British zoology

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BRIFISH ZOOLOGY.

VOL. ING
CRUSTACEA. MOLLE SCA:

THS TACHA.

O MARE,O LITTUS,verum fecretumque

Mycaoy./quam multa invenitis, quam multa

’

dictatis

LONDO N,
Printed. for Ben] . White,
MPO CLARY Ft .

TO THE
DUTCHESS DOWAGER

OF

ro k. T Law ND,
THIS WORK Is DEDICATED,
AS A GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEGEMENT
OF THE MANY FAVORS
EGNFERRED:- BY HER GRACE
ON HER MOST OBLIGED,
AND MOST OBEDIENT
HUMBLE SERVANT,

Downing,
March 1, 1777:

THOMAS PENNANT.

a

AMVERTISEMEN T.

WISH it had been in my power to have
given a perfect conclufion to the ZooLo-
Gy of our country: but my {mall acquaint-
ance with InsecTs, and the fourth divifion
of the VIth clafs, Lithophyta and Zoophyta,
forbad me to meddle with them. The Public
has little reafon to regret this omiffion, fince
the univerfal genius JoHN REINHOLD For-
sTER, has hinted * a defign of undertaking
the firft; and my late worthy friend Mr.
Evxis, (whom Linnzvus fo juftly ftiles
Lynceus) has in a great meafure executed the
laft.
In my arrangement of the prefent work,
I have taken the liberty of making a diftin&
clafs of the CrRusTAcEous ANIMALS ; and
{eparated them from Insects, among which
they are ufually placed.

* Catalogue of Britifh Infe@ts. 2.

a2 I HAVE

1V

ADVERTISEMENT.

i wave paid implicit refpect to the Swedifh
NATURALIsT,in my claffling of the VERMES.
and SHetis. I have on another occafion *,
given my fentiments of that wonderful man,
(after Ray) the greateft illuminator of the
ftudy of Nature. I have borrowed from
him the La¢zn trivial names; fometimes given
tranflations of them; fometimes given other
Englifh names, when I thought them more
apt.

GRATITUDE prompts me to mention a
moft irreparable lofs in my amiable friend
BENJAMIN STILLINGFLEET, Efquire, in
whom were joined the beft heart and the
ableft head. Benevolence and innocence were
his infeparable companions. Retirement
his choice, from the moft affectionate of
motives {. How great, yet how unneceflary
vas his diffidence in public! How ample, his
inftruction in private! How clear his infor-
mation ! How delicate the conveyance! The
pupil received advantage, edified by the hu-
mility of the mafter. Thoroughly imbued
in Divine Philofophy, he had an uncommon

* Synopfis of Quadrupeds, Preface vii.
t Mr, Gray’s Letters, 288.

a 3 infight :

ADVERTISEMENT.

infight into the ufes of every object of Natu-
ral Hiftory; and gave fanction to thofe ftu-
dies, which by trivial obfervers were held
moft contemptible. The end of his iabors
was the GooD OF MANKIND. He attempted
to deftroy the falfe fhame that attended the
devotee to Ornithology, the chace of the
Infe&, the fearch after the Cockle, or the
poring over the Grafs. He proved every
fubject to be of the greateft fervice to the
world, by the proper remarks that might
be made on them. ‘The traveller, the failor,
the hufbandman might, if they pleafed, draw
the moft ufeful conclufions from them. The
- reader may receive the proof from his tranf-
lations of various effays, the productions of
the LInn# AN {chool; his own CALENDAR
of Frora, and Obfervations on Grasses.
How much to be lamented is this fhort
catalogue of the works of fo great, fo gooda
man! I {peak not of his Effay on Mufic, as
foreign to the fubje&. Some of his remarks
appear in my Briti/bh Zoology. He thought
me fo far deferving of his encouragement, as
to dedicate part of his time to farther aGs
of friendfhip. I received the unfinifhed
tokens of his regard by virtue of his promife ;

a 3 Oe ane

' ADVERTISEMENT.

| the only papers that were refcued from the

flames, to which his modefty had devoted all
the reit.

DerFreNnDED by fo great an example, (how-
foever unequally I may follow it) there 1s
hardly any need for an apology for the
fubject of the following fheets. But if any
fhould require one, 1 take the liberty of
delivering it in the words cf my ever re-
eretted friend :

‘ From a partial confideration of things,
* we are very apt to criticife what we ought
‘ to admire; to look upon as ufelefs what
‘ perhaps we fhould own to be of infinite
* advantage to us, did we fee a little farther ;
‘ to be peevith where we ought to give thanks;
‘ and at the fame time to ridicule thofe, who
‘ employ their time and thoughts in exa-
mining what we were, i. e. fome of us moft
afiuredly were, created and appointed to
ftudy. In fhort, we are too apt to treat
the Almighty worfe than a rational man
would treat a good mechanic; whofe
works he would either thoroughly exa-
‘ mine, or be afhamed to find any fault with
them. This is the effe& of a partial confi-
deration of Nature; but he who has can-

5 * dour

ADVERTISEMENT.
dour of mind, and leifure to look farther,
will be inclined to cry out:

How wond’rous is this fcene! where all is form’d
With number, weight, and meafure! all defign’d
For fome great end! where not alone the plant

Of ftately growth; the herb of glorious hue,

Or food-full fubftance ; not the laboring fteed,
The herd, and flock that feed us; not the mine
That yields us ftores for elegance, and ufe;

The fea that loads our table, and conveys)
The wanderer man from clime to clime, with all
Thofe rolling fpheres, that from on high fhed down
Their kindly influence; not thefe alone,

Which ftrike ev’n eyes incurious, but each mofs,
Each fhell, each crawling infect holds a rank
Important in the plan of Him, who fram’d

This feale of beings; holds a rank, which loft
Wou’d break the chain, and leave behind a gap
Which Nature’s felf would rue. Almighty Being,

* Caufe and fupport of all things, can I view

a

s

Thefe objeéts of my wonder; can I feel

Thefe fine fenfations, and not think of thee?
Thou who doft thro’ th’ eternal round of time ;
Doft thro’ th’ immenfity of fpace exift :
Alone, fhalt thou alone excluded be

From this thy univerfe? Shall feeble man
Think it beneath his proud philofophy

To call for thy affiftance, and pretend

To frame a world, who cannot frame a clod ?
Not to know thee, is not to know ourfelves——
Ts to know nothing—nothing worth the care

Of man’s exalted fpirit—all becomes

Without thy ray divine, ong,dreary gloom ;
Wuers lurk the monfters of phantaftic brains,

a4 © Order

Vil

ADVERTISEMENT.
« Order bereft of thought, uncaus’d effeéts,

Fate freely a€ting, and unerring Chance.
WHERE meanlefs matter to a chaos finks

‘ Or fomething lower ftill, for without thee

It crumbles into atoms void of force,
Void of refiftance—it eludes our thought.
WHERE laws eternal to the varying code

* Of felf-love dwindle. Intereft, paffion, whim

€
€

€

© Js vifionary guefs—is dream—is death.’

Take place of right, and wrong, the golden chain
Of beings melts away, and the mind’s eye
Sees nothing but the prefent. Alb beyond

$YSTEMATIC

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

oh AUT RS.

Crass V, CRUSTACEOUS,

Genus I. Curki A. Brs.
Pratz If. N° a> Pea:
2. Minute.
3. Long- horned.
4. Broad-foot.
Il, 5. Common.
6. Cleanfer.
Ill. 7. Black-clawed.
IV. 8. Velvet.
feels eee
¥, g. Wrinkled.
(40. Angular.
VI. 11. Briftly.
12. Great-clawed.

PLATE

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF PLATES.

Pirate VII. N° 13. Long-clawed M. and F.
VIII. 14. Horrid.
15. Four-forked.
{X. 16, Spider.
17. Slender-legged,
A. 18, Weymouth.
ig. Uneven.
20, Rough.

Genus II. LOo-8:S fe eS

2 21. Vulgar.
XI. 22. Spiny.
XI. 24. Norway

32. Atom.
XII. 25. Long-clawed.
XIV. 26. Plated.
XV. 27. Craw-fith.
30. Shrimp.
XVI. 28. Prawn.
31. Linear.
SVII, 38. Hermit.

ONISCI,

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF PLATES,

ON TS CL aac.

Pirate XVIII. N® 1. O.. Pfora.

2 Linearis.

2 Marinus.

4 Oceanicus.

i Eintomon.

6 Oeftrum.

+, PHALANGIUM Balene.

SCOLOPENDRA Marina. Nao.
Tap. HEV.

Crass Vi. Wie Oo RM, -S.
Div. I, Lone 6-7 abs NE,

Prate XIX. N® 6. Greater DEw-worm.

6.A. Leffer Dew-worm.
7, Luc-worm.

XX. 3. Marine Hair-worm.
10. Naked Tuse-worm.
13. Geometrical Lerecn, from

Roefel’s Infetts.
14. Tuberculated Leecu.
15. Glutinous Hac,
Div;

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF PLATES.

Div. II.

Pirate XXII. N°21.
2.3.
22.
25.
26.
35:
27.
28.
29.
24.
22:
33-
. Sea SCOLOPENDRA.

. Five-rowed HoLotTuurta.
. Great CuTTLE.

. Eight-armed C,

. Middle C: ~

. Sinallc,

. Dotted ASTERIAS.

. Hifpid Ast.

XXII.
XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
0.40.8

XXX.

XX XI.
XXXIT.

XXXITI.
XXXIV.

XXXV.
3

ii 6 Rate Saas i

Depilatory Laptysta.
Warty Doris.

Lemon Doris.
Aculeated APHRODITE.
Scaled Apu.

Ruftic Ascipia.
Pedunculated ApuRoDITA.
Annulated Aru.
Minute Apu.

Amber Doris.

Blue NEREIs.

Red N.

59.A. Flat Ast.

63.
. Lizard Ast.

. Ten-rayed Ast.

. Eatable Ecurnus.
. Cordated Ec,

. Oval Eca,

Beaded Ast.

Cass

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF PLATES.

Crass Dry dt: 4S EW. L's.

n,n Ce AL TeV.

PraTEXXXVI.N°%r. Hairy Curron.

XXX VIE?

XXXVIIL
MKIX:

KL.

XL
XLII.
XLIL.

XLIV.
XLV.

2. Marginated Cx.
3. Smooth Cu.

4. Common Acorn.
5. Sulcated A.

6. Cornifh A.

7. Striated A,

g. Anatiferous A.
10. Daétyle Puoras.
ia: White’ Pa.

12. Curled Px.

13. Little Pn.

B PAGe kV EE.

14. Abrupt Myas,
16, Sand M.

17. Painter’s M.

18, Pearl M.

1g. Dubious.

20. Pod Razor.

22. ScymeterR.

PLATE

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF PLATES,

Pirate XLVI. N°21. Sheath Razor.
23. Pellucid R.
24. Sub-oval R.
25+ Kidney R.
XLVII. 26. Fragile TeLiine,
27, Deprefied T.
_31, Carnation T.
XLVU1..285 Flag.
20. Plame: T,
XLIX.. 30, Rayed T,
32. Flefh-coloured T,
36. Horny T.
L. 37. Aculeated Cockte,
39. Fringed C.
41. Edible C.
LI. 40. Smooth C.
43.A. Strong Mactra,
LIT. 42. Simpleton’s M.
43. Strong M.
44. Large M.
45. Yellow Donax,
46. Purple.
LIII. 47. Commercial Venus.
LIV. 48. Szeihan V.
49.A. Antiquated V.
LV. 51. Waved V.
51.A. Indented V.
LVI. 50. Wrinkled V.
49. Antiquated V.
66. Oval V.
PLATE

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF PLATES.

Pirate LVI. N*53.
54-
34.
58.

59»
61.

62
63.
64.
65.
66,
703

LVIIlI.

LIX,
EX.
LXI.
LXII.

LXIil.

LXIV,

LXV.
LXV,

LXVII.
LXVIII.
LXIX.

92.
73:
75:
74.

Lettered Venus.

Fading V.

Rugged Tetuine, Vide p;

Orbicular Arca. :

Bearded A.

Great ScALLOP.

Leffer Sc.

Red Sc.

Variegated Sc,

Writhed Sc.

Worn Sc.

Larger AnomiA. This ad
heres to the Common
OysTeER, N°® 69.

Rugged Musset.

Edible M.

Pellucid M.

Incurvated M,

46.A. Short M.

76,

77
78
79
1)

Umbilicated M.
Great M. 3
Swan M.

Duck M.
Brittle Nacre:

7 TURBINATED ‘SHELLS.

Pirate LXX.N°82. Common Gowri.

83.
85.

Wood Dipper,
Cylindric D.

85.A. Open D.

PLATE

- SYSTEMATIC

PLateELXXI.N°86.
87.
88.
8g.

Q2.
go.
. Striated W.

. Corvorant’s foot StrRomsBus.
. Urchin Murex.

. Horny M.

. Angulated M. Engraven

LXXII.

LXXIy.
LXXIV.

LXXV.

LXXVI.

LXX VII.

LXXVIITI.

LXXIX.

LXXXI.

INDEX OF PLATES.
Oval VotuTe.

ona V.

Brown WHELK.

Mafiy W.

Reticulated W.

Waved W.

alfo in the F rontifpiece.

. Defpifed M.
. Buccina and Murices.

. Minute Buccinum.
- Livid Top.

. Cornule T.

- Umbilical T.

107.
108.
109.

: i i A

Tuberculated T.
Land T,

Perriwinkle WREATH.
Barred Wer...

111.A, Variety of the fame.

1i2

bas.
117.

Doubled Wr.
Auger Wr.
Bident.
PLATE.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF PLATES.
Prate LXXXII. N® r10. Tumid Wreatu.

LXXXITl.

LXXXIV.

LXXXV.

LXXXVI.

LXXXVII.

LXXXVIII.

= 794.
116,
rr8,
£10.
121.
122.
ye
125.
126.
128.
129.
£32.
122.
27.
I 30.
I 33.
135.
136.
ia.

138.
I 39.
140.
141,
142.
143.
144,

Studded Wr,

Reverfe Wr.
Mofs Wr.
Fafciated Wr.
Rock Swnait.
Pints.
Whirl S.
Dwarf S.
Horny S.
Exotic S.
Garden S.
Viviparous S.
Grey S.
Mottled S,
Shrub S.
Zoned S.,
Eight-fpired S.
Lake S.
Mud S.
Ear 5.
Smoothed S.
Olive S.
Livid NERITE.
River N,
Strand N.
Tuberculated Ha-
LIOTIS.

sides RB

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF PLATES

**** UNIVALVE SHELLS not turbinated,

Pirate LXXXIX.N® 145

xc

XCI.

XCII.

XCII.

146.-
Veo.
TA7:
148.
150.
15 Un
152.
154.
155.
157.
158.
162.
163.
161.

Common Limpert,

Flat J.

Striated L.

Bonnet L.

Inclinine L.

Tranfparent L,

Smooth L.

Slit L.

CommonToorTH-sHELL,

Spiral SERPULE.

Intricate S,

Twined S.

Honey-combedSazpetia

Tube S.

Coarfe S. Vide tab. xxv.
and 39.

Beardlefs Opnipium.
Br. Zool,i1. Appendix,

In Plate LXXIX is engraven the Buccinum
pEcussaTuM from Weymouth. It is a young thell.
When old, the lip is revolute and granulated.

In Plate LXIV. at the bottom, are three etch-
ings of a Mytilus, from Weymouth : a new fpecies,

10

BRITISH ZOOLOGY,

Srl A Ss, ¥.

we Us fA CE A

CRUSTACEOUS ANIMALS.

BRITISH ZOOLOGY.

€..4,..”Aiiaaniges V.

CRUSTACEOUS ANIMALS.

With eight feet, or ten; rately fix. CANCER.
‘Two of the feet clawed. — ee a
Two eyes, remote; for the moft part fixed on a

ftalk, moveable.
Tail foliated, and fhort, lodged in a groove in the

body.

C. Lin. Syft. 1639. Pifum.
Io Prac

Cr. ¥ ° ITH rounded and fmooth thorax,
VW entire and blunt. With a tail of
the fize of the body, which com-

monly is of the bulk of a pea. |
Inhabits the muffel, and unjuftly has acquired
the repute of being poifonous. The {welling after

eating of mufiels is wholly conftitutional ,; for one
that is affected by it, hundreds remain uninjured.

Vor. IV. B CRABS,

Gort BS: Crass V.

Crass, either of this kind, or allied to them,
the antients believed to have been the confentaneous
inmates of the pie, and other bivalves ; which
‘being too ftupid to perceive the approach of their
prey, were warned of it by their vigilant friend.
Oppian tells the fable prettily *. :

Ocpanoyv au Budgies, &c.

In clouded deeps below the Pinna hides,

And thro’ the filent paths obfcurely glides ;

A ftupid wretch, and void of thoughiful care,
He forms no bait, nor lays the témpting fnare.
But the dull flugeard boafts a Crab his friend, -
Whofe bufy eyes the coming prey attend.

One room contains them, and the partners dwell
Beneath the convex of one floping fhell ;

Deep in the wat’ry vaft the comrades rove,

And mutual int’reft binds their conftant love ;
That wifer friend the lucky juncture tells,
When in the circuit of his gaping fhells

Fith wand’ring enter; then the bearded guide
Warns the dull mate, and pricks his tender fide ;
He knows the hint, nor at the treatment grieves,
But hugs th’ advantage, and the pain forgives:
His clofing fhells the Piz#a fudden joins,

And ’twixt the preffing fides his prey confines ;
Thus fed by mutual aid, the friendly pair
‘Divide their gains, and all the plunder fhare.

© Halieut. lib. 11. He calls the crab Miwvo@uaad, cuffos Pinne.

* C. Lia

fev. OR AE SS 3

C. Lin. Sy. 1040. Groxov. Zooph. No. 962: Minutuse
Bafter, ii. p. 26. tabviv. fil. 2 2. MiyUTE.

Cr. with a fmooth and fomewhat fquare thorax ;
the edges fharp; horns fhort ; lefs than the laft.
Inhabits our fhores among Aga.

C. Lin. Syft. 1040. Gronov. Zooph. No. 968. Longicoruis.
Bafter, ii. pe 26. tab. iv. f. 3. | | 3. Lonc-
HORNED»

Cr. with a round fmooth thorax; with large
claws; very long horns ; fize of the laft.
Inhabits our fhores.

Cancer latipes. Rondel, 565. Gronov. Zooph. No. 954. Latipes.
Cancer latipes parvus oblongus variegatus. Plancus, 34. 4. Broape
tab. iii. fig. 7+ FOOT.

Cr. with a fub-cordated body; fhort feelers’;
angular claws; five {mall teeth on each fide; the
, hind legs ovated.

C. Lin. Syf. 1043. Bafter, iis tab. ii. f. 1. Menas.
Faun, Suec. No. 2026. Gronov. Zooph. 9552 5- Commons -

Cr. with three notches on the front; five ferrated
teeth on each fide; claws ovated; next joint,
B2 toothed 5

Depurator.
6. CLEAN-
SER.

Pagurus.
7. BLack-
CLAWED.

on

UR ASS Ss. Crass V.

toothed; hind feet fubulated; dirty green color ;
red when boiled.

Inhabits all our fhores; and lurks under the
Alge, or burrows under the fand. Is fold; and
eaten by the poor of our capital.

C. Lia. Sy. 1043. No. 23.
Seb. Muf. iil. tab. xviii. fig. 9.

Cr. with a fub-cordated body ; thorax on each
fide quinque-dentated ; front indented ; claws an-
gulated ; fecond joint {pined; hind Jegs have the
two laft joints ovated and ciliated.

A. vi. Variety with a tuberculated furface. Vide tab. iv.

Inhabits generally the deeps; feeds on dead
fith: hence called the purifier or cleanfer, as caufing
the removal of putrid bodies.

C. Lin. Syf. 1044. Groxov. Zooph. No. 967.
Belon. aquat. 368. Roudel. pife. 560. Faun. Suec. No. 2028,
Merret’s Pinax.

Cr. with a crenated thorax ; fmooth body; quin-
que-dentated front; fmooth claws with black tips ;
hind feet fubulated.

6 Inhabits

Beery. em A Re ee:

inhabits the rocky coafts ; the moft delicious
meat of any; cafts its fhell between Chri/fmas and
Eafter. |

The tips of the claws of this fpecies are ufed in
medicine ; intended to abforb acidities in the fto-
mach and bowels.

Cr. with the thorax quinque-dentated ; body Velutinus.
covered with fhort brown velvet-like pile; claws ° V&=V#-
covered with minute tubercles; fmal! {pines round
the top of the fecond joint; hind legs broadly
ovated. This is among the fpecies taken notice of
by Avifiotle * on account of the broad feet, which,
he jays, affift them in fwimming: as web-feet do
the water-fowl.
Inhabits the weftern coafts of Anglefea.

Cr. with the thorax quinque-dentated ; ferrated 5 Corrugatus.
body wrinkled tranfverfely ; claws furnifhed with En ae
a fingle {pine on the firft and fecond joint; fangs
ferrated ; laft pair of legs ovated.

Found on the fhores of Skie, oppofite to Loch
Furn.

Cr. with a rectangular body; the thorax armed Asgulatus.

es P 10, =
near the corner with two fpines; the claws very ae pubs

* De Part. Anim. lib, iv. ¢. 3:

B 3 long ;

Hirtellus,
11.BRISTLY.

Platy-cheles.
¥2. GREAT
CLAWED.

Cafivelaunus.
13. Lonc-
CLAWED.

CR A B S. Crass V.
long; the upper fangs black; legs flender and
fubulated.

Weymouth. From the Portianp cabinet.

C, Lin. Syft. 1045. Faun. Suec. No. 2029.
Cancer hirfutuss Rondel. 568.

Cr. with a hairy thorax; on both fides flightly
quinque-dentated ; claws ovated, flightly echi-
nated, and hairy; feet, briftly and fubulated. A
{mall fpecies; of a reddifh color.

Found beneath ftones.

Cr. with a tridentated front ; thorax entire ; claws
of a large fize; depreffed, and greatly ciliated on
the outfide; only three fubulated legs on each
fide; body little bigger than a horfe-bean, and
almoft round: Antenne very long and turning
back, when not in ufe.

Inhabits the Alge on the coaft of Anglefea and
the Hebrides.

Cr. with bifurcated front; a fpine at the corner
of each eye; another on each fide of the thorax
towards the tail; body ovated and fmooth; Az-
tenne of the length of the body ; the claws above ;
as long again as the body; feet fubulated. The
fuppofed female, of the fame form; only the

claws not half fo long. sida
nhabits

Crass V. Gem A 8:3)

Inhabits the deep near Holyhead and Red-.

Wharf Anglefea. Dredged up.

Cancer. Lin. Syf?. 10470
C. fpinofus. Seb. Mu/. iii. tab. xxii. fa. 1. Gronov. Zooph.

No. 976.
Fans, Trold Crabber. Pontop. Norway ii. 176. tab. p. 177+

Cr. with a projecting bifurcated fnout, the end
diverging ; body heart-fhaped ; and with the claws
and legs covered with long and very fharp {fpines.
A large ipecies.

Inhabits the rocks on the eaftern coaft of Scotland.
Common to Norway and Scotland, as many of the
marine animals and birds are.

Cr. with a quadri-furcated fnout ; the two middle

fpines the longeft; thorax fpiny; body heart-

fhaped and uneven; claws long; legs flender.
Inhabits the [fe of Wight.

=

Cancer. Lin. Sy. 1044.
Faun. Suec. No. 2030. Fonfton Exang.tab.v. fig. 13.

Cr. with a bifid fnout; briftly thorax; body,
heart-fhaped, and tuberculated ; claws long and
oblongly ovated ; legs ilender, long and fubulated.

Inhabits our fhores. Often covered with a dy/fus,

as in fpecimen xvi. A.
B 4 Cr. with

Horridus.
14.HorRID.

Tetra-odone
15. Four-
FORKED.

Araneus.
16. SPIDER.

Phalangium.
17. SLEN-

BER-LEG’D.

Dor fettenfis.
38. Wer-
MOUTH.

Tuberofus.

19.UNEVEN.

Ajper.

20. Roucu.

GRATE 3S" Crass V.

Cr. with a bifid fnout; heart-fhaped, fmall tuber-
culated body; long claws; legs of a vaft length,
very flender, and hairy.

Inhabits the depths on the coafts of Anglefea.

Cr. with a cordated body, rugged and bent, with
a few fpines; very thick, and long claws; and
very flender legs, the firft pair much longer than
the reft.

Weymouth. From the Portianp cabinet.

Cr. with a tuberous, fmooth back; fmall claws,
and fhort legs; fnour flightly bifid,
From the fame cabinet.

Cr. with a cordated body; bifid fnout; legs and
claws fhort; thofe and the body rough and fpiny.
From thé fame cabinet.

“lindric

£2
A

Crass V. LOseS fF E.R S:

Cylindric body.
Lone antenne.
Long tail, 4

Cancer. Lan. Sy/f. 1¢50. No.
Aftacus. Rondel. 538.
L. ITH a fmeooth thorax; fhort ferrated

{nout; very long antenne, and between
them two fhorter, bifid; claws and fangs, large,
the greater tuberculated, the lefler ferrated on the
Inner edge; four pair of legs; fix joints in the
tail; caudal fins rounded,

Inhabits all the rocky fhores of our ifland ; but

AST ACUS.
LOBS VER,

Gammarus.
21. VULGAR,

chiefly where there is a depth of water. In Liya, |

in Caernarvonfbire, a certain {mall lobfter, nothing
different except in fize, burrows in the fand.

Brought in vaft quantities from the Orkney ifles,
and many parts of the eaftern coaft of Scotland, to
the London markets. Sixty or feventy thoufand
are annually brought, in well-boats, from the
neighborhoad of Montrofe alone *.

Lobfters fear thunder; and are apt to caft their
claws on a great clap. I am told they will do the
fame on firing a great gun; and that when men of

t

* Tour in Scotland, 1772. part. ti. p. 146.

<4

Var

io

LOBS T.ERS- “eae

wat meet a lobfter-boat, a jocular threat is ufed,
That, if the mafter does_not fell them good lob-
fters, they will /alute him.

The habitation of this fpecies is in the cleareft
water; at the foot of rocks that impend over the -
fez. This has given opportunity of examining
more clofely into the natural hiftory of the animal,
than many others who live in an element that prohi-
bits moft of the human refearches, and limits the
inquiries of the moft inquifitive. lL.obfters are
found on moft of the rocky coafts of Great Britain.
Some are taken by the hand; but the greater
quantity in pots, a fort of trap formed of twigs,
and baited with garbage; they are formed like a
Wire moufe-trap, fo that when the lobfter gets in,
there is no return. ‘Thefe are faftened to a cord
funk into the fea, and their place marked by a
buoy.

They begin to breed in the fpring, and continue
breeding moft part of the fummer. They pro-
pagate more humano, and are extremely prolific.
Doctor Bafter fays he counted 12,444 eggs under
the tail, befides thofe that remained in the body,
unprotruded. They depofit thefe eggs in the
fand, where they are {oon hatched.

Lobfters change their cruft annually. Previous
to their putting off their old one, they appear fick,
languid, and reftlefs. They totally acquire a new
coat in a few days; but during the time that
they remain defencelefs they feek fome very lonely

place,

Crass V, la G@ae. 5. TT ER Ss,

place, for fear of being attacked and devoured by
fuch of their brethren that are not in the fame weak
fituation.

It is alfo remarkable, that Lobfters and Crabs
will renew their claws, if by accident they are torn
off ; and it is certain they will grow again in a few
weeks.

They are very voracious animals, and feed on
fea-weeds, on garbage, and on all forts of dead
bodies.

Additional to this, I beg leave to give,an accu-
rate account of the natural hiftory of this animal,
communicated to me by the ingenious Mr. Travis,
furgeon, at Scarborough.

« Scarborough, 25th O. 1768.
al he, :

‘ WE have vaft numbers of fine Lobfters
on the rocks, near our coaft. The large ones
are in general in their beft feafon from the middle
of Ofober till the beginning of May. Many
of the {mall ones, and fome few of the larger
fort are good all the fummer. If they be four
inches and a half long or upwards, from the tip
of the head to the end of the back hell, they
are Called fizeable Lobfters. If only four inches,
they are efteemed half fize; and when fold, two
of them are reckon’d for one of fize. If they
* be under four inches, they are called pawks, and

‘ are

“~

w

“

nn

nn

“7

wa

we

a

if

412

Tors TER Ss: Crass V.

are not faleable to the carriers, though, in reality,
they are in the fummer months fuperior to the
large ones in goodnefs. The pincers of one of
the lobfters large claws are furnifhed with
knobs, and thofe of the other claw are always
ferrated. With the former it keeps firm hold of
the ftalks of fubmarine plants, and with the
latter it cuts and minces its food very dextroufly.
The knobbed or numb claw, as the Fifhermen
call it, is fometimes on the right and fometimes
on the left, indifferently. It 1s more dangerous
to be feized by them with the cutting claw than
the other; but in either cafe, the quickeft way
to get difengaged from the creature is to pluck
off its claw. It feems peculiar to the Lobfter
and Crab, when their claws are pulled off, that
they will grow again, but never fo large as at

Fo oh
sil ble

‘ The Female or Hen Lobfter does not caft
her fhell the fame year that fhe depofits her ova,
or, in the commen phrafe, is in derry. When

‘ the ova firft appear under her tail, they are very

fmall and extremely black; but they become in
fucceffion almoft as large as ripe elder-berries
before they be depofited, and turn of a dark
brown color, efpecially towards the end of the
time of her depofiting them. They continue full
and depofiting the ova in conftant fucceflion, as
leng as any of that black fubftance can be found

‘in

Gzass V. i GOST ERS:

o a “a Ca) na wn tf n “ a a La) “ Cal

“

Ca a“ # ta] “ Cal a a a n a a

a

in their body, which, when boiled, turns of 2
beautiful red color, and is called their coral.
Hen Lobfters are found in Jerry at all times of
the year, but chiefly in winter. It 1s a common
miftake, that a berried Hen is always in perfection
for the table. When her berries appear large
and brownith, fhe will always be found exhaufted,
watery, and poor. Though the ova be caft at
all times of the year, they feem only to come to
life during the warm fummer months of July and
Auguft. Great numbers of them may then be
found, under the appearance of tad-poles, {wim-
ming about the little pools left by the tides among
the rocks, and many alfo under their proper
form, from half an inch to four inches in length.
¢ In cafting their fhells, it is hard to conceive
how the Lobfter 1s able to draw the fifh of their
large claws out, leaving the fhells entire and
attached to the fhell of their body; in which
fate they are conftantly found. The fithermer
fay the Lobfter pines before cafting, till-the fith
in its large claw is no thicker than the quill of a
gocfe, which enables it to draw its parts through
the joints and narrow paffage near the trunk. The
new fhell is quite membraneous at firft, but
hardens by degrees. Lobfters only grow in fize
while their fhells are in their foft ftate. They are
chofen for the table, by their being heavy in
proportion to their fize; and by the hardnefs of
© ¢heir

“

EPORBS TERS (Se

their fhells on their fides, which, when in per-
fection, will not yield to moderate preffure.
Barnacles and other fmall fhell-fifh adhering to
them are efteemed certain marks of fuperior good-
nefs. Cock-Lobfters are in genera! better than -
the Hens in winter; they are diftinguifhed by
the narrownefs of their tails, and by their having
a {trong {pine upon the center of each of the
tranfverfe proceffes beneath the tail, which fup-
port the four middle plates of their tails. The
fifh of a Lobfter’s claw is more tender, delicate,
and eafy of digeftion than that of the tail. Lob-

_fters are not taken here in pots, as is ufyual where

the water is deeper and more itill than it is upon
our coaft. Our fifhermen ufe a bag-net fixed to
an iron hoop, about two feet in-diameter, and
fufpended by three lines likea fcale. The bait is
commonly fifh-guts tied to the bottom and middle
of the net. They can take none in the day-time,
except when the water is thick and opake; they
are commonly caught in the night, but even
then it is not poffible to take any when the fea
has that luminous appearance which is fuppofed
to proceed from the xereis noéiiluca. In fummer,
the Lobfters are found near the fhore, and thence
to about fix fathoms depth of water; in winter,
they are feldom taken in lefs than twelve or
fifteen fathoms. Like other infects, they are
much more active and alert in warm weather

* than

Crass V. LeO BeS*T ERS?

“

"

bal

nn

“

an

tal

“

wv

“

“

a

a

“

ta)

ta)

“

al

“

Da)

a

a

&

wv

a

than in cold. In the water they can run nim-
bly upon their legs or {mall claws, and if alarmed
can fpring tail-foremoft, to a furprifing diftance,
as fwift as a bird can fly. The fifhermen can
fee them pafs about thirty feet, and by the
fwiftnefs of their motion, fuppofe they may go
much farther. Atheneus remarks this circum-
ftance, and fays, that the incurvated Lobfters will
fpring with the aétivity of dolphins. Their eyes
are raifed upon moveable bafes, which enables
them to fee readily every way. When frightened,
they will {pring from a confiderable diftance to
their hold, in the rock ; and what is not lefs fur-
prifing than true, will throw themfelves into
their hold in that manner, through an entrance
barely fuficient for their bodies to pafs; as is
frequently feen by the people who endeavor to
take them at Filey Bridge. In frofty weather,
if any happen to be found near the fhore, they
are quite torpid and benumbed. A fizeable
Lobfter is commonly from one pound to two in
weight. ‘There was one taken here this fummer
which weighed above four, and the fifhermen fay
they have feen fome which were of fix pounds,
but thefe are very rare.
fk are, Sirs Cer

I conclude with faying, that the Lobfter was

well known to the ancients, and that it is well de-

2 {cribed

_

15

16

Homarus.
22. SPiny:

LOBSTERS. Crass V:

fcribed by 4rifotle, under the name of Asaxes * 35
that it is found as far as the Helle/pont, and is called,
at Confiantineple, + Liczuda, and Lichuda.

Cancer. Lz. Syf. 1053.
Locuita. la Langoufle. Rondel. pife. 535.

L. with a front broad, armed with two large fpines,
and between them a imaller, guards to the eyes,
which are prominent; Autenneg longer than body
and tail; fpiny at their origin; beneath them two
ieffer; claws fhort, imall, fmooth; fangs fmall,
fingle, hinged; legs fender and fmooth ; body and
thorax horrid with ipines; tail longer than that of
the common Lobfter; on each part, above, is a
white {pct, the botroms are crooked and ferrated ;
the tail-fin, partly membranaceous, partly cruita-
ceous.

Inhabits our rocky coafts; often taken about
the promontory of Liyz, and Bardjey ifle.

The French name of this fpecies has been bare |
baroufly tranflated into the Long-oyfer.

cS Lin °

Crass V. Los 5 -T*E'R's.

C. Lin. Syft. 1053. No. 75. Faun. Suec. No. 2040.
Sguilla lata. Romdel. 545.

L. with two broad ferrated plates before the eyes ;
fhort furcated antenne; body and tail flat and
broad.

Size of the fpiny Lobfter.

Found by Doétor Borlafe on Careg Killas, in
Mounts-Bay. Is common to the four quarters of
the world. |

Cancer Norvegicus. Lin. Syf. 1053.
Sundfiord. Pontop. Norway. li. 175. tab. p. 177°

L. witha long fpiny fnout ; thorax flightly fpiny ;
body marked with three ridges; claws very long,
angular, and (along the angies) fpiny; antennze
long; legs flender, clawed; tail long; elegantly
marked with fmooth and fhort-haired fpaces,
placed alternately.

Common length, from tip of the claws to the
end of the tail near nine inches.

Leo. Rondel, 542.

L. with a fmooth thcrax, with three fharp flender
fpines in front; claws fix inches and a half long,
flender and rough; fangs ftrait; legs weak, briftly ;

wou, IV: Cc antenna

17

Ar Gus.
23. BROAD?

Norvegicus.
24. Nor-
WAY.

Bam fiius.
25. Lone-
CLAWED.

28

Strigof/us.
26. PLATEDe

LOBSTERS. Coase,
auntenne flender, two inches and a half long; tail
and body about five inches.

Taken near Bamff. Communicated to me fee
the Reverend Mr. Cordiner, and engraven from his
beautiful drawing.

Cancer. » Lin. Syf. 1052.

L. with a pyramidal fpiny fnout; thorax elegantly
plated ; each plate marked near its junction with
short frie; claws much longer than the body, —
thick, echinated, and tuberculated; the upper
fane trifid; only three legs, fpiny on their fides ;
tail broad.

The largeft of this fpecies is about fix inches
long.

Inhabits the coafts of ielicaaie under ftones
and fuct. Very active. If taken, flaps its taiF
again{ft the body with much violence and noife,

Cancer. Lia. Syf. 1051.

L. with a projecting fnout flightly ferrated on the
fides; a fmooth thorax; back {mooth, with two
fmall {pines on each fide; claws large, befet with
{mall tubercles; two firft pair of legs clawed ;
the two next fubulated ; tail confifts of five joints ;
the caudal fins rounded.

5 Inhabits

Gey «LOESTERS.

Inhabits many of the rivers of England ; lodged
in holes which they form in the clayey banks.
Cardan {ays that this fpecies is a fign of the good-
hefs of water; for in the beft water, they are boiled
into the reddeft color *.

Gquilla Crangon: Rondel. 547.

L, with a long ferrated fnout bending upwards ;
three pair of very long filiform feelers; claws
fmall, furnifhed with two fangs; fmooth thorax,
five joints to the tail; middle caudal fin fubu-
lated ; two outmoft flat and rounded.

Frequent in feveral fhores, amidft loofe ftones ;
fometimes found at fea, and, taken on the furface
over thirty fathoms depth of water; cinereous when
frefh ; of a fine ted when boiled.

Cancer Squilla. Liz. Syf. 1051. Faun. Suec. Nos 2037.
Squilla Batava. Seb. Mu/- iii. p. 55. tab. xxi. fig. 9. 10.
Squilla fufca, Baffer ii. 30. tab. iil. fig. 5-

Squilla Gibba. Rondel. sag.

L. with a fnout like the prawn, but deeper and
thinner; and feelers longer in proportion to the
bulk; the fub-caudal fins rather larger ; is at full
growth not above half the fize of the former.

* Quoted by Plot. Hift. Staffard/. 185.

C2 | Inhabitg.

i9

Serratus.
28. PRAWN...

Squilla.
29. WHITE.

£0

Crangon.
30. SHRIMP.

Linearis.
31. Linecar.

LORS TERS, ieee ae

Inhabits the coafts of Kent; is fold in London
under the name of the white /hrimp, as it aflumes.
that color when boiled.

Cancer Crangon: Lin. Sy/?. 1052.
Sgquilla marina Batava. SBa/ffer. il. 27.?tab. ill. fig. 1. 11.
Reefel infe@. ii. tab. \xiii.

L. with long flender feelers, and between them
two thin projecting lammz; claws with a fingle-
hooked moveable fang; three pair of legs; feven
joints in the tail; the middle caudal fin fubulated ;
the four others rounded and fringed ; a fpine on the
exterior fide of each of the outmoft.

Inhabits the fandy fheres of Britain, in vatt
quantities. The mof} delicious of the genus.

Cancer. Lin. Syff. 1056+
Leffler garnel or fhrimp. Marten’s Spitzberg. 115. tab. P.

fi. I.

L. with long flender claws, placed very near the
head, with a flender body, and fix legs on each fide ;
is about half an inch long.

Found in the fand, on the fhore of Flintfire;
is very frequent in Sprtzdbergen.

Cancer.

Crass V. EZORR Ss a thicRS, ed

Cancer. Liz. Syf?. 1056. Atomos,
Mirum animalculum in corallinis, Gc. Baffer. i. 43.tab.iv. 32. ATOM.
jig: Us

Se"

L. with a flender body ; filiform antenne ; three
pair of legs near the head; behind which are two
pair of oval vefcule; beyond, are three pair of legs,
and a flender tail between the laft pair.

Very minute. The help of the Micateope
often neceffary for its infpection,

C, Lin. Sy. 1055. No. 81. Pulex.,
Sw) 32. EG Bas

L, with five pair of legs, and two pair of claws
imperfect ; with twelve joints in the body.

Very common in fountains and rivulets; fwims
{wiftly in an incurvated pofture on its back ; em-
braces and protects its young between the legs 5
does not leap.

L. Lin. Sy. i055. No. 82. Locuftae
Rofel InfeG. iii. tab. 62. 34. Locust.

L. with four antennz , two pair of imperfect claws ;
the firft joint ovated; body confifts of fourteen
joints, in which it differs from the former.
Abounds in fummer-time on the fhores, beneath
ftones and alge ; leaps about with vatt agility.
Cia Cancer.

22

Salinus.

35- SaLt.

Stagzelis.
36. Ponp.

Maxtis.

37.Manris.

Cancer. Lin. Syf. 1056.

L. with jointed body; hands without claws; ga- .

tenne fhorter than the body ; ten pair of legs ; tail
filiform, fubulated; very minute.

Difcovered by Dotter Maty i in the falt pans at
Limington.

Cancer. Lin, Spf. 1056.

L. with jointed body ; hands without claws ; a bifid
tail.

| Inhabits the crannies of rocks, in frefh waters ;
fufpected by Linnzeus to be the Jarva of an Ephe-
Mera.

The two laft never fell under my notice.
C. Lin. Sy. 1054. No. 76.

L. with fhort antennae; fhort thorax, and two
pinnated fubftances on each fide; three pair of
claws with hairy ends; the body long, divided by
eight fegments : two fins on each fide of the tail ;
tail conoid, with fpines on the margin.
_ From the Portianp cabinet.
Weymouth, =
Cancer

Crass V. I, G-B) S TE Res, 23

Cancer. Liz. Sy/?. 1049. Bernardus.
38. HERMIT.

C. with rough claws; the right claw is the longer ;
the legs fubulated, and ferrated along the upper -
ridge ; the tail naked and. tender, and furnifhed
with a hook, by which it fecures itfelf in its lodg-
ing. :

This fpecies is parafitic, and inhabits the empty
cavities of turbinated fhells, changing its habita-
tion according to its increafe of growth, from the
{mall werite, to the large whelk. Nature denies it
the ftrong covering behind, which it has beftowed
on others of this clafs, and therefore directs it to
take refuge in the deferted cafes of other animals.

Ariftotle defcribes it very exactly under the name
Of Kaexinev *. By the moderns it is called the /ol-
dier, from the idea of its dwelling in a tent; or the
hermit, from retiring into a cell.

* Fit. An. lib.iv. ¢. 4s dibs ¥. to 15.

ty nee
PhS os i
Lek GF Fears
Sach a

25

TABLE XVIII

PARI NE INSECTS,

I. Onisevs Pfora,

II. Linearis.

III. Marinus. Pallas Spicil, fafc. ix,
tab, iv. f. 6.

TV. Oceanicus,

V. Entomon.

VI. - Oceftrum.

VII, PHatanoium Balenz.

moa of TABLE XXv.

SCOLOPENDRA Marina,

or A 6 $0 NE

ot RUM Ee SS,

mW O-R M 5;

Div. I. INTESTINE,
ss S.OF eT.
Wh. TESTACEOUS.

MIHI CONTUENTI SESE PERSUASIT RERUM NATURAs3.

NIHIL INCREDIBILE EXISTIMARE DE EA.
| Phin lb: xa. ¢."3

LOW, foft, expanding, tenacious of life, fome-

times capable of being new formed from a
part; the enliveners of wet places; without head
or feet; hermaphroditical ; to be diftinguifhed by
their feelers.

Not improperly called by the ancients, zmperfec
animals; being deftitute of head, ears, nofe, and
feet, and for the moft part of eyes; moft different
from infects; from which Linnaus has long fince
removed thefe works of Nature.

They may be divided into Inrestine, Sort,
Testaceous, LirHopHytes, and ZoopuyTss.

The

RO

30

; WO R M.S: Ga
_ The Inresrine (heretofore ftyled the earthly)
perforate all things by help of the great fimpli-
city of their form. The Gorprvus pierces the
clay, that the water may percolate; the Lum-
BRicus, the common foil, leaft it thould wane
moifture ; the Myxine, dead bodies, in order
that they may fall-innoxioufly_to pieces; the
TEREDO, wood, to promote its decay. In like
manner, PHotapes, and fome forts of muffels pe-
netrate even rocks, to effect their diffolution.

The Motuiusca, or Sort, are naked, furnifhed
with arms; for the moft part wander through the
vatt tract of ocean; by their phofphoreous quality
illuminate the dark abyfs, reflecting lights to the
heavens; thus what is below correfponds with the
lichts above.

Thefe Mottusca often become the inhabitants
of teftaceous calcareous covers, which they carry
about with them, and often they themfelves pene-
trate calcareous bodies ; like infects, are multiplied
into infinite variety: and exhibit, both in form
and colors, {plendid examples of the excelling
powers of the all-mighty Artificer. Nor are they
without their ufes; feveral fpecies afford a delicious
and nourifhing nutriment. The healing art calls
in the fnail in confumptive cafes; and the fhells
calcined are of known efficacy in ftubborn acidities.
Shells are the great manure of lands in many parts
of thefe kingdoms. The pearls of Great Britat#
have been celebrated from the time of Ce/ar.

CLASSa

gt

Bel. #N FES TIN.E,

I. With a filiform body, of ae thicknefs ; GORDIUS.

-{mooth. HAIR-WORMs
Gordius. Liz. Syf. ees: Faun. Succ. No. 2068. Aquaticus.
Vitulus aquaticus. Ge/ner ag. 1. WaTsRe

G. F a pale color, with the ends black.
Inhabits bogey places, and clay at the
bottom of water.

~G. Lin. Syff.1075. Faun. Suec. No. 2063. Argillacenuss
2, Cuayrs

G. of an uniform yellow color.

G. Lin.

g2

Marinus.
Ze MaRINEe

ASCARIS.

Vermicularis.
4. VERMI-
CULAR.

WOR M18. *foaeae
G. Lin. Syf. 1075.

G. filiform, twifted fpirally and lying flat. Tad. xx.
ig. 3- | |

Common in the inteftines of the herring and other
fea-fifh. Ariftotle * remarks that the BalJerus and
Tillo are infefted in the dog-days with a worm that
torments them fo much, that they rife to. the top
of the water, where the heat deftroys them. Bleaks
are obferved to rife at certain feafons to the furface,
and tumble about for a confiderable fpace, in feem-
ing agonies. I fufpect them to be affected in the
fame manner with thofe Ariftotelian fith.

II. Slender filiform body, attenuated at each end,

Afcaris. Lin. Sy/?. 1076.

Asc. With faint annular rage; thicker at one
end than the other; mouth tranfverie.

Inhabits, according to Linneus, boggy places,
and under the roots of decayed plants; found
in the rve&ium of children and horfes; often ob-
ferved in the dung of the laft; emaciates children
ereatly ; is fometimes vomited up.

* Hift. An, lib. viii. c. 20.
Afcaris.

CussVL °° WORM S. 33

Afcaris. Liz. Syf. 1076. ) Lumbricoides.
5. Common.

Asc. with a flender body, fubulated at each end ;
but the tail triangular; grows to the leneth of
fine inches; viviparous; and produces vaft num-
bers,
Inhabits the human inteftines. :

III. Slender annulated body, furnifhed with a LUMBRICUS.

lateral pore. ° DEW-WORM.

Lumbricus. Lin. Sy/t. 1076. Faun. Suec. No. 2073. Terreftris.
Raii infeZ. 1. >) Osi Oates

L.. with a hundred and forty rings; head taper ;
mouth, at the end, round; fore part of the worm
cylindric, the reft depreffed ; at about one third of
its length is a prominent annulated belt; on each
fide of the belly a row of minute fpines, diftin-
eulfhable only by the touch, affiftant in motion.

Tab, xix. fig. 6.

A variety only of the former; excepting in fize, Na

refembling it. Raii infeB. 2. es
Innabits the common foil, and by perforating,

renders it apt to receive the rain; devours the

Vou. IV. DD cotyledons

34

Inteftinalis.
B. InTEsTI-
NAL.

Marinus.
we Lae
/

* a #
%

Ww oR M &-« Cass VL

cotyledons of plants, or part of the feed that vege-

tates ; comes out at night to copulate; Is the food
of roles hedge-hogs, birds, &c. In Engh >
the Dew or Lobworm. Tab. xix. fig. 6. A.

Inhabits the leffer inteftines of the human
fpecies, chiefly of children; does not differ in the
left from the former kinds, -

&

L. marinus. Lia. Syff.1077. Faun. Suec. No. 2074. Belen.
aq- 444.

L. with round mouth, and circular body annu-
lated with greater and leffer rings; the firft pro-
minent ; on each of them are two tufts of fhort
briftles placed oppofite ; the tail-part is fmooth;
elegant ramifications are obferved to iffue from
among the tufts in the living worm; is foft and
full of blood.

Inhabits fandy fhores, burying itfelf deep; but
its place diftinguifhable by a little rifing, with an
aperture on the furface; of great ufe as a bait

for fifth, Tab. xix. jig. 7.

IV. Flattifh

CiassVI. W OR M S&S; 1 ge

IV; Flattifh body ; a pore at the extremity, and on Eases
FLUKE.
the belly.

Fafciola. Lin. Syfs 1077. Faun. Suec. No. 2075. Amen. Hepaticas
Acad. 8. Livers

Reel. app. tab. «xxii. f. 5. Borlafe Nat. Hift. Cornwall,
tab. XX» fig. 10.

F. with an ovated body, a little fharper on the

fore part; in the centre is a white fpot, with a line

of the fame color paffing towards each extremity.
Infefts the livers of fheep and hares.

Fafeiola. Liz. Sy. 1078. Faun. Suec. No. 2076. ELnteftinatis.
Lin. Syft. ed. vi. 79. tab. vi. fu le g. InTEs-
TINEs

F. with a long flender body, if extended; when
contracted, of a fub-oval form.

Inhabits the inteftines of frefh-water fifth; dif-
covered in breams and flicklebacks.

D 2 VY.A

3

IPUNCULUS.
UBE-WORM.

Nudus.
to. NAKED»

HIRUDO,
LEECH.

Medicinalis.
11. MeEptr-
eI NAL.

W O R'M S. Geass ¥I>

V. A flender lengthened body.
Mouth, at the very end; attenuated, cy-
lindric.

Aperture on the fide of the body.

Sipunculus. Lin. Sj/. 1078.
Vermis macrorhynchopterus. Rozdel. Zooph. 110. Gefaers
Gq- 1026. ‘

Syrinx. Bobeajch. marin. 93. tab. vii. fig. 6. 7-

T. With a cylindric extended mouth, laciniated
round the inner edges; body rounded, taper, at
the end globofe;, about eight inches long ; aper-
ture at the fide, a little below the mouth. Jad. xx.

jiz. 10.
Inhabits the fea.

VI. Body oblong; moves by dilating the head and
tail, and raifing the body into an arched

form.

H. Lia. Syf. 1079. Faun. Suec. No. 2079. Raii infe®. 3-
Gefner pifc. 425+

L. With a brown body, marked with fix yellow

Jines.

Inhabits

Crass VI, wo RM .Ss!

Inhabits ftanding waters. The beft of phlebo-
tomifts, efpecially in hemorrhoids. ‘The practice
is as old as the time of Plizy, who gives it the
apt name of birudo fanguifuga. Leeches were ufed
inftead of cupping-glaffes for perfons of plethoric
habits, and thofe who were troubled with the gout
in the feet. He afferts, that if they left their head
in the wound, as fometimes happened, it was in-
curable; and informs us, that Meffalinus, a perfon
of confular digpuy: loft his life by fuch an acci-
dent *.

Fi. Lin. Syft. Faun. Suec. No. 2078.
Hirudo maximeé apud nos vulgaris. Raii infed. ge

L. with a depreffed body; in the bottom of the
mouth are certain great fharp tubercles or whitifh
caruncles. The flendereft part is about the mouth ;
the thickeft towards the tail; the tail itfelf very
flender; the belly of a yellowifh green; the back
dufky.

Inhabits ftanding waters.

Leeches are good barometers,. when preferved
in glaffes, and predict bad weather by their great
reftlefinefs and change of place.

© Lib. XX, ce 10,

q) 3 HH, Lin

37

Sanguifugas
12. Horse.

38

Geomeitra.
13. GEOME-
TRICALe

Muricata.
a4. Tuser-
CULATED.

WORM S&S. | Gxass VI.

H. Lin. Syft. 1080. Faun. Suec. No. 2083.
Refel. App. tab. xxxii. fi. 4, |

L. with a filiform body; ereenifh, fpotted with
white; both ends dilatable, and equally tena-
cious. |
Inhabits the fame places ;. moves as if meafuring
like a compafs, whence the name; found on trout
and other fifh, after the fpawning feafon. Tab. xx.

Fiz. 13s

H. Liz. Syf. 1080. Faun. Suec. No. 2080. Mu. Ad. Fri.

93:
Hirudo marina. Rondel. aguat.

Hirudo pifcium, Baffer, i. 82. tab. x. fe 20 _

LL. with a taper body; rounded at the greater

extremity, and furnifhed with two fmall horns;
ftrengly annulated, and tuberculated upon the rings;
the tail dilated.

Inhabits the fea; adheres ftrongly to fifh, and
leaves a black mark on the fpot. Jab. xx.

ig. 14.

VIi. Slender

Crass VI. Wo KM & : 39

VII. Slender body, carinated beneath. ey

Mouth at the extremity, cirrated. a

The two jaws pinnated.

An adipofe or raylefs fin round the tail, and

under the belly.

M. Lin. Syf. 1080. Putaohl. Faux. Suec. No. 2086. Glutinofa.
Muf. Ad. Fr. i. gi. tab. viii. fo 4. 15- GLurTie
Lampetra ceca. Wil. Ib.197- Raii pife. 36+ NOUS.

This fpecies is amply defcribed in the definition ;
is about eight inches long.

Inhabits the ocean; enters the mouths of filh,
when on the hooks of lines that remain a tide under
water, and totally devours the whole, except fkin
and bones. The Scarborough fifhermen often take
it in the rebbed fib, on drawing up their lines.
They call it the ag. Linneus attributes to it the
property of turning water into glue. Tab. xx.

PESES.

D 4 Drv, II.

40 WOR MTSE! zhen HE

Re

*

Div- IL MOLLUSEA. Saas

Animals of a fimple form, (naked) without a
Shell; furnifhed with members.

LIMAX. VIII. Oblong body ; attenuated towards the tail.

cal Above, is a flefhy buckler, formed convexly;
flat beneath.

A lateral hole on the right fide, for its geni-

tals, and diicharge of excrements.

Atti’ L. Lin. Syft. 1081. Faun. Suec. No. 2088. Lif. dugl 1316
16. Brack. Ge/ner. ag. 254.

St. wholly black.

Rufus. L. Lin. Syf. 1081. Faun. Suec. No. 2089+
17- Brown. Lif? Angl. App. 6. tab. ii. fig. 1.

Si. of a brownith color.

Le Lin.

Crass VI. Weak: RES: 4t

L. Lin. Spf. 1081. Faun. Suec. No. 2090. Lift. Angl. Maximus.
App. 0. tab. i. fig. 20 18. GREAT.
Lift. Angl. 127-

Si. with a cinereous ground; the head reticulated
with black ; on the back three pale lines and four
dufky; the laft fpotted with black.

Thefe vary ; at times, part is of an amber color,
The largeft of the genus, five inches long,

Be) Leg. Syft. 1082. j ; Acreftis.
Limax cinereus parvusimmaculatus. Lz. Auegl. 130. 19- FEILD,

St. fmall, and of an uniform cinereous color;
are very common in gardens, and deftructive to
plants.

Theie have fometimes been {wallowed by perfons
in a confumptive habit, who thought them of fer-
VICE.

L. Lin. Syft. 1082. Faun. Suec. No. 2092. , Flavus.
Z20.YELLOWs

Su. of an amber color, marked with white.

IX. Body

42 Ww) Rk MS Crass VI.

L4PLYSIA. 1X. Body covered with membranes reflected.
A fhield-like membrane on the back.
A lateral pore on the right fide.
The vent on the extremity of the back.
Four feelers, refembling ears.

Depilans. Lepus marinus. Plinii, lib. ix. c. 48. Rondel. pife. 520.
z1.Derita- Lernza. Bobadjch. 3. tab.i. fig.
TORY. duaplyfia. Lin. Spf. 1082.

Defcribed in the character. The fpecimen en-
eraven fhews its fize. Thofe of Italy grow to
the length of eight inches. Pliny calls it offa
informis, and placing it among the venomous
marine animals, fays, that even the touch is in-
feCtious. The {mell is extremely naufeous. Tad. xxi,

jig. 21.
Taken off Axglefec.

X. Body

Crass VI. Week M & | | 43

X. Body oblong, flat beneath; creeping. DORIS.
Mouth placed below.
Vent behind ; furrounded with a fringe,
Two feelers, retractile. |

Doris. Lin. Sy. 1083. Bovad/ch. tab. Vv. figs 4+ 5: Argo.
| 2z. Lemon.

D. with an oval body, convex, marked with
numerous punctures; of a lemon color; the vent
befet with elegant ramifications. |

Inhabits different parts of our feas; called, about
Brighthelmftone, the fea-lemon, Tab. Xxil. fiz. 22.

Doris. Lin. Syft. 1083. Verrucofae
23. WARTY.
D. of an ovated form, convex, tuberculated.
Say, xx. fic. 23.
Inhabits the fea, near Aberdeen.

D. with the front abrupt; body has the appear- Eleé&rina.
ance of a fnail; bilamellated; fize of the figure ; 24: nine
amber colored.

Taken off Anglefea. Tab. xxiv. fig. 24. :

2 - XI. Body

APHRODIT A.

Aculeata.
25. Acu-
‘-LEATED-.

Squammata.
26. SCALED.

Ww o-R MS: Crass Vi.

XI. Body oval; numbers of fafciculi, ferving the
ufes of feet, on each fide.
Mouth cylindric, retractile, placed at the ex-
tremity.

Two fetaceous feelers.

Apu. Lin. Syf?. 1084. Faun. Suec. No. 2099. Baffer, ii. 62.
tab. Vi. PS: 12.

Muf. Ad. Fr. 1. 93.
Eruca marina. Seb, Muf.i. tab. xc. 1. 111. tab. iv. f. 7. &

Sea moufe. Dale's Harwich. 394. igi s Nat. Hift. Ireland,
172.

ApH. with the back cloathed with fhort brown fur ;
the fides, with rich pavonaceous, green hairs,
mixed with fharp {pines ; vent covered with two
fcales; belly covered with a naked fkin; mouth
placed beneath; each foot confifts of a fafciculs
of five or fix ftrong fpines; on each fide about
thirty-fix ; grows to the length of between four and
five inches. Tad. xxi. fig. 25.

Inhabits ail our feas; often found in the belly
of the cod-fifh,

ArH. Lin. S;/t. 1084. Bafter, ii. 66. tab. vi. fig. §-

Apx. with the back covered with two rows of
large fcales, deciduous; about an inch long.
Taken

Crass VI. WwW Of Re MS. 45.

Taken off Anglefea.
Tab. xxi. fig. 26.

Apu. with two rows of fcales on the back, placed Pedunculata.
| ‘ : : i 27. PEDUN-
micmieeny ; tae mouth cylindric; projecting; an,

inch long.

Taken off Brighthelnftone. Tab. xxiv. fig. 27.

Apu. oblong; fufiform; annulated; fmooth, ex- Ae |
- t - 5 Zoe NNU=

cepting a row of minute fpines, one on each ring, paren.

running along the back; feet fmall; fize two

inches and a quarter; of a pale yellow color.

Tab. XXiV. fig. 28.

Apu. Lepidota. Pallaf. Mifcel. Zool. 209. tab. viii. fie. 1. Minute.
Zeevils UC", 29. LITTLEe.

Apu. with fmall fcales ; flender; not an inch

jong.
Taken off Anglefea. Tab. xxiv. fig. 29.

AIL, Oblong

NEREIS.

No&iluca.
303 NoctTi-
LUCOUS.

Lacuftris.
31. Boc.

WG R M SS °Gyac vi:

~

XII. Oblong flender body.
Feet formed like a pencil of rays, and nu-

merous on each fide.
Mouth at the extremity, unguiculated.

Feathered feelers above the mouth.

N. Segmentis xxill. corpore vix confpicuo. Lin. Sy/?. 1085.
Noctiluca marina. Amen. Acad.

Bafter, i. tab. iv. fg. 3:

Thefe are the animals that illuminate the fea, like
elow-worms, but with brighter fplendor. I have at
night, in rowing, feen the whole element as if on
fire round me ; every oar fpangled with them; and
the water burnt with more than ordinary bright-
nefs. I have taken up fome of the water in a
bucket, feen them for a fhort ipace illuminate it ;
but when I came to fearch for them, their ex-
treme fmallnefs eluded my examination.

Nereis. Lin. Syft. 1085.
Refel. infe&. Polyp. tab. \xxix.

N. with a linear jointed body, with a filiform foot
iffuing from each; the whole animal of the fize of
a fhort briftle of a hog; an object of the micro-
{cope.

Inhabits wet places.
Nereis.

Crass VJ. Wo @ R M S; 47

Nereis. Liz. Sy. 1086. Faun. Suec. No. 2095. Cerulea.
3z. Brus.

N. fmooth; depreffed; with 184 fegments of a
bluifh-green color, femi-pellucid ; a longitudinal
fuicus runs along the belly, about four inches
long.

Inhabits the deeps. Two figures are given,
jig. 1. on its belly, 2. on its back, fhewing the /u/-
Us. |

N. with a very flender depreffed body; two black Russ.
fpots on the front ; attenuated at the end when it ase
draws in its forceps; a blood-red longitudinal line

along the middle of the back; the fegments very
numerous; about four inches long,

Taken off Ayglefea. Tab. xxv. fig. 33.

Nereis. Pallaf Mifc. p. 131. tab. ix. fig. 17. Conchilega.
34. SHELL.

N. with a flat body, attenuated towards the tail ;
pellucid ; about thirteen feet on each fide; about
the mouth a feries of very fine filaments.
Inhabits the SageLia Tubiformis. No. 163. of
this work.

- XII. Body

PA q

:

48 | WORM S&S. Grass VI.

*
ASCIDIA. XH. Body fixed to a fhell, rock, &c.
Two apertures, one on the fummit.
The other lower, forming a theath..

Ruftica ? Afc. Liz. S:ff. 1087.
35.Rustic.

Asc. with feabrous extremities ; one end bending.
upwards; middle part f{mooth; lower flat; of a
brown color. .

Taken off Scarborough. Animals of this genus
have the faculty of fquirting out the water they
take in. Tab. xxi. fig. 35.

ACTINIA. XIV. Body oblong, round, affixing itfelf to fome
, other fubftance.
The top dilatable, furrounded within with
numberlefs textacula.
Mouth the only aperture; furnifhed with
crooked teeth.

Sulcata. Hypra tentaculis denudatis, numerofifimis, corpore longi-

36. SuL- tudinaliter fulcato. Gaertner, Pb. Tr. 1701. p- 75. tabs le &
B

CATED. iD, : dkn. Eee

Ac. with a body marked with trifurcated fulci; ,
and fummit furrounded with long flender sentacula,
g from

Crass VI. W2Oe Ra (M ~S;

from 120 to 200 in number; color of the body
pale chefnut; of the tentacula a fea-green, varied
with purple.

Inhabits the rocks of the Corni/h and Angle

feas.

Hyopra Calyciflora, tentaculis retractilibus variegatis corpore
verrucofo. Ibid. fig.2. A.B. €.

Ac. with a long cylindric ftalk, expanding at top,
and tuberculated. The sentacula difpofed in feveral
ranges, fhort, and when open, form a radiated
angular circumference, like a beautiful flower,
with a fmooth polygonal difc; the color of the
flalk, a fine red ; of the tentacula varied with feve-
ral colors. This fpecies is retractile.
Inhabits Cornwall.

Hypra difciflora, tentaculis retractilibus fubdiaphanis ;
corpore cylindrico, miliaribus glandulis longitudinalitér
firiato. Ibid. fig. 4. A.B.

Ac, with a long cylindric ftalk; marked with
elegant {mall tubercles, difpofed in ftrait lines from
top to bottom; the circumference of the mouth
ftriated, furrounded with fhort petals, like thofe
of the fun-flower; and thofe again with white ten-
tacula, barred with brown. When drawn in, it
affumes the form of a bell; and the lines of tu-

wer; TV. FE, bercles

49

Pedanculata.
37+STALKYs

Verrucofas
38. Srup-
DED.

Bey WO OR MS. “Grae
bercles converge to the central of the fummit.
Body of a pale red.

Inhabits Coratwall,

Hemifpherica. Hypra difciflora, tentaculis retraGilibus, extimo difci mare
39-BuTron. gine tuberculato. Jbid. fe. 5. A.B.

Ac. with a fmooth fhort thick ftalk; the edge
of the difc furrounded with a fingle row of tuber-
cles; the ‘entacu/a numerous and flender. Color
adull crimfon. Retractile, and flings itfeif in that
{tate into the form of a conoid button.

Inhabits moft of our rocky fhores.

Pentapetala. Actinxta dianthus. Exzris. Ph Tre 1784. p- 436. tab. xiXs
40.CINQUE- (fi 8
FOIL.

Ac. with a circular contracted mouth; the difc
divided into five lobes, covered with feveral feries
of fhort fubulated tentacula. Stalk fhort and thick.
When contr acted, affumes the form of along white
fig.

Inhabits the rocks near Hajtings. Sussex.

XV. Body

j

Crass VI, Wo 8 MS

XV. Body not affixed ; naked ; gibbous.
Many ¢entacula at one extremity, furround-
ing the mouth. |

Hor. Lin. Sy/t. 109
Hydra corolliflora Lone retractilibus frondofis. Gaertner.
Ph. Tr. 1761. p. 75+ tab. is by figs 36 Ay B.

H. with an incurvated cylindric body, marked with
longitudinal rows of papille; out of the centre of
each iffue, at will, flender feelers like the horns
of inails; the upper extremity retractile; when
exerted, afflumes a cordated form, furrounded at

the apex with eight tentacula, elegantly ramified,

of a yellow and filver color.

Bt

HOLOTHURIA

Penta&es.
41. FIVEe
ROWEDe

Found on the fhore between Penfance and New- |

land. Suppofed to inhabit the deep.

The figure engraven to illuftrate this genus was
dredged up near Weymouth. Tab. xxvi. fig. 41.

Ariftotle and Pliny make ufe of the words
OacSoverx and Holothuria* ; but I fhould imagine,
from the context, that oe, intend thofe marine
bodies, which modern naturalifts ftyle Zoopbyta,
perhaps Alcyenia: for both of the former make
' them analogous with plants. Yet Ariforle hints that
they have life; a difcovery affumed in later times.

* Ariftct. iff. An. “ib. - 1. ce i- de Pasi. Mn Le. lv. Co 5e
Plinii td; it. Nat. lib. 1Xe 6. 47-

2 7 SONS Bory

LERNEA.

Salmonea.
42. SALMON.

SEPIA.
CUTTLE.

|

W OR MS €isevh7

XVI. Body oblong ; roundifh; which affixes itfelf
to other animals by its tentacula. -
A thorax heart-fhaped.
Two, or three tentacula in form of arms.

x

L. Lin. Syft. 1093+ Faun. Suec. No. 2102.

L. with an ovated body, cordated thorax, and
two linear arms approaching nearly to each other.

Inhabits the gills of falmon. Obferved in great
numbers on the firft arrival of that fifh out of the
fea; but after being a little time in frefh waters,
drops off and dies, The falmon is reckoned in
higheft feafon when thefe vermes are found in them.
Called by the fifhermen, /almon-lice.

XVII. Eight arms placed round the mouth, with
{mall concave difcs on their infides,
Often two long ¢entacula.
Mouth, formed like a horny beak.
Eyes, placed beneath the tentacula.
Body fiefhy, a fheath for the breaft.
A tube at the bafe of the laft.

) Loligo,

Crass VI. W oO R M S.

Loligo, five Calamarus. Mazthiol. in Diofccrid. 327.

Loligo magna. Roudel. 506.

Le Cafferon. Belen. aquat. 342.

Sepia. Liz. Sy/te 1096. No. 4. Seb. Muf. iii. tab, iv. figs 1, 2»
Faun. Suec. No. 2107. Borlafe Cornwall. tab. xx. fig. 276

S. with fhort arms and long ¢entacula, the lower
part of the body rhomboid and pinnated, the upper
thick and cylindric.

Inhabit all our feas; are gregarious; fwift in
their motions ; take their prey by means of ‘their
arms; and embracing it, bring it to their central
mouth. Adhere to the rocks, when they with to
be quiefcent, by means of the concave difcs that are
placed along their arms. Tad. xxvii. fig. 43.

Le Pourpre. Belon. aquat. 336.
Polypi prima fpecies. Rondel. 513.
Sepia. Lin. Sy/. P45. No. 1. Seb. Muf. iii. tad. ie fig. 1.

S. with a fhort round body, without fins or tenta-
cula; with only eight arms; connected at their
bottom by a membrane. This is the Polypus of
Pliny, which he diftinguifhes from the Loligo and
Sepia, by the want of sentacula.

Inhabits our feas. In hot climates thefe are
found of an enormous fize. A friend of mine,
long refident among the Indian ifles, and a dili-
gent obferver of nature, informed me that the
natives afarm, that fome have been feen two fa-

Be | thoms

53

Loligo.
432 GREAT.

Ofopodia.
44. Eicur-

ARMED,

54

Media.
45-MinbLe.

Sepiola.
46. SMALLe

W a a Crass VI.

thoms broad over their centre, and each arm nine
fathoms long. When the Indians navigate their
little boats, they go in dread of them; and leatt
thefe animals fhould fling their arms over, and
fink them, they never fail without an ax to cut
them off. Zab, xxviil. fig. 44.

S. Lin. Syft. 1093.
Loligo Parva. Rendel, 508. Seb. Muf iui. tab. iv. fig. 5.

S. with a long, flender, cylindric body ; tail finned,
pointed, and carinated on each fide ; two long ten-
tacula; the body almoft tranfparent; green, but
convertible into a dirty brown, confirming the re-
mark of Pliny*, that they change their color thro’
fear, adapting it, Chameléon like, to that of the place
they are in. The eyes are large and {maragdine.

Tab. xxix. fiz. 45. ne

S. Lin. Syft. 1096.
Sepiola. Rondel. 519s

S. with a fhort body, rounded at the bottom; a
round fin on each fide ; two dentacula.
Taken off Fiintfire. Tab. xxix. fig. 46,

. Lib. 1X, Ce ZO. ;

max Vi. “WO k M S:, . $5

La Seiche. Belon. aquat.338- Matthiol. in Diofeorid. 326. Oficinalis.

Sepia. Rondel. 498. 47. OFFICI«
Seb. Muf. iii. tab. iil. fig. 1, 2. S, Officinalis, Zin, NAL.
Syf. 1095. Faun. Suec. No. 2706. Amen, Acad.

S, with an ovated body; fins along the whole of
the fides, and almoft meeting at the bottom;
two long tentacula; the body contains the bone,
the cuttle-bone of the fhops, which was formerly
ufed as an abforbent.

The bones are frequently flung on all our
fhores ; the animal very rarely.

This (in common with the other fpecies) emits,
when frighted or purfued, the black liquor which
the antients fuppofed darkened the circumambient
wave, and concealed it from the enemy. ’”

Xnria avte doropeocwact, KC.

Th’ endanger’d Cuttle thus evades his fears,

And native hoards of fluid fafety bears.

A pitchy ink peculiar glands fupply,

Whofe fhades the fharpeft beam of light defy.
Purfu’d he bids the fable fountains flow,
And wrapt in clouds eludes th’ impending foe.
The fith retreats unfeen, while felf-born night,
With pious fhade befriends her parent’s flight *.

* Fenes’s Tranflation of Oppian’s Halieut. lib. iii,
E 4 The

WORM S @aeve
The antients fometimes made ufe of it inftead

of ink. Perfus mentions the fpecies in his defcrip-
_ tion of the noble ftudent.

Jam liber, et bicolor pofitis membrana capillis, — |

‘Inque manus charte, nodofaque venit arunde.

Tum querimur, craffus calamo quéd pendeat
humor ; |

Nigra quod infufa vanefcat Sepa Lympha *:

At length, his book he fpreads; his pen he takes;
Fiis papers here, in learned order lays ;

And there, his parchment’s {moother fide difplays,
But oh! what croffes wait on ftudious men,
The Curtie’s juice hangs clotted .at our pen.

In all my life fuch fiuff I never knew,

So gummy thick—Dilute it, it will do.

Nay, now tis water ! DRYDEN.

This animal was efteemed a delicacy by the an-
tients ; and is eaten even at prefent by the Jtakans.
Rondeletius gives us two receipts for the drefling +,
which may be continued to this day. Athenzus fT
alfo leaves us the method of making an antique
Cuttle-fith faufage ; and we learn from Ariffotle |l,

* Sat. iii. + De Pife. 510. t Lid. vii. p. 326.
\I Lié. Viil. c. 50. Hifi. An.

- that

Crass VI. 6OW'O R-M SL. 5y
that thofe animals are in higheft feafon, when

pregnant.

XVIII. Body gelatinous, orbicular, convex there: MEDUSA.
flat or concave beneath.
Mouth beneath, in the middle, —
- Tentacula placed below.

Borvast’s Cornwall, p-. 256. tab. xxv. fig. 75 8. Fufca.
48. Brown,

M. with a brown circle in the middle; fixteen rays’
of the fame color pointing from the circumference
towards the centre. On the circumference a range
of oval tubercles, and crooked fangs placed alter-
nately, Four ragged tentacula extend little farther
than the body.

_ Borzase’s Cornwall, p. 257, tab. XXV- figs Qy 106 | Purfuras
5 49. PurpPLee

M. with a light-purple crofs in the centre; between
each bar of the crofs, is a horfe-fhoe-fhaped mark
of deep purple ; from the circumference diverge
certain rays of pale purple. Four thick éentacula,
fhort, not extending farther than the body.

“BorLase’s

= WORMS. Crass VI.

Guberculata. Bortase’s Cornwall, p. 257. tab. xxv. fig. 11, 12s
so. TUBER-
€LED.

-M. with fifteen rays pointing to and meeting at
a {mall fpot in the centre. Round the edges are
{mall oval tubera; four plain ¢entacula extending
far beyond the body.

Undulata. Borzase’s Coruwall, p. 259. tab. xxv. figs 156
Ste WAVED»

M. with undulated edges, with fangs on the pro-
jecting parts ; four orifices beneath ; between which
rifes a ftem, divided into eight large ragged ten-
tacula.

Lunulata. Boriase’s Cornwall, p. 258. tab. xxv. fig. 16, 176

§2. Lunu-

LATED.
M. with the circumference tuberculated on the
edges; in the center of the lower part are four
conic appendages forming a crofs; feveral others,
like ferrated leaves, furround it. Eight tentacula,
not exceeding the edges of the body; eight femi-
lunar apertures, one between each sentaculum.

Simplex. Boruase’s Cornwall, p. 257. tab. xxv. fig. 13, 140

53. ArRM-

LESS.
M. with a plain circumference; four apertures be-

neath; no fentacula,
Thefe

Crass VI, W MO 4R~)M 7S.

Thefe animals inhabit all our feas; are grega-
rious; often feen floating with the tide in vatt
numbers; feed on infects, fmall fifth, &c. which
they catch with their clafpers or arms. Many {pe-
cies, on being handled, affect with a nettle-like
burning, and excite a rednefs. The antients, and
fome of the moderns, add fomething more *. They
were known to the Greéks and Romans +, by the
namés Of Myevza Sarrueosos, and Pulmo marinus,
Sea-Lunecs. They attributed medicinal virtues
tothem. Diofcorides ¢ informs us, that if rubbed
frefh on the difeafed part, they cured the gout in
the feet, and kibed heels. lian || fays, that they
were depilatory, and if macerated in vinegar,
would take away the beard. Their pho/pborous
quality is well known ; nor was it overlooked by
the antients. Péimy notes, that if rubbed with a
{tick it will appear to burn, and the wood to
fhine all over §. The fame elegant naturalift re-
marks, that when they fink to the bottom of the
fea, they portend a continuance of bad weather.
I muft not omit, that Ariffotle, and Atheneus after

* Pruritum in pudendis, et uredinem in manibus et oculis
movent, atque acrimonia fua, venerem fopitam, vel extinétam
excitant. Rondel. 532. In feveral languages they are called
by an obfcene name.

+ Arift. Hift. An. lib. vec. 15. Diofcorides notis Matthiol.
341- Plinii, lib. ix. c. 47.

{ P. 341. ) De Animal. lib. xiii. ¢. 27-

§ Lib. xvill. ¢. 35. i
him,

59

»

és | W O R M S. — Crass VE.

him, give to fome fpecies the apt name of Kudu,
or the xet¢/e, from their ftinging quality *.

The antients divided their Ky:dy into two claffes,
thofe that adhered to rocks, the A&inia of Lin-
m@us ; and thofe that wandered through the whole —
element. The laft are called by later writers Urtice’
Solute; by Linneus, Medufe, by the common’
people Sea Gellies and Sea Blubbers.

I do not find that the moderns make any ufe
of them. They are left, the prey of bafking
fharks, perhaps of other marine animals.

ASTERIAS. KIX, Depreffed body; covered with a coriaceous
aid sax coat; furnifhed with five or more rays,
and numerous retractile s¢entacula,
Mouth in the center.

‘oe LY LE a Ay eae

Glacialis. Ast. Lin. Syf. 1099. Faun. Suec. No. 2113.
54. Com- Stella coriacea acutangula lutea vulgaris Luurpi1. Liackii,
MON. p- 31+ tab. xxxvi. No. 61.

Ast. with five rays deprefied ; broad at the bafe;
fub-angular, hirfute, yellow; on the back, a round
{triated opercule. -

* Arift. Hift. An. lib. v.c. 15. Atheneus, lib iis p. 90-
Thefe

Crass VI. Ww: & M Ss 6x
Thefe are found fometimes defective, or with

only four rays. See Linckius, tab. xxxv. fig. 60.
Common in all our feas; feed on oyfters, and are

very deftructive to the beds.

Stella pentapetalos cancellata anomalos. Clathrata.
Linckhii, pe 32. tab. X1V. No. 23. and tab. Vil. No. Qe 55-CANCEL=
| LATED.

Ast. with five fhort thick rays ; hirfute beneath ;
cancellated above. :
Found with the former; more rare. Tad. Xxx.

jig. 1.

Pentadattylofafter oculatus. Linckiz, p- 31. tab. xxxvi. No. 62. Oculata.
56.DoTTED.

Ast. with five {mooth rays, dotted or punctured ;
of a fine purple color. :

Anglefea. Tab. xxx. fig. 56. | ,

Aftropecten Irregularis. Linckii, p. 27. tab. V1. fige 13 frregularis.

§7+RIMMED>

Ast. with five fmooth rays; the fides furrounded
with a regular fcaly rim; on the mouth, a plate
in form of a cinquefoil; of a reddifh hue.

Stella

62

Hifpida.
58. Hispip.

Gibbe/a.
59. GiB-
BOUS.

Placenta.
59.A.FLart.

Spinofa.

Go. SPINY. -

WORM & GQaawe

Stella coriacea acutangula hifpida. Linckii, p. 31. tab, ix,
No. 19.

Ast. with five rays, broad, angulated at top;
rough, with fhort briftles; brown,
Anglefea. Tab. xxx. fig. 58.

Pentaceros gibbus et plicatus, altera parte concavus. Lincki#,
p- 25. tab. ui. No. 20.

Boriase’s Cornwall, p. 260. tab. xxy. fig. 25, 26.-

Ast. with very fhort broad rays flightly projecting ;
a pentangular {pecies, much elevated, fmall, co-
vered with a rough fkin; brown; the mouth in
the midft of a pentagon.

Stella quinquefida palmipes. Linckii, p, 29. tab. i. fig. 2-
Pontoppidan’s Norway, part. il. 179.

Asr. with five very broad and membranaceous
rays, extremely thin and fiat.

Tab. xxxi. fig. 59. A.

Weymouth, From the Portnanp cabinet.

Pentadattylofafter fpinofus regularis. Linckiz, tab. iv. No. 7.
Boruase’s Cornwall, p. 259. tab. xxv. fige 18.

Ast. with five rays of almoft equal thicknefs, be-
fet with numerous {pines.

Crass VI. WoR ™M 5S. 63

4# FIVE-RAYED, with flender or ferpenti-
form rays.

Hirfuta, feu ftella rallatoria vel macrofceles Lurpir. Linckii, Minuta.
pe 50¢ 61. Mis
NUTE.

Ast. with a round body, and five very flender and
long hirfute rays.
Found by Mr. Liayd near Tenbigh.

Stella lacertofa. Linckié, p> 47+ tabs tle No. 4. rage he

Ast. with five {mooth flender rays, fcaled, jointed,
white. Linckius calls this Lacertofa, from the hke-
nefs of the rays to a Lizard’s tail.

Anglefea. Tab. xxx. fig. 62.

As?. with a pentagonal indented body, fmooth Sprerulata:
above the aperture ; below five-pointed; between maa
the bafe of each ray a fmall globular bead; the
rays flender, jointed, taper; hirfute on their
fides.

Anglefea. Tab. xxx fig. 63.

Bor Lase’s

, 1

4

igs W.OR ™M S.- ‘Crass VIL
Pentaphylla. Boruase’s Cornwall, 6.260. tab. xxv. figs 24.

64.Cinqueé- . |

FOIL.

Ast. with the body regularly cinquefoil; rays .
very flender; hirfute on the fides, teffulated above
and below with green, fometimes with fky-blue. .

Cornwall.
Varia. Boriase’s Cornwall, p. 259. tab. xxv. fig. 21.
65. Pizp.
Ast. with a circular body, with ten radiated
ftreaks ; the ends of a lozenge form; the rays
hirfute, annulated with red.
Cornwall.
Aculeatas Borzase’s Cornwall, p. 259. tab. xxv. figs 19.
66. Rapi-
ATEDe.

Ast. with a round body, with ftreaks from its
centre alternately broad and narrow; the rays flen-
der, hirfute.

Cornwall.

Haftata. Borrase’s Cornwall, p. 259. tab. xxv. fiz. 22.
67. JAVELIN.

Ast. with a pentagonal body indented; of a deep
brownifh-red hue, marked with ten ochraceous
ftreaks 3

Crass VI. WORMS. | 6%
ftreaks ; five of the ftreaks flender, with javelin-
fhaped extremities ; rays hirfute, jointed.

Cornwall.
Boriase’s Cornwall, p. 259. tab. XV. figs 20. Fifa. :
68. InDENT-=
ZD.
Ast. with a circular body, with five equidiftant
dents, penetrating deep into the fides; five light-
colored ftreaks darting from the centre; rays flen-
der, hirfute.
Cornwall,
Bortase’s Cornwall, p. 260. tab. xxv. fig. 236 _ Negra.
69. BLACKe

Ast. with a pentagonal body, black, with five
radiating ftreaks of white ; rays hirfute olivaceous,
teffulated with deeper fhades.

Cornwall,

4 With more than FIVE RAYS.

Stella decacnemos rofacea, feu decempeda Cornubienfium. Bifida.
Linckii, p. 55. tab. xxxvil. fig. 66. 70. BIFID»

Ast. with ten flender rays, befet with tendrils on

their fides; the mouth furrounded with fhort fli-
form rays.

Cornwall. ?
Vor. IV. EF Stella

Decacnemos.
71. TEN-
RAYEDe

Helianthe-
moides ?
72.lWELVE-
RAYED=.

W or M Ss Crass VI.

Stella decacnemos barbata, feu. fimbriata, Barrelier. Lincéi,
Pp: 55+ tab. Xxxvil. fig. 64.

Ast. with ten very flender rays, with numbers of

lone beards on the fides; the body fmall, fur-
rounded beneath with ten fmall filiform rays.

Inhabits the weftern coafts of Scotland. Tab. xxxiti.
Jig. 71. |

Stella dodecactis Helianthemo fimilis. Lénckii, p. 42. tabs
XVil. fig. 28.

Ast. with twelve broad rays finely reticulated,
and roughened with fafciculated long papilla on
the upper part; hirfute beneath; red.

Thefe vary into thirteen, fuch as the Trifcaide-
cactis of Linckius. Tab. xxxiv. jig. 54. I have
had one of fourteen rays.

Aviftotle and Pliny * called this genus Asp, and

jiella marina ; fays the firft, from their refemblance

to the pictured form of the ftars of heaven. They
afferted that they were fo exceedingly hot, as in-
ftantly to confume whatfoever they touched.

* Arifiet. Hift. dn. lib. vs ¢.%5: Plinii Hift. Nat. ib. ixe

s. 60-

Afterias

Crass VI. WOR ‘Mg

Afterias caput medufe. Lin. Sy/f. 1101.
Soe-Soele. Pontop. Norway, il. 180.

Ast. with five rays iffuing from an angular body ;
the rays dividing into innumerable branches, grow-
ing flenderer as they receded from the bafe; the
moft curious of the genus.

Found, as I have been told, in the north of Scof-
land. The late worthy Doctor William Borla/e in-
formed me that it had been taken off Cornwall.

XX. Body covered with a futured cruft, often
furnifhed with moveable fpines.
Mouth quinquevalve, placed beneath.

Echinus. Liz. Syfs 1102. Lift. Angl. 169. tab. iii.
Exgivos Whe Ariftot. Hifi. An. bibs IVs Ce Ve
Yab. xxxiv. fig. 74.

Feu. of a hemifpherical form, covered with tharp
{trong fpines, above half an inch long ; commonly
of a violet color, moveable ; adherent to {mall tu-
bercles elegantly difpofed in rows. Thefe are their
inftruments of motion, by which they change their
place.

This fpecies is often taken in dredging, and
often lodges in cavities of rocks juft within low-

water mark.
F 2 Are

67

Arborefeense
73. ARBO-
RESCENTs

ECHINUS.

Efculentus.
74. Kat=
ABLE.

Are eaten by the poor in many parts of Eng-
land, and by the better fort abroad. In old times

. a favorite difh. They were drefied with vinegar,

honied wine, or mead, parfley and mint; and

1

WOR! MS: Crass VI. @

efteemed to agree with the itomach *.. They are.

the firft difh in the famous fupper of Lentulus +,
when he was made Plamen Martialis, prieft of
Mars. By fome of the concomitant difhes, they
feem defigned as a whet for the fecond courfe, to
the holy perfonages, priefts, and veftals invited on
the occafion. Many fpec:es of fhell fifh made
part of the feaft. The reader will perhaps find
{ome amufement in learning the tafte of the Romaxz
people of fafhion in thefe articles.

Echini, the fpecies here defcribed.

Oftree Crudz, raw oyfters.

Peloride t, a fort of Mya, fttill ufed as a food
in fome places. Vide No. 15. :

Sphondyli, a fort of Bivalve, with ftrong hinges,
found in the Mediterranean fea. Not the griftly
part of oyfters, as Doctor Arbuthnot conjectures.

Patina Ofirearum. Perhaps ftewed oyfters.

Pelorides. Balani nigri et albi; two kinds of ©

Lepades.
Sphondyli, again.

* Athenaus, lib. iii. p. Ql.
t+ Macrobius, as quoted by Arbuthnot.
t Rondel. Tefaceay p. 13.

Glycymerides

Crass VI. Woe om “MS: 69
Ghycymerides *, A fhell. 1 fufpecét to be the
fame with the Mafra Lutraria of this work,
No. 44. |
-Murices, Purpure. Turbinated fhells, whofe
{fpecies I cannot very well determine, there being
more than one of each in the Italian feas.

Echinus fpatagus. Lin. Syf. 1104. Lif. App. tab. i. fig. 13. ECordatus.
75:CorDaT-

ED.

Ecu. of a cordated fhape, gibbous at one end,
and marked with a deep fulcus at the other; co-
vered with flender fpines refembling briftles. Shell
moft remarkably fragile.

Leneth, two inches. Tab. xxxiv. fig. 75.

Lin. Syft. 1104. Arzenville, 310. tab. xxv. fig. K. | Lacunojus.
Rumph. Muf, tab. xiv. fig. 2. 76. OvaLe

Ecu. of an oval deprefied form; on the top of
a purple color, marked with a quadrefoil, and the
fpaces between tuberculated in waved rows; the
lower fide ftudded; and divided by two {mooth
{paces.

Length, four inches. When cloathed, is covered
with fhort thickfet briftles mixed with very long
ones.

* Rondel. Tefacea, p. 13. :
Be Weymouth,

78

WwW OR M S. a

Weymouth, from the PorTLAND cabinet. a Gb. XXXV.
Pg. 76.

Doéttor Boriafe gives a figure of an Echinus, found
in Mount’s Bay, that refembles in fhape the above ;
but I cannot, either from defcription or print, de-
termine whether it be the young, or diftinét. Vide
Nat. Hit, Cornwall, p. 278. tab. xxviii. fig. 26.

Duy, Ill.

Crass VI. Sig ae ES,

Peeoone ; oT ES) ACoA,

v

VERMES of the foft kind, and fimple make,
commonly covered with a calcareous habitation,

iy. I. MuLrIvALve SHELLS,

I. The animal, or inhabitant of its fhell, the Doris. CHITON,
The fhell plated, confifting of many parts,
lying upon each other tran{verfely.

Sect. I. Muttivatve SHELLS.

Cy. AN a feven valvess thick fet with Crinitus.

fhort hairs; five-eighths of an inch ™ HairYe
long.
Of the natural fize. A. 1. magnified.

Inhabits the fea near Aberdeen. Tab. xxxvi.
Sig. 1,

Cu, with eight valves; with a ferrated reflected Marginatus.
Fah . 2. Marcis+
margin, {mooth; fize of the figure. Zab. XXXV1. yarsp.
dg - 2.
Inhabits the fea near Scarborough.

F 4 Cu. with

9 § H BDL s> Gece

Levis. Cu. with eight valves; quite fmooth, with a lon-
Dg aac gitudinal mark along the back; a little elevated,
Size of a wood-loufe. Tab. xxxvi. fig. 3.
Inhabits the fhores of Loch Broom in Weft Rofs-
Seire. |
The inhabitant of this fhell is a fpecies of the
Doris.
The name Chiten, taken from xirev, Lorica, a
coat of mail.

LEPAS. II. Its animal the Triton.
ec ORNs The fhell multivalve, —— ‘fixed by : a
ftem: or feffil.

Balanus. Lepas. Lizz. Syf.1107. Faun. Suec. No. 2122.
4. Common. Common £zgli/o Barnacle. Exzis Ph. Tr.1758- Tab. xxxiv.
| fg. 17

L. of a conoid form, fmooth, and brittle ; the lid
or operculum {harp pointed.
Found adhering to rocks, oyfters, and fhell-fifh
of various forts. Tab. xxxvii. fig. 4.

| Balanoides. L. Lin. Syff. 1108. Faun. Suec. No. 2123. Lift. Angl. tab.

5 SutcaT=- fig. 41.
ED.

L. with ftrone fulcated fhells; aperture fmaller in
g » 3D
proportion than the former.

is Adheres

ev: “Ss we UL Us a:

Adheres to the fame bodies, Yad. xxxvil. fig. 5.
Quere, the figure, A. 5. if not an accidental

variety ?

Lepas Cornubienfis. Ellis Pb. Tr. cise: tab. xxxiv. fig. 16, Cornubienfis,
Borlafe Nat. Hift. Cornwall. 6. Con nisH.

L. in form of a limpet, with a dilated bottom, and
rather narrow aperture; the fhell fulcated near the
lower edges. Tab. xxxvil. fig. 6

L. with the fhells lapping over each other, and Svriara.

obliquely friated. a Mane
The fea near Weymouth. Tab. xxxviil. jig. ‘7.
From the PortTianp cabinet.
L. Lin. Syft. 1108. Tintinnabu-
lum.
i 8. Beut.

L, with a large deep fhell, rneged on the outfide,
of a purple color.

As large as a walnut.

Found frequently adhering to the bottom of
fhips, in great clufters. Probably originated in
hot climates.

L. Lin.

i? 3 S One by Ey: & Crass VI, 4

Anatifera. Le Lin. Sy. 1109. - Faua. Suec. No. 2120. Lift. Conch.
g-Anati- - tab. 439.
PEROUS.

I.. confifting of five fhells, depreffed, affixed to
a pedicle, and in clufters. Tab. xxxviil. jig. g..

Adheres to fhips bottoms by its pedicles.

The ¢entacula from its animal are feathered ; and
have given our old Zxgii/) hiftorians and naturalifts ©
the idea of a bird. They afcribed the origin of the
Barnacle Goofe to thefe fhells. The account given
by the Sage Gerard, is fo curious, that I beg leave
to tran{cribe it.

¢ But what our eyes have feene, and hands have ©
« touched, we fhall declare. There is a fmall
* ifland in Lancafbire called the Pile of Foulders,
‘ wherein are found the broken pieces of old
¢ and bruifed fhips, fome whereof have been catt
‘ thither by fhipwracke, and alfo the trunks and
‘ bodies with the branches of old and rotten trees,
‘ caft up there likewife ; whereon is found a cer-
‘ taine fpume or froth that in time breedeth unto
‘ certaine fhels, in fhape like thofe of the Mufkle,
‘ but fharper pointed, and of a whitifh colour;
‘ wherein is contained a thing in form like a lace
‘ of filke finely woven as it were together, of a
¢ whitifh colour ; one end whereof is faftened unto
¢ the infide of the fhell, even as the fifh of Oifters
‘ and Mufkles are: the other end is made faft

£ untae

Crass Vi. SE Te’ evs.

aC A fA A CR A a tA 7 na A HA A Ge ACS ASA 3A a nA oN

a

unto the belly of a rude mafle or lumpe, which
in time commeth to the fhape and form of a
bird: when it is perfectly formed, the fhell
gapeth open, and the firft thing that appeareth
is the forefaid lace or firing ; ; next come the legs
of the bird hanging out, and as it groweth
greater it openeth the fhelh by degrees, till at
roth it is all come forth, and hangeth onely by
the bill: in fhort fpace after it commeth to full
maturitie, and falleth into the fea, where it ga-
thereth feathers, and groweth to fowle bigger
than a Mallard and leffer than a Goofe, having
blacke legs and bill or beake, and feathers blacke
and white, {potted in fuch manner as is our Mag-
Pie, called in fome places a Pie-Annet, which
the people of Lancafbire call by no other name
than a tree Goofe: which place aforefaid, and
all thofe parts adjoyning, do fo much abound
therewith, that one of the beft is bought for three

pence. For the truth hereof, if any doubt, may

it pleafe them to repaire unto’me, and I fhall
fatishe them by the teftimonie of good witneffes,”

Vide HERBAL, p. 1587, 1588.

This genus 1s called by Linneus, LEpas, a name

that is given by the antients to the Patella. Shells
of this clafs are called by Ariftotle, Baaava *, from
the refemblance fome of them bear to acorns.
We have feen before, in the account of the fupper

* Tift, An, hb. Vo Ce 15 £
| yas

73

76 28 BeBe 2S Crass VI.

_ of Lentulus, that they were admitted to the greateft
tables.

PHOLZS. Uf. Its animal an Ascip1ia.
Shell bivalve, opening wide at each end, with
feveral leffer fhells at the hinge.
The hinges folded back, united with a carti-

lage.
An incurvated tooth in the infide beneath the
hinge.
DaGylu:. Pu. Lin. Syf. 1110. Faun. Suec. No. 2124. Lif. Angl. App.
to. Dac- Tab. xi. fig. 3.

TYLE.

Pe. with an oblong fhell, marked with echinated
jirig; the tooth broad; the fpace above the hinge
reflected, and cancellated beneath; breadth four
inches and a half; length one and a quarter,
Tab. Xxxix. fig. 10.

Candidus. Pa. Lin. Sf. 1111. Lif. Angl. tab. v. fig. 39-
11. WHITE.

Pu. with a brittle fhell, and fmoother than the
former; the tooth very flender; breadth an inch
and an half; length near an inch. Jad. xxxix.
Sig. 11.

Pu. Liz.

@iics VI. Sie fh we

Pa. Lin. Syf. 1111. Lift. Angl. tab. ve fig. 38.
Faun. Succ. No. 2125.

Px. with a ftrong oval fhell; the half next to
the hinge waved and ftriated; tooth large and
firone; breadth three inches and a half; length
one and three quarters. Tab. xl. fiz. 12.

This genus takes its name from gwrew, to lurk
in cavities. A fhell of the name of Pholis and
Pholas, is mentioned by Ariffotle and Atheneus; but

i fufpect it to be the Daéylus of Pliny. ' A {pecies

i7

Cripatus.
12.CURLEDs

now called Daty/, abounding within the rocks of —

the Mediterranean, is much admired as a food *.

Px. with a fhell thinner than the former; and
the tooth very flender and oblique; in externals
refembling the former, only never found larger
than a hazel nut,

I have often taken them out of the cells they

had formed in hard clay, below high-water mark,
on many of our fhores. ‘They alfo perforate the
hardeft oak plank that accidentally is lodged in
the water. I have a piece filled with them, which
was found near Pen/facola in Weft Florida, and pre-
fented to me by that ingenious naturalift the late
Joun Extis, Efquire.

* Pliny, lib, tx. ¢. 61. Armftrong’s Hift. Minorca, 173.
I have

Parvzs.
13. LITTLE:

78

MYA.
GAPER.

Truncata.
14-ABRUPT.

S H E‘’L Ls: Ga

I have alfo found them in maffes of foffil wood, —

in the fhores of Abergelli in Denbighfbire. The

bottom of the cells are round, and appear as if
nicely turned with fome inftrument. *

Tab. xl. fig. 13.

Div. Hi; Biwi hy 2S wee

IV. Its animal an Ascipra.
A bivalve fhell gaping at one end.
The hinge, for the moft part, furnifhed
with a thick, ftrong, and broad tooth,
not inferted into the oppofite valve.

M. Truncata. Linz. Syf. 112. Faux. Suec. No. 21266
Lift. Angl. tab. v. fig. 36.

Mz Vi ae a broad, upright, blunt tooth, in

one fhell; the clofed end rounded;
the open end truncated, and gaping greatly ;
the outfide yellow, marked with concentric
wrinkles. Tab. xl. fig. 14.
Lodged under flutchy ground, near low-water
mark; difcovered by an aperture in the flutch,
beneath which it is found in coarfe gravel.

M. with

Crass VI. Sh He Et Le Was! 79

M. with a brittle half-tranfparent fhell, with a hinge Declivi:.

: : : 15. SLOP=
flightly prominent ; lefs gaping than the fruncata; yx,
near the open-end floping downwards.

Frequent about the Hedrides; the fifth eaten by

the gentry.

M. Arenaria. Lin. Sy. 1112. Faun. Suec. No. 2127. Arenavia.
16. SAND

M. with a tooth like the former; mouth large,
rough at the bafe; the whole fhell of an ovated
figure, and much narrower at the gaping end.

‘Three inches and a half broad; two inches long
inthe middle, Jad, xlii.

M. Pictorum. Lin. Sy. 1112. Faun. Succ. No. 219. Lift. Pi@orum.
Angl. App. tab. i. fig. 4. 17. Paints

ERSae

M. with an oval brittle fhell; with a fingle longi-
tudinal tooth like a lamina in one fhell, and two in
the other. Jad. xhiii. fg. 27.

Breadth a little above two inches ; length one.

Inhabits rivers.

Ufed to put water-colors in; whence the name.
Otters feed on this and the other frefh-water hells.

80.

_ Margariti-
Sera.

18. PEARL.

S Hi E}L:LrSe Ggms VE

tab. i. fig. 1.
Scheffer Lapland, 145.

M. with a very thick coarfe opake fhell,; often

much decorticated ; oblong, bending inward on
one fide; or arcuated; black on the outfide; ufual
breadth from five to fix inches; length two and a
quarter. Tab. xliii. fig. 18.

Inhabits great rivers, efpecially thofe which
water the mountanous parts of Great Britain.

This fhell is noted for producing quantities of
pearl. There have been regular fifheries for the
fake of this pretious article in feveral of our rivers.
Sixteen have been found within one fhell. They
are the difeafe of the fifh, analogous to the ftone in
the human body. On being fqueezed, they will
eject the pearl, and often caft it fpontaneoufly in the
fand of the ftream.

The Conway was noted for them in the days -

of Cambden. A notion alfo prevales, that Sir
Richard Wynne, of Gwydir, chamberlain to Ca-
tharine queen to Charles II. prefented her majefty
with a pearl (taken in this river) which is to this
day honored with a piace in the regal crown.
They are called by the Wel Cregin Diluw, or

_ Deluge Shells, as if left there by the flood. °

The Jrt in Cumberland was alfo productive of
them. The famous circumnavigator, Sir Fohn
5 Hawkins,

es. —

Lin. Syft. 1112. Faun. Suec. Now 2130. Lif. Ang. App.

Crass VI. S HEE Fb Ss
Hawkins *, had a patent for fifhing that river.
He had obferved pearls plentiful in the Straits
of Magellan, and flattered himfelf with being in-
riched by procuring them within his own ifland.
In the laft century, feveral of great fize were
gotten in the rivers of the county of Tyrone and
Donegal, in ireland. One that weighed 36 carats
was valued at £. 40, but being foul, loft much of
its ‘worth, Other fingle pearls were fold for £. 4.
10s. and even for £. 10. The laft was fold a
fecond time to Lady G/enlealy, who put it into a
necklace, and refufed £. 80 for it from the
Duchefs of Ormond +.

Suetonius reports, that Cz/ar was induced to un--

dertake his Briti/h expedition for the fake of our
pearls; and that they were fo large that it was ne-
ceffary to ufe the hand to try the weight of a fingle
one {. I imagine that Cz/ar only heard this by
report; and that the cryftalline balls in oid leafes,
called mineral pearl, were miftaken for them |.
We believe that Ce/ar was difappointed of his
hope: yet we are told that he brought home a
buckler made with Briti/b pearl §, which he de-
dicated to, and hung up in the temple of Venus
Genetrix. A proper offering to the Goddefs of
Beauty, who fprung from the fea. I cannot omit

* Camden. ii. 1003. + Po. Tr. Abridg. ii. 331.

t Sueton. Vit. Ful. C2f. c. xliv.

|| Woodward's Method of Foffils, 29. part ii.

§ Plinii, lib. ix. ¢. 35. Tacitus Vit. Agricole.

Vou. LV. G mentioning,

St

82

Dubia.
ig. Dusi-
OUS.

.S at BS Crass VI.

mentioning, that notwithftanding the claffics honor
our pearl with their notice, yet they report them to
have been {mall and ill colored; an imputation that
in general they are ftill liable to. Pinay * fays, that

a red {mall kind was found about the Thracian ©

Bofphorus, in a fhell called Mya, but does not give
it any mark to afcertain the {pecies.

M. with a rudiment of a tooth within one fhell;
with an oval and large hiatus oppofite to the hinge.
Shells brown and brittle.

Shape of a pifachia nut.

Length of a horfe-bean. Jad. xliv.

Found near Weymouth. From the PorTLAND
cabinet.

© Plinii, libs 1X. €. 35¢ 2s

V. Its

———

me-vl- § BEL LS

V. Its animal an Ascipia.
A bivalve ; oblong ; open at both ends.

$3

SOLEN.
RAZOR.

At the hinge, a fubulated tooth turned back, »

often double; not inferted in. the oppofite
fhell.

* With the hinge near the end.

Lin. Syft. 1113. Faun. Suec. No. 2131. Le Argl. tab. Vs
FE+ 37-
Lift. Conch. tab. 409.

S. with a ftrait fhell, equally broad, compreffed,
with a double tooth at the hinge, receiving another
oppofite; and on one fide another tooth fharp
pointed, and directed downwards. Color olive,
with a conoid mark of an afh color, dividing the
fhells diagonally ; one part ftriated lengthways,
the other tranfverfely. Breadth ufually five or
fix inches, fometimes nine.
Tab. xlv. fig. 20.

Lin, Syft. 1143. Lif. Conch. tab. 410.

Siliqua.
20. Pop.

Vi aginds

- 21.SHEATHe

S. with a fhell-nearly cylindrical, one end margi-
nated ; the hinge confifting of a fingle tooth in
each fhell placed oppofite. Shell yellow, marked

G 2 much

84

Enfis.
22. SCYME=
TER.

Pellucidus.
23. PELLU-
CID.

Legume.
24. SuB-
OVAL.

S eee, (as. Crass VI.
much like the former; ufually about five or fix
inches broad.

Inhabits Red Wharf, Anglefea.

Lin. Syft. 1114. Lift. Angl. App. tab. ii. fig.g. Lift. Conch.
tab. Alle

S. with a fhell bending like a fcymeter, with
hinges like thofe of the Siliqua, and colored and
marked like it. ‘The fhell thin, and rounded at
each end. Ufual breadth four or five inches.
Tab. xlv. fig. 22.

S. fub-arcuated and fub-oval ; with the hinge con-
fiftine of a fharp double tooth on one fide, receiv-
ing a fingle one from the oppofite, with a procefs
in each fhell, pointing towards the cartilage of the
hinge. Shell fragile, pellucid; about an inch
broad. Tab. xlvi. fig. 23.

Inhabits Red Wharf, Anglefea.

** With the hinge near the middle.
Lin. Syft. 1114. Lift. Conch. tab. 420.

S. with a ftrait fub-oval fhell; with teeth exaétly
refembling thofe of the laft, furnifhed likewife with
fimilar proceffes ; one end is fomewhat broader than

the

Crass VI. So He Be: Ly bas
the other. Ufual breadth about two inches and an
half. Shell fub-pellucid, radiated from the hinge
to the margin.

Tab. xivi. fig. 24.

Inhabits the fame place.

Lin. Syft. 1114. No. 37. Lift. Conch. 421.

S. with a kidney-fhaped fhell; with a fingle tooth
in both fides of the hinge. The fhell covered with
a rough epidermis. Breadth near two inches ; length
feven-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the fea near Weymouth.

Tab. xivi. fig. 25.

This fpecies borders on the mye, and connects
the genera.

I am not acquainted with the natural hiftory of
the two laft. The three firft lurk in the fand
near low-water mark, in a perpendicular direction:
and when in want of food, elevate one end a little
above the furface, and protrude their bodies far
out of the fhell, At approach of danger, they
dart deep into the fand, fometimes at left two
feet. Their place is known by a fmall dimple
on the furface. Sometimes they are dug out of
the fand with a fhovel ; at other times are taken
by a bearded dart fuddenly ftruck into them. They

G3 were

85

Cultellus.
25.KIDNEY.

$6 So PA BS TL Pts: Crass VI.

were ufed as a food by the antients. Atheneus *
(from Sopbron) {peaks of them as great delicacies,
and particularly grateful to widows. |

Maxpat KOYHe TwWAEVES TETIYE

TAvxuxgewy xoyxvarov ney YUVAIHOY ALYY VEU [Lake
Oblongz conchz /olenes, et carne jucunda
Conchylium, viduarum mulierum cupediz.

Thefe are often ufed as a food at prefent; and
brought up to table fried in eggs.

FELLINA. VJ, Its animal a Teruys.
A bivalve, generally floping down on one fides
Three teeth at the hinge.

* Ovated.

Fragilis. Lin. Syft. 1117. No. 49-
20-FRAGILE.

T. with a very brittle white fhell, truncated at the
narrower, and rounded at the broader end. Aninch
broad.

Tab. xivii. fig. 26.

> Lib. iii, p. 86.

T. with

Crass VI. SG) Ee Be bs: 87

T.. with a very thick depreffed oblong thell; white ; nestle
: “ Z27- DEPRES=
with concentric frriz. oa

Tab. xlvil. fig. 27.

T. with very thick, broad, and depreffed fhells, Crafa.

marked with numerous concentric firic. Breadth, oo ee
an inch and three quarters ; length, an inch and a
quarter.

Has the habit of the Venus Jorealis; but the
fides of this are unequal, one being more extended
than the other.

Tab. xivi. jig. 28.
Lind Syft. 1117. No. 52. Planata.

é 29. PLAIN.

T. with a very flat delicate fhell, marked: with
concentric lines of red; the {pace about the hinge
brown. Breadth, two-thirds of an inch.

Tab, xivi. fig. 29.

Lin. Syff. 1117. Ne. 54. Radiata.
: | 30. RaYED.

T. with very convex fhells of a faint afh color,
radiated with red; tinged within with a faint pur- —
ple. Breadth an inch and an half.

Tap. xlix. fig. 30.
; G4 Lin.

&§

Tncarnata, ~
31. Carna-
T1IONe

Carnaria.
32. FLesu-
COLORED,

Trifafciata.
33. Tri-
FASCIATED.

Ruzofa.
34.RUGGED.

S* He Per Ge Sa Crass VI.

Lin. Syft. 1118. Now 58. Faun. Suec. No. 2133+ Lift. Angl.
App. tab. 1. fig. 8.

T. oblong, deprefied ; originally covered with a _
thick brown epidermis. When naked, of a whitifh
color rayed with red, and croffed again with mi-
nute concentric frriz.

Ufual breadth, one inch and three quarters.
Tab. xlvil. fig. 31.

Lin. Syft. 1119. No. 66. Lift. Angl. tab. iv. fig. 25-

T. with a ftrong and rounded fhell, generally of
a bloom color within and without; externally mark-
ed with belts of deeper red.
Breadth about feven-eighths of an inch.
Sometimes found quite white, as fig. 32. A.
Tab. xlix. fig. 32.

Lin. Syff. 1119. No. 58.

T. with a very brittle fhell, radiated like the
T. Jncarnata; but leffer.

T. with oval fhells, marked with rugged concen-
tric frig. This has much the habit of the MWy-
tilus Litbophagus.

About

Crass VI. S? Ee Ee Ey Le & 39
About the fize of a filbert. ;
Dredged up at Weymouth. Mifplaced among

the Venuses. Vide tab. lvii. fig. 34.

Borlafe Hiff. Cornwall, tab. xxviii. fg. 23+ Cornubienfis.
35. Cor-
NISH.

T. with oblong oval fhells, deeply ftriated parallel
to the margin.
Deicribed by Doctor Borla/e.

Lin. Syf?. 1120. Now 72. Faun. Suec. No. 2138. Lif. Angl. Cornea.
App. tab... fig. 5. . se | 36. Horny.

T. with round fhells very convex, marked with a
tranfverfe furrow ; color brown.

Size of a pea.

Inhabits ponds and frefh waters.

Tab. xlix. fig. 36.

VII. Bivalve, nearly equilateral, equivalve. CARDIUM,
Its animal a Tetuys. COCKLE.
Two teeth near the beak: a larger (placed
remote) on each fide; each locking into
the oppofite.

Lin.

~ &

90

Aculeatum.
37. Acu-
LEATED.

Echinatunt.
38. Ecut-
NATED.

Ciliare.
39. Frin-
GED.

|

<a

SHEL Es Crass VE.
Ein. Syft. 1122. No. 78.

C. with high ribs radiating from the hinge to the

edges; each rib fulcated in the middle ; and near

the circumference befet with large and ftrong pro-
ceffes, hollowed. One fide of the fhell projects
further than the other, and forms an angle. Color
yellowifh-brown. |

As large as a fift. The marginal circumference
ten inches and a half.

Found off the Hebrides and Orknies.

Tab.\. fig. 37.

Lin. Syft. 1122. No. 79. Faun. Suec. No. 2139-
Lift. Angl. tab.v. fig. 33. Conch. tab. 3245

C. leffer than the former, being little more than
fix inches in circumference ; the color white; the
ribs echinated higher up; has only fixteen ribs, the
former twenty-one ; the fhape rounder.

Found dead on many of our fhores.

Lin. Syft. 1122. No. 80.

C. with a very brittle fhell, and delicate; of a
pure white ; eighteen ribs rifing into thinner fpines.

4OF 3

f

Crass VI. SHB GL i 3 QI

Of the fize of a hazel nut.
Tab. |. fig. 39-

Lin. Syft. 1123. No. 88. | Levigatum.
40. SMOOTH

C. of a fub-oval fhape, fomewhat deprefied; of
-a deep brown color, with obfolete longitudinal
firie; and a few tranfverfal, concealed by a thin
epidermis.

- Circumference fix inches and a half,

Tab, li. fig. 40.

Lin. Syff. 1124. No. 90. Faun. Suec. No. 2141. Lift. Angl. Edule.
tab. Ve fiks 340 41. EDIBLE.

C. with twenty-eight depreffed ribs, tranfverfely
ftriated ; one fide more falient than the other.
Common on all fandy coafts, lodged a little be-
neath the fand; their place marked by a depreffed
fpot. Delicious and wholefome food.
Tab. 1. fig. 41.

VIII. Its animal a Tetuys. , MACTRA.
Bivalve, unequal fided, equivalve.
Middle tooth complicated; with a little
concavity on each fide; the lateral teeth
remote, mutually received into each other.

Lin.

92 S&S Heeb Ets Crass VI. |
Stultorum. Lin. Sy. 1126. No. gg. .
42. SIMPLE- *
TON’S,
M. with femi-tranfparent fhells, {mooth, glofty ;
white without ; purplifh within. |
Size of a hazel nut.
Tab. \il. fig. 42.
Solida. Lin. Syft. 1126. No. to0. Faun. Suec. No. 2140. Lift. Angl.

43.STRONG. fab. iv. fig. 24.

M. with very ftrong fhells; in a live ftate, fmooth,
white, gloffy, and marked with a few tranfverfe
Jivie, In dead fhells, the frie appear like high
ribs. Vide fig. 43. A. Tab. 1.

Lutraria. Lin. Syft. 1126. No. 101. Faun. Succ. No. 2128. Lift.
44. LARGE. — Angl. tab. iv. figs 19.

M. with an oblong thin fhell; one fide much ex-
tended, and gaping; for which reafon Linnzus
once placed it among the Mye.
Breadth five inches; length two and a half.
Inhabits the fea near the mouth of rivers; and
even fometimes within the mouth.

Tab. li, fig. 44.

1X. Its

sft

Crass VI. S Woe Fee

IX. Its animal a Tetuys. ,
Bivalve, with the frontal margin very blunt.

Lin. Syf?.1127- No. 105. Faun. Suec. No. 2142. Lift. Angl.

. tab, V+ fig 35-
Conch. tab. 376. f. 2176

D. with a gloffy fhell, of a whitifh color tinged

with dirty yellow, and marked lengthways with

many elegant minute /irze; the infide purple.
Breadth an inch and a tenth.

Tab. lv. fig. 45.
Lin. Syf?. 1127. No. 107.

C. of a cuneiform fhape ; extremely blunt at one
end, ftriated like the former, ferrated at the edges;
color within purple; tranfverfely tinged with the
fame on the outfide.

Breadth, a little fuperior to the former.

X. Its animal a Teruys.
Hinge with three teeth near toeach other; one
placed longitudinally, and bent outwards.

Lins

93

DONAX;

Trunculuse
45. YELLOW.

Denticulatas '
46. PURPLE.

VENUS. |

94

Mercenaria.
47.CoMMER=
CIAL.

Erycina.
48. Sici-
LIAN.

Exoleta.
49. ANTI-
QUATED.

S HEL L S&. Crass VI,

Lin. Syft- 1131. No. 123. Faun. Suec. No. 2144. Lift, Angl.
tab, iv. jig. 22.
Conch. tab. 272.

V. with a ftrong, thick, weighty fhell, covered
with a brown epidermis; pure white within;
flightly ftriated tranf{verfely.
Circumference above eleven inches. }
Thefe are called in North America Clams, they
differ only in having a purple tinge within. Wam-
pum or Indian money is made of them *,

Tab. li. fig. 47.
Lin. Syfte 1131. No. 122. Lift. Conch. tab. 284.

V. with a very thick fheli, marked with high-
ridged ribs tranfverfely; undulated longitudi-
nally.

Fig. 48. A. a worn fhell.

Circumference about five or fix inches.

Tab. liv. fig. 48. 48. A.

Lin, Syff. 1134. No. 1426

VY. with orbicular fhells, with numerous tranfverfal
firia; white, glofly.

* Burnaby’s Travels, pe 104. ed. 2-
Diameter

Crass VI. Si Fan ey iS Ly Se 95
Diameter about two inches.
A. Variety of the fame, marked ftrongly with
numerous /friz, and longitudinally with a few
fhort yellowifh lines. Vide Lift. Conch. tab. 292.
293. ates
Tab. liv. fig. 49. A. Tab, lvi. fig. 49.

Lift. Conch. tab. 281. Rugofa.
50. WRINK=
LEDe

V. with thick fhells, marked with rugofe concen-
tric firiz.

A. Variety, with frie lefs elevated, and marked
with yellowifh zigzag lines. Lift. Conch. 282.

Length, an inch; breadth, an inch and a
quarter.

Tab. \vi. fig. 50.

*

VY. with thin convex orbiculated fhells, of a white Uxdara.
color, tinged with yellow, and marked with thin >" oe
concentric five; waved at the edges.

Size of a hazel nut.

Tab. |v. fig. 51.

_ V. with thin convex fhells, with a very deep obtufe Sixusa.
st. A. In-
Jinus, or bending on the front. Ane ae
Size of the figure.
Weymouth, From the Portriawp cabinet.

Tab. |v. fig. 51. A.
Lin.
y2

96

Borealis.
62. Nor-
THERN.

Litterata.
§3-LETTER-
ED.

Deflorata.
54. FaDING.

Sf FL fs Crass VI.

Lin. Syft. 1134+ No. 143. Lift. Angl. tab. iv. fg. 23. Conch.
tab. 253. fig. 88.

V. with thin hells, much depreffed, marked with »
flender concentric frie.

Length one inch and a half; breadth near two
inches. |

Line Syff. 1135. No. 147+ Faun. Suec. No. 2146. Lift.
Conch. tab. 400. fig. 2396

V. with thick fhells, marked tranfverfely with fre-
quent crenulated firiz, fometimes f{moother ; of a

whitifh color, ftreaked with lines refembling cha-

racters. In Brizi/b {pecimens ufually faint; in fo-
reign very {trong and elegant.

Length an inch and three quarters; breadth
two inches and a half.

Fav lvil, jigs 3.

Lin. Syft. 11336 No. 132»

V. with thin oval fhells, ftriated lengthways, femi-
pellucid; rayed with purple and white, both within
and without.

Size near an inch and half in breadth.

Tab. lit. fig. 64.

Crass VJ, Ss H E AL sz SB. | 97

V. with depreffed rhomboidal fhells, marked with Réoméoides.
f “oe 55- Ruom-
concentric and very neat firiz, of a pale brown >?
color variegated.
Length three quarters of an inch; breadth an

inch and three quarters.

'Y. with ovated fhells, ftriated elegantly from hinge Ovare.

to margin, and flightly ftriated tranfverfely. 56. OVaLe
Size of a horfe-bean,
Tab. lvi. fig. 56.

XJ, Its animal a Tetuys? : ARCA:

Shell bivalve equivalve.

‘Teeth of the hinge numerous, inferted between
each other.

Lin. Syft. 1140. No. 168. Borlafe Nat. Hi. Cornw. Tortuofa.
tab. xxvili. fig. 15, 16. 57. Dis-
Lif, Conch. tad. 368. TORTED,
Mytilus Marthiol. apud Diofcor. kb. li. Co 5. pe 4O1s

A. with a rhomboid fhell, deeply ftriated from
the apex to the edges. |

Inhabits Cornwall. Found alfo near Weymouth.
Tab. lvii. fig. 57.

Vou. LY: H Lin.

-

98 5 He ‘'b. & Crass VI. j

Glyeymeris. Lin. Sy. 1143. No. 181. Lift. Conch. tab. 247. fig. 82.
53.ORBICU- Aes
LAR.

A. with thick orbicular fhells, marked with con-
centric firte; white zi¢zageed with ferruginous ;
edges crenulated.

Diameter abcut two inches.

Tab. iviil. fig. 58.

Nucleus. Lia. Syft. 1141. Now 184.
59. SIL= —
VERY.

A. with unequally triangular fhells ; fmooth, pure
white without, filvery within ; iano finely cre-
nated.

Size of a pea.

Tab. \vi. fig. 59-

Rarbata. Lin. Syft. 1140. No. 170-
Go. Frin-
GED.

A: with oblong fhells faintly ftriated ; befet with
Byffus fo as to appear bearded.

In England of the fize cf a horfe-bean, the
foreion fpecimens much larger.

ope XI. Its

aa. 86 HEL LS oO 99

XII. Its animal a Tersys. PECTEN.
Shell bivalve, unequal. 3 a,
The hinge toothlefs, having a {mall ovated
hollow.

Lia. Syff. 1144. No. 185. Faun. Suec. No. 2148. Lif. Maximus.
Angl. tab. v. fig. 29+ : 61. GREAT.

P. with fourteen rays, very prominent and broad ;
ftriated lengthways above and below, ears equal.

Grows to a large fize. Tad. lix. fig. 61.

Found in beds by themfelves ; are dredged up, -
and pickled and barrelled for fale.

The antients fay, that they have the power of
removing themfelves from place to place by vaft
{prings or leaps *. This fhell was called by the
Greeks Kress, by the Latins Peéten, and was uled
by both as a food; and when dreffed with pepper
and cummins, was taken medicinally +.

The elegant figure of the crouching Venus, in
the Maffei collection, is placed fitting in a fhell
of this kind. The fculptor probably was taught
by the mythology of his time, that the goddefs
arofe from the fea in a fcallop. This perhaps

* Arift. Hift. Ans lib. ive ts 4
+ Aibencus, lib. iil. p. go.
Fi 2 may -

ati . SHELL & Sea 7

may have been the concha venerea of Pliny, fo ftyled
from this circumftance.

Another fhell has the fame name, for siete
reafon *, : . :

The fcallop is commonly worn by pilgrims on
their hat, or the cape of their coat, as a mark that
they had crofled the fea in their way to the Holy
Land, or to fome diftant object of devotion.

Facobeus. Lin. Syft. 1144. No. 186. Lif. Conch. tab. 165. fig 2.
6z. Lesser.

~

P. with fifteen broad rays, rounded on the flat .
fide, and moit finely tranfverfely ftriated; angu-
Jated on the convex, and ftriated lengthways; ears
nearly equal; concave and fmooth on the upper
fide.

A rare fpecies in Great Britain.

Tab. 1x. fig. 62.

** Both Shells convex.

=

Subrufus. Peéien tenuis, fubrufus, maculofus, circiter 20 ftriis majori-
63. Rep. bus, atlevibus,donatus. Lif. Angl. p. 185. tab. Vs fig« 30.

7

P. with twenty narrow rays, finely rated; ears
nearly equal, and alfo ftriated.

* See No. 8z.

6 A fpe-

Crass VI. S) He! Le Last FO!
A fpecies feldom exceeding two inches and a_

quarter in length; the breadth nearly the fame.

A thin fhell, generally of a fine pale red.

Tab. |x. fig. 63.

Lin. Syft. 1146. No. 199. Lift. Conch. tab. 178. fig. 15. Varius.

- 64. VARIE-
GATED.
P. with about thirty echinated imbricated rays;
fhells almoft equally convex; one ear vaitly larger
than the other.
General length two aches and a half ; breadth
a little lefs.
Color, a fordid red mixed with white.
Often found in oytter-beds, and dredged up
with them.
Tab. \xi.. fig. 64.
Lin. Syft. 1146. No. 200+ Puffo 2?
Peéten minimus angaflior inequalis feré et afper, Xe. 65. WritTu-
Lift. Angl, p. 186. tab. v. figs 3. ED.

P. with above forty fmall rays , with unequal
ears; the furface always irregularly waved or de-
formed, as if by fome accident , but this appear-
ance regularly maintained.

_ Length about two inches.

Colors commonly very brilliant reds.

Tab. \xi. jig. 6

H 3 P. with

-

102 SHI EL! Uts? - “Glia

Odsjeleus. P. with one large ftriated ear, with fmooth equal

66. Worn. é
oe fhells ; eight obfolete rays; of a dark purple
color.
A {mall fpecies three quarters of an inch long,
Tab. \xi. fig. 66.
Levis. P. with unequal ribbed ears; the reft of the thell

67. SMOOTH. .
: entirely {mooth.

Very {mall,

Anglefea. , :
Glaber. Lia. Syft. 1146. No. 201.
68. Fu Re
ROWED.

P. with a very thin fhell; fifteen faint rays,
equal ears. The inner fide of the fheils marked
with rays, divided by a finsle /ulcus.

Anglefea. A icarce ipecies. \ Small.

ikea XIII. Its animal a TEruys.
SILER, ' 1 1
: Shell bivalve, roughly plated on the outfice.

Edulis. Lin. Syft. 1148. No. 211. Faun. Suec. No. 2149.- Lift. Augl.
69. EDIBLE. ad. iv. jig. 26.

O. commonly of an orbicular form, and very
rugged. A defcription of fo well-known a thell

9 2 is

Crass VI. Sit Eee Lo Lae Ss

is needlefs. Varies in fize in different places.
This is figured with an duomia on it, No. 70. B.

Britain has been noted for oyfters from the time
of Fuvenal *, who fatyrizing an epicure, fays,

Circgis nata ferent, an
Lucrinum ad Saxum, Rutupinove edita fundo,
Ofirea, callebat primo deprendere morfu.

He, whether Circe’s rock his oyfters bore,
Or Lucrine lake, or diftant Richdorough’s thore
Knew at firft tafte

The luxurious Romans were very fond of this
fifh, and had their /ayers or ftews for oyiters, as
we have at prefent. Sergius Orata + was the firft
inventor, as early as the time of L. Craffus the
orator. He did not make them for the fake of
fndulging his appetite, but through avarice, and
made great profits from them. Orvata got great

credit for his Lucrine oytters ; for, fays Pliny, the

Britifh were not then known.

The antients eat them raw, and fometimes
roaited. They had aifoa cuftom of ftewing them
with mallows and docks, or with fifh, and efteemed
them very nourifhing i

Britain {ull keeps its fuperiority 1 in oyfters over

* Satyr. iv, Vi 140. + Plin. Nat. Hift lid. 1X» Cs 54.
3 Athenzus, lib. ui. p. 9260
He4 other

103

104.

S@HPE TL”. Lies. Cuass'VI.
other countries. _Moit of our coafts produce them
naturally, and in fuch places they are taken by
dredging, and are become an article of com-
merce, both raw and pickled. The very fhells,
calcined, become an ufeful medicine as an abfor-
bent. In common with other fhells, prove an ex-
cellent manure.

Stews or /ayers of oyfters are formed in places,
which nature never allotted as habitations for them.
Thofe near Colchefter have been long famous; at
prefent there are others, that at left rival the former,

ear the mouth of the Thames. The ovfeers, or their
{pats, are brought to convenient places, where’
they improve in taite and fize. It is an error to
fuppole, that the fine green obferved in oyfters
taken from artificial beds, 1s owing to copperas;
it being notorious how deftructive the fubftance
or the folution of itis to all fifth. I cannot give
a better account of the caufe, or of the whole
treatment of oyfters, than what is preferved in
the learned Brfhop Spraz’s Hittory of the Roya,
Society, from p. 307 to 3 |
e oyfters caft their
« fpaun, (which the dredgers. call their fpats ;) it
‘is hke toa drop of candle, and about the big-

09
¢ Jn the month of May tl

* neis of a halfpenny.

‘ The /pai cleaves to fiones, old oyfter-fhells,
¢ pieces of wood, and fuch-like things, at the bot-
* tom of the fea, which they call cultch.

¢ ?"Fis

Gee.) - Soe BR: Ly LS: ae

© °Tis probably conjectured, that the /pat in
‘ twenty-four hours begins to have a fhell.

¢ In the month of May, the dredgers (by the
* Jaw of the Admiralty court) have liberty to catch
© all manner of oyfters, of what fize foever. |
-¢ When they have taken them, with a knife
¢ they gently raife the fmall brood from the cultch,
¢ and then they throw the cu/tch 1n again, to pre-
« ferve the ground for the future, unlefs they be
¢ fo newly fpat, that they cannot be fafely fevered
© from the cultch; in that cafe they are permitted
¢ to take the ftone or fhell, &c. that the /pat is
‘ upon, one fhell having many times twenty
© fpats. |

« After the month of May, it is felony to carry
© away the cul/tch, and punifhable to take any
‘ other oyfters, unlefs it be thofe of fize, (that is
< to fay) about the bigneis of an half-crown piece,
‘or when the two fhells being fhut, a fair fhilling
¢ will rattle between them.

© The places where thefe oyfters are chiefly
‘ catcht, are called the Post-Burnham, Maldex,
¢ and Colne waters; the latter taking its name
‘ from the river of Colne, which paffeth by Colne-
¢ Chefter, gives the name to that town, and runs
¢ into a creek of the fea, at a place called the
* Hythe, being the fuburbs of the town.
© This brood: and other oyiters they carry to
‘ creeks of the fea, at Brickel-Sea, Merfey, Langno,

Fingrego,

106

S*HUESL 'Ls.2 - Ggateue
Fringreco, Waivenho, Tolefbury, and Saltcoafe, and
there throw them into the channel, which they
call their beds or layers, where they grow and

fatten, and in two or three years the fmalleft

Erood will be oyfters of the fize aforefaid.
‘ Thofe oyfters which they would have green,

they put into pits about three feet deep in the
falt-marfhes, which are overflowed only at fpring-

tides, to which they have fluces, and let cut
the fault-water until it is about a foot and half
deep.
‘ Thefe pits, from fome quality in the foil co-
operating with the heat of the fun, will become
green, and communicate their colour to the
oyfters that are put into them in four or five days,
though they commonly let them continue there
fix weeks or two months, in which time they will
be of a dark green.

‘To prove that the fun operates in the greening,
Tolefbury pits will green only in fummer; but
that the earth hath the greater power, Brickel-
Sea pits green both winter and fummer: and for
a further proof, a pit within a foot of a ereen-
ing-pit will not green ; and thofe that did green
very well, will in time lofe their quality.

¢ The oyfters, when the tide comes in, he
with their hollow fhell downwards, and when it
goes Out, they turn on the other fide; they re-
move not from their place, unlefs in cold weather,
to cover ihemfelves in the Out. |
¢ The

Crass VI. Snr +E. Yes! 107

¢ The reafon of the fearcity of oyfters, and confe-
¢ quently of their dearnefs, 1s, becaufe they are of
¢ Jate years bought up by the Dutch.

‘ There are great penalties, by the Admiralty
‘ court, laid upon thofe that fifh out of thofe
‘ crounds which the court appoints, or that deftroy
‘ the cultch, or that take any oyfters that are not of
¢ fize, or that do not tread under their feet, or
« throw upon the fhore, a ff which they call a
‘ Five-finger *, refembling a fpur-rowel, becaufe
¢ that fifth gets into the oyfters when they gape,
¢ and fucks them out. | |

‘ The reafon why fuch a penalty is fet upon
© any that fhall deftroy the cultch, 1s, becaufe.
¢ they find that if that be taken away, the Oufe /
¢ will increafe, and the mutcles and cockles will
¢ breed there, and deftroy the oyfters, they having
¢ not whereon to ftick their /pat.

¢ The oyfters are fick aftér they have fpat;
‘ but in Fune and Fuly they begin to mend, and
‘in Auguft they are perfectly well: the male
‘ oyfter is dblack-fick, having a black fubitance in
‘ the fin; the female white/ick, (as they term it)
¢ having a milky fubftance in the fin. They are
¢ falt in the pits, falter in the layers, but falter
‘-gedea./

To this I beg leave to join a fort of prefent ftate
of this article, borrowed from the 84th page of

* Asrertas glacialis, the common Sea Star.
the

~ =

108

fF ee | Bee Crass Vi @

the Hiftory of Rochefter, in 12mo, publifhed in
1776.

6

€

rn)

wn"

”

*

‘ Great part of the inhabitants of Stroud are
fupported by the fifheries, of which the oyfter

is moft confiderable. This is conduéted bya

company of free dredgers, eftablifhed by pre-
feription, but fubject to the authority and go-
vernment of the mayor and citizens of Rochefter.
In 1729 an act of parliament was obtained, for
the better management of this fifhery, and for
confirming the jurifdiction of the faid mayor and
citizens, and free dredgers. The mayor holds
a court of admiralty every year, to make fuch
regulations as fhall be neceffary for the well
conducting this valuable branch of fifhery. Seven
years apprenticefhip entitles a perfon to the free-
dom of this company. All perfons catching
oyfters, not members of the fifhery, are liable
to a penalty. The company frequently buy
brood or fpat from other parts, which they lay
in this river, where they foon grow to maturity.
Great quantities of thefe oyfters.are fent to Lon-
don; to Holland, Wefiphalia, and the adjacent
countries.

XIV. Bivalve, inequivaive.

One valve perforated near the hinge; affixed
by that perforation to iome other body.

Lin.

Crass VI. SHEL & & 109

Lin. Syft. 1150. No. 218. Lift. Conch. tab. 204. fg. 33- Ephippium.

70.LARGER,

A. with the habit of an oyfter,; the one fide
convex, the other flat; perforated, adherent to
other bodies, often to oyfter-fhells, by a ftrong
tendinous ligature ; color of infide perlaceous.

Size near two inches diameter.

Tab. \xii. fhews the exterior fide of the fhell; and
the interior of the upper valve adhering to an
oyfter.
Lin. Syf?.1151- No. 221. Squammuia.

71, SMALL.

A.” with fhells refembling the fcales of fith ;
very delicate and filvery. Much flatted. Perfo-
rated. Very {mall.

Adheres to oyfters, crabs, and lobfters, and
fhells. :

The foffil fpecies of the Anemia genus are un-
commonly numerous in this ifland, in our chalk-
pits and limeftone-quarries ; but are foreign to the
work in hand, The reader who wifhes to be
acquainted with their appearance, may fatisfy
himielf, by confulting Lifer’s Hittory of Shells,
appendix to the 3d book, tab..447, &c. and Hf.
an. Angl. tab. vii. and ix. Plot’s Hitt. Oxford/hire,
tab. 11. and his Hiftory of Staffordfbire, tab. xi.

pp i!

TIO

MYT ILUS. °:
MUSSEL.

Rugofus.

72.RUGGEDs

Edulis.
73» EpiBLe.

/
/

Se E> Eb 7) St Crass VI.

XY. Its animal an Ascrpra.
Bivalve ; often affixed to fome fubftance by
a beard.
Hinge without a tooth, marked by a longi-
tudinal hollow line.

Lin. §sft. 1156. No. 249. Lift. Angl. tab. rw. fig. 216

M. with a brittle fhell, very rugged, and in fhape
moft irregular; ufually oblong, and rounded at
the ends.

Length near an inch. Color whitith.

Always found lodged in Limeffone. The outfide

generally appears honey-combed ; but the apertures
are too {mall for the fhell to pafs through, with-
out breaking into the cell they are aed in.
Multitudes are found in the fame ftone: but
eachhas a feparate apartment, with a different ex-
ternal {piracte.

Tab, \xiu. fig. 72.

Lin. Syft..1157. No. 253. Faun. Suec. No. 2156. Lift. Angl.

tab. iv. fig. 28.

we

M. with a {trong fhell, flightly incurvated on one
fide: angulated on the other. The end near the
_ hinge

>»

etic

aeeyl 6S§ OH EL eS ‘
hinge pointed; the other rounded. Tad. Ix.
Ig. 73-

When the epidermis is taken off, is of a deep
blue color.

Abundance of {mall pearls, called /eed- pearls,
were till of late procured from this fpecies of
muffel, for medical purpofes ; but I believe they
are now difufed, fince crabs-claws and the like
have been difcovered to be as efficacious, Be a

much cheaper abforbent.

Found in immenfe beds, both in ee water ;
and above low-water mark. A rich food, but
noxious to many conftitutions. Affect with fwell.

Ini

ines, blotches, &c. falfely attributed to the pea-—

crab. The remedy oil, or falt and water.

Ne fraudentur gloria fua littora. J muft in
juftice to Lancafbire add, that the fineft muffels are
thofe called Hambleton Hookers, from a village in
that county. They are taken out of the fea,
and placed in the river Wier, within reach of the
tide, where they grow very fat and delicious.

M. very crooked’ on the fide, near the end; then
greatly dilated, and covered with a thick rough
epidermis. Within has a violet tinge.

Found on the coaft of Anglefea, near Prieft-
holime; ufually an inch and an half long.

Tab, \xiv. fiz. 74.

IM. with

Lncurvatus.
74. CROOKe

ED. a

LL Ez

Pellucidus.
75-, PELLU-
CIDe

Umbilicatus.
76.UMBILI-
CATED.

Curlus. |
76.A,SHORT

. oe oe Crass VI.

M. with a delicate tranfparent fhell, moft elegantly
rayed lenothways, with purple and blue; like the
former in fhape, but more oval. Commonly fhorter _
than two inches. |
Anglefea. Found fometimes in oyfter-beds ;
fometimes in trowling over a bottoms.
Tab. \xiil. fig. 75.

M. with a ftrong fhell, and the fpace oppofite to
the hinge deeply inflected or umbilicated.

The form nearly oval. The length fometimes
five inches.

A rare fpecies, and new. Sometimes dredged
up off Priefholme iland, Anglefec. Difcovered by
the reverend Mr. Hugh Davies.

The pea-crab found in this jpecies of a larger
fize than ufual. .

Tab: \xv. fig. 76.

M. with a fhort, ventricofe, obtufe fhell, of a
dirty yellow colar.

Size of the figure.

Weymouth. From the Portianp cabinet.

Tab. lxiv. fig. 76. A.

Lin

Gasv SH EL wes hae

Lin. Syff. 1158. Nos 256. Lif. Conch. tabs 356. fg. 195s Modiolus.
77+ GREATs

M. with a ftrong fhell, with a blunted upper
end ; one fide angulated near the middle; from
thence dilating towards the end, which is rounded.

The greateft of Brit muffels. Length from
fix to feven inches,

Lies at great depths. Often feizes the bait of
_ the ground lines, and is taken up with the hooks.
Tab. \xvi. fig. 77.

Lin. Syft. 1158. Now 257. Lift. Angl. App: tab. i. fig. 3. —Cygneus.
; 783 SWAN:

M. with a thin brittle fhell, very broad and con-
vex, marked with concentric ftrie. Attenuated
towards one end; dilated towards the other. De-
corticated about the hinge.

Color, dull green.

Length fix inches; breadth three and a half.

Inhabits frefh waters. Pearls are found in this

and the following fpecies.
Lab. lxvi. fig. 78.

Lin. Syft. No. 25%. Faun. Suecs No- 21586 Lif. Angl. tab. i. Anatinus.
Jigs 2. Ga dou Giles

M. witha fhell lefs convex, and more oblong than
the laft. Very brittle, and femi-tranfparent. Space
round the hinges like the laft.

Vor. 1V. A Length

114

PINNA.
NACRE.

Fragilis,
8o.BRITTLB

S°HE L LS. Gravee

Length about five inches; breadth two anda
quarter.

Inhabits frefh waters.

Crows feed on thefe muffels; and alfo on dif-
ferent fhell-fith. It is diverting to obferve, that.
when the fhell is too hard for their bills, they
will fly with it to a great height, drop the shell
on a rock, and pick out the meat, when the
fhell is fractured by the fall.

Tab. \xvil. fig. 79.

XVI. Its animal a Siue.
Bivalve, fragil, furnifhed with a_ beard.
Gapes at one end. Hinge without a tooth.

P, with a very thin femi-pellucid whitifh hhell,
mo{t opake near to the apex. Marked on the
furface with longitudinal flender ribs, roughened
with concave fcales; and the whole traverfed
by innumerable fine firiz.

In young fhells the ribs and fcales are almoft ob-
folete. The valves of leffer tranfverie diameter.

The largeft about five inches and a half long;
and three and a quarter broad in the broadeft part.
The figure is of a broader fpecimen than ufual.

Dredged up at Weymouth. From the PoRTLAND
cabinet.

Tab, \ix. fig. 80. |
2 T faw

—

Crass VI, > He & L Li Se IIs

I faw fpecimens of fome vaft Pinne, found Jngens.
among the farther Hebrides, in the collection of “a: ee
Doctor Walker, at Moffat. They were very rugged
on the outfide, but I cannot recollect whether they
_ were of the kind found in the Mediterranean or Weft
Indies.

Diy. Ii. Univartve SHELLS.
With a regular fpire.

XVII. Its animal a Stuc. CYPRZEA.
Shell fub-oval, blunt at each end. oie
The aperture the length of the fhell, lon-
situdinal, linear. Toothed.

Lin. Syft. 1180. No. 364. Lif. a tad. lil. firs 17. Conch. Haag:
tab. 706, 707. fig. 56 and 57. z. Com-

MON.

‘C. with numerous ftrize, fome bifurcated. Varies
with having three brown {pots on the back.

Tab. \xx. fig. 82.

This genus is called Cyprec, and Venerea, from —
its being peculiarly dedicated to Venus ; who was
{aid to have endowed a fhell of this genus with the

Ya powers

416

BULLA.
DIPPER.

Lignaria.

83. Woop.

Ampulla.
84. Os-
TUSE.

SRE rpc E ¢ Crass VI,

powers of a Remora, fo as to impede the courfé of

the fhip which was fent by Periander, tyrant of

Corinth, with orders to caftrate the young nobility

of Corcyra *

XVIII. Its animal a Stve.
Shell fub-oval.
Aperture oblong, fmooth.
One end a little convoluted.

Lin. Sy. 1184. Lift. Conch. tab. 714. figs 71.

B. of an oval form, and ftriated tranfverfely. Is

narrower towards one end, which is a little um-

bilicated. Of a dirty color, like fome woods, |

whence the trivial name. The infide of the hell
vifible to the very end, through the columella.
Length about two inches. Tad. Ixx. fig. 83.

Lin. Syfi. 1183. No» 378:

B. with a brittle fhell, more obtufe at the end;
and the inner fide lapping over the cae fo as
to render it invifible.
Poffibly a young fhell of the B. Ampulla ?
Found near Weymouth.

© Pliniiy lige iX. ¢. 25. XXXIle Cc. Be

Crass VI. §. 7s L | Ce In7

/

Lift. Conch. tab. 714s figs 70+ Cylindracea.
85. CrLin-
DRIC.

B. white, cylindric, a little umbilicated at the end,
About twice the fize of a grain of wheat.
Tab, \xx, fig. 85.

B. with one end much produced, and fufiform. — Patula.

The aperture very patulous. 85.A. OPEN,

Weymouth, From the Portianp cabinet,

Tab. \xx. fig. 85. A.

XIX. Its animal a Stuc. | VOLUTA.
Aperture narrow, without a beak. te
Columella pleated.

Lin. Syfte 1187. No. 394. Lif. Conch. tab. 835.

V. exactly oval; acuminated at each end; with a Tornatiiis.
fingle fold near the mouth, or upper part of the ae ue
columella. With five fpires. Striated fpirally.
Pale red, with white fafcie.

Anglefea.

Tab. \xxi. fig. 86.

V. with a very thin brittle fhell, with two finall Zonenfs.
{pires. Pe ioe

ee. Inhabits

118

BUCCINUM.
WHELK.

Pullus.
88. Brown.

Lapillus:
89. Massy.

Sve. tf, Loe Sak VI.

Inhabits the ifle of Foua, or Y Columb-kil.
Tab. \xxi. fig. 87. ; | |

XX. Its animal a Stuc.
- Aperture oval, ending in a fhort canal.

Lin. Sy. 1201. No. 458. Gualtieri. tab. 44. fig. N. Lift.
Conch. tab. 971. fig. 26.

B. with five fpires ftriated, waved, and tubercu-
lated. Aperture wrinkled ; upper part replicated.
Lensth five-eighths of an inch.
Tab. \xxu. fig. 88.

Lin. Syft. 1202. No. 467. Faun. Suec. No. 2161. Lift. Angl.
tab, il. fig. 5,6. Lift. Conch. tab. 965.

B. with about five fpires, often obfolete ; infide
of the mouth flightly. toothed. A very ftrong
thick fhell, of a whitifh color.

A variety yellow ; or fafciated with yellow on a
white ground ; or fulcated {pirally, and fometimes
reticulated.

See figures 89. tab. \xxil.

In many, which I fufpect to be fhells not

ted.
Length

a a yae alee

arrived at full growth, the lip is thin and cultra-.

Crass VI. Shae bk. bys

Length near an inch and a half.

Inhabits (in vaft abundance) rocks near low-
water mark. |

This is one of the Engi/h fhells that produces
the purple dye, analogous to the purpura of the
antients: our fhell has been made ufe of as an ob-
ject of curiofity.

The antient has been long fince fuperfeded by
the introduction of the infect Coccus Cai, or the
Cochineel beetle. ‘The fhells were of the genus of
Murex, mentioned by Linngus, pp. 1214, 1215.
But one was a fort of Buccinum. Pliny defcribes
both *. The fineft was the Zyrian.

¢ Tyrioque ardebat Murice lana ;’

A ftrong expreffion of Virgil, who defcribes the
cloth, |

¢ Glowing with the Tyrian Murex.’

The fpecies of fhells are found in various parts
of the Mediterranean. Immentfe heaps of them are
to be feen about Tarentum + to this day, evincing
one place where this precious liquor was extracted.

The procefs of obtaining the Engh/b Purpura

is well defcribed by Mr. William Cole, of Briftol, in’

1684, in the following words f.

PLDs Ke Co 40. + Baron Riedefel’s Travels. po 174.

t Pb. Tr. Abr. ii. 826,
I 4 “orne

2IQ

£20 SHEL TE ¢ Crass VI. :

© The hells being harder than moft of other
¢ kinds, are to be broken with a fmart ftroke with
¢ a hammer, on a plate of iron, or firm piece of
* timber, (with their mouths downwards) fo. as
¢ not to crufh the body of the fifh within; the
* broken pieces being pick’d off, there will appear
‘ awhite vein, lying tranfverfely in a little furrow
* or cleft, next to the head of the fifh, which
*muf be digged out with the tiff point of a
* horfe-hair pencil, being made fhort and taper-
‘ing. The letters, figures, or what elfe fhall be
* made on the linnen, (and perhaps filk too) will
* prefently appear of a pleafant light-green color,
‘ and if placed in the fun, will change into the
* following colours, i. e. if in winter, about ncon;
* if in the fummer, an hour or two after fun-rifing,
‘ and fo much before fetting ; for in the heat of
* the day, in fummer, the colours will come on
© fo faft, that the fucceffion of each colour- will
‘ icarcely be diftinguifhed. Next to the firft light-
‘ creen, it will appear of a deep-green, and in
* few minutes change into a fea-green, after which,
‘in a few minutes more, it will alter into a
‘ watchet-blue; from that, in a little time more,
‘it will be of a purplifh-red ; after which, lying
‘ an hour or two, (fuppofing the fun ftill fhining)
‘it will be of a very deep purple-red, beyond
‘ which the fun can do no more.

* But then the laft and moft beautiful colour,

¢ after wafhing in Sips water and foap, will
© (the

Crass VI. Ss Fe Et Ee Tac Sp 124
(the matter being again put into the fun or
¢ wind to dry) be of a fair bright crimfon, or near
¢ to the prince’s colour, which afterwards, not-
« withftanding there is no ufe of any ftiptick to
‘ bind the colour, will continue the fame, if well
¢ ordered; as I have found in handkerchiefs,
‘ that have been wafhed more than forty times ;
* only it will be fomewhat allayed, from what it
‘ was, after the firft wafhing. While the cloth
fo writ upon lies in the fun, it will yield a very
* {trong and foetid fmell, as if garlick and aff-
‘ fetida were mixed together.’

“

Lin. Syft. 1204. Now 475. Faun. Suec. No. 2163. Lif, Undatum. —
Angl. tab. iii. fig. 2. go. WAVEDe
Lift. Conch. tab. 962. fig. I4.

B. with feven fpires, fpirally ftriated, and deeply
and tranfverfely undulated.

Length three inches.

Inhabits deep water.

Tab. \xxiii. fig. go.

B. Leve tenue ftriatum et undatum, Li?, Ang]. p. 157. tab. ili. Striatum.
SiE> 3+ Ql. STRIAT-
EDs
B, with eight fpires, with elevated viz, undulated
near the apex.
Length near four inches.

Tab. \xxiv. fig. 91.
Lin

1

122 SWE L Ls) Gis VIe

Reticulatum. Lin. Syft. 1204. No. 476. Lift. Conch. tab. 966. fig. 21- f
gz. Reti- .
CULATEDe

B. with fpires fcarcely raifed, and ftrongly reticu- ~
lated ; of adeep brown color, and of an oblong ©
oval form. ‘The aperture white, gloffy, and den-
ticulated.

Size of a hazel-nut.

Tab. \xxi. fig. 92.

Minutum- B, with five fpires, ftriated fpirally ; ribbed tranf-
93- SMALL. ‘
verfely.
_ Size, lefs than a pea.
Found alfo in Norway. Vide AG. Nidr. tom. iv.

tab. 16. fig. 25.
Tab. \xxix.

STROMBUS XXI. Its animal a Stvc.
Shell univalve, fpiral.
The opening much dilated, and the lip
expanding, produced into a groove.

Pes Pelecani. Lin. Syft. 1207. No. 490. Faun. Suec. No. 2164. Lift.
94. Corvo- Conch. tab. 866. fig. min.
RANT’SFOOT

Str. with ten fpires, tuberculated along their
ridges, with the lip expanding and digitated. The
{pires

Crass VI. i Eee Ig LS: 123
fpires end in a moft exquifite point. Length
about two inches. Extent of the expanfe an inch
and a quarter. |
Tab. \xxv. jig. 94.

XXII. Its animal a Stuc. ‘MUREX.
The aperture oval; the beak narrows into a
canal or gutter, a little afcending.

Lin. Syft.1206. No. 526. Gualtieri. tab. 49. fig. H.- Erinaceus.
95-URCHIN«

M. with an angular fhell, furrounded with tu-
bular ribs; each rib ending with its mouth on the
angle. Confifts of fix fpires on the whole; a moft
rugged fhell. The aperture exactly oval; the
suiter or canal covered. |
- Length near two inches.
Tab. \xxvi. fig. 95.

M. with five or fix fpires, the body ventricofe: Carizatus.

{RS a : 96. Ancu-
the {putes rifling into angulated ridges. The aper- 772),
ture iemicircular.

Length near four inches.

From the Portianp cabinet.

Tab. \xxvil. fig. 966

Lite

124

Antiquus.
97- An-
TIQUE,.

Defpeftus.
98. Desri-
SED.

Corneus.

99-HorneEy.

SHEULS ‘Gis vem

Lin. Syf?.1222. No. 558. Gualtieri, tab. 46. E. Faun. See p.
No» 2165. 4

M. with eight fpires finely ftriated; the firft
very ventricofe. Color a dark dirty yellow. Length
three inches and a half.

Lin. Syft. 1222. No. 559. Faun. Suec. No. 2166. Lift. Angl,
tab, ili. fig. 1.

M. with eight fpires. The firft large, ventricofe,
and produced; the others more prominent than
thofe of the preceding, Striated and fomewhat
rugged. The outfide white, see" infide glofly
and yellow.

Length near five inches,

Inhabits the deep fea. Dredged up in plenty
with oyfters. Eaten by the poor ; but oftener ufed
for baits for cod and ray.

Tab. \xxvii. fig. 98.

Lin. Syft. 1244. No. 565. Lift. Angl. tab. iil. fig. 4. Conch.
tab. 913. fig- 5-

M. with a narrow oblong fhell of eight firiated
fpires. Snout much produced. Color pure white,
covered with a brown epidermis.

Length

‘evk SHEE Lis 125
Length near three inches.

Tab. \xxvi. jig. 99.

M. with an oblong fhell of fix fpires, neatly rib- Cofatus.
bed. Vide tab. Ixxix. eae:
. Minute. ) .
Anglefea. Inhabits alfo Norway. A. Nidr.
fone iv. iad. 16, -jig..26. ay ne

M. with a narrow oblong fhell, acuminated fpires, Acuminatus.
ribbed. Vide ¢ad. xxix. 101, SHARP.

Minute.
Lin. Syft. 1226. No. 578s | ae Decollatus ?
102. SHORTS
ENED.
A fpecies offered with doubts. Perhaps acci- —
dentally mutilated. Let the critical conchyliolo-
gift confult za, lxxix. :
Minute.
XXIII, Its animal a Siuc. a OCrEe

Shell conic.
Aperture fub-triangular.

bits

126

Liziphinus.
103- Livibe

Conulus.
104. Co-

Exa/peratus.
105-RouGH.

Umbilicaris.
106. Umsr-
LICAL.

Singk fb &: & Crass VI.

Lin. Syf. 1231. No. 599. Lif. Conch. tab. 616. No. 1.
Lift. Angl. tab. ili. fig. 14. Faun. Suec. No. 2168.

Tr. with a fharp apex, imperforated bottom ; with

a ftria elevated above the reft. Each is fmooth.

The color livid, much {potted with deep red.
Tab. \xxx. fig. 103.

Lin. Syft. 12306 No. 598.

Tr. with an imperforated bafe, and a prominent
line along the fpires. Scarcely diftinct from the
laft.

Tab. \xxx. fig. 104.

Trochus pyramidalis parvus, ruberrimus fafciis crebris exaf-
peratus. Lif. Conch. tab. 616. fig. 2.

I am unacquainted with this fpecies ; fo refer the
reader to Lifter, who defcribes it as above; and
marks the figure with A. as an Exglifh fhell.

Lin. Syft. 1229. No. 592- Lift. Conch. tab. 641. SZ: 31s 32-
Lift, Angh tab. ili. fig. 15+

Tr. with a perforated bafe, and of a convex conic
form; dirty white waved with purple. Varies

“much in colors.

A mot

Crass VI. S Bek .. 1 Ss ss 127
A mot common fhell on all our fhores. .
Tab. \xxx. jig. 106.

Lins Syft. 1229. No. 590. Cinerarius.
106*. Cinz-
REQUS.

T. with a perforated bafe; fpires a little prominent.
Of a cinereous color, ftriped obliquely.
Size of a pea.

Anglefea.
Lin. Syft. 1228. No. 585- , Magus.
107. TUBER=
CULATED.

Tr. with a perforated bafe ; fomewhat depreffed :
ftriated ; with the ridges of the {pires rifing into
blunt diftinét tubercles. Color white, ziz-zageed
with red.

When the upper coat is taken off, the next is of
a rich mother-of-pearl color.

Anglefea,

Tab. \xxx. fig. 107.

Minute, conic, livid. ae Lerveftris.
A new fpecies, difcovered in the mountains of ene
Cumberland, by Mr. Hudfon. ,

Tab. \xxx. fig. 108.

XLV oes

o

128

FURBO.
WREATH.

Littoreus.
10g. PERRI-
WINKLEs

Tumidus.
110.1 UMID.

SHERELE SR @iane

XXIV. Its animal a Siyve.
Aperture round.

* Ventricofe,

Lin. Syf.1282. No. 607. Lift. Angl. tab. itis fiz. 9. Fans
Suec. No. 2169.

T. with five fpires, the firft ventricofe, in younger
fubjects ftriated fpirally; in the old fmooth, and
of a dufky color.

Tab. \xxx1, fig. 109.

Abundant on moft rocks, far above low-water
mark. The Swedifh peafants believe, that when
thefe fhells creep high up the rocks, they indicate
a ftorm from the fouth.

They are called Perriwinkles; are fold com-
monly in London, and eaten by the poor; as they
are in moft parts of the kingdom.

Lift. Angl. tab. i. fig. 5:

T. with five tumid fpires, the firft ventricofe,
and all moft elegantly itriated; of a pale-red
color.

A rare fhell. Inhabits woods in Cambridgefbire,
and fome other counties in England,

Tab. \xxxii. fig. 110. ‘
. Te) ** Taper.

Crass VI. & hoe + -& Se } 129
*# Taper.

Lin. Syft. 1237. No.631. Faun. Suec. No. 2170. Lift. Conch. » Clathrus.
tab. 588. fiz: §I- i lilt. Bar-=

REDe
T. with a taper fhell of eight fpires, diftinguifhed
by elevated divifions, running from the aperture to
the apex.

A. A variety? Pellucid; ridges very thin.
Thefe are analogous to that curious and ex-
penfive fhell the Wentle-trap.

T. with about twelve fpires of a dufky color, finely Tuberculata.
¥ 2
tuberculated. r11™.Srup

DED*
From the coaft of Northumberland. é
Tab. \xxxil. fig. *111.
Lin. 3yft. 1239. No.645.° Lift. Angl. tab. iii.fig. 7. «—-»-»- Duplicatus.
: 112. Devs-
LED.

T. with a ftrong taper fhell, each fpire marked
with two prominent firie. Has about twelve
ipires.

Found by Dogtor Lifter at Scarborgugh, who
fays it was five inches long.

Tab. \xxxi. fig. 112.

\ »

‘ Vor. ly. K Lin.

“430

Terebra.
113-AUGER,

Albus.
I 14.WHITEs

Levis.
115-SMOOTH

Perver/us.
116. Re-
VERSED.

SH EL tS Crass VIL.

Lin. Syf?. 1139. No. 645. Sed. Muf. iii. tab. Ivis fig” 400 :
Lift. Angl. tab. il. fig. 8. Faun. Suec. No. 2171.

T. with a taper fhell of twelve fpires, fpirally
ftriated. 7
Tab. \xxxi. fig. 113.

T. with eight fpires, ftriated tranfverfely ; white.
Tab. \xxix.

T. with eight fmooth {pires, nearly obfolete.

Tab. \xxix.
Both about a third of an inch long. Found
on the fhores of Anglefea.

Lin. Syft. 1250. Noe 650. sti Suec. No. Lift. Angl. tab. ii.
fg. ile

T. with eleven fpires of a dufky color. The
mouth turned a contrary way to moft others of the
genus.
Length four-tenths of an inch; very taper.
Found in mofles, efpecially among the Hypna.
Tab. \xxxu. fig. 116,

Lin.

Crass VI. Se 0 as a a 131

Lin. Syfi. 1249. No. 649. Lif. Conch. tad. 41. fig. maj. Bidens.
117- Bi-
DENT.

T. at firft fight to be diftinguifhed from others

of this genus by two teeth in the aperture. Agrees

with the laft in the contrary turn of the fpires,

which are twelve in number, and of a ay

hue.

Tab. \xxxi.

Lin. Syft. 1249. Nos 6c1. Faun. Suec.. No. 2173. Lif, Mufcorum.
Angl. tab. i. fig. 6. Conch. tab. 41. fig. min. 318. Moss.

T. of an oval fhape, of the fize of a grain of white
muftard. With four fpires, very fhining and
brittle.

Found with the Perverfus.

Tab. \xxxii. fig. 118.

Beccinum exiguum fafciatum & radiatum. ' Fafciatus.
Lift. Conch. tab. 19. fig. 14. iig. Fas-
CLATEDs

T. with fix fpires; white, marbled or fafciated
with black.

Length half an inch.

Very frequent in Anglefec, in fandy foils near the
gous.

Tab. \xxxiw fig. 119.
o 4

hr
FS
iQ

T. with

132

Ulva.
azo. Utva.

HELIX.
SNAIL.

Lapicida.
121. Rock.

Albella.

122. GREY.

SHEL LS ‘em

T. with four fpires, the firft ventricofe; of a deep
brown color; aperture oval.

Size of a grain of wheat.

Tab. \xxxvi. fig. 120.

Inhabits the U/va Laéiuca on the fhores of Fiint-

foire.

XXYV. Its animal a Stuc.
Shell fpiral, fub-pellucid.
Semi-lunar aperture.

* Deprefied.

Lin. Syf. 1241. No. 656. Lif. Angl. tab. us fige 14. Faun.
Saec. No. 2174.

Sn. with five fpires, externally carinated or de-

prefied to an edge. Umbilicated; of a deep
brown color.

A land fhell. Inhabits clefts of rocks. _

Tab. \xxxiil. fig. 121.

Lin. §yf. 1242. No. 658. Lift. Angl. tab. ii. fig.113. Gualtieri,
tab. iil. fig. Q. Faun. Suze. Noe 2175.

Sn. with five fpires rounded on the outfide. Thin,
prettily fafciated along the fpires with brown and

white. Deeply umbilicated.
6 Inhabits.

Sev. SHELL S. 133°

Inhabits dry fandy banks.
Tab. \xxxv. fig. 122.

Lin. Sy. 1242. No. 662. Lift, Angl. tab. ii. fig. 27. Planorbis.
Gusitieri, tab. iv. fig. E. E. Faun. Suece No. 2176. 123. FLAT.

Sw. with a very flat brown fhell, flightly carinated
on the outfide ; the aperture oblique.

Inhabits ponds.

Tab. \xxxiil. fig. 121.

Lin. Syf. 1243. No. 664, Lift. Angl. tab. ii. fig. 28. Gualtieri. Vortex.
tab. iv. fig. G. G. 124,.WHIRLe
Lift. Conch. tab. 138. fig. 43. Faun. Suec. No. 2178.

Sn. with a very flat thin fhell, and fix {mall fpires.
The outmott carinated.

Found with the former.

Tab. \xxxiil. fig. 124.

Sn. with four fpires; the exterior very large. Mana.
Thick in proportion to its diameter. Umbili- ee
cated.

Whether a a or a variety of the follow-
ing ?

Zab, \xxxiil. fig. 125.

K 3 Lins

124 | So EE TL ese Cass vie

Cornea: . Lin, Syft. 1243. No. 671. Lift. Sy. tab. ii. fig. 26. Cual-
126.HORNY- teri. tao. iv. D.D. Faun. Suec. 2179+

;
Sn. with four rounded fpires. Umbilicated; of
a horny appearance. |

Found in cuil deep rivers, an oe in ponds. The
largeft of the Brith deprefied fpecies, ‘

Tab. IXXXili.

** WVentricofe.

> .

Rufefcens. Cochlea diluté rufefcens, ant i albida, finu ad umbilicum
127. Mote exiguo, circinato. Li/f. Angl. tab. ii. fig. 12.

TLED.

Sw. with four fpires, and minutely umbilicated ;
the exterior {pire fub-carinated. OF a pale brownith
red mottled with white,

Inhabits woods. —

Tab, \xxxv. fiz. 127,

Pomatia. Pomatia Diofcer. lib. iin c. 9. p. 3056 Gefaer. Aq. 655-
128. Exo- Lin. Syf. 1244. No. 677. Lift. Angl. tab. iis figs 1. * Faun
T1Ce Suec. No. 2183.

Sn. with five fpires moft remarkably ventricofe.
Shghtly umbilicated. Fafciated with a lighter and
deeper brown.

9 j Inhabits

Crass Vi. So Eee Ly Le Se

Gababits the woods of the fouthern counties of
Engiand.

A naturalized fpecies, introduced, as is faid,

by Sir Kezelm Digby; whether for medical pur-
pefes, or as a food, is uncertain. Tradition fays,
that to cure his beloved wife of a decay was the
object.

They are quite confined to our fouthermcounties.
An attempt was made to bring them into
Northamptonfbire *, but they would not live there.

Thefe are ufed ‘as a food in feveral parts of
Eurcpe during Lent; and are preferved in an

fcargatoive, cr a large place boarded in, with
the floor covered half a foot deep with. herbs,
in which the {nails neftle and fatten+. They were
alfo a favorite difh with the Romans, who had their
Cochlearia, a nurlery fimilar tothe above. Fulvius
Hirpinus % was the firft inventor of this luxury,
little before the civil wars between Cefar and Pom-
pey. The fnails were fed with bran, and fodden
wine. If we could credit Varro |, they grew fo
large, that the fhells of fome would hold ten
quarts! People need not admire the temperance of
the fupper of the younger P&ay §, which confifted

of only a lettuce a-piece, three sNaILs, two eggs,
a barley cake, {weet wine, and fnow; in cafe his

* Morton, 416. t+ Addifon’s Travels, 272.

t Pliny, lib. x. c. 56. Il De Re Ruftica, [28. iti. c. 14. .

§ Epitt. 20.1. Epift. xv.
K 4 {nails

K3

136

pinus.

SHELLS ll

{nails bore any proportion in fize to thofe of Hire

Its name is derived not from any thing relating
to an orchard, but from Tope, an operculum, &

_ having a very ftrong one. This feems to be the

Horten/fis.
129. Gar-
DENe«

Ar buftorum.
130.SHRUB,

fpecies defcribed by Pény, lib. vii. c. 39, which
he fays was {carce ; that it covered itfelf with the
opercle, and lodged under ground; and that
they were at firft found only about the maritime
Alps, and more lately near Velitre.

Tab. \xxxiv. fiz. 128.

Cochlea vulgaris major puila maculata et fafciata hortenfis.
Lift. Angl. tab. ii. fig. 2. Gualtieri, tab.i. fig. C.

Helix lucorum. Liz. Spf. 1247. No. 692. Lift. Conche
tab. 49. fig» 47. The common garden {nail.

Sw. in form like the laft, but leffer, and not
umbilicated and clouded, or mottled with browns.
Thefe are often ufed with fuccefs in confumptive.
ca‘es.
Tab. \xxxiv. fig. 129.

Lis. Syf. 1245- No. 680. Lift. Ang, ta, lie fg. Ac Faun.
Suec. No. 2184.

Sx. with a gloffy fhell, brown, marked with a
finale black {piral fe/cia: the rim of the aperture
reflects a little. Sub-umbilicated. Varies with
deeper and lighter colors.

Inhabits

Crass VI. Sh 8 br Ls 137

Inhabits-woods.
Tab. \xxxv. fig. 130.

Lin. Syft. 1247. No. 691. Gualtieri. tab. i. fig. BP. Lift. Nemoralis.
Conch. tab. $7. Lift. Angl. tab. ii. fig 3. 131. VARIES?
GATED.

Sn. with a gloffy fhell; very thin and pellucid.

The aperture awry. Varies infinitely: often yel-

low, or light green, or red fafciated with black or

white, along the fpires. Often quite plain.
Inhabits woods and gardens.

Lin. Syft. 1247. No. 690. Lift. Angl. tab.ii. fig. 18. Conch. Viviparas
tab. 126. fig. 26. Faun. Suec. No. 2185. 132. Vivie
PAROUSe

Sn. with fix ventricofe fpires, umbilicated. The
aperture almoft round. Color brown, with dufky
{piral fa/cie. |

-Inhabits ftagnant waters, and femi-ftagnant
rivers.

Tab. \xxxiv. jig. 132.

Lin. Syft. 1245+ No. 681. Gualtieri. tad. ii. fig. Le Zonaria.
133. ZON-
EDe

Sw. with five fpires; the firft very ventricofe.
Slightly umbilicated. Fafciated Ipirally with narrow
{tripes of white, dufky, and yellow.

Inhabits dry banks.

Variety ¢

Peilzcidae
¥34- PeL--
LUCID.

S, Ti Beh Le § Crass Vie .

Variety? of the former. A shell of a plain 7
color, with the apex a little more projecting. |
Fe. 133. A. a

Cochlea terreftris umbilicata pellucida flavefcens. Gualtieri,

tab. ii. fig. G

Sw. a very thin pellucid hell, - a yellowith-
green color. Very brittle. Wath four ipires, the

firft very tumid.

O8ena ?
135- EIGHT-
§SPIRED.

Found by me only once; in Sbrop/iire.

*** Of a taper Form.
Lin. Syff. 1248, No. 698. Gualtieri. tab. 6 fg. B.?

Sw. with eight fpires of a brown color. My fpe-
cimen was mutilated.
Tnhabits ponds.

Tab. \xxxvi. fig. 1

**** Ovated, imperforated,

Lin. Sif. 1249. No. 703. Lift. Angl. tab. ii. fig. z1. Conch.
tab. 123. fig. 21. Faun. Suec. No. 2188. ,

Sw. with fix fpires; the firft very large and ventri-
cofe,

Crass VI. Se He is Ly lex sa 439

coie, and the laft quite pointed. Very brittle,
Length two inches one eighth.

Inhabits ftill waters; is, with others of the
kind, the food of trouts.

In younger fpecimens is a duplicature of the
fhell, from the aperture fpreadine along the firit
-fpire ; as in fg. A. In‘old fhells it vanithes,

B. Another, which I fufpect to be alfo a va-
riety: leffler and fomewhat ftronger. Perhaps the
Helix lineofa of Linuneus, Ne. 706. Lift. Angl.
tab... No. 22, | :

Par. \xXxXvi. fie. 136. ASB,

Lin. Syf?. 1249. No. os. Lift. Angl. tab. ii. fig. 24. Conch. Pytris,

tab. 123. fig. 23. Faun. Succ. No. 2189. 137. Mun, -

Sw. with the firft fpire vaftly large and tumid,
The two others very fmall,

Inhabits ponds, &zc,

Dab. (EXXVI.. fic. 1.37.

Lin. Syf?. 1250. No. 708. Lift. Angl. tab. ii. fg. 23. Conch. Auricularias
tab. 123. fig. 22. Faun. Suec. No. 2192. 138. Ear.

SN. with a very ventricofe firft fpire, fub-umbili-
cated, The laft forms a minute apex. Color yel-
low. Very brittle.

Inhabits ponds. - sche te Coes ER

Tab, \xxxvi. fig. 138,
, Lins

440

Levigatum ?
139-SMOOTH-
ED.

Tentaculata.
$40. OLIVE,

NERIT AZ.
NERITE.

Glavcina.
rai. Livin.

Sree TL oir S&S Crass VI.

Lin. Syft. 1250. No. 709-

Sw. with only two fpires: the firft very ventricofe;
the other very minute, and placed laterally. Ofa
pale-red color. Pellucid.

Inhabits ponds.

Tab. \xxxvi. fig. 139.

Lin. Syft. 1249. Now 707. Lift. Angl. tab. ii. fig. 19. Conch.
tab. 132. fig. 32. Faun. Suce. No. 2191+

Sn. of an oval fub-conic form, with five fpires,
Clonded with brown.

inhabits ponds.

Tab. \xxxvi, fig. 140.

XXV. Its animal a Stve,
Shell gibbous, flattifh at ous
Aperture femi-orbicualar.

Lin. Syft. 1251. No. 716. Lift, Angl. tab. ile fig. 10. Faum
Suec. Now 2197+

N. with five fpires, umbilicated, Of livid color,
The fpires marked with fhort brown ftripes ; but
it varies in colors,

Tab. \xxxviut. fig. 141.
: Lite

Crass VI. SHELL S. 141

Lin Spf. 1253. No. 723° Lift. Angl. tab. li, fig. Z0c Cench. Flaviatilis.
tab. 141. fige 38- Faun. Suge. No. 2194. iy 542. River.

N. with only two fpires. Brittle, dufky, marked
with white {pots.

Not half the fize of a pea.

Inhabits ftill rivers and ftanding waters.

Tab. \xxxvil. fig. 1423

Lin. Syft. 1253. No. 725. Lift. Angl. tab. iii. fig. 11, 12,13. Littoralis.
Conch. tab. 607. fig. 39, &ce Faun. Suec. No, 2195. 143.STRAND

N. with a thick fhell, with four fpires. Generally
of a fine yellow. Varies greatly into other colors.
Large as a horfe-bean.
Common at the fea rocks,
Tab. \xxxvil. fig. 143.

XXVI. Its animal a Stuc. | HALIOTIS.
Shell of the fhape of a human ear, with a
row of orifices along the furface.
The {pire near one end turned in.

Lin. Syft.1256. Lift. Conch. tab. 611. Lift. Angl. tab. iii. ay esi gk

ie ae 144.TUBER=

CULATED.
H. with a rough fhell, the infide like mother-of-

pearl, |
Inhabits

ase 6) Ao ES Le 8: Crass VI.
Inhabits the fea near Guernfey; allo frequently
caft up on the fouthern fhores of Devenjfbire.
When living adheres to rocks.
This was the agras Ob the wild limpet, and

Qarrdrriov 8s, the fea ear of Ariffoile *.
Tab. \xxxvili. fig. 144.

Div. IV. Univatve’ SHELLS; *
Without a regular fpire.

PATELLA. XXVII. Its animal a Stuc.
a Conic fhell, without fpires.

Fulgata. Lin. Syff. 1258. Now758. Lifts Angi. tab. V- Jig. 40. . Fauns
145. Com- Suec. No. 2199.

MON.

P, with rough prominent /iviz, and fharply crenated

edges. Vertex pretty near the centre. The edges

often in old fubjects are almoft {mooth.
Tab. \xxxix. fig. 145.

Depreffa. Lift. Conch. tab. 533. fig. inf.
146. Fiat.

P. much deprefled, the vertex approximating
nearly to one edge. More oblong than the former.

Tab. \xxxix. jig. 146.

* Heft. An. libs iv. ce 4,
ts bins

Gay! 6S HE L LS, 3443
Lin. Syfti1259. No. 761. Gualtieri, tad. 1X. figs Vs Hugaricas
147. Box=
NET.
P. with a white acuminated ftriated fhell, the ae
turning down like a Phrygian bonnet.

Fab. xc. fig. 14.7.

Patella vertice intorto, &c. Gualtieri. tab. ix. fig. 10. Lntortas
148.INcLine
ince

P. with an elevated fhell, lightly flriated; the
vertex bending, but not hooked.

Inhabits Auglefea. Found on the fhores

Tab. xc. fig. 148. |

Lin. Syft. 1260. No. 769. Lift. Angl. tab. ii. fig. 32. Conch. Lacuftris.
tab. 141. fig. 39- Faun. Suec. No. 2200. 149. Lake

P. with a fhell almoft membranaceous; the. top
reclined. _
Inhabits frefh waters.

Lin. Syft. 1260. Now770. Lift. Conch. tab. 543. fig. 276 Pellucidae
150. DRANS=
PARENT.

P. with a pellucid fhell, marked longitudinally

with rows of rich blue fpots. The vertex placed

hear one edge.
Inhabits the fea rocks of Cornwall,
Pal. XC Fe 1 50

Patella

144

Levis.
15 1eOMOOTH

. BLE Leh s@ Crass VI.
Patella levis fufca. Lif. Conch. tab. 542. fig» 26

P. with a fmooth and gloffy fhell, fomewhat de

_preffed; the apex inclining.

Fiffsra.

152- SLIT.

Found an the fhores near Bamff.
Pab. xc. fig. 151.

Lin. Sy. 1261. No. 778. Lift. Conch. tab. 543. fig. 28.

P. with a white fhell, of an elevated form, vertex
inclining ; elegantly ftriated and reticulated. Has
a remarkable flit in front. |

Inhabits the feas of the Weft of England.

Tab. xc. fig. 152.

Lin. Syf?. 1252. No. 780. Lift. Conch. tab. 527. jig. 2.

P. with an oblong fhell, perforated vertex, ftriated
roughly to the edges.

Inhabits the Weft of Evgland.

Tab. \xxxix. fig. 153.

This genus was called by the Greeks Aewas, and
is mentioned by Ariffoile and Athenzus*; who
acquaint us, that it was ufed for the table; and alfo

* Arviffot. Hif. An. lib. Ww. . 4. Aibencus, Lb. iil. p. 856
iniorm

Cxrass VI. Sn we le oh S: 145
inform us of its nature of adhering to rocks. Ari-
ftophanes with much humour fpeaks of an old
woman who {tuck as clofe to a young fellow as a
Lepas to a rock.
Linneus has adopted the Latim name of Patella,
a fort of difh; and has applied it (as fome other
modern writers have before) to this genus.

XXVIII. Its animal a Terepecra, DENTALIUM. _
A flender tubiform fhell. ee

Lin. Syff. 1263.No. 786. Lift. Gonch. tab. 547. fig. 2. Faun. Entalis.
Suec. No. 2201 154. Com-
MON.

D. with a flender fhell, a little bending. Pervious.
Length near an inch and a half.
Inhabits mott of our feas,
Tab, xc. fig. 154.

XXIX. Its animal a Terepeira. SERPULA.
Tubular fhell adhering to other bodies.

Lin. Syft. 1264. No. 794. Faun. Suec. Nos 2204. Spirorbis.

195-SPIRAL.

S. with a fhell fpiral or wreathed, like the cornu
Ammonis. .

Neon, iV. 1, Very

146

T riquetra.
156. AncGcu-
LARs

-

SS) Be? i eS Crass VI.

_ Very fmall; adhering to fhells, crufiacea and ls
ab. XC. fif: 155-

Lin. Syf. 1265. No. 795. Faux. Suec. No. 2206.

S. with a triangular fhell, irregularly twifted.
Adheres to (in a creeping form) ftones and other

- fubftances.

Intricata.

157: Com-
PLICATED.

- Contortupli-
cata.
158. Twin-
ED.

Vermicularis.
159. WoRM.

| Lin. Syft. 1265. Nos 796

S. with a flender fhell oreatly entwined.
Adheres to fhells, &c. moft intricately twifted.
Tab. xci. fig. 157. |

Lin. Syff. 1266. No. 799. Lif. Conch. tab. 29. fig. D.
Faun. Suec. No. 2205.

S. with a flrong, rugged, angulated fhell, entwined,
Adheres to fhells, &c.
Tab. xei. fig. 168.

Lin. Syft. 1267. No. 805. Ellis Coral. tab. xxxviii. fig. 2.

S. with a flender, incurvated, taper, and rounded

fhell.
According to Mr. £//is, inhabits all our coafts,
3 ’ Its

é

Crass VI. See £ Ss

Its animal a TEREBELLA.
Shell flender, bending.

Lin. Syft. 1267. No. 807- Faun. Suece No. 2087.

Juftly called by Linnaeus calamitas navium. Was
imported from the Judies. Penetrates into the ftouteft
oak plank, and effects their deftruction.

XXX. Its animal a Nereis.
A tubular covering, fabricated with fand
and broken fhells, coherent by a gluti-

nous cement. |

Lin. Syff. 1268. No. 811. Ba/fter fubje/. 1. p. 80. tabs 9. fig. 4.

S. with a fingle cafe formed of larger fragments
of fhells, with little or no fand.

Found near Weymouth, lodged in the fhell of a
bivalve. The animal is reprefented magnified in
Tab. xxvi. marked A, A.

Lin. Syft. 1268. No. 812. Ellis Coral. tab. xxxvis p. 90s

S. with numerous tubes placed parallel, with the

orifices open, forming in the mafs the appearance
£42 of

147

TEREDO.
PIERCER.

Navalis.
160. SHIP.

SABELLA.

Rudis.
161.COARSEe

Alveolata.
162. HONEY?
COMB.

148

Tubiformis.
163. TuBE.

S! "la oe ee Crass VI.

of the furface of honey-combs: compofed chiefly
of fand, with very minute fragments of fhells. The
tubes fometimes above three inches long,

Found on the weftern coafts of Anglefea; near
Cricceth, Caernarvonfbire; and near Yarmouth. It
covers the rocks for a confiderable fpace near low-

water mark.
Tab. xcii. fig. 162.

Nereis cylindracea belgica. Pallas. Mife. Zool. p. 211. tab. ix.
FE: 3-
S. with a cafe of a taper ftrait form ; made up of
minute particles of iand, moft elegantly put toge-
ther. |
Its animal defcribed at No. 34.
Common on all our fandy fhores.
Tab. xci. fig. 163.

F f IN 5 =) AD Gas

BR Ro ALTO

Page36. —— For Sipunculus read Siphunculus.
TAs Bernacle.

— Barnacle

Ta the Pilates.
Plate XXV. — N° 41. —— Plate XXVI.
LIX. — N° go. — Ps Ree

A,
Page
CORN- fell, ° 72
AcCTINIA, - 48
APHRODITA, = 44
Arborefcent Sea Star, a = 67
ANOMIA, - = 108
AscaRIis, ° - 22
Ascipia, ° 48
Araxos, - - - 16
Arne, 2 = 66
ASTERIAS, 2 4 60
B.
Barayoc, - = 75
Ballerus, - = 32
Blubber, Sea, “ z 60
Buccinum, = 118
Buia, - = 116
C.
CarpDiuM, = « 89
Ce/far brings from Britain a fhield made of its pearls, 31
Cuiton, . - 71
L3 ‘Clams,

149

140 | lq CaN OR ee

Page
Clams, 2 = < 94
Cochlearia, > : 135
CockLe, = - = 8g
Concha venerea; = = 100
eee Couway river once noted for pearls, — > 80°
Crows, their policy to get at the meat of the muffel, 114
Cuttle-fifh ink, = - ie
faufage < - ibid.
CyPrza, = > 115
; D. -
Datyl, a fort of Pholas, © = 76
DENTALIUM, - = 145
Dew-worm, its manners, = = 33
DIPPER; iN : - 116
Donax;, - — a 93
Doris, ~ ° = 43
E.
EcHINwUSs, . = 6r
eaten by the Romans, - 68
Ege, Sea, vide ECHINUS.
Efcaigatoire . = - 135
. G.
Gellies, fea - - 60
Gerard, his tale of the goofe bearing fhell, * 74
sGowrlg, - - 115
facred to Venus, = = ibid.
H,
Hac; ; : 39
Hatioris, = 2 141
Hambleton Hookers, a fine muffel ° ani:
Hermit Crab, its inflindt, = = ee
Hirp nus, his art of fattening fnails, = 135.
HoLlorHurliAy : *

Ex Nee” i.

Irife pearls of large fizes - ee

Irt river, its pearls, - °
Fuvenal, his account of the ink of the Sepia,
—— Britife oyfters, *

a

K.
Kaexiviors = = 2
Kiidn, = = =

Kreis, 2 = =

LaPiysia, = a
Leecues, their ufes 2
LeEPaAs, - 2 us
Arras uyeias = ee
Lepas anatifera, - 2 -
Lentulus, his famous fupper Mi
Limax, - al

Limpert, 5 Z

Lozsters, their hiftory, = -

—— fear thunder, -

——— vat activity, = :
— known to Aiforle, =
Long oyfter, what, - 6s
Lucrine lake, its oyfters, - ss

LuMmsrRIcus, -
Lungs, fea, - mie

M.

_Macrra, 2 -
Mepuvusa, = °
excites burning pain when handled, |
——— cured kibed heels, °
-——— phofphorous, © = .

Page

ibid.

103

ib.
Meffalinus,

151

g52.

Le No Bot Ee xy

Page
— Meffalinus, \ofes his life by a Leech, = 37
Murex, - = 123
Murices, a difh in Leztulus’s fupper, - 68.
— productive of the purple dye, - Wig
Mya, = ) - 78
—— a fpecies producing’ pearls, 80
Myritus. Musset, < “ 110
: - noxious to many conftitutions, - 11t
Myxine, ~ : 39
N.
Nacre, “ = 114
Nereis, « = = 46
——— illuminates the ocean, ont ibid.
NERITA, - = - 140
Nettle, Sea, =. = 59
O.
Orosepiee - = 5!
Oppian, his account of the Pinzzophylax crab, 2
—— Sepia, or Cuttle, * 55
Orata Sergius, inventor of ftews for oyfters, - 103
Offrez crude, - : 68
OvystTERSs, ~ - 102
—-— Britifo, in great repute at Rome, - 103
— Oyfter-beds, account of, ~ 104.
P.
PATELLA, - < ~ 345
Patina oftrearum, a Roman difh, - -. 68
Pearls, Britifh, < - 31, 113
PECTEN, -. - 99
Pelorides, ~ © 68
PHoLas, penetrates wood and ftones, " = 73

PIERCER, - - 147

YY Ne SOx,

Page
Pinna, ~ hi 114
Tlivopvaaé, = = oi 2
Pliny, the younger, his fupper, 2 135
Pomatia, = - tbids
Purple dye, the Zyriaz, - 119
——the Britis, how produced, - ibid.
Purpura, - ° 69
R.
Razor-foell, - > 33
— — a food, - 2 86

Rutupium, or Richborouga, its oy fer celebrated by Fuvenal, 103

Sp
SABELLA, - m 147
Saufage, the cuttle-fith of the Greeks, “ 56
ScaLLops, 2 - - 99
— how dreffed by the Greeks - ibid.
the fhell in which Venus rofe from the fea, ibid.
worn by pilgrims, =o - 100
SEPIA, - - 52
Indian, their vaft fize, 2 - 53
How the Sepia efcapes danger, - 55
LnTie, = , - ibid.
SERPULA; > - - 145
SNAIL, - - - 132
Snails fattened for food, - 135
SOLEN, = = « 33
grateful to widows, - ° 86
Dwrevesy = - = ibid.
Sphondyli, - s = 68
Star, Sea, - és ay 60
deftrutive to oyfters, me ih. BOL
Stella marina, ~ * = 66
Strombus, - - ~ 122

TELLINA,

153

i ae i. ON... Be. Be

T. ) Page

TELLINA; = S es Oe
TEREDO; < eee 2 “7
Tillo, = = :) 42.
TooTH-sHELL; S a 145
Top, - _ bs 125
Trocuus, = - e Be
‘Turzo, = = z i128

Vv. 3U.
Venus, hhell, . 2 : 99
VoLuTa, - = = 118
Uriice Solute, - = 2 60

W.
Wampum, what made of, = _ : 94
Whelk, “ - Z 118
Worms, account of, from Lianeus, <a 31
Wreath, = - = - 423

N. B. The Binders are requefted to place all the Plates at
the End.

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