BRITISH FAOTA.
vnmrs .
HRJ S
VMPIIIBL
VORMS
BIOLOGY
UBRARY
BRITISH FAUNA,
CONTAINING
A COMPENDIUM
OF
The ZOOLOGY
OF THE
BRITISH ISJLANJDS:
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE
LINNEAN SYSTEM.
By W. TUIITON, M. D. F. L. S.
VOL r.
INCLUDING THE CLASSES
M A M M ALIA, BIRDS, AMPHIBIA^
FISHES, and WORMS.
Comultum tamcn erit hoc prinitipio, Domi magis auam font.
nti, ne inmitata rcrnm. a'dmirxtio ni.niam igmrwtiam pro-
rfamtw, el sic nostrarh rteUdflety ^'ponamiu cuntemptui et
ptui
ritui exterorum . LIN N'L T .
SWANSEA:
BY J. EVANS, WIND-STREET
LIBRARY
G
PREFACE
PERFECTION, says the scholiast, is the first in inten-
tion and the last in execution,
To Man r " the last and best of all God's works," has
alone been committed the power of collection, arrange-
ment, discrimination, and description.
Whatever materials- conjunetly compose the whole of
the globe he inhabits, are individually, the objects of in-
vestigation to the philosopher and the naturalist: for as
the whole is composed of the parts, the most humble and
minute of created substances holds its effective rank in
this great and august assemblage.
The various subjects of creation are arranged into the
three KINGDOMS of ANIMALS, VEGETABLES and MINE-
RALS. These several Kingdoms are distributed into
CLASSES, which are reduced into ORDERS : the orders
are divided intd GENERA or families, ultimately sub-
divided into SPECIES or individuals, with their accidental
varieties.
Local arrangements, systematically exhibited, have ever
been considered as highly subservient to a general know-
ledge of natural history; inasmuch as by the contempla-
tion of a smaller range, the various objects contained in it
may be more accurately examined and described.
The Fauna of the British Islands, has hitherto bee*
only attempted, according to the Linnean system, in the
imperfect Synopsis of Berkenhouf.
'*."*: , PREFACE.
The Author has therefore gathered together in a confo-
j>endious and portable form, whatever he has had an op-
portunity autopsically to examine and describe, or collect
from the labours of modern individuals and societies.
Xo alteration line been made in the amended classifica-
tion of Limv/, except tliat the Worms are placed before the
Insects, l;fih kg Irving a more natural uiliancc with the
preceding dunnes, aud as ibnniug a more commodious di-
vision of the work.
It is the intention of the author, mimine concedente, as
his leisure and opportunities will allow, to proceed in the
same form and manner with the remaining departments in
the natural history of *hese Islanclsjof Insects, Vegetables,
and Minerals ; and which will probably be comprised im
tiiree more volumes.
Finis Creationis cst gloria Dei ex opere
Naturce, per Hoi&inem solum.
n. 1, 1807,
CLASS I. MAMMALIA.
Animals suckling the young*
ORDER I. PRIMATES,
Front-teeth 'formed "for cutting : luslcs one on each side t)l each
jaw: teats 2, seated on I he breast.
1. HOMO. Front-i((:th4 in each jaw, placed close .tosT>
ther: cqnine-tqitfi placed close to and of equal lenglh
with tlie rest: grinders obtuse.
2. VESPErtMLio. Teeth all erect, pointed, placed close
together : fore-feet palmate with a membrane which
surrounds the body and gives the powep of flight.
ORDER II.
Front teeth gtntralb) 6 t;i cachjenc, rather conic: canine-iceth
one or more on each aide in each jaw: grinders tcith cmitb
projections : feet armed' with sharp claws. .
3. PHOCA. Front-teeth in the upper-jaw 6, the outer-ones
larger; in the lower-jaw 4, more obtuse, and equal :
canine-teeth one each side in each jaw,, longer and
larger than the rest, the upper-ones distinct from the
. cutting teeth, the lo wee-ones from the grinders :
grinders 5 each side- above, 6 below, narrow, tricuspi-
datc: Idnd-fett pkced at the extremity of the body,
,'md uniting'intd a fin,
4. CANIS. . Front'teeth in the upper-jaw 6, the lateral-
ones longer and distant, the inferined fate-ones lobed ;
in the lower-jaw 6, tha lateral -ones lobed : canine-teeth
one in each jaw each side, incurved : grinders 6 or 7,
or more than in the other genera of this order.
3. FELIS. Front-teeth 6, the intermedia terones equal:
grinders 3 on each side': tongice armed with prickly
protuberances pointing fyackMurds ~.cfaics retractile.
6. YIVERRA. Frcni-Ueth 6, rather acute : caninc-tctth
- longer than the others : grinders more than 3 each
side: tong ue smooth or j>rickly : body, long and" slen~
der : feet not : webbed.
7. LUTRA. Front-teeth 6, rather acute : canine-teeth lon-
ger than the others : grinders more than 3 each *ide :
tongue smooth : feet webbed.
8. (JRSUS. Front-teeth in the upper-jaw 6, hollowed
within; in the lower-jaw 6, the two lateral-ones lon-
ger than the rest and lobed, with smalle'r-ones at their
6 MAMMALIA
base internally ; canine-teeth solitary : grinders 5 or 6
each side, the first placed close to the canine-teeth :
tongue smooth : snout prominent: eyes furnished with
a nictitant membrane.
9. TALPA. Front 'teeth in the upper-jaw 6, unequal; in
the lower-jaw 8 : canine-teeth solitary, the upper-ones
larger: grinders 7 in the upper-jaw, 6 in the lower.
10. SOREX. Front-tffth in the upper-jaw 2, long, cloven;
in the lower-jaw 2oi 4, the intermediate-ones shorter:
canine-teeth several each side : grinders cuspidate.
J 1 . JKii i N A CEI; s. Front-ted h in the upper-jaw 2, distant ;
in the lower-jaw 2, close together : cminc-tetih 5 each
side in the upper- jaM 7 , and 3 in the lower: grinders 4
each side in each jaw : body covered with spines on
the upper parts.
ORDER III. GLIRES.
front-teeth 2 in, each jVitr, close together, remote from the
grinders : canine teeth none.
J2. CASTOR. Front-teeth in the upper- jaw truncate, and
hollowed in a transverse angle ; in the lower-jaw
transverse at the tips : grinders 4 on each side : tail
long, depressed,, scaly : clavicles or collar-bones per-
fect.
13. Mus. Front-teeth of the upper-jaw wedge-shaped :
grinders 3 each side, rarely only 2 : clavicles perfect.
14. SCIURUS. Front-teeth of (he upper-jaw wedge-shaped,
of the lower acute : grindery 5 each side in the upper-
jaw, 4 in the lower: clavicles perfect: tail spreading
towards each side.
13. MY oxu s. Front-teeth of the upper-jaw wedge-shaped,
of the lower compressed: g--inde:-s 4 in each jaw:
whiskers long : tail round y hairy, thicker towards the
tip : legs of equal length : fvre.feet 4-toed,
16. LEPVS. Front-teeth of the upper-jaw furnished with
two smaller ones placed behind them.
ORDER IV. FECORAj
Front-teeth wanting in the upper-jaw ; in the loicer 6 or 8,
eery remote from the grinders : feet with cloven hoofs.
37. CERVUS. Horns solid, branched, annual, covered
while young with a hairy skin : front-teeth in the
lower-jaw 8 : canine-teeth none, or a single one in the
upper -jaw.
78. CAPRA*. Horns hollow, pointing upwards and turned
fciick; compressed; rough; nearly close together at the
MAMMALIA. 1
base : front-teeth in the lower-jaw &: canine-;reth none:
r/iz'n of the male bearded.
19. Ovis. Horns bellow,, wrinkled, turned backwards and
spirally twisted inwards : front-teeth in the lower-jaw
8 : canine-teeth none.
20. Bos. Horns hollow, smooth, turned outwards and
forwards, crescent-shaped : front-teeth, in, the lower-
juw 8 : canine-teeth none.
ORDEtl V.
Front-teeth obtuse, truncate : feet hoofed.
21. EQLCS. Front-teeth in the Upper-jaw 6, parallel ?
in Hie lower-jaw 6, rather projecting : tusks one each
side in each jaw r remote from the rest : hoofs un-
divided.
22. Srs. Front-teeth in the upper-jaw 4, converging ; in
the lower 6 > projecting : tuajts hi the uj>nrr-jaw 2,
rather short; in the lower !^, lonp, and at length
exserted : hoofs cloven.
ORDER VIv ETE.
With' spiracles, or breathing holes, on the forepart vf the head:
feet none : pectoral fins without dates : tail placed hori-
zontally.
23. MONODO-S. Head furnished with one or two long
spirally twisted teeth,, projecting straight forwards,
like ho rns> through the upper lip: spiracle on the
head.
24. BALJ2NA, Teeth none, instead of which are horny
laminai in the upper-jaw : spiracle with a double ori-
fice, on the top of the head.
25. PHYSETER. Teeth visible in the lower-jaSv only :
spiracle on the head or snout.
26. DELPHINUB, Teeth visible in each jaw: spirack on
the head.
MAMMALIA. PRIMATES. 1 5 <3,
CLASS I. MAMMALIA.
ORDER I. PRIMATES,,
1. HOMO. Man. The i;nage of his creator.
2, V-ES'PERTILIO, But.
V. auritm. Front-teeth in the upper-jaw 4, in the
lower 6: tailed-; nose without appendages: ears
double, larger fchan the hearl.
Long-eared B:>t. Pennant Zool'. tab 13. . 40.
, Length barely 2 inc>e.s : expansion of the.wings 7 inches,
, Body reddish mouse-Polour : ears more than an inch long, round--
*d at the ends, with sm.ilier supplemental ones within th<?m thia,
nearly tr;>n$parent,
V. nmrinus.' Front-teeth in the upper-jaw 1, in the
-i-ower6; tailed; nose without appendage: ears less
than the head.
Common Bat. Edwards, tab. 201. /. 2.
Length 2 i'nchcs and 'a half, ?x.t-nt<.) inches.
Body mouse-coloured with a red tinge : wixgs and eafi blackish :
ears small, rounded.
V. Noctula. Froiit-teetb'in tlitvupper-jaw 4, in the
lower 6: tailed; nose without appendage : ears oval,
witli small valves.
Great Bat.' Perm Brit. Zool. tab. 13. . 38.
Length 4 inches and a half : extent 14 or 15 inches.
Body chesnut, glossy, : nose slightly s-lobed : mouth simple: chin
\vith a. in mute wart; ears smalt, rounded.
V. Kqfbflstettus. Front teeth in the upper jaw 4, iij the
lower 6: tailed; cheeks tumid, hairy : ears large,
angular near the f'ase : forel'.cud f)ald-
P>arbastellc Eat. ' Soitfrby Erit. 'Mis'cel. tab. 5.
tt*gth e inehe^ extent of win^s at(put 10.
fiody dusky-brown, paler beneath : teeth aH notched, except the
canine: fore-htad flat and bald: no.se smooth and concave: ears
nearly surrounding the eyes, as long as the head, notched at each
edge, undulate on the outer margin, hai-ry on the back, appendagcd
within.
V. Ftrrum eqidnum. Front-teeth in the upper-jaw none,
in the lower 4 : nOse horse-shoe-sliaped : ears without
appendage, as long as the head: tail half , as long as
the body.
Horse-shoe Bat. Pennant. Brit. Zool. tab. 14. n. 39.
Length 3 inches and a half, extent of wings 14.
Body deep cinereous on the upper parts, whitish below : nose for-
uished with an upright membrane shaped like a horse-shoe : ears
large, acute, broad at the base r remote from the eyes, inclining
backwards, not appendaged within^ tail pointed.
ORDER II FERJ3,
3. PHOCA. Seal.
Ph. viMina. Brown, without ears ; head and BC4;Jf
smooth,
MAMMALIA. FERJE. 4, 5, 6. 9
ommon Seal, Sea Calf. Br. Zcol. tab* 12. Shaw Zool. i.
tab. 70.
l?0i(y 5 or 6 feet long, tapering from the shoulders, various shades
of brown, often spotted, clothed when young with thick-set hair ;.
head short, large and round, furnished with whiskers each side the
mouth and over the eyes r the hairs of which have alternate con-
tractions and dilatations: eyes large, black, famished with a nk-
titant membrane : external ears none, in the place of which are two
small orifices : tongue cloven: legs short,. \vehbed, ,5-tocd, with strong
Uender claws slightly incurved at their tips ; the hinder-ones point-
ing backwards and placed close togteher : tail shorter than the
hind legs.
7. Ph. barbata. Blackish, without ears : head smooth.
Great Seal. Sha:u Zool. t. 74. Phil. Trans, n* 469. t. i.
Greatly resembles the last, but grows to the length of 12 feet, and
iiofaji uniformly blackish colour.
4. CANIS. Dog.
8. C.familiaris. Tail bent backwards, and leaning to-
wards the left.
Found 'of many sizes and varieties, the original animal of whicj*
is supposed to be the Shepherd's dog, distinguished by its erect
ears, and tail very wooly underneath.
Head carinate on the crown : lower-lip hid by the upper, in-
dented and naked at the sides : whiskers in 5 or 6 rows ; nostrils
turned outwards into a sernilunar furrow ; ears, the upper margin
reflected, anterior 3-lobed, posterior doubled : face with 7 hairy
\varts : teats 10, 4 of which are on the breast : fur with 8 ridges t
on the neck, breast, fore-legs, belly, eyes, loins, ears, and near the
anus: feet slightly palmate, with sometimes u. spurious toe or two
behind.
9. C. Lupus. Pale yellowfeh-grey : tail bent inwards,
bushy, tipt with black.
Wolf. Pennant Brit. Zool. i: tab. 6.
Body about as large as a Greyhound, pale brown with a yellow-
ish tinge: head and neck cinereous : head long: nose pointed: ears
sharp, erect : teeth large : legs long : hair rather long.
10. C. Vulpes. Yellowish-brown, whitish beneath: tail
straight, bushy, tipt with white.
Fox. Schreber 3. p. 345. tab. go.
Head broad, forehead flat : nose sharp : ears erect, sharp, tipt with,
black : eyes rather oblique : lips whtte : f&re-feet black-
5. I ELIS. Cat.
11. F. Catus. Tail long, barred with distinct rings: forehead
with 7 stripes between the ears.
Cat. Jo/ins. Quadrup. t. 72.. Bujfon 6. p. 20. t. i.
Body ivhen in a wild state yellowish-grey with blackish stripe*,
3 disposed longitudinally on the back, those on the sides spiral : tip
of the nose and lips black : ears smooth, rounded : soles of thtfeet
black i claws horn-colour, curved.
6. VIVERRA. Weesd.
12. V. Fwi. Blackish chesnur ; fhroat and breast white.
Martin. Brit. Zool. tab. 6. . 15. Bujfon.j.pl. 1,5
Bo<fy about 18 inches lon'g, blackish tawny, p;vlcr beneath : head
small, reddish-brown : ear s broad, rounded : eyes lively : hair of
. the body cinereous at the bottom, bright chesmit in the middle, and
tipt with black: ta;/fyll of hair, darker than the body, about 10
inches long : palms oX the feet clothed witjh thick down : eiaivt
white, sharp,
10 MAMMALIA. FEUJE. 7, 8, 9.
13. V. Maries. Blackish-chesnut, throat arid breast yel-
low
Pine Martin. Eufon. 7. pi. 22.
Differs from the last in having the throat and breast yellow, the
head shorter, the hair rather darker, and the legs a little longer.
14. V. Putorius. Blackish-yellow, mouth and cars white.
Polecat, Fitchet. Penn. Zool. pi. 6. Shaw Zool. pL 98'.
Body about 17 inches long : head thicker than in the Martin :
mouth of the male whitish, of the female yellowish-white : ears
edged with white : tail 6 inches long, taper : legs short : toes long,
cloven to the bottom.
15. V. vufgaris. Pale reddish-brown above, beneath white:
tail the colour of the body.
Common Weefel. Penn. Zool. pi. 7. n. 17. Shaw Zool. pi. 98.
Body 6 or 7 inches long, pale tawny-brown on the upper parts,
from the chin to the tail white on the under-side : ears small round:
Viclow the corner of the mouth on each jaw is a brown spot : eyes
black,: tail 2 inches and a half long, pointed.
2. White with a few black hairs on the end of the tail.
16. V. erminca. Tail tipt with black.
i. Body pale reddi.sh brown. Stoat.
e. Body white. Ermine.
' Pennant Brit. Zool. tab. 7. . 18. Shaw Zool. t. 99.
Body 10 inches long, pale reddish-brown or white, or white in
some parts and brownish in others : edges of the ears and ends of
the toes yellowish-white : tail 5 inches and a half long, always black
on the lower part : hair short, and not so shining as in the Martin.
7. LUTRA. Otter.
17. L. vulgaris. Deep-brown, with 2 whitish spots on each
side the nose, and one under the chin : feet naked :
tail half as long: as the body.
Otter. Fenn. Brit. Zool. pi. 8. n. 19. Shaw Zool. pi. 100.
Body nearly 2 feet long: keadbroad, Rut: mouth small, furnished with
strong whiskers: lips thick. : ears short, rounded; neck very thick:
tliroat and breast cinereous : eyes small, placed over the nose : legs
short, thick, destitute of hair : toes 5 on each foot, all connected by
strong webs: tail 16 inches long, tapering, comprefsed.
8. URSUS. Bear.
18. U. yirctos. Blackish-brown, with a very short tail.
Common Bear. Shaw Zool. pi. 102. Bn/on S.pl. 31. 32.
Body about the size of a large calf, black to various shades of
brown and grey, very shaggy ; head tapering suddenly into the
snout : ears short, rounded : toes 5 on each foot : thumb narrower
than the rest.
19. \J.-Me!es. Grey above, black underneath; a longitu-
dinal black bend covering the eyes and ears ; tail: the
colour of the body.
Badger. Pennant Zool. t. 18. n. 13. Skaw Zool. t. 106.
Body about 2 feet long, of a clumsy make, grey on the upper
parts, with the throat, breast, brlly, and legs black : face white, with
a black pyramidal band extending, from below the eyes over the
ears : eyes very small : ears short, rojiflded : legs short, thick : claws
on the forefeet long and straight : tail 6 inches long, between which
and the vent is a transverse oriiice exuding a white fetid substance.
9. TALPA. Mole.
20. T. curoptra. Tail shorr: all the feet 5- toed.
Common Mole. Shaw Zotl, t. 117. Buffo n 8. t, 3 a.
MAMMALIA. GLIRES. 10,11,12,13. 11
Body hardly 6 inches long, thick, cylindrical, generally of a fine
glofsy black colour : snout slender : eyes extremely small, entirely
hid in the skin : external ears none -.feet extremely short, the fore-
ones larger and inclining sideways ; hind-ones pointing backwards:
flaws large and strong : tail an inch long ;.. skin very tough, soft and
silky.
10. SO REX. Shrew.
21. S. arancus. Reddish-brown, dirty- white underneath:
tail hardly as long as the body.
Common Shrew. Shaw Zoel. t. 118. Bitffon 8. t. io./. i.
Body about 2 inches and a half long, brownish with a ferruginous
- tint on the upper parts, whitish beneath : snout long and sharp-
pointed, the upper jaw much longer than the under, and beset with
long fine whiskers : eyes small and almost hid in the fur : ears short,
rounded : tail about 2 inches long, covered with short dusky hairs :
legs short, the hind-ones longer and placed close to the tail.
52- SL foditns. Blackish, grey underneath : beneath the
tail a triangular dusky spot : toes fringed : tail shorter
than the body.
Water Shrew. Penn. Zoo!, t. 1 1. Shaw ZooL t. 118.
Body 3 inches and three quarters long, black on the upper parts,
pale ash-colour underneath, the throat and breast sometiincs pale
ferruginous: whiskers long, ash-colour: eyes almost hid in the fur :
ears minute, with a tuft of white hairs within : legs and feet white.
23. S. ciliatus. Entirely greyish-black : tail and toes with
a white fringe underneath.
Fringe-tailed Water Shrew., Sou. Brit. Misc. i. pi. 49.
Body about the size of the last, entirely blackish, and scarcely
lighter underneath : taz'/with a fringe of white hairs underneath.
11. ERINACEUS. Hedge-hog.
24. E. europfpus. Ears short, broad, rounded : nostrils
bordered each side with a loose flap.
Hedgehog. Urchin. Penn. Quad. t. 48./. 3. Shaw Zool. t, 1 2 1 .
Body about 10 inches long, shaped like a hog : snout tapering, flat
at the end, dusky and covered with a few hairs ; the upper-lips clo-
ven: ears hairy: eyes small, black, placed high in the head: hair of the
head yellowish mixed with white; of the neck, feet, body, and tail
darker, of the breast and belly the same with a yellowish mixture:
legs short, dujky, nearly bare : toes long, divided the whole way;
the thumb much shorter than the rest : claws long, weak : spines
about an inch long, black in the middle and white at both ends ; tail
about an inch long.
ORDER III. GLIRES.
12. CASTOR. Beaver.
25. C. Fiber. Deep chcsnut: tail ovate, nearly flat, naked.
Beaver. Br. Zool. t. 9. Shaw Zool. t. 128.
Body about 3 feet long, thick and very convex on the back : snout
obtuse : eyes small r ears short, covered with fur ; neck short, thick:
feet 5-toed, the hind-ones webbed : tail nearly a foot long, and 3
inches broad, covered with hair for about the fourth of its length:
the remaining part naked and scaly like a fish, a little convex hear
the base.
13. MUS. Mouse.
26. M. decumamts. Tawny-grey, whitish underneath: tafc
very long, scaly: hairs of the body bristly.
Norway Rat. Shaw Zocl. t. 130, Brtfoa 8. t. 27.
13 MAMMALIA. GLIKES. 14.
Body 9 inches 'long: head a little rounded in front; end of the
nose whitish ; eyes large black-, prominent : feet and legs pale dirty
fics-h-colour, nearly naked ; the fore-feet 4-toed with an additional
claw : tail 7 inches and a half long, covered with minute scales
mixed with a few hairs, and consisting of about 200 rings.
7. M. Rattus. Deep greyish-black, ash-coloured be-
neath : tail very long, scaly.
Black Rat. Skaiu ZooL t. 130. Biiffon 8. f, 27.
Body 7 inches ;long : head gradually tapering to the nose; legs
dusky, nearly naked ; Tore-feet 4-tot:d with an additional claw :
tail 8 inches long, consisting of about 2,50 rings.
28. M. Musculits. Brown, ash-coioured underneath: tail
Ion?, nearly naked : fore-feet 4-toed, hind-feet 5-toed.
Common Mouse. Br. Zcol. 4. 11. Shaw ZooL t . 1 3 1 .
Body 3 inches and a half long, sometimes varying in colour to
blackish, yellowish, spotted, or entirely white, with red eyes:
thumb of the hind-feet without claw : tail as long as the body, scaly*
nearly destitute of hair.
29. M. sylvaticus. Yellowish-brown, white underneath:
breast white : tail long, nearly naked.
Wood Mouse, Sfiaw Zool. t. 133. Euffon 7. . 41.
Body about 4 inches and a half long, yellowish-brown above,
whitish beneath, the colours being distinctly separated on the sides ;
-sometimes entirely white with red eyes: head rounded: snout ra-
ther obtuse : eyes large, black : legs and feet white : tail 4 inches
long, slightly clothed with hair, blackish above-, whitish underneath.
SO, M. messorius. Kusty-brown, white underneath, a
straight line along the sides dividing the colours : tail
long, scaly : ears longer than the fur.
Harvest Mouse. Brit. Zool.. n. 29. Shaw ZooL 2 vign.
Body 2 inches and a half long, weighing about the sixth of ua
ounce, a straight line along the sides dividing the colours of /he back
and belly : ears naked: tail 2 inches long.
31. M. amphibius* IMacKish-brown, ciucreous underneath :
ears hardly above tiie fur : feet 3-toed with the rudi-
ment of a fourth : tail about half as long as the body.
Water Rat. Shaw Zool. p. 73. pi. 129.
Body nearly 7 inches long, varying in size and colour : A<?a^large:
nose thick-, obtuse ; -eyes small : ears rounded, concealed in the fur :
hind-feet sometimes ,5-tocd : tail about 4 inches long, covered with
short black hair, whitish at the tip.
32. M. arvaUa. Dusky-ferruginous, deep grey underneath:
ears longer than the fur: fore-feet 3-tecd, with the
rudiment of a fourth : tail very short.
Meadow Mouse. Shaw ZooL t. 136. Bufon 7. t. 47.
Body 2 inches long, sometimes entirely blackish-grey : head large :
sloping : snout obtuse : eyes prominent : ears reaching a little be-
yond the fur : legs very short: tail dusky, an inch and a half long,
covered with short hair ending in a small tuft.
14. SCIURUS. Squirrd.
33. S* vu j gari$. Reddish-brown, white underneath : cars
tipt with a pencil of hairs : tail the colour of the back.
2. Tail pure white.
Common Squirrel. Jonst. Quad. t. 66. Biiffon 7. t, 32.
Body about 8 inches loug, bright chesnut brown, with the breast
and belly white ; eyes large, black, lively : ears erect, with long
tuft* of hair of a deeper colour than the body : legs short, strong;
MAMMALIA. PECO11A: 15, 16, It. 13
ftre-feet 4-toed, with an additional claw : hind-feet 5-toed : toe:
long : claws strong and sharp : tail about 7 inches long, clothed with
long hair which is generally spread on each side.
15. MYOXUS. Dormouse.
34 M. muscardinus. Tawny-red, with the throat whitish:
thumbs of the hind-feet without claws.
Common Dormouse. Skaw Zool. t. 154. Buffon 8. t. 26.
Body about 3 inches long, plumper than that of the mouse : eyes
large, black, prominent : ears broad, rounded, thin, semitranspa-
rent : tail 2 inches and a half long, closely covered with hair, rather
bushy at the tip.
16. LEPUS. Hare.
35. L. timidus. Pale rusty-brown, the chin and belly
white : tail very short : ears longer than the head,
tipt with black.
Common Hare. Shaw Zool. t. 162. Buffon 6. t. 38.
Body about 2 feet long, of a rather slender make : throat and breast
ferruginous : head oblong : mouth clothed with fhort hair on the
inside : upper-lip cloven : nostrils moift, moveable : eyes large, yel-
lowil'h brown, placed much outwards, furnifhed with a nictitant
membrane : whiskers long, white : fur on the face, back and fides,
white at the roots, black in the middle, tawny-red at the ends :
hind-legs longer than the fore : feet covered underneath with fur ;
tail black above, white underneath.
36. L. variabilis. Tawny-grey, becoming pure white in
the winter, except the tips of the ears and soles of
the feet, which remain black : tail very short : ears
shorter than the head.
2. The fides only turning white in the winter.
Alpine Hare. Pennant Brit. Zool. tab. 10. n. 21.
Body lefs than the laft, in the fummer the head greyifh-tawny,
ears and back tawny slightly mixed with black, neck inclining to
ash-colour, sides becoming gradually whiter downwards, belly
white, foles black and thickly covered with yellowish fur; tail
compofed of fewer joints.
37. L. Cuniculus. Ears tipt with black : hind-legs shorter
than the body : tail short, nearly the colour of the
body.
Rabbet. Pennant ZooL t. 10. Shaw Zool. t. 162.
Body about 18 inches long, in a wild ftate dusky-brown paler
underneath, varying much in colour when domefticated : ears
shorter than the head and more rounded : tail black above, white
underneath.
ORDER IV. PECORA.
17. CERVUS. Deer.
38. C. Efaplnts. Reddish-brown, whitish underneath :
horns branched, cylindrical, slightly bending back-
wards.
Stag, Red Deer. Shaw ZooL t. 177. Eufon 6. t. 9. 10.
Body about 3 feet and a half high, varying in size and colour, the
younger-ones fpotted with white : under the eyes on each side a
diftinct lachrymal furrow : ears long, pointed : horns a little flexu-
ous, with sharp pointed ramifications varying in number.
39. C. Dama. Yellowish-brown, whitish underneath :
horns compressed, branched, palmate at top, slightly
recurved.
14 MAMMALIA. BELLUJE. 18, 19, SO, SI.
Fallow Deer. Shaw Zool. t. 178, 179. Buffon 6. t. 27, 128.
Body much fmaller than the flag, brownish bay, whitish under-
neath on the inside of the limbs and beneath the tail, fometimes
spotted, rarely entirely white : ears oval, pointed : horns flattened
and dilated towards the tips where they are cut into feveral short
branches : tazYfomewhat longer than that of the ftag, bounded each
side by a defcending black line.
40. C. Capreolus. Reddish-brown, whitish underneath :
horns erect, cylindrical branched, cloven at their tips.
Roe, Roebuck. Brit. Zool. t. 4. Buffon 6. t. 32, 33.
Body 3 feet 9 inches long, 2 feet 3 inches high before, and 2 feet 7
inches behind, weighing 50-60 pounds : horns 8 or 9 inches long,
divided into 3 branches, longitudinally grooved in the lower part
and very rugged : fur during the winter very long, the lower part
of the hairs ash-colour with a narrow black bar near the end arid
tipt with yellow : hairs of the face black tipt with grey : ears long,
pale yellow withinside, and covered with long hair ; fpaces about
the eyes and mouth black : breast, bdly, legs, and inside of the
thighs yellowish-white : rump pure white : legs slender, with a tuft
of long hair on the outside of the hind-leg below the joint : tail an
inch long.
18. CAPRA. Goat.
41. C. Hircus. Horns carinatc, bowed back, turning
outwards towards the ends : chin bearded.
Common Goat. Brit. Zool. t. 3. Shaw Zool. t. 199.
Body varying in colour, but mostly various shades of grey, white
or fpotted : head thick : horns with a longitudinal ridge ; neck and
limbs robuft : tail short, black.
19. OVIS. Sheep.
42. O. Aries. Horns compressed, twisting spirally out-
wards.
1. Without horns : tail hanging as low as the knees.
2. Without horns : nofe turned udwards : under jaw much pro-
truded.
3. Horned : tail short : wool short, coarfe.
Common Sheep. ' Johnst Quad. t. 22. Bu/on 5. t. i. 2.
Body varying much in colour and size : horns large, wrinkled,
angular with longitudinal ridges, turned backwards into a comprefsed
fpiral fcrew-like twift which comes down to the sides of the head
after feveral turns : eyes bluish, with a large oblong pupil, and a
deep furrow before the inner corner : tail round, frequently reach-
ing to the knees.
20. BOS. Ox,
43. B. Taunts. Horns cylindrical, curving outwards :
dewlaps lax, pendent.
2. Without horns.
Bull, Cow. Brit. Zool. t, 2. Shaw Zool. t. 205.
Body varying exceedingly in size and colour : tail fometimes -end-
ing in a tuft.
ORDER V. BELLUJL
SI. EQUUS. Horse.
44. E. Cdballus* Hoofs solid : mane long, flowing : tail
uniformly covered wifh long bair.
Horfe. Brit. Zool. t. i. Shaw Zool, t. 214, 215.
Bodv exceedingly variable in size and colour : head fmall, taper-
ing : ears erect, pointed, not reaching to the eyes : nostrils very di-
latable : neck fmall, tapering to the head ; legs with a naked cal
MAMMALIA. CETE. 22,23,24. 15
losity on. the inside above the knee on the fore-ones, and another
juft under the knee on the hind-ones.
45. E. 4sinus. Hoofs solid : over the shoulders a black-
ish cross : tail with long bristly hair at the ex-
tremity.
2. The hybrid produce of a male Afs and a Mare. Mule.
3. The hybrid produce of a Horfe and a female Afs. Uiany.
Afs. Shaw ZooL t. 216. Bu/on 4. t. 11.
Body lefs and more clumfy than that of the horfe : head shorter
and thicker: ears slouching and reaching beyond the eyes: neck
thick : along the back a blackish ftripe which is crofsed by another
on the shoulders : tail tipped with long hair : legs with a naked cal-
losity on the inside above the knee on the fore-ones, but not on Che
hindroncs.
22. SUS. Smne.
46. S. Scrofa.. Body bristly on the fore-part : tail hairy.
2. Hoofs undivided.
Common Hog. Shaw ZooL t. 221, 222. Bujfon 5, t. 14, 16. 17.
Body thick and clumsy : ears oblong, acute : fnout cartilaginous,
truncate : tail clothed with hairs, shorter than the hind legs.
ORDER VI. CETE.
23. MONODON. Nam/tal.
47. M. Monoccros.
Sea Unicorn. Saw. Brit. Mifcel. t. g. Shaw ZooL t. 225.,
Body 25 feet long, blackish on the back, white on the sides and
belly with black fpots and ftreaks gradually tapering to the tail: teeth
projecting through the upper jaw, fometimes one fometimes two,
about 7 feet and a half loiig,. taper, pointed, very hard, white or
yellowish-white, fpirally twisted, with a slight groove : mouth
rather fmall : front of the head very obtui'e and rounded : fpiraclt
doubled within : eyes fin.ill, blaek, placed about half way down:
tongue long : pectoral fins fmall, black : bach with the rudiment of a.
tin, and near the tail a hard ridge : tail with oblong lobes.
24. BAL/ENA. Whale.
48. B. Mysticelus. Spiracles serpentine, on the middle of
the head : back without fin.
Common Whale. Shaw ZooL t. 226. Nat. Mifc. 4. t. 133.
Body from 50 to 90 feet long, generally black above and white
beneath : head conftituting nearly a third part of the whole body ;
upper-jaw obtufe and much narrower than the lower ; lower-jaw
pointed, and broader in the middle : mouth immenfe, long, curved
like the lettery": tongue foft, adhering to the lower-jaw, white with
black fpots at the sides : upper-jaw furnished at the sides with a re-
gular feries of broad horny hairy plates, called Whalebone : eyes
fmall, placed near the angles of the month : Jpiracles feated on a
protuberance near together, and bent like the letter 5 : pectoral-fins
broad, painted, feated under the angles of the mouth : tail with
rather acute lobes, from the middle of which a sharpish ;;ngular
ridge runs up the middle of the back to about a third its length.
49. B. Physalus. Spiracles on the middle of the head:
back with a fatly fin towards the lower extremity.
Fin-fish. Shaw ZooL t. 227. Mart. Spitsb. p. 125. tab. 2.
Body equal in length to the whale but much more slender, clear
brown on the upper-part, white below : lips brown, with numerous
oblique plaits like a twisted rope : upper-jaw furnished with lamina;
of whalebone, shorter and fmaller than in the whale, of a blue ish
colour ; fpiracles feated on a fmall prominence : eyes plac :ed far
afunder as in the last, near the angles of the mouth : pectoral-Jim *.
B 2
16 MAMMALIA. CETE. 25,
little behind the eyes: dorfal-fn 3 or 4 feet long, a little falcate,
acute ; lobes of the tail lanceolate.
50. B. Boops. Spiracles placed on the snout : back
with a cartilaginous protuberance near the tail.
Pike-headed Whale. Shaw Zool. t. 227.
Body about 46 feet long, and 20 in circumference, black above,
white beneath : belly with numerous longitudinal plaits which are
red on the inside : fore-part of the back convex and sloping down
to the fnout ; upper-jaw a little rounded, furnished with numerous
laminae of whalebone about a foot long : lower-jaw rather narrower
and acute ; tongue 5 feet long, wrinkled, liver-coloured : noftrils
with 3 rows of circular convexities before them : eyes placed behind
the fpiracles : ears minute, behind the eyes:fpiracles feparated by
a thin partition: pectoral-fins large, obovate-oblong, with rounded
r.renatures on the anterior part : dorfal-f.n of a fatty-cartilaginous
substance, placed above the vent, nearly perpendicular, behind
which is a sharp ridge retching to the tail : lobes ofthc tail ob-
long, slightly pointed.
51. B. Musculm. Spiracles on the front: lower-jaw
much wider than the upper.
Round-lipped Whale. Sib. Phalain. 33. tab. T. 3.
Body 78 feet long, and 35 in circumference, black above, white
beneath : lower-lip much broader than the upper, femicircularly
turned up, with black laminae of whalebone about 3 feet long: up-
per-lip rather pointed: tongue 15 feet and a half long; /piracies
pyramidal, on the forehead : pectoral-Jins 10 feet long ; dorfal-fin.
fat, about 3 feet high : tail 18 feet broad : belly full of plaits.
52. B. rostrata. Snout elongated, gradually tapering to
a point : dorsal-fin fatty.
Roftrated Whale. Shaw Natural Mifcet. 9. tab. 304.
Body about 25 feet long, very thick, dark blueish-brown above,
white with a pale tinge of flesh-colour beneath, with numerous lon-
gitudinal plaits for about half its length : upper-jaw thinner than the
lower, with a single tooth each side : nofc long, deprefsed, nearly of
the fame thicknefs its whole length : pectoral-fins fmall, narrow .-
dcrfal-fin fmall, near the tail : lobes of the tail rather long, pointed.
25. PHYSETER. Cachalot.
53. Ph. macroccphalus. Spiracle on the neck: back without
fin.
Blunt-headed Cachalot. Perm. 3. t. 6. Skaw t. 228.
Body nearly 60 feet long, and 30 in girth, black, whitish under-
neath when advanced in age : head enormous, conftituting a third
part of the whole body, and feparated from it by a tranfverfe furrow:
upper-jaw extremely blunt, nearly perpendicular, and about 9 feet
high : lower-jaw thin and rather sharp, shorter than the upper, con-
taining on each side 23 conic rather cbtufe teeth which fit into cor-
refpondent fockets in the upper : tongue the shape of the lower-jaw,
clay-coloured : fpiracle simple externally, double within, feated on
an angular prominence: back fometimes convex fometimes with a
gibbofity ; eyes small, black, remote from the nofe, placed about
half way down the head : ears very fmall : pr.ctoral-fins placed near
the corners of the mouth, about 3 feet long : lobes of the -tart point-
ed. In a vast cavity in the head is found the fubftance called jpfrma-
ceti, and in the inteftincs ambergris .
54. Ph. Catodon. Spiracle at the extremity of the snout:
back without fin:
Round-headed Cachalot. Shaw'i.p.^i. Penn. 3. p. 63.
Body about 24feet long : head rounded : mouth fmall : bath without
fin or portuberance, instead of which is a rough space : teeth larger
and fiat at top, marked with concentric circles.*
MAMMALIA. CETE. 26. Delphinus. 17
55. Ph. Microps. Upper-jaw longer than the lower : back
with a Ion? dorsal iin.
Small-eyed Cachalot. Shaw Zool. 2. p. 502.
Body from 70 to 100 feet long, blackish above, whitish beneath :
head large, nearly half the length of the body : eyes very small :
teeth thick sharp, curved or straight: spiracle in the middle of the
front : dorsal-fin pointed like a spine.
56. Ph. Tursio. Teeth flat at the tips : back with a very
long; erect fin.
High-finned Cachalot. Penn.^.p.6^. Shaw 2. p. 503.
Body growing to 100 feet long : teeth slightly bent, comprcfscd at
. the sides : spiracle placed in front ; dorsal-fin extremely long point-
ed, erect, resembling the mast of a ship.
51. Ph. bidens. With a single tooth each side in the lower
jaw : back with a single fin.
Two-toothed Cachalot. Sow. Lrit. Miscfl. i. tab. i.
Body 16 feet long, 11 in circumference, black above, nearly white
below, with white vermicular streaks in every direction : snout
long, pointed, nearly of equal thicknefs its whole length : tower-jaw
blunt, longer than the upper : upper-jaw pointed, let into the lower
by imprefsions corresponding with the teeth : mcat/i i foot 6 inrhes
long : tongue smooth, vascular, small : eves small, 6 inches behind
the mouth : spiracle lunate, the ends pointing forwards: dorsal-fin
shorter than the pectoral.
26. DKLPHINUS. Dolphin.
58. D. Phocanu. Body somewhat conic, with broad back:
snout suddenly sloping, rather obtuse.
Porpefse. Shaw Zcol. 2. tab. 229. 230. 23:.
Body 6 or 7 feet long, bluish-black abo\e, white beneath: head
sloping suddenly and rather obtuse : eyes very small : spiracle be-
tween the eyes, semilunar, with the ends pointing forwards : teetk-
small, rather sharp, about 46 in each jaw ; tongue flat rounded, cre-
nate on the edge : pectoral-Jins placed near the belly : dor/al-fin
straight, triangular, rather beyond the middle of the body.
59. P. Delphis. Body oblong, rather cylindrical: snout
long, narrow, somewhat pointed.
Dolphin. Shaw Zool. 2. t. 229. Jonst.pisc. t. 43.
Body 8 to 10 feet long, rather convex on the back, black above,
whitish beneath ; snout long, nearly of the same thicknefs its whole
length, pointed, with a broad transverse projection of the skin on
its upper part : nwuth .very long : teeth conic, pointed, a little in-
curved, 21 in the upper-jaw, 19 in the lower, locking into each
other : pectoral-fins placed very low; dorsal-Jin a little falcate, acute,
rather beyond the middle of the body, f piracies in middle of the head.
<>U. D. Orca. Body thick : snout spreading upwards :
teeth obtuse.
Grampus. Shaw Zool. tab. 232.
Body 1825 feet long, very thick, black on the back, with a large
white spot on each shoulder, marbled on the sides with black and
white, snow-white on the belly : head abrupt : nose flat, turned up
at the end : lower-jaw much wider than the upper : teeth 30 in each
jaw, the frpnt ones slenderer and more obtuse: spiracle flat, of 2
cells, on the top of the neck ; pectoral-fins very broad: dorfal-fn .
acute, 5 or 6 feet long.
61. D. bidens. Wiih 2 teeth in the front of the upper-jaw.
Bottle-nose Whale. Uurd. P.'ii/os. trans. 77. tab, 19.
Body 21 feet long, resembling the Dolphin, but the snout is much
shorter -.front bulging out very much : teeth only 2, placed in front
of the upper-jaw : pectoral and dorwl-jins very small, the latter
placed near the tail. .
B 3
1* AYES. BIRDS.
CLASS II. AVES. BIRDS.
Animals clothed with feathers, and furnished with two
wings and two legs.
A. LAND-BIRDS.
ORDER I. ACCIPITRES.
fi ill more or less incurved, the upper-mandible cither dilated
towards the point, or armed with a tooth-like process each
side : legs short, with 3 toes forwards and one backwards :
toes warty underneath,
1. FALCO. TttL' hooked, covered with a naked cere at
the base : nostrils placed in the cere : tongue cloven :
middle-toe connected with the outermost as far as the 1
first joint.
2. STRIX. Bill hooked, without cere : nostrils oblong,
covered with recumbent bristles : tongue cloven :
head, ears, and eyes large : outmost toe capable of
being turned backwards : exterior web of the outer
quill-feather serrate.
3. LAMUS. Bill straight, hooked at the end, with a
tooth each side of the upper mandible near the tip,
naked at the base : tongue jagged at the end : outer-
toe connected to the middle-one as far as the tirst
join I.
ORDER II. PICJ2.
Rill sharp-edged, convex above, without the tooth-like process
on the upper mandible.
1. With 2 toes before and one behind.
4. CORVUS. Bill mostly straight, strong, pointed : nos-
trils covered with recumbent bristles : tongue cloven
at the end ; outer-toe connected to the middle-one as
far as the first joint.
5. CORACIAS. Bill straight,, slightly incurved at the
point: tongue cloven: nostrils narrow, destitute of
bristles : toes all divided to their origin.
6. ORIOLUS. Bill conic, a little convex, very acute,
straight; the upper mandible a little longer, and
slightly cRiarginate : tongue cloven, acute : nostrils at
the base of the bill, partly covered : middle-toe con-
nected near the base to the outermost.
11. SITTA. Bill straight, strong, pointed, the upper
mandible a little longer, compressed and angular at
the tip : nostrils covered with recumbent bristles :
tongue short, with a horny jagged point : middle-toe
closely connected to the others at the base ; the back
toe as Janre as the middle-one.
BIRDS. . 19*
13. UPUPA. Bill long, slender, slightly compressed, a
little bowed: tongue arrow-shaped*: nostrih small,
near the base of the bill : iniddte-toe connected to the.-
outmost at the base.
14. CERTHIA.. BzM slender, bowed, acute: tongue shorter
than the bill,. pointed: tail of 12 stiff pointed feathers:
hind-toe very large : claws long, hooked.
10. AI.CEDO. mil triangular, straight, strong, pointed :
nostrils covered with feathers : tongue very short, flat,
acute: middle-toe connected by the Slower-joints to
the outermost.
12. MEROPS, BUI somewhat quadrangular, a little in-
curved, tapering to a point : nostrils small, at the base
of the bill: tongue slender, jagged at the end: middle-
toe connected as far as the middle joint to the outer-
most.
2. With 2 toes before and 2 behind, all divided to their origin.
1. CUCULUS. Bz'^ roundish, weak, a little bowed : nostrils
bordered by a narrow rim: tongue arrow-shaped,
short, pointed : tail of 10 long wedge-shaped feathers.
8. YUNX. Bill roundish, slightly curved, weak : nostrils
concave, without feathers: tongue very long, slender,
cylindrical, with a horny point : tail of 10 even soft
rounded feathers.
9. Picus. Bill angular, straight, strong, wedge-shaped
at the tip : nostrils covered with recumbent bristles :
tongue very long, cylindrical, with a horny jagged
point : tail of 10 stiff pointed feathers.
ORDER III. PASSERES.
jtiill conic, pointed : nostrils oval, pervious : toes slender, 3
before and 1 behind : claics slender, curved.
1 . With a thick conic bill.
18. LOX.IA. Bill strong, convex, above and below, very
thick and rounded at the base; the lower mandible
bent in at the edge : nostrils small, round, at the base
of the bill : tongue entire, truncate.
19. EMBERIZA. Eill strong, conic; the sides of each
mandible bending inwards ; the upper-one narrower,
with a hard gibbosity in the roof: tongue, pointed,
covered with a hard scale at the end.
20. FRINGILLA. Bill perfectly conic, slender towards
the end,, pointed : tongue covered at the end with a
hard scale.
2. Upper mandible a little bent at the point.
26. HIRUNDO. Bill short, small and a litte incurved at
the point, broad and depressed at the base : nostrils
20 BIRDS.
open: tongue short, broad, cloven: gape larger t'.ian
the head : wings long : tail forked.
27 CAPRIMULGUS. JBzVJ short, a little incurved at the
point, depressed at the base, with a row of stiff bris-
tles at the base of the upper-mandible : nostrils tubu-
lar, a little prominent : tongue small, entire : tail en-
tire, of 40 feathers : toes connected as far as the first
joint ; the claw of the middle-one broadish and
serrate.
3. Upper mandible slightly notched near the point.
16. TURDUS. Bill nearly straight, a little bending to-
wards the point; nostrils oval, naked: month with a
few slender hairs at the corners : tongue slightly jagged
at the end: middle-toe connected to the outer as far
as the first joint.
17. AMPELIS. Bill straight, a little convex, bending to-
wards the point : in**tri!s hid in reflected bristles :
tongue sharp, cartilaginous, cloven: middle-toe con-
nected to the outer at the bae.
21. MUSCICAPA. BiV/ tfatlish at the base, nearly trian-
gular, beset wiih bristles at the base : tongue clo\cis >
rough on the sides : tots divided to their origin.
4. Bin straight, taper, entire.
15. STI:IIM;S. Bill subulate, angular, depressed, rather
obtuse ; the edges of the upper-mandible a little
spreading: nostrils surrounded with a rim: tongue
cloven, acute: middle-tec connected to the outer as iar
as the first joint.
22. ALAUDA. Bill straight, slender, a little curved at
the point : nostrils partly covered with feathers and
bristles: tongue cloven, acute: toes divided to their
origin ; the hind-claw very long and more straight.
23. l\loi AC ILL A. .Bill straight, weak, slender, slightly.
notched at the end: nostrils covered wit h, bristles ;
tongue lacerated at the point: wings short: tail very
long:
24. SYLVIA. .Bill straight, weak, slender: nostrils obo-
vate, a little depressed : iongue cloven: middle-toe con-
nected underneath to the outer-one at the base.
23'. PARUS. Bill strong, pointed, a little compressed :
nostrils round, covered with reflected bristles : /
truncate, bristly at the end : toes divided to their ori-
gin, the back-toe large and strong.
ORDER IV. COLUMKJE.
Bill nearly straight, tumid at the bate : legs short : iocs '3 be-
fore and 1 behind, divided to their origin.
CoLUiiEA. Bill weak, slender, descending to.wiuk
BIRDS. 21
the point : nostrils oblong, lodged in a soft protube-
rance : tongue entire.
ORDER V. GALLINJS.
Hill convex ; the upper-mandible arched over the lower : nos-
trils arched over with a cartilaginous membrane : toes rough
underneath^ divided to their origin.
29. PHASIANUS. Kill short, strong : cheeks more or less
^covered with caruncled flesh bare of feathers : hgs
generally armed with a spur.
30. "TETRAD. Bill short, strong: head covered with a
warty skin bare of feathers over the eyes: nostrils
small, hid in the feathers : tongue pointed : tegs fea-
thered down to the toes.
31. PERDIX. Bill short, strong : head without the naked
skin over the eyes, but often warty : nostrils covered
above with a prominent callous rim : legs bare of fea-
thers below the knees, often armed with spurs : tail
short.
32. OTIS. Bill a little convex : nostrils ovate, open : legs
bare of feathers above the knees: toes only 3, all
placed forwards.
B. WATER-BIRDS.
ORDER VI. GRALLJ3. .
Bill more or less cylindrical : legs long, naked above the, knees?
toes divided to their origin, or connected by a membrane at
the base.
33. PLATALEA. Bill long, flattish, dilated and rounded
at the tip: nostrils small, at the base of the bill:
tongue short, acute : ftet 4-toed, semipalmate.
31. ARDEA. Bill long, straight, acute, a little compressed,
with a groove from the nostrils towards the tip: nos-
tfila linear : tongue acute : feet 4-toed, the toes con-
nected at the base.
35. TANTALUS. Bill long, subulate, nearly cylindrical,
a little curved : face bald : tongue short : jugular pouch
naked: feet 4-toed, palmate at the base.
36. NUMENIUS. 'Rill long, curved: face covered with
feathers : nostrils linear, near the base of the bill :
tongue short, acute : feet 4-toed, the toes connected as
far as the first joint.
37. SCOLOPAX. Kill slender, straight, weak, obtuse,
longer than the head: nostrils linear, lodged in a,
groove: tongue acute : feet 4-toed, the toes slightly
connected or cloven to their origin ; back-toe small.
38. TRINGA. Bill straight, slender, as long as the head :
nostrils small : tongue slender : ftst 4-toed, divided to
22 BIRDS.
their origin, or slightly connected; back-toe weak,
and often raised from the ground.
39. CHARADRIUS. Bill straight, slender, obtuse: nostrils
linear: feet 3-toed, all placed forwards.
40. CURSORIUS. Bill roundish, acute, slightly curved at
the point : gape very large : nostrils ovate : tongue
acute : legs very long, with 3 toes all placed for-
wards.
41. H/EMATOPUS. -S/'/Hong, straight, compressed, wedge-
shaped at the end : nostrils linear : tongue short ; toes
3, all placed forwards, the middle-one connected to
the outer as far as the lirst joint.
42. RALLUS. z7/ slender, compressed,, slightly incurved:
nostrils small : tongue rough at the end : body com-
pressed : wings and tail short : feet 4-toed, cloven to
their origin.
43. GALLINULA. Bill thick at the base, sloping to the
point ; the upper-mandible reaching far up the fore-
head, where it becomes membranaceous : body com-
pressed : wings and tail short : feet 4-toed, cloven to
their origin..
ORDER VII. PINNATIPEDES;
Sill more or less cylindrical : legs long, naked above the knees :
fats divided to their origin ^ Kith a membrane running down
their whole length each side.
44. PHALAROPUS. Bill straight, slightly inflected at the
point : nostrils minute : feet 4-toed ; the toes furnished
with pinnate or toothed membranes.
45. FULICA. Bill short, strong, sloping to the point,
running far up the forehead which is bald : nostrils ob-
long, pervious : body compressed : tail short : toes 4,
furnished with a scalloped membrane.
46. PODICEPS. 'Bill straight, slender, pointed : nostrils
linear: tongue slightly cloven : lores bare of feathers :
body a little depressed: tail none: legs compressed;
the shanks with a double row of serratures behind :
toes 4, connected at the base, furnished with a simple
membrane : claws flaf, rounded.
ORDER VIII. PALMIPEDES.
Toes connected with each other by a web.
47. RECURVIROSTR A . Rill long, slender, very weak, de-
pressed, bowed upwards : nostrils oblong, pervious :
tongue short: toes 4, with deeply lunate webs; the
back-toe small, lax, raised above the ground.
48. ALCA. 'Bill strong, thick, convex, compressed, often
grooved : nostrils linear, placed near the edges
BIRDS. 23
of the mandible : tongue nearly as long as the bill :
toes 3, all pieced forwards.
49. URIA. Bz7/ strong, slender, pointed; the upper man-
dible slightly bending towards the point, covered
with short feathers at the base : nostril* linear, in a
hollow at the base of the bill : tongue nearly as long
as the bill : toes 3, all placed forwards.
50. COLYMBUS. Bill strong, straight, pointed; upper-
mandible longer, the edges of each turning inwards :
nostrils linear: tongue long, pointed, toothed each
side near the base : legs thin, flat : toes 4, the outer-
one longer; back-toe small, connected by a small
membrane to the inner-one : tail short, of 20 or more
feathers.
51. STERNA. Bill straight, slender, pointed, a little
compressed : nostrils linear : tongue slender, pointed :
wings very long: toes 4, slender; the back-toe very
small, and unconnected with the rest: tail mostly
forked,
52. LARUS. Bill strong, straight, bending down at the
point, with an angular prominence on the under part
'of the lower mandible : nostrils linear, broader on the
forepart, placed in the middle of the bill: tongue
slightly cloven : legs naked above the knees ; toes 4 ;
the back-toe small, unconnected.
53. PROCELLARIA. Bill a little compressed, hooked at
the point : nostrils cylindrical, contained in a tube :
legs naked a little above the knees : toes 3 , placed
forwards, with a spur pointing downwards instead of
the back-toe.
54. MERGUS. Bill slender, a little depressed, with a
crooked nail at the point; the edges of the mandibles
with sharp scrratures: nostrils small, somewhat ovate,
in the middle of the bill : toes 3 forward, the outer-
one longer, and one behind, furnished with a web.
55. ANAS. Bill broad, depressed, obtuse, with a nail at
the point; the mandible edged with lamellate obtuse
serratures : nostrils ovate : tongue broad, obtuse,
fringed on the edges near the base : toes 3 forwards,
the middle-one longer, and one behind unconnected.
56. PELECANUS. IM/long, straight, with a hooked nail
at the point : nostrils concealed in a furrow : face anil
gullet bare of feathers : tots 4, all webbed together*
34 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. I. Falco,
ORDER I. ACCIPITRES.,
1. FALCO. Falcon.
A. Legs feathered down to the toes.
1. F. fulvus. Dark rusty-brown: bill blackish horn-co-
lour: cere and toes yellow : tail with a white baud.
Ring-tail Eagle. Lewen. t. 3. Walcot. i. t. 4.
Length 2. feet 9 inches : extent of wings 7 feet. 5///and claws black-
ish : irids hazel : head and neck inclining to rufous : front between
the eyes and nostrils naked : breast marked with triangular spots :
tail white for two-thirds of its length, black at the ends.
"2. F. chrysaetos. Dark brown with ferruginous variations:
bill deep blue : cere and feet yellow : legs clothed
with yellow-ferruginous feathers : tail blackish, with
grey undulations at the base.
Golden Eagle. 3r. Zool. t. 16. Le:uen t. 2. Wale. t. 3.
Length 3 feet : extent 7 feet 4 inches : weight iz pounds.
Eves dark, brown : iris hazel : head and neck rich ferruginous-
brown : plumage brown with tawny edges : quill-feathers cho-
colate-brown;: tail blackish-brown, with cinereous undulations,
white at the roots : claws black.
3. F. Lagopus. Variegated brown and whitish : head and
neck yellowish-grey, with oblong brown marks : cere
and feet yellow : tail-feathers brown, the upper half
and tips white.
Rough-legged Falcon. Br. Zool. app. t. \ Leiuen t. 14.
Length 2 feet 2 inches.
Bill dusky, tipt with black : iris yellow : breast yellowifh-grey
with brown marks : belly dusky-brown : feathers of the legs pale
dull yellow with brown fpots; tail-cocerts white with brown ftreaks:
claws blackish.
B. Legs feathered to the knees or a little below.
4. F. Albidlla. Head and neck pale ash-colour: body dark
ash-colour clouded with brown : bill cere and legs
yellow: tail-feathers white, the middle-ones tipt with
black.
Cinereous Eagle. Br. Zool. \. t. t'8. Lewen t. 4. Walcot t. i.
Lfngth 2 feet 9 inches : extent of wings 7 feet : weight
In Cumberland and the Scotch Islands. /?;'// y cl low if h horn-colour,
elongated at the bafe : iris pale yellow : between the eyes and nos-
rrih a bluish fpace, naked except a few bristles : quill-feathers very
dark : taz'/dn-sky at the bafc, white e;:ccpt the tips of the middle
feathers : legs feathered a little below the knees : claws black.
5. F. ossifragm. Ferruginous brown : bill bluish horn-
colour : cere and legs yellow ; tail-feathers white on
the inner- webs.
Sea Eagle. Br. Zool. t. 17. Leiuen t. i. Donovan t. 105.
Length 3 feet 4 indies : expansion 8 or 9 feet. Maritime Woods.
Orbits yellow: iris light hazel : feathers of the head and upper-
part of the neck dull brown at the tip:, tawny below the middle, and
white at the base : chin with a few bristle-like hairs : throat breast
\\ni\belly with a few white irregular patches : tail-coverts mottled
with white : legs feathered below the knees, female, entirely dark-
rusty-brown.
BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 1. Falco. 2
6. F. HaHaetos. Abov r e brown, beneath white with a
few brown spots : hind head and neck whitish : cere
and legs blue.
Ofprey. Lewin t. 5. IValcot i. t. 5. Donovan t. 70.
Length 25 inches : extent^ feet 4 inches : weight 62 ounces. Moun-
tainous lakes. flzV/black : iris yellow : head small, flat, the feathers
brown with white margins : the back-part throat and neck white
mixed with brown : from the eye is a brown band reaching nearly
to the shoulder : feathers of the back and wings dull-brown edged
with white : breast and belly white with rusty-brown spots: legs
feathered just below the knees : 2 middle tail-feathers dusky-brown,
"the rest alternately barred on their inner webs with brown and
white : claws black.
7. F. Milvus. Ferruginous-brown : head and chin grey
with brown lines : cere and legs yellow : tail deeply
forked.
Kite. Lewin. t. 10. Donovan t. 47. Walcot i. t. 10.
Length 27 inches : extent 5 feet and an inch : weight 44 ounces.
Woods. Bill horn-colour : iris pale yellow : neck and breaft ferru-
ginous, the middle of the feathers black : belly ferruginous with,
fewer fpots : back ferruginous, the feathers dark above in the mid-
dle with pale edges : outer quill-feathers dusky-black with obscure
bars : tail bright ferruginous, the outer-feathers nearly black : tegs
feathered to the knees : claws black.
$. F. Buteo. Above brown : breast and belly dirty white
with rusty-brown spots : cere and legs yellow : tail
with dusky bars.
Buzzard. Brit. ZooL t. 25. Lewin t. 6. Donovan t. 11.
Length 22 inches : extent 52 : weight 32 ounces.
Woods. Bill lead-colour, tipt with black : iris white, tinged with
red: head and upper part of the breaft pale ferruginous ; lowcr-breaft
with dirty-white blotches : throat and back of the head white with
yellow-brown ftreaks : fcapulars and wing-coverts tipt with pale
ferruginous and dirty white* the two laft coverts with an edge of
the fame : belly white, With a few ferruginous fpots : thighs deep
ferruginous with deeper bars : inner-webs of the primary quill-
feathers white towards the bafe : tail with blackish and cinereous
bars, dull-white at the tip : legs feathered below the knees : claws
black.
9. F. apivorus. Above deep brown, beneath white with
red-brown transverse spots: head cinereous: cere
dusky : legs dull yellow : tail with 2 'dusky-brown
bars.
Honey Buzzard. Lewin t. 7. Albin i. t. 2.
Length 23 inches : breadth 4 feet i : weight 30 ounces.
Woods. Bill black : 'iris yellow: chin yellow-white with narrow
brown longitudinal ftreaks : breaft and belly with tranfverfe fpots of
white and red-brown : tail fometimes with a single cinereous band,
and tipt with white : legs feathered below the knees : cfaws
dusky.
10. F. tzruginosus. Chocolate-brown: crown and throat
yellowish or whitish; cere greenish yellow: legs
Ion?, yellow.
Moor Buzzarrf. Brit. ZooL t. 27. Lewin t. 8. Walcot. t. 8.
Length 21 inches : extent 4 feet 3 : weight 20 ounces,
Moors. Bill black : iris yellow : body chocolate-colour, with a
ferruginous tinge : crown and throat varying to yellow whitish or
rufty-brown. ; legs long, slender, feathered to the knees : c/aa-s
black.
r... u
26 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. t. Falco.
11. F. palumba* ius. Deep brown above, white with nu-
merous transverse black lines underneath; cere yel-
lowish green: legs yellow: over the eyes a white
stripe : tail with 4 or 5 blackish bands.
jGoshawk. Brit. Zool. t. 24. Lewin t. 9. JValcot t. 9.
Length 22 inches or more.
Woods. Bill blue tipt with black : iris yellow : neck with a
broken patch of white at the sides : wings reaching very little
beyond the bafe of the tail : tail long, cinereous, with 4 or 5
dusky bands : legs feathered a little below the knees : claws black.
12. F. gentilis. Brownish-grey, with longnudinal brown
spots : cere and legs yellow : tail with 4 blackish
bands, tipt with white.
Falcon gentil. Br. Zool. t. 21, 22. Lewin t. n. JValcot t. 11..
Something larger than the laft. Bill lead-colour: iris yellow :
head pale ferruginous, with oblong darker fpots : back brown:
quill-feathers dusky, with dark bars on the outer webs, and white-
ones on the lower parts of the inner webs : wing-coverts andfcapu-
lars brown with a ferruginous edge : all the parts underneath yel-
lowish-white, with oblong dusky fpots, which in the young bird
are transverfe : tail with alternate black and grey bands, tipt with
white : legs feathered a little belo the knees : claws black.
IS. F. iilam'icuti. Whitish with brown spots : cere and
legs blue.
Jer falcon. Br.ZobLt. 19. Lewin t. 16. Walcot t. 15.
Length 2 feet ; extent 4 feet : weight about 3 pounds : North of
Scotland. Bill bluish tipt with black, (yellow Penn.} iris blue :
whole plumage white., with dusky Ipots lines or bars : Ugs feathered
below the knees : claws blackish.
14. F. pengiinus. Above bluish, beneath whitish with
transverse blackish streaks: cere and legs yellow:
crown black : tail with brown bars, tipt with white.
Peregrine Falcon. Br. Zool. t 20. Lew/fit. 12. Donov+t. 53.
Size of the Moor Buzzard : weight between 2 and 3 pounds. Bill
Short strong, bluish tipt with bUrk : iris dusky : crown round the
fore-part and under the eyes bla<k : quill-Jeatlicrs dusky with white
tranfverfe fpots, inner-coverts with bla< k and white bars: neck and
breast w/th a few dusky lines pointing downwards : tazVwith feverat
alternate blue and blackish bars : legs feathered to the knees : ctawt
black.
15. F. versicolor. Variegated above with white and red-
dish brown: rump whitish underneath: neck and
breast with ferruginous spots : quill and tail-feathers
brown, with deeper bands : cere and legs yellow.
Spotted Falcon. Br. Zool. t. 26. Lewin t. 13. Wale ot. t. 1 3 .
Size of the Buzzard. Bill blackish : iris yellow: crown and nape
ivhitish, with pale reddish-brown fpots : back and wings reddish-
brown, -the feathers cd^cd with white: belly white: middle tail-
feathers with white and deep brown bands, the rest with light and
Barker brown : legs feathered below the knees : claws black ;
J3. F. dntiuceus. Head , n I upper- purls dark brownish-
grey; un lernea<h white, wtfh ferruginous streaks:
cere and legs yellow : outer quill-feathers black ; tail
with ferruginous bars.
A'sh -coloured Fakon. Montague Ornith. Diet. i.
S"hot in Wiltshire. Abo it the size of the Sparrow Hawk. Bill
Hack : iris yHlow : fe:;th--rs on the upper-parts darker at the tips ;
cthofe underneath with large ferruginous streaks dowo. the mid-
BIRDS: ACCIPITRES. 1. Faloo. 21
die: wings, when rlofcd, longer than the tail : greater luing-coverls
dusky-black on the outer webs towards the middle, forming a fmall
bar on the wings: 2 middle feathers of the tail brownish-grey, 3
next on each side li^ht ,<\rey, outer-ones nearly white, all except
the outer-ones barred with ferruginous : legs long, slender: claws
short, black.
17. F.g.iieus. Above grey, white underneath with ob-
long black spots : cere eyelids and legs yellow : head
dark brown, white behind: tail long', wedge-form :
quill anil lateral tail- feathers spotted with white.
Grey Falron. Br. Zool. n. 49. Lewin t. 17.
Shot near Halifax, 1762. Size of a Raven.
- Bill bluish: iris reddish : head fmall, flat ; the sides and throat
eream-colour : wings when clofed, longer than the tail ; the pri-
mary feathers black tipt with white, the rest bluish-grey With irre-
gular white fpots on their inner webs ; tail-feathers., except the two
middle-ones, fpotted : legs long, feathered to the knees : claws
blackish.
18. F. Lana.iLs. Above brown wiih paler edges ; be-
neath yellow-white \vi h brown longitudinal spots :
cere greenish blue : legs blue : over the eye* a white
stripe.
Lanner. Br. Zool. t. 23. Lewin t. 15. Walcot t. 16.
Lefs than the Buzzard. Bill blue : iris yellow: crown brown*
with a yellowish-white mixture ; beneath the eyes a black mark
pointing downwards : chin and throat white : quill and taU-feuthers
dusky, with oval ferruginous fpots on the innr-webs : legs feathered
below the knees : claws black.
19. F. cyaneua. Blue-grey, paler underneath : cere and
legs yellow : 6 iirst quill- feathers black, white at the
base, slightly tipt w.th grey.
Hen Harrier. Br. Zool.t. 28. Lewin .t. i8 Donovan t, 59.
Length 17 inches-: extent 3 feet 3 inches: weight 12 ounces. Bill
blackish: iris yellow: hind-head ofteu fpotted with pale brown:
under the eye an arch of whitish feathers : &f4\vhite : tail-ff others
white, grey on the outer-webs, the 2 middle-ones with dusky marks:
legs feathered to the knees : claws black.
20. F. Pygargus. Above dull-brown, beneath paler with
oblong rufous spots : cere and legs yellow : under
the eyes a white arch surrounding the chin: tail
with dusky bands, tipt with white.
Ring-tail. Lewin L 18. Walcot i. t. 18. Hayes t. s.
Length 20 inches : extent 3 feet ; weight 20 ounces. Bill dmky :
irif yellow: orbits whitish : under the eyes a whitish fpot : fea-
thers of the head, neck, ns\.wing-cfuje.fks with rufous margins : rump
whtie : legs long : claws black.
This has been suppofed to be the female of the last.
21. F. Tinnuncutus. Rufous, with black spots on the back
and streaks underneath : cere and legs yellow : tail
rounded, with a broad blackish bar near the end.
Kestril , Lewin t. 19. 19*. Donovan /. 51*63.
Length 14 inches : extent 2 feet : weight half a pound.
Male. Bill bluish tipt with black : iris dusky : he-ad, and neck
grey : under the eye a dusky streak pointing downwards : primary
quill-feathers black with whitish tips : vent pale, fpotlels : tail grey,
with a whitish tip : claws black.
Female larger. Head and neck nearly the colour of the back :
under-parts paler with dusky streaks : tail with fcvcral dusky burs :
legs with a tinge of green.
28 BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 2. Sfrix.
22. F. Ntsus. Above rich brown, beneath orange-white,
with brown undulations: cere greenish- yellow : legs
yellow : on the back of the head an. obscure white
patch : tail with broad dusky bars.
Sparrow-hawk. Lewin t. 20. Hayes t. 3. Walcot f. 20.
M. Length 12 inches: extent 2 feet ; weight 6 ounces.
f. Length 15 inches : extent 2 feet 4 inches : weight 9 ounces.
JSzY/blue : iris yellow : upper-parts sometimes inclining to bluish-
grey : quill-feathers dusky with black bars on the outer-webs, the
inner-webs fpotted with white below : breast of the male ferrugin-
ous, of the female whitish : tail whitish at the end : legs feathered
to the knees: claws black. The whole bird is^fometimes pure
white.
23. F. Subbwteo. Above bluish-black, beneath pale, with
oblong brown spots : throat and nape white : eyes
with a white line above them, and a black patch be-
neath : cere, and legs yellow.
Hobby. Lewin t. 21. Donovant.g\. Walcot t. at.
Length 12 inches : extent 2 feet 3 inches : weight 7 ounces.
J5?//blue : iris brown : head and back deep bluish-black dashed with
grey : chin and throat white, extending round the neck where it
becomes darker : orbits yellow ; wings reaching nearly to the end
of the tail when clofed : quill-feathers dusky-black, with oval fer-
ruginous fpots on the inner-webs : vent and thighs reddish-white :
lateral tail-feathers with rusty bars on the inner-webs, whitish at
the tips : legs feathered to the knees : claws black.
24. F. JEsalon. Head ferruginous, with bluish black
lines : body above bluish-grey with ferruginous
streaks and spots, beneath yellowish- white, with ob-
long brown spots : cere and legs yellow.
Merlin. Lewin t. 22. Donovan t. 94. Walcot t. 22.
Length 12 inches : extent 25 inches : weight 5 ounces and a half.
Bill lead-colour : iris brown : nape paler : quill-feathers blackish,
with reddish oval fpots : under wing-coverts brown, with round
white fpots : throat nearly white : tail with alternate dusky and
reddish bands, whitish at the tip : legs feathered to the knees : claws
black.
2. STRIX. Owl.
25. St. Bubo. Head crested with ear-like feathers : body
rufous, with black, brown and grey lines and spots.
Great-eared Owl. JBr. ZooL t. 29. Lewin t. 23. Wakot t. 23.
Size nearly equal to an Eagle. Bill bluish : iris yellow : plumage
entirely a mixture of ferruginous black, brown, and grey, paler un-
derneath : wings long : tail short, with dusky bands : legs thickly
clothed with testaceous down quite to the claws : claws much hook-
ed, dusky.
26. St. Otus. Head with ear-like crests, consisting of 6
feathers each : body orange, with blackish streaks :
quill-feathers with black and grey bands.
Long-eared Owl. Br. ZooL t. 30. Lewin t. 24. Walcct t. 24.
Length 15 inches : extent 3 feet : weight 10 ounces.
Bill blackish : iris orange ; feathers of the crest gradually length-
ening, black with a dull yellow border : face furrounded with a
white circle, speckled with black and rufous : cheeks pale rufous :
over the eyes and round the angle icxt the bill black : primary
quill-jeathers with two dull yellow bars : thighs and vent unfpOtted ;
tail with grey and dusky bar and fpecks: legs clothed with pale
yellow down quite to the claws : claws dusky.
BIRDS. ACCIPITRES. 3, Lanius. 29 I
27. Sf. Brachyotm. Head with short ear-like crests : body
dull orange, beneath yellow"! wrh brown longitudinal
spots: niMuie taii-fea'hers with a yellow spot in-
cios.nsr a brown one.
Short-eared Owl. Br. / ool. t. 31. Leiuin t. 25. Donovan t. 3,5.
Lfnath 14 in.-hcs : ?xte* 3 feet : weight 14 ounces.
?'// dushy : iris yellow . orbits black : face furrounded with a
line which is ';la k and white, except at the ears where it is black :
crest, which it can erect at plcafure, compofed of .feveral feather,
bla.-k on the outer welis, \vhitc on the in icr : feathers of the head,
tackjbi'nS.'uitng-cdi'trts brown with a tawny margin: breast and b'lly
paLr, with longitudinal brown lines, thighs not fpotted : legs
clothed to the toes with light yellow down ; daws dusky.
28. Si. stdtiula. Heal without cresr : brown-orange
above with dark-brown murks, beneath paler with
o'llonT -Ink ,!),)'-, : -<vrd (juiii-ieafher longest.
Tawny Owl. Le^in t. 7. Donovan t. 121. Walcot.t. 27.
2. Body darker : iris black.
BrnwiOwl. Br. ZooL t. 32. Lewint.zS.
Length 14 inches : extent 2 feet 8 inches : wight 20 ounces.
Bill pale brown : ins dusky : face encircled by a black and white
line: outer-webs of the outer-scapulars white: fecondary quill
feathers with a white fpot on the outer-webs : two middle tail-
feathers tawny, the rest with tawny and d irk lines and fpots : legs
clothed to the toes with greyish down : claws black.
29. St. Ulula. Head wi; bout ere;:: ho ly above reddish
witb longitudinal brown spors, underneath whitish
with brown hues: tail with bro-vn bars.
Brown Owl. Lath. syn. t. p. 140. Euffon i.t. 27.
Length 1,5 inches, and a half : weight 14 ounces.
Iris yellow : general colour browner tiian the last ; .and the fpots
larger and longer, tend in 3 to a point like the flame of a candle,
which in the former are more rounded like drops.
30. SLjlammtH. Head wi'-hour crest: body above pale
yellow with white and grey spots, underneath white
wifh blackish spots.
Screech Owl. Lewint. 26. Donovan t 1 13. Walcot. t, 26.
Length 14 inches: extent 3 feet : weight n otmces.
Bill light brown : iris dusky : orbits orange: cheeks white : face
furrounded with a white cin le : primary quHl-f gathers yellow on
the outer webs, white o i the inner, with 4 black fpots each side :
inner-webs of the tail-feathers white, outer-webs with dusky bands :
legs clothed with white down to the claws: claws light:brown, the
nuddle one serrate.
31. St. pito.ietinu. Head without crest: above olive-
brown, beneath whitish spotted with brown: head.
gpotted With white : quili-feathers with 5 rows of
whi'e spots.
JLittle Ovvl. Leiuin t. 28. Walcot. t . 28. Albin 2. t. 1 2.
Length 8 inches : extent 21 inches. Size of a Blackbird.
Bill yellowish : ins yellow : feathers encircling the face white
tipt with black : breast mixed ferruginous and white: fazY brown
with dull rufous bands : Legs .clothed to the claws with whitish
down ; claius pale brown.
3. LANIUS. Shrike.
32. L. Excubilor. Tail wedge-form, blackish with the
sides whue: head and back pule cinereous; wings
blackish with a white band.
30 BIRDS. PIC^E. 4, Corvue.
Batcher-bird. Br. ZocLt. 33. Lewint..zg. Donorani. 87.
/?/// blackish : iris dusky : moi<thbc.fct with strong bristles: from
the bafe of the bill acrofs the eyes a blackish stripe : head, neck, and
back hoary-grey : fcopulart white : wings hardly as long as the
rump, the coverts black: quill-feathers black, with a broad white
band, fomc of them tipt with white : throat breast and belly dirty-
white: 2 middle tail-feathers black, the others becoming whiter, the
outer-ones white : legs black. Female with tranfvcrfe fcinicirculav
brown lines on the breast and belly.
33. L. CoUurio. Tail wedge-form, white at the edges :
head and neck pale cinereous : back and wing-coverts
bright ferruginous.
Red-backed Shrike. Leiuin.t.^o. sUbinz.t. 14. Wulcot I. 30.
Length 7 inches and a half -.extent ti inches : weight 2 ounces.
Bill lead-colour : ?rzs hazel : from the bill through the^<?.r a black-
ish stripe : fcapu/ars bright ferruginous : quill-feathers brown, with
a lighter edge on the outer-webs: rump pale grey: from the chin
downwards pale blofsom colour: vent white : middle tail-feathers
black, the rest white on the outer edge, the 2 outermost nearly all
white: legs dark brown. t'emal? with traniverfc femicircular
brown lines : upper-part of the head and neck ferruginous ; tail fer-
ruginous, dusky .near the end.
34. L, rnti'us, . Tail \\ e< lire- form : head, neck and back
ferrug nous : shoulders white : quill-feathers black,
with a Whitish spot near the tip.
Wood-chat.. Lewin t. 31. Donovaji t. 84. Waleott, 31.
About the size of the last. Kill horn-colour, with whitifh fea-
thers at the bafe : ;>;s hazel : from the base of the bill through the
tyes a blackish .'-tripe. : upper-part of the back dusky: win^-coverts
dusky : from the chin downwards yellowish-white : tail-feathers
blackish, the mare.i is nl tips whitish, except the 2 middle-ones :
jfgs dusky, female, head and neck reddish with browji .tranfvcrfe
lines, beneath dirty-white with brown curved tranfverfe lines : tail
iddish-brown, with a dark band near the end, and tipt with icU.
ORDER II. PICJ3.
A..CORVUS* Crow.
3$. C. Contx. Deep black; the upper-parts with a
bluish i;Jos-; : f; il a little rounded.
Raven., Lewni t. 32. Albinv.t.w. Wulcot t. 32,
Length nearly 2 feet: extent 4 feet : weight 3 pounds.
jSjY/blacJvish, strong, thick, nearly 3 inches long : nostrils covered
ivith bristles reaching halfway down the bill: iris dusky : under-
parts dusky, without glofs : legs black. Sometimes found pied> or
entirely white.
36, C. Corcnc. Deep black, with a bluish gloss all over:
tail rounded, with the feathers pointed.
Carrion Crow. Br. Zool. t. 34. lewin t. 33. Walcot t. 33.
Length 18 inches : extent 26 inches : weight 20 ounces.
Sill black, a little convex near the tip : nostril* covered, with bris-
tles : iris dusky : plumage black, with a. violet-blue glofs, Icjs shi-
ning underneath : legs black.
37. d ffi'g'degus. Deep black, with a bluish gloss above:
front bare of feathers anil grey: tail a little
rounded.
Rpok. J.ewin t. 34. Albin 2. f. 22. Walcot t. 34.
Rather larger 'than the last. Bill black, gradually tapering : iris
hisky : nostrils without briales i abave th,e bs
BIRDS. PIC.E. 4, Corvus. 31
tween that and the eyes, and thence to the rhin, whitish fcurfy
and bare of feathers in the old birds : legs black : inner-edge of the
middle-daw fer r ate .
38. C. Coijiijc. Light ash-colour: head, throat, wings,
and tail glossy bluish-black.
Hooded crow, Lewin n. 3,5. Donovan t. 1 17. Walcot t. 3,5.
Length 2.2 inches : exte-itt nearly 3 feet : weight 22 ounces.
Bill a little convex : heady under-side of the neck, point of the
breast, wings tail and legs, gl-ofsy violet-black,, the other parts pale
cinereous. Female with the throat bluish-grey.
39. C. Momdula. Pale blui*h-biack : hind-head and
back of the neck grey : front, wings, and tail black.
Jackdaw. Lewin t. 36. Albin \.t. 14. Wukott. 36.
Length 13 inches : extent 28 inches : weight 9 ounces.
Bill a little curved at the point : iris light-grey : tail slightly
rounded: legs blackish. Is fometimes found without the grey on
the head and neck, fometimes mixed black and white, or entirely
white.
40. G. glandarius. Vinaceous buff-colour: head white
with black strokes : wing-coverts with blue and Mack
bars : tail black.
Jay. Lewin t. 38. Donovan t. 2. 34. Walcot t. 37.
Length 13 inches : extent 21 inches : weight 7 ounces.
Bill dusky : iris whitish : under the eyes a broad black streak
from the angles of the mouth: chin whitish : crow it with long fea-
thers, capable of be ing erected into a crest: greater wing-coverts,
blue with tranfverfe black and white lines ; lesser-ones bay, the rest
black : greater quill-feathers dusky, grey on the outer-webs, except
the first ; 6 fecondary-ones black, the outer-webs white near the
bafe, and tinged with blue ; 2 next black ; thofe next the body are
tipt with black : rump and tail-coverts white : legs pale brown :
claws dusky.
41. C. Pica. Black, with a blue green and purple gloss :
scapulars, breast, and upper part of the belly white :
tail long, wedge-form.
Magpie. Lewin t, 40. Donovan t. 95. Walcot t. 39.
Length 18 inches : extent 22 inches : weight about 9 ounces.
Bill dusky : eyes dark-brown : vent black: 10 first quill-feathers .
white on the middle of the inner-webs; tail 9 inches and a half
long, and like the wings with a rich variable glofs of blue, green,
and purple : legs and claws black.
42. C. caryocataclts. Rusty-brown, with triangular white
spots : crown and wings blackish : tail blackish, tipt
with white, the middle fealhers as if worn.
Nutcracker. Br. Zoo/, app. t. 3. Lewin t, 37. Donovan t. 80.
Lengthy inches: extent 21 inches 'weight
Bill dusky : iris hazel : upper-part of the head and nape black-
ish : vent white : tail rounded : legs dusky : claws black.
43. C. Graculus. Black, with a violet gloss : bill and legs
orange- ted.
Red-legged Crow. Chough. Br. Zool. t. 35. Lewin t, 39. Wale. t. 40.
Length 16 inches : extent 33 inches : weight 13 ounces
Bill nearly 2 inches long, curved, slender, sharp-pointed : iris ha-
zel : bristles at the bafe of the bill not covering the noftrils : legs
long, slender ; claws black.
5. CORACIAS. Rvller.
44. .C. garmla. Head, neck, breast and belly pale bluish
green: back and scapulars red-brown: coverts on
32 BIRDS. PICJE. 6-9.
the ridge of the wing, lower-part of the quills and
rump rich blue: upper-part and tips of the quilh
dusky.
Roller. Br. ZeoL app. t. 2. Lewint, 41. Donov. t. 33.
Length 12 inches and a half: size of the jay.
Bill dusky, with briftles at the bafe, not covering the nostrils : irif-
light hazel : orbits rather bare of feathers : coverts on the ridge of
the wing rich blue, beneath them pale green : tail forked, light
blue, the outer-feathers ftriped with black above, beneath with deep
blue ; the reft dull green : legs dirty-yellow : claws blackish.
6. ORIOLUS. Oiiole.
45. O. Galbula Golden yellow : lores black : wings
black with a yellow patch in the middle : tail black,
the oiHer-feaihers }ellow on the lower half.
Golden Oriole. Br. Zool. app. t. 4. Lewin. t. 42. Donovan, t. 7.
Length 9 inches and a halt : fize of the black-bird.
Bill brownish-red : iris red : wings with yellow marks near thg
back ; 2 middle tail-feathers black, inclining to olive at the bafe,
tipt with yellow : legs lead-colour : claws black.
Female dull green-brown where the male is yellow : wings dusky:
tail dirty-green, whitish at the ends, except the 2 middle-feathers.
7. CUCULUS. Cuckow.
46. C. canorus. Brownish-grey : neck and breast whitish
with transverse undulate blackish streaks : tail round-
ed, blackish ; the outer feathers spotted with white.
Common Cuckow. Br. Zool. t. 36. Lewin t. 44. Donovan t. 41.
Length 14 inches : extent 25 inches : weight 5 ounces.
Bill yellow with a dusky tip : iris yellow : margins of the eyelids,
gape, and palate faffron-red : wings reaching nearly to the end of tine
tail; the feathers dusky, with oval white i'pots on the inner-webs :
tail of 10 very unequal feathers, the 2 middle-ones blackish, all tipt
with white : legs very short, yellow : daws dusky.
female with the neck and breast tawny-brown, with dusky birs :
wing-coverts with pale rusty fpots. Young bird brown, the feathers
edged with white.
8. YUNX. Wryneck..
47 . Torquilla. YUNX.
Wryneck. Lewin t. 51. Donovan t. 83. Walcot t. 44.
Length 7 inches : extent 1 1 inches : weight 10 drachms.
Bill pale lead colour : tongue 2 inches and a quarter long, mifsile,
cylindrical : iris light hazel : top of the head and back divided by a
list of black and ferruginous strokes : upper part of the head and
neeh, back, rump; and upper tail-coverts cinereous, with dusky tranf-
verfe undulate lines ; chin and forepart of the neck yellowish-white,
with tranfverfe dusky lines : lower-part of the breast belly, and sides
whitish, with triangular dusky fpots : iving-ccverts dull rufous, with
grey fpots: greater quills dusky, with quadrangular ferruginous
fpou on the outer-webs: tail rounded, cinereous, with 4 dusky bars:
legs brown : claws dusky.
9. PICUS. Woodpecker.
48. P. martins. Black, the crown of the head rich scarlet.
Great black Wood-pecker. Lewin t. 45. Donovan t. 13. Wakat /. 4 j.
Length 17 inches and a half: size of a jackdaw.
Bill dark-grey, whitish- on the sides: iris pale yellow: tail-fea-
thers pointed, the 2 middle-ones longer : legs lead colour, covered
on the fore-part with feathers half their length : claws black.
Ftmale rusty-brown, the hind part oi the head only fcarlet.
BIRDS. PICvE. 9. Picus. S3
49. P. major. Variegated with black and white : vent
bright crimson : male with a bar of crimson across
the nape.
Great fpottecl Wood-pecker. Ltwin t. 48. Walcot t. 48.
Length 9 inches : extent 16 inches : weight 2 ounces and 3 quarters,
Bill dusky: irh red-hrown : front dirty-white: crown glofsy-
black : cheeks white,, with a black, line beneath from the corner of
the mouth to the back, of the head, and another running down each
*ide from the middle of it and nearly meeting on the breast : n a ck
with a black fpot each side : throat and breast yellowish-white : belly
white : vent and hind-part of the thighs fine crimfon : back, rump,
and tail-coverts and lefser wing-coverts black : scapulars and coverts
next them white : quills black, with white round fpots on each
\\ r eb : 4 middle tail-feathers bla-. k, the rest white towards the points
with black fpots : legs lead-colour : claws black.
Female without the crimfon bar on the nape.
50. P. medius. Variegated with black and v/hite : crown
anrl vent bright crimson.
Middle-fpotted Woodpecker. Br. Zoo!, t. 37. Lewin t. 49.
Length 8 inches and a half: less than the laft.
Differs from the former, of which it is probably the young bird, in
having the whole crown red, and the white about the eyes and neck
larger, aud the breaft inclining to brown.
51. P. minor. Variegated with black and white: crown
in the male crimson, in the female white : vent dirty
white.
Lefser fpotted Woodpecker. Br. Zool. t. 37. Lewin tr$o.
Length nearly 6 inches : extent 11 : weight not an ounce.
Bill lead-colour : iris red : front, throat, breaft and belly dirty-white:
fores white, bounded each side by a black line running down to the
shoulders, which are black : back and wings with black and white
bars .- 4 middle tail-feathers black, the reft more or lefs white fpotted
with black : legs lead-colour ; claws black.
52. P. villosus. Variegated with white and black ; white
underneath : down the middle of the back a stripe
of white hair-like feathers : 2 outer tail-feathers
white : male with a red band across the hind-
head.
Hairy Woodpecker. Lewin t. 47. Walcot. t. 47.
Length 8 inches and 3-quarters : weight a ounces.
Sill lead-colour : iris dull red ; head black, with 2 white lines each
side from the mouth, one over the eye, the other under it : upper
parts of the body black ; the back divided by a lift of loofe-webbed
hair-like white feathers ; wings fpotted wtih white : 4 middle
tail-feathers black, the next obliquely white at the tips, the laft but
one white with a black bafe, the outer-ones wholly white : legs
lead-colour : claws black.
Female without the red band acrofs the head.
53. P. Viridiv. Green: head grey, with scarlet spots :
tail with dusky bars.
Green Woodpecker. Lewin t. 46. Donovan t. 37. Walcot. t. 46.
Length 13 inches : extent 20 and-a-half .- weight-6 ounces and a half.
Bill, legs and claws horn-colour : iris whitish : orbits black, beneath
which in th-: male is a fcarlet fpot bordered with black : bodybc-
neath pale green : rump yellow green: quill-feathers dusky, with
round white fpots on each web, the corner-ones green on the
euter webs : edges of the wings variegated black and white : tail
with green and dusky bars, the tip dusky.
Female without the fcarlet on the chin*
34 BIRDS. PICJE. 10-11.
10. ALCEDO. Kingsfisher.
5.4. A. ispida. Crown and wing-coverts blackish green,
with bright azure lines: lores reel-orange : (dim and
spot each side the neck white : b^ck and rump bright
azure : breast and belly dull rufous.
Kingsfisher. Brit. ZooL t. 38. Lewin t. 53. Donovan t. 100.
Length 7 indies : extent 1 i inches : weight an ounce and a quarter.
Bill 2 inches long, black, tinged with orange at the bafe of the
lower mandible : iris hazel ; arroTs the eyes, a reddish band, under
which is a dark-blue ftripe .- throat buff-colour : fcapttlars and upper
tail-coverts bright azure : tail short, deep blue : leps red-oranse
claws blackish..
11. SITTA. Nuthatch..
55. S. Europfea. Bluish-grey, beneath pale rufous : lore
black ; 4 lateral tail-feathers black, white toward
the tip.
Nuthatch. Er. Zcol. t. 38. Lewin t. 52. Donovan t. 81.
Length nearly 6 inches : breadth 9 inches : weight 6 drachms.
Sill black, whitish at the bafe of the lower mandible : iris hazel :
from the upper mandible acrofs the eyes a black ftripe turning
abruptly down the neck : chin and cheeks whitish : quills dusky :
vent varied white and ferruginous : tail short, 2 middle-feathers
bluish-grey, the reft black, more or lefs marked with grey and
white ; legs yellowish-grey : daws large, dusky.
12. MEROPS. Bee-eater.
56. M. (ipiaster. Head and back chesnut : lores black :
throat yellow : breast and belly green-blue : 2 mid-
dle tail-feathers of the male longer.
Bee-eater. Ltwin t. 43. Sowerby Mifc. t. 69.
Length 10 inches. Bill blackish : iris dull red -.front blue green,
behind it green : throat divided from the breaft by a curved black,
line : sides of the back golden-yellow, with a clicfnut tinge : shoul-
ders orange shaded with green : finaller wing-coverts green, fome
of the greater edged with blue, the reft chefnut tipt with black :
quills rich blue : rump blue : tail fea-green, the 2 middle-feathers in
the male nearly an inch longer than the reft : legs short, pale-red :
claws blackish.
13. UPUPA. Hoopoe.
57. U. Epops. Variegated with black, white, and pale
rufous : head with a pale rufous crest, tipt with black:
tail black, with a white band.
Hoopoe. Br. ZooL t. 39. Lewin t. 54. Donovan t. g.
Length 12 inches : extent 19 inches : weight 3 ounces.
Bill 2 inches and a half long, blackish : iris dark hazel : creft of a
double row of dull orange feathers tipt with black : sides of the
head, neck and breaft pale rufous, in the young bird the breaft and
belly fpottcd with black : upper part of the back brown : quill-
feathers- black, with white bands : rump, lower-part of the belly and
vent white : tail of 10 feathers, the outer-ones white on the outer
edges, except the tip : legs short, black.
14. CERTHIA. '"Creeper.
58. C. familiaris. Tawny-grey, beneath white : head
with black and yellow-brown streaks : wings brown-
ish, 10 of tbe feathers with a white spot.
Creeper. Brit. Zool. t, 39. Lewin t. 55. Walcot t. 54.
BIRDS. PASSERES. 15. 16. SS
Le**th 5 inches : extent 7 and a half: weight 5 drachms.
fill brown : iris hazel : above the eyes a Itroke of white : quills
4usky, tipt with white, variegated with black : shoulders and lel'ser
coverts tawny fpotted with white: rump tawny : tail tawny, of 13
ftiff pointed feathers : legs brown,
ORDER III. PASSERES.
15. STURNUS. Stare.
9. St. vulgaris. Bill yellow: bo-iy glossy-black, with
yellowish-whte spo's.
Starling. Br. Z&ol. t. 46. Lewi it t. 56. IValcot t. 19.3.
Length 8 inches 3 quarters ; extent 14 inches : weight 3 ounces.
J5/// in the young bird bluish at tne bafe : iris hazei : head, n~ctt, and
upper parts of th,e back black, with a purple and green glofs : lo.ver
part of the back, breaft, wing-covert* and ru -p bLtck, with a dark-
green shade : quill-feathers and tail dusky, the former edited with
yellow on the outer-web, the latter with dirty white : legs reddish-
brown. Young bird dusky brown.
16. TURDUS. Thrush.
60. T. viscivorns. Above brown, beneath yellowish-white
with duskv spots ; 3 outer tail-ieaihers tipt with
white,
Mifsel Thrush. Lewfn t.6i, Albin i. t. 33. Wakot t. 197.
Length n inches : extent 16 and a half: weight near 5 ounces.
Bill dusky, the bafe of the lower-mandible yellowish : iris hazel :
head, back, and lesser wing-coverts olive brown ; lower part of the
back with a yellow tinge : sides of the head and throat whitish, with
blackish fpots : larger wing-coverts tipt with white : quills brown,
with a mixture of grey on the outer-webs : legs pale yellowish*
brown : cla:us dusky.
61. T. musicus. Above brown, beneath yellowish-white,
with blackish arrow-shaped spots : quill-feathers fer*-
ruginous on the inner base.
Throftle, Song Thrush Lewfn t, 62. Walcot t. 198.
Length. 9 inches : extent 13 and a half: weight 3 ounces.
Differs from the laft in having the upper-parts more uniformly
brown, the fpots underneath arrow-shaped and pointing upwards,
and the inner-wing-coverts yellow.
62. T. Eiiceloruni. Above brown, beneath yellowish-
white, with blackish arrow-shaped spots : across the
eyes a blackish stripe.
Heath Thrush. Lewin's Brit, birds, ii. tab. 63.
Refembles the laft, but is heavier ; the neck not fo long, the chin
whiter, acrofs the eyes a short blackish ftripe, and the tail is half
an inch shorter.
63. T. iliacus. Above brown, beneath whitish, with
blackish spots : over the eyes a whitish line : under-
parts of the wings and sides reddish-oranpe.
Red-wing. Lewin t. 64. IValcot. t. 199. Albin i. t. 35.
Length 8 inches and a half: weight near 2 ounces and a half.
.BzV/ blackish, with a dusky bafe : .iris hazel : under the eyes a dusky
patch : lower part of the belly and vent white,
64. T. piiaris. Head grey, spotted with black : back and
wings chesnut-brown : breast reddish-yellow, spotted
with black : tail black, the outermost feathers whit-
ish on the inner-margin at the tip.
36 BIRDS. PASSERES, 17. 18.
Field fare. Lewin. t. 65. Albin i. t. 36, ll'alcot t. 200.
Length 10 inches : extent 17 imhes ; weight about 4 ounces.
Pill yellowish, tipt with black : eyes h<tzei jieck and {keeks grey ;
throat white: quiil-jeathers rufty-brov. n, with paler tdgcs : 7 - aw
grey : Ae//>' and vent white : niiddle tail-feathers with a mixture of
grey : legs dusky.
65. T: nientla* Black: bill and evlges of the eyelids
ye Mo w.
Blackbird, Ouzel. Br. Zeel. pi. 47. Lewin t. 60. W&lcot t. 201..
A^ove 10 ini hes long. Male, when full grown, deep-black, witk
the bill, eyelids and month yellow; the legs yellowish.
Female and young bird dark rusty-brown, with the bill and eye-
lids dusky It is fome times varied with black and white, and
fometimes entirely white.
66. 1. toryuatuis. Dusky-black; breast with a white
patch, extending towards the neck : eyelids dusky.
Ring ouzel. Lewin t. 59. Donovan t. 61. Walcot. t. 202.
Length i i inches : extent 17 inches : weight
Bill black ih yellow : iris hazel : plumage black, with a grey edge
legs bro.vn. female with the patch on the breaft, light brown. Jn
the young birds it is wanting.
61. T. Cindus. Blackish brown: cheeks, throat, and
breast white : upper- part of the belly reddish-brown,
lower-part and tail blackish.
Water ouzel, Lewin *. 57. Donovan t. 24. Walcol t. 196.
Length abo^e 7 inches : extent u : weight 2 ounces and a half.
Sill black : iris hazel : head and neck blackish-brown : plumage of
the back and wings edged with dark grey : legs on the fore-part
and toes whitish, dusky behind. In the young bird the belly is
white,
(58. T. roseus. Head slightly crested behind : body pale
rose-colour: head, neck, wings, and tail, glossy black
Rofe-coloured Ouzel. Brit. Zool. app. t. 5. Lewin t. 58.
Length 8 inches : lefs than the blackbird.
Bill dirty flesh-colour, tipt with black : iris pale : head, crtjl, neck,
wings and tail black, glossed with a changeable blue purple, and
green : back, rump, shoulders, breast and belly pale "rofy, with a few
bluck fpots : legs dirty orange : claws hooked, brown,
17. AMPELIS. Chatterer.
<j>9. A. garndus. Head slightly crested behind j body
reddish-grey : back and wings dusky : throat and
tail black : secondary quill-feathers with a mem-
branous vermilion tip,
Waxen Chatterer. Br. Zoal. t, 48. Lewin t. 66, Donovan t. 1 1 ,
Length 8 inches ; size of a ftarling,
Bill black : iris reddish : lores black : front reddish : chin black,
edged with white above : middle of the bach and shoulders dusky
tuing-coverts tipt with white : quills black, 3 first tipt with white $
6 next edged with yellow on the outer edge, and with white on
the inner ; 6 or 8 of the fccondaries with the shafts ending in flat
membranous fine red appendages : rump and vent grey : tail black,
whitish at the end, tipt with yellow, the undeivcoverts ehefiUU J
legs blackish,
18. LOX1A. Grosbeak,
10. L. curvirostra. Mandibles crossing each other : body
variegated with orange, yellow and green : wings and
forked tail dusky.
BIRDS, PASSERES, 18, Loxia. 37
Crofs-bill. Br. Zool. t, 49, Lewin t, 67, Donouant,^g,
Length 7 inches : extent 13 inches : weight near 2 ounces.
Bill dusky, the mandibles hooked and crossing each other : iris
dusky : head and neck variable red orange and yellowish : bach and
wing-coverts more or lefs olive-green, with dusky marks 5 rump
orange: vent \\-hitish: under tail-coverts with dusky fpots j legs
dusky : claws black.
Female dull olive-green where the male is" red ; wings and tail
dull brown : belly palish-green.
71. L. falcirostra. Mandibles crossing each other i body
crimson, with a whitish mixture : wiugs hlack, with
2 white bands; the secondary feathers tipt with white:
tail black.
White-winged Crossbill. Dixon Voy. t*p. 356.
Shot near Belfast, in Jan. 1802. Linn. Trans. -]., 309,
Length 5 inches 3 quarters : size of a goldfinch.
Bill dusky, with a ftreak of brown from the bafe to the eye: plumage
vvhite, with broad crimfon margins, having the appearance of aa
undulate mixture of both colours : rump pale crimfon ; vent dirty
white : wings with an oblique white band from the shoulders, and
a fecond short one below : fecondary quill-feathers tipt with white :
legs brown, female brown above, beneath and vent yellowish :
chin pale.
72. L. Coccothraustes. Chesnut brown, beneath purplish-
grey : chin black : wings with a white stripe : the
middle-feathers rhombic at the points : tail-feathers
black at the base on the thinner side.
Haw finch. Lewin iii. t. 66. Donovan t, 43. Walcot t, 206.
Length 7 inches ; extent 13 : weight near 2 ounces,
i??7/very ftrong and thick, pale dull pink : iris grey : orbits black j
sides and back of the neck grey : rump pale chefnut : middle quill-
feathers truncate, angular, curled at the edges, dark blue : greater-
ones black, marked with white on the inner-webs : lesser wing*
coverts white : tail short, black, tipt with White on the innerwebs j
legs red-brown : elaws black.
73. L. Enucleator, Crimson, with black spots on the back
and shoulders: belly and vent cinereous : wings
black, with 2 white stripes ; tail blackish, with a
whitish margin.
Pine Grosbeak. Br. Zool. t. 49. Lewin t. 68. Donov.t.i?,
Length above 7 inches : weight more than 2 ounces,
Bill dusky : iris hazel : head, neck, breaft and rump crimfon j fea*
thcrs of the back and lesser wing-coverts black with a reddish
border: quills dusky, with a dirty-white outer edge: tail 9. little
forked i legs short, dusky, female greenish-brown, with, here and
there a reddish or yellowish tinge.
74. L. chloris. Yellowish-green i outer quill-feathers
bright yellow on the outer-webs; tail dusky, the
x>uter-featherg yellow on the outer-webs,
Green finch, Lewin t. 70. Albin i. t. 58. Walcot t, d8,
Bill pale horn-colour i iris hazel j sides of the ntct inclining to
grey : belly greenish-white : wing.coverts grey rump yeUovish r
legs flesh-colour, female dusky-green,
75. L. Pyrrhula, Crown, front and chin, wings and tail
black : neck and back grey ; wing-coverts with a
white line : rump and vent white ; breast and belly
x>f the male red, of the female rusty-brown.
38 BIRDS. PASSERES. 19. Kinborixa,
Bulfinch. Lewin t. 6g. Albin t. 59. 6. Wnlcot. t. 200,
Hardly 6 inches long. Bill black : iris dusky : orbits blac/i -
wing-coverts tipt with white, forming H line above the quills.
Female' dirty brown : crown black rVurrtp white.
19. EMBERIZA. Bunting.
76. E. Niualis. White: front pale chesnut : back black,
with pale chesnut spots : outer webs of the primary
quill-feathers, and middle tail-fearhers black.
Snow Bunting. Br. Zool. t. .50. 'Lewin t. 81. Wnlcot. t. 211.
Weight about an ounce and a quarter : size of the ch-iffinc h.
Bill yellowish, tipt with black : Hi's brown : orbits yellowish : front
pale chesnut: body above with oblong blackish fpots: rump and
beneath white : greater qnills black, white at the bafe ; fecondariej
white, with a black fpot on the inner-webs : outer tail-feathers
white, with a dusky fpot near the end : legs blackish.
Female dull chefnut: brown above, paler underneath.
2. Head, nec'<, cheeks and bac' tawny, with Mack fpots : breast
pale chefnut : lesser wing-coverts brown with white tips: greater
white with black tips : quills dull black.
Tawny Bunting. Lewin t. 81.* Donovan t, 27. Walrot. t. an.
3. Nee'-- and back grey with hlac' spots : throat white : breast and
belly with flame-colour waves : at the fetting on of the wings grey:
.5 first feathers blackish-brown, the rest white with a little brown at
the point : 3 outer tail-feathers white, the rest d;ir^ -brown.
Mounting Bunting. Mart. North, t. 13. /. i. H\ilcot. t. 210.
Obs. Thefe 2 varieties have been considered as distinct fpecies ;
but till future obfervations shall clearly eftablish them as fuch, we
muft with Dr. Latham, consider 2 as the youug male bird, and 3 a
very old bird of E. Nivalis.
77. E..dtrinella. Crown, throat and belly yellow : tail-
feathers blackish, the 2 outer-ones with an acute
white spot, on the inner side.
Yellow hammer. Br. Zool. t. 50. Lf.cin. t. 84. Donovan. /. ug.
Length 6 inches : extent 10 inches : weight 7 drachms.
"Bill bluish iris hazel :. back part and sides of the head tinged with
green: back and shoulders yellow-brown, with, dark4>ro.wn fpots :
rump dull orange: win^-coverts chefnut, wfth bl ick fpots : quills
dusky, the primaries edged with greenish-yellow on the outer-webs,
fecondaries with rusty-brown : tail a little forked, dusky with a
greenish-yellow edge : legs pale brown. Female dull brown.
2. Head and neck olive-green : breast brown : belly pale greenish-
brown : tail dusky,
Green^headed Bunting. Lewin. I. 84.* Brown, ill. t. 30.
78. E. Cirhis. Above varied, beneath yellow, spotted on
the breast: over the eyes a yellow stripe: 2 outer
tail-feathers with a white wed^c-shaped spot.
Cirl Bunting. Montague Ornith, Diet. i. tib'. frontlfp.
Length 6 inches and'a half: wfl^ht aboi-it 7 drachms.
Sill bluish, pale beneath : iri.s hazel : cro;vn, napr, and upper-part
of the breast olive-green, the first with dusky streaks : acrofs the
eye a dusky streak, with a yellow one above and beneath it : throat
black, with a bright-yellow band below : bach and fcapulars chefnut,
the first with dusky streaks : rump olive-brown : 1-fser wing-coverts
olive-green, greater dusky with tbeirouter webs chefnut: greater
quills dusky, edged with green on the outer-webs ; lesser chefnut,
dusky down the middle : breast chefnut mixed with yellow: 2 mid-
,dle tail-feathers chefnut, the Test black, the -2 'outer-ones with an
oblique white bar, the oiitmoft white on the outer-web: 'legs brown*
female beneath with blackish fpots : chin and vent whitish.
HIRUS. PASSERES. 20. Fringilia, 3D
79. E. miliaria. Pjle olive-brown with blackish spots, -
beneath yellow, sh-whitc with oblong dusky spots:
orbits rufous-brown.
Common Hnhtin<r. Lenin t. 83. Donovan t. 50. W&kot #.-213.
Length 7 inchr.s ;,nd a half : extent \ i and a half: weight nearly
2 ounces. Kill drown : iris dark ha/.cl : ,;?//y dirty -white, without
fpocs : quill-JLi.iUie>-s dusky, \vith paler edges : tail a little forked,
dusky, the oui.er-fe.atliers pale : /tfgs dull yellow.
SO. E. 'Sckawidus. Head and throat black : back and
wings reddish-brown with black spots : underneath
whitish : 1 2 outer taii-feathcrs with a while wedge-
shaped spot.
Reed Bunting. Levain t. 82. Walcott. 214. Albin ii. t, 51.
Length 6 iirches ; weiglit nearly 5 drachms and a half.
Bill dusky : iris haxel ; from the corners of the mcutJi a white
ftripe encircling the head: breast and belly whitish, the sides darker,
with a few brown lines : feathers of the back blackish, with broad
reddish-brown borders : shoulders thefnut : quill-feathers dusky, with
tawny borders : tail blackish, 2 middle-feathers with broad rufous
borders, the others tawny on the outer-webs, 2 outer-ones ^vith a
white oblique i'pot towards the ends : legs reddish-brown.
Female head rufous with dusky streaks, without the white circle
round the nape, and brownish beneath.
20. FRINGILLA. Finch.
31. F. domestica. Body black and s^rey, a white mark
behind the .eyes: wings and tail biT'vn, the former
with a single white band.
Ilouie Sparrow. Br. Zoo/. ..51. Lewin t. 71. Donovan t. 8-3.
Length about 6 inches : weight nearly 7 drachms.
Bill dusky : iris ha;:el : crown and cheeks grey : round the eyes and
from them to the bill black : throat black ; nape and neck chefnut :
back and wing-co-jrts mixed rufous and black ; lefscr coverts tipt
with white forming a band acrofs the wings : belly grey : tail dusky,
edged with grey : legs brown. Female dull brown, with a white
line above the eye, without the black near the eye and on the
throat. Is sometimes found entirely white.
S2. F. montana. Body black and grey : head and nape
chesnut : wings and tail brown, the former with a
double white band.
Tree Sparrow. .Er. Zool. t. 52. Lewi a t. 72. Donovan t. 88.
Lefs than the laft. Bill dusky: iris hazel : chin black : behind
the eyes a black fpot : cheeks and sides of the head white ; back and
shoulders rufous-brown, with black fpots: wing-coverts rufous, edged
with black : quills blackish with rufous borders : breast and belly
dull white: tail dusky rufous, edged with chefnut: legs pale-red
brown. Female without the black on the chin and sides of the
head.
83. F. ccelebs. Wings and tail blackish : quill-feathers
marked with white on both webs at the base : outer-
most tail-feathers obliquely marked with white.
Chafrinch, Lew in t. 73. Albin i. /. 63. U'alcot t. 217.
Lefs than the Sparrow. Bill bluish, tipt with black: iris hazel :
front black: crown, nape and sides of the nee A Mulsh-grey; chfn,
throat and breast dull orange : back dull chefnut; shoulders white ;
fecondary wing-coverts tipt with white: quills dusky, with a green-
ish yellow edge on the outer-webs : middle tail-feathers edged and
tipt with grey; rump greenish : belly dirty white ; /^j brownish.
40 BIRDS. PASSERES. 20. Fringilla.
Female without the grey on the head and neck, and the throae
and breast dirty white.
84. F. Montifringitta. Black with rufous and grey spots :
belly awl rump white: throat, breast and shoulders
pale rufous:- lateral tail-feathers blackish, edged
with, white on the outer webs.
Mountain Finch, Brambling. Lewin t. 74. Walcott. 218.
Length about 6 inches : rather larger than the Chaffinch.
Bill yellowish, tipt with black: iris dusky : head, nape, throat and
back black, the feathers more or lefs with an orange-buff edge :
lesser wing-coverts pale rufous, greater-ones black with orange
tips: quills black, edged with yellow on the outer-webs, the first 3
or 4 with a white mark on the outer-webs, forming an oblique
white bar : belly and rump whitish : sides with a few black fpots :
tail black, the 2 middle-feathers with a grey edge and tip : legs
brownish. Female grey on the head and nape, with 2 dusky lines
from the latter : plumage dusky with pale yellow edges, and with-
out the orange or yellow.
85. F. Car duel is. Crown black: front and chin orange :
quill-feathers rich yellow on the outer webs, except
the outermost : 2 outer tail-feathers white in the
middle, the middle-ones tipt with white.
Goldfinch, Thistlefinch. Lenin t. 75. Donovan t. 103.
Length 5 inches apd a half: extent of wings 9 inches.
Bill white, tipt with black : iris dusky : from the bill to the eyes a
black stripe : cheeks white, bounded by a black line reaching half-
way round the neck : back brown : breast whitish in the middle :
tides, lower part of the breast and belly pale brown: fiat white :
greater wing-coverts black, with pale tawny tips ; lesser-ones tipt
with yellow : quilts blackish, tipt with white : tail black, more or
lefs marked with white: legs pale brown. Female with the fea-
thers at the end of the bill brown, and the black and yellow paler.
Young bird with the crown grey, and without the fcarlet front
and chin.
86. F. Spinus. Greenish-yellow, with dusky spots : quill-
feathers yellow in the middle, the first 4 immaculate :
tail-feathers yellow at the base, tipt with black.
Siskin, Aberdevine. Br. Zeal. t. 53. Lewin t. 76.
Length 4 inches 3 quarters : size of the linnet.
Lill white, tipt with' black : crown black : rump yellowish : shoul-
ders with a broad yellow band : throat, breast and cheeks greenish-
yellow : belly whitish, with afev/ black marks : quills blackish, the
outer edges yellow : 2 middle tail-feathers black, the rest rich
yellow on the upper half and tipt with black : legs blackish.
Female, head and back greenish-grey with brown marks : throat
and sides whitish.
87. F. Linota. Chesnut-brown, beneath yellowish-brown:
wings with a longitudinal white band : tail-feathers
dusky with white edges.
Linnet. Lewiu. t. 77. Albint.p.^i. IValcol t. 221.
Length 6 inches .- extent of wings about 10 inches.
Bill dusky: iris hazel: front dusky, with a few dull red fpots:
head and cheeks grey with paler lines : back dark chefnut, with
dusky fpots : throat and belly yellowish-white : breast more or less
blood red : vent white : outer-webs of the quills white nearly their
whole length : 2 middle tail-feathers bordered with dull red : legs
dark-brown. Female and young bird without the red on the breast,
which is marked with brown lines. Is probably only a. variety
of the next.
BIRDS. PASSERES. 21. 22. 41
88. F. cannal'itia* Chesnut brown, beneath rufous- white :
front and breast more or less red : wings with a lon-
gitudinal white band : tail-feathers dusky, edged with
white,
Greater Redpole. Br. ZoeL t. 54. Lewin t. 78. Walcot t. 222..
Length 6 inches : extent nearly 10 : weight 5 drachms.
Bill bluish : iris hazel : head and neck grey ; front and breaft with
rofy fpots : belly pale rufous : vent whitish : quills more or lefs
white .on the outer-webs: 4 middle tail-feathers dark brown : legs
brown. Female and young bird without the red on the front
and brea.it.
89. F. Una) in. Above rufous-brown with dusky spots :
chin black : front and breast red : wings with a dou-
ble white band.
Lesser Redpole. . Br. Zoo!, t. 54. . Leuiint.jg. Donovan t. 114.
Length 5 inches : extent 7 and-a-half : weight 2 drachms and a half.
Bill dull yellow: iris hazel: throat and belly whitish : sides with
brown lines : wing-coverts dusky tipt with white, forming 2 bars
on the wings : quill and tail-feathers edged with dull white : legs
dusky. Female faffron on the front, and without the red on the
breast^
90. JT. Mantium. Above rufous with dusky marks, be-
neath whitish : feathers of the lower part of the neck
black in the middle : wings with a whitish band :
rump red.
Twite. Br. Zool. t. 53. Lewin t, 80. Walcot. t. 216.
Length nearly 6 inches : rather larger than the linnet.
Bill yellowish, with a dusky tip : iris hazel : crown and rump red :
feathers of the upper-parts dusky, edged with rufous : throat pale
rufous with blackish fpots : eyes with a pale brown fpot above and
below : lesser -^ing-coverts with a dull white edge : quills and tail-
feathers with dull white outer-webs : legs blackish.
female dull brown, without the red- on the rump.
21. MUSCICAPA. Flycatcher.
91. M. Gtisoia. Above grey-brown, with dusky spots on
the head ; beneath dull white, with dusky spots on
the breast and sides : rump inclining to rufous.
Spotted Flycatcher. Lewin t. 93. Walcot. t. 224.
Length not quite 6 inches : size of a titlark.
Bill dusky, broad at the bafe, carinate down the middle : iris hazel:
mouth yellow within: sides under the wings with a dull rufous
tinge : wing-coverts and tail-feathers dusky, with paler edges : legs
black. Male with a whitish ring round the neck.
92. M. .alricapilla. Above black, beneath white: front and
large patch on the wings white : outermost tail-
feathers white on the outer-webs.
Pied Flycatcher. Lewin t. 94. Donovan t. 22. Walcot. t, 223.
Length nearly 5 inches : size of the Linnet.
Bill black : iris hazel : cheeks black : wings dusky : upper tail-
coverts mixed black and white ; legs back : Female dusky-brown
where the male is black, and the white more obfcure and hardly
visible on the front.
22. ALAUDA. Lark.
93. A. arvfinsis. Rufous-brown spotted with black: chin,
belly^ and vent yellowish-white : 2 outer tail-feathers
white down their outer-webs, the middle-ones with
light rufous margins.
*2 BIRDS. PASSERES. 22. Alauda,
Sky-lark Levin t. 86. Albin t. 41. Walcot. t. 189.
Length abo^e 7 Indies : <?xfff nearly 13 : weight an oz. and a half.
J?/// dusky, the bafe of the lower mandible yellowish : iris hazel :
head brown, with roundish black fpots : neck and shoulders greyish-
brown : coverts and wings reddish-brown, with paler margins :
throat and breast pale yellowish-brown, with dark ftreaks : 2 outer
tail-feathers edged with white: legs pale brown: hind-claw very
long, and nearly straight.
94. A. arborea. Ferruginous, with oblong blackish spots:
from the bill over the eyes and surrounding the nape
?i yellowish white band: quill* and tail-feathers
. blackish.
Wood Lark. Lewin t. 88. Albin t. 42. Walcot t. 190..
Length 6 inches : extent 13 inches ; weight 8 drachms.
Bill dusky, yellowish at the bafe of the lower mandible : iris dark
hazel : crown and back dark rufous, with oblong black fpots : under
the ears a blackish patch: shoulders grey-brown : wing-coverts dark-
brown, with yellow-brown margins: throat and breast pale rufous,
with oblong dusky fpots: belly and vent dirty white: tail very
short, the 4 outer-feathers blackish : tegs yeliowish : hind-daw
long, nearly straight.
95. A. prattmis. Above green brown, with dusky marks:
throat, belly and vent white : 2 outmost tail-feathers
white on the outer-webs: over the eyes a palish
streak.
Tit Lark, Lewin t . 9 1 . Albin t. 43. Walcol t. 191.
Length 5 inches and a half: extent 9 : weight nearly 5 drachms.
Bill dusky, yellowish at the bafe of the lower-mandible, with a
pule line from its bafe extending over the eye : sides of the neck
:i.;d breast dirty yellowish-white, with oblong dusky fpots : quills
and coverts dusky-brown, with paler margins : tail blackish, the
outer-feathers white down the outer-edge, and on the inner edge
halfway, the fccondaries with a fpot of white on the tip : legs yel-
lowish-brown : hind-claw hardly longer than the rest.
96. A. trivialis. Above dull olive-brown with dusky
spots, beneath pale ferruginous with dusky spots :
outermost tail-feathers white for more than half their
length, the secondaries at the tip.
Pipit Lark. Albin t. 44. Walcot t. 194.
Length 6 inches and a half : ivcight about 5 drachms and a half.
Bill dusky, the sides and bafe of the upper mandible dull yellow:
iris hazel : sides of the neck, breast and sides with oblong dusky
fpots: cov ert s and quills dusky with olive margins: 2 middle tail"
feathers dusky, with paler margins, the rest except the outer-ones
with a greenish-brown edge : legs dull yellow : hind-claw a little
curved.
97. A. Obscura. Olive-brown, with blackish marks ; be-
neath dirty yellow : throat, breast, and sides of the
neck with oblong brownish spots : outmost tail-
feathers greyish-white half their length, the secoii-
darics at the tip.
aafjlTcippeg.. Lark, Lewie t. 90. Donoit.nt. 76.
Length nearly 7 inches : weight about 7 drachms.
Sill thin, long, brown with a deeper tip : iris hazel : above the eye
and beneath the ear a pale ftroke : sides of the neck, throat and breast
yellow olive with oblong brown fpots : wing-coverts and quills
dusky olive with pale edges : kelly and vent dirty white : 2 middle .
tai{-featliers dark brown : legs dusky ; hind-daw long, curved.
BIRDS. PASSKRES. 23. Motacilla. 43
98. A. minor. Yellow-brown with dusky spot, : throat
and breast ochre-yellow with brown spots : chin and
belly yellowish white.
Field Lark. Lewin t.gz. Walcott. 192.
Length 6 inclics and a half: weight nearly 6 drachms.
Bill dusky, beneath whitish : iris ha/.t-l : uiing-covtri* tipt with
dirty white : rump not fpottcd : otitrnoft tail-feathers half white.
fecondaries tipt with white : legs yellow bro\vn ; Jiind-claw short,
curved.
99. A. rubra. Rufous-brown with dusky spo f s : sides of
the neck anil breast ferruginous with dusky spots:
cheeks dusky : over Ihe eye a pale rufous streak.
Red Lark. Ltwin t. 89. Ediuards t. 297..
Size of the Sky Lark. Bill whitish beneath at the bafe : iris
hazel : chin and throat pale ferruginous : from the bill acrofs the
eyes a dusky ftreak : wings with 2 finall whitish lines acrofs them :
greater quills dusky with a ycllovv-\vhite edge, the reft with a ru-
fous margin : belly and vent dirty white : middle tail-feathers black-
ish with rufous margins, outer-ones white, fecondarics white on
the outer-web and tip, the rest dusky : legs 'reddish-brown : hind-
calw as long as the toe, a little rurved.
100. A. cristata. Head ( .-.rested : pale chcsnut, with
dus^ spots: belly and vent dirty white, unspotted :
tail-leathers blackish, the 2 outmost white on the
outer margins.
Greater crcftcd Lark. Lewin t. 8,3. Ail>in t. y>.
Length 6 inches and 3 quarters : larger than the Skylark.
Bill dusky above, yellowish beneath : iris ha/el : crest compofed
of 7-12 feathers nearly half an inch in length : neck and shoulders
grey-chefnut : wing-coverts brownish-Hack-, with a chefnut edge :
throat and breatt pale yellow, with a few black spots : tail about 2
inches long : legsbro\vn : hind-claw long.
101. A. cristatelfa. Head crested: above brown with black-
ish spots ; beneath pale ferruginous : over the eyes a
pale line : quill and tail-feathers brown : legs reddish.
Lesser crested Lark. Lewin t. 87. PI. enlum. ,503, f. 2.
Lefs than the last. Bill dark horn-colour : iris hazel : crest lon-
ger : wing-coverts rich-brown with buff edges : throat and breast
pale brown, with oblong blackish fpots : belly and vent dull white :
tc.il short, the outer-feathers edged with white : legs and tacs short,
slender : hind-claw long, slightly curved.
23. MOTACILLA. Wagtail.
102. M. alba. Chin, lower part of the neck and breast
black : 2 outer tail-feathers obliquely white for moie
than half their length.
White Wagtail. Br. Zool. t. 55. Lewin t. 95. Donovan t. 5.
Length 7 inches and a half: weight nearly 6 dracltms.
Bill black : iris dusky : front, cheeks, and sides of the neck white :
crown and upper and under sides of the neck black : buck greyish-
black : belly and vent white : greater wing-coverts black, tipt with
white : tjuills dusky, the inner-ones bordered with white on the
outer-webs: tail black, except the outer-feathers: legs black. .
Female dusky where the male is black, and more grey abo-ve.
In the autumn there is only a black crefcent-like mark on the
breaft.
103. M. BoaraTa. Above dark grey, beneath buff yellow:
vent anil ramp pale yellow: outmost tail-ieaUiers
entirely white, secondaries on the inner- webs.
44 BIRDS. PASSERES. 24. Sylvia.
Grey Wagtail. Lewin t.gd. Donovan t. 40.
Length near 8 inches : extent 10: weight about 5 drachms.
Bill brown : iris dark hazel : cheeks dark grey : chin and throat bufl
in the winter becoming black in the i'ummer : rump and vent rich
yellow : wing-coverts and quills blackish, with pale margins : mid-
dle tail-feathers dusky, with a yellow edge towards the bafe : legs
pale brown.
104. ~hl.fla.va. Above pale olive-green, beneath rich yel-
low : across the eyes an olive-green stripe : Pouter
tail-feathers obliquely white for more than half their
length,
Yellow Wagtail. Pr. Zool. t. 53. Lewin t. 97. Donovan t. 15.
Length near 7 inches : extent 10: weight about 5 drachms.
Bill black : iris hazel: over the eyes a yellow streak; throat, in
the fummcr, with black fpots : quill-feathers dusky, with paler
edges: 2 outer tail-feathers obliquely black and white, the rest
xlusky : legs blackish. Female lefs bright in the colours.
24. SYLVIA. Warbler.
105. S. Luscinia. Above reddish-brown, beneath pale
yellowish-ash : tail deep tawny-red.
Nightingale. Lewin iii. t. 99. Donovan t. ic8. Walcot t. 229.
Length 7 inches : extent 10 inches : weight 6 drachms.
Bill dusky : iris hazel : quills and coverts reddish-brown, with paler
margins : vent whitish : knees grey : legs long, light brown.
106. S. hortetmy. Above light olive-brown, beneath
dirty-white : from the bill over the eyes a whitish
streak : tail-feathers brown with a grey brown outer
margin, the outmost obliquely half white.
Greater Pettichaps. Lewin t. ici. K'a/cot. t. 230.
Length 6 inches : extent 9 inches : weight 5 drachms.
Sill dusky, the bafe of the lower mandible yellowish : iris hazel :
mouth red or yellow within : head darker than the back : quilh.
dark-brown with paler margins : belly and vent white : legs lead-
colour.
107. S. Hippolais. Above greenish-brown: throat and
breast dirty yellowish white : breast and belly silvery
white : above and below the eyes a yellowish streak :
quill -and tail-feathers dusky, with a dirty yellow
margin.
Lefser Pettichaps. Lewin t. 102. Donov. t. 14.
Length 5 inches : extent nearly 6 inches : weight near 3 drachms.
Bill dusky ; iris hazel : chin whitish : lower wing-coverts yellov
ish : legs dusky
2. Paler above : thighs brown : tail brown : eyebrows white.
108. S. sylvicola. Yellow-green : throat and cheeks yel-
low : belly and vent pure white : from the bill over
the eye a bright brimstone streak.
Wood Wren. Linn. Trans. 11. p. 245. tab. 24.
Length 5 inches and a quarter : weight near 3 drachms, ,
Bill dusky : iris hazel : through the eyes a bright fulphur ftreak,
but not under them us in the laft : upper-part of the breaft yellow-
ish-white : quill-feathers dusky, edged on the outer-webs with
yellow-green; tail-feathers dusky, edged with green on the outer-
webs except the first, and with white on the inner: legs horn-colour.
J09. S. atricapilla. Crown black, of the female chesnut :
body above grey greenish-brown, of the female in-
clining to olive : beneath cinereous.
BIRDS. PASSERES. 24. Sylvia. 45
B'lack-cap. Lewin. t. 100. Walcot t. 234.
Length 6 inches : extent 10 inches : weight half an ounce.
.Bill brown : iris dark hazel : cheeks and neck greyish-brown : chin
whitish ; quill and tail-feathers dusky, with a greenish-brown mar-
gin : belly and vent whitish : legs lead-colour.
110. S. arundinacea. Above olive-brown, beneath yel-
lowish-white : lores aud orbits whitish-brown : -wings
"with a tawny-yeilow band in the middle underneath :
tail brown, some what werl^e-form.
Reed Wren. Lewin t 113. Gent. Mag. Vol. 55. t. p. 640,
Length hardly 5 inches and a half: weight 3 drachms.
Bill dusky above, yellowish beneath, broad at the bafe : iri s hazel :
sides inclining to rufous-brown : from the bill to the eye a lightish
streak : quilt and tail-feathers dusky, with olive-brown margins ;
legs dusky : foles greenish-yellow.
111. S. modulatis. Above grey-brown, with dusky spots:
wing-coverts greyish at the tips: throat and breast
bluish-grey.
Hedge Sparrow, Lewin t. 103. Albin i. .'59. Walcot t. 2^2.
Length Cinches and a half: extent near 9 : weight 6 drachms
Bill dusky: iris hazel: chin and sides of the neck greyish: quill
and tail-feathers dusky, with dull rufous margins : belly dirty white:
legs dull flesh-colour.
112. S. Phcenicurus. Front white : chin and throat black:
head and back bluish-grey : breast, rump, and tail
rufous.
Redstart. Lewin t. 104. Donovan t. 82. Walcot t. 233.
Length 6 inches : extent 9 and a half : weight near 4 drachms.
Bill black : iris dark hazel : cheeks black : sides rufous : quills
brown with pale edges : vent whitish : 2 middle tail-feathers bro\vn,
with a rufous margin : legs blackish. Female, chin whitish, and
the rufous colour lefs bright.
113. S. cinerea. var. Above brown-grey, with a rufous
shade ; beneath white, with a reddish tinge : outmost
tail-feathers entirely white on the outer-web, and
half way down the inner.
White-throat. Lewin t. 105. Albin t. 58. Walcot t. 235.
Length near 6 inches : extent near 9 : weight about 4 drachms.
Bill dusky, whitish beneath : z'rz's hazel : wing-coverts dark-brown,
with a dull rufous margin : quills dusky, edged with grey-brown :
throat white : breast and belly with often a rofy tinge : tail dusky :
legs pale brown,
114. S. Syluiella. Head and rump grey : back, wings and
tail grey-brown : beneath dirty white : 2 middle tail-
feathers shorter and subulate.
Lesser White-throat. Lewin t. 106. Donovan t. 86.
Length ,5 inches and a quarter : weight 3 drachms and a quarter.
Bill dusky; iris yellowish : quill and tail-feathers darker than the
back, w.ith a grey edge ; the outer-feather of the latter white on
the outer-web, and more than half of the inner : from the chin to
the vent pure white : legs brown lead-colour.
115. S. Locwtella. Olive-brown with dusky spots; be-
neath yellowish-white, darker on the breast; tail
wedge-shaped, with pointed feathers.
Grasshopper Warbler. Lewin t. 98. Br. Zeol.foL t. O.f. 5.
Length 5 inches and a half: weight 3 drachms and a quarter.
Bill dusky above, pale beneath : iris hazel : from the bill to the
eyes a yellowish streak : breast and sides inclining to brown, with a
46 BIRDS. PASSERES. 24. Sylvia.
few dark ftreaks : quills and tail dusky olive-brown with paler
outer margins : legs pale brown.
116. S. salicaria. Yellowish-brown with dusky spots,
beneath dirty white: tail-coverts pale tawny: o\ ti-
the eye a white stripe.
Sedge Warbler. Lewin t. 107. Doiiou. t. 48.
Sill black, pale beneath : cheeks pale brown : over the eyebrows a
black stripe : breast and sides darker : quills and tail dusky, the
former edged with olive-brown : tail a little wedge-form : legs
dusky.
117. S. Dartfordiensis. Deep rufous-brown, beneath fer-
ruginous : belly white in the middle : iris and eyelids
red : legs yellow.
Bartford Warbler. Lfwin. 1. 108. Br. Zoo!, t. 56. Donovan. /. 10.
JfrY/blafk, whitish at the bale of the upper mandible : throat with A
few whitish fpots : cheeks dark grey : qitilis dttsky, edged with dark
grey : fpurious ming white : ta.il wedge-forin, brown, the oiitmoit
feathers white on the outer edge.
118. S. rubecula. Greyish-brown, belly white : front, chin
throat and breast deep orange.
Red-breast Lewin t. 109. Donovan t. 123. Walcot. t. 238.
Length 6 inches .- extent of wings g inches.
Bill black : it is dark hazel : body above brownish-ash, with a tinge
of green : wings darker, Xvith paler margins : legs dusky.
119. S. rubicola. Deep tawny spotted with black, beneath
dull rufous : throat black : sides of the neck and spot
on the wings white.
Stone chat. Lewin t. no. Donovan t. 92. Walcot. t. 239.
Length 5 inches and a half: extent near y : weight half an ounce.
Sill black: iris dusky : head and throat, of the male black : each
side the neck a broad band of white : quill and tail-feathers dusky,
with tawny edges : rump, of the male, white : belly pale rufous :
vent whitish : legs black.
120. S. Rubetra. Dull rufous spotted with black, throat
and breast ferruginous : over the eyes and from the
chin down the sides of the neck a white stripe : wings
with two white spots,
\Vhin chat. Lewin t, 111. Donov, t. 60. Walcot. t. 240.
Length 5 inches : extent g inches : weight 4 drachms and a half.
Bill black : iris hazel : cheeks black : quills dusky, with rufous
margins : tail blackish, white on the lower part except the 2 mid-
dle feathers : belly and vent whitish, with a ferruginous tinge ;
legs black.
121. S. (Enanthe. Head and back bluish-grey: cheeks
black : over the eyes a dirty-white stripe : breast
and belly yellowish-white : rump and base of the
tail white.
Wheat-ear. Lewin t. 112. Albin t. 54, 55. Walcot. t, 241.
Length above 6 inches : extent near 12 : w e ight near 7 drachms.
Bill black ; iris, hazel : from the bill a black stripe, forming a black
patch round the eyes : front dirty white : win^s and coverts dusky,
with reddish-brown edges : breast with a reddish tinge : vent white:
2 middle tail-feathers white with a black bu!e, the rest white tipt
with black : legs blackish.
2. Mixed fulvous and whitish : lower part of the neck with grey
fpot-r; 2 middle tail-feathers entirely black.
122. S. Troglodytes. Reddish-brown, crossed with ob-
BIRDS. PAS9ERES. 25. Parus. 47
scure dusky lines : throat and breast paler : over the
eyes a pale reddish-white stripe.
Wren. Lewin t. 115. Albin t. 53. R. Walcct t. 242.
Length abo^e 4 inches : extent 6 and a half : weight not 3 drachms.
Bill and legs dusky : iris dark hazel: chceAs marked with dirty
white mixed with ferruginous : quill-feathers with black and red-
dish white undulate lines: tail crossed with dusky lines.
123. S. Regulus. Greenish, beneath dirty white: crown
orange, of Hie female bright yellow : secondary quill*
leathers yellow on the outer margin, white iu the
middle.
Golden-crested Wren, lew in t. 116. Donov.t. 4. Wakot. t. 243,
length 3 inches and a half: extent 5 : weight 76 grains.
Bill blackish : iris haxel ; crown orange in the middle, light yellow
each side, bordered with black : hind-head and neck greyish-green :
front, chin and cheeks whitish : quills dusky edged with green, the
coverts tipt with white : tail dusky, the feathers edged with yel-
lowish-green : legs yellowish.
124. S. Trochilus. Greenish yellow-brown, beneath white
tinged with yellow : over the eyes a yellowish stripe:
wing-coverts yellow.
2. Front, wings, and underneath pale yellow : back and tail pale
brown. 'ficitc'h wren. Edzu. t. 278. /. 2.
Yellow Wren. Lewin t.\i. Donovan t. 14. Hayes t. 38,
Length 5 inches : weight above 2 drachms and a half.
Bill dusky above, yellowish beneath : iris hazel : breast with a few
yellowish streaks : vent white : quills and tail-feathers dusky edged
with yellow: iegs^ yellow-brown.
95. PARUS. Titmouse.
?25. P.cristatus. Greenish-brown, belly and vent dirty-
white : heart crested, black spotted with white : throat
and collar black.
Crested Titmoufe. Lewin 1.117. Donouant.ift. Albin t. 57.
Length nearly ,5 inches : weight 2 drachms and a half.
JJiV/ blackish : iris dark hazel -.front ahd crows white with black
waved lines :. crest pointed black, edged with white : cheeAsvthite 9
with black marks : from the eves a black stripe acrofs the cheeks,
meeting another which passes down the sides of the neck : quill and
tail-feathers darker than the back, with paler edges: /^.r lead-colour.
126. P. major. Olive-green, beneath green-yellow with
a broad black stripe down the middle : head and
throat black : cheeks white : wings with a white
band.
2. Olive-brown, beneath dirty yellow : head black ; temples grey:
mandibles crossing each other, lewin i. t. frontifp.
Great Titmoufe. lewin t. 117. Donovan t. 69.
Length near 6 inches : extent 9 : weight 10 drachms.
Bili black .- iris hazel : nape yellowish : rump bluish-grey : quill*
feathers dusky : coverts bluish, the larger tipt with white : tail~
feathers dusky, all bluish on their outer-webs, except the outmoft
which are white : vent white : legs lead-colour.
127. P. aler. Bluish-grey, beneath yellowish white :
head and throat glossy black : cheeks and patch on
the hind-head white : wings with 2 white bars.
Cole Titmoufe. Br.Zool. t. 57. Lewin t. 119. IValcot. t. 79.
Length 4 inches : extent 7 : weight above 2 drachms.
Sill black : inV hazel ; rttmjt greenish : lower part of the belly and
48 BIRDS, PASSERES, 26. Hirundo,
vent white : sides yellowish ; greater and lesser wing-coverts Upt
'With white; quills dusky with paler outer margins: legs lead-
colour.
128. P. palustris. Rusty-grey, beneath dirty white : head
and chin black : cheeks, sides of the neck and throat
while.
Marsh Titmoufc. Br. Zool. t. ,57. Lewin t. 120. Walcot t. 247,
Length 4 inches and a half : extent near 8 : weight 2 dr. and a half.
Bill black : iris hazel ; head hlack, but not glossy : chin often spotted
with white : wings with or without a grey band or two : quill
and tail-feathers dusky-grey with paler outer margins : legs lead
colour.
129. P. caruleus. Crown, wings and tail blue: front and
cheeks white : across the eyes and on the sides of
the neck a black stripe : back yellowish-rgreen :
breast and belly yellow.
Tom-tit. Brit. Zool. t . 57. Lewin t. 121. Walcot t. 245.
Length 4 inches and a half: extent above 7 : weight 3 drachms.
Bill blackish ; iris dark hazel : crown bounded by a circle of white :
wings with a white bar ; the primary quills white on the outer*
margin : legs lead-colour,
130. P. caudalm.. Purplish, with a broad black band
down the back, beneath pale rosy : crown white,
surrounded by a black band passing through the eyes:
tail longer than the body.
%ong-tailed Titmoufe. Lewin f. 122. Donovan t. 16,
Length near 6 inches : extent near 7 : weight about 2 drachms,
Sill short, thick, black : iris hazel, edges of the eye-lids yellow?
head and cheeks white, with a few dark feathers : sides of the back
dull purple : throat and under part of the neck white : greater wing-
coverts brown, with a dull rofy edge, tipt with white : quills dusky,
the inner-pnes white on the outer edge : tail 3 inches long, the fea-
thers very unequal in length, the 4 middle-ones black, the next
with a white mark near the tip, the rest obliquely white on the
outei*-webs : legs blackish.
131. P. biarmicus. Rufous, chin and throat white : head
hoary : beneath the eyes a tuft of black feathers
pointing downwards : vent black : tail as long as the
body.
Bearded Titmoufe, Lewin t, 123. DoKov.t. i. Walcot t, 248.
Length 6 inches and a quarter : weight 2 drachms apd a half.
Bill orange, a little curved : iris yellow : breast flesh-colour : quills
dusky with pale edges, the inner-^webs of the primaries white
fecondaries with rufous edges : tail wedge-form, 3 inches long, the
outer feathers more^ or lefs white : legs black, female without the
black tuft under the eyes : vent white,
26. HIRUNDO. Swallow,
132. H t rustica. With 3 toes forwards : above black
with a purplish gloss, beneath whitish : front and
w chin ferruginous : tail-feathers, except the 2 middle
ones, w r ith an oval white spot.
Chimney Swallow. Br. Zool. t. 58, Lewin t. 124. Walcott. 251.
Length near 7 inches : extent above 12 : weight near 6 drachms.
Bill black : iris hazel : breast and belly white, in the male with a
tinge of red : tail much forked : legs dusky.
133. H. urbica. With 3 toes forwards; rump and iu>
tlerneath white : tail-feathers entirely black.
BIRDS. PASSERES. 27. Caprimulgus. 40
Houfe Martin. Lewin t. 12,5. Albin t. 56. a. Walcot t. 252.
Length 5 inches and a half: extent 10 : weight about 5 drachms.
Bill black : mouth yellow within : iris hazel ; tail much less forked
than in the i wallow ; legs covered with short white down: claws
white.
134. 11. n'paria. Willi 3 toes forward : mouse-bro\vn,
beneath white : a broad mouse-brown band across
the throat.
Sand Martin. Lewin t. 126, Albin t. 56. b. Walcot t. 253.
Length hardly 5 inches : extent about 10 inches.
Bill dusky : iris hazel : tail with a slight cinereous edge: legs dusky,
a little feathered behind.
135. H. Apus. With the toes all placed forwards : above
and underneath sooty-black : chin whitish.
Swift. Br. Zool. t. ,58. Lewin t. 127. Walcot t. 254.
Length near 8 inches : extent above 17 : weight an ounce.
Bill black: iris hazel : quill and tail-feathers with dusky margins t
legs very short, clothed to the toes with dusky feathers : claws
black. Female less, and more inclining to brown.
27. CAPRIMULGUS. Goatsucker.
136. C. eiiropaus. Variegated with black, brown, ferru-
ginous and white ; beneath reddish-brown, with nu-
merous dusky transverse lines.
Night Swallow. Br. Zool. t. 59.. Lewin t. 128. Donovan t. 67.
Length 10 inches and a half: extent 22 : weight 2 ounces and a half.
Sill dusky, short, weak: eves large: ins hazel: body elegantly
varied with black, grey, dark brown, ferruginous and white, dii-
pofed in fpots lines and bars : tail rounded : legs short, fcaly, fea-
thered below the knees. Male with a large white oval fpot on the
inner-web of the 3 first quill- feathers, and at the end of the 2 outer
tail-feathers.
ORDER IV. COLUMBJ3.
28. COLUMBA. Dove. Pigeon.
137. C. CEnas. Pale bluish ash-colour: neck and breast
with a green and copper gloss : lower part of the
back whitish : wings with 2 black bands : tail tipt
with black.
Stock Dove. Br. Zool.t. 4.5. Lewin t. 120. Donovan t. 107.
Length near 14 inches : extent 22 : weight 11 ounces.
Bill and legs red : iris bright yellow : greater quill-feathers dusky,
with a whitish edge : breast inclining to clarety purple : sides
whitish : belly and vent pale ash-colour : tail dark bluish-grey, with
fometimes a black bar near the middle; the outer-feathers white
on the outer-webs near the bafe.
138. C. Patumbus. Deep bluish ash : each side the neck
a glossy-white patch : angles of the wings and outer
quill-feathers edged with white : tail black at
the end.
Ring Dove, Quest. Lewin t. 130. Walcot t. \%-j.
Length near 18 inches : extent 30 : weight 20 ounces.
Sill yellowish ; iris bright yellow : back inclining to brown :
greater quills blackish, the outer-ones white on the outer edges :
fpurious wings nearly black, with a white line down to the quills :
lower-part of the belly and vent inclining to white : tail dark ash-
colour, black on the lower part: legs purplish-red, feathered be-
low the knees.
50 BIRDS. GALLIN/E. 29-30.
139. C. Turtur. Back brownish-ash ; breast reddish-
white : sides of the neck with a black patch spotted
with white : tail tipt with white.
Turtle Dove. Br. ZcoL t. 45. Lewin t. 131. Walcot. t. 188.
Length 12 inches : extent 21 inches : weight 6 ounces.
Bill dusky : ms yellow : beneath and behind the eyes purplish-red j
head and neck blue-grey : bach and wings reddish-brown, the fea-
thers with paler edges; the fore-part of the latter bluish-grey:
chin and belly whitish : quills dusky, with paler margins : tail black,
the 2 middle-feathers not tipt with white, the outmost white on
the outer edge ; legs purplish-red,
ORDER V. GALLING.
29. PHASIANUS. Pheasant.
140. P. colchicus. Reddish chesnut spotted with black:
head and part of the neck, of the male, blue, with a
violet and green-gold gloss : tail wedge-form : cheeks
warty.
Pheafant. Lewin t. 132, Albin t. 25. 26. Walcot t. 178.
Length 3 feet : breadth 2 feet 8 : weight near 3 pounds.
Bill pale horny: iris yellow : cheeks crimfon fpeckled with black,
granular: plumage a rich assemblage of red and black, with a fine
glofs of green gold blue and violet changeable in the various shades
of light : feathers of the tail very unequal, the 2 middle-ones 18 or
20 inches long : legs dusky ; toes connected at the bafe ; fpur 3
quarters of an inch long. Female brown, with a mixture of grey,
reddish and black : sides of the head covered with feathers,
30. TETRAO. Grow*.
141. T. UrogaHus. Rufous-brown: head and neck cine-
reous : chin and belly blackish ; axils of the wings
white.
Cock of the Woods. Lewin t. 133. Br. Zool. t. 40. 41, Donov. t. 89.
Length 2 feet 8 : extent 3 feet 10 : weight 12 or 13 pounds.
Bill horn-colour : iris hazel : cheeks red : body marked with miunte
tranfverfe black lines : breast glossy black-green ; belly and vent
tnarked with white : tail black, with a few white fpots : legs co-
vered with brown feathers : edges of the toes pectinate.
Female lefs : throat red : head, neck and back, with tawny and
rd bars : belly with pale orange and black, bars : tail dark ferru.
ginous, with black bars, tipt with white.
142. T. Tetrix. Glossy blue-black : spot near the shoul-
ders, 2 bars on the wings, and under tail-coverts
white: tail forked. Fein, larger, with reddish spots
on the neck, breast, wings and thighs.
Black Grous. Brit. Zool. 1.42, Lewin t. 134. Donov. t. 97,
Length i foot 10 : extent 2 feet 9 : weight near 4 pounds.
Bill dusky: ms hazel: coverts dusky-brown: 4 first quill-feathers
black, the next white at the bottom ; lower half of the fecondaries
and under-covcrts white : thighs and Jegs clothed with dusky fea-
thers, with a few white fpots on the former : tail much forked, the
outer feathers bending outwards ; the under-coverts pure white.
Female much less, tranfverfely variegated with ferruginous black
and grey : tail-feathers straight and even at the end,
143. T. Lagopus. Varied with grey and white : legs
woolly : wings white, with black shafts : 2 middle
BIRDS. CALLING. 31. Perclix. 51
tail-feathers white, the rest black more or less tipt
wiih white.
Ptarmigan. Br. Zool. t. 43. Lewin t. 135. Donovan t. 12.
Length 15 inches : extent 23 : weight 19 ounces.
Kill black : iris ha/el: pluma*c p<ile brown or ash-colour, crossed
with fmall duskv fpots and burs : head and neck with broad bars of
black, ferruginous, and white ; lelly white : U'/.r white, the shafts
of the greater quills black : tail-coverts white, reaching to the crd
of the tail, and concealing it when clofed : legs and toes covered
with white down. In winter the plumage changes to pure white,
except the shafts of the wings and tail, and a black fpot in the
male between the bill and the eye.
144. T. scoticus. Tawny-red, with transverse black lines
and spots : 6 outer tail-feathers each side entirely
blackish : over the eyes a naked scarlet fringed
membrane.
Red Grous. Br. Zool. t. 43. Lewi* t. 136. Walcot t. 183.
Length 16 inches : extent 26 inches : weight near 20 ounces.
Bill black : iris hazel: nostrils covered with black and ferruginous
feathers ; at the bafe of the lower mandible a white fpot : head and
neck pale tawny, with black lines : bach and frapulars deeper t.uvnv .
breast and belly dull purplish-blown, crossed with niimilc dusk-/
lines : 4 middle tail-feathers with black and red bars : A'., T T tlochttl
below the knees with white down.
31. PERDIX. Partridge.
145. P. cincrea. Cinereous, with black, rufous, and white
lines : behind the eyes a naked red skin : on the
breast a deep chesnut patch : outer tail-feathers
bright chesnut.
.Common Partridge. Lenin t. 137. Allrin t. 27. ll'alcat.t, 184.
Length 13 inches : extent 20 : weight nearly 55 ounces.
Bill brown : iris hazel : he.ad reddish-brown : plumage grey, crossed
with black and hay lines ; the feathers of the back and wing.
coverts with a white line down the middle : breast with a horic-
shoe-like ehefnut mark : greater quills dusky, with reddish spots
on each web : 6 outmost tail-feathers each side ferruginous tipt
with white, the rest like the back : legs of the male with a blunt
fpur. Female, head duller : cheeks greyish : fpot on the breast
white the first year, dull chesnut the fecond, obfolcte the third.
146. II. -rw/rt. Legs and bill red : through the eyes a
white stripe : throat white, with a black collar
spotted with white.
Red-leggec! Partridge, Leu- in t. 538. dlbin t. 29.
Not uncommon in Norfolk and Si'jfclk, and rather larger than
the last. Bill and iris red : front greyish : head and breast reddish ;
chin white ; sides and lower part of the netk fpctted with black ;
back, wings and rump grey-brown : sides with crcfccnt-like ftripes of
black white and orange : quill-feathers edged with dull yellow ;
6 outer tail-feathers rufous, the middle-ones grey-brown : vent palv
rufous : tegs, of the male, with a blunt fpur.
147. P. Cotui-nix. Variegated grey, yellow, brown and
white; beneath pale reddish-white: down the crown
and over the eyes a yellowish white streak : tail-
feathers with a rufous margin and crescent.
Quail. Lewin t. 139. Jlbint.%0. Walcot. t. 185.
Length 7 inches and a half: extent 14 : weight
Kill dusky : iris hazel, becoming yellow : head ferruginous fpottcd
with black, the crown divided by a yellow-white line: chin and
E 2
512 BIRDS. GRALUS. 32,. 33, 34.
throat dirty-white, with a black mark extending to the ears : cheeks
spotted brown and white : breast pale yellow-red, with a few
black lines : belly and vent paler : quills dusky, with yellowish-
white marks ; tail dusky, more or less 1 tipt with white: legs yd- .
lowish, without 1'pur in the male.
32. OTIS. Bustard.
148. O. Tanla. With undulate dusky and rufous streak?,
beneath whitish: male with a crest-like tuft each
side the lower mandible.
Great Bustard. Br. Zool. t. 44. Leii'in t. 140. Walcot. t. 173.
Length near 4 feet : extent 9 : weight 24-28 pounds.
mil dusky : iris light hazel : head and neck cinereous : lower-part of
the neck and throat ferruginous : greater iving-c everts grey : quills
black, slightly tipt with white : middle tail-feathers ferruginous
with black bars, outer-ones whitish with black bars : legs dusky.
Female half the size of the male : crown orange with black lines:
lower-part of the neck before grey : lower mandible without the
tufts of feathers.
149. O. Tetrax. Ferruginous mottled with brown and
crossed with dusky lines, beneath white : lower man-
dible of the male without the crest-like tuft.
Little Bustard. Ltwin t. 141. <&t'. f. 251. Walcot t. 174.
Length 17 inches : about the size of the phcafant.
Bill pale brown; crown and chin fpotted ferruginous and black .
sides of the head rufous-white : neck, in the male, black bounded
above and below with white: greater quills black with a white
Int'e; fecondaries white: 4 middle tail-J'eather.s tawny with -black
bars ; the rest white more or less barred with black : legs grey.
Fema!* with the neck like the back.
150. O. (Edicnemus. Pale reddish-brown, with dusky
spots; chin, belly, and vent, white with a few dusky
sneaks : 2 primary quill-feathers black, with a white
bar in the middle.
Thick-kneed Bustard. Leuiin t. 142. Albin t. 69. Walcot t. 163.
Length 18 inches : extent 36 : weight 18 ounces.
Pill yellowish at the bafe, dusky at the tip : iris yellow: head much
rounded: beneath the eyes a bare yellowish-green fpace, with a
pale streak above and beneath them : wing-coverts with a whitish
band ; tail- feathers tipt with black, except the 2 middle-ones ; the
3 outer barred with black and white, the rest with brown: iegs-
yellow; the knees thick,. as if fwoollen : claws dusky.
ORDER VI. GRALL.E.
33. PLATALEA. Spoonbill.
151. PI. Leucorodia. White, with a bright orange spot
at the angles of the bill : hind-head crested.
White Spoonbill. Br. Zool. <?/>/>. t. 9. Lew in t. 143.
Length 40 inches : extent 52 : weight 3 pounds and a half.
Bill 7 inches long, 2 inches wide in the broadest part, brown or
black, with an orange fpot near the^tip of the upper mandible,
rough towards the bafe : tongue shorl, heart-shaped : iris grey, or
reel : orbits nearly bare, black : chin f^mctimes black : plumage
white, w.ith sometimes the tips of the quills black : legs 6 inches
long, black, naked half way up the thighs.
34. ARDEA. Heron.
152. A. Grus. Body cinereous : hind-head bare of fea- ,
BIRBS. (5&ALL&. 34. Ardeaf. 53
thcrs, warfy : crown, forepart of the neck and quills
black : from the pinion of the wings a tuft of loose
laccra-ed cusle i feathers.
Crane. P.r. ZooL app. t. 6. Levin, t. 144. Walcot t. 124.
Length 5 feet or more : wfigtit about 10 pounds.
J5/7/4 inches long, olive-green -.front covered with black down or
bristles : back of the head bald, red, beneath this a grey fpot ; sides
of the head and bark of the perk whitish : tail grey, tipt with
black, nearly covered with the loofe leathers irom the pinions of
the wings : /<rg.r bhu k.
153. A. Ucvniu. White, with bald blackish orbits: quill-
feathers and greater coverts black : bill, legs, and
skin ied.
White Stork. Leu.' in t. 145. Albint. 64. Walcot t. 125.
Length 3 feet 3 indies : size of the Turkey.
Bill 7 incues and a half long : some of t\\c fcapulan black.
154. A. Aj/mVa/vu. Hind-head with a crest of 3 white
feathers dusky at the ends: crown and back greenish-
"black : wings and tail pale ash-colour. Fern, head
without e-eV, brown: back brown: over the eye a
whitish stre.k: primary quill-feathers with a white
spot at the tip.
Night Heron. Lew in t. 146. Albin t. 49. Walcot t. 126.
Length 20 inches. Bill 3 inches 3 quarters long, black with a
yellowish bafe : iris orange ; lores and orbits yellow-green ; front
\vitha white band: neck and under parts whitish : leg s yellow i.-li-
green : middle-claw ferrate on the inner edge. Female, with yel-
lowish streaks on the fore-part of the neck : wings grey-brown,
with yellowish-white streaks; some of the coverts and quili-fea-
thers tipt with white.
155. A. stellaris. Hind-head hardly crested : above pale
yellow buck-colour with transverse black spots, be-
neaih paler with obi (yog ones.
Bittern. Lew in t. 147. Albin i. t. 68, Walcot. t. 127.
Length 2 feet and a half: weight 22 ounces.
Bill 4 inches lor>, horn-colour inclining to green at the bafe: iris
yellow : crown and (pot at the corners of the mouth black -. feathers
on the hind-head, neck and breast, long and loofe : legs pale green :
inner-edge of the mi ddle-claw ferrate.
156. A. niwuta. Head without crest : crown, hack, quills
and tail gTccnish-biac'k : neck, breast, and wing-
coverts bull-colour. Fern, above brown, the feathers
with pale rufous margins ; beneath paler : crown,
back, quills and tail black.
Little Bittern. Br. ZooL app, t.S. Leu'in t. 148. Donovan t. 54. :
Length from the tip of the bill to the end of the toe 30 inches.
Bill 2 inches and a half long> greenish-yellow : belly and vent white :
hind part of the neck bare : shoulders with a large bay fpot: larger
^ing-coverts whitish, lesser yellow-buff: thighs feathered to the, .
knees ; legs dusky-green -.middle- claw ferrate on the inner side.
Ffmati. front furrounded by a bay line.
157. A. comata. # Heq,d without crest : body white ;
upper-par of the. head, hind-part of the ueckj breast,
and back inclining to rufous.
Squacco Heron. Linn. Trans, iii. p. 335. PI. enl. 910.
Length 21 inches. Bill yellow, between which and the eyes bare:
S4r. BIRD9. GRALL/E. 35. Tantalus*
and grey : ra?/i with fotne long feathers hanging over it inclining.
to rufous ; wing-coverts with a rufous tinge ; legs yellow.
158. A. cinerea. Hind-head with a black pendent crest:
body cinereous : neck willi a.blaejt line underneath:
breast with a black band. Fern, hind-head smooth,^
black: back bluish, beneath whitish: breast with
oblong black spots.
Common Heron. r Zapt; t. 6t. /, Lewin t. 149. M.
Length 3 feet 2 : extent 5 feet 4 : weight 3 pounds and a half.
Bill near 6 inches long, dusky above, yellowish beneath : iris
yellow , round the eyes a bare greenish skin -.front and crown white:
neck white on the upper-part, the fore part with a double row of
black fpots : back clothed with down, covered with the fcapulars,
which are grey and white, and like the feathers on the lower-part
of the neck are narrow long and loofe : wings with a white ridge,
the coverts bluish-grey, the primary quills and bastard wings black :
sides black : breast and belly white : tail bluish-grey : thighs dirty
white: /^j dirty-green : middle-claw ferrate inwardly.
Female, head bluish-grey.
59. A. GardenL Above dusky with white spots, beneath
whitish with longitudinal dusky lines : greater quills
edged and tipt with white : tail dusky.
Cardenian Heron. Linn. Trans, v. p, 276. PI. enlum. 939.
Length about iip inches : size of the Rcok.
Pill dusky, green-yellow beneath : lores greenish : back without
fpots on the lower part : lesser-coverts with yellowish fpots, greater
ones with a white fpot at the tip, forming 2 bands on the wings :
legs dirty yellow : middle-claw ferrate inwardly.
160. A. Garzttta. Hind-head crested: body white : bill
greenish black; lorep and legs olive-green.
Little Egret. Br. Zoc-L app. t. 7. Le win t . \ 50. Donov. t. 98.
Length to the end of the legs 32 inches -.'weight a pound.
Kill slender : iris yellow : plumage fplendid white : crest consisting
of feveral short and 2 long pendent feathers : feathers of the breast
&\t A fcapulars long, loofp, pendent, lacerated, reaching beyond and
covering the tail : claws dusky! the middle-one ferrate inwards.
161. A. alba. Head without crest: body white : bill
greenish-yellow: lores green : legs black.
XVhite Heron. Br. Zool. t. 62. Lewin t. 151.
Length 53 inches : extent 60 inches : weight 40 ounces.
Bill nearly 6 inches long : iris and edges of the eyelids yellow :
middle-claw ferrate on the inner-edge.
162. A. caxpica. Hind-head somewhat crested, black:
body grey : chin white : neck breast and belly ferru-
ginous, the former with three black lines running
clown if.
African Heron. Ltwin t, 152. Walcot. t. 131.
Length about 3 feet : smaller than the common Heron.
Bill 7 inches long, dusky yellow with a blackish point : head and
greater part of the neck pale ferruginous : crest of black long fea-
thers : feathers of the breast and rump long, loofe, mixed grey
and ferruginous : back and wings deep grey : quills and tail black :
belly pale grey-ferruginous: legs dull yellow, the fore-part and
claws black ; middle-claw ferrate on the inner-edge.
35. TANTALUS,, Ibis.
163. 1\ linens. Head and neck black, the feathers
fringed with white : orbits white : body glossed and
variegated with blackish, blue, green and claret-red..
BIRDS. GRALL.E. 36, 37. 55
Glossy Ibis. Lewin t. 153. Donovan t. Ji8. JValcot t. 132.
Length 2 feet. Hill ,5 inches long, roundish, curved, greenish-
blue : iris olive : eye. //^ brown : beneath the chin a loofe bald dila-
table skin : guill and tail green-gold with a red and violet gloss:
Itgs long, bright green : claws black, hooked.
164. T. Faldnellus. Face black; head and neck pale
ferruginous: chin .with transverse white lines: body
dark chesnut mixed with green above, beneath paler :
wings and tail dusky.
Bay Ibis. Sowerby Brit, niscel.p. 35. tab. 17.
Length 2 feet 6 : extent 3 feet 2 : weight 18 ounces.
Bill 5 inches long, horn-colour, dusky towards the bafe : iris
dusky : face naked : plumage dusky-chefnut, with a green aod
purple gloss, beneath duller : legs bluish horn-colour : middle-claut
pectinate on the inner-edge.
36. NUMENIUS. Curlew.
165. N. Arquata. Greyish-white with black streaks:
wings blackish with snowy spots : legs bluish-grey.
Curlew. Br. Zcol. t . 63. Lew in" t. 154. Walcot t. 133.
length 2. feet : extent 3 feet 3 : weight 25-30 ounces.
Bi!l dusky, 4 inches and a half long : iris hazel : head, neck, sca-
pulars and wing-coverts brown-grey, the featlicrs black in the
middle : chin, rump, belly and vent white, with dusky fpots : tail
reddish-white, with dusky bars : legs bluish : toes flat and broad.
166. N. Phccopus. Greyish- white with dusky spots, those
on the back and wing-coverts rhomboidal: quill-
feathers dusky, the borders of the inner-webs barred
with white : legs dusky-blue.
Whimbrel. Br. Zool. t. 64,. Lewin t.i^^. Donovan t. 72.
Length 18 inches : weight about 13 or 14 ounces.
Very much reiembles the last, except in size ; and the fpots on
the back and wings are larger and of a more rhombic form, and the
quill-feathers are dusky and fpotted with white on their inner-
webs only.
167. N. Guarauna. Head and neck brown with whitish
spots ; back and belly chesnut-brown : wing-coverts
rump and tail bright brown, with a green gloss.
Brasilian Whimbrel. Will. Ornith. p. 292. t. 53.
Shot a year or two since in Angle! ea. Dilluiyn.
Body 21 inches long. Bill 4 inches long, arched, brown with a
yellowish bafe : feathers of the head and neck brown with a whitish
margin : fcapulars, rump, upper and under tail-coverts and tail bright
brown with a green gloss : luing-coverts the fame, the greater-ones
brown within : quills brown, the outer-ones with a green glois ;
legs grey-brown : claws black ish.
168. N.pignuzus. Above variegated with brown, ferru-
ginous and white ; beneath and vent white : quills
and outer tail-feathers edged with white.
37. SCOLOPAX. Stipe.
169. Sc, ritfft'wfc. Variegated with ferruginous black and
50 BIRDS. CRALL.E. 37. Scolopax.
grey, beneath reddish-grey with dusky bars : lores
black : thighs feathered nearly to the knees.
Woodcock. Br. ZooL t. 65. Lewin t. 157. U'alcot, t. 136.
Length 14 inches : extent 26 : weight about 13 ounces.
Liil 3 inches and a half long, dusky towards the tip, furrowed
along the side of the upper-mandible : iris hazel : front and chin
grey : from the bill to the eyes a black stripe : tail short, dusky,
the A ouicr-webs ferrate with rufous, the tips grey : legs pdic
brown.
170. Sc. major. Above testaceous variegated with black
and grey, beneath dirty-white spotted with black :
crown M'ith a testaceous stripe down the middle, and
a black one each side of it.
Great Snipe. Lewin t.i^S. Walcct t. \yj.
Weight Bounces. Bill black, yellowish at the bafe : above and
beneath the eyes a testaceous streak : head and neck fpotted with
black : bacft,fcapulars and coverts varied with testaceous black and.
grey : breast and bellv with heart-shaped fpots : sides undulate with-
black : tail ferruginous, barred with black : legs blackish.
171. Sc. Gailinago. Kill tubercled : body variegated with
hlaekjsh and fulvous, beneath white: front with 4
brown lines. |f
Common Snipe. Br, Zcol.t. 68. Lewin t. 159. Jl'alcott. 138.
Length a foot : extent 18 inches : weight about 4 ounces.
Bill 3 inches long, dusky, flattish and rough at tiic end ; head with,
4 brown lines, between which are 3 ferruginous ones : lores dusky :
throat white: neck and breast fpotted with black: belly and vent
\vhite: quills black, the first edged with white : back black, with
tawny bars and pale buff lines : tail-feathers black at the bafe ; legs
lead-colour or brown,
172. Sc. GalUnula. Bill tubercled : above variegated,
with a green and purple gloss : from the shoulders
to the tail 2 deep buff stripes : lores brown ; legs
greenish.
jtiek Snipe. Br. ZooL t. 68. Lewi fit. 160. Walcot t. 1 39.
Length 8 inches and a half : extent 15 : weight about 8 ounces.
Bill lead-colour, black at the end : iris dusky : crown black, with,
a yellowish border : over the eyes a yellowish streak : neck varied
with whitish, brown, and pale red : rump glossy bluish-pur.ple :
wing-coverts bordered with grey and brown : belly and vent white .
tail-feathers pointed, brown with tawny borders.
173. Sc. lapponica. Bill a little bending up wards,, yel-
lowish : head, neck and breast reddish-ferrugiiiGUs :
outer tail-feathers half white : legs blackish.
Red Godwit. Br. ZooL t. 67. Lewin. t. 161. IValcot t. 140.
Length 18 inches : weight about la ounces.
Bill dusky at the point : iris hazel : body dusky above with ferrv*-
frinous fpots : head bright ferruginous with dusky lines : breast and
sides with blackish tranfverfe lines; quills blackish, tipt with
white : belly and vent white, with dusky and pale ferruginous
marks : tail-feathers, except the a middk-ones, partly black partly
white.
174- Sc. trgocephala. Bill very slightly bending upwards;
body grey, more or less tinged with pale ferruginous,
with dusky spots : belly and vent white : tail with
dusky bars.
Common Godwit. Ltwin t. 162. Donovan ..75.
Length about 16 inches ; weight it ounces or more,
BIRDS. GRALL^E. 37. Scolopax. 57
fill dusky at the point: iris hazel: from the bill to th'e ey,e a
broad white stripe: chin white, fometimes fpotted : neck, breast,
and back, with or without a ferruginous tinge : quill- feathers dusky,
more or lefs tipt or edged with white : tail-coverts mostly white ;
l-'^s dusky or bluish*
175/Sc. limosa. Bill slightly bending upwards-, body
grey-brown with a mixture of ferruginous : belly,
vent, and rump white : quills white at the base, ex-
cept the 4 first : tail white at the base.
jadreka Snipe. JLewln t. 163. Bitffon 7. p. 500. t. 27.
Length 17 inches : extent 28 inches : weight 9 ounces.
Kill yellowish at the bate, and furroumlcd with reddish feathers j
iris whitish; checks reddish: over the eyes a white line ; ( ',,r/i
brown : first 3 gititt^atlurt with a white shaft j wings with a white
line; a middle tail-feathers black, the rest more and more white j
legs dusky.
176. Sc. Glottis. Grey-brown with blackish spots : eye-
brows, lower part of the back, and under parts
white : tail white with dusky bars : legs dusky-
green.
Greenshank. Leiuin t. 164. Walcot, t. 142. Wilt t . 55.
Length 14 inches : extent 28 inches : weight about 6 ounces.
Bili dusky, slender, the upper-mandible curved a little downwards
at the tip, the lower upwards : head and neck with dusky lines :
over the. eyes a. white line : uing-coverts,fcap>jlars t and fome of the
inner quills with a gloss of green : quills dusky, with white fpots
on the inner-webs : legs long, slender.
117. Sc. Totanus. Blackish with white spots: breast
white with fine black lines: belly and vent white:
lateral tail-feathers whitish with blackish bars:
legs red.
Spotted Snipe. Lewin t. 163. Albin ii. t. 71.
Size of the last. Bill reddish at the base : iris reddish : head pale
ash with black streaks : back dusky, with triangular white fpots:
wing-coverts ash-colour, with triangular white fpots : quills dusky ;
middle tail-feathers grey.
It8. Sc. canescens. Variegated with cinereous and white :
throat and breast whitish, the latter with cinereous
spots : tail with cinereous bars.
Cinereous Godwit. Pennant Brit. Zoo/, ii. n. iBc. t. 66.
Size of S. Glottis, but the bill is black and much thicker, and the
legs ash-colour.
119. Sc. Cantabngensis. Grey-brown, beneath white :
wing-coverts and tail-feathers with blackish bars :
leg's orange-red.
Cambridge Godwit. Penn. Brit. ZooL \\. p. 447. n. 185.
Larger than S. Calidris. Lesser iving-co^erts brown, edged with
dirty white, and barred with black ; primaries dusky, whitish on
their inner sides; fecondarics barred with dusky and white : under
side Of the neck and breast dirty while : belly and vent white : tail
with cinereous and black bars.
ISO. Sc. Calidds. Variegated white brown and grey :
bill red : legs orange-red : over the eyes a white
line : secondary quill-feathers tipt with white.
Redshank. Brit. ZooL t . 6,5. Levin t. 166. Donov. t. 1 12.
Length 12 inches : extent 22 : weight 5 ounces and a half.
$itl with a black tip : iris hazel : head and neck grey-brown with
53 BIRDS. GRALL/E. 38. Tringa.
dusky fpots : back and fcapulars greenish-brown with dusky fpot.r;
quills dusky, fome of them tipt with white : lores dusky : chin ami
neck dirty white with dusky streaks: belly, vent and rump white with
dark fpots : tail with black bars.
1.81. Sc. grisea. Grey-brown clouded with black: wings
brown: back dark brown edged with grey and ru-
fous-brown : belly white : rump and tail barred with
black and white.
Brown Snipe. Montague Ornilh. Diet.
Length \ i inches : weight 3 ounces and a quarter.
Bill dusky, lighter at the bafe, rough near the tip : iris dusky:
lores dusky, with a white line over them: greater yiu'lls dusky,
inner-ones slightly tipt with white : sides of the vent and under
tail-coverts rufous-white with dusky bars : legs yellowish-green.
38. TRINGA. Sandpiper.
182. T. pugnax. Bill aadjegs yellow-buff : face covered
with yellow pimples : wing-coverts grey-brown :
middle tail-feathers barred with black, the 3 outer-
ones plain grey brown.
Ruff and Reeve. Br. Zool, t. 69. Lewin t. 167. Donovan t. 33.
Length about a foot : extent of wings' nearly 2.
Bill fometimes black : iris hazel : general plumage very variable,
but commonly brown with black and white marks, and the under
parts more or less white. The Male in the fecond year is adorned
with a fpreading ruff of feathers on the neck, which falls off in
moulting time. Female pale brown, fpotted with black on the back:
tail brown, the middle-feathers fpotted with black.
I S3. T. Vanellus. Crown glossy-black with a long pen-
dent crest : back and wings glossy-green : breast
black : legs orange.
Lapwing, Pewit. JLetuin t. 168. DOKOV. t. 25, Walcot. t. 146.
Length 13 inches : extent 30 inches : weight about 8 ounces.
Bill blacJk : iris hazel : head with a green gloss : crest of unequal '
feathers, a little turning up at the end : sides of the head and neck
white : over the eyes a whitish streak, and a black one beneath
them : lower-part of the neck before, and breast black ; the hind-
part brown mixed with white : belly white : vent and tail-coverts:
pale rufous ; back and u>ing-ccvert& dull green with a purple and
blue gloss : quills black, the 4 first tipt with white ; fecondaries
white on the upper half: tail black on the lower half tipt with
white, the outer feathers nearly all white.
184. T. Gambetta. Bill reddish, a little curved upwards:
body variegated dusky-grey and pale buff, beneath
whitish with a few dusky streaks : legs yellow.
Gambet. Br. Zool. t. 70. Lewin t. 160. Allin ii. t. 68.
Size of S. Glottis, /////black at the point: iris yellowish : head,
bach and breast grey-brown with dull yellow fpots : covtrts and
Jcapulars grey, edged with dirty yellow ; zutngs longer than the tail.,
the first feathers dusky bordered with yellow.
185. T. Squatarola. Bill black : body grey with dusky
spots, beneath white : tail barred blacli and white :
legs dull green.
Grey Sandpiper. Lewin t, 170. Walcot. t. 146.
Length 12 inches : extent 24 inches : weight 7 ounces.
Feathers of the head, back and coverts dusky edged with grefnish-
ash, and some with white : cheeks and throat white with a few dusky
streaks: quills black, the inner-webs more or less white: rump
white : back-toe very small.
BIRDS. GRALL.E. 3S. Tringa. 53
186. T. nigricans. Base of the bill and leg's red : head
and neck dusky black : back and scapulars purple
black, with cinereous edges ; chin and middle of the
belly whife.
Purple Sandpiper. Transact. Linn. Soc. 4. j&. 40. tab. 2.
a. Bill yellow at the bafe. Linn. Trans. 4. p. 22. t. i.
Length 8 inches and a half : extent above 15 : weight 2 oz. & a half.
Bill black at the point: eyelids whitish : back and shoulders with.
;: purplish tinge : wing-coverts black tipt with white : primary
-(/'lilts dusky with white shafts and edges; fecondaries paler with
white tips, inner-most nearly white : chin whitish : neck and breast
dusky with white lines: sides with dusky fpots : middle tail-
feathers black, the outer-ones dark grey.
1ST. T. ochropus. Bill dotted at the point: back and
scapulars brown with a green gloss, with roundish
white spots : chin, belly, and outmost tail-feathers
white : legs dull green.
'Green Sandpiper. Lewin t. 171. Linn. Trans. i../>. 130. t. 2.
Length full 16 inches : extent 18 : weight 3 oz. and a quarter.
Bill dusky : iris hazel : crown and nape dusky-grey : face dusky t
over the eyes a dirty white streak : neck and breast with dusky
streaks : sides dusky with angular white lines : wing-coverts brow
with a green gloss : quills dusky : tail-feather?,) except the outer-
ones, barred with black : the coverts white.
r!88. T. Glareola. Bill smooth : above dusky with white-
ish spots, beneath white : neck cinereous.
Wood Sandpiper. Arct. Zool \\.p. 482. G.
Length 9 inches : weight 2 ounces and a quarter.
Bill dull green at the bafe, black towards the point : iris dusky :
from the bill to the eyes a dusky streak, over which is a white-one :
ears dusky : neck dusky with grey lines: chin and throat white:
quills black, some of them tipt with white: tail barred black and
whitish : legs long, olive-green.
-189. T. grenovicensis. Variegated with dusky, grey, and
pale ferruginous : neck pale grey beneath : belly,
vent, and sides of the rump white.
Greenwich Sandpiper. Lewin t. 181. Walcot. t. 154.
Length 12 inches and a half: weight nearly 8 ounces.
Bill black : crown reddish-brown with black streaks: cheeks and
neck pale grey with dusky shafts : feathers of the back, shoulders, and
coverts dusky with pale ferruginous margins : quills dusky, the
shafts more or lefs white : tail brownish-grey, clouded and tipt
with pale ferruginous : legs dusky-green.
,190. T. cinerea. Grey, with white and dusky crescent-
like spots : throat and belly white : rump white with
undulate black bars : tail-feathers edged with white.
Ash-coloured Sandpiper. Lewin t. 172. JValcott. 147.
Length 10 inches : extent 20 inches : weight 5 ounces.
Bill black : head and neck ash-colour fpotted with black : back artd
shoulders grey, with dirty-white curved marks : outer-quills dusky,
more or less edged with white : breast and sides white fpotted with
black : legs dusky-green : toss edged with a narrow finely fcalloped
membrane.
:J91. T. maritima. Variegated dusky ash-colour and grey,
beneath white : throat and tail dusky : feathers of
the breast fringed with white : 4 lateral tail-feathers
edged with white.
60 BIRDS. GHALLJ2. 38. Tringa,
-ea Sandpiper. Transact. Linn. Soc. iv.p. 22, t. i.
Length near 9 inches : extent near 16 : weight 2 oz. and a half.
Bill yellow at the bafc, black towards the point : primary quilt*
i^usky, with white shafts; fccondary lighter, with white tips;
hinder-ones nearly white : 4 middle tail-feathers dusky and longer
than the rest ; sides, thighs and vent, with a few dusky fpoU : legf
yellow.
192J T. fusca. Pale brown spotted with black, beneath
white : neck with black streaks underneath: wing-
coverts dusky edged with dirty white : tail cine*
reous.
Brown Sandpiper. Br.Zool. ii.^.463. . 195.
Size of the Jack Snipe. /?/// and legs black,
193, T. lincolniemis. White, wiih grey and dusky spots
above, and oblong brown and black spots beneath :
% middle tail-feathers entirely black.
Black Sandpiper. Br.ZcoL ii. p. 464. n. 197.
SUe pf a Thrush. Bill short, dusky and obtufe at the .point r
nostrils black : iris yellow ; head small, flattened at top : wings'
long; quills black, crossed with a white line near the bafe : tail
short, entirely white, except the a middle -feathers : legs reddish-
brown,
19k T. Ifypolcucos. Bill smooth: above grey with a
greenish gloss and dusky transverse lines, beneath
white: over the eyes a whitish stripe: legs datfk
Common Sandpiper. Br. ZooL t. 71. Lewint. 173. IValc. t. 148.
Length 7 inches and a half: extent 13: weight a ounces.
Bill brown : iris hazel : back and scapulars with a greenish-gloss j
wings greenish brown, crossed with narrow dusky undulate lines ;
quills dusky, with a white ipot on the inner-web, except the out-
most : tail with a greenish glofs, the 4 middle feathers crossed with
dusky bars, the 2 next tipt with white, the rest fpotted or barred
-r ( \vith white ; legs dull green,
195, T, mactilarifi. Base of the bill and legs reddish:
body spotted above and beneath : over the eyes a
white stripe : wings with 2 white bars.
Spotted Sandpiper. Lewin t. 174. Walcot t. 149.
Length near 8 inches : breadth 14. Size of a Thrush.
Bill dusky towards the point i body above greenish-brown with
^triangular dusky spots, becoming larger and more rounded down.
\vardSiplain oii the rump; beneath xvhite with roundish dusky
fpots ; 2 middle tail-feathers greenish-brown, the rest white with
dusky bars. Female without fpots on the belly.
196, T. Cinclus. Bill and legs black: lores whiter
b0dy and rump mixed grey and brown ; tail-feathers
with light edges,
JPurre. Br.ZaoLt.7i> Lewin t. 17,5. Donov.t.^z.
Length 7 inches : extent 13 : weight an ounce and 3 quarters.
Jris dusky : body above dark grey, with dusky ftreaks : greater
coverts tipt with white ; first quills dark brown, fecondaries with a.
white f pot in the middle and tipt-with white: fore-part of the
neck mixed with brown : breajt and belly white, female larger,
and the plumage lighter,
197, T, alpina. Bill and legs dusky-ferruginous with
dusky spots : breast and belly with blackish blotches*
tail-leathers grey edged with white.
BIRDS. GRALL^E. 38. Tringa. 61
Dunlin. Lewin t, 177. Watcot.t. 151.
Length 8 inches : extent 15 : weight an ounce and a half.
Ins dusky : head and nape with dusky ftreaks : lores brown, with
'a white stripe over them : quills blackish, the inner-ones more or
lefs whitish on the inner-webs : vent with a few dusky streaks : 2
middle tail-feathers dusky edged with white.
198. T. piisilla. Bill and legs dusky : brown with black-
ish spots, beneath dirty white : quills dusky tipt with
white : outmost tail-leathers with a white shaft :
rump variegated.
i Little Sandpiper. Penn, Gen. of birds, t. 12. Lewin t. 176.
Length barely 6 inches : extent 12 : weight 6 drachms.
Bill black at the point : plumage of the upper-parts brown, edged
with blackish and pale rufous: greater coverts dusky tipt with
white : breast and belly dirty white : tail dusky with paler edges :
legs blackish.
199. T.flavipes. Base of the bill and legs yellow : above
grey-brown with dusky spots, beneath and rump
white : beneath the spurious wings a white patch.
Yellow-le.gged Sandpiper. Montague ornith. Diet, append.
Length 11 inches and a half. Bill black towards the point : iris
light yellow : head and neck cinereous with dusky streaks : primary
quills dusky, the h'rst with a white shaft ; secondaries white on the
lower half; tail grey brown, the under-coverts with dusky specks:
legs orange-yellow.
200. T. islandica. Bill and legs brown : above brown
with dusky and grey variations, beneath ferruginous:
secondary wing-coverts edged with white.
Red Sandpiper. Lewin t. 178. Br. Zool. t. 72.
2. Breast reddish-brown, mixed with dusky : belly and vent
\vhite. Aberdeen Sandpiper. Brit. Zaol. n. 203.
Length 10 inches. Bill a little bent at the point: crown fpotted
black and ferruginous : lesser wing-coverts cinereous : quills dusky,
the fecondaries tipt with white : breast and belly with a few blackish
fpots : 2 middle tail-feathers dusky, the rest cinereous.
201. T. Canutus. Above grey with dusky-grey spots, be-
neath white with dark spots : rump white with dusky
crescents: primary quill-feathers serrate: outmost
tail-feather whitish, immaculate.
Knot. Lewin t. 197. Flor. Scot. i.p. 34. t. 3, Edw. t. 276.
Length 9 inches : extent 20 : weight 4 oz. and a half.
Bill smooth, dusky-grey; iris hazel: lores dusky : head and
neck grey with obfcure dusky lines : wings with a white bar, the
greater quills with white shafts : tail ash-colour^ the outmost fea-
thers whitish : legs bluish-grey.
202. T. Interpres. Legs red : body variegated black,
white, and ferruginous : fore-part of the neck black :
chin, breast and belly while.
Turnstone, Sea Dottrel. Lewin t. 180. Walcot t. 152. Fl. Scot. t. 3.
2. Body grey : breast black -. tail blackish, white at the bafe.
Br. Zool. n. 199. Wale. t. 152.
Length g inches : extent 16 inches: weight about 4 ounces.
Bill black, a little turned upwards : iris hazel : frant white : head
mostly with brown fpots: upper-part of the neck white : cheeks and
lores black : over the eyes a white stripe : breast crossed on the
upper part by a broad black band : quills dusky, the fecondaries
tipt with white: upper tail-coverts white with a black band : ' tait
black, tipt with white except the 2 middle-feathers ; .legs orange,
F
62 BIRDS. GRALL^E. 39. 40.
39. CHARADRIUS. Plover.
203. Ch. pluuialis. Blackish with yellowish-green spots !
fron% belly and vent white : legs blackish.
Golden Plover. Brit. Zool. t. 72.. Lewin < t. 182. Wale, t, 158.
Length above 10 inches : extent 24 inches : weight 9 ounces.
Bill dusky: iris dull reel: orbits and chin whitish: quills dusky,
slightly edged with grey at the ends : belly sometimes black, or
mixed black and white : tail with dusky and yellowish bars : feet
with sometimes a small toe behind.
204. Ch. 'Canlianus. Grey-brown, beneath, front, and
throat white : crown crossed by a black baud : hind-
head ferruginous : bill and legs blackish.
Kentish Plover. Lewin t. 186. Lath. Stiff 1. 2. p. 316.
Size of the last, from which it differs in having the bill and legs
blackish, in wanting the broad black collar beneath the whke one,
in having a broad black patch near the shoulders, in the hind-head
being of a pale ferruginous, and in having the end of the tail black,
and more pointed,
205. Ch. Calidfii. Bill and legs blackish : lores and
rump greyish : head and back grey, with slight dusky
streaks : front and body beneath white, immaculate.
Sanderling, Curwillet. Br.ZooLt.^^. Lewin t. 184.
Length 8 inches : extent 15 inches : weight near 2 ounces.
Bill an inch long : iris dusky ; cheeks and over the eyes white
body above grey with dusky shafts : quills dusky, the fecondaries
grey tipt with white : tail shorter Irian the wings, grey with paler
margins. Female with a ferruginous tinge. Young bird with large
black angular fpots on the back.
206. Ch. Hiaticula. Grey-brown, beneath white : crown
crossed by a black band : neck with a white collar,
beneath which is a broad black-one : legs orange.
Ringed Plover. Lewin t. 18,5. Dottov. t. 18, U'alcot, t, 161.
Length 7 or 8 inches : extent 16 inches : weight nearly 2 ounces,
BUI ora.nge, tipt with black : iris ha/.el ; from the bill to the
eyes a black stripe ending in a broad black patch ; front white :
hind-head grey-brown : greater wing-coverts partly tipt with white ;
quills dusky : tail black towards the end, tipt with white;
207. Ch. Morinellus. Breast dull orange, over which is a
white band, and above that a black one ; across the
eyes a white stripe : legs blackish.
Dottrel, Br, Zool. t. 73. Lewin t. 187. Donovan t. 42.
Length near to inches : extent 18 t weight about 4 ounces.
Bill dusky, depressed in the middle : Jront dusky and grey : hind-
head blackish : cheeks and chin white: back and wings brownish-
olive, with pale ferruginous margins : middle of the belly blackish,
reddish. white beneath : quills dusky, the outer-web of the first
white : tail olive-brown, with a blackish band near the end, tiut
with white,
40. CURSORIUS. Courser,
208. C. Jlimantopm. Bill longer than the head; body
white, with glossy black back and wings ; legs red.
Charadrius Himantopus. Linn, Syst. lath, Synops,
Long-legged Courfer. Lewin t. 183. Donovan t. 5,5, Walc.t,\^g.
Length from the end of the bill to the end of the tail 13 inches, to
the end of the claws 18 : extent 2 feet 6 : weight 5 ounces,
Bill black, 2 inches and a half long, tapering to a point, the up.
c'r mandib!<j a little longer and bent over the lower : iris red j.
BIRDS. GRALLJE. 41. 42. 43. <&
orlits, and ntmp wliite : crown black : ne.ck with or without
streaks : tail greyish, the outer feathers white : legs 4
inches and a half long : claws black.
Obs. From its slender make, sharp-pointed slightly-curved bill,
:;nd long ks, tins bird appears rather to belong to this genus, than
that of Charadrius.
209. C. curop 'M/s. Cream-colour with dusky streaks, side*
of the head chin and belly paler : through the eyes
a pale streak : quills and spot near the tip of the la-
teral tail-feathers blackish : legs pale buff.
Jlnropean Courfer. Lewin t, 188. Lath. Sit/;pL t. i 16.
Si/.c of the golden plover, but of a more slender make.
Kill black, 3 quarters of an inch long : iris haxcl : behind the (vex
;t blackish patch : plumage above cream-colour with undulate tr,i"nl-
vcrfe dusky lines, darker on the buck ; tail cream-colour, marked
\vith black near the tip except the 2 middle feathers.
41. ILEMATOPUS. Sea-pie..
210. H. ostralegits.
Pied Oyster-catcher. Br. Zool. t. 74. lewin t. 189. Donov.t.62.
Length 16 inches : extent 31 inches: weight 16 ounces and a half.
Rill 3 inches long, orange : iris crimfon ; under the eyes a fmall
white fpot : body above black, beneath white : throat black, with or
without a white rrefcent acrofs it: b re aft and belly white : mtngj
crossed with a white band : rump and upper-half of the. tail white ;
legs orange ; clams black.
42. RALLUS. Rail,
211. R. aquaticus. Above olive-brown with dusky spots,
beneath dark-grey : flanks with transverse black and
white spots : lower mandible reddish.
Water Kail. Br Zcol. t. 75. Lev in t. 190. Donov. t. 104,
Length 12 inches : extent 16 : weight 4 ounces and a half.
Bill black above edged with red : iris red : crcwn with a white
fpot : plumage above black edged with dingy-brown; chin dirty-
white : sides of the head, forepart of the neck and breast dark hoary
iead-colour, slightly tirged with pale rufous: ridge oftheiv?wgj
white, the inside barred with brown and white, quills and fecon-
daries dusky, side-feathers barred with blcick and white, and
slightly tipped with a pale reddish-brown : inner-side of the thighs
and vent pale yellowish-brown : tail of 12 feathers, dusky edged
with brown : legs placed far behind, dull dirty flesh-colour ; toft
long, without any connecting membrane. Dillwyn.
43. GALLINULA. Gallimte.
212. G. Crex. Rufous-brown with blackish spots, beneath
pale yellowish-brown: wings reddish-bay.
Crake, Land Rail. Br. ZooL t. 75. Lewin t. 591. Donovan t. 116.
Length 9 inches and a half: n'tight from 6 to 8 ounces.
J?iV/ grty-brown : iris light hazel : chin very pale : Jlanks with a
few tranfvcrfe brown streaks : greater n. ing -coverts whitish at the
ends : quills dusky-bay : ta/Ylike the back : legs pale brown.
213. G. cfiloropiis. Front fulvous: garters red: body
blackish : outer edge of the wings and vent white.
Moor-hen. Br. Zool. t. 77. Ltwin t. 192. Donovan t. no.
Length 14 inches: extent 22 : weight about 15 ounces.
BUI red at the bafe, greenish towards the point: iris reddish :
body above deep olive brown, beneath paler : jlankt with white
Stripes : quills and tail dus^y brown : above the knees a red garter :
F 2
64 BIRDS. PINNAT1PEDES. 44, 45, 46.
legs dull green. Female without the red on the bill, and in fottie
the chin and belly are marked with white.
314. G. Porzana. Above olive-brown variegated and
spotted with dusky and whitish, beneath grey with
white and brown spots : 2 middle tail-feathers edged
with white.
Spotted Gallnmle. Lewin t. 193. Donov. t. 122. Wakot, t. 172.
Length 9 inches : extent 15: weight above 4 ounces.
Bill greenish-yellow, reddish at the bafe : Ms reddish : over the
eyes a grey stripe : Jlanhs with du*ky and white ban : vent and
tinder tail-covert* yellowish-white : legt pale olive-green.
ORDER VII. PINNATIPEDES,,
44. PHALAROPUS. Phalorope.
215. Ph. hyperboreits . Grey, beneath white : breast grey:
wings with a white band : beneath the rump white :
sides of the neck ferruginous. Female, grey beneath:
eye-brows and base of the greater wing-coverts red-
dish : rump rufous.
Red Phalarope. Sow. Wife, t. 10. Lewin t. 194. Br. Zool, t. 76.
Lengthy or 8 inches. Bill black : iris hazel : eyebrows white
fcapulars margined with dull yellow : quills dusky, the fecondaries
tipt with white : rump barred dusky and white : tail dusky : legs
lead-colour. Female above blackish with rufous margins : over the
eyes a rufous streak : rump rufous : breast and belly rufous.
216. Ph. lobatus. Bluish-grey with dusky spots, beneath
white : head white : wing-coverts, wing and tail-
feathers blackish, with whitish margins.
Grey Phalarope. Br. Zool. t. 76. Lewin t. 195. Wakot t. 156.
Size fomething larger than the Purre : weight an ounce.
Bill black, a little flattened at the top : crown often with a dark
patch : cheeAs with a dusky fpot : legs compressed, lead-colour.
45. FULICA. Coot.
$17. F. atra. Front white or reddish: body blackish,
beneath dusky-grey : wings edged with white: garters
yellow.
Bald Coot. Br. Zoo!, t. 77.. Lewin t. 196. Donovan t. ic6.
2. Larger, plumage deeper : front white : garters black.
3. White, with a few black fpots on the head and wings.
Length 16 inches : extent 30 : weight 24-28 ounces.
Bill pale : iris hazel : legs dull green. Female rusty-brown on
the breast.
46. PODICEPS. Grebe.
218. P. cristatus. Dusky brown, beneath white : head
rufous, enlarged with a crest : collar black : . inner
quills white, Adult bird. Cheeks and 'thrbat with a
bright tawny pendentvrmT, 2-year old. Head smooth,
wings with a white spot, Young bird.
Crested Grebe. Br. Zool. t. 78. I.ewin. t. 197. Donov. t. 68.
Length 23 inches : breadth 33 : weight between 2 and 3 pounds.
Bill dusky towards the point, reddish at the bafe : ins crimfon :
crcSt erect each side the head, dusky ; from the bill to the efyes a
BIRDS. PIXNATIPEDES. 46. Podiceps. 65
black line, with a white one above it : primary quills dusky, fome
of the inner-ones tipt with white : legs dusky or greenish.
219. P. auritu*. Blackish-brown, breast and belly white:
ears with an orange tufl : sides dull ferruginous.
2. Head and tufts brown : sides of the head white : neck he fore
and sides white with ferruginous fpots.
Eared Grebe, Dr. Zool. t. 79. Leiuin t. 198. Donov. t. 29.
Length 12 inches : extent 22 : weight
Bill black, reddish at the bafc : iris red : head ^ and neck black :
wings with a white band and edge near the first joint : legs dusky
or dull green.
220. P. obscurus. Dusky-brown, beneath white : from
the bill to the eyes a bald reddish or brown stripe .-
edge of the wings and middle quill-feathers white.
Dusky Grebe. Br. Zool.t. 7%. Leiuin t. 199. Donov.l.\.
Length 11 inches : extent 20: weight
Bill blackish, with a red or flesh-colour edge : iris red : ckeeta
in some ferruginous : front often white : primary quilts dusky ; legs
dusky green, fometimes fpotted between them.
221. P. Cornutus. Head crested, tumid, black with a
tinge of green : from the bill through the eyes a
dull orange bar: under part of the neck bright
chcsnut.
Horned Grebe. Sloan Jam. t. 271. /. i. Montague Diet.
Length 13 inches and a half: extent 22 : weight
Rill dusky: iris and lores crimfon : round the pupil a circle of
white : cheeks and throat with a blackish-green ruff: from the bill
a broad orange stripe forming a tuft on each side the hind-head :
front dark ferruginous : body above dark brown mixed with ferru-
ginous and grey : inner-quills white : chin black, a little mixed
with white : belly and vent glossy white: legs dusky on the- out-
side, pale within.
292. -Pj-rubricollis. Head slightly crested : body above
deep brown: cheeks and chin pale cinereous: forepart
of the neck red ferruginous : belly and secondary
quills whi'e.
2. Head fmoothy black : neck mixed with dusky on the fore-part;
belly mottled with dusky.
3. A white band across, the lower part of the neck. .
Red-necked Grebe. Lewin t. 200. Donovan t. 6. H'alcot t. 103.
Length 18 inches : extent 2 feet 4 : weight
Bill black, yellowish towards the bafe : iris orange : lores brown
or blackish : cheeks and part of the neck light grey : breast mixed
ferruginous and dusky : sidts with dusky marks : wings with a
white band : legs dusky.
223. P. minor. Reddish-brown, breast and belly silvery-
white mottled with grey : cheeks pale ferruginous :
fore-part of the neck grey : lowest part of the rumji
and spot on the wings silvery- white. .
Didapper, Da.bch.ick. Ltwin t. 201.,, Donovan t f $&, JFalcot ..105.
Length 10 inches.: extent 17 inches : weight 6-7 ounces.
Bill brown : iris red-hazel : cheeks in the youhg bird and female
light grey, and the plumage with a less mixture of ferruginous :
quills dusky, the inner-webs of the lesser white ; legs dirty green.
28k P. titbndicus. Blackish, chin black : fore-part of
the neck ferruginous, hind-part with a dusky mixture;
belly mixed silvery while and grey.
66 BIRDS. PALMIPEDES. 47. 48. Alca.
Black-chinned Grebe. Sow. t. 71. Br. Zool.t. yq. Lewin t. 202.
Body 8 inches long : iris reddish-hazel ; under-mandiblc with a
triangular yellowish patch at the bafe : eggs white.
ORDER VIII. PALMIPEDES.
47. RECURVIROSTRA. Avocet.
225. R. Avocetta. Bill and head black : above varied
with black and white, beneath white : legs blue.
Scooping Avocet. Er. Zool. t. 80. Lewin t. 203. Walcot t. 66.
Length 10 inches, to the end of the toes 22 : weight 13 ounces,
Bill near 4 inches long, flexible : iris hazel : under the eyes a
white fpot : cheeks white : outer fcaputars, middle wing-coverts, and
greater quills black : edge of the wings, greater coverts, back, and
tail white : toes webbed more than half their length.
48. ALCA. Auk.
226. A. impenms. Above black, beneath white: bill
2-edged, grooved across : between the bill and eyes
an oval white spot : lesser quills tipt with white.
Great Auk. Br. Zool. t. 81. Lewin t. 223. Walcot t. 86.
Length 3 feet : site nearly that of a goofe.
Bill black, much compressed and curved, the bafe of the upper-
mandible covered with short velvety feathers: wings very fmall :
legs black.
227. A. arctica. Above and round the throat black, be-
neath and sides of the head white ; bill 2-edged,
crossed with 4 grooves: eyelids with a triangular
callous protuberance above : legs orange.
Puffin. Lewin t. 226. Dcnovt. 6. Walcot. t. 87.
Length 12 inches : extent 20 : weight 12 ounces.
Bill short, very deep at the bafe, the half near the head bluish-grey
the other half red j upper-mandible furrounded at the bafe with a
callous dotted ridge, with 4 white furrows in the red part ; lower
mandible with only 3 furrows : nostrils an oblong cleft at the bot-
tom of the upper-mandible : eyelids \vith a triangular bluish callosity
above and an oblong transverse one below : chin white or grey :
claws black.
228. A. Torda. Brownish-black, beneath white from the
middle of the throat : wings with a white band : bill
crossed with 4 grooves : from the bill to the eyes a
white line.
^Razor-bill, Br. Zool. t. 82. Lewih t. 225. Donov. t. 64.
Length 18 inches : extent 27 : weight 27 ounces.
Bill much compressed, black, the middle-groove white: head,
chin, throat, and neck dusky-black : quill-feathers with a mixture of
grey on the outer webs : tail-feathers pointed : legs dusky. .
229. R. Pica. Black, beneath white, including the sides
of the head, chin and throat : wings with a white
band : bill crossed with 3 furrows or none.
Black-billed Auk. Walcot t. 85. Brifs. vi. t. 8./. 2.
Lefs than the last, from which it differs in having the sides of the
head, chin, and throat white : mouth white within : and the furrow
on the bill next the bafe white.
230. A. Allv. Black, beneath white : wings with a white
band ; bill convex, conic, without grooves . legs
greeaish-black.
BIRDS. PALMIPEDES. 49. 50. 6T
Little Auk. Br. ZooL t. 82. Lewin t. 224. Walcot t. 88.
Length 9 inches : weight about 4 ounces.
/?/'# black ; the whole of the head, chin, threat, and neck foinctimcs
black.
49. URIA. Guillemot.
231. U. TroVe. Blackish-brown, breast and belly white:
secondary c|uill-feathers tipf with white.
Foolish Guillemot. Lewin t. 221. Dor.ou. t. 28. Walcot t.g6.
2. Cody fpotted with white. Br. Zool. t. 83.
Lmgth 17 inches : extent 27: weight 25 ounces.
Bill black, 3 inches long : iris dusky: from the eyes a dusky
streak pointing backwards: sides with a few dusky streaks : U"t
dusky.
$32. U. minor. Black-brown, c'leeks and all beneath
whi'e ; secondary quill-feathers tipt with white.
Lesser Guillemot. Br. Zol. t. 83. /. i.
Length a^ont 16 inches : weight 18 or 19 ounces.
Diff rs from the last, of which it is probably only the younger
bird, iu having the cheeks, throat, and all underneath white.
$33. U. Grii!'. Block, wing-cover's wlufe : legs red.
Black Guillemot. Lewin t. 222. Walcot t. 99.
Lfngth 14 inches : extent 22 : weight 14 ounces.
Bill black: mouth yellow-red Within: wings with a white fpot,
vrhich is fpottc-d in the young bird; the fecondary quilU tipt
with white.
50. COLYMBUS. Diver.
234. C. glacialis. Head and neck violet-black : back
and wings spotted with white : throat and hind-part
of the neck with a white crescent.
Northern Diver. Br. Zool. t. 84. Lewin, t. 227. Donov. t. 58.
Length 3 feet 5 : extent 4 feet 8 : weight 12-14 pounds.
Bill dusky, 4 inches and a half long ; iris purplish : head and neck
glossy changeable black : sides of the breast with black lines: back
Jcapulars and wing-coverts black with white oblong or round fpots :
breast and belly white : quills and tail black : legs black.
235. G. immer. Above blackish-brown with paler undu-
lations, beneath entirely white.
Jmber Diver. Br. Zool. t. 84. Lewin. t. 228. Donov. t. 99.
Length 2 feet 7 : extent 4 feet 9 : larger than a goose.
Bill 4 inches long, dark olive : iris hazel : head and nape brown :
front, sides of the neck and cheeks fperkled with brown: back and
wings dark tawny-brown with paler undulate lines : legs dusky.
236. O. stellatus. Dusky with oval white spots,, beneath
white : head and forepart of the neck speckled with
grey : feathers at the sides fringed with greyish-
white.
Speckled Diver, Loon. Lew in t. 229. Walcot t. 161.
Length 27 inches : extent 3 feet 9 : weight near 4 pounds. .
Bill pale horn-colour : iris yellowish-brown : back part of the
neck plain dusky-brown : quills and tail dujky : sides with dusky
streaks : legs dusky, greenish-grey inside.
237. C. arcticus. Head grey : fore- part of the neck
violet-black with a short white band, the sides with
black and white lines : scapulars and coverts with
white spots.
Hack-throated Diver. Pr, Zool, t, 83. Lewin t, 230*
68 BIRDS. PALMIPEDES. 51. 52.
Length 2 feet : extent 3 feet ,5 : weight near 3 pounds.
Bill black : iris hazel : bach, quills and tail black : fcapulaYS with
fquare white f'pots, i^ing-coverts with round ones : breast and belly
white : /<J dusky, reddish within.
238. C. *epttniiii>ua i . Above dusky-brown with white
lines anl specks, beneath white : neck with a chesnut-
re?i patch on the fore-part.
Red-throated Diver. 7?r. Zoo/, t. 85 Z<wzn *. 231. Donovan t. 78.
Length 2 feet 5 : extent 3 feet 9 : weight about 3 pounds.
Bill dark horn-colour : iris hazel : head grey : neck above with
whitish lines, on the lower part beneath with dusky lines : quills
and tail dusky : sides and thighs with dusky streaks : vent dusky :
legs dus^y, lighter within.
51. STERNA. Tern.
239. St. Boysii. White, crown black : front with white
spots : back and wings lead-grey : quills blackish,
with white shafts.
2. Body variegated : ears with a black fpot.
Sandwich Tern. Lewin t. 204. Donov t. 120. Walcot. t. 120.
'Bill black: iris dusky -.front fometimes wholly black : primary
quills tipt with black, the inntr-webs white towards the bafe : tail
long, forked, the outer-feathers grey on the outer-webs : legs dusky
\vitha reddish tinge.
240. St. llirundo. Bill and legs red: crown and front
black : tail forked, the outmost feathers black on the
outer webs.
Common Tern. Br.Zool.t. 90. Lewin t. 205. Donov. t. 23.
Length 14 inches : extent 30 : weight about 4 ounces.
Bill tipt with black : iris hazel: lower part of the head and all
beneath white : bach and wings lead-grey : tail white : claws black.
241. St. minuta.' Biil and legs yellowish-red: crown
black, front white : from the bill to the eyes a
black stripe : tail forked, the outmost feathers all
white.
lessser Tern. Br.Zool. t. go. Lewin t. 206. Donovan t. 96.
Length 8 inches and a half: extent near 20 : weight 2 ounces.
Bill tipt with black: iris dusky: back and wings grey; lower-
part of the head and all beneath white : tail white.
242. St.fasipcs. Black, back and wings grey: vent white:
tail slightly forked.
Black Tern. Lewin t. 207. Donov. t. 74, Walcot. t. 122.
Length 10 inches : extent 24 inches : weight near 3 ounces.
Bill black : iris dusky : front and sides of the head iometimes
mottled with white : tail grey : legs black.
52. LARUS. Gull.
A. Nostrils covered with a cere.
243. L; Catarractes. Dark-brown, beneath ferruginous-
grey : quills and tail white at he babe: Uui nearly
even.
Skua Gull. Lewin t. 212. Walcot /. 117.
Length 2 feet : extent 4 feet 6 : weight 3 pounds.
/fafblack,' much curved 'at the poi,t ; the upper mandible co-
vered half wuy down with a rtre : plumage a^ove with' dull ferru-
ginous margins : front and c bin with a grey ttn^t . legs W*ck j hind-
tec short.
BIRDS. PALMIPEDES. 52. Larus. . 6$'
244. L. crepidatus. Variegated olive-brown and yellow-
ish, beneath paler : shafts and tips of the quills
white : fore- part of the toes and webs black.
Black-toed Gull. Et. Zool. t. 86. Lewin t. 217. Walcot t. 118.
Length 15 inches : extent 39 inches: weight near 11 ounces.
Bill dusky : iris dark brown-, head and neck with longitudinal
brown and whitish lines : plumage above edged with yellowish or
whitish, beneath crossed with the fame : outer webs of the quills
black, lower-part of the inner white : tail black with yellowish
bars, tipt with white : legs and part of the toes lead-colour.
245. L. parasiticus. Head and chin black:: back and
wings blackish-lead-colour : neck, breast and belly
white : 2 middle tail-feathers very long.
Arctic Gull. Brit. Zool. t. 87, Lewin t. 208. Wale. t. 116.
Length 21 inches : weight 8 or 9 ounces.
.Hi /I lead-colour at the bafe, black at the tip : front and temples
white: neck with a reddish tinge behind: breast crossed with a
dark bar : bafe of the quills white on the inner-webs : 2 middle
tail-feathers 4 inches longer than the rest : legs black.
Young bird entirely brown, paler beneath.
B. Nostrils without cere.
246. L. ritibundus. Whitish, head black : bill and legs
purplish-red.
Black-headed Gull. Lewin t. 213. Walcot t. 115. Ft. Scot. t. 5.
2. White, back grey : behind the ears a brown fpot.
Larus cinerarius. Linn. fyst.
3. Whitish, head brown fpotted with white : back grey : to
middle tail-feathers with a black band.
Larus erythroptcrus. Gmel.
4. Above brown, beneath white : wings variegated brown and
re Y-
Sterna Obfcura. Lath^Synops. Index ornithol.
Length 15 inches : extent 37 : weight about 10 ounces.
Bill slender : iris hazel : eyelids with a white spot on each side :
thin black : back and wings more or lefs ash colour : quills edged
and tipt with black.
247. L. atricilla. White, head blackish: bill reel: legs
black.
Laughing Gull. Will. Angl. t. 67. Montague Ornilh. Diet.
Length 18 inches : larger than L. ridibundus.
Much refembles the last, but the legs are black, and the head
larger, with a stronger bill.
248. L. marinas. White, back and wings dusky lead-
colour : primary quills black, with broad white tips.
Black-backed Gull. Lewin t. 209. Walcot t. 212.
2. Back and wings grey : primary quills black towards the tip.
3. Mixed brown grey and white: tail with ablack bar near the
end. Young bird.
Wage! Gull. Br. Zool. t. 88. Lewin t. 210.
Length 28 inches : extent 5 feet 8 : weight near 5 pounds.
Bill strong, thick, yellow with an orange fpot on the lower man-
dible : iris yellow : eyelids orange : head and neck white : fecondary
quills more or lefs tipt with white ; legs flesh-colour.
249. L.fuscus. White, back and wings cinereous: pri-
mary quills dusky, black towards the end, with a
white spot near the tip : legs yellow-orange.
Herring Gull. Br. Zool. t. 88. Waktt t. 113.
Length 23 inches : extent 52 : wei<>/ie 33 ounces.
BIRDS. PALMIPEDES. 53. 54.
Bill yellow, with an orange or black fpot on the lower mandi-
ble : ins yellow : eyelids red : head and neck white : quills dusky.
The young are mottled as in the last.
250. L. canus. White, back and wings grey : first quills
black at the extremity, the fourth and fifth with a
black spot at the tip, the outmost black on the
outer-web.
Common Gull, Sea Mew. Br. Zool. I. 89. Lewin t. 216.
2. Grey, fnowy beneath : head white with brown fpots : neck
brown above : wings variegated : tail white with a black band.
Winter Mew. Er. Zool. t. 86. Lewin t. 21 1. Donovan t. 77.
Length 18 inches : extent 3 feet 8 : weight about a pound.
Bill pale yellow or greenish, with a dusky point : iris ha7rl ;
head and neck white, with more or lefs a tinge of grey : wing-( averts
tipt with white : behind the eyes fometimes a dark grey f^ot: legs
dirty-white with a yellowish tinge.
A variety, or probably a new species, has been ta' en and de
fcribed by L. W. Dillwyn, diSering in having the bill of equal
length, but not halt fo stout : neck the lame breadth : Caddie in-
ternally twice as broad ; and the gizzard twice as large.
251. L. t, idactyiua. White, buck and wings grey : out-
most qu.lls black on the outer web : tail white : back-
a mere knob.
Kittiwake Er. Zool. t.Sg. Lewiat.zi^. Walcott, 108.
2. Neck with a dusky Ipot or two: tail tipped with black, ex-
cept the outmost feathers.
Tarrock. Lewin t, 214. H'alcot. t. icg.
Length 15 inches : extent 3 feet : weight 7 cr 8 ounces.
Bill greenish-yellow or dusky : ins dusky : mouth orange on the
inside : head and neck white : fecondary quill* tipt with black :
Ifgs dusky.
53. PROCELLARIA. Petrel.
252. P. glacialis. White, back and wings grey: quills
dusky : bill and legs yellowish.
Fulmar Petrel. Leuiin t. 218. Walcot t. 89.
About the size of Larus canus. l'.ill much hooked at the end :
nostrils placed both in one cylinder : back-toe a mere fpur.
253. 'P. fujj<nus. Above black, beneath white: legs
dull rulous.
Shearwater Petrel, Lewin t. 219. Walcot. t. 90.
Length 15 inches : extent 30 : weight 17 ounces.
Bill yellowish, with a dusky point : head and upper-part of the
body black; chin to the vent white: legs pale before, rufous
behind.
254. P. pelagica. Body black, rump and vent white.
Stormy Petrel. Br. Zool. t. 91. Lewin t. 2-20. Wale. t. 91.
Length 6 inches : extent 13 : sizeot the Swallow.
Bill and legs black : body beneath rusty-brown : fecondary quills
fome of them white at the ends : 3 outer tail-feather* whitish at
the bafe.
54. MERGUS. Merganser.
255. M* Merganser. Slightly crested, white: head, upper
part of the neck and back, and quills glossy-black :
tail grey.
Goofander. Br. Zool. t. 92. Lewin t. 232. Donov . t. 49.
Length 2 feet 4 : extent 3 feet : weight 4 pounds.
Bill and legs red : iris reddish-orange : head an4 upper-part of the
BIRDS. PALMIPEDES. 55. Anas. ll
neck glossy greenish-black : lower-part of the neck, wing-covertt,
and parts underneath white: sides with dusky undulate lines:
lower-part of the bach and rump grey.
256. M. Ca>tor. Crested, grey : head and upper-part of
the neck ferruginous : clun, ends of the middle quill-
fea'hers and belly white.
Dun Diver, Br. ZooL t.yz. Ltwin t. 233. Donovan t. 65.
Length 27 inches : extent 35 : weight near 3 pounds.
Bill orange, with a black nail : iris purplish : chin and throat
whitish: breaft and lower-part of the neck before grey-buff;
greater quills black : legs orange.
257. M. Serrator. Crest of the male pendent : head and
upper parts of the neck and hack glossy-black : neck
with a white collar : breast ferruginous mixed with
black : rump with grey and brown screaks.
Hed-breasted Merganfer. Br. Zoo!, t. 93. Lewin t. 234.
Length 21 inches : extent 28 : weight near 2 pounds.
Bill and legs dull orange : iris red : louver-part of the neck white
forming a collar : lower-part of the back, tail-coverts and vent grey
with dusky undulate lines : fcapulars and wing-couerts mixed black
and white: belly white. Female hardly crested: the head and
upper-part of the neck dull rufous : back and fcapulars dark grey.
258. M. Albellus. Crest pendent : hind-head, upper-part
of the back and temples black : body white : wings
black and white. Female, head hardly cres'ed,
tawny-grey : across the eyes a black band, under
which is a white spot.
Smew, White Nun. Lewin t. 235. Walcot t. 82.
2. Head and upper-part of the neck ferruginous : cheeks \rithout
the oval black fpot : above grey-brown, beneath and chin white j
wings with a white fpot before and behind.
Minute Merganfer. Lewin t. 236. Donovan t. 52.
Length 18 inches : extent 26 : weight 2 pounds.
Bill black : nape under the crest with an oblong black mark : on
the lower-part of the neck 2 black stripes pointing forwaids : tail
grey tipt with black : legs lead-colour. Female, bill lead-colour,
breast clouded with grey, back dusky mixed with grey.
55. ANAS. Duck.
259. A. Cygnus. Bill semicylindrical, black: cere yel-
low : body pure whife.
Wild Swan. Br. Zool.fol. 149. t. addend. Edw. t. 150. Walcot t. 55.
Length 4 feet 10 : extent j feet 3 : weight 13-16 pounds,
Bill between 4 and 5 inches long, black at the end, yellow towards
the bafe, and bare of feathers up to the eyes : iris yellow : plumage
with a few grey or rusty marks in the young birds: legs black :
ribs only 1 1 .
260. A. Olor. Bill red, black at the nail and sides, with
a black fleshy tubercle at the base : body pure white.
Tame Swan. Br. ZooLfol. 149. t. add. Walcot i. 56. Edw. t. 150.
Much larger than the last : plumage cinereous till the fecond year*
legs dusky : ribs 12.
261. A. rujicollis. Bill dusky with a black nail: above
black, beneath white : neck rufous, with a longitu-
dinal white stripe each side : before the eyes an oval
white spot.
Rd-breasted Goofe. Pali. spic. vi. p. 21. tab. 4.
gr
br
33 BIRDS. PALMIPEDES. 55. Anas,
Length i\ inches: weight about 3 pounds,
Jris yellow : crown black : front and cheeks mixed with white : bf
tween the bill and eyes an oval white fpot : over which is a black
line : chin and throat black : breast with a black and white band r
sides with black stripes : tail-coverts white : legs black.
62, A. Anser. Bill semicyiindrical, flesh-colour with a
white nail : body above grey, beneath paler niixed.
with grey : neck striate longitudinally,
Grey-lag Goofe, Walcott. 61. sUkiri \.t, go,
Length 2 feet g : extent feet : weight 8 or 9. pounds.
H'aJ and neck grey with an ochraceous mixture : fcapulars edged
yith white; wings various shades of grey with paler margins;
quills more or less dusky at the ends : rump and vent white : wings
without the coloured fpot : tail tipt with white ; legs ilesh.colour.
Vaiies much in its colours by domestication,
g63. A. Albifrons, Bill flesh-colour, with a white nail ;
body grey mixed with brown and white ; front
white.
/White-fronted Goofe. Br. Zoo/, t. 94. i. Donov t. toe. Wale, t, 64,
Length 2 feet 4 - extent 4 feet 6 : weight 4 to 5 pounds.
Bill with an orange fpot at the bale : iris dusky : body above
brown edged with grey : breast and belly with large bla-'k and white
patches: quills dusky, the primaries grey on the outer-webs : rump
and vent white; tail dusky, edged with white; legs orange-
yellow,
264. A. Segetum, Bill pale red with a blackish nail :
body grey-brown, beneath paler : wings grey, the
larger coverts and secondary quills tipt with white.
Jlean Goofe. Br. ?ool. (. 94. 2. Walcot t. 65,
Length 2 feet 7 : extent 4 feet 11 ; weight 5-7 pounds.
Bill dusky at the bafc, much compressed at the end : iris hazel;
front mixed with white, behind which the feathers are dusky:
greater quills blackish, with grey outer-webs, fecondarie-8 grey with
black outer margins : tail edged with white : legs dull orange.
J265, A, esythropus. Bill black, with a tiesh-colour spot
each side ; body grey, undulate above with black
and white : neck black : face and belly white,
Jiernacle Goofe. Hayes t. 24. Walcot t. 62.
Length 25 inches : extent 4 feet 5 ; weight 5 pounds.
Front, chin, and cheeks white : from the bill to the eyes a black
line ; crown, neck and upp<?r-part of the back black : upper ta,il-
c everts white ; rump and tail black, the latter white at the sides :
legs dusky,
866. A. Berntda, Bill black ; head, neck, and breast
black ; a white crescent each side the neck.
rent Goofe. Albin i. t. 93. Hayes t. 2,5, Walcot t. 63.
Length 28 inches : extent 4 feet : iveight 2 pounds and at half.
Back, fcapulars, and coverts brownish-black, beneath paler: tail*
coverts and vent white : sides with white lines : tail black : legs
black. The young bird wants the white crefcent on the neck.
67, A, molUssima, Bill black, cylindrical: cere bifid
and wrinkled on the hind-part,
Eider Duck. Br. Zool.t. 95, Edw. t. 98, Walcot t.66,
length i foot 10 .- nearly twice the size c^'the commoa duck,
Feathers pf thpfrofit and cheeks proceeding far into the bafe of the
bill, and forming two sharp angles : front silvery black : from the
bill across the eyes a broad black stripe beneath the hinder ends
of which is a pea.green patch : crown, cheeks, neck, back and wing.?
white : quills black ; breast, belly and, tail black : /eg* dull green,
BIRDS. PALMIPEDES. 55. Anas. 73
i he young have the neck and breast fpottcd black and white,
Female, reddish-brown barred with black : head and upper-part
of the neck with dusky longitudinal streaks: wings with 2 white
bands : belly deep brown with obfcure black marks : tail dusky.
,'(38, A. spectabilis. Bill orange, with aflat compressed
gibbosity at the base, divided by a feathery ridge:
head pale ash-colour.
King Duck. Arct. Zool. H. n. 481. F.dw. t. 154.
Length nearly 2 feet, front pea-green, passing backwards each
side the neck, and including half the eye : chin, throat, and breast
dirty white, with a black mark diverging each side on the former :
back, bellv, and vent black : wings dusky with a white patch : quills
black, with ferruginous shafts, a white fpot on each side the outer-
ones : tail wedge-form, black : legs dusky.
Female brown, the middle of each feather black. Young bird with-
out the protuberance on the bill.
5269. A. nigra. Bill gibbous at the base, without the
nail at the end, black with a line of orange halfway
down the middle : body entirely black.
Scoter, Walcot i. t. 59. Will. Angl. p. 336, /. 74.
Length 22 inches : extent 34 : weight 2 pounds 9 ounces.
Bill yellow in the middle : head and neck glossy^urplish-black :
tail wedge-form, of 16 pointed feathers : legs black.
Female without the gibbosity on the bill, brown : chin and throat
greyish : belly varied with whitish.
270. A.fusca, Bill gibbous at the base, yellow, black
at the sides, with a reddish nail : body blackish : un-
der the eyes a white mark : wings with a white band.
Velvet Duck. Br. Zool. t. 96. Walcot t. 58.
Length 20 inches : larger than the common drake.
Bill broad : head black with a tinge of green : plumage inclining
to brown beneath : under the eyes a white patch passing backwards:
legs red. Female brown, without the protuberance on the bill.
271. A. histrionica. Dusky-brown, varied with white and
blue : over the eyes a ferruginous stripe : ears and
line down the sides of the neck white : neck and
breast crossed with a white band, Female, grey
brown: ears white : primary quills blackish.
Harlequin Duck. Sowerby Brit, miscel. i. p. 11. /. 6.
Length 17 inches : extent 26 : weight near 19 ounces.
Bill blackish, with a white patch from its bafe to the eyes r
crown black : neck black, with a white fpot above the white line :
breast bluish-grey, with a white collar fpottcd and bounded with
black, beneath a white band : sides dull rufous : wings with a blue
fpot bounded forwards by a tranfverfe white line : legs bluish-black.
Female less, front and cheeks white ; breast and belly barred with
pale rnfous and whitish : quills and tail dusky,
272. A. Boschas. Bill straight, yellowish-green : head
and neck glossy-green, with a white collar beneath ;
breast purplis,h-chesnut ; wing-spot purplue-bluc,
above which is a black and a white band: middle
tail-feathers, of the male, recurved.
Wild Duck, Mallard Br, Zool, t, 97. Donov. 1. 124. Walcot t. 77,
Length 23 inches : extent 35 : weight 2 pounds and a half,
Neck with a white collar reaching more than half way round :
back brown : sides and fcapulars white, with undulate brown lines :
belly pale grey with brown undulate lines : 4 middle tail-feathers
glossy black, curved upward.*, the rest grey-brown edged with white,
G
71 BIRDS. PALMIPEDES. 55. Anas.
Female, reddish-brown fpottecl with black, and the middle tail-
feathers not recurved. Itvarics much in colours by domestication.
273. A. Mania. Bill bluish: head and neck black, with
a green gloss : breast black : back and wing* pale
grey, with minute undulate black lines: wing- spot
and belly white.
Scaup Duck. Br. ZooLt. ico. IValcot i. t. 63.
Length about 21 inches : weight from 30 to 35 ounces.
Bill with a black nail: iris golden : head and neck fometimrs
varying in colours ; lower-part of the back, rump, tail and vent
black ; quilts dusky : legs lead-colour.
27-t. A.franata. Bill black, with a white ring at the
base : body ferruginous-brown : wing-spot aad belly
whife.
White-faced Duck. Souierby Brit, friifcel. a. p. 5. (.62.
Size of the last. Head brown : neck ferruginous : tides with
fmall white fpots -. primary quills black : tail rounded : legs black.
275. A. Tadorna. Bill turned upwards, red, with a knob
at the base : head greenish-black : breast with an
orange-bay band crossed by a brownish stripe run-
ning down the belly : wing-spot glossy copper-
grcen.
Shieldrake. Donovan t. 71. Albin t. 94, Walcot t. 57.
Length 2 feet : breaJtk 3 feet 6 : weight <i pounds 10 ounces
J?iY/with a black nail : iris dusky : lower part of the neck, white :
middle of the back white: shoulders and fome of the fcapulars
black : first quills black, the next violet, inner-ones ferruginous,
the last white : belly white : tail white, more or less tipt with
black : legs red.
276. A. clypeata. Bill black, dilated and rounded at the
point, wiih an in urved nail: head glossy, violet-
green : breast white : belly chesnut : wing-coverts
pale blue.
Shoveler. Albin i. t. 97. 98. Hayes t. 27. Walcot t. 67.
Length 21 inches : extent 2 feet 7 : weight 22 ounces.
Bill imich fpread at the end : ms yellow : breast and fcspulars
white : back brown : greater v. ing-coverts brown, tipt with blue :
uing-fpot green : vent black : outer tail-feather* white, the rest
edged with white : legs orange-red.
277. A. rubens. Bill brownish-yellow, broad at the end :
body brown : throat and breast reddish-brown :
wing-spot purple, edged with white : tail short,
wh.tish.
Red-breasted Shoveler. Br. Zool. ii. p. 597. n. 281.
Size of the common Duck. Ins yellow : back brown, paler to-
wards the sides ; vent bright brown, with darker fpots : legs reddish-
brown. Female, with the wing-fpot blue,
278. A. streptei'v. Bill black: head reildish-brown spotted
with black : wing-spot black, with a rufous margin on
the fore-part, and a white one behind.
Gadwall. Walcot t. 68. Will. Angl.p. 374. t. 72.
Length 19 inches : rather less than A. Penelope.
Sides of the head, throat, and fore-part of the neck pale rufous with
brown fpots : lovvcr-part of the neck, upper-part of the bach and
breast brown with carved white lines : lower-part of the back brown r
rump and vent black : belly and sides with whitish and grey-browa
Vines : tail ash-colour edged with white : legs orange.
BIRDS. PALMIPEDES. 55. Anas. 75
female, breast reddish-brown with black fpots, without the
curved lines.
V*9. A. Penelope. Bill load-colour, tipt with black :
head bay .-spotted with black ? front yellowish-white:
back with srey and blackish undulate lines : vent
black.
\Vijrcon. ll'alfot (.71, Will. A$l. p. 37,5. '.
Length i.'p inches ; e\teht -.17 : ur?i>//f near v_j ounces.
7?rc(jj/ purplish, with often black 1'pots : />f/7)> white : wir^-ffot
blue-green, black before and behind : w'in<-toverts brown, foJiietiiiies
varied with white : quill* dusky tipt with black : 2 middle tail-
feathers longer than the rest, dusky : tlic rest gicy cit<j<;d with ru-
fous-brown : /egs dusky.
female, brown with darker fpots, breast paler.
80. A. gtocilanti. Bill lead-colour, tipt with black:
head slightly crested, green, with a ferruginous spot
before and behind the eyes : back dark-brown Mah
black waxes : wing-spot green, edged with while.
Bimaculated Duck. r. ZooL ii. n. 287. t. ioc../, 2.
Length 20 inches : extent 25 and ah;i!f,
Crown green-brown, with a brown streak on the nape : throat
deep purple : head bright green, streaked down the neck : breast
ferruginous fpotted with black : belly dusky, fpeckleii : wing-
coverts grey, the lower-ones -with rusty streaks: tail-coverts
changeable green : 2 middle tail-feathers black, the rest brown
edged with white : legs yellow, svith dusky webs.
281. A. farina. Bill blue, tipt with black: body with
grey and black undulate linear head cbe^uut : pec-
toral band, rump, and vent black.
Pochard. Ifalcott.-;*. Albin ii. t. 98. Will. Angl. t. 72.
Length 19 inches : extent 30 : weight i>8 oun< es.
Breast with a broad black band meeting at the back: quills dusky*
lelly white, with dusky lines; tail dusky, mixed with grey ; ie^s
lead-colour.
282. A. acnta. Bill black, bluish on the side* : head
rufous-brown, with a longitudinal white stripe each
side from the hind- par! : back with grey and black
undulate lines : 2 middle tail-feathers very long,
pointed, black.
Pintail Duck. Wakot t. 72. Albin t. 94.95. U'iU. Angl. t. 75.
Length 28 inches : extent 3 feet 2 : weight 24 ounces.
Head with a purple tinge behind the ears : nape with a purple
gloss ; neck white on the lower-part befoie: belly white.- uings
brown : uiing-Jpot violet-green, ferruginous before, white behind :
tail, except tbe middle feathers, dusky edged with white : tent
black : legs lead-colour. Female, head ferruginous with dusky
streaks, wing-coverts brownish edged with grey.
283. A. gladalis. Bill black, orange in tbe middle :
body black, beneath white : front and sides of the
head reddish-grey ; 2 middle tail-feathers very long,
narrow, pointed. Youngling body white: temples,
breast, back and wings black. Female, blackish
varied with rufous and grey : back black : collar and
lower-part of the belly white.
Long-tailed Duck. 7;r. ZooL t. y8. *.Dnov t. 1 1 i. li'a/c. t. 73.
Length 22 inches : extent 29 : si/.e of the \Vig< on.
Iris red : nape and neck before and behind white, the latter with.
76 BIRDS. PALMIPEDES. 53. Anas.
a longitudinal dusky bar down the sides : fcapulars white, long,
pointed: wings black chelnut: 4 middle tail-Jeatliers black, a oi
them very long, the rest white : legs dull red.
284. A. ferniginea. Bill pale blue, dilated : head, neck,
and body above reddish-brown : throat, breast, and
belly paler.
Ferruginous Duck. Br. Zoo/, ii. n. 185. t. 99.
Weight 20 ounces : legs pale blue, with black webs.
285. A. Clangula. Bill back : body varied black and
white : head tumid, black with a green and violet
gloss : at the corners of the mouth a white spot.
Golden eye. Walcot t. 69. Albin t. 96. Witt. Atigl. t. 73.
length 18 inches : extent 2 feet 6 : weight 2 pounds.
Iris bright yellow : back, rump, and upper tail-covertr black ;
Jcapu.la.rs black and white : wings with 2 white patches : quills
black, fecondaries white : breast and belly white : tail black : le%t
orange. Female, head rusty-brown, neck with a grey ring, breast
mixed dusky and grey, legs yellowish with dusky webs.
286. A. Glaucion. Bill yellowish-brown : body blackish
with white lines : head dull ferruginous : neck with a
white collar, and a grey one beneath it : wings with a
white line.
Morillon. Wale. t. 70 Brit. Zool. \'\,p. 588. n. 277,
Less than the last, of which it may be only the young bird.
Iris golden : back and coverts dusky with a few \vhite lines :
greater coverts dusky with a few large white fpots . primary quills
black, fecondaries white : breaft and belly white : sides black : tail
dusky : legs yellow.
287. A. Fuligula. Bill blue-grey tipt with black : head
with a pendent crest : body black : belly and wing-
spot while.
Tufted Duck. Albin i. t. 95. Hayes t. 26. Walcot t. 78.
length 17 inches : extent 2 feet 4 : weight 25 ounces.
Bill broad : iris yellow: head and crest with a violet and green
glofs : fcapulars with minute grey fpecks, vent black : tail black :
legs dusky, with black webs; Female, without the crest, and the
plumage inclining to brown.
88. A. Nyraca. Bill bluish tipt with black: head,
throat, breast, and flanks chcsnut : back and wings
blackish-olive : belly whitish : vent and wing-spot
white : rump black.
Olive tufted Duck. Sowcrby Brit. Mifcel. \.p. 43. /. 21.
Length 16 inches. Iris whitish hazel: belly varied whitish and
brown : head hardly crefted. Female, without crest, back inclining
to rufous, dirty reddish where the male is chefnut, belly clouded.
289. A. Querquedula. Bill black: over the eyes a broad
white stripe : breast with semicircular brown and
black lines : wing-spot green.
Garganey. Br. Zool. t. 101. Wale. t. 75. Donovan t. 21.
Length 17 inches : extent 28 : weight
Crown brown with dusky lines : chin black : cheeks and upper-
part of the neck purplish, with white longitudinal lines: belly
dirty-white, with a few dusky streaks: wing-coverts grey, the
larger-ones tipt with white : fcapnlars black white and grey : wing-
spot white above and btneath : tail dusky : legs lead-colour.
Female, without the green fpot on the wings, above brown with
dusky streaks.
BIRDS. PALMIPEDES. 56. Pelecanus. 7T
290. A. Crecca. Bill black : above and beneath the eyes
a white line : breast with roundish black spots: wing-
spot green.
Teal. JValcot t. 76. Hayes t. 29. dlbini.t. 100.
2. Bill and legs grey : over the eyes a white line : \ving-fpot
variously coloured : belly with black {"pots.
Anas Circia. Linn.fyft. Albin. ii. t. 103. 104.
Length 1,5 inches : extent 23 : weight 12 ounces.
Iris hazel: head and neck reddish-bay : behind the eye s a broad
green patch : body above with black and white undulate lines : jbellyi
white : vent black : u-ing-spot obliquely edged above with black,
beneath with white: q^uilis dusky, fecondaries black : tail brown :
legs dusky. Female, variegated whitish and brown, vent white,
\ving-fpot green.
56. PELECANUS. Pelecan.
291. P. Carlo. Bill toothless, black : head slightly crest-
ed : chin dirty- white : body black : tail rounded, of
14 feathers.
Corvorant. Walcott. 92. Albin t. 81. Will. Any,!, t. 63.
Length 3 feet 4 : extent nearly 5 : weight near 8 pounds.
Bill 5 inches long, hooded, bald and yellow round the bafe : iris
green: head and neck generally with white longitudinal lines: back
glossy greenish-black, the feathers with deeper margins : chin with
a patch of white : thighs with fometimes a white fpot : legs black.
t>92. P.. Graculus. Kill toothless, dusky : body glossy
greenish-black, black-brown beneath : tail rounded,
of 12 feathers.
Shag. Walcot t. 93. Will. Angl. t. 63.
Length 29 inches : extent 3 feet 10 : weight about 4 pounds.
Bill near 4 inches long, bald and yellow with black fpecks or,
the chin : body above black with a purple and green glofs, mar-
gined with deep black : legs dusky ; meddle-daui ferrate.
^93. P. cristatus. Bill toothless, blackish : head crested:
body dark glossy-green with purplish-black edges,
beneath dusky.
Crested Shag. Brit. Zoo/, t. 102.
Much refembles the last, except in having the feathers at the sides
of the head elongated into a crest, of which it may be only the full
grown bird or other fex : tail of 12 feathers : legs dusky.
294. P. Bassanus, Bill serrate, yellowish- white : face
bald, blue : body diry-white : primary quills black.
Gannet, Soland Goofe. Br. Zool. t. 103. Walcot t. 94.
Length 3 feet : extent 6 feet : weight about 7 pounds.
Bill 6 inches long, nearly straight : iris pale yellow : round the
tyes a naked blue patch : chin bald, dusky : crown pale buff: lesser
zuing-covertf black : tail of 12 feathers : legs black, greenish before,
she middle-claw fen ate. The young birds are dusky mixed vritJa
white.
78- AMPHIBIA. REPTIUA.
CLASS III. AMPHIBIA.
Animals highly tenacious of life, and having the power
of respiring both on land and under water.
ORDER I. REPTILIA.
Furnished with feet.
1. TESTUDO. .Bo dy tailed, covered above and beneath
with a bony horny or coriaceous shell, or with scales
above: upper-mandible closing over the lower, like
the lid of a box.
2. LACERTA. Body 4-footed, slender, tapering to a tail.
3. HANA. Body 4-footcd, without tail or any covering
but the skin : . hind-legs longer than the fore.
ORDER II. SERPENTES.
Without feet.
4. COLUBER. With undivided plates on the belly, and
divided scales below the tail.
5. AN GUIS. With divided scales on the belly, and below
the tail.
ORDER 1. REPTILIA. Ibftile*.
1. TESTUDO. Tortoise.
T. cvriacect. Feet fin-like: body above brown, be-
neath paler : shell coriaceous, with 5 longitudinal
tub.ercled ribs.
Coriaceous Turtle. Br. Zool. in. t. i. Shaw Zool.'\\i. /. 21.
Body growing to 6 or 7 feet long, 3 or more wide, and to the
weight of 8 hundred pounds : upper-jaw forked, and receiving the
extremity of the lower-one ; fore-fins much longer than- the 'hind-
ones, covered, with a tough leathery skin : tail 'short,' pointed.
. T. ijnbricata. Feet fin-like: body ovate, with 13 im-
bricate plates in the disk, and serrate rouad the
margins.
Hawks-bill Turtle. Shatu Zool. t. 26. Phil. Trans, n. 222.
On the Orkney Isles; and in the Spring of 1774 was taken in
the Severn and placed in the fish-ponds of the Author's father,
where it lived till the winter.
Body growing to a large size, roundish-ovate, slightly heart-
shaped, slightly carinate down the back : head fmall, prominent,
with the upper-bill curved over the lower : legs with 2 claws on
each : plates of the disk rather fquare, femitranfparent, variegated ;
of the circumference 25, pointed and incumbent on each other in a
ferrate manner : tail a mere notch.
AMPHIBIA. REPTlLIA. 9. Lacerta. 79
2. LACERTA. Lizard.
A. Sorfy, mth round wh&rled tails : feet all 5-toed, with nai!s.
3. L. agilis. Above light brown with longitudinal stripes
of black and white spots, beneath yellow or dirty
white.
ScaJy Lizard. Br. Zool. iii. t. 2. Shaw Zool. iii. t. 72.
Length 6 inches and a half. Bach with a line qf irregular black
fpots down the middle, next a stripe fpottcd alternately with black
and white, then a brown ftripe with a line, of black and white fpots:
tail beneath dirty white, often mottled with black : legs fpotted
above with white on the sides.
4. L. CEdura. Above dark-brown wi.'h longitudinal
stripes of black andyellow spots, beneath yellow or
.dirty-white spotted with black: sides mottled black
and While.
Swellcd-tail Lizard. Shepperd Linn. Trans, vii. p. r } ~.
Length 4 inches and a half. Head above fpotted with black, be-
neath mottled with black: back with a black stripe clown the
middle, then a brown one each side with a line of black fpots, next
a stripe of alternate yellow and black fpots, beneath this a brownish
black stripe with a line of yellow fpots : tail fwelling-out a little
below the bafe, ash-colour with a few long black marks at the end,
at the bafe underneath a large red or yellowish mark ; Itgs black
and white on the sides.
5. L. anguiformis. Above light-brown with black-brown
and yellow longitudinal stripes, the lower-one each
side with a few yellow spots, beneath yellowish-white
with a few black spots.
Viperine Lizard. Sheppard Linn. Trans, vii. p. 51.
Length 7 inches or more. Head with 4 dark fpots : back with a
black line down the middle, each side this a dark brown one, next
a yellow stripe, then a dark brown-one with a few yellow fpots :
tail barred with black at the end : legs dark brown fpotted with
black.
B. Without scales : tail compressed sideways : forefeet 4 -toed,
without nails. Newts.
0. L. vulgqris. Above yellow-brown with minute darker
spots and longitudinal deep brown stripes, beneath
red with a few black dots.
Common Newt. Br. Zool. iii. t. 2. Shaw Zool. iii. t. 83.
Length 4 inches : upper eyelids dark brown, lower dull yellow :
tail ribbed at the sides with dark bTown.
'7. L. palustris. Above warty and black-brown spotted
with black, beneath orange bordered with large black
spots : sides light brown with white spots.
Warty Newt. Br, Zool. iii. t. 3. Shaw Zool. iii. t. 83.
Length 6 inches. Head black above, beneath light brown with
\vhite fpots or warts : tail pointed, with an obfolete white mark on
the sides.
8. L. maculata. Above greenish-brown with 2 longitu-
dinal brown lines, beneath bright red with dusky
spots : sides with lines of brownish-black spots.
Spotted Newt. Shfppard Linn. Trans. vii./, 53.
Length 4 inches. Head with 2 lines of black dots above, beneath
yellowish-white with dark brown fpots : upper eyelids prominent :
80 AMPHIBIA. SERPENTES. 3, 4.
iris orange, pupil black : nofe with a slight longitudinal indenture,
in which is a yellowish mark : tail pointed, the upper-edge black,
under-edge orange: legs greenish-brown.
3. RANA. Frog.
9. R, Bitfo. Lurid-brown with rufous-brown tubercles,
beneath paler.
Common Toad. Shaw ZocL iii. t. 40.
Hody tubercled, fometimes obfcnre olive-brown above, palej and
irregularly fpotte4 beneath.
10. R. Jluhftra. Body tubercled, above dirty yellow
clouded with "brown, beneath paler with black spots :
back with a yellow line.
Natterjack Br* Zoal.ui. p. 19. n. 5.
Body 2 inches and a quarter long, one and a quarter broad : fore-
feet 4-toed : hind-feet 5-toed, a little webbed.
11. R. temporaria. Yellowish-brown spotted with black,
beneath the eyes an elongated brown patch.
Common Frog. Shaiu Zool, iii. /. 28, 29, 30.
Body fometimes dull ferruginous, beneath pale greenish-yellow
obfcurtly fpotted and variegated : back llattish and more or lels
angular.
12. R. esculenta. Olivergreen spotted with black : back
with 3 longitudinal yellowish lines : belly whitish.
Efculent Frog. Shaw Zoo.L iii. t. 31.
Body larger than the last, marked with roundish black patches,
beneath whitish-green with brown marks : liinhs tranfverfely
barred with black : fronu the tip of the riofe down the bach are
pale yellow stripes, the middle-one slightly depressed, the othets
strongly elevated : hind-feet palmate.
ORDER II. SERPENTES. SERPENTS.
4. COLUBER. Viper, Snake.
13. C. Berus. Grey-brown, with a large lobed spot on
the head : down the back a connected chain of black
spots.
Common Viper. Br. Zcol. iii. t. 4. Shaw Zool. iii. f. ici.
Body from a foot and a half to 3 feet long: fometimes tawny-
brown or blackish : iris orange, pupil black : lips variegated black
and grey : sides with a row of dusky fpots : belly, blackish with a
bluish glofs, fpotted with black : scales carinate : plates of the belly
146, scales below the tail 39.
1-i. C. caeruleus. Light-brown with an angular dark-brown
spot on the head : down tlxe back a string of dark-
brown rhomboidal spots : belly light blue spotted
with white.
Blue-bellied Viper. Shfppard Trans. Linn. vii. p. 56.
Length 22-25 inches. Head with a fpot refembling the letter V, the
fcales of the under-part yellowish-white edged with dull red : iris
red, pupil brownish-black : fcales on the edge of the upper-jajv
yellowish-white edged with brown : sides fpotted with dark brown :
fcales of the belly fpotted with white, fome of the first row edged
with white : tail the first part blue edged with red, the end, yellow
f not ted with white.
'
AMPHIBIA. SEUPENTES. 5. Anguis 81
15. C. Prester. Entirely black, with a jet-black indented
band down the back.
Black Viper. Shaw Zool. iii./>. 375.
Much refembles the last, except in colour and number of fcalea :
lips fpeckled with white : plates of the belly 153 ; scales below the
tail 34.
Obs. Thefe 3 have a great affinity \vith each other.
16. C.natrix. Olive-brown or bluisb, with a black and
a yellow patch each side the neck : down the sides a
row of narrow black spots : belly dusky, or yel-
lowish.
Ringed Snake. Brit. Zool. iii. /. 4. Shcxv Zool. \\\.p. 447.
Bodv 3-5 feet long : head clothed with large plates : mouth marked
\s'ith black bars at the sides : scales of the back carinatc : belly
v.'hitish yellowish or brownish, with an irregular longitudinal
black stripe, beginning at the ijjth plate : plates of the belly 170:
scales under the tail 63.
17. C. Dumfrisiensis. Pale brown, with reddish-brown
transverse llexuous bands in pairs.
Dumfries Snake. Sow. Brit. Mifcell. i.p. 5. tab. 3.
Body with reddish-brown fpots on the sides between the bands :
scales of the back not carinate : platet ol the belly iO.ii fialcs
under the tail about 80.
5. ANGUIS. Slow-worm.
18. A..fragilis. Rufous-grey, with 3 longitudinal brown
lines down the back : belly lead-colour.
Blind-worm. Br. Zool. iii. t,-^. Borl. Corn. t. 28.
a. Of a darker colour: fcales of the belly 126; under the
tail 136.
Aberdeen Snake, ffr. Zool. iii. p. 33.
Body 10 or 12 inches long : head fmall, covered in front with
large fcales : sides fometimes streaked with black and white : fcales
fmall, foft, clofe-fet; of the belly 135, under the tail 135.
8-2 FISHES.
CLASS IV. PISCES. FISHES.
Animals inhabiting waters, furnished with gills for the
purpose of breathing, and fms for swimming.
ORDER I. APODES.
Bony fishes, without ventral fins,
\. ANGUILLA. Head smooth: nostrils tubular : eyes co-
vered with*, the common skin: gill-membrane 10-
rayed: body roundish, smooth, mucous : dorsal, caudal,
and anal-fins united : apiradts behind the head or
pectoral tins.
2. Onus. Habit of the Anguilla, but the tail is without
(in at the end, causing the dorsal and anal tins to be
distinct.
3. ANARICIIAS. Head rounded, obtuse: front-teeth in
each jaw, 6 or more in number, conic, strong, diver-
gent : grinders in the lower-jaw and palate, rounded :
gill-membrane G-raycd : body roundish : caudal-fin
distinct.
4. AMMODYTES. Head compressed, narrower than' the
body ; upper-lip doubled ; lower-jaw narrow,
pointed: teeth small, very sharp : gill-mimbretne
7 -rayed : "body 'long, square, rourided at the' sides,
with very minute scales : caudal-fin distinct.
5. OPHIDIUM. Head somewhat naked : teeth in the
jaws, palate, and throat : gill-membrane 7-raycd :
body ens i form.
6. LEPTOCEPHALUS. Head small, narrow: body very
thin and flat: pectoral fins none.
7. XiPiiiAs. Head with the upper-jaw ending in a long
sword-like projection: mouth without teeth: gill-
membrane 8-rayed : body roundish, without apparent
scales.
ORDER II. JUGULARES.
Bony fishes, with the ventral fins placed before the pectoral.
8. GALLIOKYMUS. Upper-lip doubled up : eyes vertical.
approximate : gill-covers closed, with a small aper-
ture each side the neck; the membrane 6-rayed :
body naked : ventral-fins very remote.
9. TRACHINUS. Head compressed, a little rough : gill-
membrane 6-rayed ; the covers prickly, the lower
piece serrate : body compressed : vent near the
breast.
10. GADUS. Head smooth: gill-membrane with 7 cylin-
drical rays : body oblong, clothed with deciduous
FISHES. 8.3
scales : fins all covered with the common skin; dorsal
anil anal generally more than one, the rays unarmed :
ventral-fins slender, ending in a point, 6 or 7 rayed.
11. BLESMUS. Head sloping: gill-mtmbrane 6-rayed :
body lanceolate, a little compressed, lubricous : ventral
Jiiis 2, .'], or 4-rayed, unarmed.
ORDER III. THORACICI.
Bony fishes, icilh the ventral fins placed directly under the
pectoral.
12. CEPOLA. Head short, roundish, compressed: teeth
curved, sharp, in a single row : gill-membrane 4-6
rayed : body very long 1 , compressed, naked : belly ex-
tremely short.
13. EcuitXEis. Head furnished at top with a flat oval
transversely grooved shield : gill- membrane 9 or 10-
rayed : -body witlvout scales.
14. Gonius. Head small: eyes approximate, with 2 pu
nctures between them: gill-membrane 4-rayed: body
compressed, clothed with small scales, witha tubercle
behjnd the vent : dm^sal fins 2 : ventral-fun united
into a funnel-like oval.
15. COTTUS. Head broader than the body, spinous : eyes
vertical, furnished with a nictitant membrane: gill-
membrane 6-rayed : body round, generally without
scales, tapering to tbe tail: dorsal-Jim often 2.
16. ZEUS. Head compressed, sloping down; upper-lip
arched by a transverse membrane : tongue mostly su-
bulate : gill-membrane with 7 perpendicular rays, the
lowest transverse : body compressed, thin, broad,
somewhat rhombic : first dorsal-fin generally furnished
with projec f lng filamentous rays.
\T. PLEURONECTES. Head small: eyes both on the same
side of the head, and near each other: mouth arched:
jams unequal, toothed : gill-membrane 4-7-rayed :
I)ody flattened, one side a little convex and coloured,
representing the back; the other flat and paler, re-
presenting the belly : vent near the head,
18. SPARUS. Teeth strong, disposed in one or more rows:
grinders convex, smooth, disposed in range.?, and
forming a kind of pavement in the mouth: gill-mem-
brane 4-6-rayed; the covers smooth, unarmed,, scaly :
lips thick : body compressed : pectoral .fttis pointed :
tail forked .
19. LA.BRUS. Teeth strong, rather sharp: lips thick:
gill-membrane 4-6-rayed; the covers unarmed and
scaly : 'pectoral-fins and fa** rounded.
84 FISHES.
20. PERCA. Jaws unequal : teeth sharp, incurved: gill'
membrane 7 -rayed ; the covers scaly, of 3 pieces, the
upper-piece serrate: lateral-line arched with the
back: scales mostly hard and rough : dorsal-fin spi-
nous on the fore-part : vent nearer the head than the
tail.
21. SCOMBER. Head compressed, smooth: body oblong
smooth, sometimes carinate by the lateral line: gill-
membrane 7-rayed : between the dorsal-Jin and tail arc
mostly several spurious Jins.
9%, GASTEROSTEUS. Jaws armed with minute teeth .
gill-membrane 3, 6, or 7-rayed; the cover of 2 pieces,
rounded and striate; body somewhat lengthened:
lateral-line straight : dorsal*fin single, with distinct
spines between it and the head : ventral-fins spinous :
belly carinate or shielded on the iides, and bony
beneath.
23. MULLUS. Head compressed, sloping, scaly: eyes
oblong, approximate, vertical, furnished with a nicti-
tant membrane : nostrils double, minute : palate armed
with small teeth : mouth bearded : gill~membrane
3-rayed; the ; cpvers of 3 pieces, very finely striate :
body clothed with large deciduous scales.
21. TRIGLA, Head large, mailed, marked with rough
lines: eyes large, round, vertical: palate and jatrs
armed with sharp teeth: gill-membrane 7 -rayed;
the cover of a single radiate spinous piece : back
straight, with a longitudinal spinous groove each
side : pectoral-fins with generally finger* shaped pro-*
cesses placed before them,
ORDER IV. ABDOMINALES,
y tcith the ventral fins placed behind the pectoral,
25. COBITIS. Head small, oblong, naked : month gene-
rally bearded : eyes seated in the upj>er-part of the
head : gill-membrane 4-6-rayed : the covers of one
piece, closing beneath: body of nearly equal thick-
ness from head to tail, covered with mucus and small
. thin easily deciduous scales : back straight, with %
single fin : vent nearer the tail : tail rounded.
$6. SALMO. Head smooth, compressed: tongue cartila-
ginous, moveablc : teeth in the jaws and on thetongue:
gill-membrane 4-12-raycd; the cover of 3 'pieces:
body compressed : back convex, furnished on the
hind-part with a fleshy fin without rays :
straight, nearer the back,
FISHES. 95
i;7*. Ksox. Head somewhat flattened above : moitt h wide:
tongue broad, loose: teeth sharp, in the jaws, palate,
and tongue : nostrils double, near the eyes : gill-
membrane 7-12-rayed : body lengthened, compressed :
lateral-line straight, nearer the back, hardly visible :
dorsal and anal fins short, and mostly opposite.
28. ARGENTINA. Teeth in the jaws and on the tongue
gill-membrane 8-rayed : vent near the tail : ventral-Jinn
many rayed.
29. ATHERINA. Upper-jaw a little flattened: gill-mem-
brane 6-rayed: body marked on the sides with a silvery
stripe.
SO. MUG ii-. Lips membranaceous, the lower-one cari-
nate within : teeth minute : mouth with an inflected
callosity at the corners : gill-membrane with 6 curved
rays ; the covers smooth and rounded : body fleshy,
with large scales : dorsal-fins two.
31. EXOCCETUS. Head scaly: mouth without teeth ; the
jaws connected on each side : gill-membrane 10- rayed:
belly angular : pectoral-fins very large and Jong, giving
the power of flight.
32. CLUPEA. Head compressed : mouth rough within:
upper-mandible with the side-plates serrate : gill-
membrane 8-rayed, the covers of 3 or 4 pieces ; gills
internally .setaceous : lateral-line near and parallel
with the back : belly sharp, and generally serrate :
ventral-fns about 9-rayed : tail forked.
33. CYFRINUS. Mouth small, without teeth; teeth in
the throat; gill-membrane 3-rayed : ventral-fins mostly.
9-rayed.
ORDER V. CARTILAGINEI.
Fishes with a cartilaginous sceleton.
34. PETROMYZON. Body eel-shaped : mouth placed un-
derneath, with numerous teeth in circular rows :
spiracles 7 on each side the neck, and one on the nape:
pectoral and ventrat-Jins none.
35. GASTOBRANCHUS. Body eel-shaped : mouth placed
underneath, bearded with numerous pectinate teeth :
spiracles 2, beneath the belly.
36. RAJA. Mouth placed underneath, transverse, armed
with teeth: spiracles 5 each side, placed obliquely and
beneath near the neck : body thin, flat, more or less
rhombic.
37. SQUALUS. Mouth placed underneath the anterior
part of the head, armed with numerous teeth disposed
in rows : spiracles 4-7, semilunar, on the sides of the
neck : body oblong, more or less cylindrical.
86 FISHES.
38. CHIM^ERA. Head pointed: spiracle solitary, 4-
parted, under the neck : mouth placed beneath, with
the upper-lip 5-cieit : cutting-teeth 2 in front, both
ahove and below.
39. ACIPENSER. Snout bearded underneath : mouth
placed beneath the head, oval, retractile, without
teeth : aperture of the gills on the sides of the head :
body elongated, mailed above by bony tubercles.
40. LOPHIUS. Head depressed : teeth sharp, numerous :
tongue broad, armed with teeth.: gills 3, with a late-
ral simple aperture : pectoral^jins broad, more or less
resembling feet ; dorsal and anal opposite, and near
the tail : vent in the middle of the body.
41. CYCLOPTERUS. Head obtuse : mouth placed in front:
teeth in the jaws : tongue short, thick ; gill-membrane
4- rayed, the cover of one piece : body thick, without
scales : ventral-fins united into, a circle, forming an
instrument of adhesion,
42. CEPHALUS, Jmesbony: aperture of the gills linear
or oval : body terminating abruptly, so as to resemble
the head of a fish cut oft*.
43. TETRODON, Jaws bony, divided at the tip : aperture
of the gills linear : body rough with prickles under-
neath ; ventral-Jins none.
44. SYNGNATHUS, Snout long, cylindrical, with the
mouth at the end, furnished with a lid : gitt-covers
large, striate, closed : spiracle tubular, on the nape :
body elongated, jointed, mailed : ventral-fins none.
45. CENTRISCUS. Snout long, without lid : mouth with-
out teeth : aperture of the gills repand : body
compressed, carinate along the belly : ventral-fins
united.
FISHES. APODES. 1-4. 81
ORDER I. APODES. APODAL.
1. ANGUILLA. JEW.
1. h.vulgaris. Olive-brown, more or less silvery under-
neath : lower-jaw longer than the upper.
Common Eel. Shaw Zool. \\ . p. 15. tub, i.
Body in stagnant waters blackish, yellowish beneath, fometimes
varitd with brcnvn lines, very slippery : head i'mnll, narrowed on
the forepart : nostrils fmull, round, with another lengthened one
beneath each eye : teeth fmall, sharp, numerous : iris golden, pupil
blackish: aperture of the gills femihmar : jaws with feveral
minute pores each side : trunk a little compressed : lateral-line
straight : skin covered with foft oblong fcales : pecloral-Jins fmall,
oval, paler, with about 19 rays : dorsal, caudal, and anal united.
2. A. Conger. lirown, silvery beneath : lateral line
speckled with white : lower-jaw rather shorter thaa
the upper.
Conger Eel. Shaw Zoo!, iv. /. i. Will, ichth. t. G. 6.
Much refembles the last, except in being of a larger size, fome-
times growing to 10 feet long and weighing 100 pounds and up-
wards : body with whitish patches on the sides : lateral-line \>roa.<( j
iris silvery : edges of the dorsal and anal tins black : pectoral-Jins
19 rayed.
3. A. Myrus. Dusky, with elongated snout: fin surrounding
the body whitish edged with black.
Rondeletian Eel. Arted.-Gen. 24. syn, 40.
Head narrowed on tbe fore-part : sides marked with a few yellow
specks: u^ptr-lip with 2 s!;ort tentacula : each side the neck a
branchial uriiicc.
2. OPIIIS. Sea Serpent.
4. O. maculuta. Silvery, with dark-brown spots.
Spc-tted Sea Serpent, {ihaiu Zool. iv. p. 22. lab. 2, Block t. 154.
Body 3 or 4 fc-et long, slender, silvery-white with a triple row oX
dark-brown oblong {'puts : hfad slender : eyes moderate : mouth wide:
teeth curved inwards : pectoral-fins fmall, white ; tail naked, round,
jointed. Berkcnhout.
3. ANAIUCIIAS. Wolf-fah.
5. A. Lupus. Livid brown, with transverse darker
bands
kavenous Wolf-fish. Brit. Zool.\\\. t. 24. Donovan's Fishes, t. 24.
Body 4-7 feet long, tapering, compressed : hfad strong, sloping ;
mouth wide : tteih 5 or 6 in each jaw, conical, and standing far out,
with lesser-ones within them ; grinders cloi'e to the canine teeth in
the upper-jaw, but detached in the lower : eyes oblong, iris silvery,
pupil black : shin slippery : vent large, nearer the head : pe ctoral-fn
j8-raycd : dorsal reaching from the hind-part of the head nearly to
the tail, yy-rayed ; nn.al extending as far as the dorsal, 46-niyed .
tail rounded of 13-18 rays.
4. AMMODITES. Launce.
6. Ammodites Tobianm.
>and Launce. Br. Zucl. iii. t. 25. Donovan's Fishes t. 30.
Lody 9 or 10 inches long, slender, fquare, rounded at the sides :
lower- juiu longer than the upper : throat with 2 oblong rough bones:
eyes i'mall, iris> iiivcry, pural black : ^ill-cover silvery, of 4 pisccs ;
&8 FISHES. APODES. 5. 6. 7.
nostrils double, between the eyes and mouth : back blue varied with
green, with a furrow for receiving the dorfal fin: sides and belly
silvery ; lateral-lhte straight, with another above and below it :
dorsal-fin nearly as long as the back, of 58 f oft rays : pectoral-Jin
fmall, i2-rayed: vent near the tail, with a brown fpot near it:
anal-Jin reaching from the vent to the tail, 28-rayed : tail slightly
forked, with rounded lobes, i6-rayed.
5. OPHIDIUM.
7. O. barbatum. Lower-jaw with 2 long bifid cirri.
Bearded Ophidium. Shaw Zool. iv. p. 68. tab. 7.
Body whitish, with a dusky tinge above, reddish beneath, covered
with fmall dusky fpecks, long, thickish, covered with fmall fcales :
head fmall, without fcales : upper-jaw rather longer : lips thick :
teeth fmall : iris golden with a tranfparcnt nictitant membrane,
pupil black : lateral-line brown, straight : vent nearer the head :
pectoral-fins fmall, brown at the bafe, edged with grey : dorsal-fin
beginning above the middle of the back, united with the caudal and
anal, narrow, white edged with black : tail pointed.
8. O. imberbe. Jaws without cirri : tail rather obtuse.
Bcardlefs Ophidium. Rr. Zool. iii. app. tab. 93.
Body oblong, slender: head a little compressed, rounded : upper-
jaw rather longer: iris broad, silvery: gill-covers angular on the
upper-part, with a strong sharp point over the valve : lateral-line
near the back : vent nearly in the middle : pecloral-jins rather large,
lanceolate : the rest all united, the ventral one as long as the
dorfal.
6. LEPTOCEPHALUS. Morris.
9. Leptocephalus Mori^ii.
Anglefea Morris. Br. Zool. iii. t. 2,5. Shaw Zool. iv. f. 10.
Body about 4 inches long, flat, thin, nearly tranfparent, growing
slenderer towards the tail and pointed : eyes large : teeth very fmall f
in both jaws : lateral-line straight, decussate with oblique striae :
aperture of the gills large : pectoral, ventral, caudal-fins none : dorfal-
fn low, thin, extending the whole l.ength of the back to near the
tail : anal-fin reaching to near the tail : tail pointed.
7. XIPHT AS. Sicord-fish.
10. X. Gladius. Dorsal-fin falcate, tapering: behind.
Common Sword-fish. Br. Zool. iii. t. 26. Shaw Zool. iv. t. 14, '
Body growing to 20 feet long, round, taper -.head flattish, sloping,
steel-blue : jaws both pointed ; the upper-one 4 times as long as
the lower, flattish above and beneath, acute at the sides, with a
furrow down the middle : nostrils double, near the eyes ; aperture
of the gills large, the cover of 2 pieces: back bluish-black : sides
and belly silvery white : lateral-line a ferics of black fpecks : dorsal-
Jin brown, fuddenly sloping, arched, with an elevated procefs near
the tail, 42-rayed : pectoral yellowish, ly-raycd : anal falcate, cine-
reous, i8-rayed: tail femilunar, with a fin-like procefs each side
before it.
ORDER II. JUGULARES. JUGULAR.
8. CALLIONYMUS. -Dragonet.
11. C Lyra. First ray of the first dorsal fin as long as
the body.
Gemmeous Dragonet. Br. Zool. iii. t. 27. Donou. Fish. t. g.
Body about a foot long, variegated rich blue yellow and white :
head oblong, broad, above convex and brown, beneath flat, fpotted
FISHES. JUGULARES. 9. 10. 89
with blue at the sides : throat black : eyes approximate, vertical,
oblong ; pupil dark blue : aperture of the gills narrow, tubular, the
cover of one piece, with a 3-forked fpine at the end : back straight,
brown, yellow at the sides, white towards the belly with 2 inter-
rupted blue lines : lateral-line straight : vent near the middle of the
body : first dorsal-Jin 4-raycd, the first ray arched and very long
fecond ic-rayed : pectoral-fins brown, j8-rayed: ventral ^-rayed ;
anai blue ; lo-rayed : caudal long, round, ic-rayed.
12. C. Dracunculus. First ray of the first dorsal fin
shorter than (he body.
Sordid Dragonet. Br. Zool. iii. t. 28. Donov. t. 84.
Body 6 inches and a half long, taper, dirty yellow with white
and dusky fpots, white on the belly: head broad, compressed, slop-
ing : eyes large, oval, vertical ; iris reddish, pupil black : upper-
jaw longer : back longitudinally grooved, with 4 pei forations be-
fore the first fin : lateral-line hardly visible : vent nearer the head:
first dorsal-fin white before, black behind, 4-rayed ; fecond yellow-
ish with paler lines, lo-rayed; /xfctoru/light-browu, i6-rayed ; ven-
tral broad, grayed ; anal lo-rayed : tail rounded, long, 8-rayed.
9. TRACHINUS. Weei'er, Stingbull.
13. Tr. Draco. Silvery, with oblique transverse yellow-
ish bands : first dorsal-fin 5-rayed, black.
Common \Veever. Br. Zoo!, iii. /. 28, 29. Donovan t. 23.
Bodv 10 or 12 inches long, elongated, compressed, covered with
fmall deciduous fcales, with a dusky tinge on the upper parts .-
undei-jaw longer, sloping much towards the throat: mouth large,
oblique : eyes vertical, iris yellow, pupil black : aperture of the
gills large, the covers tipt with a strong fpine : back straight, yel-
low-brown : lateral-line straight : first dorsal-Jin armed with strong
fpines, lodged when clofed in a hollow of the back ; fecond reach-
ing almoft to the tail, 25-rayed : pectoral 1 5-rayed : ventral 6-rayed :
anai 2^-rayed : tail rather rounded, 24-rayed.
10. GADUS. Codfish.
A. With 3 dorsal ftns : mouth bearded.
14. G. Morhua. Cinereous, with yellowish spots : jaws
and tail nearly even : first anal ray spinous.
Common Cod. Shaw Zool. iv. t. 22. Jonst.pisc. 8. t. <*../. i.
Body generally 2 or 3 feet long, taper, with a prominent belly :
mouth large : jaws nearly equal, the lower-one with a single beard :
scales rather large : lateral-line broad, whitish, straight till it
reaches the vent : vent nearer the head : first dorsal-Jin with 14 rays,
fecond 19, third 21 : pectoral 18 : ventral 6-ra.yed : first anal-fin with
20 rays, fecond 16 ; tail 44-rayed, the first on each side short
and bony.
15. G. JEgkfmus. Whitish, tail forked: upper-jaw lon-
ger : beyond the pectoral-fins a large black spot.
Haddock. Donovan's Fishes, t. 59. Block t. 62,
Body hardly 2 feet long : head sloping : eyes large; iris silvery,
pupil black : mouth narrow: lower-jaw with a single beard: scalef
small, firm : lateral-line nearer the back, black : back with a dusky
cast : fins bluish, first dorsal with 16 rays, fecond 20, third 19;
pectoral ig-rayed ; ventral 6 : anal 21, 22; caudal 27-rayed.
1$. G. Callarias. Cinereous, beneath white : head and
body spotted with brown : tail forked : upper-jaw
longer.
Borfe. Block t. 63. lomt.pifc. t. 46.7. 4.
ft than the last ; head fjaalkr, marked with fcveral fp<>?5
TO FISHES. JUGULARES. 10. Gadus.
which are brov\
n the Cummer and black in the winter : scald
< , -raye.
7. ('. Lusctis. Back olive, sides yellowish: first ray of
the ventral fins long 1 , setaceous : tail bordered with
black.
Bib. P.rit. Zool. iii. t . 3-). Donovan Fhh. t. 19.
Body about A foot long, white beneath, prominent on the back
and belly : fcales larger, deciduous : chin with a single beard : ana/-
fin dusky edged with white: dorfal-fins 12, no, ic-raycd ; pectoral
16; ventra/6; ana/ 13, 18; tail 17-rayecl.
18. G. punctf/tn*. Pale brown with golden spots, be-
neaih while thickly covered with minute dusky
specks : upper-jaw longer.
Speckled Cod, Taken frequently in the \Vcirn at Swanfea.
Pody 18 inches long, slightly arched on the back, a little promi-
nent on the belly, covered above with numerous gold-yellow
ronrdish fpots, beneath with dusky fpecks which are stellate under
a glafs : head large, gradually sloping : teeth fmall, in feveral rows
in the upper-jaw, in the lower a single row : nostrils double : iris
reddish, pupil black : chin with a single beard : nape with a deep
longitudinal groove: lateral-line nearer the back, curved as far as
the middle of the fecond dorfal-fin, growing broader and whiter
towards the end : upper-fins and ta?7brown, with obfcure yellowish
fpots, and darker towards the ends ; lower-ones tinged with green :
ventncar the middle of the body : scales fmall, all of them under a
glafs minutely fpeckled with brown : gill-covers of 2 pieces : lower -
jcnv with 5 obfcure punctures each side: dorsal-fins 14, 20, i8-rayed;
f>>'<-((>rt)/ 18 ; ventral 6, the first ray shorter than the fecond and di-
vided a little way down ; anal 19, 16 ; tail even, 36-rayed.
Differs from G. Morhua in not having the first anal ray fpinous,
and in the lower-jaw being considerably longer ; from G. Lufcus in
the first ray of the vcntral-iin being shorter than the fecond ; from
G. barbatus in wanting the 7 distinct punctures on the lower-jaw,
in its fmall fcales, and in the first dorfal-fin not ending in a long
fibre ; and from G. Callarias in not being spotted with brown, and
in having the lateral-line white.
19. G. barbutm. White, with brownish back and fins :
lower-jaw with 7 punctures each side.
\Vhiting-potit. Blocht. 166. Br. Zool. iii. p. 183.
Body about a foot long, much arched and carinate on the back :
gill-cover of many pieces : lateral-line broad, white, crooked: first
dorsal-fin triangular, ending in a long fibre : pectoral-fins with a
dusky fpot at the bottom : vent nearer the head : dorfal-fins 12, 20,
20-rayed ; pectoral 18 : ventral 6 ; anal 19, 19 ; fa//4O-rayed.
20. G. minutus. Silvery, with the back brownish : upper-
jaw longer: each side the lower-jaw 9 punctures: vent
in the middle of the body.
Poor. Br. Zool. iii. t. 30. Bloch t, 67. /. i.
Body about 6 inches long, with dusky fpots on the sides : head ra-
ther sharp : iris silvery, pupil black lowef-jaw with a single beard :
lateral-line straight, narrow : tail a little forked : belly black within:
dorfal-fins 12, 19, 17-rayed ; pectoral 13; ventral 6; anal '27, 17;
caudai i8-tayed.
FISHES. JUGULARES. 10. Gadus. 91
B. With 3 dorsal fins : jaws beard' ess.
21. G. Merlangus. Silvery, above brownish with yellow
spots : at the base of the pectoral fins a black spot :
upper-jaw longer.
Whiting. Donovan's Fishes t. 36. Block t. 65.
Body about a foot long, taper, clothed with fmall round thin
fcales : head narrowed in front : teeth in the upper-jaw numerous,
the fore ones long ; in the lower-jaw a single row : lower-jaw with
9 or 10 punctures each side : lateral-tin: nearly straight, yellow :
dorsal-fins white, 14, 38, 2o-rayed ; pectoral blackish, ao-rayed ;
ventral white ; anal edged with white, 30, 20 ; tail blackish, a little
forked, 31 -rayed.
22. G. Carbonarius. Blackish, beneath silvery-white :
lower-jaw longer : lateral-line straight white.
Coal-fish. Donovan's Fishes t. 13. F.r. Zool. iii. t. 31.
Body above 2 feet long, covered with thin oblong fcales : head
narrow, pointed: iris yellow with a black fpot : mouth black
within: tongue silvery : fins black, lower-part of the ventral and
anal white : tail forked: dorsal-fins 14, 20, 22-rayed ; pectoral 18 ;
ventral 6; anal 22, jg ; caudal ao-rayed.
&*j. G. Pollacliim. Rather silvery, with brown back and
fins : lower-jaw longer : lateral-line curved, blacic.
Pollack. Donovan's Fishes, t. 7. Ploch t. 68.
ffc^ about 18 inches long, above dusky-brown, gradually whiten-
ing towards the belly, marked with yellow lines beneath the lateral
line : head narrowed in front : eyes large, pupil black, iris yellow
fpotted with black : scales fmall, thin, oblong, edged with yellow :
dorsal-fins 12, 19, 15-rayed ; pectoral 19; ventral 6 ; anal 23, 16:
tail slightly forked, 42-rayed.
C. With too dorsal fins.
?4. G. 'Merlucdus. Whitish, greyish on the back : ttiouth
beardless : lower-jaw longer.
Hake. Donovan's Fishes t. 28. Block t. 154.
Bod\ one and a half to 2 feet long, elongated : head large, broad
and flattish, compressed : jaws with a double row of sharp teeth,
and a single row each side on the palate : near the eyes 4 fmall per-
forations : lateral-line straight nearer the back, beginning with fe-
veral fmall tubercles near the head : vent nearer the head : first
dorsal-fin, pectoral and ventral pointed : tail even : dorfal-Jins 9, 38-
rayed ; pectoral 15; ventral 8 ; anal 36; caudal i8-rayed.
25. G. Molva. Grey, beneath whitish : mouth bearded :
upper-jaw longer : tail rounded, with a dusky bar.
Ling. Shaw Zool. iv. t. 23. Elech t. 69.
Body 3 or 4 feet long, slender, roundish, covered with thin oblong
fcales : head flat : iris white, pupil black : chin with a fmall beard :
tongue white, thin, pointed: lateral-line straight : fins edged with
white, all blackish except the ventral which are white : dersal-Jins
J 5> 65-rayed ; pectoral 15 ; ventral 6 ; anal 67 ; caudal 4C-rayed.
26. G. Lota. Yellowish-olive, yariegated with black :
mouth bearded : jaws equal : tail rather oval
Burbot. Shaw Zool. iv. /. 23. Donovan t. 92.
Body growing to 3 feet long, slender, roundish, covered with
fninute soft thin fcales : head broad, flattened : eyes fmall, lateral :
iris yellow, pupil blue: chin with a beard or two, and 3 on the
nofc : tongue broad, brownish-yellow : lateral-line straight : vent
in th'e 'middle of the body: dctftal-fni u,6i-rayed; pe cloral 1 6 ;
-JtrrtraI6;-ana/5o; caudal sj-rayetf.
f)2 FISHES. JUGULARES. 11. Elcimiizs.
27. G. Mustela. Olive-brown, beneath whitish : mouth
with 4 beards on the upper-jaw, and I on !he lower :
first dorsal-iin obsolete, lodged in a furrow, with a,
cirrus before it.
Five-bearded Cod. Brit. Zool. iii. t. 33. Donovan'* Fishes t. 14.
Body about 19 inches long, with a yellowish tinge above, covered
with mucus and very fniall fcalcs : head i'mall, silvery with a violet
tinge : iris golden, pupil black : mouth large ; upper-jaw longer :
lateral-line obfolete : tail rounded: dorsal-fini 1,42-raycd: putcra/
14.; ventral j ; anal 40 ; caudal z^-rayed,
28. G. fn'cirratus. Reddish-yellow with dark-brown spots:
mouth \vifh 2 beards on the upper-jan and I on the
lower : first dorsal-fin obsolete, lodged in ;i furrow,
without the cirrus before it.
Three-bearded Cod, Rockling. Brit. Zool. t. 33. Donovan t. 2.
Fody long, slender, compressed : teeth numerous, fniall, difpofed.
along the jaws in the form of a broad plate : palate with a triangu-
lar fet of fmall teeth ; fins all fpotted, the ventral reddish : lateral-
line bent till the middle of the body : dorsal-fin* i, 56 ; pectoral 18 ;
ventral 6; ana! +6 ; caudal 20 rayed.
D. With a single dorsal-fin.
.29. G. Broa-me. Lower-jaw with a single beard : ventral-
fins fleshy, ending in 5 cirri : tail rounded, and with
the dorsal and anal fins edged witli white.
Torsk. Br ZooL t. 34. Donovan's Fishes t. 70.
Body about 25 inches long, above yellow-olive, beneath wH f -, a
little compressed, prominent on the belly ; head dusky, -with i
deep furrow reaching to the dorfal-fin which is rounded on the
fore-part : lateral-line curved, whitish : vent in the middle of the
body: dorsal, anal, and caudal-fins fpotted: pectoral tinall, ye Haw,
rounded : dorsal-Jin 49-rayed ; pectoral 21 ; ventral 5 ; anal 37
caudal 35-raycd.
11. BLENNIUS. Blcnny* .
30. B. Gattorugine. Whitish, with transverse brown un-
dulations : over each eye and on the nape a palmate
cirrus.
Gattorugine. Br. Zool. iii. t. 35. Donovan t t 86.
Body 8-10 inches long, compressed: eyes vertical, prominent;
iris reddish, pupil black : teeth fmall, clofe-fct : palate Imooth : on
the head 2 pair of branched membranes : nostrils near the eyes :
gill-cover of one piece : lateral-lint straight, nearer the back: vent
nearer the head : dorsal-Jin with generally a few black fpots, the
first 16 rays fpinous, the hindmost very long : dorsal-Jin 32-rayed ;
pectoral 13 ventral 2 ; ana! 20 ; caudal i2-raycd.
?l. B. Galcrita. Yellowish-brown, speckled with black :
between the eyes a transverse triangular crest edged
with red.
Crested Blenny. Br. Zool. iii. i. 35. .
Body 4 or 5 inches long, compressed, slender, slippery : head fur-
nished with a skinny appendage which may be railed or depressed,
and between the eyes a triangular, prominence pointing backwards :
vent behind the pectoral fins : dorjal-jin shallow, reaching from the
head nearly to tlie tail, 6o-xayed, of which 50 are spinpus.^ pectoral
-ic,; ventral fmall, short, 2; awL^G- tail rounded., )6-rayecU
FISHES. JUGULARES. 11. Blennius 93
32. B. Phyds. Grey-brown, with the nostrils slightly
crested : lower-lip with a cirrus : back with 2 fins.
Hake Blenny. Forked Hake. Br. ZooL iii. f. 193. *. 82.
2. Body about half the size, black, fmooth.
Body about a foot long : palate with a triangular bed of fin all
teeth : lateral-line curved : vent in the middle of the body : dorfal-
fins 10, 6i-rayed, the first triangular with the first ray long and
slender, fecond commencing just behind the first and reaching
nearly to the tail ; pectoral 15 ; ventral 2-rayed, joined at the bottom
and forked towards the end ; anal 57 ; tail rounded, 3o-rayed.
33. B. trifurcatus. Brown, with white lips : ventral-fins
of 3 distinct cirri
Trifurcated Blenny. Br. ZooL \\\.p. 196. t. 32.
Body about a foot long, deep brown, except the foldings of the
lips which are fuowy ; compressed from the pectoral-fins, and fud-
denly tapering to the tail : lower-jaw with a fmall beard : head
broad, depressed : eyes large, iris yellowish : palate with a femi-
lunar row of fmall curved teeth : tongue none : back with a cavity
at the beginning, in which is the rudiment of the first dorfal-fin;
fecond dorsal-Jin reaching to the tail, the aa/correfponding : above
the pectoral-fin each side a row of tubercles, from which commences
the lateral-line which is abruptly curved in the middle : tail
rounded.
34. B. Pholis. Olive-green, marbled with blackish and
whitish clouds : lateral-line curved sub-bifid.
Smooth Blenny. Brit. Zool. iii. t. 36. Donovan t, 78.
Body 7 or 8 inches long, olive, dark-brown or green, variously
clouded, with orange fins: head thick: mouth large : jaws armed
with a row of sharp teeth, the upper-one longer : lips whitish :
nostrils with 4 fibres : eyes large, iris red, pupil black : 'longuc
fmooth : palate rough : vent nearer the head : dorfal : fin long, ap-
pearing as if divided in the middle, 3i-rayed ; pectoral rounded, 12 ;
ventral divided at the ciid, ?; anal 20, the ends of the rays pure
white; tail rounded, i3-rayed,
33. B. Gunnelus. Yellowish-brown, with deeper specks;
dorsal. fin with about 10 round black spots, each sur-
rounJed with a paler ring.
Spotted Blenny. Brit. Zool. iii. t. 33. Donovan Fishes t, 27.
Body 8 or 9 inches long, slender, much compressed, white be-
neath : head fmall : mouth sloping obliquely downwards : lower-jauu
longer : iris white, pupil black : lateral-line straight, obfolete : vent
nearer the head : dorsal-Jin nearly as long as the .body, with 9-12
ojcllate fpots, 77-rayed ; pectoral fmall, 12; ventral 2 ; anal orange,
fpotted with brown at the bafe, 43 ; tdil yellow, rounded,
i6-rayed.
36. B. iiuiparus. Olive, with dusky bars down the sides,
beneath white : nostrils tubular : dorsal caudal aai
anal-fins united.
Viviparous Blenny. Br. ZooL iii. t. 37. Donovan t. 34.
Body about 12 inches long, taper, yellowish-olive with dusky
bars acrofsthe hack, covered with minute oblong white fcales edged
with black : head finall : upp>r-jdjj longer : ve-nt nearer the head :
lateral-line straight, obfolete : tlno.it yellow : dorfal-fin with a deep
indenture near the tail, ga-rayed ; pectoral yellow, 48 ; ventral 2;
anal yeilo.v 63; caaJal iS-raycd.
94 FISHES. THORACICI. 12-15.
ORDER III. THORACICI. THORACIC.
12. CEP.OLA. Band-fish.
37. C. rubescens. Pale red^ with silvery undulate trans-
verse lines : tail lanceolate.
Red Bandfish. Montague Linn. Trans, vii. p. 291. tab. 17;
Body 10 inches long, tapering to a point : head not larger than thfc
body : jaws armed with a row of distant curved teeth : eyes large,
iris silvery mixed \\ T ith crimfon, pupil blue-black : gill-covers sil-
very, of 2 pieces, the membrane 4-rayed : dorsal, caudal, and anal
Jins united, reaching nearly all round the body ; pectoral, rounded,
i6-rayed; ventral whitish, clofe together, rather before the pecto-
ral, oval, 6-rayed, the first ray spinous, with a filament before them
longer than the rays : lateral-line a little curved near the head :
vent near the breast.
13. ECHINEIS. Sucking-fish.
38. E. Remora. Dusky-brown, with about 18 bars on the
shield : tail slightly forked.
European Sucking-fish. Shaw Zool. iv.p. 201. t. 31.
Taken by the Author, in Swanfea, from the back of a Cod-fish,
in the fummer of 1806.
Body 12 or 14 inches long, without fcales, marked with nume-
rous impressed dots ; head rounded in front, jaws \vith numerous
sharp teeth, the lower-one longer : shield margined, divided down
the middle, with 16-19 more or lefs curved grooves armed with
2 or 3 rows of fmall fpines : tongue and palatebefet with fmall teeth:
near the upper-lip are 2 pores each side : aperture of the gills large,
the cover of one piece : lateral-line bent at the end of the pectoral-
fin : vent nearer the tail : dorsal-Jin 22-rayed ; pectoral 22 ; vet.tral
4 ; anal 20 ; tail femilunar, 2C-rayed.
14. GOBIUS. Goby.
39. G. nigcr. Variegated whitish and brown : second
dorsal-fin with about 14 rays.
Black Goby. Br. Zool. iii. t. 3%. Shaw Zool. iv. t. 34.
Body 5 or 6 inches long, covered with hard grey fcales> foft,
mucous ; jaws equal, with the teeth in 2 rows : cheeks inflated : from
the head to the first dorfal-fin a fmall cavity : dorsal and anal-fins
pale blue fpeckled with black : belly vellowishS lateral line obsolete:
vent in the middle of the body : dorjal-jins 6, grayed : pectoral 16
or 17, the middle-ray longest : ventral united in a fort of funnel 12
(inali$' t tail rounded, ly-rayed.
40. G. minutus. Whitish, with ferruginous spots : eyes
blue : fins with obscure ferruginous streaks.
Spotted Goby Donovan s British Fishes, tab. 28.
Eody about 3 inches long : hmd depressed : tongue \zr%t : teeth in
both jaws: eyes large, prominent; iris fapphirine-blue : dorjal-fms
remote, 6, ii-rayed ; pectoral 20.- ventral 19 ; anal 11 ; tail even,
i6-rayed.
15. COTTUS. Bu'lhead.
41. C. Gobio. Smooth, yellowish -olive, spotted with
black, beneath whitish": gill-covers each with 2
curved spines.
River Bullhead. Miller's Thumb. Pr. Zool. t. 39. Donov. t. 80.
P.ody 5 or 6 inches long, taper : head very large : eyes fmall, in
the middle of the head, iris yellowish, pupil black : jauji equal :
FISHES. TIIORACICI. 16. 17. 95
teeth in the jaws and palate : tongue loofc, fmooth : gill-cover of one
piece : lateral-line in the middle : vent about the middle of" the body;
fins variegated with brown : dorsal-fins 8, grayed; pectoral 11 ;
ventral^; anal 12 ; tail rounded, i'2-raycd.
42. C. Scoi-piua. Brown, variegated with white : head
armed with several spines : upper-jaw rather longer.
Father Lasher, Br. Zool. iii. /. 40. Donovan t. 35.
BoJv 9 or 10 inches long, taper, covered with minute tubercles :
head with numerous large sharp fpines, and a 1 oblong {"oft ones be-
fore the eyes : eyes large, vertical, iris pale yellow, pupil black:
mouth and palate armed with teeth : gill-cover of a pieces : fins with
a reddish tinge, barred with deep brown ; lateral-line straight,
nearer the back : vent in the middle of the body : dorsal-fins 8,
14-rayed; pectoral scalloped, 9; ventral 3; anal 11; tail even,
14-rayed.
43. C. cataphractus. Brown, beneath whitish : body
mailed : snout with 2 cloven tubercles : lower-jaw
and throat bearded.
Armed Bullhead, Pogge. Br. Zool. t. 39. Donovan t. \6.
Body about 5 inches long, covered with strong bony crusts, di-
vided into pieces, the ends of wlvich project into a sharp point
forming prickly lines down the back and sides : back with 3 or ^
dusky fpots: head large, bony, cugtjed : lateral-line straight, in the
middle : vent nearer the head : dorfal-fint 5, j-rayed; pectoral 18 ' t
ventral 3 ; anal 6 ; tail rounded, to-rayed.
16. ZEUS. Doree.
44. Z, Faber. Tail rounded : sides marked with an oval
dusky spot in the middle : dorsal and anal-tins 2.
John Doree. Br. Zool. iii, t. 41. Donovan t. 8. Shaw t. 41.
Body fometimes a footer more long, dusky green, with a gilded
tinge, and blue and white variations: head deformed, with a large
projectile fnout, and a deep cavity before the eyes: gill-covers of
2 pieces : chin and shoulders with 2 fpines : back and belly ferrate
with fpines: lateral-line curved: first dorsal-fin with fpinous rays
which end in long filaments: dorfal-fins 10, 24-rayed ; pectoral
rounded, 14 ; ventral 7 ; anal 4, 22 ; tail rounded, 14-rayed,
45. Z. Luna. Tail lunate : body red, green, or pur-
ple, with oval white spots : dorsal and anal-fins
solitary.
Opah, King-fish. Br. Zool. t. 42. Sow. t. 22. Donov. t. 97.
Body about 3 feet long, very deep from the back to the chest, and
fuddenly tapering to the tail : head short, rounded : back and tides
silvery green blue or gold, with silver or gold fpots, without fcales:
tongue thick, rough with prickles pointing backwards : fins fcarlet,
the dorsal and anal ones falcate, pectoral and ventral pointed : tail
erefcent-shaped.
17. PLEURONECTES. Flat-fish.
A. Eyes both on the right side of the head.
46. PI. Hippoglossus. Body perfectly smooth, elongated,
brown above, white beneath : tail lunate.
96 FISHES. THORACIC!. 11. Pleuroneele*.
the bafe : . dorsal-Jin 101 -rayed ; pectoral 14; ventral 5; anal 73;
caudal i7-rayed.
47. PL Platessa. Smooth, brownish with round fulvous
spots : head with a row of 6 tubercles reaching to the
lateral- line.
Plaise. Donovan's Fishes t. 6. Shaw ZooL iv. t. 43.
Body growing to 15 or 16 pounds weight, clothed with thin
foft fcalcs, and marked with numerous dark orange fpots : head
covered with firm fcalcs, each placed in its proper bed : mouth
fmall, lower-jaw longer : teeth finall, obtufe : lateral-line straight,
in the middle: ana\-Jin with a large fpine before it : tail rounded;
fcaly at the bafe, the rays longer than the membrane ; dorsal-Jin 72-
rayed ; pectoral 10; ventral 5; anal 54 ; caudal i8-rayed.
48. PI. Limanda. Brownish, with rough scales : lateral-
line arched over the pectoral fin.
Dab. Donovan's Fishes t. 44. Block t. 46.
Body 3 or 4 pounds weight, with foft oblong fcales, pale brown,
beneath white : head fmall : eyes large : dorsal-Jin 73-rayed ; pec-
toral 11 ; ventral 6 ; anal 53 ; tail nearly even, 15 rayed,
49. PI. microcephulus. Dark brown, with rather smooth
scales: head small, mouth diminutive: lateral-line
a little curved over the pectoral fin.
Smear-dab. Donovan's Fishes tab, 42.
Body above dusky-brown, beneath white, without fpots : mouth
very minute, with the lips a little protruded :fns yellowish-brown;
dorsal go-rayed; pectoral 7; ventral 6; anal 73; tail rounded,
i7-rayed.
50. PI. tens. Yellowish-brown, with quite smooth
scales : beneath white with 5 dusky spots.
Smooth Dab. Br. Zool. n. 105. Ray syn.pisc. 162. /. i.
Body afoot and a half long, 11 inches broad, light brown obfcurely
fpotted with yellow : head fmall : eyes near each other : mouth filled
with fmall teeth: lateral-line much curved over the pectoral fin ;
dorsal-fin 79-rayed.
51. PI. Fltsus. Brown, with the lateral-line rough : at
the base of the fins a series of asperities.
Flounder. Block t. 44. Donovan t. 94.
Body growing to 5 or 6 pounds weight, covered with thin oblong
fcales, above dull brown with lighter or rofy vaiiations, beneath
dirty-white : month fmall, the lower-jaw longer : gill-covers ending
in an obtufe fpinc ; lateral-line with aiowof fmall fpines, curved
ov^r the pectoral fin : fins mostly fpotted with black, between the
anal and ventral a strong fpine : dorsal-Jin ^-rayed ; pectoral u ;
ventral 6; anal 39 ; tail a little rounded, i Stayed.
2. Body rofo-colour, with pale yellow-brown fins.
Rofe-coloured Flounder. Shaw ZooL iv. f. 43*.
Bodv about 9 inches long, with a slight yellowish tinge in fotne
parts, in others with silvery white, beneath nearly white, without
fcalcs, but marked with minute fcalc-like reticulations, and without
roughnefs : lateral-line neatly straight : dorsal-fin 6o-rayed ; pec-
toral 12 ; ventral 7 ; anal 42 ; tail a little rounded, zorayed.
52. PI, Solen. Brown, oblong, with rough scales : upper-
jaw longer : upper pectoral fin tipt with black.
Sole. Donovan's Fishes t. 62. Bloch t. 45.
Body fometimes growing to 2 feet long, above olive-brown, be-
neath white, covered with fmall oblong fcales ending in numerons
fpines : jaws bearded with fmall white cirri, the upper lunate,
Jowcr with fmall moveable teeth : gill-cover rounded of one piece :
lateral-line straight, nearer the back : vent nearer the head : rays of
FISHES. THORACICI. 18. Sparus. 97
the dorfal and anal fins covered with fcales nearly to the middle :
dorfal-fin 97-rayed ; pectoral 10 : ventral 8; anal 83; tail rounded,
17-rayed.
a3. PI. Arnoglossus. White, transparent, very thin, with
small very deciduous scales.
Smooth Sole. Pernant Brit. Zoo 1. iii. p. 233. a. 108.
B. Eyes both on the left side of the head.
54. PI. tubercnMus. Body nearly circular, grey-brown
with blackish variations, rough with horny tu-
bercles.
Turbot. Donovan's Fishes t. 46. Shaw Zoo\. iv. t. 45.
Body growing to a large size, covered with obtufe spinous tuber-
ties: head broad, lower-jaw longer: lateral-line in the middle,
arched over the pectoral-fin : fins yellowish, with black marks:
dorsal-Jin 6orayed ; pectoral 12; ventral 6 anal 43; tat! rounded,
17-rayed.
55. PI. Rhombus. Rhombic, brown with dusky and white
spots, smooth: 4 first rays of the dorsal-fin rami-
fied, with the membrane lacerated between each
branch.
Pearl, Brill. Sowerby Brit. Mifcel. t. 50. Donovan t. 95.
Body refembling the Turbot, but is of a fmaller size, and without
the fpinous tubercles; the fcales are alfo larger: dorfal-fin 71-
rayed ; pectoral 12 ; ventral 6 ; anal 57 ; tail rounded, i6-rayed.
36. PL Megastoma. Oblong, livid-brown with black
marks : mouth large , the lower-jaw protruded : la-
teral-line much curved over the pectoral-fin.
Whiff. Donovan's Fishes iii. tab. 51.
Body thick, with large rough fcales: head elongated : tongue su-
bulate-conic, white : iris yellowish, pupil black : mouth full of
finall teeth : fins wider in the middle, fpotted with black ;
dorfal-fin S^-rayed ; pectoral 13; ventral 5; anal 6 1 tail rounded,
fcaly at the bafe, ig-rayed.
57. PI. Cyclops. Brown with dusky ocellate spots : dor-
sal and anal-fins pointed in the middle: lei i eye placed
in the angle of the head, and visible on both surfaces
of the body .
Cyclops Flounder. Donovan's Fishes tab. 90.
Body roundish, fmooth, brown with dusky fpots inclofed in a
whitish circle : lateral-line much curved over the pectoral-Sn :
middle-rays of the dorsal And anal-Jins longer than the rest, and end-
ing in a point : left eye vertical, and visible on the under side of the
body : dorsal-Jin 66-rayed ; pectoral 11 ; Central 7 j anal 32 : tail
rounded, i6-rayed.
18. SPARU8. Gilthead.
."is. Sp. Aurata. Over the eyes 2 pale semilnnar spots
edged with gold : behind the head each side a
blackish-purple round spot intersected 1>y the late-
ral line.
Lunulated Gilthead. Donovan t. 89. Block t. 266.
Body growing to 6 or 8 pounds weight, silvery inclining to red
on the back : iris silvery : head glossed with gold, especially at the
lower futures of the gill-covers : tail with fometimes a black fpot
near it: dorsal-fin 4-rayed ; pectoral ji; ventral 6 ; anfl 14;
caudal i6-rayed.
t
08 FISHES. THORAC1CI. 19. Labrus.
59. Sp. Pagnts, Rose-red, with longitudinal stripes of
a deeper red : near the gill covers each side 2 black
spots.
Red Gilthcad. .fir. Zool. K. 113. Block t. 267.
Body about the size of the last, covered with large fcales ; eyes
large, silvery : skin at the end of the dorfal and anal fins gathered
up and hiding the last rays : mouth and tongue fine red : belly silvery,
slightly marked with longitudinal yellowish streaks; tail forked.
60. Sp. Dentcx. Body reddish varied with brown: in each
jaw 4 teeth larger than the rest.
Four-toothed Gilthead. Donovan's Fishes t. 73.
Body growing to a large size, varying much in colour, fometimes
fpotted and streaked with black : back reddish : tail fcaly at the
bafe : dorfaX-fin 20-rayed ; pectoral 12; ventral 5; anal io ; caudal
ig-rayed.
61. Sp. niger. Above black, beneath silvery : back with
a silvery stripe along the base of the dorsal-fin : dor-
sal and anal-fins clothed with silvery scales.
Toothed Gilthead. Br. Zool t. 43. Linn. Trans. 7. p. 292.
Taken in Swanfea Bay Nov. 12, 1836.
Body 2 feet long, 9 inches deep, very much compressed, rounded
on the forepart of the back, covered with large firm angular fcales
placed in an hexagonal manner : head much rounded and sloping in
front : mouth oblique downwards : jaws nearly equal : teeth a single
row of incurved larger-ones and a row or two of fmaller-oes in
each jaw, besides a short longitudinal mafs of obtufe ones on each
side in the palate of the upper-jaw: eyes very large, distant ; iris
\vhite : gill-covers of 2 pieces ; the apertures very large, membrane
y-rayed : lateral-line obfolete : vent in the middle, between the ven-
tral and anal-fins : fins all covered with silvery fcales at the,bafe :
dorsal falcate, the first 7 rays very high, 34-rayed, and like the anal
clothed with silvery imbricate fcales placed longitudinally; the rays
ending in short fafcicular processes : pectoral pointed, so-rayed :
Central pointed, 6-rayed, with a. fmaller Supplemental one at the sides
covered with silvery fcales : anal fcmewhat falcate, 28-rayed : the
rays ending in short fafcicular processes : tail black, forked, with
pointed lobes, 2^-rayed.
19. LABRUS. Wrasse.
63. L. gibbns: Variegated blue and orange : dorsal and
anal-tins green spotted with black.
Gibbous Wrasse. Penn. Brit. Zool. iii t. 46,
Body about 8 inches long, size of a perch, but more gibbous on
the back, covered with large fcales : head sloping ; above each eye
a dusky femiluuar fpot : first gill-cover finely ferrate : pectoral-fins
yellow, tranfverfely striped with red at the bafe : ventral and caudal
fea-green : dorfal-fin 2^-raycd ;. pectoral 13 ; ventral ' 6 . anal 13;
tail large, 15-rayed.
63. L. Tinea. Yellowish, variegated with blue, c*nd
spotted with red : fins red, spotted with white : lips
reflected : dorsal-fan ramentaceous.
Ancient Wrasse, Old Wife. Br, Zool. t. 44. DoMto.'t.&fr
Body 15-18 inches long, of a rather hulky form, with a dusky hue
D n the back, and variegated with fefu'e red and ye-llow : /inx edged
With brown: lips large, reflected, reli, tile t.:eth in 2 lows, the
first row conic : ^ill-covers with radiate d-pr.-ssions under the
fcales- above the nofe a deep fur-'.-v: threat with two tuUercled
bones above, and one below : dor/ai-Jin ao-rayed ; pectoral 14 J *-
tralQ', anal iej tail i^-rayed.
FISHES. TIIORACICI. 19. Labrus. 99
64. L. Julis. Back green, sides blackish with a longitu-
dinal indented fulvous stripe : "2 front- teeth longer.
Indented striped Wrasse. Donovans Fishes, t. 96.
Body 7 or 8 inches long, elongated, changeable blue-green \vitli
the indented stripe fulvous and silvery, belly silvery : jaiLS equal :
' dorfal-fin with a black spot at the top, iz-rayed : pectoral is ;
vtntrald; anal 1^5 ; tail i3-rayed.
65* L. variegates. Red with 4 longitudinal grccnish-olire
stripes each side, and as many blue-ones.
Striped Wrasse. Br. ZooL iii. t. 4,5 Donovan.t. 21.
Bodv oblong, about 10 inches long, cohered with large fcales :
lips large, doubled : gill-membrane ^-raycd, the covers grey stuped
with yellow : throat almost yellow : at the bafe of the pect orul -fine
adark olive fpot : dorfal-fin inaiked at the beginning with a broad
band of rich blue, the middle part white, the rett red : anal and
ventral-fins edged with blue: dotfal-Jin 31 -rayed; pectoral 15-
ventra\ 6 ; anal 15; tail blue on the uupcr half, yellow on the'
lower.
66. L. bimaculatus. Grey, with a brown rounded spot each
side on the middle of the body, and another near the
tail.
Bimaculated Wrasse. Penn. Brit. ZooL iii. p. 247. n. 117.
Body rather deep, of a light colour : gill-membrane 6-rayei : 1-
teral-line curved: dorsal-Jin 26-rayed ; pectoral 1,5; ventral 6 j
anal 12.
67. L. trimacalaius* Red, with large scales, and 3 blacK
spots towards trie end of tho back.
Trimaculated Wrass*. Br. ZooL t. 46. Donovan's Fishes t. 49.
Body oblong, about i a inches in length, above orange-red, palef
beneath, with 4 rose-coloured fpot? alternating with the bluck ones ;
gill-membrane 5-rayed : fins fome of them edged with bliu : lateral'
line nearly straight: dorfal-Jin 3c-rayed ; pectoral \ 6 - ? nitlrul 6^i
unali^: tail 14-rayed.
58. L. Comber. Slender, red, beneath yellow : beneath
the lateral-line a longitudinal silvery stripci
Comber Wrasse. Br. ZooL iii. p. 252. t. 47.
Back, fins, and taii red : belly yellow : silve**-slr?pe parallel^
fmooth, even : dorjal-fin si-rayed ; pectoral 14 ; ventral 5 ; anal 10.
69. L. Coquus. Slender, purple and dark blue, beneath-,
yellow.
Cook Wrasse. BT. ZooL iii. n. 123. Ray. Pifc. 163 ./. 4.
Body., refembling the last : back purple and dark blue: belly
yellow^
70. L. cornuMcus. Variegated green brown and yellow: near
the tail a round brown spot : anal-fin yellow, oblique-
ly barred with brown.
Coldfinny. Donovan's Fishes tab. 72. Br. ZooL iii. t. 47.
Body about a palm long, shaped like L. Tinea : lips doubled ; jaiut
and gill-covers rich yellow : belly yellowish-white : dorsal-fin green-
ish, with dusky clouds : pectoral and ventral-fins yellowish-white :
dorsal-Jin 25-rayed ; pectoral 12: vetral 7; anal 13; tail green,
14-rayed.
71. L. lineatus. Greenish beneath yellowish, with nume-
rous parallel longitudinal yellowish lines.
Streaked Wrasse. Donovan's Brit. Fishes, tab. 74.
Body 7 inches long, with green head back and fins, the sides pale :
.iris yellow, pupil black : lateral-line curved : dorsal-Jin 3>rayed :
p.ectoral 14 ; ventral 8 j anal 11 ; tail i^-rayed.
I X
UK) FISHES. THORACICI. 20. 21.
20. PERCA. Perch.
A. With 2 distinct dorsal-fins.
72. ~P.Jluviatilis. Brownish-olive, with short dusky trail*-,
verse bands on the sides : dorsal-fins pale violet-
brown, the rest red.
1 2. Back much raifed, curved and distorted near the tail.
Common Perch. r. Zool. iii t. 48. Donovan t. 52.
Body fometimes growing to a large size, with a gilded tinge on
the sides, whitish towards the belly ; nostrils near the eyes, dou-
ble, with 4 pores before them : mouth large : jaws nearly equal t
teeth fmall, in the jaws and on the roof; tongue short, fmooth : first
dorfal-fm with 15 fpinous rays, marked with a roundish black fpot
accompanied with a fmaller-one ; fecond with 15 foft rays : pecto-
ral 14 ; ventral 8 ; anal 12 ; tail a little forked, 21 rayed.
73. P. Lab fax. Back dusky with a blue tinge, belly sil-
very : second dorsal-fin with 14 rays.
Basse. Br. Zool. iii. t. 49. Donovan's Fishes t. 43.
Body shaped like a falmon, and growing to the weight of 15
pounds ; mouth large, filled with fmall teeth, with a triangular
rough fpace in the roof: eyes laige, reddish, iris silvery ; when
young the fpace above it is marked with fmall black fpots ; gill-
covers ending in a sharp point : dorsal-fins bro'.vn, the first g-rayed,
. fecond 14 ; pectoral brownish, i8-rayed ; ventral reddish-white,
6-rayedj tail slightly forked, brown, 2i-raycd.
B. With a single dorsal-fin.
74. P. cermia. Olive-brown with blackish dots : dorsal-
fin 27-rayecl, the first 15 of which are spinous.
Ruffe. Donovan's Fishes t. 39. Shaw tool. iv. t. 79.
Body about 6 inches long, slender, mucous, yellowish-olive on
the sides, blackish on the nape and back, whitish on the breast and
belly, covered with numerous dusky fpots on the body pectoral
Uori'al and anal fins : lateral-line a little curved : head thick, flattish t
eyes large, pupil blue, iris brown with a yellow mark : jaws equal c
Jins yellowish; dorsal sy-rayed ; pectoral 13; ventral 6j anal 7;
tail sharply-forked, ig-rayed.
21. SCOMBER. MaekreL
?5. c. SctfwJer. Blue green, with numerous transverse
black Hues : belly silvery : 5 spurious fins above ajid
below.
Common Mackrel. Br zoo!, iii. t. 51. Shaw zool. iv. t. 34.
Body 1-2 feet long, dark-green varied with blue and crossed with
black bands above the lateral-line : headlong: eyes large, covered
at first with a white film ;' mouth large ; the lower-jaw longer :
tongue loofe, pointed, fmooth : teeth in both jaws and round the
edge of the palate : gill-covers of 3 pieces, silvery r fcates fmall
oval, tranfparent : lateral-line nearer to and parallel with the bat!-,
with generally fome dusky fpots along it : f pur i OK s -Jins fmall, grey :
dorsal-fins 12, i e -rayed ; pectoral 20,; ventral 6; anal 13; tail
forked, ao-rayed.
76. Sc. Colias. Varied with rich green and blue : spuri-
ous fins 5 both above and below.
Coly Mackrel. Will, ichth.p. 182. Syst. Nat. p. 824.
Found frequently in the Weirs about Swanfea, and very much
refembles the last, except in size which feldom exceeds 6 or 7
inches in length. Its colours are much vichcr, and it (iocs not ap
pear to come in shoals.
FISHES, TITOH^ClCl %SW# ' 101
77. Sc. Thynnw. Above brotniish-bliie, beneath silvery :
spurious fins about 10, both above and below.
Tunny. Dr. Zcol. iii. t. ,52. Donovan t. 5.
lto</y 3-10 feet long, a little convex above, becoming fnJdenly
slender to-.vards the- tail where it becomes angular : head fmall ; iris
pale green : tongue short, finoot'h : /ou'er-jazu longer : gill-cover of
2 pieces : 'Jca'les fmaJl, thin, deciduous : iirst dorsal-fin, concealed In
a cavity on the back when clofcd, i^-rayed ; fecond falcate, 12-
raycd : pectoral long, yellowish, sprayed: ventral short, grey,
6-iayed : anal yellowish, i3-rayed : taii grey, lunate, 3o-rayed j
fpurious-_fins yellow..
$8. Sc. Trac/mrut.. Above blue-green, beneath silvery:
upper gill-covers with a black spot : spurious fins
united ; lateral-line covered, with wide imbricate
prickly plates.
Scad. Donovan's. Brit. Fishes i. tab. 3^
Body 12-18 inches long, covered with thin broad fcales, a little
prominent and carinate on the back : 'head large : jaws obtufe, th
lower-one longer : tongue broad, thin, finooth : iris reddish-silvery:
gift-cover of 2 pieces : fins whitish, the first rays 'of the first dorfal
black : dgrsal 8, 34-rayed ; pectoral 20; ventral ^6 j anal 30, vrkth
2 fpines before it ; tail lunate, ao-rayed.
2V. GASTEROSTEUS. Stickleback.
n9. G. aculeatus. Above olive, beneath silvery-red : back
with 3 spines.
Three-fpined Stickleback, Banistikle. Br. Zool. t. 50. Don. t. it.
Body bately a inches long : head compressed, sloping : eyes large,,
prominent; iris silvery : sides silvery, fquare near the tail: chin
and breast fometimes fine red ; belly prominent: lateral-line rough,
near the back: fins yellowish; dorsal near the tall, 12-rayedi
pectoral 10; ventral A plate with 2 unequal fpines; anal 9, one of
.tt:erri i'pinous ; tail even 12-rayed.
SO. G. Piingitiits. Olive, 'beneath silvery : back witli
about 10 spines.
Ten~fpuied Stickleback. Br. Zool. ..50. Donov. t. 39.
Bddy about an inch and a half long, with the dorfal fpines crossing
each other, and amounting fometimes to 11, fometimes only ^:
sides not fpeckled, yellowish; dorfal-fin lo-rayed; pectoral 10;
ventral of one fpine ; anal to ; tail a little rounded, is-raycd,
>>1. G. Spinachia. Olive spotted with black: along tfce
sides of the jaws a silvery stripe : lateral-line promi-
nent, shielded : back with 15 spines.
Fifteen-fpined Stickleback. Brit. Zool. t. 50. oaovan t. 45.
Body 6 or 7 inches Jong, very slender and lanceolate toward* jrfv*
tail r head lengthened, cylindrical ; lower-javr longer : iris silver^ :
trust fomewhat ^-skled : lateral~iine compofed of a row of plate* j
dorsal-spin-es placed in a cavity and bent back : dorral-fin 7-rayed i
jxtteml oblong, 10 ; ventral of 2 fpinous rays : anal with a fpinc
before it ; tail rounded, with an elevated line abov.jU)d beneath,
12-rayed.
23. MULLUS. Surmullet:
-82. M. barbatws. Red > with an olive tinge above and a
silvery one beneath.
Red Surmullet. Pennant Br. Zool. iii./. 271. n. 13$.
Body 12-15 inches long, covered with thin decichiOBi fcale,
under which it is of a bright red : lower-jatwilh 2 cirri j t
.7, o-rayed .; pectoral 15 ; ventral 6} <jna/7 ; tail iO-ray
102 riSKl.,3'. TJIORAC*Cf. Si./Trigla.
83. M. Stirmulletus. Red, with 2 or 3 longitudinal yellow
stripes each side.
Striped Surmullet. Br. Zool. t. 53. Donovan f, 12.
Body about a foot long, a little silvery beneath : fcales silvery with
tawny lines: eyes round ; pupil blue, furrounded with a red ring ;
iris silvery: upper gill-cover ending in a foft blunt elongation:
lateral-line arched with the bark ; fns yellowish, with the rays
mostly red : lower-jaw with a beards : dorsal-fins 7, g-rayed ; pectoral
16; ventral 7 ; anal 8 ; ta?7 forked, 2o-raycd.
24. TRIGLA. Gurnard.
84. T. Gurnardus. Throat with 3 appeadages : above
grey with whitish and dusky spots, beneath silvery :
lateral-line clothed with rounded whitish scales.
Grey Gurnard. Br. Zool. t. 54. Donovan t. 30. Shaw Zool. t. go.
Body 1-3 feet long, covered with fmall white fcales: above the
eyes 2 short fpines each side: iris silvery: npje sloping, slightly
forked, with 3 short fpines each side : giU- r covers radiate, ending in
a point : vent nearer the head : rays of the fins longer than the
membrane; dorsal-fns 7, ig-rayed, the first grey fpotted with
white, the fecond reddish-ash ; pectoral dark-grey, lo-rayed ; ventral
whitish, 6; anal reddish-ash, 20; tail lunate, dark grey, 14-
rayed.
85. T. Lyra. Throat with 3 appendages : red, beneath
silvery : nose 2-lobed, with 3 spines each side.
Piper. Br. Zool. t. 55.
Body about 2-feet long : upper-jaw much longer than the lower :
on the inner corner of each eye a strong fpine, the plates of the
head ending each side in another, and a large one over the pectoral-
fins: back ferrate with sharp fpines : dorfal-fns yellowish with red
rays, ic, i8-raycd ; pectoral slightly tinged with blue, i2-rayed;
ventral yellowish with red rays, 6-rayed with a fpine ; anal 18, the
first fpinous ; tail lunate, tinged with blue.
SO. T. Cuculus. Throat with 3 appendages : red, beneath
silvery : first dorsal-fin with a black spot.
Red Gurnard. Br. Zool. t. 57. Shaw Zool. t. 90.
Body about a foot long, more or less marked with whitish tranf-
verfe bands, covered with minute fcales: noft with 3 fpines each
side : lateral-line with broad silvery fcales edged with black, and
another row each side the back : dorfal-fns 9, i6-rayed, the fecond
with a yellowish edge ; pectoral 10 ; ventral 6j anal 16; tail lu-
nate, i grayed.
ST. T; Hirundo. Throat with 3 appendages : grey-brown,
beneath silvery : pectoral-fins very large, olive-green,
spotted and edged with rich blue,
Sapphirine Gurnard. Br. Zool. t. 56. Donovan t. i.
Body a foot or more long, tinged with red at the sides : lattrat-linf
rough : eyes with 2 fpines at the inner corner of each : nofe cloven,
fpinous: vent near the head: dorsal-fins with 9, 17 simple rays;
pectoral g branched rays; ventral 6, branched; anal 14, simple j tail .
brownish, slightly lunate, i6-rayed.
88. T. lineata. Throat with 3 appendages : red, bencatk
white, with numerous ridges across the sides.
Streaked Gurnard. Br. Zool. t. 57. Donovan t. 4.
Body about a foot long : head large, fuddenly sloping, radiate on
the sides : nofe cloven, with short fpines : back ferrate ; lateral-line
plated :^fl.r with dusky fpots : dorsal 10, ly-raycd j fccttrai to;
* iiji*4 fcw'l slightly luate, ifi.raycd*
FISHES. _ ABDOMINALES. 25. 26. 103
ORDER IV. ABDOMINALES. ABDOMINAL,
25. COBITIS. Loche.
, Barbatula. Yellowish-grey, with dusky variations :
fpotted, ig-rayed.
90. C. T&nia. Yellowish-grey, with dusky spots : head
compressed, with a forked spine beneath each eye,
and G beards
26. SALMO. Salmon.
91. S. Salar. Silvery-grey, with blackish or grey spots :
lower-jaw of the male ending in an incurved elonga-
tion : tail forked.
Salmon. Br. Zool. t. 58. Shaw Zool. t. 102.
Body 2-4 feet long, blackish in front and on the cheeks: ^wfmall,
iris silvery : jaws of the male more or lefs incurved : tongue with
6 or 8 recurved teeth : fleshy-fin and lateral-line black : ventral-fins
with an appendage at the bafe : darfal-fin i^-rayed ; federal 145
ventral 10- anal 13 ; caudal 2i-rayed.
92. S. Eriux. Deep silvery-grey, with purplish-grey
spots : lower-jaw a little longer : tail nearly even.
Shewen. Br. Zoo). ii\.p. 225. . 144. Donovan t.g\.
Refembles the laft but is fmaller and the flesh is paler : jaws of
the male very slightly incurved ; belly silvery ; dorfal-fin fpotted r
the rays above the membrane, i2-rayed; pectoral 145 ventral 10 j
anal 12 ; tail 24-rayed.
93- S. Trullu. Purplish-grey, with black drop-like spots
on the head body and dorsal-fin.
Salmon Trout. Block \.p. 143. lab. ai.
Body fmaller than the Salmon, covered with fmall round dusky
fpots furrounded by a paler circle : jaws equal : tail slightly cloven:
dorfal-fin i^-rayed; pectoral 14; ventral 9 ; anal 10; tail 20-
rayed.
94. S. Fario. Yellowish-grey v whh purple or red spots:
lower-jaw a little longer than the upper.
2. Stomach very large. Gillaroo Trout. Sow. Mifc. t. 61.
Body about a foot long, narrow, olive above the lateral line, yel-
low beneath it, belly white : cheeks yellow and green : iris white,
with a femilunar blackish edge : fins purplish-yellow, the dorfal
fpotted, the fleshy-one brown feibt with red, the ventral with a
pointed appendage: dorfal-fin i3-rayed ; pectoral 13; ventral 9;
anal 9, edged with white : tail slightly forked, a^-rayed.
95. S. Phinoc. Silvery-grey, willi very splendid belly ;
dorsal-fin spotted with black : tail black, forked.
White Salmon. Penn. Brit. Zoo], in. p. 302. n. 14.7.
Body about a foot long, of an. elegant form, with the back straight,
above dusky and silvery intermixed, beneath gf ajj exquisite silvery
104 FISHES. ABDOMINALES. 26. Salmo.
whitenefs : upper-jaw a little longer, with two rows of teeth, one
in the lower, and 6 on the tongue : dorfal-fin n-rayed ; pectoral 13 ;
ventral 9; analcj; tail much forked.
96. S. Salmulus. Blueish-grcy, with distant reddish
spots : tail forked.
Samlet. Brit. Zool. n. 148. Shaw Zool. v.p. 55.
Body 6 or 7 inches long, deeper than the Trout with a narrower
head and lefs mouth, marked with feveral dusky fpots or tranf-
verfe bars, with fewer fpots and not fo light : pectoral-fins with
generally one large black fpot : Jleihy-fin not tipL with red, nor the
anal edged with white : tail much more forked than in the trout.
97. S. Salvelinus. Purplish-grey, spotted with red : low-
er-fins and belly scarlet.
Red Charr. Br. Zool, n. 149. Shaw Zool. v. t. 105.
Body about a foot long, slender, brownish-blue on the back, sil-
very on the sides : jaws nearly of equal length ; tongue loofe, and
like the palate with two rows of teeth: fpots on the sides with
fometimes a pale margin: first ray of the ventral and anal-Jins
white : fleshy-fin tipt with brown : dorsal-fin 13-rayed ; pectoral 14 ;
i'errtralg; ana! 12; tail forked, 24-rayed.
98. S. alpinus. With red and dusky specks : back dark-
olive, sides blueish, belly fulvous : gill-covers a little
gilt : dorsal-fin spotted.
Alpine Salmon. Charr. Pi. Zool. t. 60. Donovan t. 61.
Body about afoot long, fpeckled with black and red on the back
and sides : jaws equal : fins reddish, except the dorfal, which is
pale brown fpotted with black ; the fleshy-one edged with red :
dorsal-fin n-rayed ; pectoral 16; ventral 11 ; anal 10 ; tail slightly
forked, 2^-rayed.
99. S. Eperlanus. Back greenish-white, sides varied
with blue, belly silvery : head transparent : anal-fin
with 17 rays.
Smelt. Br. Zool. t. 61. Donovan t. 48.
Body 6 or 7 inches long, slender, femitranfparent : head fmall,
ohtufe ; the under-jaw longer and a little curved, with 4 large teeth
in the upper: palate and tongue with 2 rows of teeth each : eyes
silvery : dorsal-fin 1 1 rayed ; pectoral 12 j ventral 8; anal opposite
the dorfal, 14 ; taj'/forked, 2i-rayed.
100. S. Thymallus. Grey, with longitudinal dusky-blue
lines : dorsal-fin violet with brown bars.
Grayling. Br. Zool. t. 61. Donovan t, 88.
Body about 18 inches long, rather slender, silvery -grey with nu-
merous dark lines : head obtufc, dusky above, greenish at the
sides : the upper-jaw longer : gill-covers glossy-green : eyes promi-
nent ; iris silvery dotted with yellow : teeth very minute : tongue
fmooth : back arched; lateral-line with dusky dots: lower-fins and
tail rufous-brown : dorsal-fin 23-rayed j pectoral grey, 12 j ventral 7;
anal 11 ; tai\ forked, grayed.
101. S. Lavaretus. Above purplish-blue, beneath silvery
with a gold tinge : scales broad : upper-lip project-
ing in a nose-like form.
Gwiniad. Br. Zool. t. 62. Shaw Zool. v. t. 105. -
Body hardly a foot long, thicker than the trout : head fmall, taper,
ending in a blackish kind of probofcis : mouth fmall, without visible
teeth : eyes moderate, pupil deep blue, iris silvery ; checks and 'gill-
covers varied blue and yellow : lateral-line compofed of 45 distinct
dusky fpots : scales large, notched in the middle: dorsal-fin 14-
rayed; pectoral yellowish, 18} ventral i; analtjji tail niutb.
forked, eo-rayed,
FISHES. ABDOMINALES. 27-29. 105
27. ESOX. Pike.
102. E. Lucius. Olive-grey with yellowish spots, belly
white spotted with bfack : jaws depressed, uearly
equal.
Pike. ' Erit. Zool. t. 63. Shaw Zool. v, t. 108.
Body lengthened, fometimes growing to a vast sire, blackish on
the back ; head flattened ; upper-jaw broad, a little shorter ; lower
slightly turned up at the end and covered with fmall punctftres :
iris golden, pupil bluish : teeth in the jaws alternately fixed and
moveable, wih 3 longitudinal rows on the palate ; dorsal anal and
caudal-fins fpotted with black: dorsal-Jin ai-rayed; pectoral 15:
ventral 11 ; anal 18 ; tail forked, ig-rayed.
103. E. S aunts* Bliieish-green, beneath silvery t jawi
subulate, gaping in the middle, of equal length: above
and beneath 6 spurious-fins near the tail.
Saury Pike. Br, Zool. t. 64. Linn, Trans, 7. p. 6c, /. ,5.
Body about 1 1 incises long, tapering like an eel ; juwt very slcn-
Icr, about an inch long, of equal length) the upper-one a little in*
curved: pectoral and ventral-fins fmall: dorsal and anal opposite,
shallow, continued down to the tail into 6 other fmallcr fins : tail
much forked.
104. E. Osscus. Greenish, -with pale red belly and fins,
covered with square long scales : jaws very long, the
upper longest.
Great Gar-fish. Eloch t. 390.
Taken ort the Sussex Coast. Bcrhenhout p. 81.
'Body 2 feet long, nearly cylindrical, covered with bony fcales
difpofed in oblique tows, except on the head and gill-covers ; each,
fcale marked into 4 triangular spaces : gill- covers pale red, radiate :
JAWS with sharp unequal teeth along the edges, 3 (mailer-ones fuc-
ceeding every larger-one r eyes large ; iris yellow : fins all \vith the
first ray doubly ferrate : back with a row of sharp fcales : dorfal-fin
opposite the anal and near the tail, fpotted With black, 6-rayed :
pectoral 11 ; ventral 6; anal fpotted, 5 j tail rounded, fpotted,
12-rayed.
K)5. E. Belone. Blue-green, beneath, silvery : jaws very
long and taper, the lower one longest.
Gar Pike, Sea Needle. Br. Zool. t. 63. Donovan t. 64.
Body 2 or 3 feet long, nearly cylindrical, taper : jaws sharp-
pointed, with numerous nearly equal teeth along the edges : mouth
purple on the inside : eyes large ; iris silvery : belly flat, bounded
each side by a rough line : dorsal-Jin i4-rayed, near the tail and opt
posite the anal j pectoral 1 3 ; ventral 7, the first ray fpinons ; anal
19; tail much forked, 23-rayed. The bones are green when the
fish is boiled.
28. ARGENTINA. Argentine.
&6 A. Spkyrcena. Bright-silvery, greenish on the back :
anal-fin with 9 rays.
Pearl Argentine. Br. Zool. iii. p. 327,. tab. 65.
Fody 2 or 3 inches long, compressed, nearly of equal depth : hea<l
purplish : mouth fmal], with minute teeth : eyes larp.e, iris silvery :
lateral-line in the middle, nearly straight : air-bladder shining like
polished silver : dorsal-fin placed near the equilibrium of the body,
lo-rayed ; pectoral 14 ; ventral 1 1 ; anal 9 ; tail forked.
29. ATHERINA. Atherlne.
107. A. Hespetus. Yellowish, pale-olive on the back, se-.
mitransparent, reticulate with lines of blackis
106 FISHES. ABDOMINALKS. 30. 3). 32.
European Atherine, Br. Zoo!, t. 65. Donovan, t. 87.
Body 5 or 6 inches long, elegantly icticulate with brown fpecks,
a little prominent on the belly, covered with large fcaJes : crown
broad, sloping : iris with a brown fpot above :jaus with numerous
iniall teeth : gill-covers silvery : sidts with abroad polished silvery
stripe from the gills to the tail, through the middle of which is
the lalei al-line which is straight, impressed, and has a row of black
dots beneath it: dorfal-Jins 8, n-rayed; pectoral 13; venlrnj 6j
tinal 10-14; tail forked, ij-rayed.
30. MUGIL. Mrtltt.
108. M, Cephftlus. Silvery-grey, dusky on the back ;
sides with numerous longitudinal blackish Imc3 : firs.t
dorsal-fin 4-rayed.
Common Mullet. Pr. Zool. t. 66. Donovan t. 15.
fody 14 or 15 inches long, a little convex on the back and protu-
berant on the belly : head flattened, taper : mouth fmall : tongue
rough : pupil black, encircled with a fmall silvery line ; iris harel
above, silvery bc)ow : belly silvery : /j bluish: dorfal-fna 4, 8-
rayed; pectoral 17; ventral 7; anal 9 ; tail forked, a^-rayed, and
2 very short ones each side.
31. EXOCCETUS. Flying-fish,
109. "E.volitans. Silvery, brownish on (he back : ventral-
fins placed before the middle of the belly.
Oceanic Flying-fish. Pr. Zool. t. 67. Donovan, t 31.
Body 12 or 14 inches long, flat on the back, and carinate each
15-ruyci
32. CLUPEA. Herring.
110. Cl. Harcngus. Silvery , dusky-green on the back :
lower-jaw longer : anal-iin 17-rayed : scales easily
deciduous.
Common Herring, Br.ZooI. t. 68. Shaw Zco.v. t. 119.
BoJy JO or 12 inches Jong, a little convex on the back, with a
reddish or violet fpot on the gill-covers when alive : head final],
taper: iris silvery : fcales rather large and easily falling oif : fr>s
cinereous, the dorfal placed behind the centre of gravity, cauMi;^
the head to fall down when held by it : laleral-inx hardly visible :
belly sharply carinate, but hardly ferrate : dorja\-fin i8-iayed ;. fcc-
toral 18 ; ventral^; ana! 17 ^ tail i8-rayed.
111. Cl. Pilcurdus. Silvery, dusky-green on the back:
lover-jaw rather shorter, the tipper ascending : dor-
sal-lin placed in the centre of gravity : scales very
large, adhering firmly.
Pilchard. Br. ZocL /.-C8. Donovan t. 69. Shazv v. t. 119.
Padv rather less than the Herring, thicker and more rounded, the
$ack more elevated, and the belly not fo sharp : head more obtule .-
dorsal-fin i8-rayed ; pectoral 16 ; ventral 8 ; anal 17 ; tail 32-raycd.
11^. Cl. Aloaa. Silvery, dusky on the back: along thi 4
sides a row of rounded black spots : belly serrate.
Shad. Br. Zool. t. 69. Donov. t. 57. Shaiv v. t. 120.
Body. 2 or 3 feet long, dusky-green or bluish on the back, convex
above and below : fr.out bifid ; upper-jaw a little longer, toothed at
, \.l\s edge : ^ill-covers striate, silvery at the edge : fcales large, dcci-
FISHES. ABDOIMINALES. 33. Cyprinus. 10T
tUious : Jins cinereous, the ventral with pointed appendages : dorfat**
fin 2o-r<yed ; pectoral iy; ventral 12; anal 21 ; tail with dusk/
fpots, 26-rayed.
113. Cl. Sprattits. Silvery, dusky-blue on the back:
lower-jaw longer than the upper : belly strongly
serrate.
Sprat, Br, Zoo I. \ii.p. 346. Block t. 30. /, a.
Body 4 or 5 inches long, much refembling the herring, hat the
body is deeper, the back-iin placed more behind, with only 16 or if
rays, and the ventral with only 6 or 7, the belly strongly ferrate,
and with only 48 bones in the back : head pointed, blackish iu
front, lower-jaw a little longer and curved : eyes large, iris yellow-
ish white: gill-coders silvery, radiate: heel of the belly curved \
dortal-Jin i /Brayed ; pectoral 16 ; ventral j anal 19 ; tail i8-rayed. '
114. Cl. Encrasicolus. Silvery, greenish and semttrans'
parent on the back : upper-jaw longer : belly uot
serrate.
Achovy, Donovans Fishes t. 50. Shaw Zool v, t, \ 20.
Bady about 3 or 4 inches long, slender, covered with thin deci-
duous fcales : head long, the upper-jaw considerably longer : mouth
very large, fmooth within : tongue doubly cUiate each side : eyes
large, iris silvery : Jlns tranfparcnt : belly fmooth: dorfal-fi,n \t
rayed ; pectoral 15 ; ventral 7 ; anal 14 ; tail 24-rayed,
33, CYPR1NUS, Carp.
A. Mouth bearded,
115. C. Barbus. Bluish- white, olive on the back : mouth
with 4 beards : second ray of the dorsal-fin serrate
both sides : anal-fin 7-rayed.
Barbel. Br. ZooL t. 71. Donov. t, 29. Shaw v. /. 133.
Body growing to a large size, slender and taper; head taper, the-
tipper-lip reddish and longer : iris pale brown : nostrils nearer- the
eyes : beards placed one on each side the upper-lip, and one at the
corners of the mouth : lateral-line straight, dotted with black : fins
reddish with a purple-brown cast ; the ventral with an appendage j
dorjal-jin 12-rayed ; pectoral 13 j ventral \i ; ana} 7 ; tail forked^
22-rayed,
116. C. Carpio. Yellowish-olive, whitish beneath :
mouth with 4 beards : third ray of the dorsal-fid
serrate behind : anal-fin 9-rayed.
Common carp. Br, Zool. t. 70. Shaw, Zv$l. v. t. 121.
Body 12-16 inches long, deep, with a wide dorfaltftn, blue-green
on the back, covered with large fcales which are longitudinally
striate: head large, sloping, bearded like the Barbel : jaws nearly
equal,, with thick yellow lips: lateralrline slightly bent, dotted
with black : fins violetrbrown, the anal with a reddish tinge f
dorfal-fin G^-rayed ; pectoral i(j j ventral 55 anal g: taif slightly
forked, arrayed,
117. C. Gobio, Pale olive-brown, silvery below : mouth
with 2 beards : anal-fin 11 -rayed : dorsal-fin, aad
tail spotted with black,
CJudgeon. Donovan t, 71, Block t. 8.y. Q.
Body 5 or 6 Inches long, thicjt, taper, fometimes fpotted with
black, livid on the back, blue above the lateral line : headobtufc,
iris golden : mouth with a beard at each corner ; the upper-jaw a
little longer : lateral-line nearly straight : dorsal-fin opposite thq
ventral, 8-rayed ; pectoral 15 j ventral 8 ; anal n ; tail forked,
8 -rayed.
IDS FISHES. ABDOMINALES. 33. Cyprynu-
118. C. Tinea. Blackish-olive with a gilded tinge, mu-
cous : mouth with 2 beards : anal-fin ll-rayed : tail
nearly even.
Tench. Brit. Zool. Hi. p. 359. Bloch t. 14.
Body 12 or 14 inches long, covered with a thick slime, and very
fmall clofely fixed fcales, deep, with thick opake violet fins: heai
large, broad, deep green, iris golden : chin white : jaws equal :
lateral'line a little curved: belly whitish : dorsa\-<fin lorayed ; pec-
toral 16; ventral g; anal 11 ; tail truncate at the bafe and straight
in the mjddle, ig-rayed,
B. Mouth beardless.
119. C. Carassius. Yellow-olive, with dusky-olive fins :
2 first rays of the dorsal-fin serrate : lateraHiue
straight : tail nearly entire.
Crusian, Br. Zool. n. 72. Block, t. 1 1 .
Body 8 or jo inches long, very deep and.thjck, with a wide dorfaU
fin : head fmall, obtufe, varied on the sides with yellow and green r
iris silvery, funounded with a golden ring :jaws with 5 broad teeth
in each: back carinate before the fin : dorsa\-fin 2o-rayed : pectoral
12; ventral 9 ; a??a/ioj tail slightly lu,nate, 22-rayed,
120. C-. Brama. Broad, arched, olive, beneath flcsb-co* .'
lour : fins brown, anal about 29-rayed.
JBrcam Br. Zool,t. 70, Shaw, v. t. 124, Donovan, t, 93,
Body 2 feet or more long, covered with .large fcales, very deep,
\vithafmalldorfal-fin: head truncate, reddish on the chin : mouth
fmall, the upper-jaw a little protruded : iris pale yellow fpotted
with black i laterql.line bent down, dotted with black : ventral-fins
\vith a conic procefs : dorfal-fin j2-jraye4 J pectoral ij ; ventral 9;
anal 29 ; tail forked, ig-rayed,
121. C. Eri/ihrop/tthulrnus, Olive with a gilded tinge,
paler below : iris orange : lower-fins red,
Rncl. Br. Zool. t. 62, Donov. t. 40, Bloch. 1. 1.
Eody 8 or 10 inches long, broad, covered with large fcales, green-
ish above the lateral-line; head fmall ; jaws equal, the lower-one
a little curved : teeth ferrate, in 2 rows : nostrils large : back arched,
carinate before the fin which is placed below the middle : lateral-'
line a little curved downwards, with about 30 raifed dots : dorsal-fin.
greenish, cd^ed with red, n-rayed; federally, ventral jo; anal
12-15; /fliV forked, ao-rayed.
122. C Rvtilus, yellowish-silvery, dusky-green on the
hack : fins red ; anal fin J2-rayed,
Roach, Donovan's Fishes t, 67. Bloch t, s.
Body much refembling the Rud, but is longer and slenderer, and
the jaws have each a row of 5 compressed teeth : lips red : back a
Jittle arched : lateral-line bent down, with about 36 dots : dorfal-fin
in the rnvddle of the back forayed j pectoral 13 ; ve ntral 9 j anal
12 : tail deeply forked, 22'rayed,
123. C. auratus. Splendid gold-red, with scarlet fins :
anal-fin double, placed like the ventral ; tail often 3
or 4-parted,
Golden Carp, Goldfish. Shaw ZoiA. v. t. 106. 127. Edwards t. 209,
Naturalized from China, and is found in great plenty in the ditches
between 'Camberwcll and London.
Body varying much in siie, colour, and appearance of the fins, co
V?ith large fcales : head short, v/ith equal jaws; nostrils tubular :
: iris golden i gill-covers 2-leaved : \atera\-\inc straight, nearer the
back: dcriai-jin 2c-rayed ; pectoral 16; ventral n; anal 9; 'tail
FISHES. THORACICI. 33. Cyprinus. 109
124. C Jeses. Silvery-bluish, olive on the back: head
thick : snout rounded : anal-fin 14- rayed.
Chub. Br. Zool. t. 73, Shaw. Zoo!, v. p. 226.
Body 14 or 16 inches long, thick, with ferruginous-brown fins :
head truncate, dusky in front : eyes large, pupil glaucous, iris yel-
low : gill-covers blue-green : \atera\-line straight, with about 58
dull yellow dots : dorfal-Jin a little behind the ventral, n-rayed:
pectoral 16 ; ventral 9 j anal 14 ; tail a little forked, 14-rayed*
125. C. Leuciscus. Silvery-yellow, olive on the hack :
dorsal-fin brown, 10-rayed, the rest reddish : anal-fin
1 1 -rayed : tail much forked.
Dace. Donovan t. 77. Shaw Zool. v. t. 130.
Body from half a foot to a foot long, rather slender : head fmall :
iris yellowish : jaws equal : back a little convex : ventral-fins with
pointed appendages : lateral-line a little curved downwards : dorfal~
fin lo-rayed ; pectoral 18; ventral 9; anal 11 j tail 22-rayed.
2. Body slenderer : back straight : eyes red.
Grayning. Br. Zool. iii. p. 367. Shaw Zool. v. p. 234.
Refembles the Dace, and is about feven and a half inches long;
but the back is silvery with a bluish cast, and the ventral-fins
redder : dorfal-fin 8-rayed ; pectoral 15 : tail 32-rayed.
126. C. alburnus. Silvery, olive on the back : anal-fin
20-rayed : tail much forked : lower-jaw longer.
Bleak. Br. Zool. n. 73. Donov. t. 18. Shaw Zool. v. t. 132.
Body 5 or 6 inches long, slender, compressed, covered with thin
shining fcales : head fmall : eyes large, pupil blue, iris silvery :
back nearly straight, the fin placed farther back than the ventral :
lateral-lines, little curved downwards ; dorfal-fin greenish, lo-rayed;
pectoral whitish with red fpecks, 14; ventral 9 ; anal grey, 20; tail
greenish, i8-rayed.
Obs. The White Bait, which has hitherto been considered as a va-
riety of this fish, appears by the judicious and accurate investiga-
tion of the Author of British Fishes, to be merely the young fry
of the Clupea Alosa, or Shad. Donovan's Brit. Fishes, t.g8.
127. C. Phoxinus. Dusky green, varied on the sides with
blue and yellow, belly reddish-silvery c tail with a
dusky spot at the base : anal-fin 8-rayed.
Grayling. Donovan t. 60. Shaw Zool. v./. 132.
Body 2 or 3 inches long, slender, varying in colours from blue,
green, or red, to whitish : head short, jaws equal, red at the edges:
eyes fmall, iris golden : lateral-line straight, golden : fns pale, with
a,, red fpot at the bafe : dorfal-Jin 8-rayed : pectoral 10; ventral 7 j
anal 8; tail forked, ig-rayed.
ORDER V. CARTILAGINEI, C A R~
T I LAG I NOUS.
34. PETROMYZON. Lamprey.
128. P. marinus. Olive,varied with brown and yellow-
ish-white : fins dull orange : tail bluish, distinct from
the second dorsal-fin.
Lamprey. Brit. Zool. t. 8. Donov. t. 81. Shaw v. t. 133.
Body about 3 feet long, with yellowish-white clouds : mouth large,
oval, concave, with about 20 circular rows of triangular orange
teeth : tongue short, lunate, edged with fmall teeth : eyes round,
fmall, iris yellow, with 2 rows of fmall punctures near them :
dqrsal-Jin below the middle of the back, shallow and rather rounded;'
K
110 FISHES. CARTILAGINJU. 35.. 36.
the fecond clofe to it, and rather triangular: tail fomcwhat
rounded.
129. P.fluviatilis. Dusky-blue, beneath silvery : fins
violet ; the second dorsal-fin angular and united to
the tail.
Lampern. Br. Zoo!, in. t. 8. Donovan t. 54.
Body 10 or 12 inches long, marked above with tranfverfe undu-
late lines : mouth with 3 rows of teeth, the outer of which consists
of a larger forked tooth each side, the fecond of 2 trifid ones, and
the inner-row of 7 fmall ones with a detacheddouble-one each side,
and feveral irregular ones forward : iris golden : first dorfaljin an-
gular, and remote from the fecond ; the fecond angular and con-
nected with the tail which is rather pointed.
130. P. branchiaiis. Pale, beneath white, annulate :
mouth lobed each side beneath : second dorsal-fin
even, and connected with the tail.
Pride. Br. Zoo/, iii. t. 8. Plot Oxfordsh. p. 182. t. to.
Body 7 or 8 inches long, and about the thicknefs of a Swan's
quill, pale olive-green above, yellowish at the sides, white beneath,
marked with annular worm-like-lines : mouth without teeth : fe-
cond dorsal-Jin not raifcd in the middle into an angular projection,
and hardly a line broad : tail lanceolate, pointed.
35. GASTROBRANCHUS. Hag-fish.
131. G. ccecus. Livid, beneath paler: mouth with 8
beards.
Glutinous Hag, Br. Zool. iv. t. 20. Shaw Zool. v. t. 131.
Body 5 or 6 inches long, a little reddish towards the tail, carinate
beneath, without eyes, nostril.;, fcales or lateral-line, very glutinous:
mouth oblong, with 2 beards each side, and 4 at top, with a fmall
fpiracle furnished with a valve in front : teeth orange, in a double
row each side like a pectinate bone, the upper-rows of g and the
lower of 8, with a single curved tooth in the middle of the roof;
belly with a longitudinal row of pores each side : tail with a narrow
fin beginning from the lower-part of the back and reaching round
to the vent.
36. RAJA. Ray.
A. Of a rounded shape.
132. R. Torpedo. Brownish, quite smooth, with scattered
pores each side on the back.
Electric Ray. Br, Zool. iii, t. 10. Donov. t. 53. Shaw v. t. 146.
Body 2 feet long or more, nearly circular, with fometimes 5 round
dusky fpots each side, beneath whitish : eyes fmall, near together,
with a radiate orifice behind each : mouth fmall, with minute fharp
teeth : ventral-fins below the body, rounded: dorsal-fins a, near th
tail, obtufe : tail longish, even and oblique at the end.
B. Of a rhombic form, with sharp teeth.
133. R. Batis. Cinereous varied with black, beneath white
dotted with black : back smooth : tail with a single
row of spines.
Skate. Brit. Zool. iii. t. g. Shaw Zool. v. t. 136.
Body growing to a large size, with numerous hooked fpines
round the eyes, and in the males the fins are full of fpines .- head
pointed : irit femilunar, yellow edged with white : jaws covered
-with minute sharp teeth : ventral-fins lobed, 6-rayed ; anal long,
clavate, 6-rayed ; tail pointed, with 2 fins near the end, and a sharp
fpine or two on the tides.
FISHES. CARTILAGINKI. 36. Raja. Ill
134. R. Oxyrinchus. Cinereous, viith pale and dusky va-
riations : snout elongated, pointed : back and tail
with a single row of spinous tubercles.
Sharp-nofed Ray. Shaw Zoo/, v. p. 276. tab. 138.
Body 6 or 7 feet long, white beneath, with 3 fpines round each
eye, and many foft ones over the whole body : back with 10 fpincs.
and often 2 larger-ones : fins and tail bJackish red: ventral and
anal short, fomewhat falcate : tail clavate, fringed with a fmali
membranous fins, with 2 fins near the end, and in the male often
armed with a row of" fniall fpines each side.
135. R. Fullonica. Grey spotted with black : back cover-
ed with spines : eves with a single row, and tail with
a double row of spines.
Fuller's Ray. Dr. Zool. iii. p. 86. n. 33. Shaw v. p. 275.
Body growing to a large size : fnout pointed, the nictitant mem-
brane fringed : teeth fuiall, sharp : pectoral-fins with 3 rows of
crooked fpines above : tail slender, longer than the body with a
double (triple, Perm.] row of fpines. I> probably a. variety of
the next./
136. R. Rubiis. Yellowish, with dusky spots : snout
short, pointed : back with a single row, and tail with
a triple row of spines.
Rough Ray. Donovan's Brit. Fishes, tab. 20.
Body growing large, with feveral other fpines about the eyes and
on the back, besides the row of larger-ones : eyes placed far back,
pupil bluish, iris black : mouth wide, with numerous wedge-shaped
teeth : ventral and anal-fins short, the former 3-rayed, the latter 6,
and near thefe in the male are 2 long fin-like appendages : tail slen-
der, nearly as long as the body with 2 fins, the last terminal.
137. It. chagrinea. Above grey-brown and tubercled i
snout and tail with a triple row of spines.
Shagreen Ray. Br. Zool. iii. p. 87. Shaw Zool. v. p. 281.
Body growing large, covered with minute shagreen-like tubercles*
snout long, sharp : pupil faphyrine, with a femicircular row of fpinrs
at the corner: tail with 2 rows of slender f mall fpines reaching a
little up the back.
138. It. Miraletus. Grey-brown, spotted, with a large
ocellate spot each side: eyes with a single row, and
tail with a triple row of spines.
Mirrour Ray. Donov. Brit. Fishes t. 103. Shaw v. t. 139.
Body about the size of the Thornback, grey-brown and rough
above, with brown and bine fpots : snout taper, pointed : pectoral-fins
each marked with a large ocellate fpot lurrounded with a dark*
brown ring, the iris of which is whitish or pale blue, the pupil
dark-brown : eyes with a single row of fpines on the inside ; tail
with two rounded-oblong lins at the end.
C. Body rhombic, with blunt teeth.
139. R. clavata. Yellowish-grey, spotted : snout rather
pointed : body covered with clavate prickles, besides
a single row of claw-like* ones down the back and
tail.
Thornback. Br. Zool. t. n. 12. Donovan t. 26. Shaw v. t. 139.
Body growing to 12 feet long, brownish with white fpots. or
whitish with dusky i'pots, tubercled, clothtd with fpines above and
underneath, which when they fall off leave a white fpot: belly
crossed with a strong fcimiunar cartilage: head rather long',
pointed : tetth final], round : iris femilunar, brown : tail longer
K 2
m FISHES. CARTILAGINEI. 37. Squalus.
than the body, obtufe, with 2 fins near the end, and feveral clavate
fpines besides the claw-like-ones : ventra\-Jins pointed, 3-rayed ;
anal rounded, 6-rayed.
140. R. Pastinaca. Yellowish-olive, smooth: tail slen-
der, pointed, without fin, armed near the middle with
a long spine serrate hoth sides.
Sting Ray, Fire-flaire. fir. ZooL iii. p. 95. Donovan t. gg,
Body about 3 feet long, a little gibbous on the back, mucous, paler
near the sides: head short, pointed: iris white : teetk granulate:
back fomet imes armed with a ferrate fpine : ventral-fins none ; the
pectoral-ones rather rounded: spine on the tail very long, fiat, sharp,
ferrate in a reverfed direction.
37. SQUALUS. Shark.
A. With orifices on the temple, and anal-fin.
141. Sq. Canicula. Rufous-grey, with dusky ocellafe
spots : nostrils surrounded with a lobe and vermiform
appendage : ventral-mis distinct.
Spotted Dog-fish. Br. ZooL iii. t. 15. Shaw v. /. 152.
Body 3 or 4 feet long, white beneath : head fmall, rather pointed :
tye-s oblong, pupil fea-green: iris white : nostrils covered with a
large angular flap : mouth wide, oblong, with 4 rows of teeth :
donal-jins placed much behind, the fecond opposite the tail i tail
narrow, obliquely truncate.
2. Lobes of the nostrils double. Edwards Glean, t. 289.
Body with larger and fewer fpols:fnout rather longer: tails.
little shorter ; dorsal-jins equal.
142. 8q. Catulus. Reddish-grey, with numerous small
dusky spots : nostrils surrounded with a lobe and
vermiform appendage : ventral-fins united.
Lesser f potted Dog-fish. Br. ZooL iii. t. 15. Donov. t. 55.
Body about 2 feet long, white underneath : liead large, rather ob-
tufe in front : eyes oblong, pupil black, iris white ; teeth in 4 rows,
ferrate, tricufpidate, curved inwards : dorsal-fins placed far behind :
tail fmall, slightly lunate, oblique.
143. Sq. Galeus. Cinereous, paler beneath: nose long,
flat, pointed : teeth nearly triangular, serrate on the
inner- edge.
Tope. lonst. pise. t. 8./. 4. Will. icth. t. R. 6.f. i.
Body about 3 feet long or more : nofe fcmitranfparent beyond the
nostrils : nostrils near the mouth, partly covered by a flap: tnnporal-
orifices very fmall : teeth fmall, numerous, in 3 rows : vent beforq
the middle of the body : tail large, a-lobed.
144. Sq. Mustelus. Brownish, beneath whitish: teeth
sm iH, numerous, obtuse : pectoral-fins smaller than
the dorsal, pointed.
Smooth Hound. Br. Zeo\. iii. t. 16. Shaw v. r. 153.
Body about 2 feet long, slender, fometimes varied with white
fpots, silvery beneath r head lengthened, a little sharpened, covered
with mucous pores : first dorfal-fin large, nearly triangular, placed
near the middle of the back.; fccond twice as large as the anal
which is fquare : ventral and anal-fins very fmall: tail forked, one
of the lobes twice as long and slightly lunate.
145. Sq. Tafpes. Lead-colour, beneath whitish: head
short, conic: upper-lobe of the tail as long as the
bo;ly.
Long-tailed Sharl", Sea-fox. Pr. ZooL iii. tab. 14.
Body including the tail 13 feet long, co\ered with minute fcales :
FISHES. CAHTILAGINEI. 37. Squalus. 113
eyes large, placed near the corners of the mouth : tttlh in 3 rows,
sharp, compressed, not ferrate : first dorjal~jin large, triangular, in
the middle of the back, with a triangular hollow behind it; the
fecond opposite the anal and fomewhat 2-lobed : upper lobe of the
tail 6 times as long as the lower and slightly falcate at the end.
B. with the anal-fin, but no temporal orifices.
146. Sq. glaucus. Blue-green, slender, beneath white :
snout conic, poinied : upper-lobe ot the tail 3 times
as long as the lover.
Blue Shark. Shaw Zoo!, v, t. 151. Block t. 86.
Body 8 or 10 feet long, very slender, fmooth : eyes fmall, round-
ish ; iris yellowish-white : mouth wide, placed tar beneath : tetth
in 3 or 4 rows, nearly triangular, sharp, not ferrate : vent near the
tail : first dorfal-fin about the middle of the back, glaucous, nearly
triangular: pectoral large, long, emarginate : anal white : tail glau-
cous, 2-lobed, the upper-lobe above twice as long as the lower and
pointed.
147. Sq. Cornubicvs. Deep blue, beneath white: body
thick, rou ml, depressed and angular towards the tail :
snout conic, prominent : lobes of the tail nearly
equal.
Probeagle Shark. Borl. Cornw. t. 26. Linn. Tran.r. 3. p, 80. /. 15.
Body about 4 feet long, with numerous fmall pores from the nofe
to the eyes each side : eyes large, pupil black, iris white : nostrils
lunar: upper-jaw with 2 or 3 rows of teeth, the 2 middle-ones in
front standing single; lower-jaw with a triple row in front, the
. inner-row bent inwards, the rest turned outwards : teeth sharp, 2-
edged, with an acute procefs at the hafe -both sides : fins bluish be-
fore, whitish behind : first dorfal-fin triangular, opposite the pecto-
ral ; the fecond, ventral and anal very fmall; between the ventral-
fins a longitudinal aperture: tail lunate, the upper lobe a little
longer, \vi.tb a raifed ridge each side the body near it, and a lunate
hollow just above it with the points turning downwards.
2. Beaumaris Shark. Br, Zool. in. p. 118. tab. 17.
Body entirely lead-colour, thicker and not tapering so much at
the .extremities : tail slightly lunate, with the horns unequal, and a
tranfverfe indentation above and below.
148. Sq. Muximus. Deep lead-colour, beneath white:
teeth numerous, small, conic-subulate, not serrate.
Basking .Shark. Br. Zool. iii. t. 13. Shaw-v. t. 149. 150.
Body growing to a vast size, rough, tapering to both ends, the
upper-jaw much longer and rather obtufe : teeth a little incurved at
top : dorsal-Jin very large, rather nearer the head, the fecond op-
posite the ventral : anal-fin very fraaJl : fczz'/Junate, the upper horn
much longer than the Ipwer.
149. Sq. Carcharias. Pale-grey with rather acute snout :
teeth triangular, serrate.
White Shark. Shaw Zool. v.t. 148. Will, ichth. p. 47. f. B. 7.
This most dreadful inhabitant of the ocean grows to a vast size :
tody rough, a little darker on the back : head depressed, broad, end-
ing in a short and rather pointed fnout : mouth vast, furnished with
about 6 rows of strong moveable teeth : eyep oblong, greenish, half
covered with a membrane : nostrils double, half covered with a
membrane : fins rather dusky, the pectoral of vast size, nearly
triangular and fomewhat falcate: first dorsal-fin very large, before
the middle of the body, rather rounded on the upper-part; the
fecond before the anal, and placed midway between the ventral and
114 FISHES. CARTILAGINE1. 38-40.
tail: ventral and anal fmall : tail 2-lobed, the upper lobe rather
pointed, the lower fomewhat rounded.
C. Without the anal-fin.
150. Sq. Acanthias. Grey-brown, beneath white : dorsal*
fins with each a strong triangular spine before it.
Picked Dog-fish, Donovan's Fishes, tab. 82. Block t. 85.
Body 3 or 4 feet long, slender, fometimes with a few white fpots t
head flat, slender, obtufe in front; eyes lateral, oblong, bluish-white
with a temporal orifice behind each, near which are 4 rows of
moist pores : nostrils double : teeth numerous, fmall, sharp, in a or
3 rows : fins dusky : tail forked, pointed, the upper-lobe twice as
long as the lower.
151. Sq. Squatina. Head flat, rounded in front: mouth
terminal : nostrils bearded : down the back a prickly
tubercled line.
Angel Shark. Br. Zool. t. 12. Donov. t. 19. Shaw v. f. 155.
Body growing to a large size, rough and pale grey above, white be-
neath : head nearly circular, broader than the body: mouth broad,
with protrusile jaws : teeth sharp, in numerous rows : tongue broad,
pointed, fmooth, thin: nostrils placed at the edges of the jaws, co-
vered with a membrane, and each with 2 beards before them : eyes
fmall, glaucous, iris yellow, with afemilunar temporal orifice be-
hind each : pe ctoral-fins very large, notched in front: v entral near
them and rather lefs : dorsal fmall , both placed near the tail : tail
slightly lunate, oblique.
38. CHIM^ERA.
152. Ch. monstrosa. Silvery, varied with brown above ;
snout with porous folds.
Sea Monster. Shaw Zool. v. t. 157. Berkenh. syn. p. 61.
Body 3 or 4 feet long, compressed, tapering to the tail : head large
conical, with a fringed tuft-like procefs at top in the male : month
with a pair of broad plates in each jaw, notched along the edge, with
tranfverfe undulations and pores reaching round the eyes and con-
tinued upwards along the side of the head, and branching off on
the nape behind the eyes : eyes large ; iris white, pupil glaucous,
lateral-line whitish with brown edges : _fins yellowish-brown with
darker shades : first dorfal-fin triangular, with a long fpine before
it, ferrate on the inside ; fecond shallow ; third clofe to this
and running down the tail ; pectoral and ventral-fins large, nearly
triangular; the latter with a cylindrical rough process at the baf
of each in the male : tail continued into a slender filament, longer
than the body.
39. ACIPENSER. Sturgeon.
153. A. Sturio. Grey with dusky variations, beneath
white : body rough, with 5 rows of spinous tubercles :
lips cloven.
Common Sturgeon. Br. Zool.t. 19. Dontv. t. 65. Shaw t. 1,59.
Body growing to 18 or 19 feet long, slender, j-sided, rough witl.i
fmall tubercles ; fnout lengthened, rather obtufe, with the beards
nearer the tip than the mouth : head clothed with long plates :
mouth bordered with thick cartilaginous lips : gill-covers a single
radiate bone : larger tubercles bony, pointed, radiate, in 5 rows, one
down the back, one down each of the sides, and one each side the
edge of the belly : belly flat : dorsal-fin single, fmall, near the tail :
pecloral-fins oval : ventral and anal, just above and below the dorlal t
(ail forked, the upper-lob longer and pointed.
FISHES. CARTILAGINEL 40.41. U5
40. LOPHIUS. Angler.
154. L. piscatorius. Brownish, beneath whitish, depressed,
simply fringed round the edges of the head and
sides.
Frog-fish, Sea Devil. Br. ZooLt. 18. Shaw v. f. 161. Donov. t. 101.
Body 4 or 5 feet long, very thick and large in front, tapering to
the tail : head rounded in front, the lower-jaw longer, the upper
with a horny bristle before the eyes, and furnished with feveral
long cirri : eyes large, iris radiate with white and brown : teetk
sharp, numerous, both in the jaws palate and tongue : dorfal-fin on
the lower part of the back, lo-rayed ; pectoral large, rounded,
fcolloped, 24-rayed ; ventral short, rigid, palmate, white, 5-rayed ;
anal near the tail, g-rayed : tail rounded, 8-rayed.
41. CYCLOPTERU8. Sucker.
155. C. Lumpus. Blackish-olive, beneath red: body
angulate by 7 rows of sharp bony tubercles.
Lump Sucker. Br. Zool. t. 21. Donovan, t. 10. Shaw v. t. 106.
a. Back very high, pyramidal. Shaw. Zool. v. t. 166.
3. Blue, silvery-green, and rofy. Nat. Miscell. t. 10,
Body 18 or 19 inches long, rough with tubercles, deep and thick,
sharp and raised on the back, flat on the belly : head short, sloping :
iris, lips, mouth and tongue red : nostrils single, tubular, near th
mouth: orb of adhesion oval, furrounded with thread-like appen-
dages : fins reddish; dorfal near the tail 11 -rayed; pectoral zc. ;
ventral 6 ; ana/io; tail nearly even> i2-rayed.
156. C. Liparis. Brownish with blackish spots, beneath
white : first ray of the ventral-fin elongated , pecto-
ral ventral and anal united.
Unctuous Sucker. Br. Zool. iii. t. 21. Shaw v. 1. 166.
2. Chefnut, with whitish undulate lines. Donov. t. 47.
Body about 5 inches long, taper, foft unctuous and femitranfpa-
rent, foon dissolving, brown with darker lines: belly protuberant
above the vent : upper-lip with 2 short cirri, a little longer than the
lower : nostrils double : orb of adhesion round, bluish, with 12 ra-
diate fpots : fins brownish ; dorsal 36-rayed ; pectoral 32 ; ventral 6 ;
anal 26; tail rounded, 12-rayed.
167. C. Montacuti. Conical, transparent, rosy with round-
ish brown spots : ventral and anal-tins not reaching
to the tail.
Diminutive Lump Sucker. Donovan** British Fishes, t. 68.
Body hardly an inch long, pale with a pink tinge, marked with
.numerous distinct roundish purplish-brown fpots : head large, ra-
ther inflated about the gills, contracting a little in front, gradually
decreasing to the tail : fupitblack ; iris silvery : gill-covers dusky ;
orb of adhesion ovate, radiate: dorsal and anal'Jtns long, reaching
nearly to the tail; pectoral 17 or i8-rayedr anal about 32; tail
rounded, with 2 dark bands, i^-rayed.
158. C. bimaculatus. Pale rosy,with a purple spot sur-
rounded by a white ring on each of the sides : head
flattish, rather pointed in front:
Bimaculated Sucker. Br. Zool. t. 22. Donov. t 78.
Body about an inch and a half long, pink and white in minute
fpots: head broad, tapering in front and to the tail : mouth fmall :
teeth fmall, regular: eyes large, pupil dark-blue, iris pink with a
fold inner circle : dorsal-Jin short, nearer the tail, $-raycd ; pectoral
116 FISHES. CARTILAGINEI. 42, 43. 44.
broad, i i-raycd ; ventral 4; anal opposite the dorsal, 5 ; tail narrow,
slightly rounded, i2-rayed.
159. C. ocellatusi Livid-brown with obscure spots, tape-
ring behind : snout projecting : before each eye a
pair of beards : nape with 2 large ocellar spots.
Ocellatcd Sucker, Jura S. Br. Zool. iii. t. 22. Donov. t. 76.
Body about 4 inches long, fometimes paler with the spots
more distinct : head broad, tapering to the fnout which is obtufc
and red : iris blue, with a deep red cirri under each eye : nape with
2 large obovate purplish fpots, each inclofed within a broad pale
ring, and having a blue pupil in the centre : dorfal and anal-fns
reaching clofe to the tail, red, the former ii-rayed, the lattei 10 ;
Pectoral pale , 17 ; tail red, a little rounded, 6-rayed.
42. CEPHALUS. Sun-fish.
160. C. brcvis. Brown, beneath silvery: body nearly as
deep as it is long : aperture of the gills ovate.
Short Sun-fish. Br. Zool. t . 1 2. Donovan t. 25. Shatuv.t. 175.
Body growing to a large size, nearly orbicular, rough with small
tubercles, edged behind with a shallow fin : mouth finall, projecting,
iilled with fmall obtufe unequal teeth in the lower-jaw : eyes black :
iris yellow : aperture of the gills oval, with the rounded pcctoral-
linsjust behind ; dorfal and anal-fins opposite and joined to the tail :
dorfal-fin J3-rayed; anal 16; pectoral 12; tail furrounding the
hind-part of the body, i^-rayed.
161. C. oblongus. Dusky, beneath silvery: body nearly
thrice as long as it is deep : aperture of the gills
semi lunar.
Oblong Sun-fish. Br. Zool. iii. t. 19. Donovan, t. 61.
Body refembling the former, but is of a more lengthened shape,
refembling a fish cut off in the middle, and between the eyes and
pectoral-fins are a few dusky streaks pointing downwards : the aper-
ture of the gills is alfo lunate, and not oval ; dorfal-fin 12-rayed;
pectoral 14; anal 15 ; tail i7-rayed.
43. TETRODON.
162. T. stdlatus. Above blue, beneath silvery : prickles
of the belly arising from a stellated root of 4 rays.
Stellated Tetrodon. Br. Zoo\. t. 20. Donovan t. 66. Shaw t. 177.
Body about 12 inches long, taper, capable of dilating the belly to
a great size : prickles of the belly orange, sharp, covering the whole
space of the belly as far as the anal-fin : dorsal Jin opposite the anal,
u-rayed ; pectoral 14 ; anal 10; tail even, with a slight projection
in the middle, with 6 branched rays.
44. SYNGNATHUS. Pipe-fish.
163. S. Acm. Body 7-sided, yellowish-white with trans-
verse brown bands : tail radiate, snout narrower than
the head.
Needle-fish. Br. Zool. t. 23, Shaw v. t. 179.
Body 12 to 15 inches long, very slender, quadrangular at the tail,
covered with finely striate plates : fnout a. little compressed, notfo
broad as the head : nape carinate, the aperture of the gills on the
right side: belly strongly carinate, making the body distinctly
7-sided : vent nearer the head : dorsal-fir, fpotted, 38-rayed : pectoral
14; anal 6 ; tail rounded, to-rayed.
164. S. Ti/phle. Body 6-sided : tail radiate : snout as wide
as the head.
FISHES. CARTILAGINEI. 45. Centriscus 1U
Shorter Pipe-fish. Br. Zool.t. 23. Donovan t. 56. Shaw f. 179.
Refembles the last, but is shorter, the belly but slightly carinate r
giving it the appearance of being 6-sided only ; the fnout broad
and compressed ; and the dorfal-fin is not fpotted: dorfal-fin 41 ; pec-
toral 12 ; anal minute, 3 ; tail i2-rayed.
J65. S. pelagicus. Yellow-brown, with narrow transverse
brown bands : body 7-sided, without anal-fin : tail
radiate.
Pelagic Pipe-fish. Donovan's Brit. Fishes, t. 58.
Body 5 or 6 inches long, linear : snout narrow : dorfal-fin 2J
rayed; pectoral 14 ; tail minute lorayed.
166. T. barbarus. Body 6-sided, without anal fin or radi-
ate tail.
Little Pipe-fish. Br. Zool. iii. tab. 23. n. 61.
Body olive-brown, with bluish longitudinal lines j refemblej the
Jast, except that the tail tapers to a point and has no radiate fin :
dorsal-Jin 4O-raycd ; pectoral very minute, la-rayed.
167. S. Ophidian. Body nearly cylindrical, without pec-
toral or anal-fin, or radiate tail.
Sea Adder. Br. Zool. iii. t. 23. n. 62. Shaw v, t. 179.
Body slender, tapering to a point, dull greenish-grey, with a short
turned up fnout.
45. CENTRISCUS.
188. C. Scolapax. Red, beneath golden^ rough with
pointed scales : first-ray of the first dorsal-fin very
long, and serrate on the inside:
Snipe-fish, Trumpet-fish. Donovan's Brit. Fishes, tab. 63.
Body 6 or 7 inches long, of a longish-oval shape, more or Itfs red
with a golden tinge on the ides and belly, rough with hard pointed
clofely imbricate fcales : snout a little recurved, ending in a narrow
mouth: eyes large, lateral; iris pale red: nostrils double, near each
other: first dorsal-fin 4-rayed ; the first ray thick, long, ferrate on
the inside, and placed in a fmall hollow ; the fecond g-rayed ; ventral
fmall, concealed in a long hollow, 7 j anal opposite the dorfal, 13;
fnzV rounded, i^-rayed.
118 WORMS.
CLASS V. VERMES. WORMS.
ORDER I. INTESTINA.
Naked simple animals, without limbs.
A. Found within other animals : without eyes.
1. ASCARIS. Body round elastic, tapering: towards each
end : head with 3 vesicles : intestines pellucid, white,
spiral.
2. TRICHOCEPHALUS. Body round, elasic, variously
twisted, much thicker in front and furnished w ith a
slender protrusile proboscis : tail long, capillary,
tapering to a fine point.
3. FILARIA. Body round, filiform, of equal thickness,
quite smooth : mouth dilated, with a roundish concave
lip.
4. ECHITVORINCHUS. Body round : mouth with a cylin-
drical retractile proboscis, crowned with hooked
prickles.
5. FACIOLA. Body flattish, with an aperture or pore
at the head, and generally another at a distance
beneath.
6. TAENIA. Body flat, composed of numerous joints:
head with 4 orifices for suction a little below the
mouth : mouth terminal, generally crowned with a
double series of retractile hook*.
B. Not inhabiting the bodies of other animals.
a. Furnished with a lateral pore.
7. LUMBRICUS. Body round, annulate, with generally a
fleshy belt near the head, mostly rough with minute
concealed prickles placed longitudinally.
8. SIPUNCULUS. Body round, elongated : m outh cylindri-
cal, terminal, narrower than the body : aperture at
the side of the body, wart-like.
9. PLANARIA. Body flattish, pointed behind, gelatinous,.
with a double ventral pore, proceeding with a slow
and uniform motion : mouth terminal.
10. HIRUDO. Body oblong, truncate at each end, cartila-
ginous, unarmed, moving by dilating the head and
tail and contracting itself into an arch.
b. Without the lateral pore.
H.'LIKEUS. Body a little depressed, linear, smooth:
mouth longitudinal, placed underneath.
12. GORDIUS, Body round, filiform, of equal thickness,
smooth.
WORMS. 119
ORDER II. MOLLUSCA.
\aked simple animal*, furnished with limbs.
13. ACTINIA. Body fixed by the base, warted, contractile,
with a single terminal mouth above surrounded by
numerous cirri.
1.4. ASCIDIA. Body fixed by the base, smooth roundish,
apparently issuing from a -sheath," with 2 terminal
apertures, one placed beneath the other, and radiate
with simple cirri.
15. DERRIS. Body detached, cylindrical, composed of
articulations: mouth terminal: head with 2 simple
cirri at top,
16. HOLOTIIURIA, Body detached, cylindrical, open at
the extremity : mouth terminal, surrounded by
branched cirri.
17. TEHEBCLLA. Body oblong, creeping, often inclosed
in a tube, furnished with lateral fascicles and bran-
chiae : mouth terminal, with lips but no teeth, pro-
truding a clavatc proboscis, and surrounded by nume-
rous ciliate capillary cirri,
18. LIMAX. Body oblong, creeping, with a fleshy shield
above, and a longitudinal flat disk beneath : aperture
placed on the right side, within the shield : feelers 4,
above the mouth, with an eye at the tip of each of the
larger-ones.
19. APLYSIA. Body creeping, covered with reflected
membranes, with a membranaceous shield covering
the lungs : aperture on the right side : vent above the
extremity of the back: feelers 4, resembling ears.
20. DORIS. Body creeping, oblong, flat beneath: mouth
placed below, on the fore-part : vent behind the back,
surrounded by a fringe : feelers 2 or 4, seated above
in front, retractile within their proper receptacles.
21. NEREIS. Body creeping, long with numerous la-
teral peduncles or feet each side : feelers simple,
rarely none : eyes 2 or 4, rarely none.
22. APHRODITA. Body creeping, oblong, covered with
scales, and furnished with numerous bristly fascicled
feet each side: mouth terminal, cylindrical, retractile :
feelers 2, setaceous, annulate : eyes. 4.
23. AMPHITRITE. Body projecting from a tube, annu-
late, furnished with numerous small feet each side :
feelers 2, approximate, feathered : eyes none.
24. SPIO. Body projecting from a tube, jointed and fur-
nished with dorsal fibres : peduncles or feet rough with
bristles and placed towards the back : feelers 2, long,
simple : eyes 2, oblong.
m> WORMS.
25. NAIS. Body creeping, long, linear, depressed, pellu
cid : feet with small bristles each side : feelers none :
eyes 2 or none.
26 . LERNAEA. Body oblong, roundish, naked, with 2 or
3 round tentacula or arms each side by which H
attaches itself: ovaries 2, projecting like tails from
the lower extremity.
27. SEPIA. Body fleshy, receiving the breast in a sheath,
with a tubular aperture at its base : amis 8, beset
with numerous warts or suckers, and in most species
2 peduncled feelers : head short : eyes large : mouth
resembling a parrot's beak.
28. TRITON. Body oblong: mouth with an involute spiral
proboscis: arms 6 each side, divided nearly to the
base, the hind-ones cheliferous.
29. MEDUSA. Body gelatinous smooth, orbicular, gene-
rally flat or concave underneath : mouth underneath,
central.
SO. ASTERIAS. Body depressed, covered with a coriaceous
muricate crust, grooved underneath, furnished with
feelers : mouth underneath, central, 5-valved.
31. ECHINUS. Body more or less orbicular, covered with
a bony sutured crust, and generally clothed with
moveable spines : mouth underneath, 5-valved.
ORDER III. TESTACEA. SHELLS.
The calcarious covering of Molusca.
A. With more than two valves.
32. CHITON. Inhabitant of the sbell a Doris: shell con-
sisting of several plates or valves disposed transversely
down the back, and incumbent on each other at their
anterior edge.
33. BALANUS. Inhabitant a Triton : shell affixed by the
base, of many erect unequal valves.
34. LEPAS. Inhabitant a Triton: shell affixed by a fleshy
peduncle, of several unequal valves connected by a
cartilage.
35. PHOLAS. Inhabitant an Ascidia : shell with 2 large
valves open at each end, and smaller accessory-ones
at or near the hinge.
B. With 2 valves.
36. MYA. Inhabitant an Ascidia : shell generally gaping
an one end : hinge mostly with a strong thick broad
tooth not inserted into a groove in the opposite valve.
37. SOLEN. Inhabitant an Ascidia : shell oblong, open at
both ends : hinge with a reflected subulate tooth, often
double, not inserted into a groove in the opposite
valre.
WORMS. U>i
38. TELLIXA. Inhabitant a Tethya : shell generally slop-
ing and somewhat curved on one side : hinge with
generally 3 teeth, the lateral-ones in one valve flat or
nearly obsolete.
39. CARDIUM. Inhabitant a Tethys : shell of equal con-
vex valves, ribbed or striate longitudinally, toothed
round the edges . hinge with 2 teeth near the beak,
and a larger remote one oil each side, each locking
into the opposite valve.
40. MACTRA. Inhabitant a Tethys: shell with equal
valves, unequal at the sides : hinge with the middle
tooth complicated, with a small hollow each side;
the lateral-teeth remote and locking into the oppo-
site valve:
41. DONAX. Inhabitant a Tethys : shell with the ante-
rior margin very obtuse and generally crenulate : hinge
with 2 teeth in the middle, and a single remote late-
ral one.
42. VENUS. Inhabitant a Tethys j shell with the anteri-
or margin of the lip of one valve generally incumbent
on the other : hinge with 3 teeth, all Close together,
the lateral-ones diverging from their tips.
43. CHAM A; Inhabitant a Tethys : shell strong, rather
coarse ; hinge rugged, gibbous, the teeth obliquely
locking into the opposite valve.
44. ARCA. Inhabitant a Tethys: shell of equal valves :
hinge with numerous sharp teeth alternately locking
between each other.
45. PECTEN. Inhabitant a Tethys: shell of unequal
valves, mostly ribbed or striate longitudinally, with
an ear-like process on one or both sides the hinge :
hinge without teeth, but furnished with a small some-
what triangular hollow.
46. OSTREA. Inhabitant a Tethys: shell of unequal
rugged or plaited valves without the ear-like pro-
cess : hinge without teeth, with a transverse striate
cavity.
47. ANOMIA. Inhabitant not reducible to any genus of
Mollusca: shell of unequal valves, one of them
flattish and mostly perforated near the base, the
other convex at the base with a produced beak :
hinge a transverse linear prominence on the flat valve
connected by a strong cartilage under the beak of tlio
opposite valve.
48. MYTILUS. Inhabitant allied to an Ascidia : shell
generally affixed by a beard of silky filaments : kings
without teeth, marked by a longitudinal groove
which is sometimes crenulate.
49. PINNA. Inhabitant allied to an Ascidia:
122 WORMS.
gile, gaping at one end, fixed by a beard of silky fila-
ments: hinge without teeth, the valves connected on
one side iiearJy the whole length.
C. With a single valve, and more or less spiral.
50. NAUTILUS. Inhabitant obscure, shell divided info
several compartments or cells communicating with
each other by a small aperture.
51. CYPRJEA. Inhabitant, a Limax : shell involute, ra-
ther ovate, smooth, obtuse at each end: aperture
linear, extending the whole length of the shell, and
toothed on both sides.
52. BULLA Inhabitant -d\\\M\ to a Limax: shell convolute,
without teeth : aperture more or less contracted, lon-
gitudinal, oblong, entire at the base : pillar oblique,
smooth.
33. VOLUTA. Inhabitant a Limax : shell spiral: aperture
longitudinal, reaching nearly the whole length of the
shell, without beak : pillar twisted or plaited, without
perforation or interior lip.
54. Bucci>iUM. Inhabitant a Limax: shell spiral, gib-
bous : aperture ovate, ending in a short canal leaning
to the right, with a retuse beak or projection.
55. STROMBUS. Inhabitant a Limax : shell spiral: aper-
ture much dilated, the lip expanding and produced
into a canal leaning to the left.
56. MUREX. Inhabitant a Limax: shell spiral, mostly
rough with membranaccous folds or knobs : aperture,
oval, ending in a straight entire canal, sometimes
slightly reflected.
57. Tuocnus. Inhabitant a Limax: shell spiral, more
or less conic : aperture somewhat angular or rounded,
transversely contracted : pillar placed obliquely.
58. TURBO. Inhabitant a Limax: shell spiral, solid:
aperture contracted, orbicular, entire.
59. HELIX. Inhabitant a Limax : shell spiral, more or
less transparent, brittle . aperture contracted, round-
ish-oval, or semi lunar.
60. NERITA. Inhabitant a Limax : shell spiral, gibbous,
llattish beneath : aperture semiorbicular : pillar-lip
transverse, flattish and truncate.
61. HALIOTIS. Inhabitant a Limax : shell dilated, ear-
shaped, with a longitudinal row of orifices along the
disk : spire lateral, flat upon the shell.
D. With a single valve, and idthout spire.
C2. PATELLA. Inhabitant a Limax : shell more or less
conic, shaped like a bason, mostly without spire.
63. DENTALIUM. Inhabitant a Terebella : shell tubular,
detached, -straight or slightly curved, not divided into
chambers, pervious, and open at both ends.
WORMS. 123
61- VERMICULUM. Inhabitant allied to a Tcrebella :
shell variously sh;?ped, not attached to other bodies.
65. SEHPULA. Inhabitant a Tcrebella : shell tubular,
affixed to other bodies, general I } separated internally
by divisions at irregular distances.
66. TKHKDO. Inhabitant allied to a Terebella : shell cy-
lindrical, taper, liexuous,. .lodged .in. wood, with 2 tes-
taceous heinispluerieal \alves covering the head of
the animal and truncate anteriorly, and 2 lanceolate-
ones near the tail.
67. SABHI.F.A. Inhabitant various: shell tubular, com-
posed of particles of sand, broken shells, and other
substances, united by a glutinous cement.
ORDER IV. ZOOPHYTA.
Composite animals, efflorescing like vegetables.
A. With a hard calcaiijus stem. Lithophytes.
68. MA DUE FOR A. minimal resembling a Medusa: coral
with lamellar star-like cavities.
69. MII.T.EPORA. minimal a Hydra or Polype: coral
mostly branched, and covered with cylindrical turbi-
nate pores.
70. CELI.EPORA. Animal a Hydra or Polype : coral
somewhat mem 1 l)ranaceous, composed of round cells.'
71. Isis. minimal growing in the form of a plant:
stem stony, jointed; the joints striate longitudinally,
united by spongy or horny junctures, and covered with
*i soft porous cellular flesh or bark : mouths beset
with oviparous polypes.
B. With a softer stem. Zoophytes.
72. Go RGO N IA. Animal growing in the form of a plant :
.s/fm coriaceous, corky, woody, horny or bony, com-
jK)sed of glassy fibres; or stony, striate, taper, dilated
ar the base,. covered with a vascular or cellular flesh
or bark", and becoming spongy. and: friable when dry :
mouths or /lords covering the surface of the stem and
polype -bearing.
73. AI.CYOXI-UM. slnimal generally growing in the form
of a plant: stem fixed, lle.shy, gelatinous, spongy ; or
coriaceous, covered with polype-bearing stellate
cells.
74. SPO\ { GIA. Animal fixed, flexile, torpid, of various
forms, composed either of reticulate fibres or masses
of small spines interwoven together, and clothed with
a gelatinous flesh full of small mouths on its. surface,
by which it absorbs and rejects water.
75. F LUSTRA. Animal a Polype proceeding from porous
ceils : stem fixed, foliaceous, membrauaceous, consist*-
L2
J24 WORMS.
ing of numerous cells united together and interwoven
like a mat.
76. TUBULAR i A'. Stem tubular, simple or branched,
fixed by the base : animal proceeding from the end of
the tube, and having its head crested with teutacuki.
77. CORALLINA, Animal growing in the form of a
plant: stem, fixed, with calcarious subdivided bran-
ches, mostly jointed.
78. SERTULARIA. Animal growing in the form of a
plant : stem branched, producing polypes from cup-
shaped denticles or minute cells*
79. PENNATULA. Animal detached, of various shapes,
supported by a bony part within, naked at the base,
the upper-part with generally lateral ramifications
furnished with rows of tubular denticles producing
radiate polypes from each tube.
80. HYDRA. Animal fixing itself by the base, linear,
gelatinous, naked, contractile, furnished with setace-
ous tentactila or feelers, inhabiting fresh waters, and
producing its deciduous offspring or eggs from the
sides.
ORDER T. INFUSORIA.
Minute animalcules, seldom visible to the naked eye,
81. BRACK ION us. Body contractile, covered with a
shell, and furnished at the head with ciliate rotatory
organs.
2. VORTICELLA. Body contractile, without shell, fur-
nished with ciliate rotatory organs.
83. TRICI-IOOA. Body invisible to the naked eye, trans-
parent, hairy or horned.
84. CERCARIA. Body invisible to the naked eye, trans-
parent, furnished with a tail.
86. LEUCOPHRA. Body invisible to the naked eye,
every where ciliate. .
S6. BURSARIA. Body quite simple, membranaceous,
hollow like a purse.
87. GONIUM. Body invisible to the naked eye, quite sim-
ple, flat and angular.
88. COLPODA. Body invisible to the naked eye, quite
simple, transparent, flat and sinuate.
89. PARAME'CIUM. Body invisible to the naked eye,
quite simple, flattened, oblong.
90. CYCLIDIUM. Body invisible to the naked eye, quite
simple, transparent, flat, orbicular or oval.
91. VIBRIO. Body invisible to the naked eye, quite
simple, cylindrical and elongated.
62. BACILLARIA. Body consisting of cylindrical straw-
WORMS. 125
like filaments, placed parallel with each othtir, 'and
frequently changing their position.
93. ENCHELIS. ttody invisible to the naked eye, quite
simple, cylindrical.
94 VOLVOX . Hotly invisible to the naked eye, quite sim-
ple, transparent, spherical.
95. MONAS. Body invisible to the naked eye, most sim-
ple, transparent, resembling a point.
ORDER I. INTESTINA. INTESTINE.
1. ASCARIvS. Ascarides.
1. A vernticulans. Head subulate: skin at the sides of
the body very finely crcnulate or wrinkled.
Barbut's Warms, t. i.f..6*rMem. Lond. Med. Soc. v./>. 230. t. 2.
In the human intestines. Body .a,hout half an inch long, a, little
dilated in the middle and wrinkled at the sides, pellucid and an-
gular : fund nodofe, divided- into '-three vefcicles, in the middle of
each of which there is an aperture or mouth : tail gradually taper-
ing to a point : vent below the middle. Female with a fitiall per-
foration a little below the head, through which the young are
protruded..
2. A. lumbricoides.. Head slightly incurved, with a trans-
verse contraction beneath it: mouth triangular.
Barbut's Worm j, t. i ../. 7. Mem. I.oiid..Mra. Sac. v.t. i.
In the human intestines. < Jr 12-1/5 inches long, tranfparcnt,
light yellow with a faint line down the side, differing from the eartfh-
worm in wanting the fleshy ring below thie head, and in having 3
vesicles: head 3-lobed, with a triangular aperture between them:
trunk a little wrinkled, with a circular depression about the mid-
dle, in which is a small punctiform aperture: tail Tubulate : vent
large, below the middle of the body.
3. A. Canis. Head flattened, winged each side with a
membrane : spermatic vessels curled : tail pointed.
In the intestines of the Dog. Kedi. Cfusc. 3. t. 17. /. 3.
\. fftlis. Head with a greyish-while oblong vesicle
each side, which is obtuse and pellucid on the hind-
part.
In the Cat. Rtdi axim. VKJ. in an. triv. t. 13 /. 8.
4. A. Cati. Head without the -oblong vesicles eaeh side.
In the intestines of the Cat. Goeze Einvtu,, p. 80.
5. A. Equi. Body whitish, cylindrical, large, taper.
In the Horfe. G&eze Eingew. p. 62. t. i,/. 1-3.
Body often a foot and a half long, and as thick as a man's little
finger, fometimes marked with large brown patches.
6. A. Carbonis In the crop of the Pelecanus Carbo.
Tranfact. Linn. Society v.p. 14.
Body yellowish-brown, coiled ap into a ball or mafs.
T. A. Pelecanus. In the crop of the Pelecanus crUtatus.
Refembks the last.. Trans, Linn. Soc. v. /. 24,
S. A. marina. Body filiform, whitish, smooth, twisted
spirally and lying flat : intestine tubular.
In marine ftsh. Br. Zati. iv, tab, 20. /. 3. Gordius,
126 WORMS. INTEST1NA. 2-6
9. A. Incmtris. Body lying flat, spirally twisted, tapering
to both extremities.
In the intestines of the Stickleback, and liver of the Pike.
2. TKICHOCEPHALUS.
10. Tr. Homiuis. Body slightly crenatc above, smooth
underneath, very finely stria! e OH the fore-part.
In the human intestines. Mem. Land. Med. Soc. v. /. 3.
Body about 2 inches long, pale: head obtufe, furimhcd with a
;ery slender probofcis, which it can protrude and retract at pica-
uire : tailor thinner-part twice as long as the thicker end, termi-
nating in a fine hair-like point.
11. Tr. E(/ui. Found in the intestines of the horse.
Goeze Eingetv. p. 118. tab. 6.f. 8.
Refembles the last but is fomething longer.
3. FILARIA.
12;' F. ScarafHPi. Funnel in the Scarabasus fiuictariu*.
Philosophical Transact, i. p. 49,
13. Y.Carabi. Found in the Carabus.
Litter Philosop. Trans, n. 81.
4. ECH1NORINCHU8.
M. E. candid . Body pale, opakc, slightly wrinkled.
In fish. Mull. Zool. Dan. i. p. 139. t. "$!<./. 7-10.
Body about 3 inches long, and nearly of equal thickness, pale
grey, yellowish, saffron, brown, fulvous, reddiih or violet, accord-
ing to the different fpecies in which it has been nourished : probofcis
with 9-15 rows of hooks, each row of 9-16 hooks.
5. FASCIOLA. Fluke. Gourd-worm.
15. F. Ilepatica* Body ovate, ending in a short tube on
the fore-parr, with a tubercle beneath it containing a
triangular cavity.
Linn. Trans. c. /. 25. /. 17, 18, 19. Darbut t. i.f. j.
In ditches, and the liver of sheep and dogs. Body about an inch
long, pointed behind, with generally a white line down the middle
and fpot in the centre : back a little convex, and marked with about
H longitudinal grooves in 2 series.
16 F.intcstinalis. Body oblong, cylindrical, tapering
and obtu.se at the base : neck round, slightly incur-
ved.
Mull. Zool. Dan. t. 2./. 10. 11. Barbut Worms, t. <2.f. 2.
In the intestines of Breams and Sticklebacks. Body white : la-
', teraf-ffre feated at the bafc of the neck : ovidi^cts oblong, brown.
6. T^ENIA. Tape-worm.
A . Month armed : body with a vesicle behind.
17. T. visceralis* Pisiform, inclosed in a vesicle, broad
on the fore- part and pointed behind.
Phil, Trans. 43. p. 305 /. 18 Goeze Ring. t. GO. S.f. 12. a. b.
In the liver, placenta, fack containing the hydropic fluid and other
morbid tumours of mankind : fometimes iblitary, fometirhes many
together in the fame vesicle.
18. T. cdhdosfp. Solitary, inclosed in a cartilaginous
vesicle and 2-tailed tunic.
If 'trr.tr Verm, irtttft.p. 2. t. i./fc. t 8.
in the -cellular covering of the human mufele, and is vefy fcna*
WORMS. INTESTIXA. G. Tienia. H7
cious of life abovit an inch long, half as broad, and a fourth thick :
head furnished with obtuse hooks.
B. Mouth arm-ed : boiJijtk.it/ioutthe terminal vesicle.
19. T. Solium. Articulations long 1 and narrower, wiih
marginal mouths, one on each joint and generally
alternate : ovaries arborescent.
Linn. Trans. 2. t. sij./. 18. Mem Land. Mtd. See. v. t. 4.
In the intestines of mankind, folitary or in considerable numbers.
body from 3 to 50 or 60 feet long, consisting of a number of distinct
joints appearing as if sheathed in one another, each joint with a
lateral marginal pore by which it attaches itself to the intestines :
hr-ad with a terminal month surrounded with a rows of radiate
hooks or holders, and a little beneath on the flattened fur face ? tubcr-
clcd orifices, or suckes each .side : tail ending in a feiuicirculur
joint without aperture.
20. '\\vulgmis. Articulations short and broader, with a
mouth in the centre of each: ovaric* stellate round
(he mouth.
US-em. Land. MeJ- Sec. v. tab. 5. Nat Miff f I. 7. t. 24 1 .
In the human intestines. Body from i to 5 yards lon^, often found
3 or 4 together, broader in the middle and tapering to both ends :
joints much shorter and broader than the last, finely striate longitu-
dinally and wrinkled tranf\ erfcly at the sides : head narrower and
fmaller than the last : /a/Vending in a rounded joint : ovaiiej stel-
late or coral-like, placed round the mouths of the joints.
21. T. catenifvnuis. Articulations oblong-elliptic, with
single marginal mouths.
i. canina. Radii of the head not reaching to the margin.
In the intestines of the Dog. Linn. Trans, z. t. 25. f. g.
2. Felis. In the Cat. Linn. Trans. 2. t. 25. /. 1 1.
RefemblesT. Solium, but the joints are of a more elliptic form,
and the mouths mostly opposite.
22. T. cerebrals. Minute, numerous, aggregate, united
by their base to a large common vesicle distributed
about the surface.
Batch. Bandw.p. 84. /. 34 36. Goeze Eingew. t. 20. a.f. 15.
In the brain, or fpinal marrow immediately beneath the brain of
sheep, occasioning the difeafe known by the name of the Durtt or
Rickets. Body not larger than a grain of fand, attached by 2 liga-
ments, armed on the head with 32-36 hooks by which they affix
themselves to the brain or its coats.
C. Mouth unarmed '.
23. T. lota. White, with very short and broad joints
knotty in the middle, with a single central inouth in
" each.
In the human intestines. Linn. Trans. 2. t. 25. f. 1214.
Body i8--i2O feet long, more opake thicker and broader than. T.
vulgaris : joints often half an inch broad, and not more than a line
and a half long, very finely stirate tranfverfely : oyaw^difpofed in
in a rofo-like form.
24. T. ovina. Articulations very short and narrow, roun-
ded at the ends: lateral vessels pellucid, distinct,
with double marginal opposite mouths.
2. In the intestines of the Ox. Linri. Trans. 2. t. 25. /. 15, 16.
Body very long , capillary on the fore-part: mou th* one on each
edge of each joint : ovariu radiate, and running tranfverfely over
each joint.
128 WORMS, INTKSTINA'. 7. 8. 9.
7. LUMBRTCUS. Earth-worm.
25. L. terrestris Body red, with 8 rows of prickles.
Dew-worm. Br. Zool. iv. f. 19. /. 6. Barbitt t. i.f. 8.
2. About half the size. Br. Zool. iv. t. ig.f. 6. .V.
In the foil. Body dull rod, with about 140 rings, each containing
4 pair of most minute prickles, convex each side-. when expanded,
ilattish when contracted, with a red canal down the whole body :
belt wrinkled and porous : mouth placed beneath the probofcis.
26. L. marinus Red, with 2 rows of bristly tubercles
down the back.
Lug, Lob-worm. Br Zool. iv. t. ig./. 7. Barbui t, \.f. 9.
Sandy Shores. Body pale red, foft, annulate with larger and
fmaller rings, the larger with 2 tufts of short bristles : mouth round.
27. L. Thalassema. Body striate, dirty-red with shining
red spots, beneath grey: mouth surrounded with a
funnel -like tube, which is wrinkled within and
plaited at the margin.
Pall. Miscel. Zool. t. u.f. 9 . Sfic. Zoo/, t.i.f. 6.
On tfee shores of Cornwall. Body glabrous, mucous, thicker "at
one end, a little pointed at the other : mouth placed above, with a
faffron funnel.
38. L. oxynrus. Body whitish-livid, very sharp at the
hind extremity, obtuse before, with a cylindrical
retractile and exsertile proboscis.
On the Sufsex Coast- Pail. Misc. Zool. t. \ ./. 7. 8.
Body about an inch and a half long, annulate with very fine striae :
fnout truncate, very finely granulate, with a fcarcely visible pore
at its bafe.
8. SIPUNCULUS. Tube-wrm.
29. S. midus. Body covered with a close skin, smooth,
of equal thickness at the lower extremity.
The Ocean. Br. Zool. iv.f 20. /. 10. Buriut t. Q..J. 3.
Body dirty-white, about 8 inches long, fomewhat conic, deeply
striate longitudinally and tranfverfely, and reticulate : mouth tube-
like and projectile, armed with fleshy 2-pointed papillae, beneath
which is an oblong tranl'verfe aperture furrounded by a prominent
lip.
30. S. saccattts. Body covered with a loose skin, smooth,
globular at the lower extremity.
Barbut t. a,/". 4, Linn. Trans. 7. p. .7.5.
Body larger than the lad. inclofed in 'a loofe membranous diaph-
anous skin, dilated at the lower, end, and is'no't contlteiedlovyfc&ls
the middle.
31 . S. stromo'us. Body covered with a close skin, warty
below the vent*
Montague Linn. Trans. 7. p. 74.
Body 3 or 4 inches long, livid, furrounded with short feelers at
the mouth: refembles S. nudus, but is shorter, warty fora con-
siderable fpace behind the vent, not fo fuddenly decreasing in size
above the vent, and tke feelers round the mouth longer,
9. PLAN ARIA
32. PI. nigra. Black, depressed, linear, with a semi-
pellucid whitish spot above the tail.
O.n aquatic plants. Linn. Trans.. 2. p. 317. Hirudo.
Body deep velvet-black above and bclo\v, circular vrhen at rest,
WORMS. INTESTINA. 10. Hirudo. 129
and feldom above aline long, linear when in motion and extending
to about 3 lines in length.
33. Pi. alba. White with bro\vn ramifications, depressed,
curled at the margin, rather pointed at the end.
On aquatic plants. Linn. Trans .2. p. 316, Hirudo.
Body ovate when at rest, linear and 6 or 7 lines long when in mo-
tion, tranfparent on the margin: eyes 2 : ovary oblong, pointed at
the ends, with ufually 2 livid'fpots.
34. PI. viridis. Green with a transparent margin, de-
pressed, oblong, pointed at the tail.
Cold Streams Linn. Trans, i.p. 93. tab. 7. Hirudo.
Body about the eighth of an inch long, grafs-green, nearly circular
when at rest : eyes 2, black : eggs 5 or 6, oblong, deep brown.
10. HIRUDO. Leech.
35. H. sanguisuga. Elongated, olive-brown, with an
ochre-yellow marginal band.
Stagnant waters. Barbut Worms, p. 20. tab. z.f. 6.
Body 4 or 5 inches long, deprefsed, fmooth, glofsy, above -dull
olive-black with a dirty yellow margin each side, beneath paler
with often a few black fpots : ta?7 thicker than the head.
36. H. 'medicinalis. Elongated, olive-black, with 6 yel-
low-ferruginous lines above, and spotted with yellow
beneath.
Stagnant waters, Barbut Worms, p. 19. t. 2./. 5.' Horse-leech.
Body about 2 inches long, compofed above of numerous annular
wrinkles, and marked with longitudinal variegated stripes: mouth
fmaller than the .tail, armed with 3 cartilaginous teeth : tail com.
pofed of an annular mufcle by .which it attaches itfelf,
37. H. octoculata. Elongated, yellow-brown, with 8
eyes in the form of a crescent.
Stagnant waters. Act. Stocfth. 1757. t. 6,f. 58.
Body about an inch and a half long, fometimes immaculate, feme-
times marked with variously coloured fp,ots or lines : eyes often 9.
38. H. stagnate. Elongated, whitish with grey dots,
plaited at the sides : eyes 2.
Wet hollows. Act. Stockh. 1757. t. 6. /. 9-11.
Body about 9 lines long, pellucid : eggs about 401 furrounded by a
tranfparent circle, grey becoming brown.
39. H. compldnata. Dilated, grey, with a double tuber-
cled line on the back, serrate at the sides.
Slow Streams. Act. Stockh. 1757. tab.6,f, 121.4.
' Body about 4 lines long, with tranfverfe bands compofed of 3 pale
lines;, whitish at the edges: head pointed, white : eyes 6 : tail orbi-
cular.
40. II. geometra. Elongated, yellowish-green, with a
longitudinal row of white spots.
Shallow Streams Br. Zool, iv. t. 20. /. 13. Barbut t. a./. 7.
Bodv about 8 lines long, fometimes brownish, varying in colour,
tapering before, very broad at the tail : eyes 4 : bach carinate when
in motion".
41. H. circulate. Oblong, pointed towards the head, con-
vex above, Hat beneath, dull red.
The Thames. " Sowerby's Brit. Mifc. tab. 76.
Body about an inch long when extended, convex and obscurely
striatc on the upper side, flat and paler beneath.
42. II. crentita. Slightly depressed, greenish-grey, sub-
J30 WORMS. MOLLUSCA 13. Actinia.
oval, with transverse annular striw, crenulatc at the
sides.
Shallow Streams. Linn. Trans. 2. />. 318. tab. up.
Body about half an inch long, broad and rounded on the hind-part,
tapering like a pear before, convex on the upper-furface, flat be-
neath : eyes 2, approximate.
43. II. muncata. Round, taper, annulate and tubercled,
- with 2 short horns on the head.
The ocean. Br. Zoo/, iv.f. ao./. 14. Bat butt. e./. 8.
Body 2 or 3 inches long, strongly annulate, and tuberrled on the
rings : head larger than the tail, which is much dilated.
11 LINEUS. Line-worm.
44. L. Isngssimus.
The ocean. Somerby Miscel. t. 8. Eorl. Ccrmu. t. 26.. /. 13.
Body many feet long, slightly tapering downwards, the third of
an inch broad, black towards the head, becoming light brown with
paler longitudinal streaks : head. broader and tapering jnto.a fnout,
emarginate, marked with a trunfverfe femicircular -line.
12. GORDIUS. Hair-worm.
45. G. aguaticus. Pale-brown, with dark extremities.
Boggy places. Barbut Worms, tab. t ,f. i .
Body 10 or 12 inches long, not much thicker than~a horfe-hair,
twistingjitfelf into various knots and contortions, fmooth, glofsy,
rarely a little slenderer at one end^: mouth small, horizontal, with
equal obtufejaws.
46. (i. tn'gUlaceus. Body uniformly pale yellow.
Jn clay. Barbut Worms, tab. i.f. 2.
Body hardly distinguishable, from the last, except in being of an
uniformly yellowish colour.
47. G. annutalus. Garnet-red annulate with white, with
a white line down the hack and another on each side.
The ocean. Montague Linn, Trans j. p. 74.
Body 6 or 7 inches long, rounded and white at the posterior ex-
tremity, with 2 rows of minute white fpots between the white lines
encircling the trunk ; front, except the upper-lip, white. '
ORDER II. MOLLUSCA.
13. ACTINIA.
48. A. equina. Greenish, with a rosy foramen or mouth :
cirri pale rosy, with ai) aperture at the end of each.
The ocean. Soiverbv Brit. Mifc. p. 7. tab. 4.
Bodv greenish above, varied with orange stripes and covered-
with minute white f pecks ; roundish when clofed, warted, flat at the
bale- with a narrow rirn, grey beneath : mouth foft, red, furroundcd
by 138 cylindrical obtufe cirri with a. red line near the bafc of each:
ttomach light brown, plaited.
49. A. crassicornin. Red, with fli irk conic cirri.
Barbnt Worms, t. 5, t. 6. Shaw Nat, Mifc. f. 330.
Body pale red, tranfverfcly wrinkled ; ciYri whitish at their tips.
50. A., plumosa. Tentacula small : the margin surrounded
with pellucid cirri.
Barbut Worms, tab. r t .Jig. 5 .
Body nearly cylindrical, tranfvcrfely wrinkled, varying in colour,
red, browu chesnut, yellow-brown, yellow-green, or white ; fome-
WOLIM8. MOLLUSCA. 13. Actinia. 131
limes opake, often pellucid: divisions of the aperture white, rufous,
or orange.
51. A. ejftetn. Nearly cylindrical, angularly grooved
longitudinally, crenatc at the base, with numerous
pointed cirri.
A. maculata. Linn. Trans* v, />> 8>
Body dull red below, transparent white above with red fpot, mor
expanded at the bafe.
52. A. antnwnoides. Nearly cylindrical, rather short,
red : interior tentacula ramified, outer-ones conic,
obtuse,
Rocky coasts, Shaw Nat. Mi fee I. tab. 26, 27.
Body with a triple concentric row of tentacula, of a yellow colour
varied with red ; stomach pale yellow, with red and pale fea-green
stripes.
53. A. truncate Pale reddish-yellow, conic, pellucid,
glabrous.
The ocean. Dicquem Philofoph. Trans. 63. t, 17. /. 13,
51. A. Caryop/iillns. Red-brown, with small pencil-form
tentacula.
Martin's Marine Worms, i.p. i.tab. i.Jig.i*
55. A. Ccreus. Brown, longitudinally grooved; cirri nu-
merous, slender, unretractile, sea-green with rosy
tip*.
Cornish coaft. Phitofoph. Trans. 52. tab. i.f.t.
Body marked with trifurcated grooves, pale chefnut : cirri long,
slender, from 120 to 200 in number.
56. A. Btllis. Red with while warts : head resembling
the calyx of a flower: cirri short, retractile, varie-
gated.
Cornish coast. Phil. Trails. .52. tab. i.f. 2.
Stem fmooth, foft, inclining to carnation, with white warts chan-
ging towards the border of the cup into purple and at last dark
brown : cirri in feveral rows, pellucid, unequal, of various colours ;
disk stellate, compofed of variegated rays of brown yellow grey and
white.
57. A. gemmacea. Pale red, longitudinally striate, with
numerous miliary glands down the stria3 : disk sur-
rounded with short petal-like projections which are
invested with cirri.
Cornish coast. Phil. Trans. 52. tab. i.f. 4.
Body cylindiical, pale red near the bafc, the rest yellow mixed
with grey : glands of the middle row white, the others the colour
of the stem : tentacula retractile, whitish, varied at the upper-part
with feveral brown tranfverfe lines and brown fpots
58. A. Mesembryantfiemum. Dull crimson, short, thick
smooth, with retractile cirri ; the edge of the disk
surrounded with a single row of tubercles.
Rocky shores. Phil. Trans. 52. tab i.f. ,5.
Body whcnclofed refembling a button : cirri red, blue, white, or
variegated ; tubercles shining, varying in colour.
59. A. Dianthm. Smooth, nearly cylindrical; the disk
5-lobed and foliaceous, with small white cirri : mouth
elevated ahd striate.
Rocky coasts. Phil. Trans. 57. tab. 19. t. 8.
Body feated on a short thick st*lk, peodulous, and when clefed
(efembling a fin all whitish Jig.
132 WORMS. MOLLUSCA. 14-18.-
14. ASCIDIA.
60. A. rustica* Oblong 1 , brownish with flesh-colour aper-
tures, rough at the extremities, smooth in the middle.
The ocean. Br. Zool, iv. t. 23. /. 3.5. Barbut t. 5. /. 4.
Body nearly cylindrical, flat underneath, turned up at one end ,
about 2 inches long*
61. A. mamillariit. Somewhat parallelipiped, whitish:
apertures terminal, of the same colour as the body.
Cornish coast. Pall. Spirit* Zocl. 10. p. 24. /. i./ 15.
Body very irritable, variously shaped, wrinkled and gibbous, here
and there fprinkled with foft bristles, dirty white,coriaceous; nipplf
of thJ apertures hemifphserical) rich fcarlet within,
15. DERRIS.
62. D. sanguinea.
Pembrokeshire coast. Linn. Trans. 3. /. ig./L i. 2i
Body cylindrical, mostly tapering to a point behind, jointed and
capable of great flexibility, covered with a membranaceons tranf-
parent coat through which the internal parts are visible : head ex-
tended beyond the outer skin, lefs than the anterior part of the
body, to which it is connected by a membranaceous covering form-
ing a neck -.feelers white, feated on the top of the head, capable of
being raifed or deprefsed at pleafure : mouth with 2 lips, the upper-
one hooked andjnoveable, the lower straight and fixed.
16. HOLOTHURIA.
$3. H. Pentactes. Body with 5 longitudinal rows of tu-
bercles, and 10 ramified tentacula.
The ocean. Br. Zool. iv. f. 26. /. 41. Barbut t. 6,/. 6.
Body about 6 inches long, cylindrical, a little incurved, greenish
brown : tubercles hollow, in pairs, with a fmall retractile filament
from each : tentacula elegantly ramified, yellow and filver, reddish
at their tips.
17. TEREBELLA.
6i. T. conchilega. whitish, with numerous filiform cirri
round the mouth j the upper-ones very long : bran-
chiaa rich red.
Pall. MiscelL Zool. t. g.f. 17. Br. Zool. iv. ft. 24.
Within the fabella conchilega, about 5 inches long*
Body flat, tapering towards the tail, pellucid, above reddish : heal
armed with 4 fcales beneath : tube or case taper, straight, compofed
of minute particles of agglutinated fand, about the si2e of a goofe-
quill, and nearly half a foot long.
18. LTMAX. Snail, Slug.
65. L. ater. Body black, furrowed and wrinkled.
Woods, Gardens, &c. Barbut t. 3./. 1.
Body about 3 inches long, narrower at each end> cofivex on the
back, paler and flat beneath : shield rough with numerous dots.
66. L. rufus. Above dull reddish, beneath whitish.
Damp shades. Barbut. tab. 3 ./, 2.
Body hardly 2 inches long, slightly furrowed, withot fpots or
belt : large r feelers black above
67. It.Jlavus. Amber-colour, with whitish spots.
In herbage Barbut. tab. Q.f. 4.
Bodyzn inch and a half long, prominent oh th* back hollowed
underneath, slightly wrinkled.
WORMS. MOLLUSCA. 19. 20. 133
68. L. maximus. Cinereous, with or without spots.
Damp places. Barbut t. $./. 3.
Body 4 or 5 inches long, reticulate on the head with black, fome-
times With 3 longitudinal pale lines down theback, and 4 dusky one?
fpotted with black.
69. L. agrestis. Whitish, with blackish feelers.
2. Whitish with a yellowish shield.
Gardens and groves. Linn. Trans, iv. p. 85. t. 8./. 1-4,
Body 2-9 lines long, varying a little in colour.
10. L. lanceolatus. Linear-lanceolate, very sharp at each
end, surrounded with a meinbranaceous border : feel-
ers none.
Pall. Spicil. Zool. 13. p. 19. tab. \.f.\\.
On the Cornish coast, of a very uncertain Genus.
Body 2-lobed and grooved on the margin beneath, marked on the
sides with obfolete ftriae oblique on the forepart, and recurved ia
an angle near the back.
19. APLYSIA.
71. A. depilans. Of an uniform leaden or purple colour.
The ocean. Sow, Misc. t. 53. Br. Zool. t. 21. /. 21. Barb. t. 3./. 5. 6.
Body 2 or 3 inches long, apparently a mif-shapen mafs enveloped in
aloofe skin which folds over and nearlymeets on the back, tapering
towards each end: shield pale, nearly in the middle of the back, oval :
eyes placed behind the longer and hindmost pair of feelers.
72. A. viridis. Green, beneath pale : below the head a
dilated wing-like membrane each side.
Montague Linn. Trans. 7. p. 76. tab. j.f. i.
Body formed in front like a common Limax,"grafs green, with a
few frnall azure fpots on the upper part of the fins, and more nume-
rous-ones beneath, depressed, with 2 membranous fins gradually de-
creasing in size : front bifid : lips with a black margin ; feelers 2,
flat, behind each of which is a whitish mark in which is placed a
fnaall black eye : shield not visible.
20. DORIS. Sm lemon.
7j. D. Argo. Pale red, oval, smooth, with 2 small feel-
ers at the mouth : vent surrounded by a ramified
fringe.
Sea coasts. Br. Zool. t. 22. /. 22. Barbut t. \.f. 4.
Body 3 or 4 inches long, rounded at each end, convex in the middle,
11 marked with fulphur fpots and black dots : vent furrounded by an
elegantly ramified fulpbur fringe dotted with black : feelers 4, white
dotted with red at the tips.
T4. D. vermigera. Oblong-oval; reddish-grey, covered
on the back with numerous vermicular appendages.
Taken on the Mumble rocks, by the Author, April 24, 1807.
Body an inch and half long, oblong-oval, white and flat under-
neath ; reddish-grey and hemispherical on the back, clothed with
roundish taper foft flexile appendages about 3 lines long, variegated
grey and purplish-brown : feelers 4, 2 taper white-ones below the
mouth, and 2 short conic brown ones on the top of thq head. Re-
fembles D, clavigera of Muller Zool. Dan. but the pedicels are
wot clavate, and they are longer and more flexible ; aad it has 4
feelers.
75. D. verrucosa. Body covered with tubercles qn the
upper-side.
Sa coasts. Br. Zool. t. 21. /. 23. Barbut t. \.f. i.
Sody oblong, nearly cylindrical, convex and rounded at thc^cxtrer
H
134 WORMS. MOLUJSCA 21. Nereis.
mities, with the lateral margins deflected : feelers 2, besides 8 short
ones furrounding the mouth : pedal-limb oval, oblong, with a ilat
margin.
7(3. D. bilamdlata. Oval, covered with a rough punc-
tured plate.
Sea coasts, Brit. Zoo/, t. 24,7. 24. Barbutt. 4.7.2,
Body the size of a fnail, abrubt in front, glabrous, above pale
brown with grey dots, beneath white : flute with fulphur dots
above, white beneath: feelers brown: vent tranfverfe, furrounded
with 6 fulphur plumes.
77. D. pinnatifida. Body elongated, pinnate down the
sides with conic clusters of ovate imbricate papillae.
Montague Linn. Trans, -j.p. 78. t. 7.7 2. 3.
Body 3 lines long, green and rufous : front rounded : tentacula 2,
trumpet-shaped, ending in a retractile filiform appendage : clusters
opposite, consisting of 5 or 6 rows of imbricate ovate blue-grey
papillae tipt with black.
78. D.c&rulea. Body elongated, covered with clavate
simple vesicles placed in whorls.
Montague Linn. Trans. 7. p. 78. t, 7f. 4. 5
Body a quarter of an inch long, green : feelers 4, fomewhat fili-
form : eyes at the bafe'of the hinder feelers: tubercles blue, tipt
with orange, with 2 pink oval vefcicles on the back between the
fecond and third whorl.
79. D. j/rtu. Body elongated, tapering to a point be-
hind: vent on the back, surrounded by 7 feathere'd
appendages, below which are 2 long simple fusiform
ones.
Montague Linn. Trans. 7. p. 79. t. 7-7-6.
'Body half an inch long, white with orange spots : feelers 4, long,
pointed, orange, with 2 erect wrinkled ones on the top of the
'head: vent nearer the lower end.
&0. D. macuiata. Body slender, tapering, with several
pairs of subclavate pedunqles down the back lobed at
their tips.
^Montague Linn. Trans. 7. p. 80. /. 7. f. 8-9.
Body 3 lines long, pale yellow fpeckled with pink : front obtufe r
feelers 2, trumpet-shaped, with a filiform appendage from the cen-
tre of each : peduncles mostly 4 pair, with a single one behind, 5 or
6-cleft at top.
81. D. marginata. Body oval, surrounded with a thin
membranaceous undulate margin : froot obtuse, cre-
nate.
Montague Linn. Trans. 7. /;. 79. t. j.f. 7.
Body a quarter of an inch long and nearly as much broad, white
tinged with pink in the middle '.feelers 2, wrinkled or slightly
feathered : vent furnished with feathered membranes.
21. NEREIS. :
82. N. noctiluca. Blue-green, invisible to the naked eye,
with 23 segments.
The Ocean. Amain. Acad. 3. t. 3. Barbut tab. 4. f. 8.
Body phofphorefceht, illuminating the fea by night, very minute
and agile, shining with a blue-green splendor.
$3. N . pectinata. Smooth, prismatically coloured^ with
14 rich gold tentacula and legs each side.
In the Sabella tubiforwisi Swerfy Brit. Mifcct* t, ^
WORMS. MOLLUSCA. 21. Nereis. I35 r
Body about an inch long, with numerous brown- papillae about tbe
lip : textacula simple : legs rompofcd of tufts of hairs.
34. N.pelagica. Tawny, with a scarlet line down the
back, convex above, with cirrate and warty pedun-
cles.
The Ocean. Br. Zool. iv. t. 25. /. 33. N. rufa.
Body 4 or 5 inches long, compoled of numerous articulations t
jaws blackish-brown : head with a triangular white fpot between
the eyes, and 2 others at the sides : bristles ferruginous : cirri ot'
the front sides and tail whitish : /a/Vending in 2 cirri.
85. N. ccerulea. Qlabrous, depressed, blueish-grcen, se-
m transparent.
The Ocean. Br. Zool.\\-. * 25./. 32. Barbut t. \.J. n.
Body shining, about 4 inches long, with a groove along the belly:
segments about 184.
86. IS' . viridis. Green, depressed : peduncles with lance-
olate lamellae or scales.
The Ocean. MulLWurm. t. n./. 1-6. Linn. Trans, v. p. 8.
Body 2 or 3 inches long, filiform, grass-green, with about 130
equal fegments : head with 3 feelers each side : eyes 2, black : pro-
boscis clavate, which it protrudes when touched-; tail with 2 short
cirri. The young are reddish, with snowy head, feelers, cirri,
and fcales.
87. N. lamelliger'a. Ochraceous, round tapering to both"
ends: proboscis stellate with 4 fleshy points: pe-
duncles compressed, furnished with a semilunar scale
above, and a larger semicordate-one beneath.
The.Ocean. Sow. Brit. Mifc. t. 30. Shaw Mifc. t. 311.
Body nearly a foot long, ochre with a dark line down the middle
of the bejly, consisting of 200-550 fegments : head with 4 feelers ;
eyes 2, black : .tail bifid.
88. N. tricolor. Orange-green, pmmatically coloured,
orange-red at the lower extremity : feelers and eyed
none.
Montague Linn. Transact. 7. p. 82.
.&wf}/ about 3 feet long,, nearly round, purplish-red near the an-
terior end : upper-lip fomewhat protruded, whitish, with 4 tranf-
verfe black dots at the bafe : tail fuddenly tapering to an obtufe
point: fegments about 390, with as many tubercles and tufts
each side.
89. N. Margarita. Changeable and greenish-brown, with
a purple streak down the back : head 3-loded.
Montague Linn, Trans. 7. p. 82.
Body 5 or 6 inches long, convex above, a little tapering, with
about 74 fegments and tufts : head 3-lobed, the 2 outer ones larger
with a tubercle at their ends and 2 feelers at their bale, the middle*
one ending in 2 feelers : mouth beneath, prottusile, with a circle of
numerous black fpecks : tail ending in 2 ^laments.
90. N. lintata. Depressed, yellow, with numerous purple
spots disposed in 6 lines.
Montague Linn. Trans. 7 . p. 83.
Body an inch and a half long, with about 120 fegments : feelers 6:
tail ending in 2 short appendages.
91. N. octtntaxMlata. Depressed, red r with a purple line
along the back and a yellow spot at each segment.
Montague Linn. Trans. T. p. 84,
M 2
I3t> . "WORMS. MOLLUSCA. 22. 23.
Body 3 inches long, with between 80 and go fegments and tafts j
feelers 6, short, red, letaceous : eyes 4, one pair over the other.
22. APHRODITA. Sea Mouse.
92. A. aculeata. Oval, brown, beneath fle sh- Colour ;
with long silky changeable gold-green hair each side
the body.
The Ocean. Br. ZooL iv. t. 23. /. 25. Barbut t. \.f. ,5.
Body 4 or 5 inches long, convex above and clothed with short
brown fir, beneath covered with a naked skin a little prominent in,
the middle : vent covered with 2 fcales : mouth placed beneath :
feet 30-36 each side, each compofed of a tuft of 5 or 6 strong black
spines intermixed with long gold-green hairs.
93. A. annulata. Pale yellow, oblong, tapering to both
ends, smooth, annulate, with a minute spine on each
ring running down the back.
Pennant Brit, ZooL iv.p. 45. n. 28. t, 24. /. 28.
Body 2 inches and a quarter long : feet fmall.
94. A. scdbra. Oblong, with 2 rows of alternate scales
down the back : mouth projecting, cylindrical.
Br. ZooL iv. t. $.f. 27. Barbut t. ^.f. 7.
, Body about an inch long, with 29 alternate fcales and about aj
many feet each side.
95. A. squamata. Oblong, with 2 rows of large opposite
rough ochraceous scales dotted with black.
Brit. ZooL iv. t. 23. /. 26. Barbut t. 4.7. 6.
Body about an inch long, refembling an Oniscus, clothed each
side with 24 fcales and furnished with as many feet : belly and mid-
dle of the bach naked -.feelers cloven: mouth concealed in an aper-
ture : tail ending in a few short bristles.
96. A. Upidota. Oblong, with a red stripe down the
back, and clothed with minute imbricate scales.
Br. ZooL t. 24. /. 29. Easier subs. t. 4. /. 3. A-C.
Body net an inch long, tapering towards the tail, with about 14
pair of very finely dotted fcales, and 16 feet each side -.feelers un-
divided.
23. AMPHITRITE.
97. A. volutacornis. Feelers yellow-brown with chesnut
spots, convolute, with doubly ciliate fibres : probo-
scis none.
Montague Linn. Trans. 7. p. 81. tab. j.f. 10.
Body. about 5 inches long, with a dark purple indented membrane
behind the head edged with white -.feelers with numerous fibres on
2 fpiral stems: fcutel of 10 joints, yellow with purple sides : body
dark purple., of about 80 fegments, tongue-shaped at the end, with
4 rows of plates above and a slight groove down the middle.
*^. A. Vmtilabmm. Feelers pale with purple spots, their
fibres ciliate on the inner margin ; one with 54 tibres,
the other with 35 : proboscis none.
Sowerby Mifcell. t. 12. Shaw Uifcell. t. 324.
Body pale red, with about 150 yellow peduncles each side, in-
clofed in a clay-coloured tube compofed of 2 coats which are
cartilaginous, the outer-coat darker and rougher.
99. A. rosea. Feelers white with crimson spots: body
brown, with shining golden tufted peduncles : probo-
scis none.
WORMS. MOLLUSCA. 24-26. 131
Sowerby Brit. Mifcell. tab. 67.
Body hardly 2 inches long, inclofed in a brown cafe, yellowish
towards the head : feelers of about 12 fibres each.
100. A. campamdata. Feelers pale with black spots:
botly striped red and yellow, with white peduncle* :
proboscis bell-shaped at the end.
In the Serpula triquetra. Sowerby Miscell. t. 31.
Body about an inch long, yellow with red stripes, furnished with
about 6 feet each side : feelers with each 10 or n fibres : proboscis
white, ending in a bell-shaped tube which projects a bifid tongue.
24. SPIO,
101. Sp. seticornis* With thin capillary striate feelers.
The Ocean. Buster cp. subsc. 2. /. 134. tab. j 2.f, 2.
Body about 3 inches long, whitish with a tinge of green* with a.
red line down the middle of the back, blackish-grey on the fore-
part with transverse white striae, seagreen behind : /
25.. NAIS.
102. N. serpentiiui.. Body serpentine, with red spiral
intestines and triple black collar.
Stagnant Waters. Shaw Miscfll. t. 270.
Body about 9 lines long : peduncles warty*, wkh 3 hooked
bristles.
103- '^proboscidea. With single lateral bristles, and
very long proboscis.
Stagnant Waters.. Shau^Miscell, t. 379..
Body. 3 lines long, hyaffhe, with a blackish flextiou^ intestine^
each fegment with a single longish bristle each side ; head forked,.
armed with a mouth and tongue : i/erit terminal.
404. N.digUata. With single lateral bristles : tail armed,
with 6 unequal retractile processes.
Stagnant Waters. Shaw Mifcell. t, 452.
Body 4 lines long, with a reddish vein down the middle,' furnished
beneath witha double row of mirwje ciliate protuberance* : rye* 01
tail rounded..
26. LERN^BA.
105. L. Cyprituicea. Body obclavate: thorax cylindrical
forked : tentacula lunate at top.
X)n the Car.p and. Roach. Barbut t. -j.-f. 3..
Body about half an inch long, hardly larger than a.. straw, pale
and fome what pellucid, thruft out of a kind of sheath, with 3 obtufe
tubercles towards the. other extremity: mouth, with a foft fleshy
procefses near it, and on each side another loft lunate procefs.
106. L. Salmonea. 'Body obavate : thorax, inversely
heart-shaped : arms approximate, linear.
On the Salmon. Barbut t.j.f. 4.
Body 6 lines long, foft, pale : head fmall, oblong,. rather convex,,
with horizontal lips, the upper-lip armed with 2 rigid movaable
hooks, the lower shorter and cloven: abdomen obovate, broader
than the last: ovaries whiter, c^lindricalj granulate within, a&.
large as the whole animal.
107. L. Spratti. Body oblong^ red : head with 2 barbs ^
neck notched : ovaries linear, green.
On the Sprat, Sowerby Brit, Miscdl. tab. 68.
Body about 2 inches long, shaped like an oat, obliquely truncate
fechuid ; nuh long, bai bed ; mwth rather large, undr the hcad^
138 WORMS. MOLLUSCA. 27. 28. 29.
108. L. Encrasicoli. Body cylindrical, born-colour; head
with 2 barbs : ovaries filiform, white.
Found attached to the bodies of the Clupea Encrasicolus and
Sprattus, frequently in Swansea bay.
Body differing from the last in not tapering to the extremities,,
in being of a brown-horn-colour, and in having the oviducts very
long, filiform, and clear white.
27. SEPIA. Cuttle-Jish.
109. *S. octopus. Body without tail or appendage: pe-
dunculated tentacula or longer arms none : arms be-
set with a double row of suckers.
Br. Zool. iv. t. 44. Sow. Mifcell. t. 48. Barbut t. 8./. i.
Body growing to a great size, short, inflated at the bafe : arms as
long as the body, tapering to a point, clothed with 2 rows of alter-
nate fuckers on the inside: fuckers shaped like the cup of an
acorn, furnished with numerous hooks.
110. S. ojpcinalis. Body without tail, with a crenate
margin each side : peduucled tentacula 2 : arms be-
set with 4 rows of suckers.
frit. Zool. iv.p. 55. Barbut t. 8./. 2.
Body ovate j the margin interrupted at the bottom: ttntacula or
longer arms 4 times as long as the others, their tips fpatulate anct
furnished within with numerous fuckers : arms shorter than Uie
body, ovate, pointed.
111. S. media. Body cylindrical tapering to a point :
tail pointed, finned and carinate each side : pedun^
cled tentacula 2..
Br. Zool. iv. t. 39. /. 45. Barbut t. 8. /. 3.
Body ending in a point, famished with a winged membrane c.ick
side commencing below the middle of the body,, gre.enish or
brown : eyes blue.
112. S. Loligo. Body cylindrical, furnished with a flat-
tish rhombic sharp-edged membrane at the tail :
peduncled tentacula 2.
Brit. Zool. iv. t. 27. Barbut t. 8./. 4.
Body reddish-brown, differing from the laft in not gradually ta-
pering to a paint : eyes blue : dorfal-bone lanceolate, tranfparent,.
shaped like a pen.
11 3. S. Sepiola. Body rounded at the base, with a roun-
ded wing-like process at the base each side : pedun-
cled tentacula 2>
Brit. Zool. t. eg./. 46. Barbut t. 8. /. 5.
Body not longer than the head and neck: tentacula as long as
the body ; wings nearly circular.
28. TRITON.
114: Tr. littoreus.
Barbut. t. 7. /. 2. Philos. Trans. 50. /. 34./. A.
Body oval, dilated and lobed at the lower end r head oblong,
rounded, not comprefsed, terminated by a tough membrane con-
necting all the arms at the.ir bafe : mouth placed at the bafe of the
tentacula : probofcis long, tapering to a poir.-, annulate, cartilagi-
nous : arms 6 'pair, the 3 lower-pair furnished with a moveable
thumb, all jointed, involute and ciliate on the inner-margin,
29. MEDUSA. i
WORMS. MOLLUSC A; so- Asterias. &9
115. M. fusca. Body with 16 brown rays, and a brown
circle in the middle ; the circumference edged with
alternate oval tubercles and crooked fangs.
Borl. Cornw. p. 256. t. 25,7. 7. 8. Br. Zool. n. 48.
Rays pointing from the circumference to the centre : tentacula 4,
jagged, a little longer than the body.
116. M. purpurea. Body with pale purple rays, and a
light purple cross in the middle,, between each bar of
which is a deep purple horse-shoe-shaped mark.
Borl. Cornw. p. 257. t. 25. /. 9. 10. Br. Zool. 4. 49.
Rays diverging from the circumference : tentacula 4, short, thick,
not longer than the body.
117. M. tuberculata. With 15 brown rays meeting at the
centre, and small oval tubercles round the margin.
Bor-l. Cornw. t. i^f. n. 12. Barbut t. g.f. 8:
Tentacula 4, plain, much longer than the body.
118. M.undutata. Margin undulate, with fangs on the
projecting parts ; beneath 4 orifices, between which
is a stem divided into 8 ragged tentacula.
Borl. Cornw. t. 25../. 15. Barbut. t. g.f. g.
119. M. lunulata, Margin tubercled ; beneath 4 conic
appendages forming a cross, with several leaf-like
serrate-ones surrounding it.
Borl. Cornw. t. 25. /. 16. 17^. Br. Zool. iv. n. 52.
Tentacula 8, not exceeding the edges of the body, between each,
of which is a femilunar aperture.
120. M. simplex.. With a plain circumference and 4 aper *
tures beneath : tentacula none.
Borl. Cornw. t. 25.7. 13. 14.. Br. Zool. iv. n. 5$.
121. M. crutiata. Margin fringed with fine fibres j the
disk marked with a white cross, each arm of which
has a blackish spot..
The Sussex coast. Barbut Worms, t. g.f. \.
Body like a tranfparent colourlefs jelly, furrounded at the edge
with a fringe of fibres.
122. M. capillata. Margin with 16 indentures; beneath
with 16 rays meeting at the centre, where they are
surrounded by numerous fibres.
Kentish coast. Barbut Worms t. g. f. 3.
Body whitish* femipellucid, convex, fragile, flat beneath with a
rough circle j the margin divided into 8 portions, each of which is
emarginate.
3 0. ASTERIAS. Star-fish.
A. With 5 stellate rays.
123. A. rubens. Pale orange, with lanceolate convex
rays every where clothed with small spines.
Br. Zool. t. 30. /. 58. Basterfubs. t. 12. /. 1-6,
Body 14 inches in diameter, varying in colour, but generally
lemon-colour marbled with dark brown, beneath whitish : fpine*
white.
. 124. A. spinosa. Rays lanceolate, of nearly equal thick*
ness, beset with numerous spines or tubercles,
Refembles the last, but the rays are not convex,
Moil, Cornw, t, 2$/ 8, Br, Zool, iv. n, 60.
140 WORMS. MOLLUSCA. 3f> Asterias.
125. A. membranacea. Rays broad, membranaceous, very
thin : beneath with 5 convex ribs.
Br. Zool. iv f. 3i.y. 59. Linck. stell. mar. t. \.f. a
Body flat, with a broad membrane between the rays>
126, A. gibbosa. Brown, very convex y covered with a
rough skin r with short broad rays slightly project-
ing.
Sort. Cornw. tr 25. f. 25. 26. Linck. t. 3. n. 20.
227. A- dfithrata, Rays short, thick, cancelled above,
hirsute underneath.
Linck, t. 14. n. 23. t. 7. n. 9. Br. Zool. iv. n. 55.
128 A. oculata. Purple, with smooth dotted or punctu-
red rays divided nearly to the base.
Br. Zool. t. 3o./. 56. Linck. t. 36. n, 62.
129. A. equestris. Disk tubercled : margin with oval
plate*, with 3-6 tubercles on each : tentacula rather
clavate.
Sowerby. Miscell. t. 63. Linck. t. 12. n. 21.. t, 26. n^ 42..
Body red : rays a little projecting : plates on the margin fur
roiinded with fmall stud-like protuberances : feelers flattish, rather
ctavate.
l30 A. glacialis. Disk with tubercles disposed in a cir-
cle : rays angular r tlie angles with prickly protube-
rance^.
Linck. t. 38. 39. n. 69. Br. Zool- iv. n. 54.
Body when alive rufous undulate with white, fometijnes grey>.
brown, or green : rays thick, lanceolate, -with 5 or 7 prickly an-
gles: tentacula numerous,, pellucid, \vitha row of fmall pinnule*,
each side.
B. "With 5 radiate or filiform rays.
131. A. Caput Medusa. With divided and repeatedly sub-
divided rays: disk and rays granular: mouth de-
pressed.
Bdrbut t. 10. f. 12. Shaw Mifcell. t, 103.
Body pale red: rays divided, each of the divisions branching
Into 2 others, which mode of fubdivision is continued to a vast
extent, gradually decreasing in size^ till at length the ramifications
amount to many thoufands, forming a beautiful net-work.
132. A. Ophiura. Disk scaly : rays quadrangular, with
a single row of scales down each .
r. Zool. iv,t. 32,yV62. Barbttt^t. to./.g.
Body fmall, glabrous, white, grey, or reddish, orbicular, entire :
rays like a ferpents' tail, 4 times as long as the body, clothed
with a row of divergent folid fcales.
133. A. minute. Body round, entire, with long slender
hirsute rays.
Tenby Coast. Brit. Zool. iv. n. 61.
134. A. brachiata. Body nearly circular, covered above
with oval scales in 10 alternate broad and narrower
rays : rays jointed r spinous- down the sides.
Montague Linn. Trans. 7. p. 84.
Body hardly half an inch in diameter, the rays 7 or 8 inches long,
purplish-brown, rqugh between the arms witjii minute warts : rays
furnished at the $idjes wUh f
9 or 9 in a row*
\VORMS. MOLLUSCA. 3i. Echinus, 141
135. A. sph&rulala. Body 5-lobed, glabrous above the
aperture; beneath 5-pointed, with a small globular
head between each ray : rays jointed, hirsute down
their sides.
Anglesea. Erit. ZooL iv. tab. 32. fig. 63.
136. A.varia. Body circular, entire, with TO alternate
broads r and narrower radiate stripes; the narrow-ones
with lozenge-shaped extremities : rays hirsute, annu-
late with red.
Borl. Cornw. t. a^./. 21. Br. Zool iv. n. 65.
137. A. aculeata. Body circular, entire, with 10 alter-
nate broader and narrower radiate stripes, all of them
simple at the ends, rays hirsute.
Borl. Cornw. t. 25. /. 19. Br. Zool. iv. n. 66.
J38. A.Jissa. Body circular, with 5 deep notches, and
5 pale radiate stripes : rays hirsute.
Borl. Cornw. t. .25. /. 20. Br. Zool. iv. n. 68.
139. A. hastata. Body somewhat pentangular, indented,
brownish-red with 10 alternate broader and narrower
ochraceous stripes, all broader at their extremities :
rays jointed, hirsute.
Borl. Cornw. t. $/. 22. Br. Zool. iv. n. 67.
140. A. nigra. Body pentangular, black, with 5 white
radiate stripes; rays hirsute, olive, tessellate with
deeper shades.
Port. Cornw. t. 25, /. 23. Br. Zool. iv. . 69.
141. A. pentaphylla. Body in 5 ovate lobes : rays hirsute
down the sides, tessellate above and below with greea
or blue.
Borl. Cornw. t. 25. f. 24. Br. Zool. iv. n. 64.
C. With more than 5 rays.
142. A.papposa. Body with 12-14 lanceolate rays, sur-
rounded at the edges with short fascicular processes :
body muricate.
JBarbut. t. to.f. 2. Shaw. Miscell t. 418.
Body above ferruginous fpotted with \yhlte, the rays paler at the
ends : rays shorter than the body, with black grooves underneath.
143. A. peclinata. With 10 pinnate filiform, rays, and as
many short simple ones underneath.
Br. Zool. iv. t. 33. Barbut. t. lo.f, ti.
Body fmall, red, coveredabove with 5 unequal valves : aperturtlt
e, one at the confluence of the valves, the other in the largest
valve : longer-rays with numerous short ramifications, furnished
beneath with hollow tubes, from which isjue fmall tranfparent
filiform flexible bodies; shorter-rays ending in an incurved claw.
31. ECHINUS. Sea-egg. Sea Urchin.
Obs. Such of this genus as have been hitherto found in a fossile
state. only, will be defcribed under the genus Helmintholithusi
among the petrifactions.
A. Vent vertical.
114. Ech, esculentus. Nearly globular, with 10 porous su-
142 WORMS. TE8TACEA. 32. Chiton.
tures ; the pieces covered with small tubercles sup-
porting the spines.
$r. Zool. I. 34. Barbut. t. 1 1 ./. j . Shaw. Misc. t. 223.
Shell reddish or yellowish : fpines short, violet, losing their
colour and falling off when dead : pores in about 3 rows : tubercles
pale, furrounded with a circle of lefser-ones: vent clofed by a co-
riaceous membrane covered with fpines.
2. Lefs, deprefsed at top, with narrower futures.
faster, cp. subs. 3. p. \ 1 2. t. 1 1 .f. 2-8.
Shell with fewer tubercles, and a ferrate line down the middle of
the pieces : pores of the futures in alternate rows of 2 or 3 foramina.
145. Ech. Cidaris. Hemisphasrical, depressed, with 5
flexuous linear sutures ; the pieces alternately bifari-
ous.
Scotland. Sowetby Brit. Miscell. t. 44.
Shell a compressed globe : the pieces granulate, with 2 rows of
alternate protuberances furnished with perforated papillae, fur-
rounded with a circle or two of granulations, and feparated by a
groove running round them : fpines elongated, granular, in 2 rows,
with 2 rows of fmaller-ones at their bafe : mouth covered with im-
bricate obtufe fpines.
B. Vent underneath.
146. Ech. lacunosus. Ovate, heart-shaped, gibbous, with
5 depressed ovate porous sutures placed in a stellate
manner.
Er. Zool. iv. t. 35. Barbut. t. 1 1./. 8.
Shell purple at top ; the fpaces between the futures tubercled ia
vraved rows; beneath studded and' divided by 2 fmooth fpaces ;
fpines very long, mixed with shorter-ones.
l4t." Ech. Spatagus. Ovate, a little heart-shaped, gib-
bous, with 4 depressed porous grooved sutures pla-
ced in a stellate manner.
Er. Zool. iv. t. 34#/. 75. Barbut. t. \\.f.-j.
Sheltextremely brittle, gibbous at one end, and marked by a deep
gfoove instead of the fifth future at the other, tubercled beneath:
fores in a double row along each side of the grooves : fpines slen-
der, bristle-like.
ORDER III. TESTACEA. SHELLS.
A. With more than two valves.
38. CHITON.
148. Ch. marginatus. With 8 smooth valves, reflected
and serrate on the margin, carhiate down the back.
Br. Zool. t. 36.7. 2. Barbut, t. i.f. 4.
Shell 6 lines long and 4 broad, grey or brown, fometimes mottled,
oblong-oval, rough on the furface : valves imbricate over each
other in a point,
149. Ch. tevis. With 8 smooth valves, even on the mar-
gin, carinate and beaked on the back.
Brit. Zool. t. 36.7.3-
Shell oblong, half an inch long and a quarter broad, deep rufous-
'brown, fometimes mottled with yellowish-white, with mostly a
pale line down the back, fometimes finely striate tranfverfely ; the
iriaVgin broad and finely reticulate : valves beaked in the centre.
WQKMS. TESTACEA. 33. Balauas. 143
loO. Ch. cincreus. With 8 valves, nearly smooth, oval,
carinate, beaked on the back, slightly ciliate on the
margin
Chemn, Conch. 8. tab. 96. /. 818. Mont. Shells, p. 3.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, cinereous, reddish when alive,
comprefsed, a little reflected on the hinder angle at the bafe, with
a rather broad margin.
151. Ch. albus. With 8 valves, smooth, oval, not cari-
nate ; the first valve notched on ihe hind-part.
Barbnt. t. i.f. i. Chemn. Conch. 8. t. 96. /. 817.
Shell less than the lait, pure white.
152. Ch. J'uscicu'tirij. With 8 v 7 alves, nearly smooth,
slightly carinate, surrounded at the margin with tufts
of hairs.
Chemn. Conch. 10. t. 173. /. 1688. Moxtag. Shells. p. 5.
Shell cinereous, slightly carinate.
153. Ch. crinitus. With 7 valves, thickly clothed with
short hairs.
About 6 lines long. Br. Zool. iv. t. 36. /. i.
It is probable that thcfe hairs are a fpecies of marine Conferva.
154. Ch. discors. W 7 ith.7 valves, curjiafe, strongly beaked;
the 5 middle-valves divided transversely from the an-
terior base to the beak
Salcomb iiay. Montague Brit. Shells. p. 3. n. 3.
Shell half an inch long, oblong : values finooth or faintly striate
on the upper-part, very fine shagreen on the lower, the end-ones
rufous-brown, the rest dark cinereous: beaks frequently rufous:
margin moderately broad, faintly reticulate.
33. BALANUS. Acorn-shell.
155. B. communis. Conic, ribbed : lid of 4 valves, stri-
ate transversely, with a longitudinal groove on the 2
longest.
Br. Zool. t. 37. /. 4, Donovan, t. 30. /. i .
Shell fometiuies an inch in diameter, and nearly 3 quarters high,
grey-brown, rugged, compofed of about 6 valves : lid pointed.
156. B. batanoidei. Somewhat conic, smooth, ribbed : lid
of 4 valves; the 2 upper-slightly striate transversely,
the other smooth.
Br. Zool. t. 37. /. 5. Donovan, t. 36. /. 2. 3. Da Cost. t. 17. /. 7.
Shell half the size of the former, fometimes much depressed and
dilated at the bafe, white, fmooth, often deeply grooved at the
bafe, of 6 valves divided by a deep furrow : lid more obtufe.
157: B. punctatus. Slightly conic, rugged, ribbed : lid 4-
valved, the upper longitudinally striate, the edges of
the upper and lower closely united at top, indented,
and locking into each other.
Devonshire. Montague Brit. Shells, tab. i.f. 4.
Shell about a quarter of an inch broad, and not much higher, dull
brown, very rugged, obtufely ribbed: lid of 4 valves, the upp^r-
one with a few longitudinal ridges, the rest punctured.
158. B. rugosus. Nearly cylindrical, grooved; lid of 4
rough angular erect valves, forming 4 distinct slightly
reflected points.
Lepas boreaUs. Donovan Brit* Shells, tab. 166.
144 WORMS. TESTACEA. 33. Lepas.
Shell about half an inch high, and lefs in diameter, generally di-
vided into 6 compartments by farrows which become broad to-
wards the top, where it fpreads into ^angular points, wrinkled or
ftriate longitudinally., fomelimes fraooth, white or purplish-red :
aperture large, the lid tranfverfe'ly ribbed.
159. B. elongatus. Elongated, clavate, with 3 wide and
3 narrow compartments, wrinkled longitudinally,
faintly striate transversely.
Sr. ZooL t. 37. f. 5. a. Donovan, t. 36. /. 3.
Shell 2 inches long, 4 lines broad at the bafe* white, cylindrical*
cloven above the lid, with obtufe compartments.
160. B. Tinlinnabulum* Conic, obtuse, with 3 raised com-
partments contracting to a point up ward sand longitu-
dinally striate, and 3 depressed-ones contracting to a
point downwards and transversely striate.
Donovan t. 148. Barbut t. i. f> 6.
Shell nearly a inches long, lefs in diameter, purplish varied with
white and red, angular : lid obtufe, of nearly equal valves.
161. B. costatus Somewhat conic, with numerous equi-
distant ribs diverging from the aperture.
Donovan Brit. Shells, i . tab, 30. f. z.
Sfietltma.il, whitish, with about 18 ribs.
162. B. conoides. Conic, smooth, finely reticulate, witk
pointed compartments : aperture very harrow.
Donovan Brit. Shells, i. tab. 36. f. ^
Shell about. 4 lines wide, purplish; valves divided at top., and
pointed : aperture very fmall.
163. B. intertextus. Slightly depressed, with interwoven
obliquely striate valves ; the margin at the base irre-
gularly serrate .
Br.'Zool.\v.t. $%.f. \. Donovan t. 36. j". i. Lepas striatus.
Shell hardly a quartet of an inch wide, white, strongly and
obliquely ribbed : aptrture oblique, clofed by the lid.
16 i. B. Diadema. Somewhat compressed, with 6 promi-
nent longitudinally ribbed valve*, alternating with as
many depressed transversely striate ones.
Donovan Shells t. 56. /. 1.2. Da Costa t. 17. /. 2. 2. 2.
Shell an inch high, and about 2 wide, roundish, dirty-white, with
tranfverfe strias on the sides of the valves : aperture funnel-form,
6-sided within : bafe concave, furnished with divisions or cells in
a radiate manner.
34. LEPAS. Bemade.
165. L. anaiifera. With 5 valves, smooth; the dorsal*
valve rounded at the sides, and slightly carinate.
Br. ZooL iv. t. 38. /. 9. Donov.t.j. Da Cost. t. \jf. 3.
Shell an inch and a half long, bluish-white, comprefsed : valves
yellow at the margins, obfcurely ftriate ; the 2 larger-ones trian-
gular, the 2 top-ones about half the size, the dorfal-one long,
cuived, narrow,- rounded on the back, inclosing the others : fe-
duncle long, wrinkled and darker towards the shell.
166. L. anserifera. With 5 valves, strongly striate in a
radiate manner; dorsal-valve compressed at the sides*
sharply carinate.
Donovan t. i66./. 2. Lister t. 44O./. 283.
Shell about an inch long, refembling the laft, except in beinfj
ftrongly striate and fomewhat reticulate, the valves sharper and
WORMS. TESTACEA. 35. Pholas. 145
more pointed, the sides of the dorfal-one compresjea and brought
to a fine carinate edge down the middle.
167. L. fasdcularis. With 5 valves, striate ; dorsal valv6
much spread out and forming a sharp prominent an-
gle at the base.
Ellis. Zooph. p. \gi.t. is-/. 6. Donovan t. 164.
Shell with the upper-valves pointed and turning back at the tip,
a little convex in front; the dorfal-valve dilated at the bale intd
an acute angle.
168. L. sulcata. With 5 valves, strongly ribbed ; dorsal-
valve, somewhat compressed, longitudinally gtriiitc,
with a smooth slightly carinate edge.
Montague Brit. Shells. p. 17. tab. i.fig. 6.
Shell about a quarter of an inch long, dirty white, nearly trian-
gular : lower -i' (lives with 15 strong ribs ; upper-ones pointed at
top, narrowing to a point downwards, with 7 or 8 ribs and fmaller
intermediate-ones : peduncle short, dusky.
169. L. Scalpellum. With n valves, roughish ; dorsal-
valve compressed, running into a sharp process about
half way up.
Montague p. 18. t. \.f. 4. Donovan Shells, t. i66.f. i.
Shell 6 lines long, light brown, not striate, covered with short
liatrs, much comprefsed, obliquely truncate at top : valves re-
fembling fcai&s, 6 each side; dorfal-one rounded at the edge at the
bafe : peduncle very short, annulate, hairy.
35. PHOLAS.
170. Ph. Dactylus. Oblong, rough, with reticulate murt-
cate stria? on the anterior end; hinge reflected form-
ing several cells at the back.
Br. Zocl. t. 39-/. 10. Donovan Shells t. 118.
Shell more than an inch long, above 3 broad, white, thin, brittle, a
little reticulate, ending in a beak forming a large gape, with 4 ac-
cessory valves.
171. Ph. parva. Ovate, rough, reticulate, muricate at
the anterior end : hinge reflected, without cells .
Sr. Zoo!, t. 40./. 13. Montague Shells t. i.f. 7. 8.
Shell half an inch long, an inch broad, ending in a kind of beak
at. the larger end, with a single plate at the back but none below
the hinge : tteth slender, curved, with a knob at the bafe.
172. Ph. crispata. Somewhat oval, reticulate on the an-
terior half and separated from the plain half by a
broad furrow down the middle.
Br. Zool iv. t. 40. f. 12. Donov. t. 62. 69.
Shell nearly 2 inches long, 3 broad, gibbons, whitish, obtufe, very
open at both ends, striate tranfverfely : hinge reflected, fmooth :
teeth long, curved, without the knob at the baie.
173. Ph. Candida. Oblong, muricate on all parts with de-
cussate striae : one valve with an additional tooth-
like process.
Br. Zool. iv. t. 39. /. 11. Donovan Shells t. 132.
Sh'll near an inch long, an inch and a half broad, thin, brittle,
whitish, slightly muricate at the larger end, with an accessory
valve at the hinge : hinge reflected, fmooth : teeth slender, incurved,
with, aa erect procefs in one valve on the margin above the
tbottt.
N
146 WORMS. TESTACEA. 36. Mya.
174. Ph. striata. Somewhat conic, strongly reticulate on
the upper part, irregularly striate oif the lower.
Donovan's Shells t. 117. Chemn. Conch. 8. t. 102. /. 864-866.
Shell half an inch long, 3 quarters broad, white, the striae here
and there decussate, the part about the hinge i'mooth, the lower-end
gaping ; tooth long, slender, much curved*
B. Bivalves.
36. MY A.
175. M. Glycemeris. Oblong-oval, coarse, lamellar, with
transverse wrinkled stria?, gaping at both ends,
obliquely truncate before and behind the beak : pri-
mary tooth of the hinge very thick.
Donovan t. 143. Lister t. 414. y. 258.
Shelf 5 inches long, 8 or 9 broad, grey or ochraceous, with an ir-
regular margin : beak nearly central, slightly indented both sides :
hinge with a lesser tooth and a feries of wrinkles.
176. M. truncata. Suboval, truncate and much gaping at
the smaller end : tooUi broad, thick, very obtuse,
projecting, erect.
Br. Zool. t. 41. f. 14. Donovan t. 92. Da, Cost. t. 16. f. i.
Shell 2 inches and a half long, 3 arid a half wide, covered with a
yellowish skin, white under the skin, marked with concentric
wrinkles.
177. M. arenaria. Oval, rounded behind: tooth broad,
thick, very obtuse, projecting, erect, with a small
lateral-one.
Donovan t. 85. Br. Zoo/., iv. t. 42.
Shell 2 inches and a half long, 3 wide, covered with a brown skin,
concentrically wrinkled : refembles the Jast, except in not being
truncate at the gaping end ; tooth with a projection near the bafe.
178. M. margaritifera. Oblong, slightly kidney-shaped,
decorticated near the hinge, with a single tooth in
one valve locking into a forked one in the other.
Donovan t. 73. Br. ZcoL t. 43. Da Costa t. 15. /, 3.
Shell 2 inches long, ,5 broad, a little contracted in the middle at
the thinner end, thick, covered with a black skin which is worn
oft on the protuberant parts near the hinge, transverfely wrinkled,
pearly. greenish within; teeth strong.
179. M. Pictontm. Oval, in each valve a broad crenate
tooth, with 2 lateral laminae in one valve, and one in
the opposite locking into each other.
Donovan t. 89. Brit. Zool. tab. 43. /. 17.
.Shell nearly 2 inches long, and 4 broad, dull green, nearly black
at the fmaller end, concentrically wrinkled, pearly within : beak
near the larger end.
180. M. ovalis. Oval-oblong, rounded at both ends:
teeth crenate, a single one and lateral lamina in one
valve, and a forked one and 2 laminae in the other
Donovan t. 174. Chemn, Conch. 6. t. i.y/6.
Shell an inch long, nearly 2 wide, olive-green, concentrically
wrinkled, a little indented in front, pearly within : beak near one
end : hinge nearly straight.
181. M. dubia. Oval, thin, brittle, gaping, light rufous,
with the rudiment of a tooth in one valve projecting
inwards.
WORMS. TESTACEA. 37. Solen. 147
JBi'it. Zool, t, 44. /". 19. Donovan t. ic8.
Shell not an inch long, shaped like a piftachia nut, with a large
oval gape opposite the hinge, concentrically striate, fometimes
\vith yellowLsli rays, sloping at the anterior end, \vhite within:
beak near one end.
182. M. ineqtiivalvia. Somewhat triangular, strong j white,
with the under- valve much larger.
ALontnep.a8. Walk. min. S/uth.f. 35'.' Cardium.
Shell A lines wide, thick, opake, tranfvericly striate, often co-
vered with a hroviii skin ; the upper-valve not half the size of the
other and ohfciuelv striate, the under-valve deep : beak central,
very prominent: tooili strong, erect, slightly recurved, without
lateral-ones.
183. M. suborbicularis. Nearly orbicular, yellowish-white:
in one valve a single tooth locking into a double one:
in the other, with a laminate tooth in each vahe be-
hind the beak.
Monte, a ue British Shells, p. 39. n. 8.
Shell 4 lines long, and about 5 broad, fo me what pellucid, often
covered with a brown skin, faintly striate tranl'vcrfely : beak fmall,
pointed, turning to OIK: side ; valves clofed.
184. M. dedivis. Ova!,, thin, brittle, suddenly sloping
near the gaping end : valves with each a broad tooth-
like plate projecting inwards.
Donovan, t. 82. Montague p. 48. . 9. M. pubefcens.
Shell about 2 inches broad, i and a quarter long, whitish, trun-
cate at the finaller end, slightly striate concentrically, one valve
turning up behind the slope and embracing the edge of the
other : beak nearly central, turning a little sideways.
185. M. prcetenuis. Oval, flat, thin, brittle, a little gap-
ing : valves with a single tooth in each, hollowed in
the mid-Jdle y projecting horizontally inwards, and
closing over each other.
Montague Brit. Shells, tal. \. f. 2. Donovan, t. 176.
Shell an inch broad, half as much long, whitish, with a few con-
centric striae, riot truncate : beak fmall, pointed, turning to one
side, nearly central.
186. M. difilorta. Oval, thin, brittle, convex, rugged,
distorted : valves with a broad subtriangular tooth
in each, hollo wed in the middle, projecting hori-
zontally inwards.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 42. tab. i.Jig. i.
Shell an inch broad, nearly as much long, oval more or Icfs in-
dining to orbicular, white, indented at the margin and variously
distorted, not truncate: beak projecting, nearly central, not turn-
ing to one side.
181. M. bidentata. Suboval, thin, compressed, smooth :
hinge with 2 broad erect laminate teedi in one valve
standing obliquely, and none in the other.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 44.
Shell the eighth of an inch long, rather more broad, dirty white,
without striae : beak fmall, near one end, a little reclined* teeth ra-'
ther distant from each other, with a fmali hollow between them.
37. SOLEN. Razor-sheath.
188. S. SUiyua. Linear, straight : hinge with a single
N. a..
US WORMS. TESTACEA. 37. Soles.
tooth in one valve, and a lateral lamina; in the other
valve two, with a lateral inclined lamina.
Br. Zool. t. 45. y. 20. Donovan, t. 46. Da Cost. t. 17. f. 5.
Shell an inch long, 8 broad, truncate at one end, a little rounded
at the other, olive-brown, grey with purplish bands when worn*
divided diagonally by a conoid cinereous mark, one part striate
longitudinally the other tranfverfely '.hinge near one end.
189. S. Novacula. Linear, straight : hinge with a strong
obtuse curved tooth in each valve, without lateral
laminae.
Montague Brit. She/Is, ^47.
Shell refembling S. Siliqua, except in the teeth.
190. S. Ensii. Linear, a little bowed: hinge with a
single tooth and lateral lamina in one valve, locking
into two teeth and a double lamina in the other.
Br. Zool. t. 45. f. 22. Donovan t. 50. Lister t. 41 i.f. 257.
Shell hardly am inch long, about 5 broad, coloured divided and
striate like S. Siliqua, truncate and a little rounded at both ends :
hinge at one end.
191. S. Vagina. Linear, straight, a little reflected at the
end next the hinge : in each valve a single compres-*
sed tooth without lamina?.
Br. Zool. t. 46. f. 21. Donovan, t. no. Barbut t. ?../. 4.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch long, about 4 broad, orange-yellow,
striate longitudinally, rather truncate at both ends : hinge clofe to
one end.
192. S. pellutidm. Oblong, slightly bowed, pellucid : hinge
with a single tooth in one valve locking into 2 in the
other, with a lateral lamina in each.
Brit. Zool. t. 46./. 23. Donovan, t. 153.
Skill a quarter of an inch long, about an inch broad, thin, brittle,
covered with a greenish skin, rounded at each end.
193. S. Legumen. Straight, linear-oblong : hinge
the middle, with a single tooth in one valve, and
the other, and a hook-like process in each, pointing
towards the cartilage.
Br. Zool. t. 46. f. 24. Donovan t. 53.
Shell nearly an inch long and 3 broad, thin, white or covere 1
with a yellowish skin, rounded at both ends, radiate from the
hinge to the margin.
194. S. antiquatus. Oblong, a little contracted opposite
the hinge: hinge central, a single subulate tooth in one
valve, locking between two in the other.
Donov. t. 114. Br. Zool. t. 46.7. 9.5. S. CultelliiF.
Shell near an inch long, 2 broad, thin, white or covered with a
yellowish-brown skin, femitranfparent, concentrically striate,
rounded at the ends : teeth projecting beyond the margin, in one
valve a single fubulate one, in the other two, one of which is iubu-
late, the other broad.
195. S. minutus. Suboral, transversely wrinkled : valves
with each 2 rows of concave spines running from (lie
beak.
Montague. Brit. Shells, t. \.f. 4. Chemn. conch. 6. t. 6./. 51. 52.
Shell* quarter of an inch long, half an inch bi^ad, whitish, trun-
cate clofe to the hinge, with generally dissimilar valves.
190, S. v&*ptrtinu$. Oval-oblong with pak* purple rays -.
WORMS. TESTACEA. 38. TelHna. 149
hino:c nearly central with a single tooth in one valve
locking between 2 in the other, and a projecting lami-
na in each.
Dr. Zool. t. 47. f. 27. Donovan t. \\-f- 2. Tellina.
Shell An inch and a quarter long, nearly 2 and a half wiilc, white
or pale flesh-colour, radiate with purple from the beak, concen-
trically striate, purplish within.
191. S-. stpiamosus. Nearly orbicular, flat, thin, pellucid,
minutely punctured:* hinge .! central,, with 2 double
teeth diverging each side.
Montague Brit.^hdls. f. 565.
Shell 4 lines long, half an inch broad, white with a few concen-
tric strix, within with obfcure rays from the hinge : teeth erect, a
furrow on the margin dividing each into two laminoe nearly to the
beak, where they unite arfd form an acute angle.
198. S. Pinna. Subovnl, pellucid, semicircular opposite
the hinge : hinge running straight from the beak and
connecting the valves nearly to the end : in each
valve a blunt tooth running straight from the beak.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 566. tab. i6./. 3.
Shelly lines long, 3 quarters of an inch broad, thin, brittle, white,
strongly wrinkled concentrically, fmaller and declining a little to-
wards the beak : valves one a little convex, the other fomewhat
concave : beak fmall, near the. fmaller end : teeth not locking, into
one another. .
38. TELLINA.
199. T. Ferroensis. Oblongroval, flat, radiate with red
and white and finely striate transversely : hinge with-
out lateral teeth.
Da Costa t. \.f. i, Donovan, t. 60. T. trifasciata.
She II 3 quarters of an inch long, an inch and a half broad, more
produced and obliquely truncate on the fore-part : teeth 2, oblique,
in each valve : beak fmall, nearly central, with an oblique elevated
ridge running down to the end where it forms an angle.
200. T. squalida. Sub-oval, flat, pointed at the small
end,paleyellowish, faintly striate concentrically: hinge
with 2 teeth in one valve and 3 in the other, the lateral-
one remote and laminate at the base.
Donov. t. 1 63. Montague Brit. Shells, p. 56.
Shell an inch long, an inch and 3 quarters bfoad, thin, foinetimc^
covered with a brown skin; one valve reflecting a little at t>r
fmall end and forming a depression on, the furface, the other
turning inwards to correfpond..: beak fmall, central.
201. T. l&ta. Oval-oblong, flat, equilateral, with strong
concentric strise : hinge with 3 teeth and a remote
lateral lamina, the outer tooth on. the antcrio? side
cloven.
Donovan t. 123. Tvinequistriata. T. punicea. Gmat."
Shell 3 quarter*. of an inch long, an inch and 4 lines broad, yel-
lowish-white or pale rofy, unequally, striate, equivalve.: beaA
fmall, pointed : hinge in the middle.
202. T. donacina. Sub-oval, flattish ? much sloping on the
anterior-end, nearly smooth, semipellucid : bingo
with 2 teeth in one valve, and one in the other,
Chsm, Cvnch, 6. f, 12. /, 119. JLinm Trans, vrii. t, i. /, 7,
J50 WORMS. TESTACEA. 38. Tellina.
Shell half an inch long, 3 quarters broid, .yellowish radiate \vith
red, obfcurelv striate : beak final 1, nearer to one end : teeth in one
valve 2, that behind the beak extending into a lateral lamina.
203. T. tcnuis. Sub-oval, Hat, thin, glossy, slightly stri-
ate, somewhat pointed at the anterior end : hinge with
a lateral laminate tooth in one valve.
Donov.t. ig.f. 2. Br.Zoot.l.^S.f.zy. T. planata.
Shettha.lt an inch long, 3 quarters broad, feniipcllucid, brittle,
\vhitish, yellow, or red, with a few concentric otriae and lighter
bands : beak fmall, nearly central.
204. T. striata. Suboval, flat, thin, scmipellucid, finely
striate, rosy white: hinge with a lateral laminate
tooth in both valves.
Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 12. /. 117. Montague. Brit. Shells, p. 60.
Shell an inch long, 6 lines broad, rofy-white, within rofy white
round the margin, indented at the slope : beak fmall, pointed,
nearly central : differs from T. tenuis in its regular tranfverfe
strioe, and its thick lateral teeth.
205. T. Fabula. Oval, compressed, a little produced at one
end, one valve obliquely striate longitudinally, the
other smooth : beak turning a little to one side.
Donovan, t. 97. Montague p. 61. . 7.
Shell 6 lines long, an inch broad, bluish-white or yellow, thin,
pellucid, rounded at one end, produced to a point at the other,
contracted at the margin near the frnaller end : beak fmall, nearly
central, pointed, turned a little to one side : hinge with 3 teeth in
one valve and 2 in the other.
206. T. slmilis. Oval, compressed, rounded at both ends,
both valves obliquely striate longitudinally five-sixths
of their surfaces : beak not curved.
Sowerby Brit. Miscell. ii. tab. 75.
SA?//refembling the last, except in having both valves diagonally
striate over nearly the whole furface, in not being produced to a
point at the fmaller end and not contracted near it, and in having
the beak straight.
207. T. solidula. Suborbicular, a little convex, produced
at one end ; hinge with 2 small teeth in each valve.
Br. Zoo!, tab. 4Q./. 32. Da Costa t. 12./. 4. Montag.p. 63.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch long, rather more broad, strong, white
or red, with often intermediate shades, often variegated with con-
centric red yellow or whitish bands: within glabrous, red, white, or
yellow: beak nearly central.
208. T.fausla.. Suborbicular, rather compressed, semi-
pellucid, finely striate: hinge with strong lateral
teeth, the primary one in each valve cloven.
Donovan tab. 98. Linn. Trans, viii. t. \.f. 8.
Shell 3 inches long, a little more broad, white, with a bend at the
posterior margin : beak fmall, nearly central, not turning to
one side.
209. T. crassa. Suborbicular, fiat on the upper-valve,
strong, thick, closely striate : hinge with 2 teeth in
each valve, one of which is cloven, and 2 lateral teeth
in the deeper valve.
Br. Zool. t. 48.7. 28. Doneu. t. 103. T. rigida.
Shell* inches long, an inch and a half broad, yellowish-white
with pale pink rays, the lower-valve convex.
210. T, reticulata. Suborbicular, subdiaphanous, com-
WORMS. TESTACEA. 38. Tellina. 151
pressed, finely reticulate : hinge with 2 small central
teeth, and broad lateral laminate ones.
Barbut Shells, t. 3.7. 6. Linn. Trans, viii. t. i.f. 9.
Shell an inch and a quarter long, a little more broad, yellowish
white, with numerous raifed concentric striae crossed by fainter
ones : beak fmall, prominent, nearly central, turning a little
one way.
211. T. Radula. Suborbicular, a little convex, rough
with numerous sharp concentric striae : hinge with 2
teeth is each valve, without lateral ones.
Montague t. 'i.f. 1.2. Donov. t. 130. Venus borealis.
Slieil an inch and a half long, nearly as much broad, white, with
fometimes rofy bands, with a heart-shaped cavity under the beak,,
and a flexuous one at the posterior end : beak central, turning a
little to one side.
212. T. bimaculata. Subtriangular, rounded, faintly stri-
ate, with a deep red spot each side the beak: hinge
with primary and lateral teeth.
Donovan t. ig./. i Lister, t. 38 j./. 232.
Shell half an inch long, 6 lines broad, whitish, with the red fpots
deeper on the inside, fometimes marked with a few purple rays :
beak a little oblique : teeth large.
213. T. lactea. Orbicular, thin, convex, irregularly srri-
ate, white : hinge with 2 teeth in one valve ana
one in the other,, and a deep lateral groove in each
valve.
Montague t. 2./. 4. Petiu. Gaz. t. 93. /. 18.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch long, about as much broad, with a
few irregular wrinkles : beak fmall, oblique.
214. T. rotundata. Orbicular, rather convex, thin, subpel-
lucid, obscurely striate : teeth 2 in each valve, one of
them cloven, the other slightly diverging.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 71. tab. z.f. 3.
Shell about an inch wide, white, rather glossy, fometimes a little
narrower at one end : beak fmall, oblique.
215. T . flexuosa. Suborbicular, convex, thin, pellucid,
finely striate, with a groove across ending in an
indenture in the margin : hinge with an obsolete
tooth.
Donovan Brit. Shells, t. 42. /. 2. Venus sinuosa.
Shell not half an inch acrofs, white, with a groove from behind
the beak running parallel with the cartilage slope and forming a
flexure in the margin : beak much produced, oblique : hinge with a
groove along the margin.
216. T. carnaria. Suborbicular, a little produced at one
end, pale rosy, striate in a concentric oblique and
transverse direction : I hinge with 2 teeth in one
valve, one of which is cloven, and one in the other.
Donovan t. 47. Chemn Conch. 6. f. 13 f. 126.
Shell above half an inch long, a little more broad, often marked
with deeper concentric belts, within rofy, finely striate in 3 di-
rections : beak nearly central, rather oblique: hinge with, remote
lateral laminate teeth.
217. T. inequivalvis. Oblong, much produced towards
the beak, one valve nearly flat, the other
hinge with 2 teeth, without lateral ones.
152 WORMS. TESTACEA. 39. Cardium.
Donovan t. *\\.f. i. Cliemn. Conch 6. t. n.f. 9.z6.a~d
Shell half an inch long, an inch broad, white, fub-pellucid,
arched along tbe cartilage slope, rounded at the larger end.
218. T. maculata. Subovul, thickish, decussately striate,
with irregular spots.
Adams Linn. Trans, iri. p. 252
Shell with the fpots dissimilar in different fpccimens, but per-
fectly alike in both valves,
39. CARDIUM. Cockle.
219. C. aculeatum. Convex, slightly truncate and pro-
duced on one side, with about 21 ribs grooved down
the middle and beset towards the margin with strong
spines.
Br. Zool. t. 50. /. 37. Donovan t. 6. Rarbitt t. %.f. 10.
Shell about 4 inches wide, yellowish-brown with rufous bands or
marks, rounded and tuberclcd on the anterior side, a little trun-
cate on the other : fpincs increasing in size towards the
larger end,
220. C. spinosum. Convex, tender, abruptly truncate
and produced at one end, with 20 prominent ribs
armed with long flat sharp spines.
Sawerby Brit. Miser//, i. tab^z.
Shell refcmbling C. aculeatum, but is more tender and abruptly
truncate, pale rufous : fpints prickly, fomewhat flattened longitu-
dinally with the shell, the larger-ones furrowed, those on the nar-
row side curved towards the hinge, thoCe of the broader side
curved from the hinge.
221. C. echinatum. Convex, rounded, with about IS
carinate ribs beset with numerous close-set convex
spines.
Donovan t. 107. /. i. Da Cvsta t. ^\.f. ?.
Shell 2 inches and a half wide, differing from C. aculeatnm in
l>trng quite rounded and in not having the ribs grooved, and from
C. fpinofum in not being truncate raid in having tlve fpines shorter
and more obti:fe.
222. C. ciliare. Orbicular, thin, with about 18 sharp
3-sided ribs beset with short flat pointed spines.
Donovan t. 32. /. 2. Br. Zool. iv. t. 50. /. 39.
tf/KvY about 3 quarters of an inch long, "brittle, whitish, with flat
grooves.
223. C. tiiberculatum. Convex, strong, thick, with about
20 obtuse tubercled transversely striate ribs.
Donovan t. 107. f. 2. Lister. Couch, t. 320.
Shel! convex, ponderous, generally brown with darker band.?;
the ribs fprinkled with a few knobs.
2^4. C. noilosum. Flat, suborbicular, with 24 ribs co-
vered with close-set obtuse tubercles.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 81. . 6.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch wide, reddish-white, strongly toothed
on the margin, glossy-white within.
225. C. l&vigatum. Somewhat oval, strong, with obso-
lete longitudinal stria?, and a few transverse wrinkles
concealed by a thin cuticle.
Br. Zcol. t. 51. /. 40. Donov. t. 54. Da Cost. t. 3<f. 6.
Shell 2 inches and <t half Jong, a inches broad, flesh-cotaur be*
WORMS. TESTACfeA 39. Cardium. 153
neath the skin, generally deep red or variously marked, denticulate
on the margin within.
226. C. edule. Antiquated, a little produced at one end,
with obsolete recurved scales, and about 26 depressed
ribs.
Br. Zool. t. .Q0./,4i. Dowfv. t. 124. Da Cost. t. n.f.i.
Shell hardly 2 inches wide, yellowish-white or bluish, rarely
equilateral, a little rough near the circumference.
227. C. rusticum. Antiquated, a little produced at one
end, with about 20 remote ribs, the interstices rug-
ged.
Donovan iv. t. 124./. 2. Barbut. t. $./. 12.
Shell refemhling C. edule, except that it is larger, has an evident
ridge on the fore-margin when clofed, a narrow depressure behind
the beaks, the ribs fewer and more raifed, of a ferruginous or
livid colour, and bluish within.
228. C. elongatum. Compressed, suboval, a little 'angu-
lar, somewhat elongated and angular on one side, with
21 faintly wrinkled and rounded ribs.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 82. n. 7.
Shell a quarter of an inch wide, yellowish-white or light rufous :
beak not central,
229. C. exiguum. Very convex, somewhat triangular, with
about 20 tubercled or wrinkled ribs, strongly striate
transversely in the interstices.
Donovan, t. 32. /. 3. Walk, minute Shells/. 83.
ShelL about half an inch wide, white or pale rufous, sloped on
the anterior side, and produced at one end.
230. C. medium. Somewhat triangular, crenatc at the
sides, with about 26 smooth ribs.
Donovan t. 32. /. i. Lister t. 3i6./. 153.
Shell hardly an inch long, white variegated with chefnut, a little
truncate on one side and produced at one end : teeth one in each
valve, with strong lateral-ones.
231. C. rubrum. Convex, smooth, glossy, pellucid, red:
hinge not quite central.
Montague p. 83. Walk. min. shells. 862.
Shell hardly 2 lines long, rounded at both end's, with the margin
plain: beak prominent : teeth nearly obfolete, the lateral-ones very
visible.
232. C. discors. Very convex, suborbicular, glossy,
finely 5triate obliquely : hinge with 2 teeth in one
valve.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 84. n. it.
Shell the size of a pea, white with fometimes a purple top, carna-
tion within ; the stria? reflected into an acute angle on the fore-
part; margin plain : beak central, leaning a little to one side: la-
teral teeth remote, laminate.
33. C. muricatulum. Heart-shaped, opake, white,
muricatc on I he margin.
Walk, min She II f. 84. Adams Microsc. t.\.f. 44-
Shell extremely minute, muricate in front.
234. C. arcuatum. Orbicular, thin, brittle, scnii-pcllu-
cid, with fine regular transverse curved striae.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. Sj. tab. %.f. 2.
Shetf not halt an inch wide, white, with a few irregular concentric
154 WORMS. TESTACEA. 40. Mactra.
grooves; the margin slightly crenate : beak central, pointed, turn-
ing to one side.
235. C. corneum. Suborbicular, convex, thin, pellucid,
with line concentric striae, one of which is very dis-
tinct.
2. Twice as large, without the prominent groove.
Br. Zdol. t. 49. f. 36, Doxov. t. 96. Tellina.
Shell about 4 lines long and Come what broader, white or bliiish,
often covered with a horn-colour skin, within hluish-white, with
tranfverfe black curves, one ot which is more distinct ; beak cen-
tral,, obtufe : primary-teeth, hardly any ; lateral-ones remote^
laminate.
236. C. amnicum. Oblique, suboval, convex, somewhat
pellucid, transversely grooved.
Don. t. 64, /. 2. Linn. Trans, iii. t. 13. /. 37. 38. Tellina..
Shell t mailer than the last, horn-coiour, \vuh the beak placed near
one side : teeth one in one valve with 2 lateral ones, in the other
2, oblique, with a single lateral-one.
331. C. iacuslre. Subrhombic, thin, pellucid, smooth,
flattish, with an acute projeciiug beak.
C/umn. Conch, vi. t. 13/. 135. Tellina.
Shell 3 lines long, 4 broad, greyish-brown with a white margin,
rather compressed : beak central, very prominent : teeth one in
each valve, one of which is cloven, with a lateral tooth each side,
and 2 minute lamina.' in one valve.
40. MACTRA.
238. M. solida. Sfrcng, opake, slightly triangular, with
a few concentric ridges and zones.
Br. Zool. t. 51. /. 43. //. Donov. t. 61. Da Cost. t. 15. /. i.
Shell an inch and a half long, an inch and 3 quarters broad, yel-
lowish-white with often yellow or bluish bands, glossy-white
within, equal at the sides: beak central.
239. M. subtruncata. Strong, subtriangular, yellowish-
white, transversely striate, slightly truncate on both
sides.
Donov. t. 126. Pr. Zool. t.^z.f. 42.. M. Stultorum.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch long, an inch broad, a little produced
on one side, with f'ometimes a few ridges, yellowish-white within,
the sides near the beak much turned in : beak large, prominent. .
240. M. Stultorum. Thin, semi pellucid, faintly striate,
slightly triangular, pale rufous with lighter radia-
tions, within pale purple.
Donouan t. ic6. Br. Zool. t. \g.f. 30. Tellina.
Shell an inch and a half long, an inch and 3 quarters broad,
nearly equal at the sides, often covered with a thin skin, irregu-
larly radiate with broad and narrow whitish lines: beak central,
prominent, often purplish.
241. M. radiala. Thin, brittle, somewhat triangular,
produced at one end, whitish with regular pale testa-
ceous rays.
Donovan Brit. Shells, v. tab. i6j.
Shells, inches and a half long, nearly 3 wide, thin, brittle, dirty
white with a dull rufous tinge, and radiate with numerous equi-
distant narrow teftaceous rtys, finely striate tranfverfcly : beak
prominent, rather oblique.
242. M. dsulbata. Oval, thin, brittle, pellucid, white,
YTORMS. TESTACEA. 40. Mactra. 155
finely striate, with a few coarser wrinkles, gaping a
litflc at the smaller end.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 95. tab. ./. i.
Shell an inch long, an inch and a half broad, a little produced at
one end, with a sharp plain margin: beak rather oblique; middle-
tooth in one valve broad, forked, angular, clofc to the beak.
24j. M. comprcssa. Suboval, snbtriangular, thin, flaf,
semi pellucid, irregularly wrinkled : in one valve a
single tooth locking into a cloven one in the other.
Donovan t. 64, f. i. Tellina plana. Da Cost. t. 13. f-, i.
Shell an inch and a half long, 2 broad, yellowish-white, or pale
ferruginous, often with dark bands: beak fmall, central: hinge
without 4atcral teeth : cavity at the cartilage large, triangular.
244. Mr Bo'ym. Oval, flat, thin, pellucid, glossy-white,
nearly smooth : beak oblique, a little turned.
Montague, t. %.f. 7. Linn, Trans, \\\t, i6.f. 9-12.
Slietl half an inch long, 3 quarters broad, with fometimes a few
obfcure striae : teeth one in each valve, with a broad lateral tootli
in one valve only : cartilage thin, long.
245. M. tnangularis Subtriangular, opake, white,
smooth: hinge with a large cloven tooth in one valve,
in the other two small ones with a triangular cavity
between theirt.
Montague Brit. Shdls. p. 99. tab. 3.7. 5.
Shelly lines broad, 2 long, a little produced on one side, strongly
crenate on the margin within.
240. M. lutraria. Oblong-oval, nearly smooth: hinge
without lateral teeth, in one valve a small and large
triangular cavity, in the other a cavity and raised tri-
angular tooth.
Br. Zool. t. 52. /. 44. Donovan t. 58. Linn, Tr. \\. t. i6.f. 3. 4.
Shell above 2 inches long, 4 broad, yellowish-white with pale
bands, fometimes with a few striae, gaping a little at both ends,
glossy-white within : beak fmall, nearer the larger end.
24T. M. glanca. Oval, finely striatc, wrinkled at the an-
terior end, dirty-white, with broad and narrow brown-
ish or glaucous rays.
Donovan Brit, Shells t. 125. Cfiemn. vi. t, 23. /. 232, 233.
SMI 2 inches and a half long, 3 and a half broad : beaks turned
backward, with a narrow gape between them.
248. M. ttnuis. Subtriangular, equilateral, thin, semi-
pellucid, white, wrinkled : hinge with a forked tooth
in one valve and a simple one in the other, with late-
ral teeth in each.
Montague, Brit. Shells, app. p. 572.
Shett a quarter of an inch long, rather more broad : beak fmall,
central, produced, straight.
249. M. Mans. Oblong, strong, rugged, gaping at the
smaller end, arched under the beak : beak near the
larger end.
Donovan t. 140. Linn, trans, vi. f. 16.7.5. ^.
Shell 2 inches and a quarter long, 5 broad, opakc, dark-brown or
grey with often a rufous tinge, very rugged near the open end :
hinge with a flattish tooth, grooved on the fore-part, locking be-
tween two in the other valve, one of which is cloven.
15f> WORMS. TESTACEA. 41. 42.
41. DOXAX.
250. D. Tnmculus. Oblong, glossy, finely striafe longi-
tudinally, with transverse purple bands, within purple
with crenate margins.
. Br. ZooL t. 55. f. 45. Donovan, t. 29. f. i.
Shell 6 lines long, an inch and a quarter broad, yellowish with
brown and purple bands : be-ak fmall, near the abrupt end,
251. D. denticulata. Somewhat wedge-form, strong,
thick, much truncate at one end, longitudinally stri-
ate with the interstices punctured, denticulate on the
margin.
Br. ZooL t. 55. y. 46. Doxovan tab. 24. D. crcnulata.
Shell 7 lines long, an inch broad, brown yellowish or purple,
variously banded and rayed, much sloped at the larger end, purple
within : beak nearer the larger end : hinge with a lateral tooth
each side the middle-ones.
252. I), complanata. Oblong, smooth, glossy, yellowish
with white streaks or spots, and a broad white ray
from the beak to the margin.
Montague t. ./. 4. Lister t. 384. /. 227.
Sliett 6 lines long, an inch and a quarter broad, yellowish or pur-
plish, often covered with a polished skin, rarely with a few ohfo-
letc tranfverfe stria:, within purple with the margin fmooth :
beak near one end.
203. D.plebeia. Oblong, suboval, thick, smooth, glossy,
yellowish horn-colour with 2 browu rays from the
beak : teeth both strong.
Montague. Brit. Shells, p. 107. t. r } ,f. 2.
Shell about half an inch long. 3 quarters broad, strong, with a
few distant concentric striae, pale and glofsy within, the margin
smooth : beak nearer one end : hinge with a lateral tooth.
254. D. casfanea. Strong, thick, with a few irregular
transverse ridges, chesnut with a darker curved ray
from the beak : one of the teeth small.
Montague Brit. Xftetis. afp. p. 573. t. 17. f. 2.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, 3 eighths broad, chesnut and glofsy
within with the margin smooth : beak obtuse, rather leaning to the
longer side : hinge with a large and a small tooth in each valve,
without lateral-ones,
255. D. Jrus. Sub-oval, whitish, with transverse waved
rncmbnmaceous reflected ridges finely striate longitu-
dinally between the interstices.
Donovan t. 29. /. 2. Da Costa t. ij./. 6.
Shell about the size of a frnall kidney-bean, fometimes nearly cir-
cular or oblong, opake, rugged, within white or Mesh-colour with
the margin fmooth : beak fmall, oblique : teeth cloven, one
exceptcd.
42. VENUS.
256. \.faticiuta. Somewhat heart-shaped, with large
broad depressed ridges of equal thickness at both
ends : beaks much curved.
Donovan t. 170. Da Costa tali 13. f. 3.
tilu-li 10 lines long, an inch broad, variously rayed and banded
with brown red or yellow, refemblcs V. Paphia, but is mor-
rounded, and the ridges are more flattened and not gfowing obfo-
WORMS. TESTACEA. 42. Venus/ 15T
lete towards the extremities : beak central, with a heart-shaped
depression beneath it.
2dT. V. vtrrucosa. Suborbicular, convex, with strong rai-
sed ridges forming membranous protuberances to,-
wards the outer margin which is crenulare.
Jbonov. t. 44. /?r. Zool. I. 54. /. 48. Da Cost. t. i-z.f. i.
Shell about 2 inches long and as much broad, dirty-white with
often a rufous tinge, within white, fmooth", crenulate at the
margin, rugged with wrinkled knohs at the sides, in the young
shell fometimes faintly striate longitudinally, Donov. t. 115 : beak
central) curved, beneath which is a heart-shaped depression.
258. V. Gallina. Somewhat heart-shaped, with obtuse
recurved concentric striae and 3 or 4 rufous-browa
stripes from the beak : hind-tooth minute.
2?r. Zool. t. 56. /. 50. Donov. t. 68. Linn. Tr. vi. t. 17. /. 7. 8.
Shell about an inch long, one and a quarter broad, foraetimes
whitish brown and plain, often with rufous fpots, but moft com-
monly with 3 or 4 broad stripes which are ufually marked with
eigzag darker lines, within white with a crenulate margin : beak
curved, with a heartshaped depression under it
259. V. islandica. Suborbicular, convex, strong, irregu-
larly striate, covered with a brown skin, within pure
white : beak without the depression under it.
Donov. t. 77. Br. Zool. t. 53./. 47. Da Costa t. i$.f. 5.
Shell 3 inches 3 quarters long, 4 and a quarter broad, whitish co-
vered with a glossy yellow-brown skin, within white with a plain
margin : beak curved to one side : teeth 3, the middle-one double,
the lateral-one linear oblique, crenulate.
260. V. Chione. Somewhat hearted, strong, faintly wrin-
kled, covered with a smooth glossy chesnut skin, with
faint darker rays.
Donovan t. 17. Da Costa t. \$.f. 7.
Shell 3 inches long, near 4 broad, within glossy-white, with a
plain margin : beak oblique, turned sideways, with a heart-shaped
depression beneath it: teeth 4, the 2 middle-ones approximate and
lanceolate, the a lateral-ones divaricate.
261. V, exoleta. Orbicular, strong, with regular close-
set striae, generally pale with obsolete broad rays.
Br. Zool. t. 54. f. 49. t. 66. f. 49. Donovan t. 42./1 i.
Shell 2 inches wide, fometimes white and plain, oftener with
broad or narrower pale rays, within fmooth white with a plain
margin : beak curved, with a short heait-shaped depression
under it.
262. V. undata. Orbicular, thin, convex, with fine irre-
gular striae ; the margin undulate.
Br. Zool, t. 55. /. 51. Donov. t. 121. Linn. Tr. vi. t. 17. /. 17. 18.
Shell an inch and quarter broad, a little more in length, white
with a yellowish tinge, within glossy with a plain margin: beak
a little carved, without depression under it.
263. V. Casino. Suborbicular, with transverse acute re-
curved ridges, crenulate on the hind-margin, slightly
channelled behind the depression.
Linn. Trans, viii. t. a./, i. Br. Zool. t. 54. /. 48. A.
Shell an inch and a half wide, refembling V. verrucofa, but the
ridges are more acute, and do not form protuberant knobs at the
outer margin, white with angular brownish lines : plaits broader
or narrower^ nearly uniting : hinge thick.
264. V.lactea. Orbicular, thick, flattish, with regular
158 WORMS. TESTACEA. 42. Vends.
thick obtuse raised striae, slightly truncate ante-
riorly.
Donovan's- Brit. SMfs v. tab. 149.
Shell about an inch and a half wide, white, with very thick ob-
tufe ridges,. a little truncate on one side: beak curved.
265. V. tigerina. Orbicular* thin, flat, white* striatc
longitudinally and crossed with numerous fine traus-
verse one*.
Montague p. iig_ t. \.f. i. Lister t. 337. /. 174.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch long, near an inch broad, with fume-
times a purple tinge on the edges, reticulate, glossy-white withiu
with a plain margin : bta-h pointed, a little curved.
266. V. sinuosa. Thin, convex, with a very-deep sinuosi-
ty on the* margin in front 5 , the edges of which are
obtuse.
Pennant Bf it. Zool. iv. tab. 55 r /. 51. A.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch broad, about half an inch long*
287. V.ovata. Subo.val, somewhat compressed* opaque,
brown, strongly striate longitudinally -with finer trans-
verse ones,
Br. ZooL t. 56. f. 56. Walk. min. sh.f.. 12. Cardium.
Shell 4. lines long, half an inch broad, reticulate, white or flesh-
colour \Vithio with the margin slightly crenate : beak nearly cen-
tra!,, a little curved.
268. Y. minima* Suborbicular, glossy, with broad con-
centric striae, flesh-colour with a red streak each
side in the middle near the margin.
M&Adtgue Brit Shells p. i at. tab. $./. 3.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, rather more broad, rather cnm-
pressed, generally with 2 shortened white lines like the letter V,
the point of which is at the beak, and at the ends of which is a red
streak pointing towards the margin, within glossy-white with the
margin plain : beak prominent, a little curved.
269. V. subcordata. Somewhat heart-shaped, strong,
white, with strong longitudinal ribs crossed by remote
tfansverse ones, much sloping on the anterior side
from the beak.
Montague Brit, SheJls.p. i2t. tab. $./. t.
Shell a. quarter of an inch wide, reticulate, with the interstices a
long fquare, within glossy-white slightly crcnate- on the margin:
beak nearer one end, much carved.
270. V.granulata. Suborbicular, thick, whitish with
chocolate and livid marks, strongly ribbed longi-
tudinally and striate transversely, crenate ou the
margin.
JDonovan. t. 83. Che m. Conch. 6. *. 30. /. 3,1 3.
Shell 8 lines long, an inch broad, strongly reticulate* variegated
with purple and livid fpots and lines, dark purple within : beak
curved, with a heart-shaped depression beneath it.
271. V. deflorata. Suboval, thin, semipellucid, with
undulate longitudinal striae crossed by a few wrin-
kles, whitish faintly radiate with purple.
Br. Zool. t. sj.J. 54. Chem, Conch. 6. t. g./. 79.
Shell an inch long, one and 3 quarters broad, white with a yel-
lowish or purple tinge, purplish within; beali nearly central' and
straight*.
WORMS, TESTACEA. 42. Venus. 159
232. V. defussat-a. Somewhat oval, strong, reticulate,
somewhat angular and produced at the anterior side,
brown, within while with purple spots near the
hinge.
Donovan t. 67. Br. Zaol. t. 57-/. 53, V. litterata.
Shell i inches long, 3 broad, often marked with dark, zigzag
characters or lines, strongly reticulate at the ends : btak oblique,
beneath which is a lanceolate depression : hinge, with 3 teeth, 2 of
them cloven.
273. V. PuUastra. Suboval, finely and regularly decus-
sate, somewhat truncate at the anterior end, brows
with zigzag lines or rays.
linn. T ran/act, vi. f. j 7 ,/. 13. M .
Shell very much refembling the last, but fmaller, and tfi tri
are finer and more regular, the cicatrix running down more than
half the breadth of the shell, and is constantly marked with grey
brown or purple zigzag lines : teeth 3, approximate, pectinate.
^If4. V. per/orans. Sub rhombic, transversely striate,
Winkled on th anterior skte, light-brown : 2 of the
teeth long, slender, recurred, the middle-one a little
cloven.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 127. tab- 3./. 6.
Shell about 4 lines long, and 6 broad, with rarely e. longitu-
dinal striae; white within with a plain margin, and generally
tinged with purple at the truncate end: beak f mall,, a little
oblique.
275. V. vu-ginea. Suboval, strong, transversely striate
with a few deeper furrows, rounded at both ends:
middle tooth cloven.
Er. Zool. n. 55. t. 55. jS<r without number.
Shell hardly an inch broad, more than an inch long, rufous-brown
with ferruginous streaks or fpots, or with a few rays or zigzag
lines, rarely blush-colour with a few longitudinal white streaks;
within white with a plain margin, often tinged with blush-colour:
beak nearer one end, with a lanceolate depression near it.
216. V. aurea. Somewhat heart- shaped, strong, with
transverse striae crossed by faint longitudinal-ones,
rounded at both ends : middle tooth cloven.
Br. Zool. t. 57, /. 34. Lister t. 204. /. 249.
Shell -di\ inch long, .4 lines broader, white with brown or blue-
ifh-black 2igzag lines, or mottled with grey, sometimes brown
with often a yellow tinge, within yellow ifh-white with a plain
margin ; front-margin much rounded : beak near one end, curved,
with a lanceolate deprefsion beneath it.
277. V. sutcata. Suborbicular, subangular, strong, flat-
tis-h, with concentric ridges becoming obsolete at the
sides, white or Covered with a brovvu skin.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 131. n. 20.
Shell near an inch long and broad, with the grooves broader than
the ridges, white "within 'with a crenate 'margin : beak large promi-
nent, a little curved, beneath which is a lanceolate deprefsion
teeth large, the middle one much larger, with a deep cavity on"
each side receiving the a teeth of the other valve.
278. V. scotica. Somewhat hearted, a little compressed,
with regular parallel grooves, and plain margin.
Linn. Trans, \i\i.p. 81. tab. i.fg. 3.
6 W/haif an inch long, and "abode 3 quarters broad, of a more
16D WORMS. TESTACEA. 43. 44.
triangular shape than V. vcrrucosa and not slightly truncate on tie
anterior part, whitish,, with 15 or 16 obtuie very regular but not
membranaceous wrinkles.
279. V* triangidaris. Somewhat triangular, equally slop-
ing each side under the beak, yellowish-white, with a
few antiquated ridges : in one valve 2 teeth, and a
lateral semilunar lamina ; in the other 3, 2 of them
diverging.
Montague Bri. Shell, app. p. 577. tab. 17. f, i.
Shell half an inch long, nearly as broad j smooth within : beak
cental, very prominent, a little oblique, with a lanceolate de-
prefsion under it : one valve with 2 strong teeth, one cloven, tho
other triangular with a semilunar lamina near it; the other valve
with 3 teeth.
^80. V. spinifera. Suboval, subtriangular, with fine equi-
distant raised ridges becoming confluent in pairs at
the anterior side and forming obtuse reflected spines.
Montague Brit. Shells, app. p. 577.
Shell half an inch long;, rather more broad, yellowish-white, with
numerous parallel somewhat reflected ridges ending on the margin
of the cartilage slope in short spines, within white smooth : beak
nearly central, a little turned, with a lanceolate deprefsion beneath
it : hinge with a single tooth and a small cavity and a remote late-
ral lamina in one valve ; in the other valve 2 teeth.
43. CHAM A.
581. Ch. Cor. Subglobular, heart-shaped, slightly stri-
ate, gaping at the anterior slope: beak much
incurved.
Donovan tab. 134. Lister conch, t. 275. f. in.
Shell near 3 inches wide, strong, thick, covered with a yellow-
brown skin under which it is varied with brown and white, slightly
wrinkled transversely, with the margin entire : beak reddish,
large, prominent, twisted inwatda : hinge strong, with ttattish
teeth.
44. ARCA. 4rk-$hell.
282. A. pttosa. Suborbicular, exactly equilateral, faintly
striate longitudinally with transverse wrinkles, co-
vered with a villous skin under which it is marked
with zigzag brown lines.
Br. Zoo!, t. 58. /. 58. Donou. t. 37. A. Glycymcris.
Shells inches and a half wide, covered with a dark-brown hairy
skin, beneath which are chesnut or orange angular stripes ; within
white with a crenate margin ; beak prominent, central, straight.
283. A. Glycymeris. Suborbicular, a little irregular,
faintly striate, covered with a villous skin, under
which it is marked with yellowish spots or bands.
Linn. Trans, viii./>. 95. tab. 3>f. 3.
Shell resembling the last, bu.. is more gibbous, and not quite
equilateral, withia white with a crenulate margin: teeth about 10,
transverse.
284. A. lactea. Rhombic, yellowish- white, covered with
a brown hairy skin, closely and regularly striate
longitudinally with a few concentric ridges.
Donovan t. 135. Br. Zool. t. 58. /. 59.
Shell an inch and a half long, 3 quarters of an inch broad, some-
times reticulate, sometimes rounded at both ends, sometimes a
WORMS. TESTACEA 45. Pecten. 161-
little truncate, within white with a plain margin : beak nearly
central, incurved.
285. A. No<z. Rhombic, reticulate, notched at top: beak
near one end, incurved, very remote, separated by a
deep groove.
Donov. t. 153. Montague tab \.f. 3.
Shell about half an inch broad, rufous brown, much gaping at
the beaks and margin, a little truncate at both ends, within
whitish, crenate on the outer margin.-
286. A. mimda. Oblong, produced at one end into an an-
gular truncate indented beak, rounded at the other.
Donov. t. 78. A. caudatu. Walk, min. sh.f. 81. A. Modiolus.
Shell 4 lines long, hardly half an inch broad, white or yellow-
ish, finely striate transversely, with 3 4 strong excentric ridges,
closed: beak small, turning a little towards the angular side.
287. A. Nucleus. Sub triangular, produced at one end,
concentrically wrinkled and crossed with minute
obsolete striae, white, within silvery.
Donovan t. 63. Linn. Trans. 6. t. i8./". 3-6.
Shelly lines long, a little more broad, covered with a glofsy
olive skin : beak oblique, under which is a heart-shaped cleprefsi-
on : , ; i.-:-sc angular, with regular pectinate teeth each side : narj/v
crenulate within.
45. PECTEN. Scallop.
28S. P. maximus. Ears of equal size : shell with about
14 rounded ribs which are longitudinally grooved.
Br. ZooL t. 59*y. 61. Donov. t. 49. Ca Cost. t. g.f, 3.
Shell 5 inches long, 6 broad ; the upper-valve tlat, transversely
striate between the ribs, rufous ; lower-valve very concave, yel-
lowiih-white ; within whitish, rufous round the margin: ears-
large, rectangular, with decufsate striae.
289. P. Jacobaus. Ears equal: shell with about 17
angular ribs which are longitudinally grooved.
Br. Zool. t. 60. /. 62; Doriov. tsbi 137.
Shelly inches long, 5 broad ; the upper valve a little convev,
rufous; the lower white; transversely stuate, within white, a
little tinged at the margin : ears rectangular, with decussate
strias.
290. P. opercularis. Ears nearly equal: shell with
about 20 rounded ribs finely striate longitudinally
and transversely.
Br. Zool. t. 6c.f. 63. Donov. t. iz. P. subrufus.
Shelf nearly orbicular, about 2 inches and a half wide, gene-
rally beautifully variegated while red purple or brown, the,
upper-valve rather convex : ears rather unequal, With decussate
striae, ciliate.
291* P. lineatus. Ears a little unequal : shell with about
18 narrow rougli ribs r white with a purple line
down each of the ribs on the ~pper- valve.
Donov. t. 116. Da Costa tab; iQ.f. **.
Shell about an inch. and a half long, hardly as much broad,
white with. a. purple line down each of the ribs of the upper-
valve, lower-valve pure white, transversely striate : ears net
quite equal, striate.
292. P. Pusio. Ears nearly equal : shell equivalve 3
mostly distorted, with about 40 linear ribs,
Br, Zool. tab. 6i,/. 65, Donovan tab. 34,
12 WORMS. TESTACEA. 46. 47.
Shell about 2 inches long, one and a half broad, generally" much
distorted and irregular on the surface, with numerous unequal
fine ribs, rufous, whitish, or variegated: ears sometimes large,,
sometimes hardly visible.
293. P.glaber. Ears equal: shell very thin, with 15
faint rays, within marked with rays divided by a
single groove.
Pennant Br. ZooL \\.p. 102. n. 68.
294. F. varius. Ears* very unequal : shell with about 12
ribs beset with transverse prickly scales.
Br. ZooL t. 6 1./. 64. Donov. tab. \.f. \.
Shell about 2 inches wide, 2 and a quarter long,, variously co-
loured and marked, with rough spinous protuberances down the
rays especially towards the margin : ears very unequal,, the larger-
one wrinkled and armed beneath with 5-7 spines, the smaller
with a double row of spines,
395. P. obsoletus. Ears unequal : shell dark purple*
with numerous fine longitudinal striae 8 or 10 of which
are more prominent.
Br. Zool. t. 61. /. 66. Donovan, tab. \.f. 2.
Shell hardly an inch long, dark purple with 8 obsolete darker
rays, smooth and brownish within, . equivalve : ears unequal, the
larger-one wrinkled and striate.
296. P. Items. Ears unequal : shell flat thin, pellucid,
smooth except a few faint concentric ridges.
Montague Brit. Shells. p. 150. tab. <$./. 4.
Shttt nearly orbicular, about 6 lines long, yellowish-white,
purplish-brown, or chesnut, often variegated, within white with
the margin crenulate, sometimes striate near the margin : ears
strongly striate longitudinally and very finely transversely.
46. OSTREA. Oyster.
297. O. edulis. Suborbicular, rugged, with undulate
imbricate scales ; one valve flat and entire .
Da Costa tab. \\.f. 6. Linn. Trans, vi.f. i9.f. 9. 10.
Shell varying much in size and bulk, generally brown, with une-
qual valves, the upper-one flat, the lower very convex and rugged
'ransversely striate and often longitudinally ribbed, within pearly
white : beak rather oblique, with a row of small knobs running
down each side.
298. O.sazatilis. Suborbicular, very thin, pellucid, a
little scaly : the larger-valve with strong longitu-
dinal ribs.
Found adhering to rocks and stones near the low water mark
at the Mumbles, and differs from the last in being always very
thin and transparent, not so rugged, and in the lower-valve
being furnished with strong longitudinal ribs which often end in
hollow scales : Shell 2 or 3 inches long, variously shaped, but
generally suborbicular, oblong, or subtriangular, mostly with a
line purple tinge,. within glofsy white.
47. ANOMIA.
299. A. Ephippium. Suborbicniar, pellucid, with wrin-
kled undulate plaits, irregularly sinuate on the
margin.
J5/. Zool. t. 62. Donov. t. 26. Da Cost. t. \\.f. 3.
Shell 2 or 3 inches Wide, produced on one side, perlatreous With
various tints of green purple violet or yellow, tbe perforated
valve transversely striate.
WORMS. TESTACEA. 48. Mytitus. 163
300. A. Sguamula. Sub orbicular, thin, membranaceous,
like the scale of a fish, entire, the Hat valve trans-
versely wrinkled.
Walker min. Shells./. 80. Adams microsc. t. 14.7. 42.
Shell about half an inch wide, whitish, within silvery or tinged
with green : beak prominent, pointed.
301. A. aculeata. Suborbicular, thin, longitudinally stri-
ate, rough with small concave obtuse spines
Montague Brit. Shells. p. 157. tab. 4.7". 5.
Sliftl about 4 lines wide, dirty-white ; with interrupted longitu-
dinal striae : beak smooth,, recurved.
302. A. undulata. Suborbicular, pellucid, with fine irre-
gular undulate longitudinal smooth sfriae, crossing
transverse curved ones.
Donovan t. 45. Da Costa t* \ i ../. 4. Gstrca.
Shell an inch or rather more wide, whitish, within perlaceous
or greenish, mostly undulate on the margin, sometimes finely
striate transversely : beak small, pointed : aperture large, oval,
303. A. cymbifonnis. Oblong, coarse, slightly striate,
with the beak, incurved, perforated on the flatter
valve.
Linn. Trans, viii.jft. 104. tali. 3-/. 6.
Shell 5 eighths of an inch long, 3 eighths broad, whitish, very-
tender.
48. MYTILUS. MusselL
304. M. etlulvs. Oblong-oval* nearly smooth, pointed and
slightly carinate at the beak, truncate and a little
curved on one side.
Br. Zool. t. 63, /. 73. Donovan t , \ 28. Da Costa fi 15. /.. 5.
Shell about 3 inches long, half a one broad, blackish blue covered
with a brown or yellowish skin, sometimes radiate with bluer-
rounded at the bottom, within white in the middle, blue about the
margin.
305. M. incnrvatus* Oblong-oval, nearly smooth, much
curved on one side under the hinge, beneath broad
and produced on the same side.
Br. Zool. t. 6 4 ./. 74. Lister Conch, t. 337 ./. 195. 196.
Shell resembling the last, except that it is less, the beak is more
truncate ; under which on one side it is very crooked and then
greatly dilated, covered with a thick rough skin, vrithin
violet.
306. M. pellucidus. Oval, smooth, open, pellucid, whitish
or blackish radiate with deep blue or purple.
Br* Zool. t. 63. f. 75. Donovan tab. 81.
Shell 2 inches long, one wide, a little gibbous on one side, co-
vered with a yellow skin, within blueish-white radiate with blue.
307. M. barbaius. Oval-oblong,, roughish, thin, obtuse
at the beak, ferruginous-yellow, obliquely clothed
with a thick beard on the lower-part.
Br. Zool. t. 6^,f, 76. A. Donovan t, 70..
Shell about 2 inches long, one wide, short, ventricose, the
posterior side rising a little above the beak, within white,
clothed in an oblique manner with a thick beard on the lower
half: beak without crepuJations withio, Probably the young shell
of M, Modiolus.
161 WORMS. TESTACEA. 48. Mytilus.
SOS. M, ungulatus. Oblong-oval, smooth, incurved and'
much pointed at the beak : hinge terminal, 2
toothed.
Donovan t. 123.7.. 2. c/ ^ ? - Conch. 8. t. 85.7. 756.
Shell about 4 inches long, and 2 broad, bluish-black with a mix-
ture of green, much pointed and incurved at the beak, rounded be-
low: hinge with 2*6 teeth besides numerous crenatures on the
groove.
309. M. Modiolus. Oblong, wrinkled, very obtuse at the
beak, wiih a gibbosity each side below it.
r. Zool.t. 66 f. 77. Donov. t. 23. Da Cost. t. 15.7. 5.
Shell 4 o; 5 inches long, 2 or 3 broad, covered with a purplish*
black skin, perlaceous within, .a little angular on one side, much
rounded at the beaks which are rather lateral.
310. M. umbilicatus. Oblong, contracted into a deep
ragged cavity opposite the hinge r forming a deep
Hollow when the valves are closed.
JSr. Zool. tab. '6$. f. 76. Donovan tab, 40.
Shell about 2 inches long, thick, rounded at the beak, blackish,
contracted on one side into a deep rugged hollow under the
beak.
311. M. rugosus. Rhombic-oval, rugged, brittle, anti-
qua'ed,-.obtuse at both ends.
Br. Zool. tab. 63. f. 72. Donovan tab. 141.
Shell about an inch and a quarter broad, half as much long, dirty
yellow generally covered with a yellowish skin, often gaping and
truncate at one end : beak fin all,. near the thicker and rounded end.
312. M. prcecisus. Oblong, wrinkled*, one valve larger,
abruptly truncate at the end near the beak.
Montague P.rit. Shells, p. 165. tab. 4.7^.-
S/ze//refembling ; the last, except that it is fquare at the end near
the hinge, and one valve is rather larger and receives the other:
beak large, prominent ; hinge rugged, inflected, with a hollow under
the margin.
313. M. Grata Galli. Affixed, spinous, compressedj
undnlately plaited on the margin; both lips rough.
Ear but tab. i\.f. i. 2. Montague p< 166.
Shell 2 inches and a half wide, varying in shape, ferruginous or
dull purple, deeply. plaited on the margin, affixed by the opposite
end, striate with raifed dots, glabrous and horn-colour within,
marked with a feries of raifed dots near the margin, armed exter-
nally with compressed fpines which are concave within: liinge
quite simple, linear, toothless.
3 {4. M. discors. Oblong-oval, very convex, produced and
narrower at the anterior end, striate longitudinally
on both sides and transversely in the middle.
Donovan tab. 25. Linn. Trans, viii. p.m. t. 3.f. 8.
Shell s^n inch and a half wide, 4 lines long, brown, femitranfpat-
rent, strongly striate, longitudinally at the sides and very faintly
tranfvetfely in the middle, within white or pale pink ; margin
crenulate at the larg-er end : beak oblique, near the larger end.
315. M. discrepant. Sub-oval, compressed, rounded and
broader at the anterior end, striate longitudinally on
both sides and transversely in 'he middle.
Montague Brit. Shells'p. 169. n. 11. Linn. Trans, viii. t. 3.7. 9.
SMI refembling the last, but is less, covered with an olive-green
WORMS. TESTACEA. 49. Pinna. 165
skin, is very slightly convex, rounded and broader at the end re-
mots from the hinge, and has only 8 or 9, ribs on the side near the
beak which are double the number in M.difcors. Is probably only
a variety of the last.
3 16. M. Cygneus. Oval, thin, brittle, transversely wrin-
kled, rounded and compressed at one end* produced
at the other: hinge lateral.
Er. Zool. t. 67. /. 78. Donovan f, 55. L. Trans, viik t. 3. A.f. 2.
2 much lefs, thick, ponderous, rough, sloping on the fore-part.
Linn. Trans vui.jfr. 109. tab* 3. A./. 3.
Shell 2 inches and a half long* nearly 6 broad, covered with
an olive-green skin under which it is ochraceous or va-
ried with bright brown and sometimes radiate, within pearly-
white : beak very small, venticose.
317. M. stagnalis. Oval, rather smooth, gibbous, with
a flat space near the hinge.
Souierby Brit. Miscell. tab. 16.
Shell 4 inches and a half long, nearly 8 broad, covered with a
dark green skin and marked with darker rays: resembles M.
Cygneus but is larger, more gibbous, more pointed on one side,
and the margin is yellowish-brown.
318. M. anatinus. Oval, rather compressed^ brittle,
semitransparent, with a membranaceous margin, de
corticated at the beaks.
r. Zool. t. 68./. 79. Donovan t. 113, Da Cost, f. 15.7. 2.
Shell 2 inches long, 3 and a half broad, resembles M Cygneus,
but is more comprefsed and rounded at the anterior end, and the
cartilage side extends in a straight line to an acute angle, and
thence continues in an oblique line towards the bottom.
319. M. 4voerisis. Subpval, thin, wrinkled, olive-brown*
straight or slightly arched on the front margin.
Montague p. 172. Linn. Trans, viii. p. no., tab. 3. A./. 4.
Shell resembling the last, but is much lefs, broader in propor-
tion to its length, not so much produced at the hinge, and the
posterior side is more produced and rounded.
320. M. striatus. White, pellucid, stfiate^ with length-
ened beaks.
Walker minute shells.fig. 75. Shell minute.
49. PINNA. Nacre.
321. P.pedinata. Thin, pellucid, light horn- colour
longitudinally ribbed and spinous for half its width,
obliquely striate transversely on the other.
Donovan t. 10. Da Costa t. i6./. 3. P. muricata.
Shell 6 inches and a half long, 3 inches broad,, tapering to the
tip and a little curved,, rounded at bottom, clothed towards the
base with concave spines for half ks widU^the smooth side a little
gibbous on the margin, within smooth pearly.
322. P. ingenx. Nearly triangular, horn-colour, smooth^
longitudinally striate on one side, with very rough
scaly wrinkles on the broader end.
. Br. Zoel. n. 81. Donovan t. 152. P. lasvis.
Shell near 12 inches long and 7 broad, pointed and curved at the
tip, with fometimes a few faint longitudinal striae from the top,
and rarely with a few concave fpines; the lower-part rough with
laminated tranfverfe wrinkles.
323. P. muricata. Thin, semipellucid, flesh-colour,, with;
i6 WORMS. TESTACEA. 50. Nautilus.
broad longitudinal ribs covering the whole surface,
and a few concave spines towards the larger end.
totttitgue BriL Shells. p. 183. tub. 5.7.3.
Shell about 4 inches long and 2 wide, dark-er art the fmaller end,
straight, a little rounded and oblique at the larger end, with 10 or
aa very broad ribs running the whole length, andafe-w mternieUiate
Smaller ones at the narrow end.
C. Univalves^ mid more r less spiral.
50. NAUTILUS.
324. N. Beccarii. Spiral with the aperture obovate :
whorls 4 or 5, twisted with deep joints.
Adams Microfc. 1. 14, /. 29. Watt. min. Sketls.f> 63.
*. With the spires reversed. Walk. /. 64.
Shell minute, white covered with a brown skin, criasson when
the inhabitant is alive, convex above, fiat beneath, with 10 grooved
joints in the first spire.
325. N. crjspus. Spiral, with the aperture semi cordate :
outer whorl with about 20 flexuous crenate joints.
Adams Micr. 1. 14.7. 30. Wolk. mi*. Shells, f. 65.
4Af// minute, opake, white, granulate and marked with flexuoui
strias, the outer edge carinate ; umbilicabe each side, wilh a central
siphon.
36. N. lavigatulus. Spiral, semipellucid, white, glossy,
with smooth joints.
AdamtMicrt.t. 14-/.32. Walk.f.fy. Miaute.
3S7. N. rotatus. Spiral, smooth, with a semicordate
apperture, and 6 joints marked with raised flexuous
striae ; the keel very entire.
Montague Brit. SkeUs. t. 1 5. /. 4. N . C al car.
328. N. dcpressulus . Spiral, opake, white, subumbili-
cate both sides, with numerous depressed joints.
Adams Micr. t. 14. /. 33. WalA.f.CS. Minute.
^29. N. umbilicatula^ Spiral, opake, white, umbili-
cate, with grooved joints.
ddams Micr. t. \\._f. 34. Walk.f. 69. .Minute.
330. N. crassulua. Spiral, thick, white, umbilicate both
sides, with fine joints.
Adams Micr. t. 14. /. 35. ll'alk.f.TQ. Minute,
33 [. N. lacustris. Spiral, smooth, pellucid, horn-colou
with 4 whorls bordered on the outer edge with an
opake whitish spiral line.
P.hilot. Trans. 76 t. i. Montague t. 6. f. 3.
Shell about 2 lines broad, comprefsed, slightly carinate, some-
times rufous brown, with 3 joints in the outer whorl, Hat and'
deeply umbilicate beneath : aperture semidvate.
332. N. lobalulus. Spiral, lobed, flattish, confluent,
warty, with semilunar very thin partitions.
Adams Microfc. p, 642. tab. 14. f. 36.
Shell minute, white or yellowish, more or less orbicular or ob-
long, convex above, flat underneath, with 6-8 parallel lobes : aper-
ture very narrow.
333. N. carinatnlus. Whitish, transparent, carinate,
with a narrow oval aperture.
Adams Microfc. t. i.f. 37. Walker /. 72. Minute.
WORMS. TESTACEA. 51. Cypraea. 16T
Shell minute, arched on the back, with 7 joints.
334. M . semililuus; Opaie, brown, elongated, slfghlly
arched, incurved at the tip> witli raised joints: uper-
tare with a small produced siphon.
Adams After, t. 14.7, 3^ Walker I. 73, Minute.
335. N.Legwnen. Subconic, nearly straight, compressed,
jointed, margined on one side, with a lateral
siphon.
Montag,ue Br. Shells, supplemen. tab ig.f.6.
Shell minute, cultrate at the tip on one side, slightly curved oa
the other.
33$, N. rectus. Opake, brown* nearly straight, smaller
at the end; with smooth depressed joints: aperture
a small siphon,
Walker minute sfreiis f. 74. Montagu* p. 197.
33! N. Radicula. Opake, brown, stibconic, nearly
straight, with 8 or 9 smooth subglohular joints.
Montague Erit. shells, t. \\.-f* 6. t. 6*f. 4.
Shell with sometimes from 2 to 5 joinst, the terminal-one
sometimes much produced, sbmetinues short : aperture a small
siphon.
333. N. sbarcuatus. Glossy- white, pellucid, subcylin-
drical, slightly curved, with 3 globular joints, the
rest hardly denned.
Montague Brit, Shells. p. 198. t. 6./. 5. Minute.
Shtll often covered with a brown skin, and varying in having
sometimes 10 distinct.joints.
339. N. jugosus. Opake, brown, subcylindrical, slightly
curved, with 9 subglobular ridged joints.
Montague Brit. Shells, t. 14. /. 4. Minute.
310. N. costatus. Subcylindrical, straight, with 12 raised
joints furnished with 4 equidistant strong ribs running
the whole length of the shell.
Montague t. 14-. f. ,5. Joints sometimes only 6.
51. CYPR/EA. Cowry,
3-11. C..Pedicuhis. With numerous transverse furrows,
some of which are forked. Nun*
Borl. Cornw. t, 28./. 12. Donov. t. 43. Da Cofta t. %./ 6.
2. Smaller, pale, purplish or flesh-colour, without spots.
Borl. Cornw. t. 28. /. 13. Br. Zool. t. 70. /. 82.
Shell above half an inch long, glofsy, tumid on the back, pale
purple or whitish, and generally marked with 2 or 3 dark spots
down the back, but sometimes without them, crofsed with
transverse raised striae some of which are divided by interrae- '
diate shorter-ones.
342. C. bullata. Smooth, white, thin, pellucid, slightfy
produced at the top into 2 or 3 small convolutions.
Ifontaguc Brit, Shell f. p* 202. tab. 6. /. i .
Shell reiembling the last, sometimes without transverse striae ;
sometimes faintly striate half way from the back to the inner-
lip, the other half finely striate longitudinally ; margin of the
outer lip not thickened.
168 WORMS. TESTACEA. 52. Bulla.
52. BULLA. :
343. B. lignaria. Ohovate, thin, yellowish-brown, with
numerous pale transverse striae ; the crown narrower
and slightly umbilicate.
Sr. Zool. t. 70. /. 83. Donovan t. 9.7. Da Costa t. i. /. g.
Shell nearly a inches long, with a very large aperture which is
contracted at top, white within : pillar flexuous and visible up
to the crown.
344. B. Ampulla. Oblong-oval, smooth, glossy, whitish
mottled and varied with light-brown; the crown
narrower and slightly umbilicate.
Montagne Brit. Shell, p. 206. tab. "j.f. \.
Shell hardly half an inch long, with a wide aperture at bottotta :
pillar not visible to the end: spire none.
345. B. patula. Oblong, glossy white, smooth, length-
ened at each end into a canal, slightly umbilicate
at top.
Br. Zool. tab. 70. /. 85. A. Donov. t. 142. descrip. t, 143.
Shell about an inch long, involute, the aperture narrower to-
wards the top, produced at both ends, one end more elongated,
with a flat margin: : pillar twisted*
346. B. aperta. Suborbicular, pellucid, white, faintly
striate, almost entirely open.
Donovan t. 120. /. i. Da Costa tab. 2. /. 3.
Shell about half an inch long thin, brittle : pillar small,
slightly involute, visible to the end.
341, R. Haliotoidea. Suboval, pellucid, white, slightly
striate; the aperture closed at the top where it is
twisted sideways into 2 whorls.
Montague t. "j.J", 6. Vign. 2. f. 6.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch long, half an inch broad, thin, very
open but closed and twisted obliquely at the top.
^48. B. Plumula. Ovate-oblong, depressed, pellucid,
yellowish-white, concentrically wrinkled, almost en-
tirely open, rounded and convolute with a single
turn at top.
Montague tab. 15. /. g. fign. a,/. 5.
Shell half an inch long, a quarter broad, and nearly as broad at
top, tinged with brown at one end, Wrinkled Within, open over
the whole shell : pillar-lip slightly turned in.
349. B. Cattna. Ovate, white, pellucid, transversely
striate, almost entirely open, obtuse at top with a.
single turn.
Montague t. 7. /. 7. Linn. Trans, v. t. i.f. 6-8.?
Shell minute, With chain-like striae, slightly umbilicate.
350. B. emarginata. Pellucid, smooth, gibbous, with the
aperture emarginate and the lip slightly arched.
Adams Linn. Trans, v. tab. i.^f. 9. 10. M. Minute.
351. B. denticulata. Oblong, white, pellucid, nearly
equal, obtuse, smooth; the aperture at top ending
in a very acute tooth.
Adams Lion. Trans, v. tab. i.f. 3. 4, 5. Minute.
352. B. Hydatis. Oval, brittle, subpellucid, tumid,
\VORMS. TESTACEA. 52. Bulla. 169
slightly wrinkled longitudinally, umbilicate at top
without volution.
MentagueFign. i.f. 1-5. Da Costa t. i.f. 10. Donovan t. 88.
She U an inch long, 3 quarters broad, very open but contracted at
the upper end, greenish or yellowish-horn-colour, fometimes
finely striate tranfverfely : pillar not visible to the end.
g5j. B. Akera. Oval, membranaceous, horn-colour,
with a convolute truncate channelled crown.
Donovan t. 79. B. resiliens.
Shell about 3 quarters of an inch long, nearly half broad, pellucid
elastic, slightly wrinkled tranfveri'ely, white within: aperture
much contracted at top : pillar visible to the end.
g54. B. cylindracea. Cylindrical, slender, smooth, white,
deeply umbilicate; aperture very narrow, a little
dilated at the base.
Br. Zool. t.jo.f. 85. Donovant. 12O./. 2. Mont, t. j.f. 2.
Shell about 6 lines long, 2 broad : pillar a little indented, without
volutions, but only deeply umbilicate : aperture linear, a little
wider at the baCe.
355. B^ umbilcata. Oblong-oval, smooth, white, rounded
and umbilicate at the top; aperture very narrow, a
little dilated at, the base.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 222. tab. 7*f. 4. Minute.
Shell refembling the last but is not fo cylindrical, and its breadth
is about one half its length.
356. B. retusa. Subcylindrical, opake, white, longitudi-
nally striate on the upper-part, truncate and umbili-
cate at top; aperture very narrow, a little dilated
at the base.
Mantague t. -j.f. 5. Linn. Trans, v. tab. i.f. i. 2.
5 hell minute, with confpicuous involutions.
fcoT. B. obtusa. Subcylindrical, opake, white, longitu-
dinally wrinkled, convolute and obtuse at top ; aper-
ture narrow, dilated at the base.
Montague tab. j.f. 3. Walker min. Shells J. 62.
,Sfe// ; about 3 lines long, half as much broad, often covered with
a chefnut skin, with 4 or 5 slightly produced whorls ; aperture a
little compressed in the middle, not reaching quite to the top.
j58. B. diaphana. Suboval, smooth, pellucid, white, ven-
tricose, with 3 or 4 somewhat pointed whorls at top;
aperture closed at top, very open below.
Montague. t. j.f. 8. Br. Zool. t. 7 i.f. 87 ?
ShfU about 4 lines long, 3 broad, slightly .produced to a point at
top : pillar plain, not visible to the end.
359. R. fontinalis. Oval, pellucid, light ^horn-colour,
ventricose, with 4 or 5 reversed, hardly produced
obtuse whorls ; aperture oblong, 3 fourths of it*
length.
Da Costa p. 96. tab. 5. j~. "6X Turbo adversus.
Shell half an inch long, a quarter broad, fometimes with a fe\V
longitudinal and tranfverfe -ridges ; the terminal whorls very
fmall.
3g0. B. rivalis. Oval, pellucid, yellow horn-colour, with
4 or 5 reversed whorls tapering to a fine point : aper-
ture oval-oblong*
170 'WORMS-. TESTACEA. 53. Volute;
Chemn. Conch. g. tab. 103. /. 877. 878.
Shell half an inch long, a quarter broad, yellow, very brittle, ra-
fembling B. fontinalis, but is generally larger, exactly oval, -the
whorls are very obtuie, and the aperture more contracted toward*
the top.
36!. B. Hypnorum. Oval, glossy, pellucid, horn-colour,
with 5 or 6 reversed whorls tapering to a line point,
aperture ovate-lanceolate.
Lister t. 1059.7. 5. Walk. min. She Us f. 54. Turbo.
Shell above half an inch long, a quarter broad: refembles B. fon-
tinalis, but the body is not ib ventricofe, the upper-whorls are
produced to a fine point, and the aperture is shorter and narrower.
53. VOLUTA. Mitre.
A. With the aperture entire.
362. V. tornatilis. Oval, pointed at each end, spirally
striate and banded : pillar with a single fold.
Br. Zool. t. 7 1./. 86. Donovan t. 57. Da Costa t. 8./. 2.
Shell hardly an inch long, pale red with 2 white bands and nu-
merous longitudinal minute striae : whorls 8, the first very large :
aperture contracted, long. '
363. V. denticulata. Oval, semipellucid, brown, with a
raised rather pointed spire ; pillar with 3 or 4 plaits ;
the lip denticulate
Denov. t. 138. Montague Suppl. tab. 20. f. 5.
Shell nearly half an inch long, horny-brown, with a purplish top:
whorls 7 or 8 : aperture oblong-oval, half the length of the shell ;
the outer-lip with 2 or 3 tubercles. The younger shells have a
single fold on the pillar-lip, and the lip is without the tubercles.
364. V. alba. Oval, white, opake, finely striate longitu-
dinally, with an obtuse spire of 4 whorls, and long
narrow aperture.
Adams Murosc. t. 14. /. 7. Walker min. Shells/. 61.
Shell one tenth of an inch long, with obtuie whorls.
365. V. unidendata. Conic, smooth, glossy white, with 5
or 6 hardly raised whorls: pillar with a single tooth.
Montague Brit. Shells. p. 324. Turbo unidentatus.
366. V. spiralis. Conic, glossy white, with 4 or 5
whorls; the largest with transverse spiral ridges
half way from the base:; the rest finely ribbed lon-
gitudinally.
frlontagne Brit. Shell, f. 323. tab. -\i.f. g. Turbo fpiralis.
Shell minute, pellucid, glabrous, rather obtufe at top: whorLs
flattish, well feparated by a fine fpiral ridge : aperture fuborbicular :
pillar with a single fpiral fold.
367. V. intcrstincta. Taper, glossy-white, with 5 flattish
finely ribbed whorls : pillar with a single small
tooth.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 324. t. 12./. 10. Turbo.
Shell minute, obtufe at top : whorls w_ith longitudinal ribs, pa-
pillous towards the feparating line : aperture fuboval.
368. V.plicata. Slender, glossy white, with 6 smooth
nearly flat whorls : pillar with a single tooth-like
fold.
Montague Br. Shells, p. 325. Suppl. t. 21. /. 2. Turbo.
Shell minute, taper, fubpcllucid, with a fine feparating line, ob-
WORMS. TESTACEA, 51. Buccinum. 171
tfe at top: whorls- not ribbed: aperture fr.boval, contracted a
little to an angle at the upper-part: refernbles V. unidentata, but is
more obtufe, and the pillar instead of a tooth is furnished with a
single fold on the inside.
369. V. ambigua. Rather taper, white, with 6 or 7 flat-
tish whorls : pillar with an obscure fold: aperture
suborbicular.
Montague p. 325. Suppl. t. 21. /. 4. Turbo pallidus.-
Sheil minute, rather pointed, with a well defined feparating line:
outer-lip arched : pillar With a fmull umbilicus formed by the re-
flection of its lip.
370. N.pallida. Cylindrical, smooth, white, obtuse and
hardly whorled at top : pillar with 4 folds.
Donovan t. 66. Da Cost, t. a./. 7. Bulla.
Shell half an inch long, a quarter broad, oblong-oval, pure white,
the upper-whorl extremely finall : aperture narrow, reaching
nearly the whole length. Refembles Bulla cylindracea, but has an
evident fpire and plaited pillar.
$71. V. catenata. Oblong-oval, smooth, white, with 4
opake white bands dotted with red : pillar with 4
folds.
Montague Br. Shells p. 236. tab. 6./. a.
Sheila, quarter of an inch long, fubpellucid, with 4 opake bands
of white oblong fpots connected in a chain-like manner by fmall
rufous fpots or streaks : fpire hardly visible, very obtufe : outer-lip
dilated, not margined, thick : aperture narrow, reaching nearly the
whole length.
372. V. tews. Oval, quite smooth, swelling, with a
very short spire : pillar with 2 folds : outer-lip
gibbous, slightly denticulate.
Donovan t. 165. Montague p. 203. t. 6.f. 7. Cypraea.
Shell hardly half an inch long, greenish or yellowish-white, with
fometimes a rofy tinge, rounded and a little reflected at the bot-
tom, gibbous towards the top, with about 3 very short whorls :
aperture narrow, the whole length of the shell.
54. BUCCINUM. Whelk.
373. T&.undatum. Oblong, coarse, with deep transverse
undulate striae : whorls 7 or 8, undulatcly ribbed.
r* Zoo!, t. 73./. 90. Donov. t. 104. Da Cost. {. 6./. 6.
2. Without the undulate ribs. Br. ZooL t. 74. /. 91-
Shell about 5 inches long, generally with a rufous tinge, rough :
aperture oblong-oval.
374. B. glaciate. Oblong-oval, nearly smooth or finely
striate transversely : whorls 7 or 8, undulately ribbed,
the lower one slightly carinate.
Donovan Brit. She/is v. tab. 154.
Shell refembling the last, but is more elongated and faintly
striate, the outer-lip fmooth, the larger whorl fomewhat carinate,
and the plaits are visible a little way only beyond the junctures of
the whorls : aperture oval ; outer-lip thick, fpread, finely striate.
375. B. Lapillus. Oval, pointed, rugged, spirally ridged:
pillar-lip broad, flattish, impressed near the top.
Br. Zool. t. 72. /. 89. Donov. t, n. Da Costa t. -j.f. 1-4.
Shell about 2 inches long, with 5 or 6 whorls, white or yellow,
with fometimes a fpiral yellow or pale chefnut band or two, when
young entirely rough with raifed hollow membranaceous fcales,
which difappear on the larger whorl in its advanced stage ef
p 2
m WORMS. TESTACEA. 54. Buccinuia
growth, When old covered with longitudinal fcales : apetture oval t
outer-lip thin, slightly crenate, with fometimes 5 tooth-like pro-
jections on the inside one over the other: pillar-lip tranfverfely
rugged on the outside, with a slight impressed hollow near the top,
and projecting into an angle in the middle within.
$76. B. reticulatum. Oblong-oval, strongly reticulate;
the outer-lip toothed, not thickened at the back.
r. Zool. t. 72. f. 92. Donov. t. 76. Da Costa t. ?./. 10.
Shell nearly an inch and a half long, brown or varying in colour,
strongly ribbed tranfverfely and longitudinally, pointed : outer-lift
rarely without teeth Br. Zool. t. 72. /. 88 ; inner-lip broad* glossy :
npetture oval.
377. B. Macula. Oval, reticulate, outer-lip toothed, gib-
bous at the back : a small dark-purplish spot at the
outer edge of the canal.
Montague Br. Shells t. 8.f. 4. Br, Zool. t. 79.
Shell about half an inch long, varying in colours: affrture fubor*
bicidar ; inner-lip broad, faintly denticulate.
378. B. ambiguum. Subconic, thick i ochraceous, faintly
striate transversely, with strong distant ribs swelling
into tubercles at the junctures : outer-lip thickened,
slightly denticulate.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 242. tab. p,/. 7.
Shell about half an inch long, with 11-15 longitudinal ribs, gene-,
rally rising into tubercles at the top of each fpire, fometimes
varied with a few ferruginous fpots : inner-lip folded back, with a
tooth-like ridge on the upper part.
379. B. bilineatum. Oval, smooth, whitish, with bands
of brown spots; the larger-whorl with a double row
of tubercles.
Br. Zool. t. 79. Lister t. 6g8/. 63. B. decussatum.
Shell about 2 inches long, with 2-4 bands ; upper whorls fmoothr
aperture fuboval ; outer-lip slightly toothed, inner rugged and
granular.
380. B. hepaticum. Oblong-oval, pointed, brownish,.
strongly ribbed, tubercled near the junctures of the
whorls : inner-lip with a tooth-like ridge.
Montague p. 234.**. 8./. i , Lister t. 975. /. 50.
Shell an inch long, and 5 eighths broad, tapering to a fine
point, liver-colour with generally a White band : whorls 7 or 8,
strongly ribbed, with a tranfverfe depression near the top of each
whorl, cutting the ribs into fmall knobs : outer-lip plaited, thick.
38!. B. Perdix. Suboval, tumid, yellowish-brown undu-
late with white, with flat transverse ridges ; aperture
without, teeth.
Montague tab. 8./. 5. Lister C&nch. t. 984. /. 43.
Shell about the size of a nut, fpotted and marbled With white,
with broad flat ribs: whorls 5 or 6 : pillar slightly umbilicate j
outer-lip thin, not reflected, expanded.
382. B. lineatum. Conic, pointed, smooth, with alter-
nate chocolate-brown and white spiral bands.
Donovan tab. 15. Da Costa tab. 8./. 5.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, varying in number and difposition
of the bands ; outer-lip marked by the brown bands on the
margin.
383. B. cinctum. Conic, white, ribbed, with a filiform
rufous brown line round the middle of. each spire.
WORMS. TESTACEA. 55. 56. 173
Montague Brit. Shells p. 246. tab. i^.f. i.
Shell hardly a quarter of an inch long, clofely ribbed and ob-
fcurely striate tranfverfely : outer-lip denticulate within, with a
fmall rufous fpot on the edge, and another at the upper-angle of
the aperture : aperture contracted.
38A. B. minimum. Conic, chesnut-brown, ribbed, and
decussate by transverse stri<e : aperture toothless.
Montague t. S.f. 2. Donovan t. ijg.f. 2. B.brunneum.
Shell about 2 lines long, reticulate, with about 5 whorls: lips
fmooth.
380. B. terrestre. Slender, smooth, glossy, pellucid,
white, ending in an obtuse point ; the first whorl
elongated.
Montague t. S.f. 3. Walker f. 60. B Adcula.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, with 6 rather tumid oblique
whorls, the first nearly equaling the 3 next : lips without teeth,
386. B. obtusulum. Ventricose, white, opake, with 3
spires and oval aperture.
Adams Microfc. t. *\.f. 25. Walker f. sq. Minute,
387. B. breve, white, opake longitudinally ribbed and
transversely striate, with 5 spires and very short beak.
2. With 3 whorls. Linn. Tr. 3. t. 13. f. 5.6. B. minutum.
Adams Linn. Trans. 3. tab. \%.f. 3. 4. Minute.
388. B. lasve. white, opake, smooth, with a long beak :
spires 3, the first more inflated than the second:
aperture oval.
Adams Linn. Trans. 3. t. 13. /. 7. 8. Minute.
389. B. obtusissimum. White, opake, smooth, with a
long beak: spires 3, the first not larger than the
second : aperture contracted.
Adams Lina, Trans. 3. t. 13. f. 9. 10. Minute.
55. STROMBUS.
390. St. PCS Pelecani. Whorls surrounded by a row of
tubercles : lip expanded into 4 palmate angular
claws.
r. Zool. t. 75. Donov. t. 4. Da Costa t. -j.f. 7.
Shell nearly inches long, taper, grey or reddish, with 2 rows of
f mailer tubercles on the larger whorl : outer-lip much expanded,
and gradually becoming divided into 4 channelled angular claws:
Jpire long, pointed.
391. St. costatus. Whorls taper, swelling, with nume-
rous longitudinal ribs, and a raised spiral line at the
bottom of each : Zip rounded.
Donovan tab. 94. Da Costa tab. 8,y. 14.
Shell hardly half an inch long, chefnut-brown, with numerous
fine ribs, and a raifed line at the bottom of each whorl becoming
double at the bafe : aperture nearly orbicular; the outer-lip a
little expanded.
56. MUREX. Whelk.
392. M. despeclus. Oblong, nearly smooth, with the
aperture dilated; whorls 8, with 2 raised spiral
lines.
174 WORMS. TESTACEA. 56. Murex.
Donovan v. tab. 180. Linn. It. Wgoth. t.^.f. S.
Shell 3 or 4 inches long, whitish, with hardly visible striae or
wrinkles : beak elongated, reflected.
393. M. carinatus. Oblong, smooth, with the beak elon-
gated ; whorls 6, with 2 raised spiral lines.
Donov. t. 109. Br. Zool. t. 77. /. 96.
Shell 4 inches long, dirty-white : whorls sloping down to each
other, and not rounded as in the last; the largest with 4 or 5
ridges : outer-lip dilated.
394. M. subantiquus. Oblong, strongly striate trans-
versely, with the beak elongated : whorls 8, with 2
raised tubercled spiral lines.
Donov. iv. tab. 1 19. M. antiquus.
Shell about 4 inches long, of a more rugged and angular appear-
ance than the last, crossed by undulate striae and i or 2 elevated
^undulate and fomewhat tubercled ridges : outer-lip dilated.
395. M. antiquus. Oblong, striate transversely, with the
beak elongated : whorls 7 or 8, cylindrical.
/: Zool. t. 78. /. 98. Donov. t. 31. M. defpectus.
Shell nearly, 6 inches long, dull white, thick, strong, red-faffron
within : aperture augular on the fore-part: inner-lip smooth, with
an acute entire margin.
396. M. corneus. White, slender, with 8 transversely
striate rounded whorls : aperture oblong oval, end-
ing in a deep lengthened canal, tubercled at top.
Br. Zool. t, 76. f. 99. Donovan t. 38. Da Costa t. 6.f. 5.
Shell about 3 inches long, fometimes covered with a brown skin,,
tubercled under the canal : aperture toothless.
397. M. Erinaceus. . Angular, very rugged with small,
concave scales : aperture oval, ending- in a closed
tubular canal.
r. Zool. t. 76. /. 95. Donov. t. 35. Da Costa t 8./. 7.
Shell nearly 2 inches long, brownish, longitudinally ribbed and
tranfverfcly stiiate, imbricate with arched fcales ; the inner-
margin toothed : whorls warty at the futures, carinate between the
warts : aperture oval, clofed, with a short beak.
398. M. purpureus. Taper, rugged, ribbed rather oblique-
ly, and crossed by numerous sharp ridges : aperture
oval, ending in an open canal.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 260. tab. g.f. 3.
Shell above half an inch long, dark purple with fometimes a few
white Marks, purple within, with about 19 oblique ribs crossed
by numerous ridges which give it a tubercled appearance : aper~
tare oval: pillar obliquely striate : margin white, crenate.
399. M. linearis. Taper, rugged, strongly ribbed, crossed
by fine spiral thread-like raised ridges: aperture
oval, ending in an open canal.
Montague Brit Shells tab. g.f. 4. Donov. t. ijg.f. 3.
Shell above a quarter of an inch long, light brown, purplish-
brown at the fummits of the fpiral lines, the apex generally purple:
ribs 9 or 10: aperture oval; margin crenate within; pillar-lip
fmooth.
400. M. muricatus. Taper, rough > tubercled by the
strong ribs being crossed by raised striae : aperture
oval, ending in a very long straight canal.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 262. tab. g.f. 2.
SW/half an inch Jong, white with a flesh-colour or greenish
WORMS. TESTA CEA. 56. Murex. IT3
tinge, generally covered with an orange-redskin: whorls a little
protuberant : aperture with the canal longer than the rest of the
shell : outer-lip sharp, toothed at the edge ; margin crenulate
Within.
401. Tiirricula. Taper,.whUe, ribbed, striate transversely,,
with the whorls flattened at top : aperture narrow-
oblong ; the outer-lip angular at top.
Montague Brit. Shells tab. 9. fig. i. Donovan t. 156.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch long, white, rather glossy, ending in a
fine point, with 7 whorls riiing perpendicular over each other ;
the ribs angular at top : pillar-lip frnooth.
402. M. rufus. Taper, pale rufous-brown, with 15 or
16 small ribs, striate transversely: aperture narrow,
oblong.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 263. n. 9. .
Shall 3 quarters of an inch long, with 6 whorls, fomctitnes of a
chefnut colour : pillar-lip fmooth.
403. M. sinuosus. Taper, white, or pale with a white
band, with 7 strong ribs, striate transversely : aper-
ture oblong-oval, with a deep cavity at the upper-
angle of the canal.
Montague Brit. Shells tab. g./. 8. Donovan t. 169. /. 2.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch long, thick, with 6 whorls: euter~lip
thickened by a rib; inner-lip replicated.
40 1. M. fiainflius. Vcutricose, white, with 12 or 13
acute longitudinal ribs, not striate transversely :
beak a little reflected.
Donovan Brit. S/;?//j- v. tab. 160. f. i.
Shell above an inch long, whitish, strongly ribbed, but not striate
tranfverfcly, the first whorl very large; canal a little recurved:
aperture, oval.
105. M. costafus. Oblong, tuper, with 6 whorls and 8 or
9 very obscure longitudinal ribs, not striate trans-
versely : beak a little reflected.
Donovan t. 91. Da Costa t. 8. /. 14.
Shell not a quarter of an inch long,, purplish-brown, chocolate,
or yellowish-white, with often deeper tranfverfe bands : aperture
oblong ; the outer-lip thickened : beak hardly any.
406. M. attenuatus. Slender, tapering to a very fine
point, yellowish-white, with 8 whorls and 9 longi-
tudinal ribs : aperture narrow-oblong.
Msntague Brit. Shells p. 266. t. g.f. 6.
5/re//halfan inch long, not striate tranfverfely, with the whorls
hardly raifed : aperture very narrow, ending in a canal.
407. M.gracilis. Slender, yellowish-brown, with 9 or
10 flattish whorls and 13 ribs, striate transversely :
aperture oblong-oval.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 267. tab. 15. /. 5.
Shtll-A.n inch long, with generally a white band rourid the larger
xvhorl, and purplish brown between the junction of the whorls ;
outer-lip slightly crenate within.
403. W. Nebula. Taper, with 8 ribbed whorls, finely
reticulate; the whorls hardly raised above the line
of separation : aperture oblong-oval, oblique.
'Montague Brit, Shells p. 0.67. -tab* \,f. 6,
1T6 WORMS. TESTACEA. 56. Murex.
Shell about half an inch long, very sharp-pointed, yellowish,
white, purplish-brown, pale rofy, or rufous, fometimes with the
reticulations white : whorls feparated by a fine thread-like line :
aperture narrow ; the canal turning a little to one side ; outer-lip
sharp.
409. M. septangularis. Taper, pale brown, with 1 or 8
strong smooth whorls and 1 longitudinal ribs : aper-
ture oval-oblong.
Montague Brit, shells tab. 9 /. 5. Donov. t. 179. /. 4.
Shell 5 eighths of an inch long, with 7 angular ribs hardly inter-
rupted by the feparating line: outer lip sharp, contracted to an
angle at the upper-part, where the margin is a little indented ;
beak very short.
410. M. fuscatus. Taper, yellowish-brown, with 10 or
12 very short, tubercled whorls; the volutions with
3 or 4 crenulate striae between the tubercled spiral
ridges.
Lister tab. i2i./. 17. Br. Zool. t. 82. /. 111*?
Shell about an inch and a half long : apetture fmall, oval, ending "
in a fmall canal ; the bafe fpirally striate.
411. M. tubercularis. Taper, chesnut-brown, with 9 or
10 tubercled whorls separated only by a slight de-
pression : aperture small, oval.
Montague Brit. Shells. p. 270. n. 17.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, pointed : aperture fmall, ovalj
ending in a canal, fomewhat inclofed by the pillar turning
inward.
412. M. adversus. Taper, pointed, light-brown, with 10
or 11 reversed tubercled spires : aperture oval.
Donovan t. 159. Adams Micr. t. 14. /. 12. Turbo.
Shell hardly half an inch long : whorls hardly defined by the fepa-
rating line, with 3 rows of tubercles on each ; the middle row
fmaller : aperture ending in a slight straight canal ; the bafe with
2 or 3 fpiral ridges.
413. M. reticulatus. Taper, rufous brown, with 11 or 12
strongly reticulate whorls : aperture oval, angular
at the upper part, contracted into a slight canal at
the lower.
Da Costa Brit. Shells p. 117. tab. 8 /. 13.
Shell above half an inch long, strong, with 4 fpiral r4dges on each
whorl crossed by longitudinal rather oblique -furrows, with fome-
times a strong rib or two crossing fome of .the whorls : aperture
contracted into a very slight canal ; outer-lip a little indented j
bafe not reticulate.
414. M. minutissimus. Taper, pellucid, with 5 spirally
striate whorls and remote ribs : beak closed.
Adams Linn. Trans, iii. p. 65. Minute.
415. M. contrarius. With 4 reversed swelling whorls,
marked with doubled striae : aperture oval, with a
dilated canal.
Lister t. 950.7. 44. I, c. Chem. Conch. g,f. 894. 895.
Shell about 2 inches and a half long, oval, with rounded whorls :
Aperture oval, ending in a dilated straight canal.
0&jr. Dr. Lister having marked this fpecies as British, declaring
it to have been found at Harwich by Dr. Dale, there can.be no
question of the propriety of its place here*
WORMS. TESTA CEA 57. Trochus. ITT
57. TllOGHUS. Top Shell.
416. Tr. zkiphinus. Conic, irn perforate at (lie base
spirally striate, the edge of each whorl with a raised
smooth margin.
r. Z00/. /. 8s./. 103. 104.. Donov.t. 5*. Da>Ct>fta t. &/. 3. 4.
Shell an inch long, nearly as much broad, .pointed, with 7 or 8
-A'horls, livid or pale red varied with darker lines and wave?,
within iridefcent: aperture angular: bafe ilattish, with circular
strfae, without fpots.
117. Tr. tennis. Come, imperforate at the base,, spirally
granulate, no f margined at the edge of the whorls.
Montague Bfit. Shells, t. io./. 3. Denovan t. 127.
Shell an inch and a quarter long, rather less broad, brown or
jeddish with deeper marks : whorls with feveral rows of minute
granulations, but without the raited ridge at the edge : base with
feveral circles of fmall reddish fpots.
418. Tr. exiguus. Conic, imperforate at the base, spi-
rally crenate, the edge of each whorl with u raised
tubercled margin.
Donovan t. 8../. 2. Da Dosta t. <i.J, 4. Lister t. 6i6./. 2.
Shell 3 eighths of an inch long, .grey-brown or purplish, with the
tip crimfon, fometimes fpotted with white ; within white, not
perlaceous : vuhorls 6, Wftih 4 or 5 fine crenulate ridges, and edged
with a tubercled wreath refemblrng a twissed cord : baft with ci-
tircular ridges.
419. Tr. striatus. Conic, imperforate at the base, spi-
rally ridged and iinely striate longitudinally, not
margined or tubercled at the edge of the whorls.
lister t. 621. /, 8. Donovan tab. i^.f. i.
Size of the last, from which it differs in having 6 whorls hardly
definable by the line of feparation, with 8 or 9 fpiral ridges on
ach, crossed by fine longitudinal stria; ; in wanting the crimlon
tip, and large fpiral rib at the end of each w-horl, in being marked
by longitudinal reddish lines, and perlaceous within.
420. Tr. tumidus. Subcomc, tumid, slightly perforated
at the base* 'with 5 projecting whorls very iinely and
spirally striate, the larger-one with a subcarinate
edge at the bottom.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 280. tab. io./. 4.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, strong, pointed but not taper,
grey or yellowish-brown, or dark purplish-brown with obfcure
undulations, within perlaceous. bafe rounded, with a fmall per.,
foration which is almost clofed by age.
421. Tr. crassus. Subconic, rarely perforated at the
base, with 5 rounded smooth whorls, grey -brown
with numerous zigzag purplish-brown lines : outer-
lip with a tooth-like protuberance at bottom.
Donov.l.-ji. Da Costal. 6./. 7. T.r..lineatus. \
Shell strong, coarse, top-shaped,, perlaceous when the outer-coat
is off: lukorls rounded, separated by a depressed line, marked with
close-set zigzag purplish-brown or black lines.: pillar-lip smooth
white, not pearly; the white part extending ajmos-t acrofs the
baseband flattened as ifworn.
422.. Tr. Magus. Subconic, perforated at the base, with
5 or 6 tumid whorls, finely striate, the ridges of each
rising into obtuse tubercles.
,Br. Zool. t. 80. /. 107. Dtnov. t, 8./. i. Da Coita t. $.f. t.
118 WORMS. TESTACEA. 58. Turbo.
SkeM 3 quarters of an inch long, about an inch wide, \vhite or
rosy with undulate crimson or purplish stripes blotches or spots :
vihorls marked by a deep separating line, ending in a point : base
spotted, with a large perforation,
4^3. Tr. cinerarius Conic, produced at the point, with
a small perforation at the base : whorls 5, cinereous
with fine approximate oblique brown or purplish
lines.
Donovan, t. 74. two upper and lower fig. Da Costa t. 3-/, 11. 12.
Shell five eighths of an inch long, as much broad, rather oblique;,
the whorls a little rounded and feparated by a fine line.
424. Tr. umbilicatus. Flattish, rounded and depressed
at top, with a large perforation at the base : whorls
5, white or greenish with purple waved or zigzag
lines.
Donovan t. 74. three middle fig. Br. Zool. t. Bo.f. 106.
Shell 5 eighths of an inch high, 3 quarters broad, marked with
nearly obfolete fpiral striae, more flattened than the last, and the
aperture reaches to the tip.
425. Tr, terrestris. Conic, perforated at the base, livid-
white, finely striate longitudinally: base flat, with
a strong carinate edge round it.
Br. Zool. t. %o.jig. 108. Donov. tab. in.
Shell not a quarter of an inch high, rather more broad, with
sonietimes a brown line round the middle of the whorls: whorls*
divided by a fine depressed line, and a prominent ridge at the"
base of each : base striate from the centre.
426. Tr.fuscus. Brown, opake, margined, perforated,
with 5 whorls and roundish aperture*
Walk. min. Shells f. 58. Adams Micr. t. \.f. 24. Minute.
427 w Tr. cinereus. Obtusely conic, perforated at the
base, grey with narrow blackish lines : pillar-lip
with 2 slight teeth and 2 transverse furrows.
Donovan t. 155-/. 2. Da Costa tab. %.f. 5.
Shell size of a cherry, thick, strong, greenish-pearly about the
perforation, with 5 whorls faintly striate circularly. It is pro-
bably a variety of Tr. cinerarius, or a foreign shell. .
58. TURBO.- Wreath Shell. .
A: Marine ) with regular wreaths. -
428. T. Terebra. Taper, pointed, with 12-16 whorls
marked with numerous fine spiral stria?, some of
which are prominent and acute.
Br. Zool. t. 81. /. 113. Donov. t. 22, /. 2. Da Costa t. "j.f. .5. 6.
Shfll about an inch and a half long, with 5-9 rather prominent
ridges on each Whorl, whitish or cream-colour, with brown red or
orange marks.
429. T. exoletus.. Taper, with 12-14 whorls obscurely
striate, each with 2 prominent obtuse spiral ridges in
the middle.
Donovan tab. 22. f. i. Da Costa tab. "].f. 8.
Shell 2 inches and a half long, white 01 purplish, variegated
with chesnut ; the whorls separated by a deep depression.
436. T. Clathrns. Taper, with 9-12 swelling whorls, and
as many distant strong rather oblique longitudinal
ribs.
WORMS. TESTACEA. 58. Turbo. 179
3r. Zool. t. 81. /. 111. 111. A. Donov. t. 28. Z> Costa t. 7.f. it.
Shell an inch and a half long, whitish, fometimes mixed with
brown or ferruginous : wkorls rounded, feparated by a deep
groove : aperture margined.
43!. T. Clathratulus. Taper, with 5 or 6 whorls and
about 15 approximate longitudinal ribs.
Mams Microsc. t. 14. /. 19. Walk. min. Shells f. 45.
Shell minute, white, opake, refemhling the last, except in size,
number of whorls and difposition gf the ribs : aperture margined.
43^. T. niiidissimns. Taper, acute, pellucid- white, with
9 smooth much raised and rounded whorls.
Montague Br. Shell F p. 299. tab. i2.y. i.
Shell one tenth of an inch long, very slender, with the whorli
much fwollen and feparated by a deep depression.
433. T. unicus. Taper, acute, pellucid white, with 9
rounded and raised whorls finely striate longitudi-
nally.
Montague t. 12./. 2. Walker f. 40. Adams t. \\.f. 7.
Shell 2 tenths of an inch long, with the striae fomewhat undulate,
the intermediate fpaces with extremely fine tranfverfe ones: aper-
ture inclining to oval.
43 i. T . dupticatm. Taper whitish, with 1 4 or 1 5 whorls
each marked with 2 prominent acute transverse
ridges.
Br. Zool, t,-8i.f. 112. Donovan t. 112. Da Costa t. 6./. 3.
Shell 2 inches and a half long, finely striate acrofs between the
ribs : aperture-fubov&l.
435. T. subtruncatus. Tapering to an obtuse point,
pellucid yellowish-white, with 6 or 7 swollen smooth
whorls.
-Montague Br. Shells f. 300. tab. io./. i.
Shell 2 tenths of an inch long, fometimes with a few faint lon-
gitudinal striae : aperture inclining to oval.
436. T. truncatus. Cylindrical, glossy, pellucid, horn-
colour, with 4 smooth swollen whorls, abrupt as if
truncate at the point.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 300. tab. to./. 7.
Shell 2 tenths of an inch long, rarely with a few longitudinal
striae, or crenulate in the futures : whorls feparated by a deep line :
aperture slightly margined, fuborbicular.
437. T. littoreus. Suboval, pointed, spirally striate ; the
first whorl very large: outer-lip thin and spread-
ing.
Perriwinkle. Br. Zool. t. 81. /. 109, Donovan t. 33. /. i. 2.
'Shell about an inch long, with about 5 whorls feparated by a
fine line, various shades of red brown or yellow, plain or fpirally
banded with various colours : aperture fuborbicular,
438. T.jugosus. Suboval, tumid, with 4 spirally grooved
whorls ; the first very large : outer-lip thin, slightly
crenate.
Montague Suppl. t. 20. /. 2. L. Trans, viii. t. $./. 7.
Shell 3 eighths of an inch long, not much pointed, dull yellow or
fulvous, with fometimes a greenish or purple cast, with white
grooves : pillar broad, fmooth.
439. T. tenebrosus. Subconic, rather obtuse, dark choco-
1St> ^VORMS. TESTACEA. 58. Turbo,
late 'brown, with 5 striate whorls, the first very muck
inflated.
Montague Br. Shells. Supp/em. t.io.f. 4.
Shell a (quarter of an inch wide, dark chocolate brown,, within
dark purplish brown: whorls- tumid, the first occupying half' the
shell : lips thin.
440. T. pttrtLm. Conic, acute, purplish-brown, with 5
faintly and irregularly wrinkled whorls : Aperture
pear-shaped. *
Montagiit Brit, Shells p. 403. ; HeItK petrira-,
Shell above a quarter of an -'inch tengj vvithih'dec^ 'glossy purple;
the first whorl very much fwollc-n and occltpying two-thirds of
the shell. It is fometiroes variegated w-ith white or rufous.
441. T. Ziczae. Subconic, rather acute, slightly striatc,
hlueish, with 5 or 6 whorls ; the larger-one carinate
at the base.
Linn, Transact, \\ii.p. 6o. tab. \.f. 14.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, white towards,the lip : aperture
suborbicular, contracted towards the tip.
412. T. ritdis. Suboval, smooth or faintly striate, with
5 distinct tumid whorls : lip thick, glossy within.
Donovan (. 33.7. 3. Linn. Trans. viii./y. 159. t. 4.7. 12, 13;
Shtil about 3 quarters of an inch long, dirty yellow or brown,
refembling the last, but the whorls are feparated by a deep line :
aperture nearly orbicular.
44:*. T. mammillatus. Suboval, striate with raised'dots,
and sightly angular by a few of the striae, the dots
of which are larger.
Donovan. Brit. Shell* v. tab. 173.
Shell hardly an inch long, yellovnsh-white, with fometimes %
deep band or two, elegantly striate and marked with raifed dots :
aperture orbicular.
444. T. striatulus. Suboval, slightly cancelled ; the
whorls striate on the upper-part, and marked with
3 raised membranaceou* ridges on the lower.
Da Costa t. 8. /. 10. Montague t. io./. 5.
S/K// hardly a quarter of an inch long, white; \vith 4 or 5 whorls,
each ending in a flattop, striate longitudinally : apcrtur* fuborbi-
cular, angular at the upper-pan,
445. T. vinctus. Conic, smooth, sub pdlucid, rufous horn-
colour with purplish-brown or chesnut bands : whorls
6, rounded.
Montague Brit; Shells pi 307. n. 14,
Shell about 3 eighths of an inch long, fometimes light horn-
colour with faint bands, fometimes plain ; the low-er-whorl with
commonly 4 or ,5 bamls, the 2 next with each two : tip fin all, not
pointed : zer./j/>. thick,. white, ending in a narrow channel.
446. T. auriculans. Con, smooth, subpeHucid, light
horn-colour, with.5 much rounded whorls : lip much
reflected, tbrming an angle about the middle.
Montague Rrit. Shells p, 308, n. 15,
i'/ic 1 // 3 eighths -of an inch long, rather pointed, the whorls di-
vWed by a deep line: aperture fuboval,.or ear-shaped: inner-lip
much reflected, with a narrow channel behind the angle,
447. T. crassior. Conic, thick, pointed, yellowish-white,
with 5 rounded whorls : pillar-lip wrinkled.
WORMS. TESTACEA. 58. Turbo- 181
tf'alter min. Shells /. 24. Montague p. 309.
Shell half an inch long, often covered with a thin yellowish-
brown skin, beneath which arc a few obscure striae on the larger
v;liorl : Up and inside white.
417. T.patlidus. Conic, thick, pale, with 5 rounded
slightly bicarinate whorls : pillar smooth.
Donovan Brit. Shells, v . tab. 178. /, 4.
Me// half an inch long, with the lower-whorl swelling : aperture
suboval, margined.
4t8. T.parvus. Conic, strong, with 5 or 6 rounded
coarsely ribbed whorls.
Vonau. t. go. Linn. Tr. t. 13.7. 29.30.7. 15. iG.var.
Shell about an eighth of an inch long ; white, chefnut, or pale
rufous, often variegated, sometimes ribbed on the lower whorl
only, sometimes worn smooth : aperture suborbicular.
.419. T. costatus. Glossy-white, with 4 or 5 much : raised
whorls with strong longitudinal ribs and fine trans-
verse striae : lip bordered by a prominent grooved
rim.
Montagjff't. to./. 6. Linn. Trans. Hi t. \%f. 13. 14.
Shell about the eighth of an inch long, rather obtuse ; aperture
suborbicular with a ridge at the upper angle running, transversely
backward : lip bordered by a strong prominent grooved rim,
striate in the depression.
450. T. striatus. Pellucid, glossy- white, with 6 rather
rounded whorls transversely striate and faintly ribbed
on the upper-part : aperture suboval, margined.
Linn. Trans, iii. t. 13.7 25. 26. Walk. min. Shells, f. 49.
Shell about an eighth of an inch long, sometimes covered i/pith a
brown skin, rather pointed, finely and regularly striate across i
tip hardly acute.
451. T. Bryercus, Conic, strong, glossy- white, with 7
smooth finely ribbed whorls : pillar-lip smooth.
Montague Brit. Shells tab. 15. /. 8. Donovan t. 178.7. 3.
Shell nearly a quarter of an inch long, resembling T. costatus,
but i& double the size, has more numerous and finer ribs, and is
Without the transverse striae : Up not margined,
452. T.coniferus. Taper, white, rather obtuse: whorls
6, with about 12 strong undulate ribs, somewhat pa-
pillous at the line of separation.
Montague Brit. Shell, p. 314. te-A.'5./. 2.
Shell*, quarter of an inch long, thick, with about 12 undulate
ribs, the tops of which at the sutures have the interftices formed
into fmall cavities giving them a warty appearance, very finely
.triate acrofs : apei lure oval, oblique, strongly margined.
453. T. denticulatus? Conic, white, obluse : whorls 6,
with 9 or 10 oblique ribs denticulate at the line of
separation.
Montague Btit. Shells, p. 315. n, 23.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, fubpellucid, refembling the last,
but has only 9 or 10 ribs not undulate nor striate between tb.cm :
aperture fuborbicular, not margined, but thickened at the rib,
454/ T. Ct'meo:, Oblong-oval; white, strongly decussate,
forming the interstices into raised dots.
Donovan t. z.f. i. Da Costa t.B.f,6.g.
SheU an eighth of an inch long, thick, rather obtufe, with 4
Q
182 WORMS. TESTACEA. 58. Turbe.
strongly cancelled whorls : nurture fuboval, with a thick margin .
the outer-lip crenatc within.
455. T. ventrosus. Conic, smooth, thin, horn-colour,
with 6 much rounded whorls : aperture suboval,
with an entire margin.
Montague Brit. Shells. p. 317. tab. !2./. 13.
Shell zn eighth of an inch long, pale horn-colour, pellucid, rather
pointed : aperture orbicular-oval.
456. T. U(v&. Conic, pointed, thick, rufous-brown,
with 6 or 7 "hardly raised whorls : aperture subova),
with a slight depression behind.
Br. Zoot. t. 86. /. 120- Montague p. 318,
Shell about a quarter of an inch long, opakr, with the whorls
feparated by at mall line : inner-lip reflected, forming a fmall de-
pression behind.
457 . T. sukumbUicatw. Conic, smooth, rather obtuse,
yellowish-white, with 4 or 5 very tumid whorls :
aperture exactly oval, with a slight umbilicus.
Montague p. 316. Pu.'tn. Dorset, t. i8./. 12. b.
Shell an eighth df an inch long, differing from ttie two last in
hiving the aperture exactly oval, from T. ulvae in having the whorls
very much fwollen, and from T. ventrosus in having the inner-lip
a little reflected and forming a .slight umbilicus or groove.
458. T. Pullus. Oval, smooth, with 4 or 5 much roun-
ded whorls: aperture large, suborbicular, a little
produced on the fore part,
Donovan t. a./. 2-6. Da Costa t. B../. 1-3.
Shell 3 eighths of an inch long, gloisv, white with red or pur-
plish marks variously difpofed in bands fpoti or lines ; the first
whorl very large.
459. T. ruber. Conic, smooth, pointed, reddish-brown,
with 5 rounded whorls : aperture suborbicular, a
little reflected on the pillar.
4dams Linn. Trans. 3. tab. \3.f. i. 43.
2. White, perfectly tranfparent. Montague p. 321.
Shell an eighth of an inch long or rather more, with rounded
whorls divided by a -fine feparating line.
460. T. reticulatus. Conic, pointed, light-brown, with
6 much raised strongly feticulate wherls: pillar
subumbilicate.
Adams Linn. Trans. 3. ft. 66. tab. 13./. 19. 20
Shell the tenth of an inch long, whitish-brown, opakc : aperture
suborbicular, margined : inner-lip fpreading on the pillar, forming
a groove or slight-umbilicui.
461. T. scmicostatus. Conic, short, white, with 4 or 5
rounded whorls, the largest of which is faintly ribbed
and obscurely striate transversely.
Montague p. 326. Suppl. tab. 21 ./. 5.
Shell half a line long, obtusely-pointed, with the ribs not exten-
ding to the lower part of the whorl where the transverse striae
commence: aperture suborbicolar : pillar-Up a little reflected ;
pillar smooth
462. T. unifasdatus. Conic, short, smooth, with 5 flattish
whorls, the larger of which arc marked with a pur-
plish-brown ban^l or two.
WORMS. TESTACEA. 58. Turbo. 183
>:>>r.tjgueSuppl. t. to./. 6. L. Trans. 5. t. i./. 13. 14.
,>/Zc/;an eighth of an inch long, with the bands near the junctions
el the whorls, seldom extending to the third : aperture suboval ;
iimcr-lip spreading, unpcrforate.
463. T. niuosus. Rather slender and obtuse, smooth,
white, with 5 or 6 much rounded whorls : inner-lip
and pillar quite smooth and even.
MonUgue Brit. SheMt. p. 326. n. 39.
Shell about a line long, glofsy, with a suboval aperture: resem-
bles Voluta interstincta, but is without the tooth and the ribs.
464. T.lafnoaus. Subconic, pointed, pale horn-colour,
with 1 or 8 flattish whorls ; the 3 larger ones with
15 or 16 obscure ribs.
Montague Brit. Shtlls. t. i3-/. 7. Helix labiosa.
Shtll about a quarter of an inch long, fubpcllucid, with frequently
a purplish tip, within white : aperture oval : outer-lip thin, slightly
reflected, generally purplish-brown, a little gibbous on the back ;
pillar undulate within, forming a fmalltooth-like elevation.
4G5, T. Cingiltus. Conic, with 6 flat whorls marked
with alternate bauds of horn-colour and chesnut*
brown, obscurely striate.
Montague t. is./. 7. Donovan t. 178. /, i. T. vittatuc,
Shell above the eighth of an inch long, fubpcllucid, pale brown
at the tip, with generally 3 chefnut bands on the larger whorl, not
visibly striate in the older ones : aperture fuboval, contracted
at the upper-part : cuter-lip thin, not turning outward* : inner-lip
a little thickened.
460. T. quadiifusciatus. Subconic, smooth, white, with
mostly 4 faint brown bands : v hurls 4, the iirst very
large and slightly carinate.
Montague p. 328. Supplem. tab. 2O./. 7.
Shell hardly a quarter of an inch long, fometimes plain White,
fornetimes with two of the bands on the fccond whorl, fometimej
with the bands united and forming a broad ones: aperture fubor.
buular: lip thick, with an acute margin : pillar broad, sinuate,
umbilicate. Refembles Helix can*lis, but is thicker and more
opakc, has an angular appearance at the bafc cf the larger whorl,
and the outer-lip is thick.
467. T. interraptus. Subconic, pellucid, smooth, with
5 slightly raised whorls, white with longitudinal
interrupted ochrriceous streaks.
Montague Supplem. t. ao./~. 8. Donovan t. ijS.y. a.
Shell the eighth of an inch long, rather pointed, pale horny or
white : aperture fuborbicular ; inner-lip reflected,
468. T. rctiformis. "White, opake, with 4 tumid reticu-
late whorls : aperture suboval.
Wa\ker minute Shells /. 37. Minute.
469. 'l.sti-igalus. White, opake, with 3 whorls; the
first with 3 transverse ridges : aperture suboval.
Walker minute Shell, f. 38. Minute,
410. T. carinatuius. White, opake, taper, carinate, with
1 whorls, and contracted margined aperture.
Adams blurt sc. t. 14. /. 8. Walk, mi it. Shrllsf. -54.
471. T. Sandriceims. White, pellucid, with 3 reticuli.te
whorls, and oval 1- toothed aperture.
Adorns Mierotz, t. 14, /. 23. Walker f. ^5.
181 WORMS. TESTACEA. 58. Turbo.
472. T.fulgidus. Subconic, pellucid, smooth, with *j
whorls, the first very large, variegated white and
bronze.
Montague p, 322. Adams Linn. Trans, iv.p. 531.
She/I half a line long, glossy, variegated white and bronze,
ufually in bands, with a fmall obtufe point : aperture fuborbicular,
with a thin margin.
473- T. albulus. Opake, with 5 longitudinally ribbed
whorls : aperture roundish not margined.
Adams Linn. Trans, m./i. 66. tab. 13. f. 17. 18.
47 i. T. scriptus. Smooth, opake, with 3 whorls marked
with brown lines resembling characters : aperture
roundish.
Adams Linn. Trans. \\\.p. 65, tab. 13. /. n. 12.
The lines exactly refemble thofe on the Lichen scriptus.
415. T. subarcuatus. White, pellucid, a little curved
towards the tip, with 10 longitudinally ribbed \vhorls,
Adams Linn. Trans. \\\. p. 66. tab. 13. /. 27. 28.
476. T. Adamm. Pellucid, with 6 spirally striate whorls
remotely ribbed : aperture oval.
Adams Linn. Irons. 111. f, 13. /. 31. 32. T. elegans.
477. T. divisus. White, pellucid, with 4 whorls, the up-
per-half of each smooth, the lower-half spirally
striate : aperture suboval.
Adams Linn. Trans, iii. p. 254.
478. T.subrufus. Smooth, opake, with 5 whorls some-
what angular above, dull red, with a white trans-
verse band on the upper-part of each whorl.
Adams Linn. Trans, v. />. 3. tab. i./. 18. 19.
B. Lund and fresh water , icith regular wreaths.
479. T. Muscontm. Oval, obtuse, smooth, yellowish-
brown, with 6 whorls : aperture margined, tooth-
less.
2. Pillar-lip with a single tooth.
3. Half the size, toothlefs : aperture not margined.
Donovan t. 80. Da Costa p. 89. t. $./. 16.
Shell above the eighth of an inch long, pellucid, brown when
filled with the inhabitant : aperture fuborbicular, with a white
margin a little reflected, forming a depression.
480. T. sexdentatits. Oval, obtuse, smooth, brown-horny,
with 5 rather rounded whorls : aperture 6-toothed.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 337. t. 12. /. 8.
Shell a line long : aperture fubangular, with mostly 4 teeth on the
outer lip and 2 on the inner : the young shells have only 4 teeth.
481. T. t ride us. Subcylindrical, smooth, obtuse, light
brown, with 6 or 7 hardly raised whoris : aperture
3-toothed.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 338, tab. 1 1 ./. 2.
Shell* quarter of an inch long, pejlucid, with a single tooth on
the margin and 2 near the bale of the pillar, and iornetimes 2
finaller alternate ones : aperture fmall, curved.
482. T. Curychium. Subconic, white, pellucid, obtuse,
faintly stria'e longitudinally, with 5 rounded whorls :
aperture with 2 teeth and the rudiment of a third.
WORMS. TKSTACEA. 58. Turbo. 183
Montague Brit. Shells Suppl. t. 2-2. /. 2.
&r//hardly a line long : aperture fuboval, contracted, margined ;
outtr-lip thickened inwards in the middle by a knob : pillar-lip with
ii teeth, and generally the rudiment of a third above the other.
483. T. Jumped. Subcylindrical, obtuse, opake, brown,
with 8 or 9 obliquely striate whorls : aperture 7-
toothed.
Montague Brit, Shells p. 340, tab. is,/. 12.
Shell above a quarter of an inch lung, with the whorls slightly
raifed : aperture fuborbicular, margined, reflected, white, with 3
ridge-like teeth on the outer-lip, and 4 on the pillar: behind the
pillar lip at the bafe is a large cavity.
481. T. elegans. Suboval, grey with a purple tinge :
whorls 5, tumid, strongly striate spirally and crossed
\f\l\\ faint longitudinal-ones.
r. Zool. t. 82. /. nc. Donovan t. 59. Da Costa t. 5. /. 9.
b/W/ 5 eighths of an inch long, fohietimes marked with inter-
rupted bands or longitudinal streaks of purplish-brown, often
purple at the tip which is rather ohtufe : aperture orbicular,
slightly reflected, the margin faintly striate, covered with a horny
fpirally striate lid : pillar-Lib with an obfolete cavity behind it.
1S.3. T.fontinalls. Subconic, thin, horn-colour, tinibt-
Jicate, with 4 or 5 much rounded smooth or very
finely wrinkled whorls.
Donov. t. ic'-i. Montague Suppl. t. 22. /. 4.
Shell about a quarter of an inch long, fubpellncid, with very
protuberant whorls, very minutely striate longitudinally, rather
obtufe ; aperture quite orbicular: pillar with a fuiall per-
foration.
486. T. nautileus. Pellucid, light horn- colour, with 3 or
4 whorls hardly rising one above the other, annulate
across, and crested on the hack.
J.i.in. Transact. viii./>. 169. tab. .f. 4.
Shell \.\\t eighth of an inch wide, generally covered with a brown
skin, furnished with distant raised annotations, which rise on the
back into short crests or spines, flat and urnbihcate underneath :
aperture truncate, orbicular.
487. T. cristatus. Siibpellucid, pale horny, flattish above,
umbilicate underneath, with 3 or 4 cylindrical
whorls.
Walker Minute Shells /. 18.
Shell the tenth of an inch wide, fiat t top, vith the \vhorls very
faintly striate : aperture circular.
488. T. depressus. 8ubpellucid, slightly rugged, pale
horn-colour, umbilicate underneath, with 4 whorls :
aperture circular.
Montague Brit, Shells p. 439. t. 13 /. 5. Helix.
Relembles the fast but is less, more solid and opake, and is
without fpire : tip more prominent.
489. T.fuscus. Brown, opake, with 5 striate whorls, and
suboval aperture.
Walker minute Shells f. 42. Minute.
490. T. Rivulus. White, opake, with 4 striate whorls,
and an oval margined aperture,
Walfor minute SMI*/. 57,
186 WORMS. TESTACEA. 58. Turbo,
C. With the whorls turning in a contrary direction.
491. T. bidrns. Taper, smooth, brown, pellucid, with 10
or 11 whorls slightly crcnate in the suture : aperture
2-too<hed behind.
Linnean Tntnfactions \iii.^. 178. tab. 5. f. 3,
Shell about half an inch long, armed with white minute papillae
or denticulations at the juncture of the whorls.
492. T, laminatus. Taper, smooth, rufous horn-colour,
pellucid, with 10 rather raised whorls: aperture
attached to the whorl, 2- foot bed behind.
Montague Br. Shells p. 359. tab. n./. 4.
.%<// 3 quarters of an inch long : aperture Miborbicular, contract*
ed and,; joined to the body whorl ; lip white, slightly margined
and reflected ; pillar not detached from the larger-whorl, furnish-
ed with 2 white tooth-like folds.
493. T. biplicatw. Taper, opake, brown, longitudinally
striate, with 12 or 13 whorls : aperture slightly
detached from the whorl, 2- toothed behind.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 361. tab. n.f. 5.
Shell the size of the last, from which it differs in being strongly
striate longitudinally, .and in having the angle of the aperture not
joining the larger whorl.
494. T. nigricans. Taper, opake, blackish, minutely
striate, with 11 or 12 whorls : aperture with 2 rather
remote teeth behind.
Donovan t. 72. Br. ZooL t. 82. /. 116. T. perverfus.
Shell about half an inch long, rcfembling the 2 last, but 5s less, of
a blackish-brown colour, is very finely striate, and the teeth arc
not contiguous.
*95. T. labiatus. Taper, opake, light brown, longitudi-
nally striatc : aperture 2toothed, with a dilated
thick white margin.
Montague t. u.f. 6. Da Costa tab. $.f. 15.
Shell 5 eighths of an inch long, with numerous strong regular
striae : whorl* 9, fiat, feparated by a fine obfcure line : aperture fub-
orbicular, with a sinus at the upper end, and furnished with c.
tooth-like laminae ; pillqr u little detached from the larger
whorl t
496. T. perversits. Taper, pellucid, yellowish-ho^ny,
obscurely sjtriate. with 8 or 9 slightly rounded
whorls : aperture toothless.
Montague t. u.f. 12. Linn. Tr. viii. t. .f. 2.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, rather obtufe : aperture fuborbi-
cular, with an obfcure knob in the older-onei : pillar Rot detached;
the edges thin, white,
493. T. Vtrtigo. Oval, opake, brown,, obtuse, with 6
faintly striate whorls : aperture somewhat triangular,
toot lied.
Montague Brit* Shells. p. 363. tal. i?./. 6.
Shell hardly a line long, generally with 3 teefh, one on the lip,
a>d two on the pillar, with a protuberance at the anglf of the lip ;
fometimes with 6 teeth, and even with the rudiment? .flf ft feycnth-
sptrtxre slightly margined, \r}<knte.<i,
WORMS, TESTACEA. 59. Helix. ItT!
59. HELIX. Sni7-SAe.
A. Whorls carinale,,with aniticute edge.
493. II. Lapiddn. Pale brown, with transverse darker
marks, unibilicate, convex on each side: aperture
margined, transverse, ova!.
Rr. Zoo!, t. 83. /. 121. Donovan tab. %gf. 2.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch wide, 3 eighths high, . suhpclluoid,
comprefsed dark horny with ferruginous blotches, very finely
striate and minutely roughened like shagreen : aprrture suboval,'
transverse, very slightly dilated, with an acute white margin;
outer-lip reflected ; inr.er-lip fpread.
499. II. subcarinata. White, rather convex, umbilicate,
finely striate across, with 3 fine raised lines on the
larger whorl.
Montague Brit. Shells. p. 438. tab. j.f. 9.
Shell the tenth of an inch wide, more than half as much high,
subopake, with 2 ridges round the base of the larger whorl, and
one on the upper-part, which continues round the middle of the
s'.-.rond whorl, finely striate across between the raised lines :
apcrtuie oval ; outer-lip projecting ; inner reflected, and.,spreading
into a sharp angle.
509. II. Planorbi*. Pale chcanu f , flat, concave above,
slightly c.irinate, umbilicate : aperture obliquely
oval, rather acute at both ends.
linn. Trans, viii. t. $.f. 13. Br. Zool. t. 83. /. 123.
Shell about 5 eighths of an inch wide, pale and pellucid when
empty, blackish when filled with the inhabitant, of 4 finely striate
whorls which have a prominent margin at the base.
501. ll.planata. Pale chesnut, flat, curinate in the
middle of the whorls : aperture suboval, rather acute
at one end.
Linn. Tranr. viii. t. $.f. 14. Msntague Sup!, t. "2.5. f. i.
Shell half an inch wide, resembling the last, but the margin of
the whorls is placed in the middle, and the. aperture is acute at
one end only.
502. JI. Vortex. Horn-colour, concave above, with
about 6 whorls, carinate at the base : aperture oval,
flat, acute,
Jir. Zool. t. 83. f. 124. Donovan, t. 75. Da Costa t. \.f. 12.
Shell hardly half an inch wide, sometimes covered with a
greenish or rufous brown skin : whorls 6 or 7, flat -and not umbili-
cate underneath : aperture compressed, a little angular, with au
acute margin.
B. With rounded whorls 3 umbilicate.
503. II. cornea. Rufous horn-colour, flat, umbilicate
above, with 4 cylindrical whorls.
cave at tup . upcuure
oblique downWards.
50>. H. Spirorbis. Horn-colour, flat, concave on both
skiesj with 5 or 6 cylindrical whorls.
Mentdgus frit, Shells f. $$$. 5/0/ t. 23. /. 2,
188 WORMS. TESTACEA. 59. Helix.
/;,*// 3 tenth-: of an inch wide, pellucid, yellowish-horny, equal
and concave on both sides : apfrture oval.
505. H. contort a. Chesnut, liar, equal both side??, slight-
ly umbilicatc : aperture linear-lunate, acute at the
ends.
Donovan t. 99. Da Costa t . .4. /. 1 1 .
Shell 2 tenths of an inch wide, horn-colour or rufous, with ^ or
6 whorls concave each side : aperture refenibling the moon in its
first quarter.
506. H. alba. Pale horn-colour, flatfish,, finely striate,.
umbilicate both. side* : aperture dilated luuuie.
Montague Krit. shells p. 459. Suppl. t. 25. /. 7.
Simlt a quarter of an inch long, pellucid, covered with a hrown
skin, above Battish beneath convex: zvltorls 4, cylindrical, minutely
striate longitudinally and acrofs.
507. Il.fontana.. Horn-colour, flafy obtusely carinafe,.
umbilicate at the base, with 3 whorls coin ex on both
sides : aperture semiovate.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 462. tab. 6./. 6".
Skell hardly 2 tenths of an inch wide, perfectly fmooth, refc rn-
bling the Nautilus lacustris, but is less convex on the upper-sidt ,
and is without the partitions within : aperture half oval, pointed at
top, dilated towards its connection with. the shell.
508. H. pnlwlosa. White, smooth, flat, umbilicatc, a
little convex above: aperture nearly orbicular,. with
a thick reflected margin.
Linn. Tranfact. viii./>, 193. tab. \.f. 5..
2. With the whorls striate or membranaceously annulate.
iightfoot Philos. Trans. 76. t.^.f. 1-4. Turbo.
Sheila, tenth of an inch wide, with 4 whorls, fubpellucid, with a
clear white opake margin to the aperture.
509. H. Ericetorum. Fiat, whitish with a brown splra 1
band or bands, and very large perforation.
J3r. Zool. t. 85. /. 12?. Donov. t. 151. /. 2. Da Costa t. $.f. 8.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch broad, one quarter high, white or yel-
lowish white, with fometimes feveral bands on the large whorl :
aperture fuborbicular, with a thin margin hardly reflected.
510. H. cingenda. Yellowish-white with brown spiral
bands, with a convex obtuse spire, slightly umbili-
cate : aperture suborbicular.
Br. Zool. t. 8,5./, 133. Montague Suppl. t. 24. /. 4.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch wide, half an inch high, fmooth, with
5 whorls, the larger-ones a little flattened at top ; the upper-part
with broad bands, and numerous darker interrupted ones ; beneath
with a single ciiiate band ; mhorls a little raised, finely reticulate,
dark chocolate-brown at top: aperture with a thin margin.
511. XLvirgata. White with a purplish brown band,
convex: aperture suborbicular, with a fine white
raised line round the margin within.
ST. Zool. t. 85. /. 133, A t . Donovan i. 65. Da Corta t. \.f. 7.
SM! hSf an inch wide, with a single fpiral band from the bafe
to the tip, and ?feveral circular lines of the fame colour round the
bafc, within pale purplish-brown with a white raifed thread-lik*
line round the margin; fometimes rufous or pale with a white
band : perforation narrow, deep.
512. II. caperaia. White with purplish-brovwi bands,
WORMS. TESTACEA 59. Helix. 1&9
tipt with black, striate longitudinally, slightly
marinate and depressed.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 430. tab. 1 1. f. 1 1.
Skett nearly half an inch wide, a quarter high, regularly striate
longitudinally, with a purplish-brown band above, often inter-
rupted with white, beneath with lines of the fame colour; fome-
times dark-brown or grey with a white belt and fpots : aperture
lunate, with a thin lip.
513. H. rufescens. Rufous-brown, slightly wrinkled,
somewhat carinate and depressed : aperture semi-
lunar.
Er. Zoo!, t. 85.7". 127. Donovan t. itf.f. t. Da Costa t. $.f. 6.
Shell half an inch wide, with numerous longitudinal striae or
obfcure wrinkles, with 4 or 5 whorls, the first with an obfcure palci
ridge : outer-lip thin, a little reflected at the lower angle : perfora-
tion large, very deep.
514. H. Cantiana. Pale rufous with a blueish tinge,
slightly striate and depressed : aperture suborbi-
cular.
Donovan t. 157. /. 2. Montague Supp!. tab. 23. /. i.
She Ll 3 quarters of an inch wide, refembling the last, but differs
in colour and size, in wanting the slight keel on the back of the
first whorl, in the place of which is frequently a pale band, in having
a fmaller perforation, and in being obfcurely striate.
515. H. nitens. Fulvous horn-colour, pellucid, slightly
striate, depressed : aperture large, lunate.
Linn. Trans, viii. t. .f. 7. Montague Suppl. t. 23. f. 4.
Shell nearly half an inch wide, thin, brittle, glossy, whitish or
greenish at the bafe : aperture with a thin margin, not reflected :
perforation deep. .
516. H. raditUa. Pale horn-colour, with transverse
chesnut rays, slightly carinate and depressed, closely
striate, convex beneath.
Montague Suppl. t. 'L\.f. 3. Da Costa t. \.f. 15. 16.
Shelf a quarter of an inch wide, thickly fet with dark brown
waves or rays : aperture lunate ; perforation deep.
517. II. hispida. Light horn-colour, diaphanous, clothed
with thick-set whitish hairs, convex : aperture roun-
dish-lunate.
Donou. t. 151. f. i. Da Costa t. 5. f. 10.
Shell about a quarter of an inch Wide, with 5 rounded whorls,
rlothed with short stiff hairs, finely striate acrofs : lip thin, slightly
reilected at the angle near the perforation.
518. H. wnbilicatu. Dark horny-brown, subconic, fine-
ly striate across, with 5 rounded whorls : perforation
large and deep.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 434. tab. 13. f, 2.
Shell the tenth of an inch >Vide, rather conic ami obtufe, with 5
much rounded and deeply divided whorls: aperture lunate, not
reflected*.
519. H. trocftiformis. Horn-colour, pellucid, subconic,
with 6 rounded smooth whorls : aperture somewhat
lunate, transversely compressed.
Montague Rr. Shells p. 427. tab. il,f. g,
Shelf an eighth of an inch wide, and about as much high, some-
times with a rufous tinge, with 6 whorls deeply divided : Up thin,
a little reilected, and forming a slight perforation,
190 WQ&MS:.TESTACEA. 59. Helix.
520. H. Lacuna. Pale horn-colour, subglobular, with
4 tumid smooth whorls : pillar grooved with a long
canal.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 428. tab. 13. /. 6.
Shell a quarter of an inch wide, about as much high ; the 2 upper -
\vhorls placed rather laterally ; pillar lip thick, white, grooved
perforation small, deep.
521. 11. spinulosa. Brown-horny, subconic, with 5
convex whorls surrounded with sharp membrana-
ceous rings and cariiiatc with small spines on the
back.
Montague t. n.f. 10. Phi!. Trans. 76. t. 2./. 1-5.
S/ieti the tenth of an inch wide, covered with a:i tigged 'and spt-
nous skin : aperture suborbicular.,
522. II. Pomatia. Dirty-white, with mostly 3 rcddish-
bro\vn bands on the larger whorl, subovate, obtuse,
languid inally striate : aperture round-lunate.
Br. ZooL t. 84. /. 128. Donov. t. 84. Da Cosla t. 4 ./. 14.
She!! 2 inches \vide, lubglobular, with- 3 or more bands round
the larger whorl, one of which continues round the reft : aperture
large, the margin a little thickened aud reflected; pillar-lip reflec-
ted : perforation small.
523. 11. Arbustorum. Mottled grey brown yellowish and
chcsnut, convex, pointed : aperture suborbieular,
with a reflected margin, elongated on the fore-
part.
Br. ZooL t, 85. /. 130. Donov. t. 136. Da Costa t. 17/. 6.
5Arf/h4rdl? 3 quarters of an inch wide, slightly umbilicate, pale
or yellow-chelnut marbled with oblong brown spots, and generally
with a single fpiral brown ba:n!, within chefnut with a b/oad pure
white, border.
524. II. resupinata. Horn-colour, glossy, with a large
oval aperture, and the whorls ol 1 the tip reversed.
Walker Minute S/uitsf. 24. Minute.
525. 11. globosa. White, opake, glossy, round, with 2
smooth whorls, and roundish aperture.
Walker minute Shells- /. 25.
526. H. rtticulata. White, pellucid, reticulate, subum-
bilicate, with a single whorl,, and rounded margined
aperture,
Walker minute Shf!hf. 26; Adams Microsc. t. i^.f. 12.
527. H. wiispiralis. White, o|>ake, smooth, umbilicnte
both sides, with a single spire,, and rounded aper-
ture.
Walhei minute Shell, tab. \.f. 27.
528.. 11. slduta. Greenish-Mbite, pellucid,, striate, with
3 whorls -reflected on the back- : aperture subo\al.
W.a\her minute Shells f. 2q. Adams Microsc. t. 14. /. 13.
529. H. cuarctata. White, pellucid, with 2 whorls:
aperture roundish, contracted near the umbilicus.
Walker Minute Skills f. 30.
530. H.tubulata. With 3 longitudinally striate whorls,
and a margined protruded tube at the base.
Adams Linn. Tram, iii.j>.6;. f. 13. f. 35. 36.
WORMS. TEStACEA. 59. Helix. 191
S //// with a margined tuhc extending beyond the furfacc of the
she! I, in the place of an umbilicus.
531. \i. fa-sriata. White with 3 transverse rich ma rone
belts on the 1m t whorl, smooth : whorls 3, the first
more tumid.
Adams Linn. Trans, v. I. I./. 20. 21.
S/W/ slightly mnbilicate, pellucid, with 3 belts, the middle-one
broad, the two lateral-ones narrow.
532. II. niiidimma. Horny, glossy, with 2 whorls, very
finely striatc transversely.
Adams Linn. Trans, v. t. i-fig. 22-24.
533. II. bicolor. Slightly umbilicate, smooth, with '2
whorls.
Adams Linn. Trans v. tab. \.f. 25-27.
Shell differing from the last, in being perfectly smooth, entirely
devoid of glofsiness, and in having the inside of the shell white.
C. Wilh rounded whorts, impcrf orate.
534. IT. vu'-para. Yellowish-olive, with 3 brown hands,
suhconic, obtuse, lincly striate : aperture subor-
hicular.
Br. Zoo!, t. 8.j./. 132. Donov. t. 87. Da Costa t. 6./. 9.
Shell an inch and a half long, an inch wide, with 6 tumid whorls,
the larger one with 3 narrow bands, the rest with 2, within ftnooth
white banded : ap;rtitre contracted a little at the upper-part j
pillar reflected,
535. II. nemorali. Subglobular, diaphanous, variously
ban Jed : aperture roundish-lunate.
i. Citron flefh-colour, or tawny, without visible bands: lips
brown.
Da Costa t. 5. fig. i. 2.8.
e. Citron, greenish-yellow, or flesh-colour, with a single brown
band : lips brown.
Da Costa t. $.f. 3. Donov. t. 13. Upper ami middle fig.
3. Citron, greenish-yellow, or flesh-colour, with numerous broa-
der or narrower brown bands : lips brown.
Da Costa t. f } .f. 4. 5. Donov. t. 13. 3 lower fig.
4. Variously coloured and banded, lefs : lips white and thick-
rhed.
Chemn. Conch, g. t. \\%.f. 1199. 1201.
SA<7/about an inch wide, with 5 much lonnded whorls, obtuse,
smooth or slightly striite : aperture broader than it is long.
536. H: hortensis. Yellowish, with 4 tawny bands inter-
rupted by white spots: lip pure white.
Br. Zoo I. t. 84. /. 129. Donov. t. 131. Da Costa t . 4 /. i.
Shell an inch and a half wide, whitish or yellowish, with 4
interrupted bands, the third of which in broader, a little rugged
with minute dots: whorls 4, with obscure plaits : lip margined,
white.
537. H. fufca. Rufous horn-colour, pellucid, nearly
smooth : aperture lunate.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 424, tab. 31, /. i.
Shell about 3 eighths of an inch wide, hardly a quarter of an
inch high, with 5 or 6 very slightly wrinkled whorls : lift thin, a
little reflected at the lower margin. Resembles H. rufescens, but
is lefs rugged, and has no trace of umbilicus.
538. H. viriegata. SubpoliuciJ, smooth, with 4 whorls
marked with rei lines ; the lirst whori tumid.
199 WORMS. TESTACEA. 59, Helix.
Jdams Linn. Trans, ill. p. 67,
Shell imperforate, aperture with a much fpread margu.,,
D. Taper.
539, H. elegantisaima. White, glqssy, tapering to a
fine point, with oblique equidistant grooves: aper-
ture a little angular below.
Montague t. io,J. 2, Donovan t. i"jg,f, \. Turbo,
Shell about a quarter of an inch long, often covered with a brown
skin, with 9-13 flattish whorls, the ribs of which arc broader than
the grooves ; aperture fuborbicular ; inner lip a little reflected,
540. H, dtcussata. White, tapering to a fine point, finel/
decussate: aperture angular at both ends,
Montague Brit. Shells f. 399. tab. 15, f. 7.
Shelly tenths of an inch long, with 8 or 9 slightly raifed whorls>
strongly striate longitudinally., and crossed by very fine lines :
aperture fuboval, contracted at both ends : lip slightly reflected.
541. H, subulata. Pale flesh-colour, with testaceous 6r
chesnut spiral bands, tapering to a fine point, smooth ;
aperture ovaL
Da Costa p. 117. Donovan t. 172. Turbo.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch long, glossy., fometimes white or
reddish, with about 10 tlat whorls, marked with lighter or darker
bands ; aperture Kiuch rounded at top, and contracted at bottom.
542, H. polita. White, quite smooth, tapering to a point,
imperforate : aperture oval.
J?r, Zool. t. 79, 'upper fig, Donovan t, 177. Turbo.
Shell about half an inch long, polished, with 9-13 flat whorls t
aperture ending in a sharp point ; inner-lip reflected,
543. H. bifacinta. White, with an interrupted brown
band, oblong, slightly wrinkled and umbilicate:
aperture oval,
$r, Zooi. t. 82. /, 119, Donov. tab. 18. * Turbo.
Shell nearly 3 quarters of an inch long, with rather rbunded
whorls, and brown or chesnut streaks forming a band or two at the
base : Up a little reflected, forming a s^naU perforation,
544, H. octona. Pale horny, with 8 rounded finely
striate whorls, very slightly umbilicate ; aperture
roundish.
linn. Transact, viii. p. 211. tab. ^f. 10.
Shell about the size of a grain of rye, with 8 tumid whorls;
perforation so fmall as hardly to be diftinguished : aperture near-
ly orbicular,
545. H. octanfracta. Horn-colour, with 8 flattish finely
striate whorls, imperforate : aperture oval.
$r. Zoolt. 86. /. 135. Montague, tab, i,/. 8,
Shell above ,5 eighths of an inch long, often covered .with a
blackish skin : differs from the last in being of a wore conic form,
without the least trace of perforation, and in the whorl* not
being fo distincly feparated,
546, H. Lackhecmensis,. Rusty-brown, oval-oblong, a little
rugged, slightly perforated : aperture rouwdish-lu
nate, with a reflected margin.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 394, tab, u^/, 3.
Shelf 3 quarters of an inch long, rusty-brown varying to horn,
colour and grey, with 7 flattish whorls : aperture whitish, with
often a purplish tinge : lip reflected, and forming a linear cavity,
WORMS. TESTACEA. 59. Helix. 193
547. II. obscura. Brown-horny, opake, oval-oblong,
with 5-7 rather rugged whorls, slightly perforated :
aperture roundish-lunate, with a white lip.
2.i an. Trans, viii. t. $./, n. Montague suppl t. 22. /. 5.
Shell 3 eighths of an inch long, rather obtuse, with rather rotin-
. ded whorls : refembles the laft, but is about half the size, and
more opike.
518. H. lubrica. Horn-colour, smooth, rather taper,
with 6 somewhat rounded whorls, impcrforate :
aperture oval.
Linn. Trans, viii. t. 5. f. 12. Br. Zool. t. 8i./. 118.
She II a quarter of an inch long, glossy, with a fulvous or yellow-
ish tinge, rather obtufe : lip thickish, generally reddish-brown.
549. H. vitrea. White, smooth, subcylindricai, with 4
rounded whorls : aperture oval, contracted, at one
end.
Montague Brit. Shells. p. 321. tab. is./. 3. Turbo.
Shell an eighth of an inch long, pellucid, rather obtufe : aperture
not margined.
550. H. Punctura. Yellowish-white, conic, with 6 globular
reticulate whorls: aperture suborbicular.
Montague Br. Shells p. 320. tab. 12./. 5. Turbo.
Shell the tenth of an inch long, very minutely decussate, rather
taper.
35!. H. arenaria. White, conic, with 5 rounded whorls
strongly striate longitudinally and very finely decus-
sate : aperture oval.
Montague p. 322. /. 12./. 4. Turbo decussatus.
Shell hardly the eighth of an inch long, rather glossy, not much
pointed : lip thin : differs from the last in being more cylindrical,
in its stronger longitudinal strix, and in having the aperture con-
tracted towards one end.
E. Oval, imperf orate.
552. H. stagnalis. Horny, oval tapering to a point,
somewhat angular : aperture oval, large.
Br. Zool. t. 86. /. 136. Donovan, t. 51. /. 2. Da Costa t. 5.7. u.
Shell nearly 2 inches long, whitish, grey or dusky, very thin,
with 6 or 7 whorls, the first very large and marked with a few irre-
gular tranfverfe ridges, the rest fuddenly tapering to a fine point ;
aperture vei*y large ; lip thin.
553. H. fragilis. H orn-colour, oval tapering to a point,
cylindrical, pellucid: aperture oval oblong.
Montague Brit. Shel/. p. 369. tab. i6./. 7.
Shell extremely tender, pellucid, rcfembling the last, but the
whorls turn more obliquely, the larger not fo tumid, and the aper-
ture is fmaller and more oblong.
554. H.palusti-is. Brown, horny, oblong, with 6 rather
rounded whorls : aperture oval.
Br. Zool. t. 86. /. 136. B. Dtaov. f. 175,7. i. 2. Mont. t. i6./. to.
Shell about 3 quarters of an inch long, grey or covered with a
brown skin, minutely striate longitudinally and acrofs, purplish or
brownish within : differs from S. stagnalis in being lefs, not fo
brittle, not tapering to fo fine a point, and in the larger whorl
being lefs tumid : lip reflected.
i
194 WORMS. TESTACEA. 59. Helix:
355. H .fossaria. Horn-colour, suboval, with 5 or 6
rounded deeply divided whorls : aperture oval.
'Montague, t. 16. / g. Linn. Trans viii. t. $./, 9.
Shell 3 [eighths of an inch long, thin, pellucid, refembles the
laft but is much smaller, the whorls are more deeply divided and
very rarely wrinkled acrofs, and the aperture is more oval.
556. H. detrita. "Conic, white with a rufous spiral band
or more : aperture oval.
Montague Brit. Shells. p. 384. lab. n.f.i.
Shell 3 quarters of an inrh long, with 6 slightly rounded whorls,
a little wrinkled longitudinally, generally marked with a single
band, fometimes with 3 on the larger whorl the middle one of
which is narrower; inner-lip a little reflected, and forming a
small deprefsion.
557. H. sitccinca. Oblong, acute, fulvous,, diaphanous,
with 3 whorls: aperture oval.
Montague t. 16. /. 4. Donov. t. i68./. i. II. putris.
Shell hardly half an inch long, very -thin and brittle, amfeer-
colour, with the first whorl very large but- not tumid: aperture
reaching over more than half the shell : lip very thin.
558. H.pufris. Oval, obtuse,ylloM r , with 4 whorls;
aperture oval.
Br. Zocl. t. 86. /. 137. Montague t. 16. /. 3. ' H. peregra.
'.-.. With a white thick lip. L. Trans, viii, t. $.f. 8.*
Shell an inch long, often covered with a dusky-brown skin, thin,
with numerous oblique striae ; whorls 4, the first large and tumid r
aperture reaching over 3 fourths of the shell.
559. H ttntaculata. Conic, obtuse, yellowish- white, with
5or 6 rounded whorls : aperture oval.
Br. Zool. t. 86./. 140. Donov. t. 93. Da Costa t> 5 /. 12.
Shell half an inch long, diaphanous, with deeply divided whorls,
rather obtufe : aperture fuborbicular, clofed with a concentrally
wrinkled lid.
560. H. canalis. Conic* horn-colour, with 5 smooth
rounded whorls : aperture suborbicular ; pillar with
4i groove.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 309. f. 12./. 11. Turbo.
Shell 3 eighths of an inch long, pellucid, acute, with the first
whorl large : aperture fubangular ; outer-lip thin ; pillar broad,
white, grooved, ending in a fmall depression.
561. H. auricularis* Conic, smooth, yellowish-white,
obtuse, with a short acute spire : aperture dilated,
ear-shaped.
Br. Zool. t. So./. 138. Donov. t. 51 ./. i. Da Costa t. 5.7. 17.
2. Montague p. 381. t. \6.f. i. H. limofa.
Shell an inch or more long, often covered with a brown skin,
with 4 whorls, the first very large and tumid and finely striate
acrofs, within yellowish : lip much extended, a little reflected,
fometimes projecting into an angle above.
562. H. glutinosa. Yery tumid, yellow horn-colour,
with 3 whorls ending in an obtuse spire : aperture
oval, very large.
Montague Btit. Shells, p. 379. tab. i6./. 5.
Shell above half an inch long, very thin and brittle, fmooth or
faintly wrinkled, fometimes covered with a glutinous skin; afer
ture reaching nearly to the tip.
WORMS. TESTACEA. 60. Nerita. 195
563. 11. lutea. Suboval, dull orange, with about 3 whorls
ending in an obtuse spire : aperture oval, very wide.
Montague Brit, Shells f. 380. t. 16 /. 6.
Skell nearly half an inch long, finooth ; the first whorl very
large : tip a little fpread : rcfembles H. auricularia 2. but is less,
not fo tumid, and- thicker and stronger.
56i. H. la-oigaia. Flesh-colour, very obtuse, with 3
whorls ? the first very large aud wide, the others
minute and placed laterally.
Br. Zool. t, 86. f. 139. Donovan tab. 105.
Shell about the size of a pea, suborbicular, yellowifh or reddish
flesh-colour, very thin and brittle, pellucid, with the fmaller
whorls placed laterally and hardly raifed, finely striate longitudi-
nally and wrinkled transversely, often covered with a thick brown
skin: aperture very wide and rounded, thin, within whitish or
or purplish-brown.
565. H. bulloides. Horn-colour, oval, smooth, glossy,
with 3 reversed whorls : aperture oval.
Donovan's Brit. Shells, v- tab. i68./. 2.
Shell 3 eighths of an inch long, dark horn-colour, brittle,
obtuse ; the first whorl very large but not-much inflated.
60- NERITA^. Nerite.
566. N. Canrena. Smooth, with a slightly raised and
pointed spire, and gibbous cloven umbilicus.
Donovan's Brit. Shells, v. t. 167. N. intricata.
Shell about the size of a hazel nut, whitish, with yellowish or
ferruginous zigzag marks spirally disposed : aperture wide, semi-
circular : per/oration deep, cloven.
567. N^glaudna. Smooth, with a rather obtuse spire:
umbilicus partly closed by the thick white reflected
lip.
Br. Zoot.t. 87. /. 141. Doncv. t. BO./, i. Da Costa t. $./. 7.
Shell about half an inch long, white, grey, reddish or livid, with
generally a chain of zigzag short bluish or chefnut lines round the
futures of the whorls ; spire obtuse, a little pointed : aperture
roundish-lunate.
568. N. Mammilla. Oval, smooth, white or yellowish :
umbilicus nearly closed by the reflected lip : aper-
ture oval.
Donovan Brit. Shells, tub. 144. N. nitida.
Shell about half an inch long, polished, oval-oblong, .with a
short spire, the sutures of which are nearly obliterated : aperture
oval ; lip toothless,, gibbous beneath : -perforation nearly closed
by the reflected lip.
569. N.fluviatilis* Suboval, rugged, imperforate : lips
toothless.
with an orange lid.
570. N. paVddula. Yellowish horn-colour, smooth,
with a large umbilicus : aperture semilunar, much
spread.
R 2
196 WORMS. TESTACEA. 61. 6*?.
Donovan t. \6.f. i. Da Costa p. 51. t. .f. 4. 5 .
A*// near half an inch long, convex, \vith the fpire a little pro-
minent, covered with a brown skin, the first whorl very large r
fometimes faintly wrinkled : lip thin, fringed by the skin pillar
thick, white.
571. N.littoralis. Globular, thick, smooth with a flat
spire : lips toothless.
Br. Zool. t. 87. /. 143. Donov. t. zo.f. 2. Da Costa t. 3.7. 7.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch high, nearly as much broad, thick,
strong, various shades of yellow red or brown, often variegated in
numerous varieties, fometimes banded, with 4 or 5 whorls, the
first very large : aperture fuborbicular, or inclining to oval, with
the margin thickened within.
572. N. pellucida. Pellucid, smooth, with 3 whorls.
Adams Linn. Trans. \\\.p. 67. Minute.
2. Subpellucid, fmooth, with 2 whorls.
Adams Linn. Trans, in. p. 67. N. alba.
The two last may probably be only the young shells of
N. glaucina.
61. HALIOTIS. Sea ear.
573. H.Juberculata. Dull rufous-brown, suboval, trans-
versely nigged and tubercled on the back.
Br. Zool. t. 88. /. 144. Donov. t. 5. Da Dosta t. 2. f. i. 2.
Shell 3 or 4 inches long, 2 or 3 wide, ibmetimes mottled, striate
longitudinally, wrinkled tranfverfely, with a few raifed tubercles,
perlaceous within, open near the whole length, with a thin irre-
gular outer margin : lip white, inflected : spire a little raifed : f<r
/orations about 20-28, of which ,5 or 6 are open.
62. PATELLA. Mmet,
A. Furnished with an internal Up.
574. P, chinensis. Subconic, smooth, entire, whitish,
internal lip lateral.
Donovan tab. 129. P. pallida.
Shell above half an inch wide, not fo much high, fubconic, whitish
or pale brown, entire at the margin, with the crown central end-
ing in a finall whorl, concentrically wrinkled and rough with
i'mall concave fcales ; within glossy, white, with a broad flat thin
fub-fpiral lip near the margin.
B. With the margin angular, or irregularly toothed.
575. P. vulgata. With about 14 obsolete angles, and
dilated acute margin.
Br. Zool. t. 89. /. 145. 146. Donov. t. 14. Da Costa t. \.f. \. 2. 8.
Shell 2 inches or more wide, conic or a little depressed, dirty
green or brown, fometimes varied with ferruginous or brown
marks, finely striate longitudinally, within glossy, yellowish
horn-colour, whitish at the bottom : crown rather obtufe, nearer
the fmaller end : margin fometimes indented, fometimes entire.
C. With a pointed recurved crown.
576. P. Mitrula. Entire, subconic, -white, with concen-
tric imbricate wrinkles.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 486. t. 1 3. /. 9. P. antiquata.
Shell about half an inch wide, thick, opake ; aperture oval :
crown recurved, nearer one end.
WORMS. TESTACEA. 62. Patella. 197
577. P.-ungarica. -Entire, conic, longitudinally striate,
with a pointed hooked revolute crown.
Sr. Zool. t. go.f. 147. Donov. t, 21. f. \. Da Coita t. i.f. 7.
Sfieli about an inch wide, reddish or flesh-colour, often covered
with a hairy skin, fometiines tranfverfely plaited, within fmooth
rofy-White : margin often crenate : crown on one side, much
recurved.
578. P. militaris. Entire, white, conic, striate and
faintly reticulate, with a pointed hooked obliquely
recurved crown.
Montague tab. 13. f. n. Donovan tab. 171.
Shell about half an inch wide, finely striate both ways : CJOWH
revolute, turning to one side : aperture nearly orbicular.
579. P. intorla. Nearly entire, ferruginous, with, alter-
nately larger and lesser ribs : crown slightly re-
curved.
Br. Zool. tab. go. f. 148. Donovan tab. 146.
Shell near an inch wide, covered with a ferruginous skin, gene-
rally decorticated at top, pale within, with numerous fubimbricatc
ribs : aperture oval : margin entire or slightly toothed.
580. P. lacustris. Very entire, oval, whitish, membran-
aceous, with a pointed recurved crown.
Donovan tab. 147. Da Costa tab. 2.y. 8.
Shell a quarter of an inch wide, covered with a greenish or dusky
skin, fometiines slightly striate or tranfverfely wrinkled : crown
pointed, near one end.
581. P. oblonga. Very entire, oblong, contracted in
the middle, horn-colour, with a pointed reflected
oblique crown.
Donovan t. 159. Philos. Trans. 76. t. Q.f. i. 2. 3. 5.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, one tenth wide, covered with a
greenish skin: crown final!, turning to one side, near the narrow
part of the margin.
D. Entire, without the pointed crown.
582. P.pelludda. Obovate, gibbous, pellucid, yellow-
ish-horn-colour with 4 blue rays of dots on one
side.
Br.Zool. t. 90. /. 150. Donov. t. 3. /, i. Da Costa t. i./.g. 6.
Shell 3 quarters of an inch wide, more or lefs conic, fometimes a
little depressed with an obfcure crown, with 3-5 rays of blue dots
on one side from the crown to the margin.
583. P. parva. Entire, oblong-orbicular, white with
reddish rays, finely striate, with the point of the
crown nearly marginal.
Donovan tab. 21. f. 2. Da Costa tab. B.f. it.
Shell 3 eighths of an inch long, 2 eighths wide, mostly covered
with a dusky skin, circularly Wrinkled, Whitish or bluish, radiate
with reddish, more or less distinctly: crown obtufe : margin very
entire.
584. P. bimaculata. Yellow, with an oblong black spot
at each end, oval, convex, depressed, with an obso-
lete crown.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 482. lab. 13.7. 8.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, an eighth wide, opak,e ftnooth
xvith a tranfverfe oblong black fpot at the fmaller end, and a lon-
gitudinal one Bear the margin, within yellow ; mr$in lain,
193 WORMS. TESTACEA. 63. Dentalium.
585. p Rotula. White, opake, flat, round, with a re-
gularly toothed margin.
Kanm. and Adams Microsc. p. 63,5. t. 14.7. 9. P. Rota.
Found at Sandwich : very minute and rare.
E. With the crown perforated.
586. P. Fissura. Oval, reticulate, cloven half way up
on the fore-part : crown a little recurved.
cf ??(' ';r 90 '/' 152 ' Don V ' ' 3 ' f' 2 ' Da C Sta f ' l '/ 4-
o/W/halfan inch long, 3 eighths wide, conic,. b.rown or white,
within white or flesh-colour : margin crenate, with a slit on one
side half way to the crown.
587. P.grtcca. Oval, convex, strongly reticulate, cre-
nate on the margin within.
r. Zoo/, t. 89.7. 153. Donou. t. 21 ./. 3, Da Costa t. \.f. 3,
Shell about 3 quarters of an inch long, hardly half an inch wide,
aquaiter high, dull brown, within white or radiate with dull pur:-
ple, fomewhat tubercled by the crossing of the tranfverfe striae :
margin indented : crown not central, truncate, with an oblong per-
foration.
588. P. Aperlura. Subconic, white, strongly ribbed
longitudinally with a few transverse ridges: crown
recurved.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 492. tab. 13.7. 10.
Shell hardly a quarter of an inch long, not an eighth high, glos.'y
white within, with strong longitudinal tubercled ribs crofsed by a
few ridges: crown reflected, with a rhombic perforation: margin
oval, crcnulate.
63. DENTALIUM. Tooth-shell.
589. D. Dentalis W r hite, slightly curved, interrupted,
with about 20 stria*.
fumph, mus. t. 41. /. 6. Born. mus. t. i8./. 13.
Shell about half an inch long, tapering to a fine point, pervious,
closely striate, with sometimes a few faint annulations at the
larger end, opake white, fomethnes tipt with red.
590. D. Entails. White or yellowish, slightly curved,
smooth, continued.
Br. Zool. t. 90.7. 154. Bonov. t. 48. Da Costa t. 2.7. to.
Shell an inch and a half long, tapering to a fmall point, pervious,
smooth or very minutely striate, with a few circular annulations,
truncate at tha tip.
591. D. Gailus. White, glossy> smopth, slightly curved,
inflated near the larger end.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 496. tab. \$.f. 7.
Shell hardly 3 eighths pf an inch long, nearly straight, contracted
at the larger end, with a rather sharp point.
592. D. striatulum. Green tipt with white, slightly
curved, with 8 angles, and as many ribs.
Donovan Brit. Shells, v. tab. 162.
Shell about an inch and a half long, sometimes grey-white, with
the larger aperture angular, and the snialler-one very narrow and
orbicular.
593. D. imperforatum. Whitish, slightly curved, cylin-
drical, transversely striate, truncate
At tbe wilier eud
WORMS. TESTACEA. 64. Vermiculura. 199
Walker. Min. shells./. 15. Adams Microsc. t. 14. /. 8.
Shell the eighth of an inch long, white or cinereous, a little con
tracted at the margin, with the smaller end closed and furnished
with a small round protuberance.
594. D. Trachea. Ferruginous, cylindrical, curved, with
numerous close-set strong annulations, truncate and
imperforate at the smaller end.
Montague Brit, Shells- p 497. tab. 14. f. 10.
Shtll rather more than the eighth of an inch long, with a small
round protuberance at the closed end : differs from the laft, in
being more curved more strongly and regularly wrinkled, and
in haying the margin of the aperture not contracted.
j95. D. glabrum. Glossy-white, cylindrical, curved,
quite smooth, closed rounded and slightly margined
at one end.
Mfintague Brit. Shells p. 497. n. 6.
M<r//hardly a line long, equal in size its whole length, without
striae or wrinkles : aperture orbicular. .
61. VERMICULUM.
A. More or less convolute.
596. V. incurvatum. Whife, semitransparent, straight,
with 3 close whorls at the smaller end.
Walker minute Shelhf. 11. Adams Microsc. t. \\.f. 7.
2. With a single whorl at the tip, pervious.
Walker Minute Shells/. 12. Montague p. 518. S. per v him.
Slifll hardly a line long, refembling Nautilus femilituus, but is
quite fmooth, cylindrical, without fyphon or internal chambers.
597. V. bicorne. White, opake, semilunar, inflated in
the middle.
Walker minute Shells /. 2. 3. Adams Microsc. t. \\.f. 2. 3.
Shell a line long, tapering to each end.
598. V. Seminulum. White, opake, smooth, oval, com-
pressed, with 3 or 4 whorls.
Walker Minute Shells/, i. Linn. Trans, v. t. i./. aff-ao.
,S/ie//the tenth of an inch wide, with the whorls more pr lefs
orbicular or oval : aperture compressed, fcmilunar.
599. V. subrotundum. White, opake, suhorbicular, subr
compressed, of 3 whorls, the middle-one elevated on
the upper-side.
Walker minute Shells f, 4. Montague p. 521. . 6.
Shell half a line wide, fmooth, the middle whorl raised abqve the
others on the upper-side, and not visible beneath: aperture angular,
with a yellow margin.
600. V. oblongum. White, opake, glossy, ohlong-oval,
suh-compressed, with a single longitudinal suture on.
one side.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 522. tab. 14. f. g.
Shell hardly half a line long, with a single longitudinal future on
one side, dividing the shell into. two parts, on the other the middle
whorl is furrounded by a faint depression : aperture a little pro-
duced, oval, with a yellow margin.
B, Bottle-shaped, not convolute.
601. V.-iactewn. . Oval, tkin r pellucid, smooth, with
milky veins;
00 WORMS. TESTACEA. 63. Serpula.
Walker Minute Shells/. 5. Jdamj Micro.sc. t. M./. 4.
Shell half a line long, slightly compressed, divided into about
4 departments hy the milky lines, with an opake white border.
602. V. striaiwn. Suboval, glossy white, pellucid, with
a slender produced mouth, and longitudinal opake
striae.
Walkrr /. 6. Adams Micr. t. 14. /. 5. Serpula Lagena.
Shell not half a line long, shaped like an oil-flask.
03. V. globosum. Globular, white, transparent, with
the mouth hardly produced.
Walker Minute -Shells f. 8. Montague p. 523.
Shtll rather lefs than the last, from which it differs in being des-
titute. of striae, and' in not having a lengthened mouth.
SOI. V.ltevt. Bluish-white, transparent like glass, oval,
smooth, with a produced mouth.
Walter min. Shells/. 9. Montague p. 524. n. n.
Differs from the last, in being of a more oblong shape, of a
glass-like transparency, and in having a lengthened mouth.
605. V. marginatum. White, transparent, a little com-
pressed, surrounded longitudinally by a raised
ridge.
Walker min. Shells f, 7. Montague 524. . 12.
ReTemhles V. globofum, but is rather less, more compressed, and
ha* a raifed margin round it longitudinally.
606. V. sqwtmosum. White, subglobular, marked with
undulate striae like the scales of a fish : mouth a
little produced.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 526. tab. 14. /. 2.
Shell refembling V. striatum, but instead of being striatc longi-
tudinally, is covered with tranfverfe undulations exactly refem-
bling a fishes fcales.
07. V. perlucidum. White, transparent, subglobular,
with a long cylindrical neck, and a small knob at the
base, and 6 strong equidistant longitudinal ribs.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 525. tab. i\.f. 3.
Shell not the tenth of an inch long, glossy, shaped like a wine-
bottle.
408. V. Urnae. White, semitransparent, smooth, urn-
shaped, with a conic neck, and slended appendage
at the base.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 525. tab. \\.f. i.
Shell hardly a line long, glossy, round with a gradually tapering
neck like an urn, and a slender appendage or knob at the bafc.
65, SERPULA.
A, Spiral.
609. L. Sprillum, Crlossy-white, pellucid, regular, orbi-
cular, with roud gradually decreasing whorls.
fulta. in Hutch. Bcrset.p. 52^ 4a^. *&/. 27**
a. Wkh the whorls in a contrary direction,
Walter minute Shell, tab. i./, 13, 14,
SheUzline in diameter, with 2 or 3 vlightiy wrinkled whorls,
mostly placed laterally and mnbilicate in the centre..
filO. S. minute Dirty-white, opake, regular, orbicular,
with rounded whorls in a cootrrj direction.
Montague Brit, Shtll] p* 403. . 9.
WORMS. TBSTACEA 65. Serpula. 201
SheU not more than the thirty-sixth of an inch in diameter,
iranfverfely wrinkled, with fome times a slight ridge along the
back.
Oil. S. spirorbis. White, opake, regular, orbicular :
whorli slightly channelled above inwardly, gradually
decreasing.
tr. Zeol. t gi.f. 155. Doucv. t. g. D* Costa t. 2./. ti.
Skell the eighth of an inch wide, fmooth or slightly Wrinkled,
rounded above, flattish underneath, umbilicate in the middle.
fl!2. . S. granulata. White, opake, clustered, round, with
3 elevated ribs on the upper side.
Donovan Brit. She Us. tab. 100.
Shell about the size of the latt, fpiral but not quite regular,
slightly umbilicate, with two whorls.
61 3. S. heterostropha. Dirty-white, round : whorls with
3 ribs, turning in a contrary direction.
Montague Brit. Shells f. 503 8. 7.
Shell refembling the last, but is about half the size, with lefs
eminent ribs, and the whorls are placed in a contrary direction :
aperture orbicular.
G14. S. carinata. White, opake, regular : the outer
whorl with a reticulate ridge at top.
Montague Br. Shells p. 502. n. 4.
Shell about half the size of S. fpirorbii, concave and fometimes
pervious ia the middle, a little fpreading at the bafe.
615. S. corrugate. White, regular, rough with trans-
verse wrinkles, umbilicate.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 503. . 5.
Shell about the eighth of an inch wide, differing from S. Spirit*
lam in being itrongcr, and not exposing fo much of the inner
whorls,
616. &, cornea, Uoru-colour, pellucid, regular, rounded,
with 3 whorls.
Adams Linn. Trans. 5. t. \.f. 33-35-
<H7. S. lucida. Round, quite smooth, pellucid, glossy,
vitreous, with the whorls turning in a contrary
direction.
Adams linn. Trans. 5. t. \.f. 31. 32.
Shell half a line in diameter, with the whorls fometimes uncon-
nected : aperture often projecting upwards.
618. S. reversa. White, suhcylindrical, rugged, spirally
or irregularly twisted : aperture turning in a reversed
direction,
Mentagve Brit. Shells p. 508, n. n.
Sfittl the tenth of an inch wide, tranfverfcly wrinkled, fome-
times pretty regularly fpiral, fometimes variously twisted, with
the aperture always reverfed. Probably only a variety of S. ver-
micularis, for the inhabitant is the fame.
B. Contorted, irregular.
619. S. vermicitlaris. White, cylindrical, tapering, rug-
ged, variously curved and twisted.
Br. Zool. t. 91. /. 1.58. Da Castap. 18. tab. $.f. 2.
Shfll frm the size of a large thread to that of a Swan's quill, fre-
quently clustered, totally affixed to some other fubstance, never
carinate along the tuck, .nkibttant with branched fringed tcnta-
202 WORMS. TESTACEA. 66. 67. '
cula, fpotted with red, and furnished with a* double trumpet-
shaped probofcis. ;
(520. S. triquetm. White or reddish, rugged, creeping,
variously twisted, triangular.
Br. Zool. t. 9 1./. 157. Donovan t. 95. Sow. Misf. t, 31..
,SAe//refembJing the last, but is oarinate along -the. back, and has
generally the bafe a little fpread, giving it a, triangular appearance
. Inhabitant with double feathered tentacula, and a single trumpet-
shaped. proboscis*
621. S. tubularia. White, .rouod, taper, slightly rug-
ged, affixed and convolute, at the smaller end.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 513. n. 14.
Shelly or 5 inches long, 2 tenths of an inch wide at the larger
end, with an orbicular aperture, detached and afcending at the
larger end, affixed and flexuous or convolute at the fmaller. Inha-
bitant with double yellowish feathered tentacula annulate with
pink, without the trumpet-like proboscis; head long, white,
burred with pink and green.
66. TEREDO. Ship-worm.
622. T.navalis. Extremely thin and brittle, cylindrical,
taper, smooth.
Donovan tab. 145. Philos. Transact. 1806. t. 12. 13.
Shell 4-6 inches long, whitish, a little flexuous, more or less
obtufe and strong at the tip, finely striate longitudinally, with
. . internal plates, contracting the part to a fmall orifice : aferture
orbicular.
67. SABELLA.
623. S. alveolata. With numerous parallel tubes cemen-
ted together, with their mouths somewhat funnel-
form.
Donovan t. 139. Br. Zool. t. gz.f. 162. Ellis Corall.p. 90. tab.^.
Tubes nearly straight, 2 or 3 inches long, forming large masses,
'compofed of sand and fine fragments of shells, with their apertures
dilated, refembling a piece of honey-comb.
624. S. Penidllus. Brown, cylindrical, taper, with an
interior smooth coriaceous subpellucid coat.
Soiverby Misctli. t, 12. Ellis Corall. p. 92. t. 84.
Tube folitary, 6 or 7 inches long, nearly- straight, fmall and
flexuouj at 'the frnaller end, fometimes faintly wrinkled ; .the
outer-coat compofed of the finest particles of fand and earth ag-
glutinated : aperture a quarter of an inch wide.
625. S. granulata. Straight, thin, brittle, tapering, with-
out internal coat.
Donovan t. 233. Br. Zool, t. 92. /. 163.
Tube folitary, brownish, 2 inches or more long, 3 ejghthst of an
inch wide at the larger end, tapering to about half as -much at the
fmaller, compofed of fine agglutinated fand.
626. S. C/irysodon. Cylindrical, papyraceous, nearly
of equal size throughout, straight, surrounded with
branched fibres at the mouth.
Pall. Mise. Zool. t. g./. 14-16. Montague p, 546. . 4.
Tube folitary, about the size of a goofe-quill, compofed of fand,
fragments of shells, or fmall flat pieces of stone clofely cemented on
a tubular membrane -.-aperture furnished with numerous long fibre--
WOItMS. TESTACEA. GTVSabella. 20,3
projecting in a fo me what funnel-shaped manner, but a little com-
pressed sideways
27. S. conchilegq. . Thin, brittle, usually attached its
whole length in a serpentine manner on old bivalve
shells.
Brit, Zool. n. 161, tab, 26*.' lower figure.
Skell compofed of large fragments of shells, and very little fand
/cemented on a thin membrane, 4 or 5 inches long, often, interwoven
together : differs from the last, in being attached, in its larger com-
ponent parts, and in wanting the funnel-shaped fihrous mouth.
4j28. S. lumbtltaKs. Coarse, 1 attached, variously twisted
and entwined, composed of coarse sand with frag
.<mems<of shells cemented together.
'Montague Brit. Shells, p. 549. n. 6.
- Shell wi-th a strong tube, 2 or 3 inches long, a quarter wide,
strongly fixed to stones and other bodies. Inhabitant with a rather
fpreading probofcis, fringed round the edge with bristles j mouth
with 4 long -bristles, and intermediate shorter-ones : head with
numerous capillary red tentacula on the back part.
629- S. firrata. Thick, brittle, a little tapering, com-
posed of sand mixed together and slightly ce-
mented.
'Montague Brit. Shells p. 550. n. 7.
Skell 6 or 7 inches long, foft when moist, crumbling when dry.
Inhabitant red, annulate, round, with triple lateral fafcicles.
630. S. arenaria. Cylindrical, equal in size at hoth ends,
very brittle, composed of sand slightly cemented
without internal membrane.
Montague Brit. Shells, p. 552. n, 8.
Shell about the size of a raven's quill : rcfembles S. granulata,
but is less, of equal thickness throughout, and has no internal
membrane.
6.31. S. subcylindrica. SubcylindTical, slender, brittle,
composed of line sand and minute particles of broken
shells, cemented on a fine membrane, adhering by
their flat sides.
SA^/abottt 3 inches long, the tenth of an inch wide, of nearly
the fame size throughout.
g32. S. sttiformis. Slender, tapering, composed of very
fine fragments of shells and stones, placed obliquely
and imbricate over each other.
a. Fragments not imbricate, with fometimes a lateral branch
near the fmaller end.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 553. n. 10.
Shell 3 or 4 inches long r dooble the size of a hog's bristle, taper-
ing to half the size at the lower-end.
633. S. curta. Short, a little taper, affixed by the small-
. cr end, composed of sand and minute fragments of
shells cemented on a tough membrane.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 554. n. 1 1 .
Shell fometimes formed of fand only, hardly half*an inch long,
the size of a crow's quill, generally naked at the lower-end for half
its length, and fixed by its flexible membrane.
634. S. compressa. Short, broad, very flat, composed of
large fragments of flat biralve shells with their con-
vex sides upwards.
204 WORMS. ZOOPHYTA. 68. 69.
Montague Brit. Shells p. 555. tt. 12.
Skett About an inch and a half long, formed of 5 or 6 largi
fragment* of shells with their concave sides placed downward 1 ,
leaving a narrow opening at the ends of each.
ORDER IV. ZOOPHYTA.
6S. MAD'REPORA. Madrepore.
655.. M. verrucaria. Star single, semiorbicular, sessile,
with a convex disk full of tubular pores and radiate
round the border.
Sotandend EUis Zooph. p. 137. . 13. Gins*. Adr. 10. t. 4. /. 13.
Size of a split pea, white or yellowish, witk aggregate tube* oi\
the disk like the florets of a composite flower, and a flattened
striate border like the rays of thefe flowers. It appears an inter-
mediate fpecies between the Madrepore, Tubipore, and Milleporc.
636. M. muricalis. Aggregate, cylindrical, distant, striate.
united by numerous transverse psrtitions.
Btrlase Cemiva-ll f. 87, /. J. Ph iL Traits. 53. t. 20. /. 14.
Sometimes cast on the Jriih coast and ic often found petrified :
corals nearly straight, from an inch to 2 long, white, stellate and
flat 'at top.
69. M1LLEPORA. Millepore.
637. M.'Cerwcomi"*. Somewhat compressed, forked, with
cells on both side*, and rather prominent tubular
florets.
Seriate Ccrnw. t. 4./. 7. Afar/. Mar. t. St./. 152. 153.
Cera/ 5 or6' inches high, reddish or yellowish-brown, whitish
within, appearing as if covered with a varnish, branched like the
horns of a stag; feme of the pores divided at the bafc*
638. M. Skenei. Flat, slightly branched, with cells OH
both sides disposed in alternate rows : cells turbinate,
with a gaping mouth, and covered with a helmet ;
the under-lip with a small tooth.
Solandtr and EUif Zooph. p. 1 35. n. g.
Found adhering to rocks near Aberdeen, of a bright shining white
colour, and appearing as if covered with a silver varnish.
639. AL compressa. Compressed, branched, more or less
truncate : pores every where a little prominent and
rough.
Sowerby's British Miscellany i. p. 83. tab. 41.
Ceral about 2 inches high, reddish-grey, with distant branches.
640. M. lichenoides. Caulescent, decumbent, with waved
bifariously forked branches above with the pore i a
little prominent, striate beneath.
fllii Ccrall. p. 95. *. 35. /. B. t. Nat. MisceU. t. 416.
Ccral e or 3 inches long, milk-white, /cry brittle! with obtufe
denticulate branches.
641. M.fasdalis. Memhranaceous, flat, narrow, branched*
flexuous, with pores on both sides.
Ellis CoTall.f. 72. r. 30.7. B. b. Borl. Comiu. t. 4./. 6.
Coral about 6 inches in diameter, growing in irregular oai:c* :
IVOR-MS, ZOOPHYTA. 70. Cellcpora. i&
branches flat, narrow, irregularly fubdivided, coalescing, twisting,
and branching out again, leaving hollow fpaccs between them.
642, M.foliacea. Foliaceous, flexuous, uniting here and
there at the extremities, and covered with hardly
visible pores on both sides.
Ellis. Corallines;?. 71. tab.- 30. f..a. A. B.- C.
* From 3 inches to a foot long: white, stony.
43. M. celtulosa. Membranaceous, reticulate, funnel-form,
irregularly waved and plaited on the margin, with
numerous pores on one side.
Ellis. Corall.p. 72. t. 25. /. d. D; F. Nat. Miscell. t. 169.
About 3 inches high, solid, brittle, white or yellowish-grey,
refembling a piece of lace, consisting of a fiat undulating mem-
brane covered with large regular oval perforations on one sid,
*Juite smooth on the under-part between the openings ; sometimes
dispofed in a cup-fhaped form ; at other times running into loose
folds with a waved margin, like a ruftle.
%4. M. polymorpha. Crustaceous, solid, irregularly sha-
ped, but generally branched and tubercled, witb
pores not visible to the naked eye.
'Ellis. Cvrall.'p. 76. t. 27. C. Btackw. Herb. t. 343.
Coral from j to 3 inches high, pure white, red, yellowish, green-
ish or grey; sometimes shaped like the kernel of a walnut;
often in large comprefsed maffes ; sometimes like a small bunch
df grapes ; but most frequently in short irregular ramifications of
a chalky tubercled appearance and stony substance. It is Ihc
common coral cf the shops.
*6i5. "M.. Alga. Consisting of very thin and brittle semi-
circular plates, disposed horizontally.
Solander and Ellit Zooph. p. \$\; n. 3. tab. 23. /. IG.-IS .
Found on the Cornish coast, covering the M. polymorpha, and
is either red, purplish* yellow, or whitish ; extremely brittle and
thin, with femicircular plates of various sizes constantly growing
horizontally, with their' margins bending over, making them con-
vex on the upper-side 'and concave underneath. '
M. tubulosa. Crustaceous, parasitic, pale purple,
with tubular pores disposed in transverse rows or
whorls:
Ellis Corall.p. 74. . 6. lab. 27. e. E.
Tubipora serpens. Gmel. 3754. Turt. iv. r. 614.
1 Found enveloping the stems of the Sertularia falcata: tubes erect
or a little declining, minute, difpofed in rows over each other.
647. M. liliacea. Creeping, prostrate, in obtuse linear
divisions, with tubular v pores on the upper*surface
disposed in transverse rows.
Mars. Hist. Mar. p. 153. tab. 347. 168. a. 4. 6.
Somewhat rcfembles the last, but is vrhite,
70. CELLEPORA. Cellepore.
643. C. spinosa. Parasitical, spongy, rough, consisting
of globular cells armed at the mouth with a spinous
tooth or two.
Ellis Corallines p. 74. tab. 30. /. d. D.
Found incrusting many of the SertularU: and Futi; ctlis
minute globular, ojen at top, guarded; round. lhe : moiilfr witU
fpincs.
S
2G6 WORMS. ZOOPHYTA. 71. 72.
649. C. putnicosa. Parasitical, very brittle, consisting of
prominent cells unarmed at the mouth.
Ellis Corallines p. 75. tab. 27. f. f. F (
Refembles the last, but is more brittle, lefs globular, and the
mouths of the cells are not invested with fpines.
71. ISIS. Coral
650* I. jEnfrocfoz. Stem testaceous, cylindrical, with
-orbicular perforated joints, and whorled forked
branches.
Encyclop. Pertkensis tab. 1 37 . Jig. 22.
"Mest frequently found petrified. Stem about the thicknefs of a
finger, with crowded flat orbicular joints perforated in the centre.;
the perforation pentangular, with the disk--faintly striate from the
centre : outer-bark or flesh unequal, And fuwounded with a row
o,f tubercles : branches thin, forked, continued and not jointed, lit
is probable therefore, that thofe fossile bodies called Entrochi^ are
petrified fpecimens of this coral.
72. GORGONIA. Sea-fan.
65 i . G. Placomus. Branching both ways, with flexumis
rarely anastomosing branches covered with conic
. ^- florets.
Ellis Catrnt.p.6?:t. 27, /..^ Borlase Cdmw.t. 24.7. i.
Coral erect, 2 feet high or more, woody, yellow, red or grey :
tanches flattish, bending irregularly towards each other, and rarely
uniting : JlQrets wartrlike, furrounded at the top with fmall
fpines.
652. G. viminatis. Slender, branched : florets seated all
round the stem, each with a large valve and several
smaller-ones.
Sow. Miscell. t. 40. Seland. and Ell. Zooph. t. I2.f.i.
Coral a foot high, with a yellow bark and black horny bone :
branches long, slender: Jlorets white, a little prominent, with
8 claws.
653. G. verrucosa. Bifariously branched, with round
flexuous branches, and a whitish calcarious bark
covered with whitish prominent florets.
Philosop. Transact. 44. p. 51. t. 20. and 50. t, 34.7. 19. a.
Coral a foot and a half high or more, fan-shaped, dirty white or
grey when dried : bone of a fubstance between wood or horn.
654. G. Anceps. Slightly branched, with flat stem and
branches, each with a row of florets along both the
margins.
Ellis CoraLp. 68. tab* ^.f. g. 2,
Coral nearly 2 feet high, of a fine violet-colour when recent,
yellowish or whitish when dry: bone roundish, finall at the ends,
of a horny or leathery texture.
655. G. Flabellum. Reticulate, with the branches com-
pressed OD the inner-side : back yellow or purplish :
bone black, horny and slightly striate on the larger
branches.
Venus's Fan. Ellis Coral. p. 61. tab. 26. A.
Grows foraetimcs to fcveral feet high and expands into a large
furface, fleshy, horny, black, clothed when fresh with a whitish or
grey bark : pores irregularly placed, but generally in the form of
quincunx ; frM and Jra/icAw- pinnate; and by means of the f illcr
WORMS. ZOOPHYTA. 73. Alcyonhun. 203
branches blending together, forming an elegant kind of net-work :
foiypts with 8 claws.
73. ALCYONIUM.
656. A. digitatum. - Without stem, oblong, lobed, of a
coriaceous wrinkled substance, covered with minute
papillae.
Dead man's hand. Ellis Coral, p. 83. 1. 32./. a. A. A. fl.
Of a tough fleshy substance, divided into 2 or 3 obtufe lobes, pale
reddish-grey without, whitish within, and covered with stellate
warts, each protruding an 8-armed polype.
037. A . Schlosseri. Roundish, fleshy, livid, covered with
obtusely-rayed yellow stars ; the rays with each &
single perforation towards the end.
orlase Cornw.p. 254. tab. 25. f. i. 2.
On the stems of Fuci : brown or greyish : rays much rounded/
5-12 on each star which is perforated at the bale.
658. A. Borlasii. Spread,. fieshy, dark green, covered
vith obtusely rayed yellow stars ; the rays with each
a double perforation near the en'd .
Bortasc Cornw. p. 254. tab. 25. f. 3. 4;
found coating rocks from 6 inches to a fa<U in extent, with
about 10 rays in each star -which are oblong, with a perforation
near the end, and a fnuilcr-on* beneath it ; centre of the star
perforate.
659. A. constdlatwn. Spread^ fleshy, reddish-brown^
covered with acutely rayed stars, impcrforate at the
ends or centre.
Sort Cornui. p. 254. tab. 25. /. 5. 6.
Refembles the last, except tfiat the rays are sharp-pointed,
unequal, and without perforation.
660. A. Bursa. Subglobular, hollow, pulpy, green, with
very thickset hyaline papillae. t ,
Sea purfe. Mars. Hist. Alar. p. 80. t. 30. n. 69.=
About the size of a frnall apple, foft, coriaceous.
661. A. Ficas. Lobed like a pair of iungs, fleshy, dark
olive or livid, covered with small 6-rayed stars, w*p
thin full of 'small yellow particles like the inside of
a fig.
Sea-fig, Sea lungs. Ellis Coral. p. 82. t. 17. f. b. B.
Rather compressed, full of clavate vesicles within filled with a
yellow fluid.
662. A. gelatinosum. Gelatinous, yello-wish, irregularly
formed.
Pudding-weed. Ellis Coral p. 87. tab. 31. /. D.
Adhering to marine substances* roundish or branched.
663. A. arenosum. Crustaceous, Shaped like a horses
hoof, pale yellowish-brown, consisting of agglutina-
ted sand.
Ellis Coral, p. 74. t. 25. /. c. Nat. Miscell. t. 27*.
Fiustra arenofa. Linn. Trans, v.f. 230. tab. 10.
Adhering to fuci and shells, covered with fmall peres disposed
in a quincunx, and is friable when dry.
064. A. conglomeration. Gelatinous, convex, with con-
glomerate finger-like divisions, and toothless termi-
ijU inoutha.
+0$ WORMS. ZOOPIIYTA. 74. Spongia,
Gartn. Pall.' spic. Zool. 16. p. 39. tab. 4. /. 6.
On the Cornish coasts, whitish, with a central funnel-form
cavity, and globular eggs.
665. A. ascidioidcs. Crustaceous, coriaceous, with scat-
tered tubercles, each with 2 slightly toothed
mouths.
art. Path f fiic. Zool. 10. p. 40. n. 3. t. \. f. 7.
Adhering to the Fucus palmatus ; pale reddish or faffron-colour ,
each of the tubercles perforated with a double minute fcarlet
orif.ce.
74, SPONGIA: Sptmge;.
666- Sp\cance!latft Reticulate, swollen and fnrnished
with protuberant apertures at the junctures.
Sowerby Brit. Mescellany i. p. 131. tab. 60.
Yellowish-brown, cancelled, .with reticulate horny fibres.
667. Sp. coronata. Minute, consisting of a single rough
tube crowned at top with a ray of spines.
So/and, and Ellis Zooph. p. 190. n. 13. tab, 58. /. 8. 9.
Pale yellow, with a bright pearl-colour crown, hollow and open
, at top, and when magnified appears as if covered with fmall rising
points.
668. Sp. oculata. Porous, soft, much branched ; the
branches a little compressed, erect, and often uni-
ting together.
Ellis Coral, p. 80. tab. 32.7. F. f.
Yellowish, with very fine tender tranfparent ramifications whick'
fequently inosculate, and are covered with minute pores : from 5
to 10 inches high.
669* Sp. tomentosa. Porous, irregularly formed, brittle*
soft, downy, composed of minute spiculae crossing
each other.
Ellis Coral, p. 8r>. tab. i6./. d. d i. D. i.
When fresh of a bright orange colour and full of gelatinous
flesh, when dry whitish and light, and if broken refembles the
crumb of bread : if rubbed on the hand it stings and raifcs blisters
like Cowhage.
670. Sp. compacta.. Tubular, branched, compact, brittle,
composed of minute spiculae crossing each other.
Sowerby Brit. Mis/cell, p. 85. tab. 42.
Resembles the last, but is of a greyifh cast, more branched;
with diftinct prominent tubes, each ending in an opening.
671 . Sp. pulchella. Smooth, soft to the touch, generally
compressed and broad, composed of very fine reticu*,
' lations.
Sowerby British Miscellany p. 87. tab. 43.
Sponge very irregular in shape, sometimes rather fan-shaped,
sometimes palmate or digitate, pale brown, yellowish or reddish .
brown, without visible pores or tubes.
672. Sp. stuposa. Soft like - tow . covered with fine poin-
ted hairs, with cylindrical branches.
Philosoph. Transact, 55. p. 288. tab. 10. /. C.
About 3 inches high, of a pale yellow colour.
673. Sp. cristata. Flat, erect, soft, with rows of small
rather projecting pores alon^ the top.
Philos. Transact. 55.^. 288. tab. n./. G.
'WORMS. ZOOPHYTA. 75. Flustra. 209
Ab'out 2 or 3 inches high, yellowish, growing something in
the shape of a Cock's comb.
674. Sp. palmata. Palmate, with finger-like divisions
round the surface, \vooly : pores a little prominent,
irregularly disposed.
- Soland. and Ellis Zooph fr. 189. . 10. tab. 58. /. 6.
Reddifh inclining to yellow, soft and woolly, with the divifions
a little subdivided at the top.
675. Sp. botryoides. Very tender, branched, consisting
of clusters of oval tubercles open at the top.
Soland. and Ellis Zooph. p. 190. n. 12. t, ^B.f. 1-4.
Bright shining white, in irregular mafses, like bunches of
. - Jf a P c s ; the surface when highly magnified, appearing a$ if covered
with mafses of 3-rayed spihous stars.
676. Sp. lacustris. Uniform, creeping, brittle, with erect
cylindrical obtuse branches.
Spongiaramosa fluviatilis. Ray Hist. 81.
At the bottom of lakes, covered with scattered pores, in which
are sometimes found, during the ''Autumn, fmall shining bluish
globules, about the size of the seeds of thyme, which glitter in the
llatne of a candle. Thefe are probably extraneous bodies.
75. FLUSTRA. Hornicrack. Sea Mat.
677. Fl. foliacea. Foliaceous, branched, with rounded
wedge-shaped divisions.
llis Corall. p. jq. t. zg.jig. a. A-E.
Adhering to shells, about 6 inches high, pale yellowish, porous
on both furfaces, with' rounded 4-toothed cells.
678. Fl. truncata. Foliaceous, branched, with linear
truncate subdivisions.
Ellis Corall. p. 69. tab. <&.jig. a. A. B.
About 5 inches long, pale yellowish-brown, with slender
branches, porous both sides, with oblong-fquare cells.
679. Fl.pilosa. Foliaceous, variously branching, with
a setaceous tooth on the lower part of each pore.
llis Corallines p. 7 3. tab. 31.
Found incrusting various Fuci and Sertulariae, whitish, porous
both sides, with round cells-.
680. Fl. chartacea. Papyraceous,, branched, with cells
on bdth sides ; the tops of the .branches truncate
like the edge of an axe.
Splander and Ellis Zoophytes p. 1 3. ft. 4.
Thin, semitranfparent, like fine paper, very light straw-colour;
the tops of the branches fometimes digitated, iouietimes irregu-
larly divided: cells oblong-fquare, swelling out a little in the
middle each side, defended by a helmet-like figure.
681. Fl. carbasea. /. Foliaceous, subdivided, with the
cells in single layers.
Soland. and Ellis Zooph. p. 14. n. 5. tab. $.f. 6. 7.
Thin like a piece of lawn, yellowish-brown: cells large, ovate
above truncate beneath, the walls furrounding them appealing to
be formed of a slender tube.
082. Fl. dentata. Foliaceous, parasitical, with shining
oval cells in single layers, each witli an jnglined
toothed mouth.
' jt 73. trit $$ / P D Ji E t
210 WORMS. ZOOPHYTA. 76. Tubularia.
Adhering to Fuci and other marine fubstances, white, femitranf-
parent, with 4-toothed cells.
683. Fl. avicularis. Foliaceous, with fascicled palinat
truncate branches, smooth on , one side, with .opake
beaked capsules near the edge farmed like a parrot's
beak : ceHs on one side, armed with branched ,
spines.'
Sower by' s British Miscellany ii. p. ei. tafi.fi\
B'lacki.rti, about 2 inches across, forming a fphacrtcal mass : celts
alternate, referabling articulations, furroundcd with long .fpine's :
capsules sessile.
6^4. Fl. membranacea. Parasitical, membranaceous,
with oblong-quadrangular cells pointed at the upper
projecting angles.
Mull. Zobl. Dan. .'/. 163. tab. 117. /. i. 2.
Adhering to Fuci and shells, very thin, grey or whitish.
7^ TUBULARIA.
685. T.indivisa* CJusjtered, -with undivided joiatetl stems
tapering to the base.
Ellis Corallines p. 31. tab. 16. /. c.
Stems 2 or 3 inches high, adhering to rocks and shells, straw-
colour, interwoven with each other, with very narrow joints
barely twisted ; bodies ot the polypes pale red, their heads bright
crimfon.
686. T. muscoides. Clustered, simple or sligtly forked,
here and there wrinkled their whole length.
Ellis. Corallines, p. 30. tab. 16. /. b.
Refembles the last, but is about half the size and height and
of equal thickness throughout, is fometimes simply branched, with
the joints twistqd.hsre and there, and lhe polypes are rich
crinifon.
687. 'T. ramosa. Solitary, much branched, equal, with
the branches twisted at the forks.'
Ellis Corallines p. 31. tab. i6./. a. r. 17. f. a. A.
Stems 3 or 4. inches high, repeatedly forked, pale grey with
crimfon heads, very slender, twisted at the infcrtion of the
branches, and a little below them,
688. T .Jistulosa. Repeatedly forked ,, with short cylindri-
cal joints covered with lozenge-shaped impressed
cells.
Ellis Corallines p. 46. tab. 23.
About 3 inches- high, and about as thick as a piece of whipcord i
stem's ending in slender roembranaceous tubes, the terminal
branches clavate. '
689^ T. "Cmma. Slightly branched, filiform, papyra-
ceous, jointed, wrth ovate pointed caosules perfo-
rated with a dilatable mouth, and terminated by cy-
lindrical armed tentacula.
Catrtn. Pall. Spicil Ztol. 10. p. 40. tab. 4.7". 8.
Adhering without tubular radicles to Fuci and Sertulariar, fandy
or deep red, narrow at the bafe, without head or retractile tenta-
cula : capfules perforated over the whole furface, protruding the
hyaline tentacula globular at th end, and producing eggs at
the bafe.
690, A. fljtjfefr, Simple, slightly aimulate, soft*
WORMS. ZOOPHYTA. IT. Corallina. 211
tapering tentacula surrounding the retracUle papil-
lary mouth.
Pall, spicil. Zool. 10. p. 36. ^.tab. 4. /. 9.
Resembles the last : capsules with muricate tentacula, prodifc-
cing eggs at the bafe.
691. T. campamdata. Tentacula disposed in the form of
a crescent: body projecting beyond the sheath:
orifices of the sheath annulate: tube simple or palmate.
Nat. Miscell. t, 354. Adams microfc. t. ti.f. 32.
In stagnant waters, soft, transparent, inclofed in a bell-shaped
case, the plume with about 60 tentacula.
692. T.flabelliformii. With fascicled parallel tubes dis-
posed in separate radiate bundles.
Adams Linn. Transact. v.f>. 12. t. 2.f. 1204.
Oji the Conferva rubra, minute : stem cylindrical, a little dilated
at the bafe, and becoming fuddenly dilated into a compressed fan-
shaped form, from which proceed 8 rays, each compofed of feveral
equal very minute cylindrical tubes.
77. CORALLINA. Coralline.
693. C. auricularifrformis. Stcmless, spreading like a
parasitical fungus, lobed, imbricate.
Soiuerliy Brit. MisCtllany i. p 119. tab. ^6.
Found fometimes incrusting other corallines, yellowish or red-
dish, in fomewhat circular patches, fmooth on both furfaces, with
minute cells in tranfverfe rows.
694. C. sqnamata. Trichotomous ; the joints of the stem
roundly compressed and wedge-shaped, those of the
branches flatly compressed, term'mal-ones flattish and
sharply 2-edged.
Ellis Corallines p. 49. tab. 24, n. 4-/. c. C.
On the Cornish toast, of a fea-green colour.
695. C. elongata. Trichotomous; the joints of the siem
roundish-wedge-shaped, those of the branches cylin-
drical, terminal-ones rather obtuse and some of them
capitate.
EUis Corallines p. 49. tab. 24. n. 3.
Coral reddish or purplish, very slender, drooping, longer and
finaller than C. officinalis.
696. C. officinalis. Doubly pinnate or trichotomous ; >
joints of the stem somewhat wedge-shaped or turbi-
nate, .those of the branches round, some of ,tbc
terminal-ones capitate.
Ellis Corallines p. 48. tab. 24. /. a. A. Mat, Misc. t. 158.
Coral growing in clustered tufts, 2-5 inches long, about the
thickness of a large thread, erect, white, greenish, yellowish, or ,
purple, fometimes a mixture of all the colours.
697- C. rubens. Dichotomous, riliform, flat-topped the
joints of the stem round, those supporting the divisi-
ons clavate ; some of the lower-ones 2-horned.
Ellis Corallines p. 50. tab. 24. n. $./. e. E.
About 2 inches long, red : terminal-joints notched.
698. C. cristata. Dichotomous, filiform, in crested tufts,
with roundish joints, those supporting the last suUdi*
visions elevate.
212 WORMS. ZOOPHYTA. 18. Sertularia.
Ellis Corallines p. 51. n. 7. tab. 24. /. f. F.
About one or two inches long, difpofed in crest-like clusters,
red, purple, white, green or yellowish; the lower-joints not
horned, terminal-ones simple.
699. C. spermophoros. Dichotomous, filiform, with roun-
dish joints; those supporting the 2 last subdivisions
clavate, terminal-ones long, setaceous, jn pairs.
Ellis Corallines p. 51. . 8. tab. 24. /. g. G.
About an inch long, milk-white, and more loofe and fpread than
the last.
700. <J; corniculala. Dichbtemous, with the joints of th-
stem and b ranches 2- ho rne.dj those of the subdivisions
roundish.
Eltis Corallines p. 50. n. 6. tab, 24. /. d. D.
Growing on Fuci, white, an Inch or two high.
701 . C. globifera. Simple, or slightly forked, with cylin-
drical joints proceeding from a spheerical globule.
Ellis Coralline s p. 51. n. g. tab. 24. /. h. H.
Very fmall, attached to Fuci, and may probably be the beginning
of C.,fperniophoros.
78. SERTULARIA.
A. Stem horny, tubular, fixed by the base, beset with cup-
shaped denticles, and furnished with vesicles or ovaries, con-
taining polypes, eggs, or the living young.
702. S. rosacea. Panicled, with alternate, branches :
denticles opposite, tubular, truncate : vesicles crowned
with spines.
Ellis Corallines p. 8. tab. 4. Phil* Tranr. 48. t. 23. /. 5.
"White, tender, growing on shells or creeping up other coral-
lines ; vesicles refembling the blossom-of the pomegranate.
703. S. pvmila. Branches scattered : denticles opposite,
seated on oval joints, pointed, recurved : vesicles
obovate.
Ellis Coral/, p. 9. t. 5. n. 8. /. a. A. Phil. Trans. 48. t. 23. f. 6. F. F.
On the leaves of Tuci, particularly the F. ferratus..
704. S. operculata. Branches alternate : denticles oppo-
site, pointed, nearly erect, with 2 bristles each side ;
vesicles obovate, covered with a lid.
Ellis Corallines p. 8. tab. 3. , 6./. b. B. .
On Fuci and shells, about 5 inches long.
705. S. tamarisca. Branches alternate : denticles oppo-
site, truncate and undulate at top : vesicles obovate,
truncate, with a small tooth each side and a short
tube in the centre.
Ellis Corallines p. 4. tab. i. n. i./. a. A. ' .
Stem nearly 4 inches long : denticles slightly 3-toothed.
706. S. abietina. Branches alternate : denticles nearly
opposite, oval, swelling at the base on the upper-
side : vesicles oval.
Ellis Coralline* p. 4. tab. i. a. 2./. b. B.
About 5 inches long, and often covered with small Serpul* j
branches often alternatejy pinnate.
707 f . S. nigra, J31acki*b ? pinnate ; denticles nearly oppo-
WORMS. ZOOPHYTA. 78. Sertularia, 213
site, minute : vesicles large, all on one side, square-
oval.
Fail. el. Zooph. p. 136. . 83.
On the Cornish coast, about 4 inches long.
708. S.fiiscescens. Grey-brown, pinnate : denticles near- /\
ly opposite, tubular : vesicles numerous, minute, all
on one side, with 3 tubercles on each.
Baster op. subs. \. tab. i.fig. 6.
On the Cornish-toast j refembles the last.
709. S. cupressina. Panicled, very long: denticles near-
ly opposite, obliquely truncate and a little pointed :
vesicles obovate, toothed each side.
Ellis Corallines p t 7. tab. 3. n. 5. fig. a. A.
Refembles S. tamarifca, but the denticles are obliquely truncate,
pointed, and not toothed or undulate on the top ; and the central
tube is shorter.
710. S. argentea. Panicled, with alternate branches:
denticles nearly opposite, pointed : vesicles oval.
Ellis Corallines p. 6. tab. 2. n. 4.7". c. C.
Refembles S. pumila, but the denticles are not recurved, or
feated on oval joints, and the vefcicles are distinctly oval.
71 L S. rugosa. Branches scattered: denticles alternate, x
obsolete : vesicles much wrinkled, 3-toothed at
top.
Ellis Corallines p. 26. tab. 15. n. 23. f. a. A.
On the Flustra foliacea, and other Corallines : stem twisted.
712. S. halecina. Erect, alternately branched : denticles
alternate, tubular, jointed: vesicles oval, united
along the side to a small tubular stalk; stem com-
posed of united tubes.
Ellis Corallines p. 17. t. 10. Phil. Trans. 48. f, 17. /. E. F, G.
Stem growing to 6 or 8 inches high, stiff, brittle when dry, con- -
sisting of numerous fmall tubes growing nearly parallel to each
other: denticles of two joints, cylindrical: vesicles oblong-oval,
with a short tube at the top,
713, S. Thuja. Stem zigzag, naked at bottom, with a
tuft of dichotomous branches at top,: denticles alter-
nate, on each side and closely appressed to the bran-
ches : vesicles obovate, with a rim at top.
Ellis Corallines p. \o.tab 5. n. g.f. b. B.
Stem erect, stiff, knotty, with a clofe-fet panicle at top : vesicles
at the bottom of the branches, furnished with a lid.
Ill, .S. Myriophyllum. Branches leaning one way : stem
gibbous on thfe side opposite the branches : denti-
cles appressed to the stem, all on the underside of
the brandies, truncate.
Ellis Coral. p. 14. tab. 8. Soland. and. Ellis Zoophi p. 44. a,>i3.
Stem about 3 inches long, pale horny, consisting of numerous
united tubes, channelled and indented, with large protuberances
opposite fome of the branches: denticles (cited in a focket, with
a short fpine on the lower .part.
115. S.falaita. Stem flexuous, with alternate pinnate
branches: denticles all on one side, imbricate, trun-
cate ; vesicles oblong-oval.
214 WORMS. ZOOPHYTA. 78. Sertularia.
Ellis Corall. p. 12. tab. j. n. n./. a. A.
About 3 inches long : denticles in a single row.
716. S. Pluma. Branches alternate, pinnate, lanceolate ?
denticles all on one side, imbricate, campantilate,
toothed at top: vesicles gibbous, toothed on the
margin.*
Ellis Corallines-p. 13. tak 7. , 12. /. b. B.
% Climbing up Fuci : branches jointed, twisted : denticles supported
in front by a fmall holk>w, fpine : vesicles with 4 or * oblique
crested ribs.
717. S. antennina. vStems simple or slightly branched:
denticles whorled, in fours, setaceous : vesicles
obliquely truncate, in whorls.
fit's Coral, p. 15. tab. g. a. A.
Near a foot high, yellow, with very fine capillary yellowish radi-
cles : stems furrounded at thejoints with whorls of fmall incurved
bristles, on the upper-sides- of which ane rows of minute cup-*
shaped denticles : vesicles on short pedicels, obliquely open to-
wards the 'stem, and placed round it at the insertion of the
branches.
?18. S. vertitillata. Branches alternate : denticles cam-
panulate, toothed round the rim, on long twisted
pedicels, and placed in . fours round the stem:
vesicles oval, ending in a tube.
llis Corallines p. 23. tab. 13. n. io./. .a. A,
Stem ribbed, loofely branched : vesicles nearly erect, glutinous.
719. S.volubilis. Branches alternate: denticles cam*
panulate, toothed round the rim, on long twisted
pedicels, placed alternate];' : vesicles oval.
Ellis t. 14. a. A. Solander and Eiifs n. 22. t. .f. e. E. f, F.
Whitish, minute, climbing up other corallines; resembles the
last, but the denticles are not ^placed in whorls, and the pedicles
are longer and twisted round the stem : vesicles fometimes
wrinkled acrofs.
720. S. Syringa. Branches filiform, alternate : denti-
cles cylindrical, obliquely truncate at top, mostly
alternate,,, on. twisted pedicels shorter than the
denticles.
Ellis Corall. p. 27. tab. 1-4. a. 21. b. B. V
On shells, or creeping up other corallines : vesicles unknown.
721. S. Cuscnta. Branches opposite, simple: denticles
obsolete : vesicles oval, axillary.
///s Corall. p. 28. f. 14. n. 26. /. c C.
Climbing up Fuci : vesicles fmall, axillary.
722. S.pustulosa. , Stem with alternate dichotomous
branches, covered with prominent pustules with each
a point in the middle.
Ellis Corallines p. 54. tab. ^J.fg. b, B.
Stem rising into alternate forked branches, with fmall pustule-
like denticles towards the tips, having "a circular rim with a point
in the middle of each.
723. S.frutcscens. Branches alternate, pinnate: denti-
cle* cylindrical, campanulale, placed in a single row
on the inside of the branches.
Soiand, and Ellis Zooph. p. 55. n, 29, t t 6./, a. A. .
-WORMS. 20OPHYTA. 78. Sertularia. 215
Stem hard, blackish, compofed of fmall united tubes : branches
lanceolate, brown : denticles truncate, slightly pointed on one side.
-"24. S. Filicula. Stem zigzag, with alternate branches :
denticles opposite, ovate, with a single erect one
at the junctures of the branches : vesicles obovate,
with a tube in the centre.
Ssland. and Ellis Zooph. p. 57. n. 32. tab. 6.f. c. C.
Very tender,- much branched ; the branches nearly horizontal.
725. S. Evamii. Branches opposite : denticles shorf,
opposite : vesicles lobed, arising from opposite bran-
ches, which proceed from the creeping adhering
tube.
Soland. and Ellis Zooph p. 58. n. 44.
Creeping on Fuci, about 2 inches high, very slender, bright
yellow: vesicles fulvous, with opposite lobes.
-726. S. muricata. Stem jointed, interwoven at bottom: A
denticles pedicelled, proceeding alternately from the .
joints : vesicles pedicelled, oval, spinous.
Solander and Ellis Zooph. p. 59. K. 36. tab. j.f. 3. 4.
Vesicles full of pointed fpines from arched crested ribs.
721. S. Uva. Slightly branched, with alternate divisions :
denticles obsolete : vesicles oval, closed, clus-
tered.
Ellis Corallines, p. 27. n. 25. tab. \$.f. c. C.
I'escicles tranfparent, with a white nucleus.
'728. - S. Icndigera. Siem and branches jointed : denti-
cles cylindrical, truncate, in a single row along the
branches and growing gradually less.
Ellis Corallines p. 27. n. 24. tab. 15. f b. B.
Brandies fubdivided and irregularly interwoven : denticles placed
in parallel ranks along the inside of the branches, and growing
gradually shorter towards the tops of thejoints : vesicles unknown.
729. S. geniculata. Stem branched, jointed, flexuous :
denticles twisted, alternate, at the base of the vesicles:
vesicles obovate, with a tube in the centre.
Ellis Corallines p. 22. n. 19. tab. 12 f. b. B.
- Creeping up Fuci : joints clavate at top.
'730. S. dichotoma. Stem dichotomous, flexuous, twisted
at the joints : denticles campanulate, on annulate
-stalks: vesicles obovate, axillary, on twisted pedi-
cels.
Ellis Corahp. 21. n. 18. tab. 12. /. a. A. c. C.
Near a foot long, tough, pliant, white, but becoming testaceous
by age.
731. S. spinosa. Branches forked, ending in spinous
points : denticles distant, on the same side 9 obsolete :
vesicles linear-oval.
Ellis Corallines p. 20. n. 17. tab. 11. /. b. d. 'B. C. D.
Stems compofed of interwoven tubular fibres : 'branches flexuous,
loofe, forked, with pointed tips.
732. $..pinnata Stem simple, lanceolate, pinnate : denti- y
cles campanulate, all on one side : vesicles oval,
clustered, with a coronet of tubercles round the
mouth.
Ellis. Corallines, p, 19, n 16, tab. u./ a, A
216 WORMS. ZOOPHYTA. 78. Serfularia.
Stem about' 3 inches high, alternately pinnate: dtntictcs near
together, femiorbicular.
733. S. setacen. Stem simple, oblong, pinnate : denticles
obsolete, remote, along the upper-side of the bran-
ches : vesicles oblong, axillary.
llis Coral, t. 38.7. 4. Shaw Nat. Miscelt. t. 71.
About half the size of the former: branches a little curved
downwards : vesicles erect, tubular, at the angles of the
branches.
134. S. polyzonias. Stem loosely branched : denticles
alternate, ovate-oblong, undulate round the top :
vesicles obovate, with concentric wrinkles.
Ellis Coral, p. 5. n. 3. tab. 2./. a. A. b. B.
St<m erect or climbing, 3 or 4 inches long, pale yellow.
735. S. Lichenastrum. Stem simple, alternately pinnate :
denticles alternate, obtuse, in 2 appressed rows along
the stem and branches : vesicles oval, with a
lid.
Ellis. Corall. p. 1 1 . n. i o. t. 6. Soland. a*d Ellis p. 42. n. i o.
Stem erect, jointed, compressed : branches alternate, nearly
horizontal..
736. S.imbricata. Stem slightly branched: denticles
obsolete : vesicles oblong, slightly clavate, irregu-
larly imbricate along the branches.
Adams Linn. Transact. \.p, 11. tab. a./. 5-11.
Stem cylindrical, about 3 inches high : vesicle s placed in 2 rows
along the fmaller branches, but irregularly imbricate towards
the tip.
B. Stem crustaceans, inclining to stony, composed of rows of
cellular denticles, without distinct vesicles, in the place, of
which arc small globules. Cellaria.
737. S. Bursa. Stem branched, dichotomcus : denti-
cles opposite, compressed, truncate, wedge form,
with a small clavate tube at top.
Eltis. CcralL p. 41. tab. 22. n. 8./. -a. A.
Minute, flexible, tranfparent, adhering to Fuci : denticles cari-
nate, appearing in pairs like the pods of the Shepherd's purfe.
738. S. loriculata. Branches erect, dichotomous : denti-
cles opposite, obliquely truncate, nearly obsolete.
'Ellis Corallines p. 40. n. 7. tab. 21. /. b. B.
Stem much branched : denticles opening obliquely.
739. S.fastigiata. Branches erect, forked, flat-topped:
denticles alternate, pointed, with their opening on
one side.
Ellis Corallines p. 33. n. i. tab. 18,
Denticles with a black fpot in the middle of the mouth.
740. S. aviculnria. Branches forked : denticles point-
ing one way, with 2 mucronate beak-like appen
dages : globules sessile, mucronate.
Ellis Corallines p. 36. n. 2. tab. so./, a. A.
Denticles with 2 projections refembling a bird's beak wken
open : globules testaceous, with a fpine at the bafe.
741. S. scruposa. Branches forked, creeping: denticles
alternate, angular, spiaous.
WORMS. ZOOPHYTA. 79. Pennatula. 211
lilt's Corallines p. 38. n. 4. tab. 20. /. c. C.
Very brittle, linear, pale, with a double row of cells, each with
a pointed projecting angle on the 1 out-side and opening-obliquely.
742. S. reptans. Branches forked, creeping: denti-
cles alternate, with 2 spines at top.
llis Corallines p. 37. n. 3. tab. 2.0. /. b. B.
Creeping on other corallines, hardly an inch long, white or greyish:
cells like inverted cones,, with oblique mouths.
7 13. S. ciliata Branches forked, erect: denticles alter- V
nate, ciliate round the mouth, funnel-form.
Ellis Corallines p. 38. n. 5. tab. 20 /. d. D.
Minute, whitish, with long briftks at the mouthy which is
fometimes covered with a concave teftaceous lid : globules like a
birds head.
744. S. eburnea. Branches spreading : denticles alter-
nate, truncate, a little prominent : vesicles oval,
with a tuhular beak on one side.
Ellis Corallines pi 39. n.6. tab; ei./. a. A.
About an inch high, white : root consifung of inter vroventubct ;
denticles cylindrical : vesicles brittle, dotteu.
745. S. cornuta. Branches alternate : denticles : open- ^
ing; one way, a little incurved, truncate, with a
long bristle below tfie mouth of each : vesicles
oval.
Ellis Corallines p. 42. n. to. tdb. 41 ./. c. C.
Hardly 4 inches long, ftony, clear white: foot consifting of
jointed tubes : denticles tapering to the bafe, a little incurved:
vesicles dotted, with a short tubular neck on one side.
746. S. loricata. Branches alternate: denticles opening-
one way, with a raised margin round the mouth, at
the base of which is a short spine.
Ellis Corallines p. 42. n. 9. tab. 22. f, b. B.
Denticles like inverted horns placed one over the other, open-
ing on the inside, with a short briftle on the lower-part of the
mouth, and another at top in the terminal-ones.
747. S. anguina. Stem simple, without denticles, beset
with quite simple alternate obtuse -clavate tubes open-
ing on one side.
Ellis Corallines p. 43. n, 11. tab. 22. /. c.C. D.
Climbing up marine substances, white, soft, flexible, varying in
form : tubes testaceous, annulate, jointed in the middle. It ap-
pears to connect the Sertulariae with the genus Hydra.
748. S. ternata. Branched, forked, jointed, creeping;
joints somewhat top-shaped, angular at their sides,
with 3 cells in the front of each. .
Solander and Ellis. Zooph.-p. 30. n. 18.
On the shores of Scotland : stony, semitransparent.
79. PENNATULA. Sea Pen.
749. P. phosphorea. Stem fleshy, with a rough midrib,
and imbricate ramifications.
Phil. Trans. 53, tab. 19. /, 1-5. Nat. Miscell.tab. 39.
About 4 inches long, red, emitting a strong" phosphorescent
light in the dark : stem villous, with a lanceolate rough midrib,
and nearly incumbent rays, the tubes appointing one way.
750. P. mirabilis Stem filiform, with a smooth midrib*
T
218 WORMS. INFUSORIA. 80. 81.
and Innate denticulate alternate ramifications growing
smaller towards the bottom.
Sowerby Brit. Mifcell i./>. 51. tab. 25.
Stem long, reddish-grey, ending at top in a bony substance, witll
very short ramifications.
80. HYDRA. Polype.
751. H.viridis. Green, with about 10 arms shorter
than the hody.
Adams. and Kanm. Microfc. p. 364, tab. 21. f. 5.
In ftagnant waters and slow ftreams, generaJly on the under sur-
face of aquatic plants, appearing like a tranfparent green jelly
when contracted.; when expanded it is a linear body, fixed at one
end, and furrounded at the other by 8-10 tentacula or arms pla-
ced in a circle round the mouth, and gradually producing its young
from the sides, which at first feem small protuberances, increasing
in length, till they afsumc the form of the parent, and then drop-
ping off. Like all its tribe, it has the power of reproducing parts
which have been deftroyed ; and if cut or divided in any direction,
each feparate part will become a perfect polype.
752. H. grisea. Yellowish-grey, with about 7 arms
longer than the body.
Adams and Ktznm. Microfc. p. 364. tab. i\.f. 6.
In rivulets and ftagnant waters, tapering towards the bafe, with
fometimes 12 arms or tentacula.
153. H./wsca. Grey-brown, with about 8 arms, many
times as long as the body.
Adams and Kanm. Microfc. p. 363. tab. 21. /. 7. 8.
In fresh waters, a little tapering to the bafe, with very fine feta-
ccous and long tentacula or arms.
ORDER V. INFUSORIA.
81. BRACHIONUS,
754. Br. urceolaris. Univalve, bell-shaped, with the shell
many-toothed at top, and rounded at the base : tail
long, cloven at the end.
Adams Microfc. p. 568. /. 22. /. 36-38- '- 27-/- 5 6 - 57-
Vorticella urceolaris. Donovan Br. Ins. t. \-j.f. 1.2.
In stagnant waters, appearing to the naked eye as a fmall white
fpeck : rotatory organ double, which can be protruded or con-
cealed at pleafure.
755. Br. stnatus. Univalve, with an oval striate s
" 6-toothed at top and -entire at the base; without
tail.
4Jams Microfc. p. 36"4' tab. 27 .Jig. 04- 65.
In fait water, tranfparent, crystalline, truncate on the f<
and rounded behind: shell varying in form, with 12 longitudi-
tfSfjI^Bi- 1 . $ Tripus. Bivalve, with the shell unarmed at
' the top and 3-horned at the base? tail double.
Adams Microfc. p. 566. tab. 27. f. 59.
In waters which have been kept fome time, very tranfparent and
ntarly triangular, with a double rotatory organ.
WORMS. INFUSORIA. 82. Vorticella. 219
75T. Br. uncinutus. Bivalve, with the shell unarmed
and rounded at the tip, 1-toothed at the base; tail
with 2 bristles.
Adams Microfc. p. ^67. tab. 27. /. 55.
In ditch water : shell rounded and capable of being opened at
both ends, armed with a hook on the fore-part ; tail coniisting of
4 or 5 joints.
758. Br. mucronatus. Bivalve, with the shell 2- toothed
at the top and bottom ; tail with a double spine.
Mutter Verm. i. i./>. 134. n. 145.
In stagnant water: shell crystalline, rather oblong, truncate at
both ends : tail with moveable tranfparent fpines : rotatory-organ
mucronate in the middle.
759. Br. calydjlurus. Simple, calycled, with the shell
crenate behind ; upper-lip of the mouth 4>toothed.
Baker Microfc. p. 304. tab. 10. /. 4-6.
In putrid and fresh waters.
760. Br. quadridentatus. Shell inflated, 4-toothed at
top; rotatory organ double; the base 2-horned ;
tail long, ending; in 2 short points.
Adams and Kccnm. Microfc.p. 569. tf,b. 27. /. 58.
In stagnant waters moving with great celerity, and often at-
taching rtfelf to duckweed by means of its tail : shell very
tranfparent,
761. Br. Patina. Shell orbicular, unarmed, entire, with
a double rotatory organ, and short simple tail.
Vorticella circularis. Shaw A'a.'. Mis. t. 199.
In stagnant waters abounding in aquatic plants.
82. VORTICELLA.
A. Seated on a pedicel or stem,
762. V , Polypina. Compound, bell-shaped, with a retor-
tile much branched stem.
Adams Microfc. t. 27. /. 61. Nat. Misc. t. 278.
In sea water, adhering to Fuci, appearing to the naked eye like
a white point, and has a double fpontaneous motion.
763. V. anaslatica. Compound, bell-shaped, with an
oblique mouth, and scaly rigid stem.
Adams Microfc. p. 397. tab. 21. /. 13-16.
In frcsli waters, forming a cluster branching out in various di-
rections : ovaries ieated on the stems in the form of bulbs, which
detach themselves from the steins, and fix themfclves to other
substances, producing anew cluster.
764\ V.pyraria. Compound, branched, with inversely
conic naked florets, and 2 double tcmacula.
Adams Microfc. p. 400. mi. 22. /.. 25. 26.
In stagnant waters, long, fetaccous, rigid, pellucid at the bafe,
truncate at top. with 2 lateral arms each side.
765. V. opercuiaria. Compound, branched, with oval
naked florets closed with a fringed lid.
Adams Microfc. p. 401. tab. 22. f. 29.
In stagnant waters : stem much branched, jointed.
766. V. tuberosa. Stem forked, with turbmate florets,
each with 2 or 3 tubercles.
Baker Microfc. p. 350. tab, 13. /. 10-13.
MO WORMS. INFUSORIA. 82. Vortieella-
In stagnant waters : rigid, with the tubercles of the florets con--
vex and radiate.
767. V.umbellaria. Simple, globular, i?ith bluekiih
granulations, and a rigid stem.
Adams Microfc. p. 402. tab, 29. /. 30.
In stagnant waters, .resembling a fpot of mould ; kcadf yellowifh,
with distinct opake dots : braitckts forked : cluslert flat-topped.
768. V. berberina. Simple, oval, with a branched rigid
stem, and white granulations.
Adams 'Microfc. p, 406, Roes. bis. 3. t. 99,
In fresh water : branches tranfparcnt, and when clustered toge-
ther appearing of a changeable violet colour.
769. V. nebulifera. Simple, oval, with a reflexilc stem.
Adams Miscrofc. p. 560. tab. 27. /. 66.
On the Conferva polymorpha, invisible to the naked eye j J!ore4f
narrow at the bafe, truncate and margined when open, oval
when shut.
770. V. Convallana. Simple, bell-shaped, with retoriile
stem.
Adams Microfc. t. 22. /. 39. Nat. Mifc. tab. 31 2.
In fresh waters, .on other fubstances, appearing to the naked eye
as fo many white points: stemt contracting fuddenly in a fpiral
manner, and in a moment expanding themselves again.
; 7 \ . V. lunaris. Siuipic, hemisphierical, with a crescent-
shaped aperture, and retort.ile stem.
Mams Micr. t. 27. /. 54. Donovan Ins. t/S^f. 1-3, , ....."
In stagnant waters.: Jlortt cup-shaped, w ith. a protuberant mar-
gin ciliaieeach side with undulating hail*.
^72. \.titrina. Simple, variously shaped, with a con-
tractile mouth, and equal stem,
Adams Microfc. p. 558. tab. 27. /. 53.
In stagnant water : head large, tranfparent, with grecnish-yelloy
fpecks : ftem curved 1 .
Ifc, Furnixluulttith a tail.
Ifr. Furnixluurteith a tail.
77$. V.Jloscitlosa. Clustered, oblong-oval, with a dila-
ted pelhicid disk.
AJnmt MicroCcobe 6. ^<^i. t. 27. /. AJ. .62.
.
n, fmooth, or ruggecj with annulatipns.
. .socfts. Clustered,, ciavate, with an ohliquQ
disk and rough surface.
icroc.
. .. ,
disk and rough surface.
Hydra fociaHs. Adams Microfc. p. 395. t. 21 ./. 1 1 .
In ditches, growing in clusters on the Ceratophymim, and
united by their finall thin tails to a common centre; head fame-.
times contracting into. an almost globular form.
v vtrnini-en. Simnlp. trinnrjet-shaned. with a cili-
it globular form.
trumpet-shaped, with a cili-
,
Baher Microfc. p. 302. tab. 12. /. -2.
Scattered, oblong) tapering into a. tail.
WORMS. INFUSORIA. 82. Vorticclla. 221
777. V. Catulus. Cylindrical, with a plain aperture, and
reflected cloven tail.
Adorns Microfc. p. 325. tab. 27. /. 50.
In marsliy waters, thick, mufcular, variously folded : head con-
nected by a short neck : tail short, ending in 2 short bristles," and
exferted or concealed at pleafure : rotatory-organ very minute.
77g. V. macronra. With a double rotatory organ, and
slender tail ending in a triple spine.
Baker Microfc. p. 380. tab. i2./. i.
In marshy waters} referable* V. rotatori:*, but is entirely tranf-
parent.
779, V. rotatona. Cylindrical, with a double rota-
tory organ, and long tail furnished with 4 points.'
Adams Microfc. p. 548. t. 26. f. 1-3. 6. 7. 1 123. t. 27. f. 46-49.
In stagnant waters, appearing to the nak^tl eye like a ycllowiihr
dot, and in rain water which has stood some time in gutters and
cisterns ; it frequently changes its form and posture, from a long
taper body to a short broad flat one; the rotatory organs turn
like wheels with considerable velocity : tail consisting of about
3 retractile joints, and terminated by 4 minute hooks.
780. V.laciijLulatai Inversely conic, with the aperture
Jobed : tail furnished with 2 small bristles.
Adams Microfc. p. 547. tab. 27. /. 45.
In pure water, transparent, cylindrical, with molecular intes-
tines : moving with velocity in an oblique direction.
C. Without stem or tail.
78!. V. Ampulla. Contained in a bottle-shaped pellu-
cid bag>: head divided into 2 lobes.
Adams Microfc. p. 544. tab. 26. /. 4. 5.
flag in the shape of a common water-bottle, in -which the ani-
malcule is placed, sometimes at the bottom, sometimes nearly
ftllii.g it.
782. V. cratcegaria. Subglobular, clustered, and some-
times united by a very minute stem or tail.
Adims Microfc. p. 400. tab. 22. /. 40.
Found in muddy waters in the mouth of April, generally hea
ped together in a sphaerkalform, and often united by a common .
stalk.
788. V. nasuta. Cylindrical, with a projecting point ia
the middle of the mouth.
Adams t. 27-/. 38. 39. Donov. Ins, i. /. 29./. 2.
lu stagnant waters, invisible to the naked eye, transparent, quick
in motion, and perpetually changing its form, rounded at the base,
hairy at the mouth each side : 7 otatory-organ surrounding the mid-
dle of the body.
784. V. crateizformis. Nearly square, with ciliate tufts
behind.
Adams Microfc. p. 543. tab. 27.7, 40. 41.
Common in infufions of grafs, very vivacious and pellucid, with
the internal molecules easily seen, round, longer than it is broad*
with the sides convex.
785. V. tnmcciteUa. Cylindrical, truncate at top with..-
short crowded fringe*
Hill Hist, anim.p. 6. tab. i.
In frefh water, transparent, full of blackish molecules, obtuse at
the bafe, tbc margin of the mouth entirely surrounded -with, *.
fringe,
222 WORMS. INFUSORIA. 83. Trichotte.
786. V. limacina. Cylindrical, truncate, with 2 pairs of
rotatory organs.
.
Adams Microfc. p. 543. tab. 27. /. 60.
In stagnant waters, about the mouths and feelers of testaceous
animals, transparent, invisible to the naked eye.
787. V. ilisrina. Orbicular, with a ciliatc margin and
a kind of convex handle on the hind part.
Adams Microfc, p. 542. tab. 26. f. 8-10.
788. V. cincla: Trapexiform, blackish-green, opake.
Adams Microfc, p. 539. tab. l".f. 30.
In marfhes, invisible to the" naked eye, fofnetimes oval and ap-
pearing as if surrounded with a tranfverfc keel in the middle, cil-
late on all sides.
7.89. V. polymorpha. Of many forms, green, opake,
granuious-.
Adams Micrafc. p. 539. tab. 27. /. 33-35.
Appears to the naked eye like a green point, moving with great,
agility, and perpetually changing into a variety of forms: body.
granulous.
790. V.viridis. Cylindrical, uniform, green, opake.
Donov. his. t. 39. /. 3. Adams Alter. I. 27. /. 31.
In fresh water, appearing to the naked eye like a green point,
moving circularly or in a straight direction, obtuse at both extre-
mities.
791. V. bursata. Green, with a truncate ; mouth and
central papillary projection.
Adams Microfc. p. 537. tab zj.f. 32.
In saltwater, round, prominent, filled with molecules.
792. V. nigra. Top-shaped, black.
. l)oov. Ins, t. so./. 3. Adams Microsc. t. a;/. 36. 37.
In water which has stagnated on meadows, appearing to the
naked eye like a black speck: body conical, opake,' obtuse at,
one end, pointed at the other.
83. TRICHODA.
A. Hairy.
793. Tr. Cometa. Sphasrical, hairy on the fore-part, with
<-;n appendant globule or two behind.
Donovan Inj. t. 26. /. i. Adams Micr. t- 25. /. 46. 47.
In pure water; a pellucid globule with bright molecules, and
furnished with an appe-ndant lesser globule or two behind.
7^1. Tr. granata. Sphaerical, with an opake centre,
hairy round the periphery.
Adams Micr. p. 507. tab. 25. f. .48.
In ftagnanf waters: an opake globule, with a pellucid margin
surrounded with short hairs.
795. Tr. Sol. Globular* ev.ery where radiate with short
hairs.
Adams Microfc. t. 25. /. 6,5. 66. Nat. Misc. t. 4,53,
In water which has been kept some time: body round, crystalline,
dilatable and contra'ctile, full, of molecules, and best: t with nume-
rous "divergent rays of hairs longer than the diameter of the
body.
796Tr. Bamla.. Changeable, pellucid, yellowish, with a
few dispersed hairs on ihe fore- part.
Adiimj Micr.jt, .509. tab. 2.3. /, 67, 68.
WORMS. INFUSORIA. S3- Tnchoda.. 223
In stagnant water, yellowish with paler molecules, moving with
velocity, and assuming various shapes.
797. Tr. trigonq. Convex-conic, ciliate on the fore-
part, lobed behind.
Adams Micr. p. 510. tab. 25. f. 63.
In fresh water ; triangular, convex on both sides.
798. Tr. pubes. . Oval-oblong, gibbous, depressed on
the fore. part.
Adams Micr.p. 511. tab. bfj.f. 61 . fa. '
In clear water : body rounded, behind, the fore-part with a
thick short dilatable neck furnished with extremely short
hairs.
799. Tr. Proteus. Oval, obtuse behind, with along con-
tractile neck.
A Jams Micr. p. 512. tab. 25. f. 56-60.
In animal and vegetable infusions, afsuming a great variety
of shapes, from orbicular to nearly linear, but generally ellip-
tical, pointed at one end, with a long neck ending in a knob at
the other..
800. Tr. gibba; Oblong, gibbous in the middle and on
the back,, both ends obtuse, hairy oil the fore-
part.
Adams, Micr.p. 513. tab. 25. /. 5.5..
Body pellucid, with numerous. obscure molecules..
801. Tr. paie\ts'. Long:, round, with an oblong aperture
on the fore-part, (he edge* of which are ciliate.
Adams. Micr, p. 5 1 4. tub, 25. /. 54. .
In salt water : body lo-ig, cylindrical, a little taper at the ends, and
filled with molecules.
802. Tr. Uvula. Flattish, elongated,, of unequal size,
hairy on the fore-parti
Banov. Ins. t. Q.f. 4. Adams Micr. t. 25. f. 53.
In vegetable infusions ; long, flat, fiexuous, nearly of equal size,
filled vvjth blackish molecules and lucid globules near the
middle.
803. Tr. Anas. Elongated, clavate, hairy underneath
at the top of the neck.
Adams Micr. .p. 518. tab.. 25. f. 49.
In pure water; fmooth, filled with darker molecules.
801. Tr. Farcimcn. Long, thick, surrounded with small
bristles.
Adams Micr. p. 518. tab. 25* f, 50-52.
Body round, pellucid, thicker at. one end, covered with lucid
vesicles.
805. Tr. Linter. Oval, oblong,, a little prominent at
each end.
Adams Micr. p. 519. tab. 25. f. 51..
In infusions of grafs; varying in shape, with sometimes a rota-
tory motion.
806. Tr. vermicularis . Cylindrical, clavate, with a short
hairy neck.
Donov. Ins. t. 17. f. 3. .Adams. Micr. f. 27.y. i. a-e.
In river water ; gelatinous, dilating and contracting i t eel f, pel-
lucid before, filled with molecules behind.
801. Tr. Melit&a. Oblong, ciliate, with a dilatable neck
globular at the end and surrounded with hairs.
Donovan Ins, t. 29. /, x. Adams Mierofc, t, 2JT./. 3
2*4r WORMS. INFUSORIA. 83. Trichoda.
In salt water : body larger on the hind -part.
SOS./L'r.Jimbnata. Obovate, hairy at the tip, obliquely
tnvacate and serrate on tlie hind-part.
Adams Micr. p. 520. tab. 27. /. 2.
Body pellucid, tilled with small molecules.
809. Tr. Rattus* Oblong, .carinate, hairy on the fore-
part, with a very long; bristle behind.
Adams Micr. p. 521. ta6. c ^.f 4*
In stagnant waters; the intestines visible in a gibbosity on the back..
810/ Tr. innata. Sheathed in a cylindrical hag, with a
small pedicel projectile beyond it.
Adams Micr. p. 526. tub, 27. f. \\.
In salt water ; funnel-torn:, contractile.
811. Tr. Cydidium. Oval, gaping at the tip, hairy at
the base.
Adams Micr. p. 527. tab. ay./. .i.
In vegetable infusions ; pellucid, filled with globules on the hind-
part.
812. Tr. Pulex. Oval, with an incision on the fore-
part, hairy on the front and base.
Adams Micr. p. 51?.. tab. 27. /. 12.
In fresh water ; erect, a little convex, pellucid, filled with dark
molecules, obtufe in front with a few fcattered hairs.
813. Tr. Lynceus. Nearly square, with a hooked beak
and hairy mouth.
Adams Micr. p. 528. tab. 27. /. 16.
In water which has been kept- some time, mcrnbranaceous,
comprefsed, with the intestines eminently visible.
814. Tr. Charon. Boat-shaped, grooved, hairy at both,
ends.
Adams Micr. f>. 529. tab. ay./, >7 18.-
In sea water ; oval, hollowed on the upper-part, convex and
furrowed beneath.
815. Tr. Cimex. Oval, with a lucid margin, hairy be-
fore and behind.
Jdams Micr.p. 529. tab. ay./. 19.
In vegetable infusions; convex on the back, flat beneath, with
an incision on the margin in front.
81.6. Tr. Pocillum Oblong, truncate and hairy before, .
-with a jointed tail divided into 2 bristles.
Donov. Ins. tab. \\. Adams Micr. t. 17. / 5. 6.
in marshes ; cylindrical, margined : mouth wheoi closed appearing
terminated by 2 spines: tail With 2 pair of bristles, one on the second
joint, the other on, the last.
817. Tr. Musculu*. Oval, hairy on the fore-part, with a
projecting tail beneath on the hind-part.
Adams Micr. p. 523, tab. 2y,/. 7.
In old infusions of hay ; smooth, with a double margin or line
beneath, narrow and furnished with short hairs before, and a small >
pointed tail beneath on the hind-part.
818. Tr. Delphinus. Oblong, hairy on the fore-part, end-
ing behind in a reflected truncate tail. .
Adams Micr. p. 526. tab. 27. /. 8.
In infusions of hay ; smooth, pellucid, egg-shaped. .
19. Tr. Pincis. Oblong, hairy before, ending behind
a very fine slender tail.
WORMS. INFUSORIA. 84. CerCaria. MS
JddHts Micr, p. 525, tab, 27, /. 13, 14,
in waiei ; kept some time $ smooth, pellucid, Jmigef thafl it \&
broedr filled with ydlew.ffleletwles, obtuse in ffetit,
820. Tr. tongicaudu, Cylindrical, truncate and surroun-
ded with hairi in front, tail long, with g painti and
Sbmtlei.
Adams Micn/cepe, p, 535, tab. a;,/, ie^
B. furnished with cirri.
821 . Trv Marus. Round r tumid, cirratc behind, pointed
before.
Adamt Microfcope p, $34, tab,t>},f, 97.
In freih water 5 pear-shaped,, full of black molecules, the tip
pellucid and radiate with 4 long curved foft tendrils,
822. Tr. Ludio. Gibbous, cirrate on one edge and hairy
on the other; tail forked stretched forward.
Donovan Int. t. ao,/. a. Adams Micrafoju t. 27. /, a6.
In stagnant water; ftnooth, pellucid, elavatc, lull of fmall pointr
cirri placed at top and in the middle.
C. Horned.
823. Tr. Histno. Oblong, with mucronate points on the
fore-part, and longitudinal tin-like bristles be-
hind.
Adam* Microfcope p. 531. tab.^.f, ao.
Body membranous; pellucid, with 4 or 5 black points on the fare--
part, the middle with clofe black f pecks and a few large white
fpot ; near the lower-part a few longitudinal bristles, not reaching
beyond the body.
824. Tr. Cyvris, Pear-shaped, sinuate towards the hind-
part, hairy on the lore-parti.
Adams Micrnfcope p. 53 1 . tab . 27 . /. 2 1 . '
In ditch water; comprefsed, rounded behind.
825. Tr. Patella. Covered with an univalve shell, emar-
ginate and homed in front, with pendulous flexile
bristles behind.
Adams Misrofcope p. 531. tab. ay./. 22. 23.
In marsh water; comprefsed, rounded behind.
826. Tr. Pullasier. Oval, sinuate on the fore-part with;
a crest in front, hairy at the base.. ,
Adams Microfcope p. 532. tab. 27. /. 24. 25.
In ditches; pellucid with shining molecules, truncate and fur
rounded with, hair in front, si,nuous on the fore-part.
827. Tr. Mytilus. Oblong-, broader at each extremity;
transparent, ciliate and horned;
Adams Microfcope p. 532, tab. 27. _/". 29.
In marsh water, pellucid, white and rotinded at both ends, dark,
in the middle with black intcl'tines mixed with a few white mole-
cules, ciliate and armed with a horns in front, ctliate behind and
furnished with 2 briftles reaching beyond the margin.
84. CERCARIA,
828. C. Gifrinus. Round, with a sharp-pointed tail.
Baker Microfe. expl. lab. ic.f. i ?
In animal infusions; white, gelatinous, nearly globular on
the fore-part.
226 WORMS. INFUSORIA. 85. Leucopbra;
829. C. inquicta. Changeable, convex, with a smooth
tail.
Adams Micrefccpe p. 493. Lab. 25. /. 31.'
In fall-water ; white, gelatinous, changing its shape into a
fphaerical long or oval figure, but always preferving its Mil.
830. C. Lemna. Changeable, somewhat flattened, with
an annulate tail.
Adams Microfc. p. 494. tab. 25.7. 33-35.
In ditch wat^r ; changing to oblong, triangular, or kidney-form;
tail short^ thick, annulate, or long, llexile, without rings.
831. C. iurbo. Globular, contracted in the middle, with
a setaceous tail.
Adams Microfcope p. 494. tab. 25. f. 30.
Bedy pellucid, partly oval, partly fphasrical, appearing compofed
of 2 unequal globular bodies: tail fomclimes straight, fometime*
reflected.
832. C. Podura. Cylindrical, taper, pointed and slightly
cloven behind.
Adams Microfcope p. 494. tab. 25.7. 36. 37.
In marshy places; pellucid, with black molecules on the trunk:
head rounded, -with a contraction a little below it.
833. C. mutabilis. Changeable, cylindrical, red or green,
with a pointed slightly cloven tail.
Shaw Naturalist's Mifcellany tab. 107.
In stagnant pools, in fuch innumerable myriads as to cover the
whole surface with a sheet of green or red, giving it sometimes
the appearance of being tinged with blood ; varies its posture
from a long cylindrical body, larger in the middle, to a nearly
globular-one : the extremities are pellucid,
831. C. Lupus. Cylindrical, thick, elongated, the tail
ending in 2 spines.
Adams After, p. 497. tab. 25. f. 39-
In stagnant water: bead truncate, divided from the body by a.
" contraction : taz'/uiuch narrower than the body, ending in 2 bright
moveable fpines.
835.. C. vermteularis. Cylindrical, annulate, with an exser-
tile proboscis, .and forked tail.
Adctms Microfcope p. .497. tab. 25. /. 40,
In stagnant water ; clivicjed into 8 or 9 annulations, tapering
towards the tail, the tip either obtufe or lunate.
836. C. Tripus. Nearly triangular^with a pointed refleo
ted arm each side, and straight tail.
Adams M icrojc cpe p. 498. tab. 25. f. 38,
In fait water : body ilat, pellucid.
85. LEUCOPHRA.
837. L. Conflictor. Spiiajrical, subopake, with moveable
intestines.
Ba/ier employ m. Mic.. tab. 3. n. 3.
In clear water ; yello.wifh with dark ed"ges, and filled with most
minute molecules in continual violent agitation
838. L. vtsiculifera , Oval, with vesicular intestines.
Adams Micr.p. 502. tab. 25.7.41.
Body pellucid, with a dark grey edge, the middle frequently ap-
pearing of a blue Cast.
WORMS. INFUSORIA. 86-89, 321
830. L. cornuta. Inversely conic, green, opakc.
Adams Microfcoptp 506. tab. 25. /. 42. 43.
In marshy grounds; broad and truncate in front, with a small
spine each side, pellucid and pointed behind : sometimes it ap-
pears oval or kidney-shaped, and when the water which contains
it evaporates, it breaks- into molecular vesicles.
810. L. /leteroctita. Cylindrical, obtuse in front, furnish-
ed behind with a double crested exsertile organ.
Adams Mia. p. 506. tab. 25.7. 44. 45.
To the naked eye appearing as a white point ; intestines
visible.
86. mJUSARlA.
841. B. Hinmdinetta. Oval, pointed at-each end, with
a sharp iin each side.
Donovan Ins. t. $.f. 2. Adams Micr. t. 25. /. 19.
In ditch and marsh water: a pellucid hollow membrane, mov-
ing forwards like a bird in flight.
$42. B. duplelta. Elliptic, with the edges folded over,
leaving a narrow longitudinal hollow,
Adams Microfcope p. 492. t. 25. f. 18.
Among Duck-weed, without visible intestines.
87. GONIUM.
84j G. pectorals. Quadrangular, pellucid, with 1 6 spoor
rical molecules.
Adams Miciofcope p. 489. t. ?./. 17.
In pure water : molecules oval, nearly equal in size, fet in a quad-
rangular membrane like diamonds in a ring, the lower-ones a
little krger than the rest.
88. COLPODA.
$44. C. Meleagris. Changeable, with the fore-part hook-
ked, the hind- part folded up.
Donov. fns. t. 32. /. 2. Adams Micr. t. 25. /. 22.
In water impregnated with vegetables: membrane dilated,
finely folded, variously bent every moment; the fore-part clear
and bright, the hind-part variously plaited and full of moleculcs-j
the margin sinuate.
845. 'C. Cucullns. Oval, inflated, with an incision be-
neath 'he tip.
Adams micr. p. 487. tab. $.$./. 23.
In various vegetable infusions: pellucid, with an irregular
margin, filled with bright molecules; generally oval, with the
top bent into a kind of beak, sometimes oblong but usually obtuse,
with 824 bright molecules
$46. C. Pi/rum. Convex, oval, produced in front into a
beak
Adams Micr. p. 4^89, tab.2$.f. 20. 21.
Body uniform, transparent, pale, filled with molecules ; the
neck rather long and a little bent.
89. PARAMECIUM.
847. P. Aurelia. Compressed, longitudinally platted
towards the fore- part, acute behind.
Kill Aain. i.t. 3. Herman. Naturf. 20. r. 3./. 41. a.
In ditch-water and infusions ; raeinbranateous, 4 times as long
228 WORMS. INFUSORIA. 90. 91.
as it is broad ; the fore-part obtufc, hyaline.; the hind-part filled
with molecules ; the fold reaching from the middle to the tip,
848. P. Chrysalis. Cylindrical, longitudinally plaited on
the fore-part, obtuse behind.
Adams Microfcope p. 483. tab. 25. /. -26.
-In fait water ; refembling the laft, but is more obtufe behind ;
the margins filled with black globules.
849. P.ociferum. Depressed, with large oval molecules
within.
Adams Microfcope p. 4^3. tab. 25. f. 25.
Body oval, pellucid, with black grains.
$50. P. marginatum. Depressed, grey,, with a double
margin.
Adams Microfcope p. 483. tab. 25. f. 24.
at, elliptical, with a clear fpiral intestine.
90. CYCLIDIUM.
$51. C. Bulla. Orbicular, transparent.
Hill Anim.t. t. a. Wrisb.infus.f. x. b.
Jn infusions of hay ; pellucid, white, with the edges a Httlq
darker : motion slow and circular.
852. C. radians. Oval, with distinctly visible intes-
tines.
Hill Hist. anim. tab. \.f. 3.
. In vegetable infusions ; fmooth, pellucid, with a blue canal .
within branching into 2 arms, and 2 tranfvcrfe lines just beneath
the middle of the body.
$53. C, Nucleus. Oval, ending in a point behind.
Hill Hi st. anim. tab. i . /. 4 ?
In vegetable infusions, refembling a grape-feed; intestines visi-
ble, the fore and hind-part dark each side.
854. C. Pediculus. Oval, convex above, flat beneath.
.Trtntbley Polyp. \.p. 282. tab."j.f. 10. 11.^
On the arms of the Hydra fufca : gelatinous, whitish, each end
deprefsed and truncate, fometimes cloven at one end.
91. VIBRIO.
855. V. Lunula. Bow-shaped, pointed at each end.
Adams Microjcope p. 458. tab. 25. /. 16.
Body green, with a few globules difpofed longitudinally,
856. V. Serpeniula. Ol'an^quai size, rather pointed at
the ends.
Mill Anim. t. i. Spallanz. Microfc.p. 189.7. 2. 12.
In vegetable infusions of several weeks standing : whitish,
frequently convolute and drawn into various forms, marked with a
longitudinal row of white dots.
$57. V. Aceti. Rather rigid, with a tapering pointed
tail, and a retractile protuberance at the base.
Adams micr. t. \\.f. 7. Bak. Micr. t. to:/. 8. t>.
In vinegar and other mild acids-. very fertile, pellucid, and
active; is both viviparous and oviparous,
858. V. Glutimt. Filiform, with a dark shield on the
back surrounded with a while ring : head ob-
tuse.
Adams Micr, p. 462. tab.. M./, 6. 8, 9. o.
WORMS. INFUSORIA. 92. 93. 229
In paste and other viscid substances which have been kept some
time ; resembles the last, but is much slower, shorter, and less
pointed at the tail.
B59. V. dnguilula. Somewhat rigid, tapering both
ways.
Mams Micr. t. 1 1 ./. 4. 5. Nat. Mhcell. t. 431 .
In paste, vegetable sediments, and infusion* of grain, and in sea
water ; pellucid, with hardly visible intestines, but sometimes a
transverse line in the middle, and rarely a longitudinal row of glo-
bules : it is ovipaious.
860. V. Anser. Elliptic, with a long neck, and a tubercle
on the back.
Adams Micr. p. 477- '**. 25-/-. 2 7- *9
In water where Duck-weed grows; elliptic, round, full of mole-
cules, produced into a bending deck longer than the body on the
fore-part, sharp and bright behind.
861. V. Olor. Elliptical, with a very long neck clavate
at the end.
Donov. Ins. t. 23. /. t. Adams Micr. t. 25. /. 28.
In water replete with decayed vegetables ; tnembranaceou*,
dilatable, continually moving the neck, eomewkat pointed
behind.
862. V. Proteus. Gelatinous, shooting out into a fine
point.
Donovan Ins. t. 32. /. 3. 4. Adams Microfc. t. 25. /. 4. 5.
lu river water, pellucid, filled with black molecules, changing its
form continually, but always ending in a point.
92. BACILLARIA.
863. Paradoxa Bacillaria.
Adams Micro/cope t. 25. /. 13-15. Nat. Mifcell. t. 436.
On the Ulva latifsitna : body compofed of 5-40 linear yellowish
short filaments united together, forming themfelves into afquare,
eigzag, or extended line, but always preserving .their parallclifm
and resting in a fcjuare.
93. ENCHELIS
864. E. punctifcra. Green, subcylindrical, obtuse before,
pointed behind.
Adams Micr. p. 443. tab. a^./. 8.
In marshes; opake, with a pellucid pot containing 2 black
'dots on the fore-part, and a double dark band in the middle^
865. E. caudata. Elongated, obtuse before, tapering to
a tail behind.
Adams Microsc. p. 447. tab. **>/. 9.
Body grey, pellucid, covered with globular molecules, obtwe
before, tapering to a transparent tail behind.
8G6. E. retrograda. Transparent, narrowed before,
with a globular tip.
Adams Micr.p, 448. tab. 25. /. ti. 12.
Gelatinous, without visible inteftines, moving sideways, and
fometisie* retrograde,
867. E. Truncus. Cylindrical, with a dilated round
head.
Adams Micr. ^.450. ttb. *.$./. 10.
Body large, mucous, grey, rather opa^e, globular in fronf,
obtufe behind, with sometimes 3 teeth protruded from the middle
V
230 WORMS. INFUSORIA. 94. 95.
on one side, filled with globules : motion slow, from rieh^
to left.
94. VOLVOX.
868. V. Spharula. Sphaerical, with similar round
molecules.
Adams Micr.p. 439. tab. 2^./. 6.
In ftagnant waters; compofed of about 60 pellucid homogeneous
white or greenish-yellow points ; moves slowly, about a quarter
of a circle from right to left, and then back again from left
to right.
869. V. Lunula. Hemisphaerical, with similar crescent-
shaped molecules.
Sphaerical, membranaceous, with
95. M0NA&
871. M . Atomus. Whitish, with a variable point.
Adams Alter, p. 431. tab. 25. /. i.
In fea water kept a long time : body a white point, fomewhat
oval, with a minute black dot variable in its pofture, rarely
with 2.
872. M. P'mctum. A solid opake black point,
Adams Micr. p. 43 > 3-
In fetid infusions of pears : body round, moving in a slow waver-
ing manner.
873. M. Mica. Transparent, with an oval movebte cir-
cle in the middle.
Adams Micr.p. 433- 6 -
Common in purer waters : tody a lucid point, variable in its
motions, and encompassed by a beautiful halo,
874. M. Lens. Transparent, with sometimes a greenish
margin.
Baker Micr. 1. 1 o./. i -3. Hill. Anim. f . i . i .
Found in all water , a round pellucid dot, frequently in mafscs,
without the leaft veftige of inteftines.
875. M. Termo. A most minute simple gelatinous trans-
parent point.
Adams Micr. p. 430. n. i .
In inoft animal and vegetable infusions ; of all known animals
the moft minute and simple, being fo extremely delicate and
tranfparent, as often to elude the moft highly magnifying powers,
blending as it were in the water in whicu it fwims.
INDEX,
INDEX.
Aberdevine , .
Page
40
Bafte . . . ,
Pag*
8
Acorn-Skeli .
Actinia . .
3o
Beaver , . .
. 11
Alauda
4*
Bee-eater . , .
34
Alca .
66
Bernacle . .
72. 144.
Alcedo
34
Bib . . 9
Alcyonium
207
Bittern f
53
Ammodites
87
Ampelis . . .
36
Black-cap . . ,
Amphitrite . .
. 136
Bleak ...
109
Anarichas .
. 87
Blennius . . . .
92
Blertny . . . . t
92
Anchovy^ , .
107
Blind-worm
81
Angler
Bos .
Anguilla . . .
. 87
Bracbionus . ,
. 218
Anguis . . .
81
BrambliHg
40
Anomia
162
Bream .
. 108
Aphrodita . . .
. 136
Aplysia . :
133
Area. Ark-shell .
. 160
* 3*
Ardea
5*
Bulla . ...
. 168
Argentine , . .
. 105
Bull-head . .- ..
94
. 125
3*
Afcidia
. 132
Burfaria .
227
Ass .
15
Bustard
5*.
After ias . . .
39
Butcher-bird
Buzzard
30
Atherinc
. 105
Auk .
66
c.
Avocet . . .
66
Cachalot . .
ifi
B.
Callionymus .
88
Bacillaria . . .
. 5.29
Canis . . ,
9
Badger ...
. JO
Capra
*4
Salsena .
15
Caprimulgus . .
4f
Balanus
H3
Cardium ...
t
fand-Jish ...
94
Carp ....
. JO/
Marbsl
. 170
Cat .
2.
INDEX.
Ccllepora . .
Cellepore
Centrifcus . .
Cephalui . .
Cepola .
Cercaria .
Certhia .
Cervus . .
Chaffinch .
Chama . .
Page
. 205
. ao 5
117
. 116
94
223
: 34
J3
39
. 160
62
Curforiui . . ,
Curtvillet . . ,
Cuttle-fish .
Cyclopterus .
Cyclidium . . .
Cypraea .
Cyprinut . . *
D.
Dab .
fk^
. 62
. 6
, 138
. J3
. aaS
. 167
. 107
96
6i
_
Chimxra . .
. . to
. **4
Dead Man's Hand
. w>7
*
Chough
31
7
Clupca
Coal-fish .
Cobitis . .
Cock of the Woods
. 106
9
. 103
5
Derris . .
Deui'worm . . ,
Didapper . .
Diver .
13*
. 118
. 65
67
Cod-fish .
Colpoda .
Coluber . .
. . 9
. 227
. 80
Dog-fish . . .
Dolphin
Donax .
"4
>7
* >5*
Columba . .
/w
49
Colymbus . .
Comber . .
. . 67
99
Dormoufe .
Dorfe . , ,
3
, 89
Conger
87
Coot . .
. . 64
Dragonet . . ,
Duck ....
88
Coraciat . ,
Coral .
Corallina .
31
206
. . 211
Dun-diver * .
Dunlin . . %
7*
. 63
Corvorant
77
E,
8
Courser ..
Cow . . .
62
14
167
Echincij . * .
Echinorinchua . .
Echinus . . .
94
. 126
Crake . . .
63
lei
87
Creeper
Crofs-bili .
34
37
Emberiza . . .
Enchelii . . .
33
* *2 9
Ci usian
. 108
Erinaceut . .
M
Cuchouf .
Curlew
3*
55
Efox ....
Exoccctus . .
. 05
. toi
IND
EX.
ia
Page
Page
F.
Grampus * .
, . 17
Faloo. Falcon .
Fafciola .
24
. 126
Grayling . t .
. 104, 109
64
Father-lasher
Felis ....
95
Green-finch , *
37
Field-fart .
Filaria , ,
9
36
. 126
Green-shank .
Grosbeak , .
57
. . 3 5
Fitch ...
39
Groundling . .
. . 103
tin-fish
Grous . .
Gudgeon . .
Guillemot . ,
. .50
. 107
. . 67
Fitchet
10
Flat-fish
Flounder ...
95
96
Gull . . ,
Gurnard . .
68
102
Fluke ....
126
Giuyniud .
. - 104
Flustra . .
209
Fly-catcher . . .
41
ri*
Flying-fish .
. 106
Haddock . . .
89
Fox ....
Haematopus
Hag-fish . . .
. no
Fringilla . . .
39
frog '.
80
J/a/r worm
Frog fish . . i
. 115
fla^tf . ...
Fulica .
. 64
G*
Haw-finch . .
37
Gad us . .
89
Hawk . .
. . 28
Gadiuall
74
Hedge-hog .
. . 11
Callinula . .
- 63
Helix
. . 187
Gallinule .
. 63
Hen-harrier . .
. . 27
Cannot
77
Herring . .
. 106
Garganey . .
. 76
./fc'aiiy
15
Gar-fish . . .
105
Hirudo
. 129
Gafterofteus . .
101
Himndo . .
. . 48
Gaftrobranchus *>. .
. no
28
Gtittorugine
92
Gilt-head . J
97
Holibut . - ,
95
Holothuria
. 132
8
Goat-sucker ...
49
Gobius. G0y . .
Godwit . t
94
. 56
H&rn-wrack .
209
Golden-eye \ . .
Gold-jlnch . . . .
Gold-finny .
: 76
4
99
Hound-fish . ,
112
Gold-fish .
. 108
Hydra ~ ,
. 2l8
Goofander .
70
J/
Gorgonia . . .
. 206
Courts-worm , ,
126
.j/f<rfti^on . ,
. 5
iv
INDEX.
Page
-Page
John doree . . .
95
Mallard
73
Martin . .
. 9. 49
K.
Medufa
. 13*
Kestril . . .
27
Merganser ...
70
King-fah .
King's fisher .
Kite . . .
95
34
Mergus ...
Merlin
Merops . .
70
, 28
34
KittiwaAe ." .'
Knot ....
7
61
Miller's Thumb .
70
94
Millepora . .
204
L.
Mi/lepoie . .' .
204
Missel
35
Labrus
98
. 170
Lacerta . .
79
Mole ....
. 10
Lampern . ,
no
Monas
230
. 63
Moor-hen . . .
63
Lanner
27
Morns
88
Lap-wing , , .
. 58
Motacilla . .
43
Lark ....
JLarus . , ,
68
Mugil . . t
. 106
Launce ...
. 8?
Mule ;
'5
Leech ....
129
Mullet '
, 106
Lcpas ...
. 144
Mullui J
* 1C1
Leptocephalus .
88
Murex . . s
173
Lepus . . .
13
Mus S
i 11
JLernaea .
137
Mufcicapa i *
* 4
. 226
163
Li max ...
* 132
Mya *i<
, 146
13
LinAis
. 130
MytiLus 4
, 163
Line-worm . '. *.
. 130
Ling ....
91
N.
Linnet , . ,
Lizard . . ,
Lob-u.orm . . .
40
79
128
Nacre .
1^5
37
Locke ....
Loon . ,
. 103
. 67
Narwhal .
Natter-jack .
Nautilus , , k
'5
80
. 166
JLoxia . . ,
JLumbricus . . ,
115
. 36
. 128
. 128
Needle-fsh .
Nereis , ,
Nerita. AVr/te . .
. J 95
M.
Nightingale .
44
,
Night-Swallow .
4^
Maakarel ...
100
Numcnius . . *
55
Mactia '- , .
* 154
// . , ,
71. 167
Madrepori* , ,
. 204
Nut-cracker ,
31
Madrepore . . ,
204
Nut-hutch .
**
* * 11 L; ja A.
' V
o.
Page
Pipe-fish . ;
Page
6 Id Wife . . .
.. Cpah . . . .
, Ophidium . .
',0pbis
Oriolus . .
R >''* .
8 Planaria .
'11 P'atalea , .
Plcuronectes
: % fi
126'
35,
95
62
3 Oriole
3 * Pochard
75
'' Podiceps .
. . 64
Ostrea . . .
. ^162 r 7"'
95
Otis .
.fOifcat .
10
Otter ,
52 Pollach
. 9 1
Ovi .
10 -Polype
. , 218
. Ouzel .
Owl ....
Ox
36 Porpesse .
28 p^i . ; ; ;
90
17
no
Oyster
.. Oyster-catcher . .
14 Procellaria
l62 Ptarmigan . .
6 3 Puddi^- W ed
.. 70
51
207
I.
Puffin" .
66
.
P;rt? .
. -60
jParamecftjm . .
227
' Partridge .
5' Q.
Parus
-Patella
Pearl . .
47 gaiV . .
'9<5 g W f
97
: 5*
49
Pecten
161 . ,o
Pelecanus .
x\ft
77
Pelecan ,
Rabbet
. , 3
i 217 Ra J a ' .'
-Perca .
63
'Perch . . <
63
Perdix
Rana .
83
1 Perriuiinkle
'79 *" ' ' '
Petrel
'* Raven
. 33
Petromyzon . .
Pett'ichapt
. io 9 **y -
4 * Razor-bill .
. 110
6(5
, i8 R^zor-sheath
. . 147
* Phalaropus . '
t 64 Recurvirostra .
66
Phalarcpe . . .
64 Red-breast . .
. . 46
'Pha'sianufc . :
50 Red-fole .
41
Pheasant
50 Red-shank .
51
Pho'ca . .
3. Redstart
' 45
, , 45 Redwing .
35
- Phyfeter . .
94
Piciis . ' ,
32 Ring-tail .
27
Pigeon , .
t ^ 2 Roach .
. . ic8
Pike .'.,-.
. 1C5 \/?0fa ]*.*."
Pilchard t .
, ic6 r Rockling _ . * *
9
Pinfia , .
. 165 /?<3f. Roebuck f .
. 14
Pin-tail . .
75 /20//<rr . [ .
31
vi INDEX.
Rud ....
Page
. 108
Shoveller
Page
74
Ruff and Reeve . .
s.
. 58
Shrike
Sipunculus . . .
Siskin.
29
. 128
Sitta ....
Salmo. Salmon . .
Salmon-trout
. 103
. 103
Skatf ....
Slow worm . . ,
Slug* .
1 1O
. 81
.Sandtrling .
104
62
Smear-dab- . . .
Smelt ....
. 96
58
Scad
132
Scallop
Scaup
. 161
74
Snail Shell .
Snake
Snipe ....
. 187
80
Sciurus
Scolopax . .
12
55
Snipe-jish
Sole ....
117
96
Scomber . .
. 100
Solen ....
Screech-oiul .
Sea-adder . .
73
29
- 117
Sorex
Sparrow
Sparus
it
39
97
Sea-ear . , .
Sea-egg
Sea-fan
Sea-Jig
Sea-fox
Sea-hare . . .
Seal ....
. 196
. 141
206
. 207
. 112
, 133
8
Spoon-bill .
Spongia. Sponge ,
Sprat . .
Squahis : .
Squirrel . . .
Stag ....
37
52
. 20S
. 107
112
. 12
13
Sea-lemon . .
Sea-lungs . .
Sea-mat . . * .
Sea-monster . ,
Sea-mouse . .
Sea-^ieedlt .
Sea-pen * .
Sepia ' . .
. 133
fcoy
. 209 .
U4
. 136
. 105,
217
. 138
Slar-fih
Starling. Stare . .
Sterna .
Stickle-back
Sting-bull .
Sting-ray . . .
Stoat . . .
Stone-chat .
Stork . .
39
35
68
101
. 89
11*2
10
. 46
Sea-pie ' , . .
Sea-purse* . . .
Sea-serpent .
Sea-unicorn . . .
Sea-urchin . .
Serpula * .
Sertularia . . ' .
SAarf . . . .
63
207
. 87
15
.. 141
200
212
. 106
Strix ...
Strombus .
Sturgeon . . .
Sturnus
Sucker .
Sucking-Jith ^ . .
Sun-Jish . ^ .
28
173
. 114
35
. 115
94
. 116
Surmullet . . .
Sii*"
101
15
Shafk . > . ' . ' .
JArtp .'.*..
H
Swallow . *
. 58
Shevoen ' ' . ' .
. 103
ShieldraAe .
74
Shi f -verb . v .
. 202
INDEX.
Vll
Page
.,
Sword-fish . ,
88
V.
age
Sylvia
44
Syngnathus . .
116
Venus . . ,
Genus's fan .
206
T.
Vermiculum . .
, 99
Vespertilio . .
8
Taenia ...
. 126
Vibrio .
228
80
Tantalus . . .
54
Viverra .
. 126
9
Teal .
Tellina
Voluta
. 170
Tench ....
Terebella .
. 108
132
Upupa . . t
Urchin
. 219
34
. 11
Teredo . .
2C2
Tern . . .
68
Ursus . . ,
' ia
Testudo
78
Tetrao
50
TV.
Tetrodon .
. 116
Wagtail
43
Thistle-finch
. 40
Weesel
9
Throstle
35
Weever
. 89
Thrush . . ,
. 35
Whale
Titmouse . . ,
47
Wheat-ear ...
! 4 6
Toad .
8
Whelk.
17L 73
Tomtit
48
Whiff
97
Whimbrel .
55
Top-shell .
Whinchat .
. 46
Tooth-sheU .
198
White-bait .
109
Torpedo
45
Tortoise ...
78
Whiting-pout
90
Trachinus . .
Wigeon .
75
Trichocephalus . .
. 126
Wolf .
9
Trichoda . .
. 222
Wolf-fish .
. 87
Trigla . , .
Tringa .
58
Woodcock . . .
. 56
Triton
. 138
Wood-pecker
32
Trochus .
1 77
Wrasse ...
Trout .
103
Wreath-shell
! 178
Trumpet-fish
117
Wren
47
Tube-worm .
. 128
Wryneek .
32
Tubulaiia .
210
X.
Tunny
Turbo
. 1 7 8
Xiphias ...
88
Turbot ...
97
Y.
Turdus
35
Yellow-hammer .
. 3*
Turn-stone .
Yunx .
Turtle
> o
Turtle-dove .
78
z.
Twite ....
50
.Zeus ....
95
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS,
P. 10. Under Talpa europtea, insert
Var. 2. White, with rusty red throat and belly. =
Var. 3. Spotted black and white.
Both thefe varieties were taken, in the fpring 1807, at Kyllc-
maenllwyd in Caermarthenshire, the feat of John Rees, Esq.
P. 25. After Turdus iliacus, insert
63.* T. gularis. Above dusky-brown, beneath white
with a dusky bar across the bottom of the throat:
vent rusty -yellow, with black bars;
Penrith Ouzel. Latham Synops. \'\. p. 177. n, 2.
Body larger than T. Cinclus, above dusk-y- brown : chin and throat
white, with a dusky bar at the bottom of the latter : breast, belly,
and thighs white, with short black streaks pointing downwards,
more numerous towards the lower belly and thighs: vent yel-
lowish, barred with black : legs rusty-yellow.
Obs. This fpecies is added by Dr. Latham, from Mr. Pennant's
notes of a Journey from Downing to Alston Moor, in which is-
painted a figure of the bird.
Title-page in the quotation, for prinicipio read principle.
Page 15, line 32, for blaek read black.
1 5t 34 > f r lobes read lobes.
35, 9 from the bottom, for reddtsh-oranpe rd. reddish-orange
87, 4 from the bottom, for t. 32 read t. 33.
103, 5, for unarmed read head unarmed.
107, 41, for Shaw Zvol. read Shaw Zcol.
108, 5 from the bottom, for co- read covered.
118, n. 5. for FACIOLA read FASCIOLA.
118, n. 10. place HIRUDO in the division b. Without the later*}
pore. .
Page 124, last line, for 62 read 92.
129, line 25, Horse-leech place under H. sanguisuga.
138, 7 from the bottom, for r. 8.f. 5. read t. "],f. 2,
HI* 3> f r -A-. sphcerulala read A. spharttlata.
167, 19, for joinst read joints.
17 1 36, tor aperture read aperture.
204, 17, for psrtitiom read partitions.
.f. EVANS, PRINTER,
Wind-Street.
Turton.W
British
fauna.
June 8 f f 17
y i
Zoo. Dept
QL2'
OGY jpj^i
,-L
IMERUBRARYtOA
MR * 5
Jttiv
357918
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
