer
Research, Columbia University, and Consulting Pathologist, St.
Luke's Hospital, New York. Author of Clinical Diagnosis; etc.
F.E.Lk. Gems
FRANCIS ERNEST LEAK, F.G.A. Manager, John Bennett,
Jeweller; Senior Partner of West of England Gemmological Labora-
tory, Bristol.
F.E.S. Eritrea; Libya; etc.
FRANK EDMUND STAFFORD, C.B.E., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S.
Adviser on former Italian colonies, African Department, Foreign
Office, London (attached from Colonial Service).
F.Ge. Exploration and Discovery: Geography
FRANK GEORGE, M.A. Assistant Editor, Royal Geographical
Society, London.
F.H.Aw. Netherlands
FRANCIS HARRY ANDREW. Writer on Foreign Affairs, London.
F.J.K. Electrical Industries (in part)
FRANCIS J. KOVALCIK. Assistant Editor, Electrical World,
New York.
F.J.Os. Town and Country Planning (in part)
F. J. OSBORN. Chairman of Executive, Town and Country Planning
Association, London. Author of Green-Belt Cities; etc.
F.J.S. Food Research (in part)
FREDERICK J. STARE, M.D. Professor of Nutrition, Schools of
Medicine and Pflblic Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
F.L.C. Salvation Army (in part)
FREDERICK L. COUTTS. Assistant Literary Secretary, Salvation
Army International Headquarters, London. Author of The Timeless
Prophets; etc.
F.L.D. New York City; Police (in part)
FRANK LEE DONOGHUE. Director of Commerce for the City
of New York. Author of Guardians of the Mine Country; Spotted
Horse Patrol.
F.L.K. Libraries (in part)
FRANCIS LAWRENCE KENT, M.A. Librarian, United Nations
Scientific, Educational and Cultural Organization, Paris; formerly
Librarian of Bristol University. Co-editor of the World List of
Scientific Periodicals.
F.M.I. Karachi
FERGUS MUNRO INNES, C.I.E. Adviser in Pakistan to the
Central Commercial Committee. Accredited correspondent to
Economist, Round Table and Capital, London; Contributor to the
Annual Register, 1949 and 1950.
F.Neu. Seismology
FRANK NEUMANN. Chief, Seismology Branch, Coast and
Geodetic Survey, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington.
F.N.H. Nuts
FRANK NORMAN HOWES, D.Sc. Principal Scientific Officer,
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Author of Nuts, their Production and
Everyday Uses; etc.
F.P.L.L. Pneumonia
FRANK PATRICK LEE LANDER, O.B.E., M.D., F.R.C.P.
Consultant Physician, Putney Hospital, London; Assistant Physician,
Brompton Hospital and Royal Free Hospital, London.
F.S.B. Literary Research
FREDERICK SAMUEL BOAS, M.A., Hon.LL.D., Hon.D.Litt.,
F.R.S.L. A Vice President, Royal Society of Literature and English
Association; President, Elizabethan Literary Society. Author of
Shakespeare and his Predecessors; Christohper Marlowe: A Study,
University Drama in the Tudor Age; etc.
F.Sn. Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United Kingdom of
FRANK SINGLETON, M.A. Editor, Tillotson's Newspapers Ltd.,
Bolton, Lancashire. Author of Independent Means; Lancashire and
the Pen nines.
F.S.R. Marine Biology
FREDERICK STRAITEN RUSSELL, F.R.S. Director of the
Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the
United Kingdom. Author of The Seas (with C. M. Yongc).
F.V.W. Soap, Perfumery and Cosmetics
FREDERICK VICTOR WELLS, F.C.S., F.R.H.S. Editor of
Soap, Perfumery and Cosmetics, London; Chairman, Society of
Cosmetic Chemists of Great Britain.
F.W.Ta. Cotton (in part)
FREDERICK WILLIAM TATTERSALL, F.R.S.S., F.R.E.S.
Cotton Trade Expert and Statistician, Manchester.
F.W.W.-S. Interior Decoration
FRANCIS WILLIAM WENTWORTH-SHEILDS, N.R.D.
Designer; Visiting Instructor at the Twickenham School of Art,
Middlesex.
G.A.Ro. Iron and Steel (in part); Metallurgy; etc.
GAR A. ROUSH. Former Editor, Mineral Industry, New York.
Author of Strategic Mineral Supplies.
G.A.Si. United Church of Canada
GORDON A. SISCO, D.D. Secretary, The United Church of
Canada.
G.B:En. Alimentary System
GEORGE B. EUSTERMAN, M.D. Professor Emeritus of Medicine,
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Graduate
School, University of Minnesota; Head of a Section in Medicine
(Emeritus), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Co-author (with
D. C. Balfour) of The Stomach and Duodenum.
G.D.H.C. Employment (in part); Trade Unions (in part); etc.
GEORGE DOUGLAS HOWARD COLE, M.A. Chichele Professor
of Social and Political Theory, Oxford University. Author of The
British People (with R. W. Postgate) ; World in Transition.
G.D.H.L. Air Races and Records
GEORGE DAVID HOUGH LINTON. Former Press Officer,
Ministry of Civil Aviation, London Airport.
Ge.Bu. Hospitals (in part)
GEORGE BUGBEE. Executive Director, American Hospital
Association, Chicago.
Ge.C. Christian Science
GEORGE CHANNING. Manager, Christian Science Committees
on Publication, Boston, Massachusetts.
G.E.L. Ear, Nose and Throat, Diseases of (in part)
GEORGE E. LIEBERMAN, M.D. Associate, in Otolaryngology,
University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Medicine, Phila-
delphia.
G.E.R.D. Oceanography
GEORGE EDWARD RAVEN DEACON, D.Sc., F.R.S. Deputy
Chief Scientific Officer, Royal Naval Scientific Service, Great Britain.
G.Hb. Floods and Flood Control (in part)
GENE HOLCOMB. Deputy Chief, Technical Information Division,
Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army,
Washington.
G.H.Ba. Lacrosse
GEORGE HENRY BARK. Hon. Secretary, English Lacrosse
Union.
CONTRIBUTORS
XI
G.H.Be. Genetics
GEOFFREY HERBERT BEALE, M.B.E., Ph.D. Lecturer in
Genetics, University of Edinburgh.
G.H.B1. Local Government (in part)
GEORGE HAROLD BANWELL. Secretary, Association of
Municipal Corporations, London.
G.H.H. International Court of Justice
GREEN H. HACKWORTH, B.A., LL.B., Hon.LL.D. Judge,
International Court of Justice, The Hague. Author of Digest of
International Law.
G.H.M.F. Canning Industry (in part)
GEORGE HENRY MORRIS FARLEY, B.Sc. Editor, The Canning
Industry and Tin-Printer and Box Maker, London.
G.Hs. Hemp; Jute
GORDON HUGHES. Managing Director, British-Continental
Trade Press, Ltd.; Editor, Jute and Canvas Review, London. Author
of Jute Markets and Prices; etc.
GJ.Wk. Speedway Racing
GEOFFREY JOHNSON WOODCOCK. Secretary, Speedway
Riders' Association, Great Britain.
G.L.B.S. Television (in part)
GEORGE LISLE BEERS, Sc.D. Assistant Director of Engineering,
RCA Victor Division, Radio Corporation of America, Camden,
New Jersey.
G.L.W. Refugees
GEORGE L. WARREN, A.B. Adviser on Refugees and Displaced
Persons, U.S. Department of State, Washington.
G.M.C. Ear, Nose and Throat, Diseases of (in part)
GEORGE MORRISON COATES, M.D. Emeritus Professor of
Otolaryngology, Medical School and Graduate School of Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
G.McA. Housing (in part)
GILBERT MCALLISTER, M.A. Member of Parliament. Author
of Town and Country Planning (with Elizabeth Glen McAllister);
Homes, Towns and Countryside.
G.M.Hy. Newspapers and Magazines (in part)
GRANT M. HYDE, A.M. Professor of Journalism, School of
Journalism, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
G.P. Argentina; Brazil; etc.
GEORGE PENDLE, M.A. Writer and Broadcaster on Latin
American alTairs. Author of Much Sky; Impressions of South
America.
G.P.O. Post Office (in part) ; Telephone (in part)
Articles compiled through the courtesy of the Postmaster General,
London.
G.R.Mn. Northern Rhodesia; Southern Rhodesia; etc.
GEORGE ROY NEVILL MORRISON. Journalist. Author of
Farming in East Africa ; Kenya Carols.
G.R.Rr. Fives (in part)
GEOFFREY ROLAND RI.MMER. Chairman, Executive Com-
mittee of the Rugby Fives Association.
G.S.B. Korean War (in part)
GEORGE S. BLANCHARD. Captain, U.S. Army. Assistant to
the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington.
G.S.K. Presbyterian Church
GUY SOULLIARD KLETT. Research Historian, Department of
History, The Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.
G.St. Russian Literature
GLEB PETROVICH STRUVE, B.A. Professor of Russian, Univer-
sity of California, Berkeley, California. Author of 25 Years of Soviet
Russian Literature.
G,Wt. Tobacco
GORDON WEST. Editor of Tobacco, London.
H.A.E.S. Badminton
HERBERT A. E. SCHEELE. Hon. Secretary, International Bad-
minton Federation; Secretary, Badminton Association of England.
Editor of the Badminton Gazette, 1946-51.
H.A.Rn. Cold, Common
HOBART A. REIMANN, M.D. Professor of Medicine, Jefferson
Medical College, Philadelphia.
H.B. Motor Cycle and Cycle Industry
HAROLD BRIERCLIFFE. Assistant Editor, Motor Cycle and
Cycle Trader , London.
H.B.Cs. Anthropology (in part)
HENRY B. COLLINS, Jr. Senior Ethnologist, Bureau of American
Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
H.B.S. Heart Diseases
HOWARD BURNHAM SPRAGUE, M.D. Associate Physician,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
H.Btr. Council of Europe
SIR HAROLD BERESFORD BUTLER, M.A., Hon.LL.D.
Director of the International Labour Office, Geneva, 1932-38;
Warden of Nuffield College, Oxford, 1939-43. Author of The Lost
Peace; Peace or Power.
H.B.Wy. Judiciary, U.S.
HAROLD B. WILLEY. Deputy Clerk, United States Supremo
Court, Washington.
H.C.Ce, Hotels, Restaurants and Inns (in part)
HENRY CHARLES CLARKE. Formerly Secretary of the Hotels
and Restaurants Association of Great Britain. Author of Hotels
and Restaurants as a Career.
H.C.D. Education (in part); Unifcrsities and Colleges; etc.
HAROLD COLLETT DENT, Hon.F.E.I.S., B.A. Editor, The Times
Educational Supplement , London. Author of A New Order in English
Education; Education in Transition; Secondary Education for All;
Part-time Education in Great Britain.
H.C.Ln. Betting and Gambling (in part)
HERBERT CARL LAWTON, B.Sc., Ph.D. Private Consultant.
Chairman, Education and Action for Leisure, London. Author of
Everyman's Leisure.
H.D.Z. Belgian Colonial Empire; Belgium; etc.
HERBERT DAVID ZIMAN, M.A. Leader-writer and special
correspondent of the Daily Telegraph, London.
He.Br. Banking (in part)
HENRY BRUfcRE. Chairman of the Board, The Bowery Savings
Bank, New York.
H.E.Hn. Squash Rackets
HENRY ERIC HAYMAN. Secretary, Squash Rackets Association,
London.
H.G.N. Congress, U.S.
HERBERT GEORGE NICHOLAS, M.A. Fellow, Librarian,
Tutor and Lecturer in Politics and Modern History, Exeter College,
Oxford; Faculty Fellow, Nuffield College, Oxford; Lecturer in
Politics, Oxford University.
H.G.Rn. India; Kashmir; Pakistan
HUGH GEORGE RAWLINSON, M.A., F.R.A.S. Indian Educa-
tional Service (retired). Author of India, a short Cultural History;
British Beginnings in Western India; The British Achievement in
India.
H.G.S. Shipbuilding (in part)
H. GERRISH SMITH. Chairman of the Board, Shipbuilders
Council of America.
H.H.Ik. Soil Conservation (in part)
'HUGH H. BENNETT. Chief, Soil Conservation Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington.
H.ls. Hong Kong
WILLIAM HAROLD ING RAMS, C.M.G., O.B.E. Colonial
Office, London. Author of Arabia and the Isles; Seven across the
Sahara.
H.J.A. Narcotics
H. J. ANSLINGER. Commissioner of Narcotics, Treasury Depart-
ment, Washington. U.S. Representative on the United Nations
Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Member, Committee on Narcotic
Drugs and Drug Addiction, National Research Council. Author of
The Physician and the Federal Narcotic Law; etc.
H.Jn. Iceland
HALLD6R J6NASSON. Department of Statistics, Government
of Iceland, Reykjavik.
H.Js. Town and Country Planning (in part)
HARLEAN JAMES, A.B. Executive Secretary, American Planning
and Civic Association and National Conference on State Parks;
Secretary-Treasurer, Joint Committee on the National Capitol.
Author of Land Planning for the City, State and Nation; Romance
of the National Parks.
H.J.S. Suez Canal
HUGH JOSEPH SCHONF1ELD. Author of The Suez Canal; etc.
H.L. Golf (in part)
HENRY CARPENTER LONGHURST, B.A. Author of Golf; etc.
H.L.B. Fives (in part)
HEDLEY LE BAS, B.A. Hon. Secretary, Eton Fives Association.
H.Ln. Denmark; Greenland; etc.
HELCJE LARSEN, M.A. Teacher at Nyk0bing Katedralskole,
Denmark. Author of Politiske Crundtauker (Political Ideas); Contri-
butor to Defem lauge ar (The five long years).
H.L.T. Rubber (in part)
HARLXN L. TRUMBULL. Vice President in charge of research,
The B.F. Goodrich Company, Brecksville, Ohio.
H.M.H. . American Literature
HARRISON.M. HAYFORD, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of English,
Northwestern University, Evanstown, Illinois..
H.Mnt. Crime (in part)
HERMANN MANNHEIM, Dr. jur. Reader in Criminology in
the University of London. Author of Social Aspects of Crime in
England between the Wars; Criminal Justice and Social Recon-
struction; etc.
H.M.P. Housing (in part); etc.
HENRY M. PROPPER. Housing Consultant; Lecturer, Division
of Graduate Studies, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York.
Former Executive Vice President, National Committee on Housing.
H.M.W. Psychology
HELEN M. WOLFLE. Managing Editor, American Psychologist.
H.Ra. Dermatology
HERBERT RATTNER, M.D. Professor of Dermatology, North-
western University, Evanstown, Illinois.
H.R.MI. Luxembourg
H. R. MADOL. Commissioner of Information, Legation of the
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, London.
H.R.V. Psychiatry
HENRY R. VIETS, M.D. Lecturer on Neurology, Harvard Medical
School; Neurologist, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Librarian, Boston Medical Library.
H.S.A. Cricket
HARRY SURTEES ALTHAM, D.S.O., M.C., M.A. Master at
Winchester College, Hampshire. Treasurer of the M.C.C., London.
Chairman of the M.C.C. Enquiry Committee. Author of A History
of Cricket.
H.S.D. Egypt; etc.
HERBERT STANLEY DEIGHTON, M.A., B.Litt. Fellow, Dean,
Chaplain and Lecturer in Classics and Modern History, Pembroke
College, Oxford; Former Visiting Professor, Fuad I University,
Cairo.
H.Su. Accidents (in part)
HELEN ISABEL SUTHERLAND, M.Inst.T.A., F.C.T.S.,
F. Comm. A. Secretary, The Royal Society for, the Prevention of
Accidents, London.
Xtl
CONTRIBUTORS
H.S.Vg. Air Forces of the World (in part)
HOY T S. VANDENBERG. Chief of Staff, United States Air Forces,
Washington.
H.S.-W. Czechoslovakia; Hungary; Yugoslavia; etc.
GEORGE HUGH NICHOLAS SETON-WATSON, M.A. Fellow
and Praelector in Politics, University College, Oxford; Lecturer in
Politics, Oxford University. Author of Pastern Europe Between the
Wars, 19 18-4 I; The East European Revolution', etc.
H.W.Dg. Prisoners of War; Red Cross
HENRY W. DUNNING. Executive Secretary, League of Red
Cross Societies, Geneva, Switzerland.
H.W.Iflk. Child Welfare (in part)
HOWARD W. HOPKIRK, A.B. Senior Consultant, Child Welfare
League of America, Inc.
H.W.Le P. British Anrty
H. VV. Le PREVOST. Major, British Army. Information Division,
Ministry of Supply, London; formerly of Directorate of Public
Relations, War Omce, London.
H.W.Pe. Friends, the Religious Society of
HUBERT WILLIAM PEET. Formerly Editor, The Friend, London.
H./. Wild Life Conservation (In part)
HOWARD 7AHNISER. Executive Secretary, The Wilderness
Society (U.S.A.). Editor, The Living Wilderness, Book editor,
Nature Magazine,
I.Cg. Post Office (in part)
ISAAC GREGG. Former Director of Press Relations, Office of the
Postmaster, Washington.
l.L.BI. Linen and Flax; etc.
IRENE BLUNT. Secretary, The National Federation of Textiles,
Inc., New York.
I. M.S. Hawaii
INGRAM M. STAINBACK. Governor of Hawaii.
I. Mu. Table Tennis
HON. IVOR MONTAGU, M.A. Chairman, English Table Tennis
Association; President, International Table Tennis Federation.
Author of Table Tennis Today ; Table Tennis.
l.R.M.M. Architecture (in part)
IAN ROBERT MORE McCALLUM, A.R.I.B.A., A.A.dipt.
Editor, The Architectural Review. Editor of Physical Planning'.
The Groundwork of a New Technique.
l.W.R. Words and Meanings, New (in part)
I. WILLIS RUSSELL. Chairman of the Research Committee on
New Words of the American Dialect Society which prepared the
American contributions to the article. The Committee consisted
(1950) of Henry Alexander, O. B. Emerson, Atcheson L. Hench,
Albert H. Marckwardt, Mamie J. Meredith and Peter Tamony.
J.A.F. Archaeology (in part)
JAMES A. FORD. Assistant Curator of North American Arch-
aeology, American Museum of Natural History, New York.
J.A.G. Furniture Industry (in part)
JEROME ARTHUR GARY. Editor, Furniture Age, Chicago.
Author of The Romance of Period Furniture', etc.
J.A.Hu. Conlirtonwealth of Nations (in part); etc.
JOHN ANTHONY HUTTON, B.A. Formerly research assistant,
Institute of Colonial Studies, Oxford.
J.A.MK Electric Transport (in part)
JOHN ANDERSON MILLER, Ph.B. GeneraJ Electric Company,
Schenectady, New York. Author of Fares Please ; Me n and Volts
at War; etc.
J.A.Rs. Greyhound Racing
JOSEPH ALEXANDER RICHARDS. Managing Editor, Grey-
hound Owner and Breeder ; London.
J.A.S.R. Coal
JOHN ANTHONY SYDNEY R1TSON, D.S.O., O.B.E., M.C.,
T.D., B.Sc., M.I.M.E. Professor of Mining in the University of
London at the Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London.
J.Bs. Gynaecology and Obstetrics
JOSEPHINE BARNES, M.A., D.M., M.R.C.P., F.R.C.S.,
M.R.C.O.G. Assistant, Obstetric Unit, University College Hospital,
London. Assistant Obstetrician and gynaecologist, Elizabeth
Garrett Anderson Hospital, London, etc. Author of Gynaecological
Histology.
J.Bx. Shops and Department Stores
JOHN BAXTER, B.Com., Ph.D.(Econ). Head of Research Depart-
ment, Marks and Spencer, Ltd., London.
J.C.G. Polo
JACK ROSE COMPTON GANNON, C.B.E., M.V.O., Writer on
polo; formerly Manager and Secretary, the Hurlingham Club.
J.C.G.J. Wales
J. C. GRIFFITH JONES. Journalist and Broadcaster; Welsh
Correspondent, Observer, London.
J.Chn. Archaeology (in part)
JOHN CHARLTON, M.A., F.S.A. Inspectorate of Ancient Monu-
ments, England; Excavator of Roman and Mediaeval sites.
.I.C.P.P. Osteopathy
JOCELYN CAMPBELL PATRICK PROBY, M.A., B.Litt., D.O.
Member, General Council and Register of Osteopaths, Ltd., London.
Author of Essay on Osteopathy; The Relation of Micro-Organisms
to Disease; etc.
J.Cw. Music (In part)
JOHN CULSHAW. Author, lecturer and broadcaster on music.
Author of Sergei Rachmaninov; The Concerto.
J.C.Wn. Tunnels
JOHN CROSSLEY WADDINGTON, M.Inst.C.E., M.A.S.C.E.
Chief Engineer, A. Waddington and Son, Ltd., London.
J.De. Taxation (in part)
JOHN DANE, Jr., Partner, Choate, Hall and Stewart, Boston,
Massachusetts.
J.E.Ce. Tea
JOYCE EVELYN CUTMORE. Economic Assistant, Common-
wealth Economic Committee, London.
J.K.N. Livestock (in part)
JAMES EDWARD NICHOLS, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.Ed. Professor
of Agriculture (Animal Husbandry) in the University of Wales at
the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. Author of Livestock
improvement.
J.E.Sp. Philippines
JOSEPH E. SPENCER. Associate Professor of Geography, Univer-
sity of California, Los Angeles.
J.E.Ss. Northern Ireland
JOHN EDWARD SAYERS. Political Correspondent, Belfast
Telegraph.
J.E.Wi. Germany; Berlin
JOHN EMLYN WILLIAMS, M.A., Ph.D. Central European
Correspondent, the Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Massachusetts.
Ice Hockey (in part)
Secretary to the British
Mental Diseases
i.S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.,
Royal Hospital and the
Finland
Staff Tutor, Cambridge
Author of Finland; The
J.F.A.
JOHN FRANCIS AHEARNE, F.C.I.S.
Ice Hockey Association.
J.G.H.
JOHN GERARD HAMILTON, M.D., B
D.P.M. Consultant Psychiatrist, Bethlem
Maudsley Hospital, London.
J.H.Jn.
JOHN HAMPDEN JACKSON, M.A.
University Board of Extra Mural Studies.
Between-War World; etc.
J.HI. Civil Defence
SIR JOHN HODSOLL, Wing Commander, Royal Air Force.
Director General, Civil Defence Training, Home Office, London.
J.H.L. Unitarian Church (in part)
JOHN HOWLAND LATHROP, D.D. Minister, the First Unitarian
Congregational Society in Brooklyn, New York; Member, Board of
Directors, American Unitarian Association.
J.H.Ps. London University
J. HOOD PHILLIPS, M.A. Secretary to the Senate, University of
London.
J.Kd. Water Supply (in part); etc.
JULIUS KENNARD, B.Sc.(Eng.), M.I.C.E., M.I.W.E., M. Cons.E.
Chartered civil engineer; Partner of Edward Sandeman, Kcnnard
and Partners, Westminster, London.
J.K.L. Banking (in part); Federal Reserve System
JOHN K. LANGUM. Vicc-President, Federal Reserve Bank of
Chicago.
J.K.R. Agriculture (in part); Meat (in part); etc.
JOHN KERR ROSE, A.M., Ph.D., J.D. Geographer, Legislative
Reference Service, Library of Congress, Washington.
J.Ky. Unitarian Church (in part)
JOHN KIELTY. Secretary, General Assembly, Unitarian and Free
Christian Churches, London.
J.LaF. Pius XII; Roman Catholic Church (in part)
JOHN LaFARGE, S. J. Associate Editor, America, National
Catholic Weekly, New York.
J.L.Be. Patents
JOHN LUCIAN BLAKE, M.Sc. Barrister-at-Law. Comptroller
General, Patent Office, London.
J.L.-Ee. Puerto Rico
JUAN LABADIE-EURITE, M.S.(Agric.). Chief, Division of
Statistics, Bureau of the Budget, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
J.L.Ms. Atomic Energy (in part)
JOHN LOUIS MICHIELS, Ph.D., A.R.C.S. Lecturer in Physics,
Imperial College, London.
J.Ln. South Africa, Union of; etc.
JULIUS LEWIN, B.A., LL.B. Barrister-at-Law. Advocate of the
Supreme Court qf South Africa. Senior Lecturer in Native Law and
Administration, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Joint Editor, African Studies; Author of Studies in African Native
Law; etc.
J.Lwh. Jewry, World
JOSEPH LEFTWICH. Author of Yisroel; What Will Happen to
the Jews; The Tragedy of Anti-Semitism; etc.
J.M.Br. Juvenile Delinquency
JOSEPHINE MACALISTER BREW, M.A., LL.D. Education
Adviser, National Association of Girls' Clubs and Mixed Clubs.
Author of Informal Education; In the Service of Youth; etc.
J.McA. Chile; Uruguay
JOHN McADAMS. Former Instructor of Latin American History
and Government, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto
Rico.
J.Of. Lawn Tennis (in part)
JOHN SHELDON OLLIFF. Lawn Tennis Correspondent, Daily
Telegraph, London. Author of OUiff on Tennis; Lawn Tennis; The
Romance of Wimbledon.
CONTRIBUTORS
xni
Jo.Ms. National Health Service; National Insurance
JOHN MOSS, C.B.E. Barrister-at-Law. Author of Health and
Welfare Services Handbook; Editor of Local Government Law and
Legislation.
J.P.D. Boxing (in part)
JAMES P. DAWSON, Writer on Baseball and Boxing, The New
York Times.
J.P.V.Z. Aviation, Civil (in part)
J. PACKER VAN ZANDT, B.S., Ph.D. Deputy Assistant Secretary
of the U.S. Air Force, Washington. Author of Civil Aviation and
Peace; etc.
J.R.Ay. Nationalization
JOHN RAYNER APPLEBEY, M.A. Leader Writer, Financial
Times, London.
J.R.Ra. Agriculture
JOHN ROSS RAEBURN, B.Sc.(Agric.), M.S., M.A., Ph.D. Reader
in Agricultural Economics, University of London.
J.S.L. Anaesthesiology
JOHN S. LUNDY, M.D. Professor of Anaesthesiology, University
of Minnesota Graduate School, Minneapolis. Head, Section on
Anaesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
J.Sto. Electronics (in part)
JAMES STOKLEY, B.S.(Ed.), M.S. Publicity Representative,
General Electric Research Laboratory, Schenectady, New York.
Author of Science Xemakes Our World; Electrons in Action; Editor
of Science Marches On.
J.W.D. Canoeing
JOHN WEBSTER DUDDERIDGE, B.Sc. Hon. Secretary, the
British Canoe Union. Master in Charge of Physical Education at the
Haberdashers' Aske's School, Hampstead.
J.W.Fr. Bowls
JOHN WILLIAM FISHER, M.R.C.S., D.P.H., D.P.M. Bowls
correspondent, Western Morning News, Express and Echo, etc.
Author of A New Way to Better Bowls; Bowls; etc.
J.W.Ce. Electric Transport (in part)
JOHN WATK1N GRIEVE, B.Sc., A.M.I.E.E. Assistant (Schemes
and Calculations), Electrical Engineering New Works and Develop-
ment Section, The Railway Executive, London.
J.W.J. Electric Power (in part)
JOHN W. JENKINS. Publications Division, Federal Power Com-
mission, Washington.
J.W.Mw. Reparations; etc.
JOSEPH W. MARLOW, A.B., LL.B. Lawyer. Former Editor and
Research Analyst, Military Intelligence Service, U.S. War Depart-
ment.
K.Bn. Libraries (in part)
KARL BROWN, A.B., LL.B. Associate Bibliographer and Editor
of Publications, New York Public Library. Editor, Library Journal,
New York.
K.E.H. Dairy Farming (in part); etc.
KENNETH EDWARD HUNT, M.A., Dipl.Agric. Demonstrator in
Agricultural Economics, Oxford University.
K.E.R. Gold Coast ; Nigeria ; etc.
KENNETH ERNEST ROBINSON, M.A. Official Fellow of
Nuffield College, Oxford; Reader in Colonial Administration,
Oxford University.
K.G.B. British Borneo; Kenya; etc.
KENNETH GRANVILLE BRADLEY, B.A., C.M.G. Editor of
Corona. Author of Diary of a District Officer; The Colonial Service
as a Career.
K.Sm. Eastern European Economic Planning; Poland; etc.
KAZIMIERZ MAC1EJ SMOGORZEWSKI. Foreign Correspon-
dent; Founder and Editor, Free Europe, London. Author of The
United States and Great Britain; Poland 1 s Access to the Sea; etc.
K.W. Petroleum
KENNETH WILLIAMS, B.A. London Correspondent, Al Ahram.
Author of Britain and the Mediterranean; Ibn Sa'ud.
L.A.L. Insurance (in part)
LEROY A. LINCOLN. Chairman of the Board, Metropolitan
Life Insurance Company, New York.
L.A.WI. Telephone (in part)
LEROY A. WILSON. President, American Telephone and Telegraph
Company, New York.
L.B.E. Sewerage
LEONARD BUSHBY ESCRITT, A.M.I.C.E., F.I.San.E.,
M.R.San. I., Hon.M.inst.S.P., F.G.S. Senior Engineer, G. B. Ker-
shaw and Kaufman, consulting engineers, London.
L.Bp. Canada
LESLIE BISHOP, M.A. Author and Lecturer; former London
correspondent of the Winnipeg Free Press, Winnipeg, Canada.
L.de B.H. Swimming (in part)
LOUIS de BREDA HANDLEY. Honorary Coach, Women's
Swimming Association of New York. Author of Swimming for
Women; etc.
L.D.L. Painting (in part)
LESTER D. LONGMAN. Head of Art Department, University of
Iowa. Author of History and Appreciation of Art; Outline of Art
History.
L.E.F. Insurance (in part)
LAURENCE E. FALLS. Secretary-Treasurer, Insurance Institute
of America, Inc., New York.
L.E.Ms. Dyestuffs (in pan) ; etc.
LAURENCE EDMUND MORRIS. Editor, Dyer, London.
L.F.C. Methodist Church (in part)
LESLIE FREDERIC CHURCH, B.A., Ph.D., F.R.Hist.S. Editor-
in-Chief to the Methodist Church in Great Britain and Ireland.
Author of The Early Methodist People; The Knight of the Burning
heart; A Life of John Wesley; etc.
L.Fi. Rome
LIANA FERRI. Journalist and film script writer, Rome.
L.Gu. Local Government (in part)
LUTHER GULICK, A.M., Ph.D., Litt.D. President, Institute of
Public Administration, New York. Author of Administrative
Reflections from World War II; etc.
L.Hdn. Gas
LESLIE HARRY HARDERN, B.A. Public Relations Officer,
North Thames Gas Board, London. Joint author of Physical Planning.
L.Hmn. South African Literature (in pan)
LOUIS HERRMAN, M.A., Ph.D. Examiner in English for the
Joint Matriculation Board of South Africa. Author of In the Sealed
Cave: A Scientific Fantasy.
L.J.D.R. Classical Studies
LEOPOLD JOHN DIXON RICHARDSON, M.A. Professor of
Greek, University College, Cardiff; Hon. Secretary, Classical
Association.
L.K.M. International Trade
LORING K. MACY. Deputy Director, Office of International
Trade, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington.
L.L. Furniture Industry (in pan}
LESLIE LEWIS. Editor, Furnishing World and British Furnishing.
Author of Furniture Facts.
L.M. Football (in pan}
LAURENCE MONTAGUE, B.A. Sports Editor of the Manchester
Guardian.
L.M.GH. United Nations
LELAND M. GOODRICH. Professor of International Organization
and Administration, Columbia University, New York. Co-author of
Charter of the United Nations: Commentary and Documents.
L.M.K. Biochemistry
LLOYD M. KO/LOFF. Research associate. Department of Bio-
chemistry, University of Chicago.
L.M.W. Alaska
LEW M. WILLIAMS. Secretary of Alaska, United States Depart-
ment of the Interior, Juneau, Alaska.
L.N. Gymnastics
LEONORRISS, Dipl.Phys.Ed. Schoolmaster, Hertfordshire County
Council.
Ln.M. Dance (In part)
LILLIAN MOORE. Concert Dancer. Choreographer for NCB
Opera Television Series. American Correspondent, Dancing Times,
London. Former Soloist, Metropolitan Opera Ballet, New York.
L.O.P. Cinema (in part)
LOUELLA O. PARSONS. Editor, Motion Picture Department,
International News Service. Author of The Cay Illiterate; How To
Write in the Movies.
L.Pa. English Literature (in part)
LUKE THORNBROUGH PARSONS. Contributor to The Fort-
nightly, 'Scots Review, Today and Tomorrow, etc. Author of Clough
Plays Murder.
L.Rb. t Baseball
LOWELL RglDfeNBAUGH. Member of the staff, The Sporting
News, St. Louis, Missouri.
L.Rs. Balance of Payments
LASZLO ROSTAS, Ll.D., Dr.rer.pol. Research Statistician,
Board of Trade, London. Author of Comparative Productivity in
British and American Industry; part-author of Taxation of War
Wealth.
L.V.D. Field Sports
LEONARD VINCENT DODDS. Editor, The Field, London.
L.W.B. Boy Scouts (in part)
LORNE W. BARCLAY. National Director of Publications, Boy
Scouts of America.
L.Wd. Boxing (in part)
LAINSON WOOD. Boxing Correspondent and Assistant Sports
Editor, Daily Telegraph, London.
L.W.F. Prisons (in part)
LIONEL WRAY FOX, C.B., M.C. Chairman, Prison Commission
for England and Wales. Author of The Modern English Prison.
L.Wo. Trade Unions (in part)
LEO WOLMAN, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Economics, Columbia
University, New York. Author of Ebb and Flow in Trade Unionism;
etc.
L.W.R. Friends, Religious Society of (in part)
LYMAN W. RILEY. Assistant Librarian, Friends Historical
Library of Swarthroore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.
M.Ab. Investments Abroad (in pan)
MILTON ABELSON. Economic Analyst, Washington.
Ma.Br. Turkey; etc.
MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., A.R.S.M., F.R.Ent.Soc. Author of
In Bolshevik Siberia; Slouch Hat; The Insect Legion; etc.
M.A.Me. Horse Racing (in part)
MICHAEL AUSTIN MELFORD, B.A. Sporting Correspondent,
Daily Telegraph, London. ,
XIV
CONTRIBUTORS
M.Blf. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (in part)', etc.
MAX BELOFF, B.Litt., M.A. Faculty Fellow, Nuffield College,
Oxford; Reader in the Comparative Study of Institutions, Oxford
University. Author of The foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1929-1941.
M.C.G. Arts Council of Great Britain
MARY CECILIA GLASGOW, C.B.E., B.A. Secretary General,
Arts Council of Great Britain.
IVI.D.Cn. Plastics Industry
MAURICE DELOISNE CUR WEN, B.Sc., A.R.l.C. Editor,
Plastics* London. Author of Plastics in Industry; etc.
M.Dk. Holy Year; Roman Catholic Church; etc.
JOHN MICHAEL DERRICK. Assistant Editor, Tablet, London;
Editor, Catholic Almanac. Author of Eastern Catholics under
Soviet Rule; etc.
M.Ds. Iron and Steel (in part)
MAX EMIL DAVIES, B.A. Public Relations Officer, British Iron
and Steel Research Association. Joint Editor of the Handbook of
Steel and Steel Products', Author of The Story of Steel.
M.Dw. Law and Legislation (in part)
MITCHELL DAWSON, Ph.B., J.D. -Lawyer and Writer. Former
Editor. Chicago Bar Record.
M.F.de C. Virgin Islands
MORRIS F. DE CASTRO. Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands.
M.Fe. Trust Territories
MAURICE FANSHAWE, B.A. Author of Permanent Court of
International Justice', Armaments', The Covenant Explained; etc.
M.Fi. Medicine (in part); etc.
MORRIS FISHBEIN, M.D. Editor, Excetpia Medico', Contributing
Editor, Postgraduate Medicine (U.S.A.).
M.F.T. Food Research (in part)
MARTHA F. TRULSON. Research Associate in Nutrition, School
of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
M.G.C. Water Supply (in part)
MARTIN G. GLAESER. Professor of Economics, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
M.Gt. Budget, National (in part); National Income (in part); efr ,
MILTON GILBERT. Chief. National Income Division, U.S.
Department of Commerce. Author of Currency Depreciation and
Monetary Policy; National Income and Product Static f ! cs of the U.S.
M.H.Sm. Air Forces of the World (in part)
MAURICE H. SMITH. Librarian, Institute of the Aeronautical
Sciences, New York.
M.Jol. French Literature; Paris; etc.
MARIA JOLAS (Mrs. Eugene Jolas). Writer and Critic, Paris.
M.L.M. Colombia; Costa Rica; etc.
MAX L. MOORHEAD. Assistant Professor of History, University
of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.
M .Ml. Betting and Gambling (in part)
S. MICHAEL MacDOUGALL. Author of Gamblers Don't Gamble;
Card Mastery; MacDougall on Dice and Cards; MacDougall on
Pinochle; etc.
M.N. Bacteriology
MILAN VACLAV NOVAK. Professor and Head of Department of
Bacteriology, Univ. of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago;
Bacteriologist in Chief, Research and Educational Hospital Con-
sultant on Bacteriology, Veterans Administration, Hines Hospital;
Associate Dean of the Graduate College, University of Illinois,
Chicago. *
M.S.F. ' Japan
MIRIAM S. FARLEY. Editor, Far Eastern Survey, American
Institute of Pacific Relations. Author of The Problem of Japanese
Trade Expansion; Aspects of Japan's Labor Problems.
M.Si. Printing (in part)
MacD. SINCLAIR. Editor, Printing Equipment Engineer, Cleveland,
Ohio.
N.A.D.W. Art Exhibitions (in part); Painting (in part); etc.
NEVILE ARTHUR DOUGLAS WALLIS, F.R.S.A. Art Critic
of the Observer, London. Author of Fin de Siccle.
N.B.D. National Parks (in part)
NEWTON B. DRURY, B.L., LL.B. Director, National Park Service,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington.
N.Bh. Jerusalem
NORMAN BENTWICH, Hon. LL.D., M.A. Professor at the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Author of Palestine; Judea Lives
Again; etc.
N.C.B. Timber (in part)
NELSON C. BROWN, A.B., M.F. Professor in Charge of Forest
Utili/ation, New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse University,
New York.
N.E.W. Plague
NEWTON E. WAYSON, A.B., M.D. Former Medical Officer in
Charge, Plague Investigations, U.S. Public Health Service, San
Francisco.
N.F.S. Munitions of War (in part)
NATHANIEL F. SILSBEE. Colonel, United States Air Force
Reserve. Contributing Editor, Aviation Age, Skyways. Co-author of
Jet Propulsion Progress.
N.McW. Athletics (In part); Empire Games
NORRIS DEWAR McWHIRTER, M.A. Contributor Track and
Field News (U.S.A.), the Athlete (London); etc, Author of Get to
Your Marks.
N.Mgh. Commonwealth of Nations (In part)
NICHOLAS SETON MANSERGH, O.B.E., B.Litt, M.A., D.Phil.
Abe Bailey Research Professor of British Commonwealth Relations,
Royal Institute of International Affairs, London. Author of The
Commonwealth and the Nations; Britain and Ireland.
N.N. Country Life
NORMAN NICHOLSON. Poet and critic, Millom, Cumberland.
Authot of Cumberland and Westmorland; Five Rivers; The Old
Man of the Mountains.
O.F.K. Norway; Oslo
OLE FERDINAND KNUDSEN, M.Sc.(Econ.). Assistant Press
Attach^ to the Royal Norwegian Embassy, London.
O.M.G. China; Peking
OWEN MORTIMER GREEN, B.A. Far Eastern Specialist, the
Observer, London. Author of The Foreigner in Chine; Story of the
Chinese Revolution; etc.
O.R.F. Physics
OTTO ROBERT FRISCH, D.Phil., F.R.S., O.B.E. Fellow of
Trinity College, Cambridge; Jacksonian Professor of Natural
Philosophy, Cambridge University. Author of Meet the Atoms;
editor of Progress in Nuclear Physics.
O.S.T. World Council of Churches
OLIVER STRATFORD TOMKINS, M.A. Associate General
Secretary, World Council of Churches. 'Author of The Wholeness
of the Church.
O.Tw. Arabia; Arab League; etc.
OWEN MEREDITH TWEEDY, B.A. Retired Government Officer.
Author of By Way of the Sahara; Russia at Random; Cairo to Persia
and Back.
P.A.Sd. Meteorology
PERCIVAL ALBERT SHEPPARD, B.Sc., F.Inst.P. Assistant
Professor of Meteorology, Imperial College, London; Reader in
Meteorology, London University. Author of " The Earth's Atmos-
phere " in A Century of Science.
P.Br. Billiards and Snooker (in part)
PETER BRANDWEIN. Sports Writer, The New York Times;
Editor, sports section, Information Please Almanac.
P.Dn. English Literature (in part)
PATRIC DICKINSON, B.A. Author of Theseus and the Minotaur;
Stone in the Midst and Poems.
P.Eg. Budget, National (in part); Taxation (in part); etc.
PAUL EINZIG, D.Sc.(Pol. and Econ.). Political Correspondent,
Financial Times, London. Author of Primitive Money; The Theory
of Forward Exchange; etc.
P.H.-M. British West Indies; Caribbean Commission; etc.
PHILIP HEWITT-MYR1NG. Public Relations Adviser. Articles
written on behalf of the Development and Welfare Organization
in the West Indies.
P.H.M.-B. Tropical Diseases
SIR PHILIP HENRY MANSON-BAHR, C.M.G., D.S.O., M.A.,
M.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., D.T.M. and H., F.2.S. Consulting
Physician, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London. Author of
Life and Work of Sir Patrick Manson; Dysenteric Disorders; editor
01 Manson's Tropical Diseases. 7th-13th ed.; etc.
P.H.P. Chemistry
PETER HARIOLF PLESCH, M.A., Ph.D., A.R.l.C. Lecturer in
Physical Chemistry, University College of North Staffordshire,
Stoke-on-Trent.
P.J.A.C. Liberal Movement
PETER J. A. CALVOCORESSL Survey Department, Royal
Institute of International Affairs, London. Author of Nuremberg.
P.M.S. Botanical Gardens (in part); Horticulture
PATRICK MILLINGTON SYNGE, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.G.S.
Editor to the Royal Horticultural Society. Author of Mountains
of the Moon ; Plants with Personality ; etc.
P.O'S. Johnstone, William Raphael
PETER JOHN O'SULLEVAN. Racing Correspondent, Daily
Express, London; radio commentator, etc.
P.Ss. Insurance (in part)
PERCY STEBBINGS. Insurance Editor; Correspondent to Financial
Times; Bankers' Magazine; Investors Chronicle, London; etc,
P.Ta. Employment (in part); Strikes and Lockouts (in part)
PHILIP TAFT, B.A., Ph.D. Professor of Economics, Brown
University. Providence, Rhode Island. Author of Economics and
Problems of Labor; etc.
P.W.H. Photography (in part)
PERCY WOOTTON HARRIS, Hon.F.R.P.S., M.R.I. Former
President, Royal Photographic Society, London. Editor of Miniature
Camera Magazine, London.
Q.W. International Law
QUINCY WRIGHT, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of International
Law, University of Chicago. Author of A Study of War; etc.
R.A.Bn. Advertising (in part)
ROGER A. BARTON. Editor, Advertising Agency Magazine and
Advertising Handbook, New York. Lecturer in Advertising, Columbia
University, New York.
Ra.L. Endocrinology (in part)
RACHMIEL LEVINE, M.D. Director of Metabolic and Endocrine
Research, Michael Reese Hospital; Professorial Lecturer, Depart-
ment of Physiology, University of Chicago. Co-author of Carbo-
hydrate Metabolism.
CONTRIBUTORS
xv
R.Ba. Consumer Credit (in part)
ROBERT BARTELS. Associate Professor of Marketing, Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio. Co-author of Credits and
Collections in Theory and Practice.
R.C.-W. Philosophy
RUPERT CRAWSHAY-WILLIAMS. B.A. Writer on Philosophy
and the Psychology of Language and Reasoning. Author of The
Comforts of Unreason; A Study of the Motives behind Irrational
Thought.
R.D.B. Rowing
RICHARD DESBOROUGH BURNELL, B.A. Rowing Corres-
pondent, The Times, London. Editor, British Rowing Almanack.
R.E.Bs. Literary Prizes (in part)
RUTH ELLEN BAINS, B.A. Assistant Book Editor, R. R. Bowker
Company, New York.
R.E.E.H. Baptist Church
REUBEN E. E. HARKNESS, M.A., B.D., Ph.D. President, The
American Baptist Historical Society. Professor of Christianity,
Crozer Seminary, Chester, Pennsylvania.
R.F.Am. British Council
GENERAL SIR RONALD FORBES ADAM, Bt., G.C.B., D.S.O.,
O.B.E. Chairman and Director-General of the British Council.
R.F.G.C. Congregational Churches
RALPH FORMAN GODLEY CALDER, M.A., B.D. Secretary,
Colonial Missionary Society; Secretary, Congregational Fund Board.
Former Editor, Scottish Congregationalist; Editor, British Missionary,
R.G.D.A. Prices (In part)
ROY GEORGE DOUGLAS ALLEN, O.B.E., M.A., D.Sc.(Econ.).
Professor of Statistics, University of London. Author of Mathe-
matical Analysis for Economists; Statistics for Economists; etc.
R.G.L. Inventors, Awards to
RHYS GERRAN LLOYD, M.A., B.Sc. Barrister-at-Law. Secretary
of the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors. Editor of Kerly
on Trade Marks (7th edition).
R.H.B. Epidemics
R. H. BARRETT, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Medical Officer, Ministry
of Health, London.
R.H.Frg. Arthritis
RICHARD HAROLD FREYBERG, M.D. Associate Professor of
Clinical Medicine, Cornell University Medical College; Director,
Department of Internal Medicine and Director of Arthritis Clinic,
Hospital for Special Surgery; Assistant Attending Physician and
Director of Arthritis Clinic, New York Hospital, New York.
R.H.Ls. Museums (in part)
RALPH H. LEWIS. Assistant Chief, Museum Branch, National
Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington.
R.Ho. Billiards and Snooker (in part)
RICHARD HOLT. Editor, Billiard Player, London.
R.H.Ri. Grain Crops; Wheat
RICHARD HOOK RICHENS, M.A. Assistant Director of the
Commonwealth Bureau of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cambridge.
Author of The New Genetics in the Soviet Union (with P. S. Hudson).
R.I!. SI. Jet Propulsion and Gas Turbines (in part)
REGINALD HERBERT SCHLOTEL, F.R.Ae.S. Deputy Director
of Engine Research and Development, Ministry of Supply, London.
Ri.A.B. Ex-Servicemen's Organizations (in part)
RICHARD A. BROWN. Executive Secretary, Veterans' Organiza-
tions Information Service, New York.
R.Is. Anaemia
RAPHAEL ISAACS, M.A., M.D. Attending Physician in Hacma-
tology, Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago. Co-author of Diseases of
the Blood.
R.J.My. Clothing Industry (in part); Fashion and Dress (in part)
RONALD JOSEPH MURRAY. Features Editor, Men's Wear,
London.
R.Js. Moscow (in part)
RICHARD JONES. Former Editor of British Ally (Britansky
Soyuznik), Moscow. Former Assistant News Editor, Daily Telegraph
and Night News Editor, Daily Mail, London.
R.LFo. Accidents (in part)
R. L. FORNEY. General Secretary, National Safety Council,
Chicago.
R.L.Hs. Hockey
RICHARD LYNTON HOLLANDS. Hockey Correspondent,
Sunday Times and Evening Standard, London.
Rln. Boy Scouts (in part)
LORD ROWALLAN, M.C., T.D., LL.D. Chief Scout of the
British Commonwealth arid Empire.
R.L.S.-R. Radio, Scientific Developments in; etc.
REGINALD LESLIE SMITH-ROSE, D.Sc., Ph.D., D.I.C., A.R.C.S.
Director of Radio Research, Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, Slough, Buckinghamshire.
R.Man. Cinerta (in part)
ROGER MANVELL, B.A., Ph.D. Director of the British Film
Academy, London. Editor of The Cinema 1950; Author of Film;
Author (with Rachel Low) of History of the British Film ; etc.
R.M.Ge. Soil Conservation (in part)
ROBERT MACLAGAN GORRIE, D.Sc., F.R.S.E. Soil Conserva-
tion Officer, Ceylon. Author of Use and Misuse of Land; Soil and
Water Conservation in the Punjab; etc.
R.N.Ba. Royal Navy
ROBERT NESHAM BAX. Admiral, Royal Navy (retired).
Ro.B. Zoological Gardens (in part)
ROBERT BEAN. Director of the Chicago Zoological Park,
Brookfield, Illinois.
R.R.W.F. Fruit; Market Gardening; etc.
ROGER ROLAND WESTWELL FOLLEY, B.Sc., B.Com. Depart-
mental Demonstrator, Institute for Research in Agricultural
Economics, University of Oxford.
R.S.T. Munitions of War (in part)
ROBERT S. THOMAS, A.M. Military Historian, Historical
Division, Special Staff, War Department, Washington. Author of
The Story of the 30th Division, A.E.F.
R.Sy. Methodist Church (in part)
RALPH STOODY. Executive Director, The Commission on Public
Information of The Methodist Church, U.S.A.
R. Tu. Political Parties, U.S.
RAY TUCKER, B.A. Writer of Syndicated Column, " The National
Whirligig ". Author of The Mirrors of J932; etc.
R.U.C. Skiing
MISS R. U. CROXTON. Secretary, Ski Club of Great Britain.
R.V.B.B. Navies of the World
RAYMOND VICTOR BERNARD BLACKMAN, A.M.I.N.A.,
A.l.Mar.E. Editor, Janes Fighting Ships; Author of Modern World
Book of Ships.
R.W.B. New Zealand Literature
ROBERT WILLIAM BURCHFIELD, M.A. Rhodes Scholar at
Magdalen College, Oxford.
R.W.Cr. Broadcasting (in part)
RUFUS WILLIAM CRATER. Associate Editor, Broadcasting-
Telecasting Magazine, Washington.
R.W.J.K. Young Men's Christian Association (in part)
REGINALD WILLIAM JAMES KEEBLE, B.A. Headquarters
StafY, Young Men's Christian Association, London.
R.Wr. Young Women's Christian Association (in part)
RUTH CHRISTABEL WALDER. National General Secretary,
Young Women's Christian Association of Great Britain.
Prisons (in part)
Former President, American Prison
S.A.L.
SAM A. LEWISOHN.
Association.
S.D.L.R. Peru
SIDNEY DE LA RUE. Financial Consultant to the Peruvian and
Liberian Embassies in Washington.
S.E.Ws. Albania
SEWARD ELIOT WATROUS. Programme Organizer, British
Broadcasting Corporation, London.
S.F.M. Museums (in part)
SYDNEY FRANK MARKHAM, M.A., B.Litt. Former President,
Museums Association, London. Hon. Associate Director, Inter-
national Council of Museums. Author of Museums of the British
Empire; etc.
S.F.Sn. Anthropology (in part)
SOPHIA FELICIA STALLMAN, M.A. Assistant Secretary, Royal
Anthropological Institute, London; Assistant Secretary, Folk-Lore
Society, London.
S.Hr. European Recovery Programme; etc.
SEBASTIAN HAFFNER, Dr.jur. Diplomatic Correspondent,
Observer, London.
S.J.Bkr. Police (in part)
STANISLAUS JOSEPH BAKER, C.B., B.Sc. Assistant Under-
secretary of .State, Home Office, London.
S.L.L. Furs (in part)
SAMUEL LEWIS LAZARUS. Editor, Far Weekly News, London.
S.L.S. Clothing Industry (in part)
STANLEY L. SIMONS, Ph.B., LL.D. Editor, The Clothing Trade
Journal, Director, Garment Technical Institute, U.S.A.
S.McC.L. International Labour Organization
SAMUEL McCUNE LINDSAY. Professor Emeritus of Social
Legislation, Columbia University, New York. Author of Railway
Labor in the U.S.; Emergency Housing Legislation; etc.
S.Nr. Formosa; Pacific Islands, U.S.; etc.
STANLEY NEHMER. Office of International Trade Policy, Depart-
ment of State, Washington. Lecturer in Economics, American
University, Washington.
S.P.J. Air Forces of the World (in part); etc.
S. PAUL JOHNSTON. Director, Institute of the Aeronautical
Sciences, New York.
S.Ps. Philately
STANLEY PHILLIPS. Managing Director and Editor in Chief,
Stanley Gibbons Ltd., London; Vice President, British Philatelic
Association. Author of Stamp Collecting; Stamps of Great Britain,
1911-21; etc.
S.R.S. Glass (in part)
SAMUEL RAY SCHOLES. Head of Department of Glass Tech-
nology, New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred, New York.
S.Sd. Export-Import Bank of Washington
SIDNEY SHERWOOD, A.B. Secretary, Export-Import Bank of
Washington.
S.S.H. Stocks and Shares (in part)
SOLOMON S. HUEBNER, Sc.D., Ph.D. President, American
College of Life Underwriters. Professor of Insurance and Com-
merce. Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. >
XVI
CONTRIBUTORS
S.So. Endocrinology (in part)
SAMUEL SOSK1N, M.D.. Ph.D. Director, Medical Research
Institute. Michael Reese Hospital, and Dean, Michael Reese Hospital
Postgraduate School; Professorial Lecturer, Department of Physiol-
ogy, The University of Chicago. Co-author of Carbohydrate Meta-
bolism', Editor of Progress in Clinical Endocrinology.
S.Sp. Music (in part)
SIGMUND SPAETH, A.M., Ph.D. Lecturer and Broadcaster.
Author of The Art of Enjoying Music', A History of Popular Music in
America; etc.
S.I f. Broadcasting (in part)
SOL TAISHOFF. President, Editor and Publisher of Broadcasting-
Telecasting Magazine, Washington.
I. Bar. Wealth and Income, Distribution of (in part)
TIBOR BARNA, B.Sc.(Econ.), Ph.D. Chief of Economics Section,
Research Division, Economic Commission for Europe; formerly
Official Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford. Author of Redistribution
of Income through Public Finance.
T.C. Church of Scotland
THOMAS CALDWELL, M.A., B.D., Ph.D., D.D. Principal Clerk
of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.
T.E.U. Political Parties, British
T. E. UTLEY, M.A. Editorial Staff, The Times, London.
T.G.W. Aliens (in part)
TERENCE GERARD WEILER, B.A. Principal, Aliens Depart-
ment, Home Office, London.
T.H.MacD. Roads (in part)
THOMAS H. MacDONALD. Commissioner, Bureau of Public
Roads, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington.
T.J.B. Venereal Diseases (in part)
THEODORE J. BAUER, M.D. Chief, Division of Venereal Disease,
U.S. Public Health Service, Washington.
T.Q.C. Theatre (in part)
THOMAS QUINN CURT1SS. Dramatic Critic. Editor Common
Sense, Decision. Former Drama Critic and Drama Editor, Junior
Bazaar (Harper's); Contributing book-reviewer to Herald-Tribune,
New York, and The New York Times Book Review.
T.Rsc. Canasta ; Contract Bridge (in par /
JOHN TERENCE REESE. Bridge correspondent, Observer and
Evening News, London. Author of Reese on Play; The Elements of
Contract (with Hubert Phillips).
T.T.S. Nervous System
THEODORE THADDEUS STONE, M.D., M.S., Ph.D., F.A.C.P.
Professor in Nervous and Mental Diseases, Northwestern University
Medical School, Chicago; Chief and Attending Ncuro-Psychiatrist,
Wesley Memorial Hospital, Chicago.
T.V.H. Athletics (in part)
THOMAS V. HANEY. Member of the Staff, The New York Times.
V.E.F. Antarctica
VIVIAN ERNEST FUCHS, M.A., Ph.D. Head of the Falklands
Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau.
V.S.S. Paper and Pulp Industry
VINCENT STANLEY SMITH. Advertising Consultant to Paper
Manufacturers.
W.A.D. Theatre (in part)
WILLIAM AUBREY DARLINGTON, M.A. Dramatic Critic,
the Daily Telegraph, London, and London Drama Correspondent,
The New York Times. Author of The Actor and His Audience; etc.
W.A.Ft. Bridges (in part)
WILLIAM ALBERT FAIRHURST, M.l.Struct.E. Senior Partner,
F. A. Macdonald and Partner, Consulting Stru9turul and Civil
F'ngineers, Glasgow. Author of Arch Design Simplified; Reinforced
Concrete Bridge Design (with A. W. Legal and George Dunn).
W.As. Heavy Engineering; Light Engineering
WILLIAM ANDREWS, B.Met., F.l.M. Technical Editor, The
Times Review of Industry.
W.B.Hd. Geology
WALTER BRIAN HARLAND, M.A. Fellow of Gonvillc and
Caius College, Cambridge; Lecturer in Geology, Cambridge Uni-
versity.
W.B.Mi. Immigration and Emigration (in part)
WATSON B. MILLER. Commissioner, Immigration and Natural-
ization Service, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington.
W.C.An. Portugal; Spain; etc.
WILLIAM CHRISTOPHER ATKINSON, M.A. Stevenson
Professor of Spanish, University of Glasgow. Author of Spain, a
Brief History; etc.
W.E.S. Palaeontology
WILLIAM ELGIN SWINTON, Ph.D., F.R.S.E. Principal Scientific
Officer, British Museum (Natural History), London. Author of
The Dinosaurs; The Corridor oj Life; Geology and the Museum.
W.F.Br. Urology
WILLIAM F. BRAASCH, B.S., M.D. Professor Emeritus of
Urology, University of Minnestoa Graduate School, Mayo Founda-
tion, Rochester, Minnesota. Editorial Committee, Quarterly Review
of Urology and Minnesota Medicine.
W.Fr. Australia. Commonwealth of; etc.
WOLFGANG FRIEDMANN, LL.D. Professor of Public Law at
the University of Melbourne, Australia. Author of The Allied
Military Government of Germany; Legal Theory; Crisis of the National
State; Introduction to World Politics.
W.Ft. Paraguay
WESLEY FROST, A.M., LL.D. Professor of International
Relations, The American Institute for Foreign Trade, Phoenix,
Arizona. Former U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay.
W.G.P. Indonesia; Netherlands Overseas Territories; etc.
WIBO GODFR1ED PEEKJEMA, D.L. Legal Adviser to the
Standard- Vacuum Oil Company, The Hague.
W.H.Ctr. Austria
WILLIAM HORSFALL CARTER, M.A. Head of Western
European Section, Research Department, Foreign Office, London.
W.H.G. Roads (in part)
WILLIAM HENRY GLANVILLE, C.B.E., D.Sc., Ph.D., M.I.C.E.
Director of Road Research, Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, Road Research Laboratory, Harmondsworth, Middlesex.
W.H.Jn. Business Review; Gold (in part)
WALTER HENRY JOHNSTON. B.A. Assistant Editor, Yorkshire
Post. Translator of Hegel's Science of Logic.
W.H.McC. Astronomy
WILLIAM HUNTER McCREA, M.A., Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.S.E.
Professor of Mathematics, University of London. Author of
Relativity Physics; Physics of the Sun and Stars; etc.
W.H.Oe. Surgery
/SIR WILLIAM HENEAGE OGILVIE, K.B.E., M.A., M.D.,
Hon.LL.D., Hon.F.A.C.S., Hon.F.R.C.S.C, Hon.F.R.A.C.S.,
Hon. M.S. Surgeon to Guy's Hospital and the Royal Masonic
Hospital, London; late Vice-President, Royal College of Surgeons,
London; Editor, Practitioner. Author of Recent Advances in Surgery;
Forward Surgery in Modern War; Surgery Orthodox and Heterodox;
etc.
W.H.R. Beekeeping
WILLIAM HENRY RICHARDSON. Fellow of the Royal Entomo-
logical Association; former Chairman, British Beekeepers'
Association.
W.H.Tr. Motor-Boat Racing
WILLIAM H. TAYLOR. Associate Editor, Yachting, New York.
Co-author of Yachting in North America.
W.J.Bp. Alder, Kurt; Diels, Otto; etc.
WILLIAM JOHN BISHOP, F.L.A. Librarian, Wellcome Historical
Medical Library, London. Author of Notable Names in Medicine
and Surgery (with H. Bailey); etc.
WJ.Bt. Furs (in part)
WILLIAM J. BRETT, B.S. President, the Fur Reporter, New York.
W.J.C. Railways (in part)
WILLIAM J. CUNNINGHAM. James J. Hill Professor of Trans-
portation, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard
University.
VV.J.C1. Co-operative Movement (in part)
WALLACE JUSTIN CAMPBELL. Director, Washington Office,
Co-operative League of the U.S.A.
W.K.F. Pharmacy
WILLIAM KENNETH FITCH, M.P.S. Editor, Pharmaceutical
Journal; Publications Manager of the Pharmaceutical Society of
Great Britain. Author of Gas Warfare.
W.L.Be. Eye, Diseases of
WILLIAM L. BENEDICT, M.D. The Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
Minnesota. Professor of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota
Graduate School, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota.
W.Mr. Organi/ation of American States
WILLIAM MANGER, Ph.D. Assistant Secretary-General
Organization of American States.
W.O.L.S. Youth Employment (in part)
WILLIAM OWEN LESTER SMITH, LL.D. Professor of the
Sociology of Education, University of London. Author of Education
in Great Britain; etc.
W.P.K. Medicine
WALTER PHILLIP KENNEDY, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.F.P.S.(G).,
L.R.C.P.E., L.R.C.S.E., F.R.I.C., F.R.S.E. Senior Medical Officer
Pharmacologist, Ministry of Health, London.
W.P.Ma. Telegraphy (in part)
WALTER P. MARSHALL. President, The Western Union Tele-
graph Company, New York.
W.R.W. Veterinary Medicine
WALTER REGINALD WOOLDRIDGE, M.Sc., Ph.D.,
M.R.C.V.S., F.R.I.C. Scientific Director and Chairman of Council
of Animal Health Trust, London. Author of War Gases and Food-
stuffs.
W.Sm. Korea (in part)
WARREN SMITH. University of California, Berkeley, California.
W.T.Ws. Judiciary, British; Law and Legislation (In part); etc.
WILLIAM THOMAS WELLS, B.A. Barrister-at-Law; Member of
Parliament. Member of the Lord Chancellor's Committee on the
Practice and Procedure of the Supreme Court. Author of How
English Law Works.
W.V.M. Hutchins, Robert Maynard
WILLIAM V. MORGENSTERN. Director of Public Relations,
The University of Chicago.
W.V.Wt. Prices (in part)
WILLIAM V. WILMOT, Jr. Instructor, Department of Economics,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
W.W.Bn. Education (in part)
WILLIAM W. BRICKMAN. Department of History and Philosophy
of Education, New York University; President's Research Fellow,
Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island (1950-51). Former
Editor, Education Abstracts; author of Guide to Research in Educa-
tional History.
X.
ANONYMOUS.
DIARY OF EVENTS, 1950
JANUARY
1 : Great Britain. Six peers were created
in the New Year Honours.
Austria. Major General T. J. W.
Winterton succeeded Lieut. General Sir
Alexander Galloway as British high
commissioner.
India. Cooch Behar state was merged
with West Bengal.
2: Persia. The shah returned from his
visit to the United States.
3: Egypt. General elections were held.
The final results gave the Wafd (nation-
alist party) 225 seats.
4: Great Britain. The chancellor of the
exchequer, Sir Stafford Cripps, stated
that in the fourth quarter of 1949 the
gold and dollar deficit had fallen to
$31 million.
China. The Communist government
was recognized by Pakistan.
India-Afghanistan. A five-year treaty
of peace and friendship was signed in
New Delhi.
5 : Greece. The government led by A. Dio-
midis resigned. Field Marshal A. Papagos
resigned as commander in chief.
Indo-China. Bao Dai dissolved the
Vietnam government and requested
Nguyen Phan Long to form a new one.
6: Great Britain. Notes were sent to the
governments of Bulgaria, Hungary and
Rumania concerning the alleged violation
of human rights. Similar notes were sent
by Canada and the U.S.
China. The Communist government
was recognized by Great Britain, Ceylon
and Norway.
Greece. John Theotokis formed a
caretaker government. Field Marshal
Papagos withdrew his resignation.
India-Pakistan. Jawaharlal Nehru
stated it had been proposed that the two
governments should sign a declaration
renouncing war as a means of settling
their disputes.
North Atlantic Treaty. The North
Atlantic council met in Washington.
United States. In his annual economic
report to congress, President Truman
stated that the renewed confidence in the
U.S. economy was "justified by the
facts."
9: Commonwealth. A conference of the
foreign ministers of the Commonwealth
countries opened in Colombo.
China. The Communist government
was recognized by Denmark and Israel.
Council of Foreign Ministers. The
deputies of the foreign ministers resumed
meetings in London on the Austrian
peace treaty.
United States. In his budget message,
President Truman estimated expenditure
at $42,400 million.
0: Great Britain. It was announced that
parliament would be dissolved and that
a general election would be held on
Feb. 23.
Canada. A three-day conference of
federal and provincial prime ministers
to discuss a method of making amend-
ments 19 the British North America act
opened in Ottawa.
E.B.Y. 2
Indonesia. It was learned that a revolt
was taking place in west Java under
Captain " Turco " Westerling, a former
Dutch officer.
United Nations. The Soviet delegate,
Y. Malik, proposed that the Chinese
Nationalists should be expelled from the
Security council. After it was decided to
defer consideration, Malik walked out of
the council.
11: Italy. The government resigned to
enable the Saragat Socialists to enter a
reconstructed government.
Persia. The government resigned.
Mohammed Saed, the outgoing prime
minister was asked to form a goverment.
12: Egypt. An all- Wafd government was
formed with Nahas Pasha as prime
minister.
Gold Coast. A state of emergency was
proclaimed following the opening of a
civil disobedience campaign.
Soviet Union. A decree was issued
restoring capital punishment for offences
of treason, espionage and sabotage.
13: China. The Communist government
was recognized by Finland.
Poland. It was announced that the
French Institute in Warsaw had been
closed.
United Nations. By 6 votes to 3 in the
Security council, the Soviet motion to
expel the Chinese Nationalists was
defeated. Y. Malik again left the council.
14: Commonwealth. The Colombo confer-
ence ended. Among the subjects dis-
cussed were the world situation, China,
Japanese peace treaty, southeast Asia
and Europe. Recommendations for
economic development (the ** Spender
plan ") in southeast Asia were submitted
to the Commonwealth governments.
Bolivia. The government declared a
state of siege following the discovery of
" subversive activities."
China. The Communist government
was recognized by Sweden.
Italy. Alcide De Gasperi was asked to
form a new government.
Persia. Mohammed Saed formed a
new government.
15: Cyprus. An unofficial plebiscite on
union with Greece resulted in a 96% vote
in favour.
16: Finland. Presidential elections were
held. The final results showed the Social
Democrats and Agrarians as the largest
parties.
International Labour Organization. A
regional conference opened in Ceylon.
17: Pakistan. Liaquat Ali Khan agreed to
the Indian proposal for a ** no- war "
declaration only after the settlement of
certain outstanding differences.
United Nations. The interim committee
(" little assembly ") met for the first time
in 1950 and elected Joao Carlos Muniz
of Brazil as president.
18: Scandinavia. A joint committee on a
customs union between Denmark, Ice-
land, Norway and Sweden issued a report,
recommending a transition period of 10
years.
19: Bulgaria. The government requested
the immediate recall of D. R. Heath,
the U.S. minister in Sofia.
I
Israel. De jure recognition was granted
by Italy.
United Nations. Soviet delegates with-
drew from the Atomic Energy com-
mission as a protest at the presence of a
Chinese Nationalist delegate.
United States. By 193 votes to 191 the
House of Representatives defeated a bill
for continued U.S. aid to Korea.
20: Bolivia. The government resigned.
China. Chpu En-lai, prime minister
and foreign minister, arrived in Moscow.
United States. In its reply to the
Bulgarian note, the United States govern-
ment refuted the allegations against
D. R. Heath and threatened to break
diplomatic relations.
21: Ireland-United States. A treaty of
friendship, commerce and navigation was
signed in Dublin.
22: United States. Alger Hiss, a former
State Department official, was found
guilty of perjury for denying under oath
that 12 years before he had handed
government documents to a Soviet spy.
23: Bulgaria. V. Kolarov, prime minister,
died.
Israel. The Knesset adopted a resolu-
tion proclaiming Jerusalem as the capital
of Israel.
24: India. The Constituent Assembly
unanimously elected Rajendra Prasad
as the first president of India.
Indonesia. The prime minister of
West Java, Anwar Tjokroaminoto, was
arrested. The federal government was
recognized by the U.S.S.R.
25: Council of Foreign Ministers. The four
deputies received Karl Gruber, Austrian
foreign minister.
Western Union. The finance ministers
of the five countries met in Paris.
26: France. By 540 votes to 2 the National
Assembly renewed the 3,000-franc cost-
of-living bonus.
India. The republic of India was
formally proclaimed. The last governor
general, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari,
handed over to the first president,
Rajendra Prasad.
O.E.E.C. The consultative group
began a two-day meeting in Paris.
27: Burma. The prime minister, Thakin
Nu, arrived in Colombo.
Indonesia. The West Java government
resigned.
Italy. A new cabinet was formed
consisting of 11 Christian Democrats,
3 Social Democrats and 2 Republicans.
North Atlantic Treaty. Eight signatory
nations of the treaty Great Britain,
Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Luxem-
bourg, the Netherlands and Norway
signed bilateral arms aid agreements
with the United States.
United Nations. The Trusteeship
council voted in favour of an Italian
trusteeship agreement for Somaliland.
28: Bolivia. A new government was
formed. All but one of the ministers were
members of the Republican Socialist
Union party.
Egypt. King Farouk received Ernest
Bevin who had arrived in Cairo on hi*
return from the Colombo conference.
DIARY OF EVENTS, 1950
France. By 396 votes to 193 the
National Assembly ratified the treaties
with Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.
30: Indonesia. The head of the state of
West Java, Wiranata Kusumah, laid
down his mandate. The parliament
handed over all powers to the federal
government.
O.E.E.C. An agreement was signed
between representatives of Great Britain,
Denmark, Norway and Sweden accepting
recommendations for closer economic
co-operation.
South Africa. A motion of no-confi-
dence in Dr. Malan's government was
defeated by 78 votes to 71.
3 1 : Australia. P. C. Spender, minister for
external affairs, said any attempt by
Indonesia to establish control over
Australian New Guinea would be treated
as an act of hostility.
Indo-China. The U.S.S.R. recognized
the administration of Ho Chi Minh.
The French government protested that
this step violated international law.
O.E.E.C. The council appointed
D. U. Stikker, Netherlands foreign minis-
ter, to the new post of political conciliator.
The two vice presidents, Karl Gruber,
Austria, and Sean MacBride, Ireland,
were invited to join the consultative
group.
United States. President Truman
announced that he had directed the
Atomic Energy commission to continue
work on all forms of atomic weapons,
including the hydrogen bomb.
FEBRUARY
1 : Bulgaria. The National Assembly
elected Vlko Chervenkov as prime minis-
ter.
Indo-China. The Soviet ambassador
returned the French note to the French
foreign office.
Iraq. The prime minister, Ali Jawdat
al Ayyubi, resigned.
Soviet Union. The government sent
notes to the governments of Great
Britain, Communist China and the United
States proposing the trial of Emperor
Hirohito as a war criminal.
2: France. The Council of the Republic
ratified the treaties with Cambodia,
Laos and Vietnam by 294 votes to 20.
Indo-China. The Vietminh govern-
ment was recognized by Czechoslovakia.
Indonesia. Ahmed Sukarno returned to
Jakarta after visiting India, Pakistan and
Burma.
Pakistan. The government withdrew
its trade ban with South Africa.
3: Great Britain. The 38th parliament of
the United Kingdom was dissolved.
Ernest Bevin returned to London
from Colombo.
Chile. Following a wave of strikes the
government resigned.
Indo-China. The Vietminh republic
was recognized by Hungary, Poland and
Rumania.
Indonesia. The government was recog-
nized by Poland.
Tanganyika. Rioting broke out in the
native quarter of Dar-es-Salaam.
United States. The government rejected
the Soviet note proposing the trial of
Hirohito.
4: Chile. President G. Gonzalez Videla
appointed an all-party cabinet.
France. Th Socialist members of the
Cabinet resigned.
Italy. The Chamber of Deputies
passed the Somaliland bill by 287 votes
to 153. The bill provided for preliminary
expenditure in Somaliland for trusteeship
purposes.
Empire Games. The fourth Empire
Games were opened in Eden Park,
Auckland, by Sir Bernard Freyberg,
governor general of New Zealand.
5: Egypt. The government decided to end
martial law.
Greece. The last British troops left
Greece.
Iraq. Tawfiq as Suwaidi formed a
coalition government.
6: South Africa. Preliminary discussions
began in Capetown between representa-
tives of India, Pakistan and South Africa.
7: France. Non-Socialists were appointed
to fill the vacancies in the government.
By 225 votes to 185 (with 200 abstentions)
the National Assembly supported the
Bidault government.
Indo-China. The British and United
States governments granted recognition
to the governments of Vietnam, Cam-
bodia and Laos.
United Nations. The Soviet, Czecho-
slovak and Polish delegates walked out
of the Economic and Social council after
failing to unseat the Chinese Nationalist
delegation.
8: Australia. P. G. Menzics, prime
minister, announced the ending of petrol
rationing.
Bvlgium. The House of Representatives
voted by 117 votes to 92 in favour of a
referendum on the return of King Leo-
pold.
Indo-China. The governments of Aus-
tralia and Belgium granted recognition
to Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. The
Vietminh government was recognized
by Bulgaria.
9: India. Troops were called out in
Calcutta during an outbreak of com-
munal rioting.
United States. The House of Represen-
tatives passed by 240 votes to 134, a bill
authorizing economic aid to Korea and
to Fortnosa.
10: Great Britain-Israel. A financial agree-
mcnt was concluded in London.
United States. The Export-Import bank
announced a loan of $100 million to
Indonesia.
1 1 : India. Twenty people were killed and
100 injured when police opened fire to
quell a riot in Salem prison, Madras.
13: Great Britain. Nominations ended for
the general election. 1,868 candidates
had been nominated for 625 seats,
including two unopposed returns.
Scandinavia. A conference was held at
Halmsted, Sweden, between the prime
ministers of Denmark, Norway and
Sweden.
South Africa. Rioting broke out in
Newclare, near Johannesburg.
United States. A conference of the
heads of U.S. diplomatic missions in 14
Asian countries was held in Bangkok.
14: Great Britain. In an election speech at
Edinburgh, Winston Churchill suggested
direct talks with the Soviet Union on the
control of atomic energy.
Italy. The Chamber of Deputies
passed a motion of confidence in the new
De Gasperi government. Fighting took
place in the chamber during the prime
minister's speech.
Liberia. A state of emergency was
proclaimed following a riot by rubber
workers on strike.
Soviet Union-China. A 30-yr. treaty
of friendship, alliance and mutual assist-
ance was signed in Moscow by A; Vyshin-
sky and Chou En-lai. Agreements were
also signed dealing with the Manchurian
railway, Port Arthur and Dairen, and
with the establishing of long-term credits
by the U.S.S.R. to China.
United States-Yemen. The State
Department announced the restoration
of full diplomatic relations which had
been broken off in 1948.
15: Finland. Juho Paasikivi was re-
elected president.
Indonesia. The first session of the Indo-
nesian parliament opened in Jakarta.
16: Burma. The parliament unanimously
decided to postpone the general election
for a further 12 months.
Indonesia. The government was recog-
nized by Rumania.
International Court of Justice. Hearings
began on the question whether the general
assembly could over-rule the Security
council on the admission of new members.
West Indies. Princess Alice was installed
as first chancellor of the University
College of the West Indies, in Jamaica.
17: China. Mao Tse-tung and Chou En-lai
left Moscow for Peking.
Nepal. Maharaja Mohan Shumshere
Jung Bahadur Rana, prime minister,
arrived in New Delhi on an eight-day
good will visit to India.
18: Belgium. The cabinet endbrsed a
10-yr. plan for the Belgian Congo.
20: Somaliland. The first Italian troops
disembarked at Mogadishu.
21: Eritrea. 22 people were killed in
rioting between Copts and Moslems.
Hungary. At a trial in Budapest, Edgar
Sanders (Great Britain) and Robert
Voegler (U.S.) were found guilty of
espionage and sentenced to long terms of
imprisonment.
Indo-China. The Yugoslav government
recognized the Ho Chi Minh adminis-
tration.
World Health Organization. Rumania
withdrew from the W.H.O.
22: Hungary. The British and U.S. govern-
ments were requested to reduce the size
of their legations in Budapest.
United States. The government sus-
pended diplomatic relations with Bulgaria
(later Poland agreed to represent Bul-
garian interests in the U.S., and Switzer-
land, U.S. interests in Bulgaria).
23: Great Britain. A general election was
held. The Labour party was returned to
office with a majority over all other
parties of 6. Over 84% of the electorate
voted.
China. Communist troops landed on
Namoa island.
Eritrea. A total curfew was imposed in
Asmara following continued clashes.
Italy. The trial of Marshal Rudolfo
Graziani on charges of war crimes opened
before a military court in Rome.
24: Western Germany. It was announced
that Field Marshal Manstein's sentence
had been reduced from 18 to 12 years.
25: Indonesia. The leader of the West Java
revolt, Captain Westerling, was arrested in
Singapore on charges of entering the
colony illegally.
Soviet Union. A Ministry of the Navy
of the U.S.S.R. was created. Admiral
I. S. Yumashev was appointed minister.
27: United States-Canada. A treaty on the
preservation and usage of the Niagara
falls was signed in Washington.
DIARY OF EVENTS, 1950
28: Great Britain. The Labour government
was reformed. Emanuel Shin well
returned to the cabinet as minister of
defence, and Hugh Qaitskell was appoin-
ted minister of state for economic affairs.
Chile. The government was defeated
in the congress.
Indo-China. The governments of
Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam were
recognized by Thailand.
International Court of Justice. Hearings
began in the case concerning the inter-
pretations of the peace treaties with
Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania.
MARCH
1: Great Britain. The new House of
Commons met for the first time and re-
elected Colonel Douglas Clifton Brown
as speaker.
Dr. K. E. J. Fuchs, a naturalized
British subject working on atomic re-
search, was sentenced to 14 yr. imprison-
ment for giving information on atomic
energy to the U.S.S.R.
Council of Foreign Ministers. The
deputies met to discuss the Austrian
treaty.
Iceland. The government led by Olafur
Thors resigned.
Persia. The shah of Persia arrived in
Karachi on a state visit to Pakistan.
Soviet Union. The rouble was revalued
on a gold basis. New price reductions in
many goods came into effect.
United States. The U.S. Export-Import
bank authorized an additional $20 million
loan to Yugoslavia.
2: Western Germany. The high com-
mission signed a law prohibiting German
activity in the field of atomic energy.
3: France-Saar. A series of agreements
was signed in Paris by R. Schuman,
French foreign minister, and Johannes
Hoffmann, prime minister of the Saar.
International Court of Justice. The
court ruled that the general assembly was
not competent to override the Security
council on the question of the admission
of new members.
Rumania. The British Information
office in Bucharest was closed at the
request of the Rumanian government.
Spain. The government granted recog-
nition to Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos.
United States. The House of Repre-
sentatives passed a bill by 186 votes to
146 granting statehood to Alaska; the
bill was then passed to the Senate for
approval.
4: Elections were held in South Australia.
The Liberal-Country league government
was returned to office.
China. Mao Tse-tung and Chou En-lai
returned from Moscow.
United States. The government rejected
a Hungarian request to reduce the size
of its legation in Budapest as " improper
and irrelevant."
Western Germany. Konrad Adenauer,
federal chancellor, strongly criticized the
Saar agreements.
5: Greece. A general election was held.
The Populist party emerged as the
largest with 62 seats in a chamber of 250.
6: Great Britain. The King opened
parliament. His speech announced a
limited programme of legislation.
India. Jawaharlal Nehru arrived in
Calcutta to study the communal situation.
United Nations. The Economic and
Social council granted " category A "
consultative status to the International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions.
World Health Organization, Albania
withdrew from the W.H.O.
7: Great Britain-France. President Vin-
cent Auriol and Mme. Auriol of France
arrived in Britain on a state visit.
Burma. A joint note from Great
Britain, Australia, Ceylon, India and
Pakistan announced that the Common-
wealth would make a loan to Burma of
6 million.
France-Italy. Agreements were signed
to further a customs union.
Germany. Sir Brian Robertson, British
high commissioner, re-affirmed the British
intention of remaining in Berlin.
United States. The House of Represen-
tatives passed a bill granting statehood
to Hawaii; the bill was subsequently
passed to the Senate for approval.
8: Great Britain. The secretary of state
for commonwealth relations, P. Gordon-
Walker, announced that the government
had decided to withhold recognition of
Seretse Khama as chief of the Bamang-
wato tribe in Bechuanaland for at least
five years.
China. General Chen Cheng was
elected Nationalist prime minister in
succession to Marshal Yen Hsi-shan.
Nigeria. The secretary of the Zikist
movement, Mokwugwo Okoye, was
sentenced to 33 month's imprisonment on
charges of possessing seditious publica-
tions.
Singapore. Captain Westcrling pleaded
guilty to entering the colony illegally and
was sentenced to one month's imprison-
ment.
9: Great Britain. A division in the new
House of Commons on steel nationaliza-
tion gave the government a majority of
14 (310 votes to 296).
Conservatives retained the Moss Side
seat of Manchester. Polling had been
delayed because of the death of a
candidate.
Indonesia. Central Java, East Java, the
town of Padang in Sumatra, and the
islands of Madura and Sebang were
merged with the republic.
10: Scandinavia. A two-day conference of
the foreign ministers of Sweden, Den-
mark and Norway opened in Stockholm.
A representative of Iceland was present.
1 1 : Belgium. A referendum was held on
the question of King Leopold's return,
57-68% of the votes being cast in favour.
12: Indo-China. The Holy See granted
recognition to Vietnam, Laos and Cam-
bodia.
Indonesia. West Java was merged with
the republic.
Soviet Union. Elections were held for
the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of
Nationalities. 99-98% of the electorate
voted; the Communist and non-party
lists received for the Soviet of the Union
99-73% and for the Soviet of National-
ities 99-78% of the respective votes.
13: Great Britain. A debate on housing
in the House of Commons resulted in a
government majority of 25.
Belgium. The prime minister, G. Eys-
kens, left Brussels for discussions with
King Leopold.
International Monetary Fund and Bank.
Poland withdrew from membership.
Syria-Lebanon. The Syrian government
announced the rupture of the customs
union between the two countries.
14: Czechoslovakia. Vladimir dementis
was replaced as foreign minister by
Vilem Siroky.
Iceland. A coalition government was
formed by Steingrimur Steinthdrsson.
India. Jawaharlal Nehru made a
second visit to Calcutta to study the
communal situation.
1 5 : Persia-India. A treaty of friendship was
signed in Tehran.
16: Great Britain. The appointments were
announced of General Sir Brian Robert-
son as commander in chief Middle East
Forces, and Sir Ivonc Kirkpatrick as
high commissioner in Germany.
The government requested the Rum-
anian government to close its information
office in London.
Belgium. King Leopold declared he
would accept the decision of parliament
and would abdicate if parliament con-
sidered he should not resume his duties.
17: Finland. The president of the parlia-
ment, Urho Kekkonen, formed a govern-
ment.
Persia. The shah left Karachi at the
end of his good-will visit to Pakistan.
18: Belgium. The government led by
G. Eyskcns resigned.
Iceland. The Kr6na was devalued to
16-29 to the U.S. dollar, and its value
increased in relation to the pound sterling
from 26-22 to 45 -60.
19: Belgium. G. Eyskens was asked to
form a new government.
Burma. Government forces recaptured
Toungoo, 180 mi. north of Rangoon.
Persia. The government led by
Mohammed Saed resigned.
21: Great Britain. The appointment was
announced of Sir Gladwyn Jebb as
permanent representative at the United
Nations in succession to Sir Alexander
Cadogan.
Malaya. General Sir Harold Briggs
was appointed director of operations.
22: Belgium. G. Eyskens failed to form a
government and Count Henri Carton de
Wiart was asked to try.
Persia. Ali Mansur was asked to form
a government.
United States. President Truman
nominated Thomas E. Murray to succeed
David E. Lilienthal on the Atomic
Energy commission.
23: Belgium. The ministers of state, last
convened in 1914, met to discuss the
political situation.
Greece. A new cabinet under Sophocles
Venizelos was sworn in.
World Meteorological Organization.
The organization formally came into
effect.
24: Belgium. Count Carton de Wiart gave
up his attempt to form a government.
Italy-Turkey. A treaty of friendship
was signed in Rome.
25: Australia. A general election was held
in Western Australia. The Liberal-
Country coalition government was re-
turned to office.
Belgium. Albert Deveze agreed to try
to form a government.
Indo-China. Three members of Bao
Dai's cabinet resigned.
Netherlands-Indonesia. The first union
conference opened in Jakarta under the
chairmanship of Dr. Hatta.
Afghanistan. The king arrived in Teh-
ran on a state visit to Persia.
Yugoslavia. General elections were
held. 93% of the votes cast were in
favour of the official People's Front.
27: Arab League. The council of the league
met in Cairo.
China. The Communist government
was recognized by the Netherlands
DIARY OF EVENTS, 1950
India. Howrah was placed under
martial law following communal dis-
turbances.
29: Horse Racing. Mrs. L. Brotherton's
Freebooter, ridden by J. Power, won the
Grand National by 15 lengths.
29: Great Britain. The government was
defeated in the House of Commons by
283 votes to 257 after a debate on fuel
and petrol policy.
Arab League. A Jordan representative
and representatives from the Gaza
government attended the council meeting.
China-Soviet Union. An agreement
was signed giving the U.S.S.R. half of
Sinkiang oil and non-ferrous metal output
for 30 years.
North Atlantic Treaty. The North
Atlantic Defence, Financial and Econo-
mic committee met in London.
United States. The House of Represen-
tatives voted, by 99 votes to 66, to with-
hold E.C.A. funds to Great Britain until
the British policy on Ireland was changed.
30: Great Britain. Clement Attlee
announced that the government's defeat
would not be regarded as a vote of no
confidence and that the government
would not resign.
Great Britain-Israel. A financial agree-
ment was signed in London.
France. Leon Blum, three times prime
minister of France, died.
International Court of Justice. By 1 1
votes to 3 the court decided that disputes
existed under the peace treaties with
Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania.
Kenya. The town of Nairobi was raised
to the status of a city. The King was
represented by the Duke of Gloucester.
31: Great Britain. The financial year
ended with a budget surplus of 549
million.
Council of Europe. The council of
ministers approved the text of invitations
to Western Germany and the Saar and
allocated 18 seats in the assembly to
Germany and three to the Saar.
India. Total prohibition was intro-
duced in Bombay.
Kenya. The Duke of Gloucester was
made the first freeman of Nairobi.
United States. The Foreign Aid bill
was passed by the House of Representa-
tives by 287 votes to 86, after the decision
concerning the partition of Ireland
(March 29) had been rescinded.
APRIL
I : Arab League. The council agreed to
expel any member concluding a separate
peace with Israel.
India. The central government took
over control of the armed forces, posts
and telegraphs, customs and income tax
from the states.
North Atlantic Treaty. The defence
ministers of the 12 treaty powers met at
The Hague.
Somaliland. The administration of the
former Italian colony was transferred
from the British to the Italian authorities
as trustees.
Rowing. Cambridge won the university
boat race by 3} lengths in 20 min. 1 5 sec.
2: Burma. On the advice of the official
astrologers the government resigned at
9.15 a.m. and resumed office again five
minutes later.
Greece. P. Kanellopoulos resigned
from the govf rnment to allow it to be
broadened.
India-Pakistan. Liaquat Ali Khan,
prime minister of Pakistan, arrived in
New Delhi for talks with Jawaharlal
Nehru.
Norway. The prime minister announced
increases in the prices of many foodstuffs
and other commodities.
3: Belgium. Albert Deveze, the Liberal
leader who was trying to form a govern-
ment, saw King Leopold at Pregny.
E.R.P. The half-way mark of the
European Recovery programme was
celebrated. Since April 1948, the total
U.S. aid to Europe under the programme
was $8,686 million.
Norway. The rationing of margarine,
butter and cooking fats ended.
Persia. A new cabinet was appointed
with Ali Mansur as prime minister.
Trinidad. A new constitution for the
colony was published.
United Nations. The Soviet delegate
left the Economic and Social commission
in protest at the presence of a Chinese
Nationalist delegate.
4: Great Britain. Sir Stafford Cripps
said that in the first quarter of 1950 the
gold and dollar reserves had risen by
$296 million.
Afghanistan-India. A treaty of trade
and commerce was signed at Kabul.
Belgium. Albert Deveze gave up his
attempt to form ^ government.
O.E.E.C. D. U. Stikker (Netherlands)
was elected chairman of the council. The
consultative group was abolished. Sir
Edmund Hall-Patch (Great Britain)
remained chairman of the executive
committee.
Saar. The parliament ratified the five
agreements with France by 47 votes to 1 .
United Nations. The Trusteeship
council adopted a statute for Jerusalem
by nine votes to none.
5 : Great Britain. Maurice Webb, minister
of food, announced increases in price of
butter and bacon.
Sir Frank Soskice, solicitor general,
was elected in the first by-election of the
new parliament in the Neepsend division
of Sheffield.
Belgium. Paul van Zeeland agreed to
try to form a government.
.Pakistan. Sir Frederick Bourne, gover-
nor of East Bengal, retired and was
succeeded by Malik Firoz Khan Noon.
Soviet Union. A Ministry of Cotton
Growing of the U.S.S.R. was created.
6: India. President Prasad inaugurated
the programme of total prohibition in
Bombay state.
Indonesia. The federal government
arrested Sultan Hamid II of West Borneo.
United States. President Truman
announced the appointment of John
Foster Dulles, Republican, as consultant
to the secretary of state.
7 : New Zealand. F. W. Doidge, minister
for external affairs, announced that the
New Zealand legation in Moscow would
be closed.
8: American States. The council of the
Organization of American States voted
unanimously to warn Cuba, Guatemala
and the Dominican Republic that sanc-
tions would be applied if there was further
unrest in the Caribbean area.
India-Pakistan. The two prime mini-
sters reached agreement on minority
rights, with special reference to East
Bengal, West Bengal and Assam.
9 : Arab League. The political committee
unanimously approved a collective secur-
ity pact.
Bolivia. The government devalued the
peso by 43%.
10: Iraq. The High Court sentenced Ali
Khalid, former chief of police, to life
imprisonment for trying to overthrow
the government by force.
11: China. The Sino-Soviet treaty of
friendship, alliance and mutual assistance
was ratified by the Chinese People's
government.
Soviet Union. The government, in a
note to the U.S. government, alleged that
U.S. aircraft flew over Latvia and opened
fire on Soviet fighters on April 8.
12: Chile. President Gabriel Gonzalez
Videla arrived in Washington on a state
visit.
Jordan. The prime minister, Tawfik
Pasha Abulhuda, resigned.
Soviet Union. The government pro-
tested to Italy over the failure to deliver
reparations.
Soviet Union-Eastern Germany. A
trade and payments agreement was
signed in Moscow.
United Nations. The Security council
appointed Sir Owen Dixon, Australian
high court judge, mediator in the Kashmir
dispute.
13: Arab League. The council of the
league adjourned after all member states
had signed an agreement for collective
defence and economic co-operation.
Jordan. A new cabinet was formed by
Said Pasha el Mufti.
South Africa. In a speech to the Union
House of Assembly Dr. Malan proposed
that the negotiations started with Great
Britain over the three protectorates and
interrupted by World War II should be
resumed.
14: Greece. S. Venizelos, the prime
minister, resigned. General N. Plastiras
was asked to form a new government.
Poland. The government decided to
recognize the Mongolian People's repub-
lic.
15: Belgium. In a broadcast King Leopold
announced that after being recalled by
parliament he might delegate his powers
temporarily to the crown prince.
Greece. A coalition government led by
General Plastiras was sworn in.
16: Great Britain. It was announced that
Stanley Evans, parliamentary secretary to
the ministry of food, had resigned.
Trieste. Elections were held in the
Yugoslav zone. 86 77 % of the electorate
voted, of whom 88-36% voted for the
People's front.
Western Union. The eighth session of
the consultative council was held in
Brussels.
17: Bechuanaland. Seretse Khama returned
to Serowe where he was greeted by
tribesmen.
18: Great Britain. Sir Stafford Cripps
presented his third budget to the House
of Commons. The lower rates of income
tax were reduced and the price of petrol
increased. Total revenue for 1950-51 was
estimated at 3,898 million and expendi-
ture at 3,455 million.
International Bank. An agreement for a
loan of $18-5 million to India was signed
in Washington.
Shipping. The Seafarers' section of the
International Transport Workers' federa-
tion meeting at Amsterdam decided to
boycott all ships sailing under the flag of
Panama.
DIARY OF EVENTS, 1950
United States. The text of the U.S.
reply to the Soviet note of April 1 1 was
published. It accused the Soviet govern-
ment of shooting down an unarmed plane
over the Baltic.
19: India. The president accepted the
resignations of the minister for industry
and supply, S. P. Mookerjee, and the
minister for commerce, K. C. Neogy.
Pakistan-India. Trade negotiations
were resumed in Karachi.
Soviet Union-China. A trade agreement
and an agreement on an exchange of
goods were signed in Moscow.
United Nations. The Soviet Union
withdrew its support for an international
regime for Jerusalem.
20: Great Britain. The minister of labour,
George Isaacs, denounced a strike at the
London docks as Communist inspired.
6,737 men were on strike.
Australia. A motion of censure on the
speaker, A. G. Cameron, was defeated
in the House of Representatives by 67
votes to 38.
21 : Soviet Union. The government rejected
the U.S. note of April 18 concerning a
missing U.S. plane.
World Health Organization. Czecho-
slovakia withdrew from the W.H.O.
22: Italy. Count Carlo Sforza stated that
Italy was willing to negotiate directly with
Yugoslavia over Trieste.
23 : Great Britain. The centenary of William
Wordsworth, who died at Ambleside on
April 23, 1 850, was celebrated in the Lake
district.
Roman Catholic Church. The first
canonization during the Holy Year took
place at St. Peter's when Emilias dc Rodat
was declared a saint.
24: Norway. The rationing of chocolate
and sweets ended.
25: Great Britain. The Labour party
retained its seat in the Dumbarton west
by-election with a majority of 293.
Czechoslovakia. Alexej Cepicka, mini-
ster of justice, was appointed minister of
defence.
Food and Agriculture Organization.
Poland left the organization because, it
alleged, the F.A.O. had not given it
sufficient help after World War II.
France. It was announced that oil
deposits had been found near Pau.
South Pacific. The first conference of
representatives of the native peoples of
the South Pacific opened in Suva, Fiji.
26: Great Britain. The government sur-
vived two divisions on its budget propo-
sals with majorities of five in each division.
Council of Foreign Ministers. The
deputies held their 252nd meeting in
London.
Indonesia. A republic of the South
Moluccas was declared in Amboina.
Pakistan-India. Jawaharlal Nehru
arrived in Karachi for talks with Liaquat
Ali Khan.
27: Great Britain. The British government
recognized Jordan and granted de jure
recognition to Israel.
The London Dock Labour board
announced that unless the strikers
returned 
