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ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS 

VOLUME   14  NUMBER  2 


BRYOZOA  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST 

OF  AMERICA 

Part  2,  Cheilostomata-Ascophora 

(Plates  30-64) 


BY 


RAYMOND  C.  OSBURN,  Ph.D.,  D.Sc. 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 
LOS  ANGELES,  CALIFORNIA 

1952  i^ARY    Dl    ROGICK 


REPORTS  ON  THE  COLLECTIONS  OBTAINED  BY  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  OF 
VELERO  III  OFF  THE  COAST  OF  MEXICO,  CENTRAL  AMERICA,  SOUTH  AMERICA,  AND 
GALAPAGOS  ISLANDS  IN  1932,  IN  1933,  IN  1934,  IN  1935,  IN  1936,  IN  1937,  IN  1938, 
IN  1939,  IN  1940,  AND  IN  1941,  and  VELERO  IV  IN  1949-1952  OFF  THE  COAST  OF 
MEXICO   AND   SOUTHERN    CALIFORNIA. 


BRYOZOA  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST 

OF  AMERICA 

Part  2,  Cheilostomata-Ascophora 

(Plates  30-64) 


By  RAYMOND  C.  OSBURN,  Ph.D.,  D.  Sc. 


The  University  of  Southern  California  Publications 

Allan  Hancock  Pacific  Expeditions 

Volume  14,  Number  2 

Issued  March  20,  1952 

Price  $5.00 

The  University  of  Southern  California  Press 
Los  Angeles,  California 


BRYOZOA  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST 
OF  AMERICA 

Part  II,  Cheilostomata-Ascophora 

By  Raymond  C.  Osburn,  Ph.D.,  D.Sc. 

Plates  30-64 

A  report  based  chiefly  on  the  Bryozoa  collected  by  the  Allan  Hancock 
Expeditions,  1933-1942,  in  the  Velero  III.  (See  pages  1-2  of  Part  I.) 

ASCOPHORA 

Levinsen  (1909:213)  defined  the  "Suborder  Ascophora"  chiefly  on 
the  presence  of  a  compensation  sac  or  ascus,  which  suggested  the  name. 

It  may  appear  somewhat  illogical  to  apply  the  term  "suborder"  while 
there  is  still  difference  of  opinion  as  to  where  the  Anasca  leave  off  and 
the  Ascophora  begin.  However,  with  the  exception  of  the  Cribrimorpha 
and  a  few  other  scattering  genera  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  their  position 
for  the  differences  are  very  distinct.  This  does  not  appear  a  proper  place 
to  enter  into  an  extended  discussion  of  the  origin  and  evolution  of  the 
Ascophora  and,  since  the  subdivision  is  a  very  convenient  one,  I  shall 
continue  to  use  it  in  the  hope  that  future  research  will  clarify  our  knowl- 
edge of  the  relationships. 

Suborder  AsCOPHORA  Levinsen,  1909 

The  frontal  area  is  completely  calcified,  with  the  exception  of  the 
aperture,  and  beneath  this  is  the  compensatorium  or  compensation  sac 
which  is  a  hydrostatic  arrangement  permitting  the  influx  and  outflow 
of  water  when  the  polypide  is  extruded  or  withdrawn.  As  a  rule  this 
sac  opens  into  the  proximal  part  of  the  aperture,  but  in  some  cases  there 
is  a  separate  opening,  the  ascopore,  situated  proximally  to  the  aperture. 
The  operculum  is  usually  compound,  hinged  on  the  sides,  the  larger 
distal  portion  opening  upward  to  permit  the  extrusion  of  the  tentacles 
while  the  small  proximal  part  is  deflected  downward  to  open  the  com- 
pensation sac.  When  an  ascopore  is  present  the  operculum  is  simple, 
lacking  the  proximal  part. 


[271] 


272  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

As  a  rule  the  species  are  more  heavily  calcified  than  in  the  Anasca. 
The  frontal  is  primarily  an  olocyst,  which  is  probably  merely  the  com- 
pleted extension  of  the  anascan  g>TOnocyst.  In  most  cases  an  additional 
calcified  layer  is  laid  down  on  top  of  the  olocyst,  either  a  pleurocyst  which 
grows  inward  toward  the  center  of  the  front  from  the  marginal  pores 
or  areolae,  or  a  tremocyst  which  develops  evenly  over  the  olocyst  from 
the  numerous  scattered  tremopores  which  perforate  the  frontal  wall. 
Oral  spines  are  frequently  present ;  also  avicularia  which  may  be  either 
interzooecial  (vicarious)  or  frontal  (dependent).  The  zoaria  are  usually 
encrusting,  but  not  infrequently  rise  into  folds,  nodules,  or  stems.  The 
latter  may  be  branched  and  are  sometimes  provided  with  chitinous  joints. 
The  ovicells  in  most  cases  are  hyperstomial,  opening  above  the  primary 
distal  rim  of  the  aperture,  or  they  may  be  endozooecial  and  formed  by 
the  distal  extension  of  the  zooecial  cavity  and  opening  below  the  level 
of  the  operculum ;  in  a  few  genera  ovicells  appear  to  be  entirely  absent, 
the  larvae  developing  within  the  zooecial  cavity. 

The  Ascophora  are  a  dominant  group  of  the  recent  Bryozoa,  occurring 
everywhere  in  the  seas  and  are  of  some  importance  as  nuisance  organisms 
in  the  encrusting  of  ship's  bottoms,  buoys,  etc.,  or  covering  the  "cultch" 
of  oyster  beds  to  the  exclusion  of  oyster  larvae.  While  the  individual 
zooecia  rarely  are  more  than  a  millimeter  in  length  the  colonies  often 
reach  considerable  size.  Budding  may  be  terminal,  lateral  or  frontal  and 
in  the  latter  case  new  layers  may  grovi^  over  the  older  ones  to  form  very 
thick  encrustations.  The  writer  has  counted  more  than  30  layers  in 
species  of  Smittina. 

They  are  distributed  from  the  polar  seas  to  the  equator  and  from 
shore  to  great  depths.  A  few  species  are  estuarine  in  water  of  low  salinity 
but  none  of  them  have  been  able  to  become  adapted  to  pure  fresh  water. 
They  are  abundant  as  fossils  from  the  Cretaceous  onward  since  the  thick 
calcareous  walls  are  readily  preserved  in  bottom  deposits.  Many  of  the 
earlier  genera  no  longer  exist,  but  more  than  100  of  those  known  as 
fossils  are  still  living  and  about  the  same  number  are  known  only  as 
Recent  genera.  As  research  continues  these  figures  will  undoubtedly  be 
greatly  altered.  The  present  work  includes  several  genera  now  living 
but  hitherto  known  only  as  fossils  and  a  few  in  which  the  reverse  is  true. 
Evidently  the  bryozoan  fauna  of  the  Pleistocene  differed  very  little  in 
Its  general  aspects  from  that  of  the  present.  The  Ascophora  do  not  appear 
to  be  a  decadent  group. 

It  appears  impossible  with  our  present  lack  of  knowledge,  to  arrange 
the  families  of  the  Ascophora  in  any  logical  evolutionary  order.  Certain 
families  appear  to  be  simpler  than  others,  that  is,  they  seem  to  have 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  273 

undergone  less  modification  from  anascan  ancestors,  but  we  still  have 
no  certain  information  concerning  the  origin  of  the  Ascophora.  In  several 
of  the  anascan  families,  especially  the  cribrimorphs,  a  more  or  less 
complete  cover,  the  pericyst,  has  been  developed.  The  ancestors  of  the 
Ascophora  may  have  evolved  from  one  of  these,  but  vi'hich  one  is  still 
in  doubt,  and  there  is  some  evidence  that  there  may  have  been  parallel 
evolution  from  more  than  one  anascan  type  of  progenitor. 

The  arrangement  of  the  families  in  the  present  w^ork  follows  that  of 
Bassler  in  the  Fossilium  Catalogus  merely  for  the  sake  of  convenience. 
When  our  knowledge  of  relationships  is  more  complete  this  arrangement 
may  suffer  many  changes.  This  is  true  also  of  the  genera  within  a  family 
as  certain  of  the  "families"  are  admittedly  merely  "catch-alls"  which 
include  genera  of  uncertain  relationship.  Truly  there  is  much  to  be 
learned  before  the  taxonomy  of  the  Ascophora  arrives  at  a  settled  basis. 

Owing  to  the  heavy  calcification  the  Ascophora  are  especially  difficult 
to  work  with.  Ordinarily  the  polypides  have  been  neglected,  but  by 
careful  decalcification  of  the  skeleton,  and  staining,  many  of  the  details 
of  the  soft  parts  may  be  observed.  The  chitinous  appendages,  opercula 
and  avicularian  mandibles,  are  often  of  great  value  in  the  determination 
of  species  and  of  generic  and  family  relationships.  It  is  possible,  by  very 
careful  dissection  to  remove  these  individually,  but  it  is  much  easier  and 
usually  just  as  satisfactory  to  crush  a  small  portion  of  a  zoarium  on  a 
glass  slide,  add  a  drop  of  absolute  alcohol  and  mount  in  clarite  or  some 
similar  medium. 

For  the  study  of  the  skeletal  details  it  is  frequently  necessary  to 
remove  the  chitinous  ectocyst.  Treatment  with  "Javelle  water"  (eau  de 
Javelle)  will  remove  all  the  chitinous  and  soft  parts  and  leave  beautiful 
preparations,  but  it  is  much  quicker  and  usually  just  as  satisfactory  to 
burn  away  the  organic  matter  by  the  use  of  the  mineralogist's  blow-pipe. 
The  technique  is  very  simple — place  a  small  part  of  a  colony  on  a  spatula 
and  with  the  blow-pipe  direct  the  flame  from  an  alcohol  lamp  on  the 
specimen.  A  little  experience  will  indicate  when  to  stop  the  incineration. 
Details  of  the  surface,  the  arrangement  of  pores,  the  presence  and  nature 
of  cardelles  and  lyrulae  within  the  aperture,  the  natvire  of  the  avicularian 
rostrum  and  pivot  or  hinge  denticles,  etc.,  are  usually  clearly  presented 
by  this  method.  The  communication  pores,  in  the  side  walls,  septulae 
and  dietellae,  and  the  nature  of  the  frontal,  olocyst,  pleurocyst  or  tremo- 
cyst,  also  are  more  readily  observed.  A  word  of  caution  is  necessary,  for 
overheating  may  destroy  a  specimen.  Unique  specimens  naturally  should 
never  be  incinerated  unless  small  fragments  can  be  removed  for  the 
purpose. 


274  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Glossary 

]\Iany  of  the  terms  used  in  the  classification  of  the  families,  genera 
and  species  will  be  found  on  pages  5-7  of  Part  I  (Anasca),  but  there 
are  numerous  others  which  apply  only  to  the  Ascophora. 

Anter.  The  portion  of  the  primary  aperture  distal  to  the  cardelles. 

Areolar  pores.  One  or  more  rows  of  pores  around  the  margin  of  the 
zooecial  front. 

Ascopore.  A  special  median  frontal  pore  opening  into  the  compensa- 
tion sac  (q.v.)  proximal  to  the  aperture. 

Ascus.  See  compensation  sac. 

Compensation  sac.  A  chamber  beneath  the  frontal  wall  for  the  adjust- 
ment of  internal  pressure  by  permitting  the  entrance  and  exit  of  water 
as  the  tentacles  are  protruded  or  withdrawn. 

Cardelles.  Lateral  hinge  denticles  to  which  the  operculum  is  attached. 

Condyles.  The  same  as  cardelles. 

Costae,  costal  ridges.  Rib-like  ridges  which  arise  between  the  areolar 
pores  and  run  inward  on  the  frontal. 

Epitheca.  The  ectocyst  or  outer  chitinous  membrane. 

Frontal.  The  entire  ventral  area  surrounding  the  aperture,  but  more 
frequently  applied  to  that  part  of  it  proximal  to  the  aperture. 

Labium.  A  descending  lip-like  fold  of  the  upper  margin  of  the  orifice 
of  the  ovicell. 

Lynda.  A  median  denticle  or  shelf  on  the  proximal  border  of  the 
primary  aperture. 

Marginated.  Bordered,  as  in  the  secondary  fold  around  the  base  of 
an  ovicell. 

Multilaminar.  Referring  to  a  mode  of  zoarial  growth  in  which  new 
layers  of  zooecia  grow  over  and  cover  the  older  ones. 

Muscle  attachments.  The  insertions  of  the  occlusar  muscles  of  the 
operculum,  sometimes  at  the  border,  sometimes  at  a  distance  from  it, 
frequently  on  the  opercular  sclerites. 

Olocyst.  The  primary  calcified  covering  layer,  usually  thin  but  some- 
times heavily  calcified.  (See  pleurocyst  and  tremocyst.) 

Oral  avicularia.  Those  definitely  associated  with  the  aperture,  either 
suboral  or  lateral-oral. 

Oral  spines.  Spines,  usually  jointed  at  the  base,  which  develop  on  the 
primary  peristome. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  275 

Peristome.  The  primary  peristome  is  the  original  fold  of  the  olocyst 
around  the  aperture ;  the  secondary  peristome  develops  from  the  frontal 
wall  and  often  covers  the  primary  peristome  and  partially  obscures  the 
aperture. 

Pleurocyst.  A  secondary  calcified  covering  layer  which  originates  at 
the  border  of  the  zooecium  and  grows  toward  the  center. 

Poster.  That  portion  of  the  primary  aperture  proximal  to  the  cardelles. 
(See  sinus.) 

Primary  aperture.  The  original  aperture,  closed  by  the  operculum 
which  usually  fits  it  very  exactly. 

Sclerite.  A  chitinous  thickening  of  the  operculum,  either  at  the  margin 
or  otherwise  located ;  the  occlusar  muscles  are  usually  attached  to  it. 

Secondary  aperture.  The  aperture  above  the  level  of  the  operculum, 
formed  by  the  surrounding  frontal  wall;  it  is  variable  in  height  and 
form,  complete  or  incomplete,  and  is  frequently  notched  on  the  proximal 
border  to  form  a  secondary  sinus  or  spiramen. 

Shield.  A  broad,  elevated  area  occasionally  surrounding  the  aperture. 

Sinus.  An  extension,  usually  rounded  or  v-shaped,  of  the  poster  into 
the  proximal  border  of  the  primary  aperture. 

Tremocyst.  A  secondary  calcified  layer  of  the  frontal  above  the  olo- 
cyst; usually  thickly  perforated  all  over  and  developed  evenly  from  the 
frontal  pores  instead  of  growing  inward  from  the  border. 

Tremopore.  Pores  which  are  scattered  more  or  less  evenly  over  the 
whole  frontal;  apparently  they  all  contribute  to  the  formation  of  the 
tremocyst ;  they  are  continuations  of  similarly  placed  pores  in  the  under- 
lying olocyst. 

Vestibular  arch.  A  narrow  rim  surrounding  the  aperture  inside  of 
the  primary  peristome. 

Umbo.  An  elevated  process  or  knob-like  structure  on  the  frontal 
usually  just  proximal  to  the  aperture;  occasionally  paired,  sometimes  on 
the  top  of  the  ovicell. 

Zooeciule.  A  diminutive  zooecium  sometimes  occurring  in  series  with 
normal  ones,  usually  closed,  sometimes  bearing  an  avicularium. 


276  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Family  Hippothoidae  Levinsen,  1909 

"The  zooecia  become  calcified  from  behind  in  successive  zones  for- 
ward, leaving  at  the  surface  more  or  less  salient  lines  of  growth,  and  are 
furnished  with  a  variable  number  of  dietellae."  (Canu  and  Bassler, 
1920:325).  In  Hippothoa,  Chorizopora  and  Hincksipora  the  frontal  is 
imperforate;  the  first  two  of  these  and  Trypostega  have  hyperstomial 
ovicells,  they  are  endozooecial  in  Hincksipora,  and  none  have  been  found 
in  Harmeria;  in  Hippothoa,  Chorizopora  and  Trypostega  there  is  a 
distinctly  sinuate  aperture  but  there  is  no  indication  of  a  sinus  in  the 
others ;  in  Trypostega  and  Chorizopora  there  are  interzooecial  avicularia 
in  line  with  the  zooecial  axis,  but  none  at  all  in  the  other  genera.  As 
pointed  out  by  Canu  and  Bassler,  the  family  is  not  a  natural  one  and 
appears  to  be  a  group  of  primitive  Ascophora  associated  by  their  simplicity 
rather  than  by  more  positive  factors. 

Key  TO  Genera  of  Hippothoidae 

1.  Zooecial  front  imperforate  (except  areolar  pores) 2 

Frontal  more  or  less  perforated 4 

2.  Avicularia  distal  to  and  in  line  with  the  zooecia     .     .     Chorizopora 
Avicularia  wanting 3 

3.  Ovicell   hyperstomial,   porous;   frontal   thin     ....     Hippothoa 
Ovicell  endozooecial,  frontal  excessively  thick     .     .     .     Hincksipora 

4.  The  whole  frontal  finely  perforated ;  small  avicularia  on  zooeciules 

in  line  with  the  zooecia Trypostega 

Pores  limited  to  a  definite  disto-central  area,  avicularia  and  ovicells 
wanting Harmeria 

Genus  HIPPOTHOA  Lamouroux,  1821 

The  zooecia  are  usually  uniserial,  but  may  be  multiserial  and  loosely 
attached  to  each  other  with  small  fenestrae  between.  There  are  no  frontal 
pores  but  the  ovicells  are  porous.  The  fertile  zooecia  (gonoecia)  are 
usually  different  in  size  from  the  infertile  ones  and  may  be  different  in 
form.  The  aperture  has  a  shallow  sinus.  The  growth  ridges  on  the  front 
are  transverse  and  usually  very  conspicuous.  No  spines,  no  avicularia. 
Genotype,  //.  divaricata  Lamouroux,  1821. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  277 

Key  to  Species  of  Hippothoa 

1.  Zoarium  multiserial,  often  covering  large  areas     ....     hyalina 
Zoarium  uniserial,  with  lateral  branches 2 

2.  Zooecia  with  very  long  basal  tubular  prolongations     .     .     flagellum 
Basal  prolongations  usually  not  longer  than  the  zooecial  body     .     3 

3.  Zooecia  large,  with  a  broad  calcareous  expansion  along  the     ,     . 

sides expansa 

Zooecia  much  smaller,  the  lateral  expansion  narrow  or     ...     . 
wanting divaricata 

Hippothoa  hyalina  (Linnaeus),  1758 
Plate  30,  figs.  1-5 

Cellepora  hyalina,  Linnaeus,  1758 :  1286. 
Schizoporella  hyalina,  Hincks,  1884:  17. 
Schizoporella  hyalina,  Robertson,  1908 :289. 
Schizoporella  hyalina,  O'Donoghue,  1923:35. 
Hippothoa  hyalina,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923 :  92. 
Hippothoa  hyalina,  O'Donoghue,  1925 :101  •;  1926:54. 
Hippothoa  hyalina,  Hastings,  1930:720. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  anything  that  will  afford  attachment,  often 
covering  large  areas  on  shells  and  broader  algae;  at  first  a  smooth, 
glistening,  more  or  less  hyaline  layer,  it  may  become  multilaminar  and 
piled  up  into  irregular  masses  with  a  rough  surface,  or  losing  its  hyalinity 
may  be  chalky  white. 

The  zooecia  in  the  younger  stage  are  more  or  less  terete,  with  narrow, 
elongate  fenestrae  partially  separating  them,  transversely  ribbed  or  lined, 
smooth  and  glistening,  imperforate.  The  aperture  is  rounded  or  short- 
ovate,  with  a  broad,  shallow  sinus,  the  peristome  thin  and  slightly  ele- 
vated. A  low,  pointed  umbo  is  often  present  just  proximal  to  the  aperture. 

The  ooecia  are  large  and  conspicuous,  usually  borne  on  somewhat 
dwarfed  gonoecia  which  stand  up  more  or  less  erect  among  the  zooecia. 

There  is  so  much  variability  in  this  species  that  it  often  presents  a 
difficult  problem  to  the  beginner,  but  marginal  zooecia  will  usually  show 
the  essential  characters.  A  number  of  varieties  have  been  given  names. 

It  is  a  truly  cosmopolitan  species,  occurring  around  the  world  and 
from  the  Arctic,  where  it  is  often  excessively  abundant,  to  the  tropics. 
It  has  been  reported  by  everyone  who  has  studied  Pacific  coast  Bryozoa, 
from  Alaska  to  southern  California,  and  Hastings  recorded  it  from  the 
Galapagos  Islands. 

In  the  Hancock  collections  it  has  been  noted  at  69  stations  all  the 
way  south  to  Peru  and  the  Galapagos  Islands. 


278  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


Hippothoa  divaricata  Lamouroux,  1821 
Plate  30,  fig.  6 

Hippothoa  divaricata  Lamouroux,  1821 :22. 
Hippothoa  divaricatOj  Hincks,  1880:289. 
Hippothoa  divaricata,  Robertson,  1908  :296. 
Hippothoa  divaricata,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :38  ;  1926 :53. 

The  zoarium  is  uniserial,  branched,  encrusting  pebbles  and  shells. 
The  zooecia  have  a  short  basal,  tubular  portion,  usually  considerably 
less  than  the  length  of  the  expanded  portion,  and  in  the  variety  conferta 
Hincks  the  basal  portion  is  almost  wanting.  The  zooecial  body  is  elongate- 
ovate,  inflated,  the  front  usually  with  a  low  carina,  and  there  is  never 
more  than  a  slight  expansion  of  the  dorsal  side  for  attachment.  The 
aperture  is  rounded  with  a  distinct  sinus  in  the  proximal  border. 

The  ovicell  is  smooth  and  globular  with  a  small  rounded  umbo  on 
the  top,  borne  on  a  slightly  reduced  zooecium. 

Widely  distributed  around  the  world.  Hincks  and  the  O'Donoghues 
listed  it  from  a  number  of  localities  in  British  Columbia  and  Robertson 
collected  it  at  several  localities  on  the  California  coast.  Hincks,  1880:289, 
lists  it  from  Mazatlan,  Mexico. 

In  the  Hancock  collections  it  was  found  to  range  southward  from 
southern  California  to  Mexico,  the  Gulf  of  California,  Costa  Rica, 
Panama,  and  the  Galapagos  Islands.  Also  common  at  Point  Barrow, 
Alaska,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector,  Alaska  Research  Laboratory. 

Hippothoa  flagellum  Manzoni,  1870 
Plate  30,  figs.  7-8 

Hippothoa  flagellum  Manzoni,  1870 :6. 
Hippothoa  flagellum  Hincks,  1880:293. 

This  is  a  more  delicate  species  than  others  of  the  genus,  with  a  basal 
tubular  portion  often  several  times  as  long  as  the  expanded  zooecial 
body.  The  latter  is  elongate  ovate,  without  dorsal  expansion ;  the  aperture 
ovate  instead  of  rounded  and  with  a  sinus  in  the  proximal  border.  The 
ooecia  are  borne  on  short,  reduced  individuals  which  are  usually  on  short 
tubular  stalks  at  the  sides  of  normal  zooecia. 

Distributed  around  the  world  in  warmer  and  temperate  seas. 

In  the  Hancock  collections  this  species  was  found  to  be  well  dis- 
tributed along  the  Pacific  coast  from  Mexico  (Guadalupe  Island  and 
the  Gulf  of  California)  to  Panama,  Colombia,  Peru  and  the  Galapagos 
Islands,  from  shallow  water  down  to  100  fms. 


NO.  2    osburn:  eastern  pacific  bryozoa — cheilostomata        279 

Hippothoa  expansa  Dawson,  1859 
Plate  30,  fig.  9 

Hippothoa  expanse  Dawson,  1859 :255. 

Hippothoa  divaricata  var.  expansa,  Verrill,  1885 :232. 

Hippothoa  expansa,  Hincks,  1880:291. 

This  species  resembles  H.  divaricata,  but  is  much  larger,  has  a  cal- 
careous lamina  expanding  from  the  dorsal  sides  of  the  zooecial  body  and 
tubular  portion,  and  the  ovicell  is  broader  than  long. 

Apparently  this  species  has  not  been  recorded  previously  for  the 
Pacific  coast  of  America.  It  is  well  distributed  in  the  northern  North 
Atlantic  and  Arctic  Oceans. 

Hancock  Station  1283-41,  Santa  Rosa  Island,  off  the  coast  of  south- 
ern California,  28  fms ;  Palos  Verdes,  California,  on  kelp  hold-fast  (R.  C. 
Osburn).  Common  at  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  G.  E.  MacGinitie  col- 
lector, Alaska  Research  Laboratory. 

Genus  GHORIZOPORA  Hincks,  1880 

"Zooecia  more  or  less  distant,  connected  by  a  tubular  network;  the 
orifice  semicircular,  with  the  inferior  margin  entire"  (Hincks,  1880:222). 
Genotype  Flustra  Brogniartii  Audouin,  1826. 

The  genus  is  similar  in  appearance  to  Hippothoa  hyalina,  but  is 
readily  distinguished  by  the  semicircular  aperture  and  by  the  presence 
of  a  small  avicularium  distal  to  each  zooecium  and  to  the  ooecium  when 
it  is  present. 

Ghorizopora  brogniarti  (Audouin),  1826 

Lepralia  Brogniarti,  Busk,  1854:65. 
Chorizopora  Brogniarti,  Hincks,  1880:224. 
Ghorizopora  brogniarti,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930  :14. 

Zoarium  encrusting  in  a  thin  layer,  resembling  younger  stages  of 
Hippothoa  hyalina  in  its  cross-ribbed,  disassociated,  terete  zooecia.  The 
frontal  is  imperforate,  the  only  decoration  being  a  low,  pointed  umbonate 
process  which  overhangs  the  aperture ;  the  latter  is  semicircular,  broader 
than  long  and  straight  on  its  proximal  border.  At  the  distal  end  of  each 
zooecium  is  a  small  avicularium  with  a  triangular  mandible  directed 
forward.  The  ovicell  is  rounded,  conspicuous,  with  a  longitudinal  carina, 
and  its  distal  end  is  surmounted  by  an  avicularium  similar  to  those 
associated  with  the  infertile  zooecia. 


280  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

It  is  a  widely  distributed  species  and  is  known  as  a  fossil  as  far  back 
as  the  Miocene.  The  only  record  for  the  Pacific  coast  of  America  is 
that  of  Canu  and  Bassler  "Galapagos  Islands,  D.2813."  It  has  not 
appeared  in  the  Hancock  collections. 

Genus  TRYPOSTEGA  Levinsen,  1909 

"The  zooecia  with  scattered  pores  and  a  compound  operculum.  The 
ooecia  covered  by  dwarf  zooecia  with  scattered  pores.  No  avicularia" 
(Levinsen  1909:280).  Genotype,  Lepraliavenusta  Norman,  1864. 

A  zooeciule  is  usually  present  at  the  distal  end  of  each  normal  zooe- 
cium  in  the  form  of  a  small  quadrangular  chamber,  but  they  are  often 
wanting,  sometimes  over  considerable  areas ;  also  the  zooeciule  forms  a 
covering  layer  over  the  ooecium.  The  nature  of  the  zooeciule  or  dwarf 
zooecium  has  been  in  doubt  and  Levinsen  definitely  states  "no  avicularia." 
The  rounded  apertures  of  the  zooeciules  in  T.  venusta  are  very  minute, 
only  about  0.03  to  0.04  mm  in  diameter  and  appear  to  have  no  mandibles, 
but  in  T.  claviculata  (Hincks)  there  are  small  spatulate  mandibles.  The 
zooeciules  may  therefore  be  interpreted  as  avicularian  kenozoecia  and 
in  the  type  species,  venusta,  the  avicularium  is  vestigial. 

Trypostega  venusta  (Norman),  1864 
Plate  30,  fig.  10 

Lepraliavenusta  Norman,  1864:84. 
Trypostega  venusta,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:14. 
Trypostega  venusta,  Hastings,  1930 :720. 
Trypostega vetiusta, Mzrcws,  1938:35  (synonymy). 

Zoarium  encrusting,  sometimes  multilaminar,  white,  smooth  and 
glistening.  The  zooecia  are  somewhat  rhomboid,  a  little  inflated,  with 
numerous  pores,  sometimes  with  a  small  rounded  umbo  proximal  to  the 
aperture ;  0.40  to  0.45  mm  long  by  0.26  to  0.30  mm  wide.  The  aperture 
is  pyriform,  rounded  distally  to  the  strong,  triangular  cardelles  and 
behmd  these  is  a  broad,  somewhat  triangular  sinus;  aperture  length 
0.10  mm,  width  0.08.  The  zooeciules  are  usually  situated  at  the  distal 
ends  of  the  zooecia,  but  sometimes  between  them.  Occasionally  the  zooe- 
cuiles  may  be  nearly  as  large  as  the  normal  zooecia,  but  without  any 
increase  in  the  size  of  the  minute  aperture. 

The  ooecia  are  deeply  immersed,  scarcely  raised  above  the  level  of 
the  crust,  covered  by  the  enclosing  zooeciule,  about  0.25  mm  broad  by 
0.20  mm  long,  porous  and  surmounted  by  a  low  umbonate  process. 


NO.  2    osburn:  eastern  pacific  bryozoa — cheilostomata        281 

The  species  is  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate  seas,  but 
appears  not  to  have  been  noted  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  America  except 
for  the  record  of  Hastings  at  Panama  and  that  of  Canu  and  Bassler  at 
Galapagos. 

In  the  Hancock  collections  it  has  been  noted  at  23  stations  ranging 
southward  from  Santa  Catalina  Island,  southern  California,  to  Ecuador 
and  the  Galapagos  Islands,  including  stations  from  west  Mexico,  Socorro 
and  Clarion  Islands,  the  Gulf  of  California,  Cocos  Islands,  Panama  and 
Colombia.  Low  water  to  100  fms. 

Trypostega  claviculata  (Hincks),  1884 
Plate  30,  fig.  11 

Lepralia  claviculata,  Hincks,  1884:23. 
Trypostega  claviculata,  Levinsen,  1909:281. 

Zoarium  similar  to  that  of  T.  venusta.  The  zooecia  are  also  similar, 
but  are  somewhat  larger,  ranging  from  0.40  to  0.65  mm  in  length.  The 
aperture  is  different  in  size  and  form,  measuring  about  0.13  mm  in  either 
dimension,  the  same  strong  triangular  cardelles  present,  but  the  sinus 
is  wider  and  shallower.  The  zooeciules  are  larger  and  more  frequently 
wanting,  and  the  aperture  which  Hincks  figures  as  a  clavicular  opening, 
is  closed  by  a  spatulate  avicularium. 

The  ovicell,  with  its  zooeciule  cover,  is  unusually  large,  about  0.40 
mm  long  and  varying  in  width  from  0.30  to  0.45  mm;  somewhat  tri- 
lobate in  form,  with  the  middle  lobe  large  and  carinate. 

Hincks  described  the  species  from  Houston  Stewart  Channel  and 
Cumshewa,  British  Columbia.  Levinsen  studied  Hincks'  material,  but 
otherwise  I  have  found  no  reference  to  it. 

Hancock  Stations  1242,  off  Point  Loma;  1281-41,  Santa  Rosa  Island; 
off  Santa  Catalina  Island,  and  off  San  Pedro,  all  from  southern  Cali- 
fornia, shallow  water  to  40  fms. 

Genus  HARMERIA  Norman,  1903 

"Zooecia  ovate,  thin,  glassy,  hyaline,  with  a  scutiform  or  ovate  area 
on  the  front,  distinctly  circumscribed  by  a  raised  line,  within  which 
the  surface  in  punctate.  Oral  aperture  semielliptic ;  lip  straight  in  the 
younger  stage,  but  afterwards  overhung  by  a  suboral  collar-like  process 
with  more  or  less  developed  rostrum.  No  visible  ooecia.  No  avicularia" 
(Norman  1903:107).  Genotype,  Lepr alia  scutulata  Busk,  1855:255. 


282  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Harmeria  scutulata  (Busk),  1855 

Lepralia  scutulata  Busk,  1855 :255. 
Harmeria  scutulata,  Levinsen,  1916:447. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  usually  on  larger  algae,  the  colonies  always 
small.  Zooecia  closely  set,  but  distinct  with  deep  separating  grooves ;  ven- 
tricose,  the  front  smooth  proximally,  except  for  fine  growth  lines,  and  with 
a  shield-shaped  or  oval  area  proximal  to  the  aperture  which  is  definitely 
punctate.  There  are  two  sizes  of  the  zooecia. 

The  ancestrula  is  membraniporoid  with  a  complete  membranous  area ; 
the  first  daughter  zooecia  are  large,  similar  in  size  to  the  ancestrula,  and 
these  are  followed  suddenly  by  much  smaller  zooecia  which  bear  a 
short,  umbonate  median  process  and  a  broad  collar  around  the  side  of 
the  aperture. 

Recorded  from  various  localities  north  of  Europe,  in  Greenland 
waters  as  far  north  as  Etah,  Hudson  Strait,  and  as  far  west  as  Dolphin 
and  Union  Strait  (Osburn  1923  :9d)  and  Victoria  Island,  North-West 
Territory,  Canada  (Hutchins  1940:33).  The  following  additional  record 
suggests  that  it  is  circumpolar. 

Punuk  Island,  Bering  Sea.  From  a  shell  in  the  Los  Angeles  Museum, 
collector  unknown,  one  colony. 

Genus  HINCKSIPORA  new  genus 

Zoarium  encrusting.  The  frontal  is  a  heavy  pleurocyst  with  a  single 
row  of  areolar  pores  and  covered  by  a  thick  ectocyst.  The  ovicell  is 
endozooecial,  opening  below  the  closed  position  of  the  operculum  and 
extending  into  the  proximal  end  of  the  succeeding  zooecium.  The  oper- 
culum is  simple,  heavily  chitinized,  attached  without  cardelles  and  straight 
across  its  proximal  border  where  it  is  broadly  attached  to  the  compensa- 
tion sac,  occlusar  muscles  attached  a  little  inside  from  the  border.  The 
primary  aperture  is  straight  or  nearly  so  on  the  proximal  border  and 
without  a  sinus ;  the  suboral  spinule,  often  wanting,  is  not  a  lyrula ;  the 
primary  peristome  is  wanting  and  the  oral  rim  is  formed  by  the  thick 
frontal  wall.  No  spines,  no  cardelles,  no  avicularia ;  multiporous  septulae 
present  in  the  lateral  and  distal  walls.  Genotype,  Mucronella  spinulifera 
Hincks,  1889. 

The  species  which  forms  the  genotype  has  been  passed  around  from 
one  genus  to  another,  Lepralia,  Discopora,  Porellina,  Mucronella  and 
Monoporella,  but  for  obvious  reasons  it  cannot  be  assigned  to  any  of 
these  as  they  are  now  understood.  The  nature  of  the  ovicell  excludes 
It  from  all  of  them.  The  operculum  is  simple  and  so  firmly  attached  to 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  283 

the  floor  of  the  compensation  sac  that  it  is  separated  only  with  difficulty, 
while  the  latter  structure  appears  to  be  chitinized  and  spreads  over  the 
whole  width  of  the  zooecial  cavity,  resembling  the  ectocyst  of  the  Anasca. 
Because  of  its  simplicity  this  genus  is  tentatively  assigned  to  the  family 
Hippothoidae,  "a  group  of  primitive  Ascophora  associated  by  their 
simplicity  rather  than  by  more  positive  factors." 

The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Hincks,  the  great  English 
bryozoologist  who  was  the  first  to  recognize  spinulifera  as  a  distinct 
species. 

Hincksipora  spinulifera  (Hincks),  1889 
Plate  33,  figs.  1-+ 

Mucronella  spinulifera  Hincks,  1889:431. 

Monoporella  spinulifera,  Hincks,  1892 :152  (but  not  van  praeclara). 

Porellina  ciliata  forma  dura  Smitt,  1867 :6. 

Discopora  cruenta,  Smitt,  1871 :1127. 

Lepralia  cruenta.  Waters,  1900 :73. 

Monoporella  spinulifera,  Norman,  1903:115. 

Mucronella  spinulifera,  Osburn,  1912a  :282. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  shells  in  a  single  layer;  reddish-brown,  in 
old  colonies  nearly  black,  the  color  all  in  the  thick  ectocyst.  Zooecia 
large,  0.65  to  1.00  mm  long  by  0.50  to  0.65  mm  wide;  separated  by 
deep  grooves,  the  front  arched,  very  thick,  white  and  shining  on  the 
removal  of  the  ectocyst,  with  a  row  of  conspicuous  areolar  pores.  The 
aperture  is  slightly  broader  than  long  (about  0.25  by  0.20  mm),  rounded 
distally  and  nearly  straight  on  the  proximal  border;  usually  there  is  a 
minute  median  spinule  on  the  proximal  border,  but  this  is  situated  above 
the  level  of  the  lyrula  of  Mucronella  and  not  homologous  with  it ;  occa- 
sionally there  are  two  or  three  spinules  and  often  they  are  wanting.  The 
secondary  peristome  is  a  broad  fold  of  the  frontal  which  extends  around 
the  lateral  and  distal  sides  of  the  aperture.  Proximal  to  the  aperture  there 
is  occasionally  a  broad,  low  umbonate  swelling,  which  sometimes  shows 
a  rounded  membranous  area  placed  vertically  on  its  distal  face;  this 
may  be  a  vestigial  avicularium,  but  in  my  material  I  have  not  been  able 
to  find  positive  evidence  of  a  mandible.  No  oral  spines,  no  dietellae. 

The  ooecium  is  endozooecial,  about  0.30  mm  wide  by  0.24  mm  long, 
the  wall  similar  to  the  frontal,  thick  and  granular;  the  peristome  is 
thicker  on  the  sides  and  extends  more  or  less  around  on  the  front  of 
the  ovicell. 


284  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Spitzbergen  to  Greenland  and  south  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 
Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  common  down  to  22  fms,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  col- 
lector, Arctic  Research  Laboratory. 

Frankly  I  am  entirely  at  a  loss  to  know  where  to  place  this  remarkable 
form.  By  its  manner  of  growth,  from  the  border  inward  producing  a 
secondary  cover  layer,  the  frontal  appears  to  be  a  pleurocyst  with  large 
areolar  pores;  the  ovicell  is  endozooecial,  opening  beneath  the  closed 
position  of  the  operculum  and  extending  into  the  proximal  end  of  the 
succeeding  zooecium ;  the  operculum  is  heavily  chitinized,  simple,  attached 
without  cardelles  and  straight  across  its  proximal  border  where  it  is 
broadly  attached  to  the  compensation  sac  and  to  which  it  adheres  closely. 
It  does  not  conform  to  the  aperture,  there  is  a  broad  lunate  thickening 
near  the  distal  end  and  one  on  each  side  but  these  do  not  appear  to  be 
definite  sclerites;  muscles  attached  a  little  in  from  the  border.  The 
proximal  spinule  of  the  aperture  does  not  appear  to  be  a  useful  character, 
as  it  is  very  frequently  wanting,  but  it  is  usually  present  on  some  of  the 
zooecia  of  every  colony  and  rarely  there  are  two  or  even  three  spinules 
close  together. 

The  membrane  to  which  the  operculum  is  attached  is  somewhat 
chitinized  and  covers  the  full  width  of  the  zooecial  cavity  like  an  anascan 
ectocyst.  If  this  is  its  true  nature  the  frontal  wall  must  be  a  pericyst  of 
a  totally  different  nature  from  that  of  the  Cribrimorpha.  If  it  is  true 
that  the  anascan  ectocyst  has  evolved  into  the  floor  of  the  compensation 
sac,  as  has  been  suggested  by  several  authors,  there  appear  to  have 
been  "attempts"  by  different  methods  in  this  direction  by  a  number 
of  disassociated  genera  in  addition  to  the  Cribrimorpha,  viz.  Hiantopora, 
Tremogasterina,  Exechonella,  Anexechona,  Arachnopusia,  and  the  pres- 
ent genus,  Hincksipora  among  the  recent  Cheilostomata.  With  our 
present  knowledge  it  seems  futile  to  speculate  on  which,  if  any,  of  our 
present  genera  are  remnants  of  the  stem  group,  or  groups,  which  gave 
rise  to  the  Ascophora.  It  is  even  possible  that  there  have  been  two  lines 
of  evolution  since  some  of  the  Ascophora  have  a  simple  operculum, 
notably  Umbonula  and  Rhamphostomella,  and  others  a  compound  one. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  285 

Family  GyclicOpOridaC  Hincks,  1884 

"Zooecia  having  the  front  wall  wholly  calcified  and  destitute  of 
raised  margins  or  depressed  areas,  with  a  more  or  less  orbicular  orifice" 
Hincks  1884:279. 

Genus  GYGLIGOPORA  Hincks,  1884 

"Zooecia  with  a  perfectly  simple  orifice  more  or  less  orbicular. 
Zoarium  (in  the  only  known  species)  incrusting,"  Hincks,  1884:279. 
Genotype,  monotypic,  Cyclicopora  praelonga  Hincks,  1884:279  (  = 
Lepralia  longipora  MacGillivray,  1882). 

Canu  and  Bassler  (1920:424)  have  added  the  following  characters: 
Ovicell  hyperstomial  and  always  closed  by  the  operculum.  The  frontal 
is  a  tremocyst  with  pores  in  quincunx.  There  are  no  cardelles.  The 
border  of  the  aperture  is  straight  or  somewhat  concave.  No  spines. 

Such  a  complete  simplicity  exists  in  the  genotype — absence  of  avicu- 
laria,  spines  and  cardelles  and  all  decoration  of  the  zooecium — that 
it  leads  one  to  doubt  whether  some  of  the  fossil  species  assigned  to  this 
genus  belong  here. 

Cyclicopora  longipora  (MacGillivray),  1883 
Plate  32,  fig.  4 

Lepralia  longipora  MacGillivray,  1883 :  135. 
Cyclicopora  praelonga  Hincks,  1884:279. 

Zoarium  encrusting  or  with  erect,  cylindrical  or  somewhat  com- 
pressed hollow  branches  which  bifurcate  once  or  twice  to  an  inch  or  more 
in  height,  the  branches  are  usually  between  1  and  3  mm  wide;  without 
joints.  Zooecia  moderately  large,  0.75  to  0.90  mm  long  (0.60  to  1.20) 
by  0.40  (0.35  to  0.50)  mm  wide,  distinct,  straight  sided  and  arranged 
in  parallel  linear  series.  The  front  is  evenly  arcuate  transversely,  slightly 
elevated  proximal  to  the  aperture  which  has  a  low,  thin  peristome; 
numerous  small  pores  perforate  the  rather  thin  frontal,  which  is  covered 
by  a  delicate  glistening  membrance.  The  aperture  is  rounded,  slightly 
straighter  on  the  proximal  border  and  measures  0.20  to  0.24  mm  in 
length  by  0.18  to  0.22  mm  in  width.  The  operculum  is  thin  and  delicate, 
with  a  heavier  border  and  is  attached  without  cardelles  a  little  proximal 
to  its  middle. 

The  ooecia  are  hyperstomial,  very  prominent,  hemispherical  or  slightly 
elongate,  resting  on  the  olocyst  of  the  succeeding  zooecium,  0.35  to 
0.40  mm  wide  by  0.35  to  0.45  mm  long,  perforated  like  the  frontal, 
the  orifice  wide  and  high. 


286  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

There  are  no  spines,  no  avicularla  nor  any  other  type  of  decoration ; 
multiporous  septulae  are  present  in  the  thin  lateral  and  distal  walls, 

Hincks  descrihed  the  species  as  C.  praelonga  from  Port  Philip  Heads, 
Australia,  in  1884,  overlooking  the  fact  that  MacGillivray  had  already 
described  it  as  Lepralia  longipora.  There  are  slight  differences  in  their 
descriptions  and  figures,  but  Hincks  has  accepted  the  synonymy. 

The  species  also  bears  considerable  resemblance  to  "Monoporella" 
waikiipurensis  Waters  (1887:50)  from  the  "newer  Pleistocene"  of  New 
Zealand,  which  Canu  and  Bassler  (1929:158)  have  reported  as  a  recent 
species  from  the  Sea  of  Japan  and  which  has  never  been  properly  allo- 
cated. It  cannot  possibly  be  assigned  to  Monoporella  which  is  an  anascan 
genus ;  its  characters  suggest  Cyclicopora  as  the  proper  genus. 

Hancock  Stations:  275,  Raza  Island,  Gulf  of  California,  28°44'00'' 
N,  113°00'00"W,  40  fms;  1250-41,  1251-41  and  2160,  south  of  San 
Benito  Islands,  west  of  Lower  California,  44  to  81  fms:  and  450,  Gala- 
pagos Islands,  0°55'00''S,  90°30'00"W,  60  fms.  Also  a  fine  series 
received  from  the  Kenyon-Williams  expedition  to  the  San  Benito  Islands. 

Family  GatenicelHdae  Busk,  1852 

Erect,  jointed,  branching  colonies,  often  with  radicles  for  attachment. 
Zooecia  all  facing  the  same  way,  one,  two  or  three  to  an  internode.  Ovi- 
cells  or  gonozooecia  in  different  positions  according  to  the  genus.  Avicu- 
laria  usually  present. 

The  family,  which  is  abundant  in  the  Australian  seas,  is  scarcely 
represented  north  of  the  equator  and  hitherto  no  species  has  been  recorded 
from  the  western  coasts  of  the  Americas. 

Genus  VITTATICELLA  Maplestone,  1900 

Characterized  by  the  presence  of  a  vitta  (a  longitudinal  groove  with 
pores)  on  either  side  of  the  front.  Occasionally  very  minute  pores  on  the 
frontal  surface.  The  ovicell,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  "beaded  border," 
is  rather  deeply  embedded  in  the  base  of  the  next  distal  zooecium,  which 
m  this  genus  is  functional  and  not  reduced  to  a  kenozooecium.  Genotype, 
Cdoporellainsignis  MacGillivray,  1895:18. 

Vittaticella  elegans  (Busk),  1852 
Plate  31,  figs.  1-2 

Catenicella elegans  Busk,  1852:361 :  1884:12. 
Vittaticella  elegans,  Okada,  1921 :27. 
Vittaticella  elegans,  Osburn,  1940 :464. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  287 

Zoarium  delicate,  erect,  jointed,  dichotomously  branched,  zooecia  in 
a  single  series,  one  or  two  to  an  internode ;  rather  slender  and  tubular, 
dorsal  outline  curved ;  length  0.50  to  0.60  mm ;  the  fertile  zooecium  and 
the  one  distal  to  it  are  shorter,  the  combined  length  about  0.80  mm.  The 
frontal  is  transversely  rounded,  somewhat  papillose,  with  a  long  vitta  on 
each  side  which  extends  nearly  the  full  length  of  the  front  and  bears 
8  to  10  small  pores.  At  each  distal  corner  is  a  small  avicularium  with 
a  triangular  mandible  which  has  a  sharp,  recurved  point ;  rarely  a  giant 
avicularium  with  a  spatulate  mandible  replaces  the  usual  form,  but  these 
have  not  been  observed  on  our  scanty  material.  Rarely  also  the  avicu- 
larium is  wanting,  in  which  case  there  is  a  stout  conical  process.  Radicles 
are  developed  at  about  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  side.  Branches  arise  from 
a  daughter  zooecium  directly  connected  with  the  mother  zooecium  with- 
out a  joint,  replacing  the  avicularium  on  that  side. 

Our  specimen  is  not  in  reproduction,  but  the  ovicell  of  Caribbean 
specimens  is  nearly  round  in  outline,  flattened  on  the  front  and  deeply 
embedded  in  the  distal  zooecium.  The  distal  zooecium,  attached  without 
a  joint,  is  functional. 

Distributed  around  the  world  in  warmer  waters;  as  far  north  as 
Bermuda  in  the  Atlantic  (Osburn),  and  reported  for  Japan   (Okada). 

Cabeza  Ballena,  near  Cape  San  Lucas  at  the  southern  tip  of  Lower 
California,  shore,  collected  by  Dr.  E.  Y.  Dawson  (Sta.  53),  one  colony. 

Family  Savignyellidae  Levinsen,  1909 

"The  narrow,  elongated,  rather  slightly  calcified  zooecia  have  a 
frontal  surface,  provided  with  scattered  pores,  which  is  separated  from 
the  basal  surface  by  a  more  or  less  sharp  boundary  line.  The  distal  wall 
has  a  number  of  uniporous  or  multiporous  rosette-plates  in  its  periphery. 
Spines  may  appear  around  the  aperture,  proximally  to  which  there  may 
be  a  freely  projecting  avicularium.  We  may  find  free  ooecia,  two-layered 
from  the  proximal  part,  the  ectooecium  of  which  has  a  membranous 
frontal  side.  The  colonies  are  richly  branched,  jointed,  and  each  internode 
consists  of  a  single  zooecium"  (Levinsen,  1909:273). 

Levinsen  erected  this  family  for  the  single  genus  Savignyella,  but  it 
needs  little  modification  to  include  the  genus  Euteleia  Marcus,  1938, 
which  differs  chiefly  in  the  absence  of  avicularia  and  spines  (oral  tubercles 
are  present),  and  by  the  lack  of  an  ovicell.  The  general  zooecial  charac- 
ters, the  manner  of  growth  and  budding  ally  Euteleia  to  Savignyella. 


288  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Genus  SAVIGNYELLA  Levinsen,  1909 

"The  aperture  surrounded  by  spines,  with  a  concave  poster  and  with 
no  sinus;  an  avicularium  proximally  to  the  aperture;  distal  wall  with 
uniporous  rosette-plates;  ooecia  present"  (Levinsen,  1909:274).  Geno- 
type, Eucratea  lafontii  Audouin,  1826. 

Zoarium  uniserial,  jointed,  each  internode  of  a  single  zooecium. 

Savignyella  lafonti  (Audouin),  1826 
Plate  31,  fig.  3 

Eucratea  lafontii  Audouin,  1826:242. 
Catenaria  lafontii,  Hastings,  1930:732. 
Savignyella  lafonti,  Osburn,  1940:466. 

Zoarium  brick-red  in  color,  erect  or  spreading,  uniserial,  with  chitinous 
joints,  each  internode  consisting  of  a  single  zooecium ;  budding  from  the 
distal  end  of  the  dorsal  side.  The  zooecia  are  elongate,  trumpet-shaped, 
the  proximal  end  a  narrow  tube;  varying  greatly  in  length  from  0.75 
to  1.50  mm,  the  difference  chiefly  due  to  the  stalk-like  basal  portion. 
The  aperture  is  more  or  less  semicircular,  without  a  sinus ;  the  peristome 
raised,  provided  with  about  6  strong  spines  and  with  a  suboral  avicu- 
larium with  a  triangular  mandible.  The  zooecial  body  is  perforated  by 
rather  large  pores,  but  these  do  not  appear  on  the  narrowed  stalk. 

The  ovicells  are  globular,  conspicuous  and  perforated  like  the  frontal. 

Distributed  around  the  world  in  warmer  waters:  common  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  and  from  Bermuda  to  Brazil.  On  the  Pacific  coast 
recorded  only  by  Hastings,  Coiba  and  Taboga  Islands,  Panama,  and 
Gorgona,  Colombia. 

Hancock  Stations:  dredged  at  only  two  stations,  66-33,  Tagus  Cove, 
Albermarle  Island,  Galapagos,  and  411-35,  Gorgona,  Colombia.  Taken 
occasionally  along  the  coast  of  southern  California,  San  Pedro  Harbor, 
Newport  Harbor  and  La  Jolla  (R.  C.  Osburn,  coll.). 

Genus  EUTELEIA  Marcus,  1938 

The  zoarium  climbs  over  the  stems  of  other  bryozoans,  hydroids,  etc., 
with  occasional  short,  free  branches;  uniserial,  the  zooecia  single  and 
with  chitinous  joints  at  the  base;  aperture  terminal  or  nearly  so;  the 
front  perforated.  No  avicularia,  no  ooecia.  Genotype,  Euteleia  evelinae 
Marcus,  1938:33. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  289 

Euteleia  evelinae  Marcus,  1938 
Plate  31,  fig.  4 

Euteleia  evelinae  Marcus,  1938:33. 

The  zoarium  is  uniserial,  branching  irregularly  on  the  stems  of  erect 
bryozoans  and  hybroids  (Marcus  indicated  algae  and  stones),  often  in 
parallel  series  with  free  branches  which  may  extend  for  a  short  distance. 

The  zooecia  average  about  0.40  mm  in  length,  fusiform,  much  nar- 
rowed at  the  base  where  there  is  a  chitinous  joint.  The  front  is  evenly 
arched,  smooth  with  numerous  pores  over  the  whole  front  to  the  edge 
of  the  aperture;  there  is  a  short  conical  umbo  in  the  median  line  and 
one  on  each  side  opposite  the  operculum ;  the  peristome  is  low  and  thin. 
The  primary  aperture  is  short-clavate,  terminal  and  very  oblique,  rounded 
distally,  the  condyles  strong  and  the  proximal  border  arcuate. 

Each  zooecium  arises  from  the  dorsal  side  of  the  preceding  one  at 
the  distal  end ;  in  branching  two  zooecia  arise  side  by  side.  When  zooecia 
lie  side  by  side  their  walls  may  partially  fuse,  and  occasionally  even 
when  they  are  at  a  little  distance  a  short  tube  from  the  side  of  one  may 
fuse  with  the  wall  of  its  neighbor.  No  avicularia ;  no  ovicells.  Described 
by  Marcus  from  Bahia  de  Santos,  Brazil,  20  meters. 

Hancock  Stations:  445-35,  Panama  City,  Panama,  shore;  847-38, 
SW  of  Zorritos  Light,  Peru,  shore;  1385-41,  at  16^  mi.  SSE  of  East 
Point,  Santa  Rosa  Island,  California,  76  fms.  The  species  has  a  wide 
range  on  the  Pacific  coast  and  a  considerable  depth  range.  It  is  an 
inconspicuous  species  because  of  its  small  size  and  its  habit  of  closely 
adhering  to  small  stems,  and  it  may  be  much  more  common  than  the 
number  of  stations  would  indicate. 

Family  Petraliidae  Levinsen,  1909 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  with  very  small  pores.  The  aperture  is 
surrounded  by  a  shield  placed  next  to  the  tremocyst.  On  the  dorsal 
surface  there  is  near  the  distal  end  of  each  zooecium  a  perforated  area 
with  small  radicular  pores  (after  Canu  and  Bassler,  1929:250). 

The  above  description  of  the  family  is  based  on  Petralia  and  Petra- 
liella.  The  introduction  of  several  other  genera  into  the  family  neces- 
sitates some  modification  of  the  description,  Coleopora,  Hippopodina  and 
Cycloperiella  have  no  dorsal  attachment  processes  and  in  Robertsonidra 
they  are  in  the  form  of  scattered  tubules ;  the  circumoral  shield  is  variable 
in  width  or  wanting;  the  frontal  of  Robertsonidra  is  a  pleurocyst. 


290  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Key  TO  THE  Genera  of  Petraliidae 

1.  Zooecia  very  large,  more  than  1  mm  long;  peristome  high  and 

flaring;  a  large  dorsal  pore  present Coleopora 

Only  moderately  large,  peristome  low 2 

2.  Dorsal  surface  with  several  scattered  attachment 

tubules Robertsonidra 

No  dorsal  attachment  tubules 3 

3.  Aperture  nearly  round,  ovicell  surrounding  the 

aperture Cycloperiella 

Ovicell  not  enclosing  the  aperture 4 

4.  Aperture  with  the  proximal  border  transverse     ....     Petralia 
Aperture  with  a  large  arcuate  poster Hippopodina 

Genus  PETRALIA  MacGillivray,  1879 

Ovicell  hyperstomial,  closed  by  the  operculum,  deeply  immersed. 
Poster  wider  than  the  anter.  The  shield  is  a  regular  smooth  pad  around 
the  aperture;  it  bears  sometimes  two  small  lateral  avicularia.  (After 
Canu  and  Bassler,  1929:253.)  Genotype,  Petralia  undata  MacGillivray, 
1869. 

Petralia  japonica  (Busk),  1884 
Plate  31,  fig.  5 

Lepralia  japonica  Busk,  1884:143. 

Petralia  japonica,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1929:254. 

Without  the  ooecium  it  is  not  possible  always  to  distinguish  the  genus 
Petralia  from  Petraliella  Canu  and  Bassler.  The  present  small  fragments 
resemble  exactly  Canu  and  Bassler's  figure  1,  Plate  23  (1929),  except 
for  the  lack  of  ovicells.  The  aperture  is  broadest  proximally,  the  proximal 
border  is  slightly  arcuate,  the  circumoral  shield  is  low  and  broad  and 
bears  on  cither  side  of  the  aperture  a  small  avicularium  with  a  short 
triangular  or  somewhat  semicircular  mandible,  the  rostrum  elevated. 
The  frontal  is  coarsely  perforate  and  somewhat  roughened  by  heavy 
calcification. 

The  species  is  widely  distributed  in  the  western  Pacific  and  Indian 
Oceans,  but  has  not  been  noted  along  the  American  coasts. 

Hancock  Stations  468-35,  Port  Parker,  Costa  Rica,  5  fms,  and  303, 
Port  Culebra,  Costa  Rica,  17  fms. 


NO.  2    osburn:  eastern  pacific  bryozoa — cheilostomata        291 

Genus  COLEOPORA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1927 

"The  zooecia  are  exceptionally  large;  the  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with 
small  pores.  The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  and  never  closed  by  the  oper- 
culum. The  apertura  is  buried  at  the  bottom  of  a  long  tubular  peristomie 
with  structure  different  from  that  of  the  frontal.  The  operculum  bears 
two  long  lateral  attachments"  (Canu  and  Bassler,  1929:267).  Geno- 
type, Coleopora  verrucosa  Canu  and  Bassler,  1927:6. 

Coleopora  gigantea  (Canu  and  Bassler),  1923 
Plate  32,  figs.  9-10 

Cyclicopora{  ?)  gigantea  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923:139. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  rough  or  nodular  surfaces,  light  yellowish  in 
color.  The  specific  name,  gigantea,  was  well  chosen  for  this  is  one  of  the 
very  largest  of  all  ascophoran  species.  The  measurements  vary  greatly, 
usually  the  length  is  somewhere  between  1.00  and  1.50  mm  but  occasional 
zooecia  as  short  as  0.90  and  as  long  as  2.00  mm  have  been  noted.  The 
width  is  usually  between  0.80  and  1.00  mm.  The  highly  convex  front 
also  adds  to  the  bulk  of  the  zooecium.  The  individuals  are  unusually 
distinct.  The  frontal  is  a  somewhat  reticulated,  thick  tremocyst  with 
small  pores  and  this  is  continued  forward  along  the  sides  of  the  aperture. 
The  primary  peristome  is  low  and  thin,  but  the  secondary  peristome  is 
a  high,  vertical,  smooth-walled  tube  which  often  flares  slightly  at  the 
border,  of  equal  height  on  all  sides.  The  aperture  is  noticeably  elongate, 
0.35  to  0.40  mm  long  by  0.24  to  0.30  mm  wide,  rounded  distally,  nearly 
straight  on  the  sides  and  broadly  arcuate  on  the  proximal  border.  The 
operculum  is  well  chitinized,  with  a  strong  bordering  sclerite  distally; 
inward  from  the  lateral  border  a  heavy  sclerite  runs  forward  from  the 
point  of  attachment  to  the  prominent  muscle  scars  and  then  more  lightly 
to  near  the  tip  of  the  operculum ;  the  latter  sclerite  is  enlarged  at  the 
point  of  attachment,  but  cardelles  are  diminutive  or  usually  wanting. 
No  spines,  no  avicularia. 

The  ovicell  is  correspondingly  large,  about  0.60  mm  wide  by  0.50  mm 
long,  very  prominent,  globular,  somewhat  roughened,  a  semilunate  band 
of  different  texture  on  each  side,  these  often  broadly  coalesced  above  the 
orifice ;  not  closed  by  the  operculum. 

Canu  and  Bassler  described  the  species  from  the  Pleistocene  of  Santa 
Monica,  California.  Our  recent  specimens  appear  to  agree  with  the 
description  in  every  detail  except  that  the  aperture  is  slightly  more 
elongate. 


292  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Canu  and  Bassler  placed  the  species  questionably  under  Cyclicopora 
Hincks,  but  in  that  genus  the  ovicell  is  closed  by  the  operculum  and 
the  axis  of  rotation  of  the  operculum  is  at  its  middle;  in  g'lgantea  the 
point  of  attachment  of  the  operculum  is  near  the  proximal  end.  While 
the  operculum  is  more  elongate  than  in  other  species  of  Coleopora  the 
nature  of  the  bordering  and  internal  sclerites  appear  to  ally  it  more 
nearly  to  that  genus,  and  the  presence  of  a  dorsal  pore  indicates  the 
family  Petraliidae. 

Hancock  Stations:  1296-41,  1300-41  and  1662-48,  Santa  Cruz  Island, 
1283-41  and  1284-41,  Santa  Rosa  Island,  1268-41  and  1271-41,  Anacapa 
Island,  1130-41  off  Laguna  Beach,  southern  California;  Santa  Cruz 
Bay,  California,  36°57'00''N  Lat. ;  1190,  Cortez  Bank,  32°20'00"N 
Lat. ;  Tepoca  Bay,  Sonora,  Mexico,  Gulf  of  California ;  San  Benito 
Islands,  28°12'05"N  Lat.,  off  the  west  coast  of  Lower  California.  The 
known  range  is  rather  limited,  from  36°57'N  to  28°12'05"S,  and 
bathymetrically  from  7  to  131  fms. 

Genus  HIPPOPODINA  Levinsen,  1909 

"The  horizontal  part  of  the  distal  wall  is  continued  into  an  expansion 
which  forms  a  partial  partition  between  the  ooecium  and  the  zooecium ; 
uniporous  rosette  plates;  no  peristome"  (Levinsen,  1909:353).  Geno- 
type, Lepralia  feegeensis  Busk,  1884:144. 

Unfortunately  Levinsen  misunderstood  the  nature  of  the  ovicell 
which,  though  deeply  embedded,  is  clearly  hyperstomial  (see  Osburn, 
1940:411  for  details).  The  genus  must  stand  as  Levinsen  indicated  the 
genotype.  A  peristome  is  present,  sometimes  rather  conspicuous. 

Hippopodina  feegeensis  (Busk),  1884 
Plate  31,  figs.  6-8 

Lepralia  feegeensis  Busk,  1884:144. 
Hippopodina  feegeensis,  Levinsen,  1909:353. 
Cosciniopsis  fallax  Canu  and  Bassler,  1929:276. 
Hippopodina  feegeensis,  Hastings,  1930:729. 
Hippopodina  feegeensis,  Osburn,  1940 :412. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  rather  thin.  Zooecia  moderately  large,  0.65  to 
0.90  mm  long  by  0.45  to  0.65  mm  wide ;  distinct  and  somewhat  inflated ; 
the  frontal  finely  granulated,  with  numerous  tremopores.  The  aperture 
is  moderately  large,  about  0.20  in  either  dimension,  rounded  distally, 
straighter  on  the  sides  and  on  the  proximal  border,  the  poster  nearly 
as  wide  as  the  anter;  the  triangular  cardelles  varying  in  size.  The  oper- 


NO.  2    osburn:  eastern  pacific  bryozoa — cheilostomata        293 

culum  is  chitinized,  with  elongate  lateral  sclerites  for  muscle  attachment 
a  little  way  within  from  the  border.  Peristome  low  and  thin.  The  avicu- 
laria,  beside  the  aperture,  are  long  triangular  to  very  elongate  and  are 
directed  either  forward  or  backward. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  deeply  embedded  and  somewhat  depressed, 
with  small  tremopores. 

Levinsen's  unfortunate  error  in  describing  the  ovicell  as  endozooecial 
misled  Canu  and  Bassler,  1929:276,  into  redescribing  the  species  and 
placing  it  under  another  genus,  Cosciniopsis  fallax. 

Widely  distributed  in  warmer  waters;  western  Pacific  and  Indian 
Oceans  and  the  Atlantic  from  Florida  to  Brazil.  Hastings  listed  it  from 
Gorgona,  Colombia. 

It  did  not  appear  in  the  Hancock  dredgings,  but  Mr.  G.  P.  KanakoflF 
of  the  Los  Angeles  Museum  has  presented  me  with  a  fine  specimen  col- 
lected by  him  in  the  Pleistocene  of  Newport  Harbor,  southern  California. 

Hippopodina  californica  new  species 
Plate  31,  fig.  9;  Plate  32,  figs.  1-3 

Phylactella  collaris,  Robertson,  1908 :307. 

This  species  is  definitely  the  Phylactella  collaris  of  Robertson,  but 
just  as  certainly  is  not  the  P.  collaris  of  Norman  and  surely  does  not 
belong  in  the  Phylactellidae. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  shells  and  pebbles.  Zooecia  moderately  large, 
0.65  to  0.80  mm  long  by  0.35  to  0.45  mm  wide,  urceolate  in  form  and 
very  distinct.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst,  highly  arched,  with  numerous 
infundibular  pores  and  covered  by  a  glistening  membrane.  The  distal 
end  of  the  zooecium  is  elevated  and  projects  somewhat  over  the  suc- 
ceeding individual.  The  aperture  is  rounded,  more  than  a  semicircle 
beyond  the  prominent  cardelles  and  the  proximal  border  concave  in  a 
smaller  arc.  The  operculum  fills  the  aperture,  is  well  chitinized  and  has 
a  prominent  sclerite  all  the  way  around  slightly  within  the  border.  The 
primary  peristome  is  low  and  thin,  the  secondary  wall  thick  and  high; 
in  the  absence  of  an  ovicell  it  usually  forms  a  complete  tube,  but  it 
may  be  wanting  on  the  distal  border,  the  sides  often  flaring  outward 
and  on  the  proximal  border  it  may  be  raised  into  an  umbonate  process, 
directed  backward  or  over  the  aperture.  No  avicularia,  no  spines,  no 
dietellae. 

The  ovicells  are  large,  0.40  to  0.45  mm  wide,  very  prominent  when 
young,  somewhat  flattened  on  the  front,  recumbent  and,  when  calcifi- 
cation is  complete,  considerably  embedded. 


294  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

It  is  a  large  coarse  species  in  comparison  with  P.  collaris  Norman 
(a  specimen  from  Norman's  collection  sent  me  for  comparison  by  Dr. 
Anna  B.  Hastings  of  the  British  Museum)  and  resembles  it  only  in 
its  general  appearance.  It  evidently  belongs  in  the  genus  Hippopodina 
and  it  shows  a  close  resemblance  to  H.  feegeensis  (Busk)  and  H. 
vestita  (Hincks),  except  in  the  absence  of  avicularia  which  are  also 
often  wanting  in  H.  feegeensis. 

Robertson  recorded  it  as  P.  collaris  from  one  locality,  "45  fathoms 
on  the  west  coast  of  the  island  of  Santa  Catalina,  oflf  the  coast  of  southern 
California." 

Type,  AHF  no.  56. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1232-41,  five  miles  off  San  Pedro 
breakwater,  33°38'30"N,  rx8°12'20"W,  at  18  fms.  Other  stations, 
1017,  1201  and  1371-41,  Santa  Catalina  Island;  1023,  1283-41,  1284-41 
and  1295-41,  Santa  Rosa  Island;  1241,  San  Miguel  Island;  1242,  Ana- 
capa  Island;  1303-41,  Santa  Cruz  Island,  all  off  southern  California; 
1190,  Cortez  Bank,  off  San  Diego  Bay,  California;  270  and  271, 
Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island,  and  283,  San  Pedro  Nolasco  Island,  off 
Guaymas,  Sonora,  Gulf  of  California.  The  known  distribution  is  from 
the  northern  Channel  Islands,  off  southern  California,  to  San  Pedro 
Nolasco  Island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  N.  Lat.  28° ;  bathymetric 
range  15  to  131  fms. 

Genus  ROBERTSONIDRA  new  genus 

The  frontal  is  a  pleurocyst  (little  more  than  an  olocyst  but  with  a 
thin  secondary  layer),  with  a  row  of  areolar  pores,  the  surface  with 
numerous  small  papillary  tubercles,  covered  by  a  thick  ectocyst;  a  small 
pointed  umbo  centrally  placed  proximal  to  the  aperture.  The  primary 
aperture  is  semicircular,  the  proximal  border  broadly  arcuate  or  nearly 
straight,  no  cardelles,  no  lyrula;  operculum  well  chitinized,  a  narrow 
sclerite  separated  from  the  border,  muscle  attachments  on  the  sclerite. 
Peristome  thin,  wanting  on  the  proximal  border,  elevated  on  the  lateral 
and  distal  sides,  no  spines.  Dorsal  side  with  several  tubular  attachment 
processes.  Vertical  walls  with  numerous  irregularly  distributed  septulae. 
Ovicell  hyperstomial,  large  and  prominent,  with  minute  pores  and  a 
small  central  umbo ;  closed  by  the  operculum. 

Named  for  Dr.  Alice  Robertson  in  recognition  of  her  important  work 
on  the  Bryozoa  of  California.  Genotype,  Schizoporella  oligopus  Robert- 
son, 1908. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  295 

Because  of  the  simple  nature  of  the  aperture  and  operculum  the 
genus  appears  to  belong  with  the  more  primitive  Ascophora  and  the  dorsal 
radicular  processes  suggest  the  family  Petraliidae. 

Robertsonidra  oligopus  (Robertson),  1908 
Plate  34,  figs.  9-11 ;  Plate  35,  fig.  1 

Schizoporella  oligopus  Robertson,  1908:292. 
Not  Schizoporella  oligopus  Waters,  1918:18. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  white  to  brick  red,  loosely  attached  in  a  single 
layer  by  short  tubular  dorsal  processes.  The  zooecia  show  a  remarkable 
degree  of  variation  in  dimensions,  form  of  aperture  and  avicularia,  often 
within  the  same  colony.  The  zooecia  usually  range  between  0.50  and 
0.75  mm  long  by  0.35  to  0.50  mm  wide,  very  distinct  at  all  ages.  The 
front  is  ventricose  and  consists  of  a  thin  pleurocyst  with  a  single  row 
of  areolar  pores  (rarely  a  few  additional  ones)  and  is  thickly  decorated 
with  small  papillate  tubercles ;  the  areolar  pores  and  tubercles  are 
usually  not  visible  until  the  thick  ectocyst  is  removed.  There  is  a  small 
rounded  umbo,  centrally  placed  proximal  to  the  aperture,  often  wanting. 
The  primary  aperture  varies  in  form  and  size;  semicircular  and  evenly 
rounded  distally  and  on  the  sides,  the  proximal  border  broadly  arcuate, 
or  with  a  broad  and  very  shallow  sinus,  or  often  nearly  straight,  all 
within  the  same  colony;  in  the  infertile  zooecia  the  aperture  measures 
0.14  to  0.16  mm  long  by  0.16  to  0.20  mm  wide,  while  that  of  the 
ovicelled  zooecia  measures  0.20  to  0.22  mm  in  width.  The  operculum 
is  well  chitinized,  colored  like  the  frontal  ectocyst,  with  a  narrow  sclerite 
slightly  within  the  border,  the  muscle  attachments  on  the  sclerite;  the 
proximal  border  is  thinner  and  without  a  sclerite.  The  peristome  is 
low  or  wanting  proximally,  somewhat  elevated  distally,  thin  and  smooth, 
and  the  operculum  is  fully  exposed  to  view.  No  spines,  no  cardelles  and 
no  lyrula.  There  are  numerous  uniporous  septulae  scattered  irregularly 
over  the  lateral  and  distal  walls. 

Moderately  large  avicularia  occur  sporadically,  sometimes  abundantly 
but  often  wanting  from  considerable  areas;  situated  on  one  side  near 
the  aperture  (rarely  on  both  sides),  with  a  large  chamber  which  is 
considerably  elevated  and  provided  with  areolar  pores  and  tubercles 
similar  to  those  on  the  front.  The  mandibles  are  of  two  kinds,  the 
usual  ones  triangular  with  a  strongly  decurved  tip ;  the  others,  replacing 
the  usual  form,  are  elongate  (as  much  as  0.40  mm),  and  rarely  inter- 
mediate conditions  occur.  The  mandibles  are  heavily  chitinized,  with 
a  rounded  lucida  and  are  directed  more  or  less  sideways ;  there  is  complete 
hinge-bar. 


296  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  ovicell  is  unusually  large,  very  conspicuous,  extending  upon  the 
distal  zooecium  to  the  umbo  which  it  sometimes  involves;  the  surface 
is  tuberculated  like  the  frontal  and  is  perforated  by  numerous  small 
pores  which  are  visible  only  on  removal  of  the  ectocyst;  proximally  it 
covers  the  distal  end  of  the  aperture  and  is  closed  by  the  operculum; 
usually  a  low  rounded  umbo  on  the  top.  It  is  noticeably  longer  than 
broad,  0.50  to  0.60  mm  long  by  0,40  to  0.45  mm  wide. 

Robertson  described  the  species  from  "the  vicinity  of  San  Pedro," 
southern  California,  under  the  genus  Schizoporella,  but  the  imperforate 
frontal,  the  nature  of  the  operculum,  the  absence  of  a  true  sinus  and 
the  closure  of  the  ovicell  prevent  its  assignment  to  that  genus  as  it  is  now 
understood. 

Waters'  "1  Schizoporella  oligopus"  from  the  Cape  Verde  Islands  is 
closely  related  but  apparently  should  be  renamed  as  the  umbo  is  asym- 
metrically situated  in  the  presence  of  an  avicularium,  the  aperture  of 
the  ovicelled  zooecia  is  wider  and  the  ovicell  covers  much  more  of  the 
aperture. 

Hancock  Stations:  1190-40,  1295-41  and  1662-48,  Santa  Cruz 
Island,  southern  California;  1274-41,  off  Point  Hueneme,  southern 
California;  1340-41  and  1896-49,  Tanner  Bank,  near  the  United  States 
— Mexican  boundary;  687-37,  Conception  Bay,  Gulf  of  California, 
and  450,  Galapagos  Islands,  0°55'00''S,  90°30'00"W.  Also  collected 
by  Dr.  Carl  L.  Hubbs  at  Guadalupe  Island,  west  of  Lower  California. 
The  known  depth  range  is  from  20  to  60  fms. 

Genus  GYCLOPERIELLA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1920 

"The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  globular,  not  embedded  in  the  distal 
zooecium,  and  entirely  covers  the  apertura.  The  apertura  is  formed  of 
a  semilunar  anter  and  of  a  very  concave  poster.  The  frontal  is  formed 
of  a  very  thin  olocyst  supporting  a  tremocyst  with  large  widened 
pores"  (Canu  and  Bassler  1920-431).  Genotype,  C.  rubra  Canu  and 
Bassler,  1923:137,  from  the  Miocene  and  Pliocene  of  the  southeastern 
United  States. 

It  should  be  added  that  the  peristome  is  in  reality  an  oral  shield 
similar  to  that  of  Petralia  and  surrounding  the  true  peristome  which 
may  sometimes  be  seen  within  the  shield.  The  operculum  is  well  chiti- 
nized  with  strong  lateral  sclerites  removed  from  the  border.  Cardelles 
small  or  wanting.  No  spines. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  297 

Gycloperiella  rosacea  Osburn,  1947 
Plate  32,  figs.  5-8 

Cycloperiella  rosacea  Osburn,  1947:31. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  rose  red  to  reddish  purple,  Zooecia  moderately 
large,  0.55  to  0.75  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide,  a  little  inflated 
and  distinct;  frontal  a  thick  tremocyst  with  large  infundibulate  pores. 
The  thin  peristome  is  surrounded  and  obscured  by  an  oral  shield 
developed  from  the  frontal.  The  apertura  is  suborbicular,  straighter 
on  the  proximal  border,  0.16  to  0.18  mm  long  by  0.15  mm  wide.  The 
operculum  is  well  chitinized,  with  a  strong  sclerite  on  each  side,  run- 
ning from  the  attachment  forward  inside  of  the  border.  Rarely  a  small 
avicularium  with  a  triangular  mandible  situated  at  the  side  of  the 
aperture  and  directed  forward  or  toward  the  peristome.  A  low  umbonate 
process  sometimes  is  present  proximal  to  the  aperture. 

The  ooecium  is  large,  0.30  to  0.35  mm  wide,  globular  and  promi- 
nent, the  surface  a  rough  tremocyst  like  the  frontal,  partially  covering 
the  aperture.  The  peristome  of  the  fertile  zooecia  is  much  more  elevated 
than  in  the  infertile  zooecia  and  extends  around  the  sides  of  the  aperture 
to  fuse  with  the  ovicell;  often  rising  into  lappets  which  sometimes 
bend  toward  each  other  across  the  aperture. 

There  is  much  variation  in  the  size  of  the  zooecia  and  especially 
in  the  number  and  distribution  of  the  avicularia;  often  whole  colonies 
show  no  avicularia,  but  rarely  nearly  every  zooecium  will  have  one 
or  more  near  the  aperture  or  more  proximally  on  the  front. 

The  species  was  described  from  the  Caribbean  Sea,  several  localities 
along  the  north  coast  of  South  America.  I  can  find  no  differences  between 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  specimens.  The  only  other  species  known  is  the 
genotype,  C.  rubra  Canu  and  Bassler  1923:127,  from  the  Miocene 
and  Pliocene,  Virginia  to  South  Carolina  and  Jamaica. 

Hancock  Stations:  129-34,  Socorro  Island,  137-34,  Clarion  Island, 
west  of  Mexico;  155-34,  Albemarle  Island  and  458,  Indefatigable 
Island,  Galapagos;  322,  Bahia  Honda,  Panama;  457-35,  Secas  Islands, 
Panama.  Also  at  Albatross  Sta.,  2824  and  2825,  off  Espiritu  Santo 
Island,  Gulf  of  California.  Depth  range  14  to  60  fms. 


298  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Family  Umbonulidac  Canu,  1904 

The  frontal  is  a  pleurocyst  with  strong  costules  and  large  areolar 
pores;  the  aperture  large,  suborbicular  or  subquandrangular,  without 
cardelles  or  with  very  small  ones.  The  operculum  is  simple.  The  geno- 
type of  Umbonula  bears  a  large  suboral  avicularian  umbo  and  is  without 
spines.  The  peristome  is  low  or  wanting.  The  ovicell  is  large  and  hyper- 
stomial  or  wanting. 

Hastings  ( 1949a  :526)  shows  that  the  genus  Hippopleurifera  Canu 
and  Bassler  is  related  to  Umbonula  and  states:  "The  two  genera  may 
be  referred  to  one  family,  Umbonulidae  Canu,  to  be  placed  near  the 
Petraliidae." 

Genus  UMBONULA  Hincks,  1880 

Zooecia  with  the  primary  orifice  suborbicular  or  subquadrangular, 
lower  margin  slightly  curved  inwards,  peristome  not  elevated,  no 
secondary  orifice;  a  prominent  umbo  immediately  below  the  mouth, 
supporting  an  avicularium  (Hincks).  Genotype,  Cellepora  verrucosa 
Esper,  1790. 

No  lyrula,  no  cardelles,  frontal  a  pleurocyst  with  large  areolae  and 
strong  costules ;  ovicell  hyperstomial,  opening  widely  above  the  aperture. 

Dr.  Anna  B.  Hastings,  of  the  British  Museum,  has  recently  re- 
studied  the  specimens  in  the  Museum  which  were  assigned  to  the  species 
of  this  genus  by  the  older  authors.  The  genotype,  verrucosa  Esper, 
cannot  be  positively  identified  with  any  accepted  species,  but  it  is 
undoubtedly  an  Umbonula,  and  "Umbonula  ovicellata  Hastings  may 
be  taken  as  showing  the  characters  of  Cellepora  verrucosa  Esper,  geno- 
type of  Umbonula  Hincks"  (Hastings,  1949:211).  The  genus,  which 
in  the  past  has  been  associated  with  the  Smittinidae,  is  shown  by  Hastings 
to  have  closer  relationships  with  the  Petraliidae. 

Umbonula  patens    (Smitt),  1867 
Plate  36,  figs.  2-3 

Eschara  patens  Smitt,  1867:22  and  143. 
Discopora  patens,  Nordgaard,  1918:80. 
Umbonula  patens,  Hastings,  1944:277. 

Zoarium  forming  a  rough  incrustation  on  shells  and  stones.  Zooecia 
large,  averaging  0.75  mm  long  by  0.45  mm  wide  but  varying  greatly; 
distinct  in  younger  stages,  with  a  raised  line  in  the  separating  groove; 
the  frontal  ventricose,  smooth  in  the  central  area,  with  a  row  of  large 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  299 

areolar  pores  between  which  are  short  conspicuous  costae  which  extend 
to  the  base  of  the  avicularian  chamber.  The  disto-central  area  is  occupied 
by  a  large,  rounded  avicularian  chamber  which  rises  in  the  form  of  a 
central  umbo;  the  rounded  avicularium  is  conspicuous,  set  at  an  angle 
of  about  45  degrees  to  the  plane  of  the  aperture.  In  older,  ovicelled 
specimens  there  are  occasional  frontal  avicularia  similar  to  the  usual 
suboral  ones.  The  peristome  is  low  and  thin ;  in  one  very  young  specimen 
there  are  2  or  3  small  distal  oral  spines.  The  aperture  is  rounded,  usually 
a  little  broader  than  long  and  straighter  on  the  proximal  border,  varying 
considerably  in  size  and  form,  averaging  about  0.30  mm  wide  by  0.26  mm 
long. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  about  0.45  mm  wide  by  0.40  mm  long,  high  and 
rounded,  rough  except  at  the  center  of  the  front. 

There  are  very  few  references  to  U.  patens;  Smitt  described  it 
from  Spitsbergen  and  Nordgaard  knew  it  only  from  that  area.  Other- 
wise there  appear  to  be  no  records  under  that  name,  but  it  is  more 
than  probable  that  the  two  references  to  U.  verrucosa  from  Greenland 
refer  rather  to  patens.  The  differences  are  not  great,  but  Nordgaard 
has  pointed  out  that  in  patens  the  costules  on  the  front  are  shorter  and 
smaller  and  the  mandible  of  the  avicularium  is  slanted  backward  from 
the  aperture  and  exposed  to  view.  Hastings  adds  that  it  differs  "in  the 
form  of  avicularian  chamber,  which  is  larger  and  more  oval  in  outline, 
extending  further  towards  the  proximal  end  of  the  zooecium."  Also 
the  wing-like  processes  of  the  frontal  at  the  sides  of  the  aperture  are 
wanting. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  Prof.  G.  E. 
MacGinitie,  collector,  several  colonies,  7  to  15  fms. 

Umbonula  arctica  (Sars),  1851 
Plate  36,  fig.  6 

Lepralia  arctica  Sars,  1851 :149. 
Eschara  pavonella  Alder,  1864 :  106. 
Discopora  pavonella,  Smitt,  1867:28. 
Mucronella  pavonella,  Hincks,  1880:376. 
Mucronella  pavonella,  Robertson,  1908:308. 
Mucronella  pavonella,  O'Donoghue,  1923:46;  1926:71. 
Discopora  arctica,  Nordgaard,  1918:79. 
Umbonula  arctica,  Hastings,  1944:282. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  sometimes  rising  into  bilaminate  folds.  The 
zooecia  are  moderately  large,  very  variable,  averaging  about  0.60  mm 


300 


ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


long  by  0.35  mm  wide ;  the  frontal  area  nearly  flat,  with  a  row  of  large 
areolar  pores  separated  by  short  costae,  without  other  decoration.  The 
aperture  is  very  large  and  quite  variable  in  size,  usually  about  0.30  mm 
wide  by  0.25  mm  long,  rounded,  but  somewhat  straighter  on  the  proxi- 
mal border;  peristome  low  and  thin  (often  scarcely  visible)  except  on 
the  proximal  border  where  it  projects  forward  as  a  short,  broad  mucro, 
very  variable  in  size  and  form.  No  oral  spines,  no  cardelles.  On  either 
side  of  the  aperture  is  an  oval  avicularium,  very  slightly  elevated  and 
with  the  short-spatulate  mandible  directed  forward.  No  ovicell. 

Widely  distributed  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  southward  along  the  Atlantic 
coast  to  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast  to  Puget 
Sound. 

Not  taken  in  the  Hancock  dredgings,  but  represented  in  the  col- 
lections by  specimens  from  San  Juan  Island,  Friday  Harbor,  Puget 
Sound ;  U.  S.  Alaska  Crab  Investigation,  Alaska,  Sta.  20-40  and  24-40 ; 
Punuk  Island,  Bering  Sea  (no  further  data)  :  and  Point  Barrow, 
Alaska,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory. 

Umbonula  alvareziana  (d'Orbigny),  1847 
Plate  36,  figs.  4-5 

Escharina  alvareziana  d'Orbigny,  1847:44. 
Lepralia  alata  Busk,  1854:  71. 
Alucronella  alvareziana,  Jullien,  1881 :5. 
Smittia  alvareziana.  Waters,  1905:239. 

Zoarium  encrusting  a  shell,  white  and  unilaminar.  Zooecia  small 
for  this  genus,  0.40  to  0.55  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.40  mm  wide,  ovate 
or  elongate-hexagonal,  distinct.  The  frontal  is  a  thick  pleurocyst,  con- 
siderably arched,  with  a  row  of  large  areolar  pores  between  which  are 
prominent  ribs  running  toward  the  center  of  the  front ;  a  broad  rounded 
umbonate  process  near  the  aperture.  The  primary  aperture  is  nearly 
round,  somewhat  straighter  on  the  proximal  border,  length  0.11,  width 
0.12  mm.  The  operculum  is  moderately  thin,  faintly  yellowish,  with  a 
slender  sclerite  on  each  side  which  originates  at  the  point  of  attachment 
and  curves  inward  to  the  muscular  attachment  which  is  well  separated 
from  the  thin  border.  No  lyrula,  no  cardelles;  4  minute  spine  bases  are 
present  on  some  of  the  marginal  zooecia.  The  primary  peristome  is 
scarcely  evident  but  the  thick  frontal  submerges  the  operculum  below 
a  wall  which  extends  proximally  to  the  umbo.  A  small  avicularium  with 
an  acute  mandible  is  often  present,  usually  on  the  side  at  the  widest 
part  of  the  zooecium,  with  the  rostrum  directed  laterally. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  301 

The  primary  ooecium  is  globular,  smooth,  0.15  mm  wide,  but  very 
soon  becomes  covered  by  the  pleurocyst  of  the  succeeding  zooecium,  is 
ribbed  with  coarse  costae  like  the  frontal  and  bears  a  small  rounded  umbo 
on  the  top. 

D'Orbigny  described  the  species  from  Arica,  Chile ;  Busk  and  Waters 
recorded  it  from  Cape  Horn,  and  Jullien  from  Valparaiso,  Chile.  Waters' 
Mucronclla  ?  alvareziana  (1887:57)  from  the  Tertiary  of  New  Zea- 
land is  certainly  another  species.  As  the  synonymy  indicates  it  has 
been  shifted  about  considerably.  Busk  (1854:72)  evidently  appreciated 
its  relationship  to  Umbonida:  "Its  nearest  congener  is  Lepralia  verru- 
cosa!^ The  nature  of  the  aperture  and  operculum  and  the  strongly 
costate  frontal  with  very  large  areolae  definitely  ally  this  species  to 
Vmhonula,  of  which  verrucosa  Esper  is  the  genotype. 

Hancock  Station  394-35,  Lobos  de  Afuera  Islands,  Peru,  6°56'04"S, 
80°43'00"W,  at  12  fms. 

Genus  HIPPOPLEURIFERA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1927 

"The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  and  is  not  closed  by  the  operculum. 
The  frontal  bears  at  least  a  double  row  of  areolar  pores  separated  by 
radial  costules.  The  cardelles  are  small.  There  are  spines  on  the  peristome 
and  zooecial  avicularia  in  which  the  beak  is  always  oriented  toward  the 
top  of  the  zooecia"  (Canu  and  Bassler,  1927:7).  Genotype,  Eschara 
sedgwicki  Milne-Edwards,  1838. 

Canu  and  Bassler  (1929:326)  compared  it  with  Umbonula,  and 
Hastings  (1949a:  521-528)  has  since  made  a  critical  study  of  the 
genus  and  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  it  should  be  associated  in  the 
same  family,  Umbonulidae. 

The  essential  difference  between  the  genera  lies  in  the  complete 
absence  of  cardelles  in  Umbonula;  there  are  well-developed  oral  spines 
in  Hippopleurifera  while  none  have  hitherto  been  observed  in  Umbonula. 
However,  this  latter  distinction  has  disappeared  on  the  discovery  by 
the  writer  of  minute  spines  on  young  marginal  zooecia  of  Umbonula 
patens  (Smitt). 

Hippopleurifera  mucronata  (Smitt),  1873 
Plate  35,  figs.  7-8 ;  Plate  36,  fig.  1 

Hippothoa  mucronata  Smitt,  1873:45. 
Hippomenella  rubra  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928:108. 
Hippomenella  mucronata,  Osburn,  1947 :33. 


302  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  zoarium  encrusts  shells  and  corallines,  conspicuous  because  of 
its  brilliant  coloration,  orange  to  very  dark  red.  The  zooecia  are  mod- 
erately large,  0.60  to  0.80  mm  long  by  0.45  to  0.60  mm  wide,  irregu- 
larly ovoid  and  distinct  with  deep  separating  grooves.  The  frontal  is  a 
thick  pleurocyst  with  about  two  rows  of  large  areolar  pores  between 
which  are  often  strong  costal  ridges ;  in  final  calcification  the  pores  may 
be  carried  up  toward  the  central  area,  a  roughly  pointed  umbo  may 
be  developed  and  the  costal  ridges  may  extend  upon  it ;  there  is  a  thick 
shining  red  ectocyst  and  the  color  also  pervades  the  skeletal  structure. 
The  aperture  is  elongate,  0.18  to  0.20  mm  long  by  0.13  to  0.15  mm 
wide,  rounded  distally,  the  sides  somewhat  parallel;  cardelles  vary  in 
size,  in  older  zooecia  often  prominent ;  the  poster  does  not  always 
conform  to  the  shape  of  the  operculum  and  varies  from  broadly  arcuate 
to  deeply  sinuate.  The  operculum  is  rather  strongly  chitinized,  red  in 
color  like  the  frontal  ectocyst,  with  a  strong  sclerite  which  extends  half 
the  distance  inside  of  the  border  beyond  the  points  of  attachment; 
proximal  to  the  cardelles  the  operculum  is  small  and  short,  like  a  semi- 
circular lobe,  thinner  and  without  sclerites  and  even  in  dried  specimens 
usually  remains  attached  to  the  compensation  sac.  The  peristome  is  low 
and  is  usually  wanting  on  the  proximal  border,  with  6  to  8  strong  spines. 
There  are  conspicuous  dietellae. 

Frontal  avicularia  are  often  present  on  some  of  the  zooecia,  but 
may  be  wanting  from  the  whole  colony;  the  mandible  red  and  elongate, 
as  long  as  0.25  mm  but  usually  shorter,  the  beak  somewhat  elevated 
and  directed  proximally  or  laterally. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.25  mm  in  either  dimension,  prominent  and 
slightly  embedded,  hyperstomial  and  not  closed  by  the  operculum,  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  a  row  of  large  pores  between  which  costal  ridges 
radiate  toward  the  top,  which  bears  a  low,  pointed  umbo. 

Canu  and  Bassler  (1928:108)  described  Hippomenella  rubra 
doubtfully  on  the  basis  of  avicularia,  which  were  not  noted  by  Smitt 
in  his  jnucronata,  but  there  is  the  same  variation  among  colonies  from 
the  Eastern  Pacific.  Brown  (1949:513-520)  has  recently  studied  the 
type  material  of  Hippomenella  {Lepralia  mucronelliformis  Waters, 
1899),  has  discovered  the  ovicell  and  has  rejected  mucronata  (rubra) 
as  a  member  of  that  genus.  I  am  placing  the  species  in  the  genus 
Hippopleurifera,  with  which  most  of  its  characters  agree,  though  the 
operculum  is  more  complete  proximally  and  the  cardelles  are  sometimes 
moderately  large. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  303 

Described  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  at  29  fms  by  Smitt,  and  recorded 
from  the  Gulf  at  30  fms  by  Canu  and  Bassler;  also  from  Aruba  Island, 
Gulf  of  Venezuela,  23  fms  by  Osburn. 

Hancock  Stations:  recovered  at  16  stations  from  Espiritu  Santo 
Island,  Gulf  of  California,  to  a  little  south  of  the  equator,  and  from 
shore  to  133  fms,  but  not  abundant  anywhere;  2186,  Cabeza  Ballena  and 
299,  San  Jose  del  Cabo,  at  the  tip  of  Lower  California;  223  and  136-34 
and  137-34,  Clarion  Island;  132-34,  Socorro  Island;  431-35  Octavia 
Rocks,  Colombia;  the  following  from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  85-33, 
North  Seymour  Island;  147-34,  155-34  and  461,  Albemarle  Island; 
and  454  and  473,  Hood  Island. 

Family  GigantOpOridae  Bassler,  1935 

Galeopsidae  Jullien,  1903. 

Characterized  by  the  presence  of  a  large  pore  (spiramen)  extended 
into  a  tubule  proximal  to  the  aperture,  wanting  in  some  cases,  or  a  pair 
of  avicularia  directed  across  the  aperture.  The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial, 
opening  into  the  peristomice  above  the  aperture. 

The  two  genera  of  the  present  work  may  be  distinguished  as  follows : 

1.  Zoarium  encrusting;  boreal  and  arctic     ....     Cylindroporella 

2.  Zoarium  erect,  zooecia  all  facing  the  same  side,  avicularia  on  the 

dorsal  side,  tropical Semihaswellia 

Genus  CYLINDROPORELLA  Hincks  1877 

Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  more  or  less  terete,  the  proximal  end 
usually  much  narrowed,  the  distal  end  elevated  into  a  high  tubular 
peristome  which  bears  a  small  tubular  ascopore  near  its  base.  Frontal 
with  numerous  small  pores.  Ooecium  hyperstomial.  No  avicularia,  no 
spines.  Genotype,  Lepralia  tubulosa  Norman,  1868. 

Cylindroporella  tubulosa  (Norman)   1868 
Plate  35,  fig.  2 

Lepralia  tubulosa  Norman,  1868:308. 
Porina  tubulosa,  Hincks,  1880:230. 
Porina  tubulosa,  Osburn,  1912 :233. 
Cylindroporella  tubulosa,  Osburn,  1933  :34. 

Zoaria  encrusting,  usually  small,  on  shells.  The  zooecia  are  some- 
what terete,  the  proximal  end  often  narrowed  to  a  point,  very  dis- 
tinct, the  front  ventricose  and  perforated  with  numerous  small  pores. 


304  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  distal  end  rises  into  a  long  thin  tubular  peristome  which  bears  a 
small  tubular  ascopore  near  the  base  on  the  proximal  side.  No  avicularia 
and  no  spines. 

The  hyperstomial  ovicell  is  situated  low  down  on  the  distal  side  of 
the  peristome. 

North  Atlantic  and  Arctic  Oceans  from  Spitsbergen  west  to  Dolphin 
and  Union  Straits,  Northwest  Territory,  Canada ;  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
it  ranges  as  far  south  as  Cape  Cod.  I  have  found  no  record  of  its  occur- 
rence in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Cordova,  Alaska,  Albatross,  June  28,  1914;  Punuk  Island,  Bering 
Sea,  15  fathoms;  Port  Etches,  British  Columbia,  from  specimens  in  the 
Los  Angeles  Museum,  with  no  other  data.  Common  at  Point  Barrow, 
Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector.  It  is 
evidently  a  circumpolar  species. 

Genus  SEMIHASWELLIA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1917 

Zooecia  on  only  one  side  of  the  erect  zoarium ;  the  dorsal  side  bears 
only  avicularia.  Frontal  and  dorsal  sides  of  the  same  nature,  formed  of 
a  tremocyst  with  sulci.  A  spiramen  or  "ascopore"  below  the  base  of  the 
peristome.  (After  Canu  and  Bassler,  1917:58.)  Genotype,  Porina 
proboscidea  Waters,  1889. 

Semihasw^ellia  sulcosa  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930 
Plate  35,  fig.  3 

Zoarium  erect,  branching  dichotomously,  without  joints.  Zooecia 
gigantic,  indistinct;  deep  longitudinal  sulci,  with  large  vacuoles  at  the 
bottom;  peristome  long,  cylindrical,  oblique,  thick,  sharp  edged,  its 
aperture  orbicular.  Ascopore  tubular,  salient,  directed  proximally.  Small 
orbicular  avicularia  (?)  on  the  front,  and  small  dorsal  avicularia.  The 
zooecia  measure  2.75  mm  long  by  1.00  mm  wide  and  the  peristome 
0.45  mm  high.  (After  Canu  and  Bassler  1930:15.) 

Described  from  the  "Albatross"  dredgings,  "Galapagos  Islands, 
D.  3048." 

Hancock  Station  481,  Cartago  Bay,  Albemarle  Island,  Galapagos, 
12  fms,  several  small  branches. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  305 

Family  StOmachetOSellidae  Canu  and  Bassler,  1917 

Frontal  wall  a  very  thick  tremocyst  or  pleurocyst,  built  up  around 
the  aperture  and  notched  to  form  a  spiramen  which  is  sometimes  guarded 
by  small  avicularia.  Primary  aperture  simple,  without  lyrula  and  usually 
without  cardelles.  Ovicell  hyperstomial,  deeply  embedded. 

The  original  description  of  the  family  has  had  to  be  modified  to 
include  other  genera  than  Stomachetosella  which  have  been  assigned  to 
this  family. 

The  genera  here  treated  may  be  distinguished  by  the  following  key: 

1.  Frontal  a  tremocyst  with  wide-mouthed  pores 2 

Frontal  a  pleurocyst  with  areolar  pores  only 3 

2.  Proximal  border  of  the  aperture  with  a  sinus     .     .     Stomachetosella 
Proximal  border  of  the  aperture  without  a  sinus     .     .     .     Pachyegis 

3.  Zoarium  with  cylindrical  branched  stems,  zooecia  on  all 

sides Diatosula 

Zoarium  encrusting  or  erect  with  flattened  bilaminate  lobes  or 
frills 4 

4.  Zoarium   erect   from   a  small  base,   branching  in   lobes   or   pal- 

mate        Ragionula 

Encrusting  base  usually  wide,  the  erect  portion,  often  wanting, 
forming  broad  bilaminate  frills Posterula 

Genus  STOMACHETOSELLA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1917 

"The  ovicell  entirely  surrounds  the  aperture.  The  frontal  is  a  tremo- 
cyst with  wide-mouthed  tubules.  No  avicularia.  The  peristomice  of  the 
ovicelled  zooecia  possesses  a  straighter  rimule-spiramen."  (Canu  and 
Bassler,  1917:45.)  Genotype,  Stomachetosella  crassicollis  Canu  and 
Bassler,  1917:45. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  but  is  deeply  submerged  in  the  base  of 
the  succeeding  zooecium.  The  ovicell  does  not  "entirely  surround  the 
apertura,"  instead  a  thick  rim  of  the  frontal  wall  surrounds  the  aperture 
on  the  sides  and  connects  or  fuses  with  the  edges  of  the  ovicell. 

Key  to  Species  of  Stomachetosella 

1.  Ovicell  wanting cruenta 

Ovicells  present 2 

2.  Ovicell  imperforate 3 

Ovicell  with  one  or  more  pores 4 


306  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

3.  Aperture  transverse,  sinus  narrow;  frontal  pores  large    .     .     limbata 
Aperture  round,  sinus  broad  and  shallow;  frontal  pores  small; 

ovicell  thick  walled  and  umbonate distincta 

4.  Aperture  subcircular  with  a  narrow  sinus;  ovicell  with  a  single 

large  pore sinuosa 

Aperture  transversely  elliptical,  its  proximal  border  nearly  straight; 
ovicell  with  a  few  small  pores abyssicola 

Stomachetosella  sinuosa  (Busk),  1860 
Plate  34,  fig.  3 

Lepralia  sinuosa  Busk  1860 :125. 
Schizoporella  sinuosa,  Hincks,  1884:17. 
Stomachetosella  sinuosa,  O'Donoghue,  1926:62. 
Sto?nachetosella  sinuosa,  Oshurn,  1933:36. 
Schizoporella  perforata,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1929:318. 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting,  usually  forming  round  colonies  on  shells, 
the  color  ranging  from  a  delicate  rose,  in  young  specimens,  to  deep 
purple  in  old  colonies.  The  zooecia  are  moderately  large,  0.50  to  0.70 
mm  long  by  about  0.40  mm  wide;  the  front  is  a  little  inflated,  with 
large  tremopores,  and  very  heavily  calcified.  The  primary  aperture  is 
subcircular  with  a  proximal  sinus ;  the  secondary  aperture  is  more  or  less 
orbicular  with  a  proximal  notch  which  varies  considerably  in  size  and 
form ;  in  the  young  stage  there  is  a  low  smooth  peristome  but  this  soon 
becomes  covered  by  the  encroachment  of  the  thick  frontal  layer.  The 
ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  deeply  immersed,  somewhat  flattened,  with  a 
large,  rounded  pore  on  the  top.  No  avicularia,  no  spines,  no  dietellae. 

In  the  ovicelled  zooecia  the  border  of  the  aperture  is  elevated  slightly 
into  a  thick  rim  which  is  connected  with  the  sides  of  the  ooecium. 

It  is  a  common  northern  species,  extending  on  the  Atlantic  coast  as 
far  south  as  Cape  Cod.  Reported  by  Hincks  from  Queen  Charlotte 
Islands  and  by  O'Donoghue  from  Puget  Sound  and  numerous  localities 
along  the  British  Columbia  coast. 

Punuk  Island,  Alaska,  Bering  Sea ;  common  at  Point  Barrow,  Arctic 
Research  Laboratory,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector;  and  taken  at  Middle 
Bank,  Puget  Sound  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Mohr. 

Stomachetosella  cruenta  (Norman),  1864 
Plate  34,  fig.  1 

Lepralia  cruenta  Norman,  1864:88. 
Schizoporella  cruenta,  Hincks,  1884:40. 
Schizoporella  cruenta,  O'Donoghue,  1926:55. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  307 

Zoarium  encrusting,  usually  white  or  yellowish,  but  old  colonies  may 
be  deep  red.  The  zooecia  are  moderately  large  and  vary  greatly  in  size, 
0.55  to  0.80  mm  long  by  0.35  to  0.45  mm  wide,  arranged  in  quincunx, 
distinct  in  younger  stages  with  the  frontal  slightly  inflated ;  with  sec- 
ondary calcification,  which  proceeds  very  rapidly,  the  tremopores 
become  much  enlarged  at  the  surface  which  is  also  modified  by  irregular 
nodules  and  granules.  The  primary  aperture,  which  usually  can  be 
observed  only  on  the  marginal  row,  is  subcircular  with  a  u-shaped  proxi- 
mal sinus;  a  low,  smooth  peristome  is  present  until  it  is  overgrown  by 
the  encroaching  thick  frontal  wall ;  secondary  aperture  short-pyriform, 
the  proximal  notch  more  or  less  irregular  in  form.  The  aperture  is  some- 
what removed  from  the  distal  zooecial  end  and,  in  older  stages,  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  thick,  granular,  raised  wall  except  at  the  proximal  sinus. 

Ovicells  have  not  been  observed  in  this  species  and  there  are  no  avicu- 
laria  nor  spines. 

This  is  a  high  northern  species,  known  from  Nova  Zembla  to  Green- 
land. Hincks  records  it  from  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands  and  O'Don- 
oghue  from  several  localities  from  the  San  Juan  Islands,  Puget  Sound, 
and  British  Columbia. 

OS.  Cape  Lisburne,  Alaska  (Arctic  Ocean),  30  fathoms,  and  Punuk 
Island,  Bering  Sea,  15  fathoms,  from  material  in  the  Los  Angeles 
Museum.  Also  from  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory, 
G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector. 

Stomachetosella  limbata  (Lorenz),  1886 
Plate  34,  fig.  2 

Schizoporella  limbata  Lorenz,  1886:6. 

Escharella  linearis  forma  secundaria  Smitt,  1867:14  (in  part). 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  shells,  the  color  pale  yellow  to  bright  brown- 
ish. The  zooecia  measure  0.50  to  0.65  mm  in  length  by  0.30  to  0.40  mm 
in  breadth ;  arranged  in  quincunx,  distinct  with  large  pores  and  slightly 
inflated.  The  primary  aperture  is  semicircular,  nearly  straight  on  the 
proximal  border  which  bears  a  narrow,  rounded  sinus;  these  characters 
observable  only  on  the  youngest  zooecia.  As  in  other  species  of  this 
genus,  the  secondary  aperture  is  formed  by  the  thick  frontal  wall;  it 
differs  somewhat  in  shape  from  the  primary  aperture,  the  proximal  border 
usually  being  more  arcuate  and  the  sinus  is  often  irregular  in  form ;  the 
raised  rim  about  the  aperture  is  less  developed  than  in  the  other  species. 


308  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  ovicell  averages  0.25  mm  in  width,  immersed,  imperforate, 
finely  granular,  with  a  collar  above  the  aperture. 

Lorenz  described  the  species  from  Jan  Mayen  Island,  NE  of  Iceland, 
160-180  meters.  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  other  reference  to  it, 
except  for  that  of  Smitt,  whose  fig.  75  (PI.  25)  is  from  a  Greenland 
specimen. 

In  the  Hancock  collections  is  a  specimen  from  Gabriola  Pass,  British 
Columbia,  presented  by  Dr.  W.  A.  Clemens. 

Stomachetosella  distincta  new  species 
Plate  34,  figs.  7-8 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  stones  and  shells,  covered  with  a  shining 
ectocyst.  The  zooecia  are  moderately  large,  0.65  to  0.85  mm  long  by 
0.45  to  0.65  mm  wide,  very  distinct  with  unusually  deep  grooves,  more 
or  less  hexagonal  and  arranged  in  quincunx.  The  frontal  highly  arched, 
a  thick,  finely  granulated  tremocyst,  the  pores  well  separated  and  tubular ; 
a  rounded  umbo  situated  at  some  distance  from  the  aperture.  The 
primary  aperture  varies  slightly,  usually  a  little  broader  than  long  but 
often  circular;  the  anter  a  regular  three-fourths  of  a  circle,  the  poster 
usually  with  a  broad,  shallow  sinus,  but  sometimes  evenly  arcuate; 
without  cardelles  or  lyrula;  length  0.14  to  0.16  mm,  width,  0.16  to 
0.18  mm.  The  operculum  has  the  form  of  the  aperture,  slightly  chiti- 
nized,  with  a  narrow  bordering  sclerite  and  a  short  sclerite  removed 
from  the  border  on  each  side  for  muscle  attachment.  The  peristome  is 
low  and  the  thick  frontal  wall  descends  to  it  gradually  without  obscuring 
it.  The  aperture  is  located  so  near  the  distal  end  that  its  distal  border 
appears  to  be  formed  by  the  succeeding  zooecium.  Avicularia  wanting. 

The  ovicell  is  large  and  rounded,  0.40  to  0.45  mm  in  width,  granu- 
lated like  the  frontal  and  with  a  rounded  umbo  on  the  top,  hyper- 
stomial,  not  closed  by  the  operculum,  except  in  the  transmission  of  eggs. 

The  separating  grooves  are  unusually  deep  and  the  distinctness  is 
exaggerated  in  older  parts  of  the  colony  by  the  presence  of  a  brown  line 
at  the  bottom  of  the  groove.  With  a  tremocystal  front  wall  and  a  simple 
aperture  which  bears  no  cardelles  or  lyrula,  and  the  absence  of  avicularia 
and  spines,  this  species  appears  to  agree  most  nearly  with  the  genus 
Stomachetosella. 

Type,  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  11027. 

Type  locality,  oflE  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  217  feet,  G.  E.  MacGinitie, 
collector,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory. 


NO.  2    osburn:  eastern  pacific  bryozoa — cheilostomata        309 

Stomachetosella  abyssicola  new  species 
Plate  34,  figs.  4-6 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  rock,  unilaminar.  Zooecia  large,  0.85  to  1.05 
mm  long  by  0.65  to  0.80  mm  wide ;  very  distinct,  with  raised  separating 
lines,  considerably  ventricose.  The  frontal  is  a  coarse,  granulated  tre- 
mocyst  with  large,  scattered  pores,  the  marginal  ones  larger  and  separated 
by  short  costae.  The  primary  aperture  is  transversely  elliptical,  broadly 
arcuate  on  the  proximal  border,  about  0.20  mm  wide  by  0.14  mm  long, 
without  cardelles  or  lyrula,  sloping  downward  distally.  The  operculum 
is  well  chitinized,  with  a  narrow  bordering  sclerite.  The  peristome  is 
raised  high  on  each  side  into  a  thick  lappet  and  in  the  infertile  zooecia 
is  continued  as  a  thinner  raised  rim  around  the  distal  border,  the  sec- 
ondary aperture  being  somewhat  ovoid  and  narrowed  proximally.  There 
are  no  spines  and  no  avicularia.    Multiporous  septulae  are  present. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  prominent,  semilunate,  partially  surrounding 
the  aperture,  0,40  mm  wide,  cucuUate  with  a  large  orifice  which  is  not 
closed  by  the  operculum ;  its  texture  like  that  of  the  frontal,  granulated, 
with  a  few  small  pores ;  resting  on  the  base  of  the  distal  zooecium  but 
scarcely  embedded. 

The  character  of  the  frontal,  the  form  and  nature  of  the  primary 
aperture,  the  operculum,  and  the  peristome  which  unites  with  the  cor- 
ners of  the  ovicell  to  form  a  high  wall  around  the  aperture  with  a  nar- 
rowed proximal  "rimule  spiramen,"  appear  to  ally  this  species  with 
Stomachetosella.  The  ovicell  is  less  deeply  embedded  than  in  other 
species  of  that  genus,  but  perhaps  this  may  be  the  result  of  the  thinner 
wall  of  this  abyssal  species. 

Type,  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.,  11028. 

Type  locality,  Albatross  Station  D.5685,  at  645  fms,  off  Abreojos 
Point,  west   coast  of  Lower  California,   25°42'45"N,    113°38'30''W. 

Genus  POSTERULA  Jullien,  1903 

Front  bordered  by  a  line  of  areolar  pores;  primary  aperture  oval, 
without  sinus  or  cardelles;  secondary  orifice  elongate-pyriform,  with  a 
deep,  irregular  sinus  within  which  are  one  to  several  small  avicularia. 
Ooecium  small,  hemispherical,  becoming  completely  embedded.  Geno- 
type, Escharoides  sarsii  Smitt,  1867:158. 


310  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Posterula  sarsi   (Smitt),  1867 
Plate  35,  fig.  6 

Escharoides  sarsii  Smitt,  1867  :24. 
Posterula  sarsi,  Jullien,  1903:98. 
Escharoides  sarsi,  Robertson,  1908:301. 

Zoarium  with  encrusting  base,  rising  in  coarse,  bilaminate  branches 
or  frills  to  a  height  of  100  mm  or  more;  often  only  the  encrusting  base 
is  present  and  this  may  spread  over  wide  areas  of  shells  and  stones. 
Zooecia  large  with  very  variable  measurements,  0.60  to  more  than  1.00 
mm  long  by  0.45  to  0.60  mm  wide;  smooth  and  somewhat  swollen  in 
younger  stages;  a  marginal  row  of  ovate  pores  with  short  costae  be- 
tween; the  frontal  wall  soon  becomes  very  thick  and  roughened. 

The  primary  aperture  is  oval,  but  varying  considerably  in  form, 
without  sinus  or  cardelles.  The  secondary  aperture  is  irregularly  pyri- 
form  with  a  deep,  irregular  sinus,  with  one  or  more  pointed,  oval  or 
rounded  avicularia  submerged  within  the  sinus ;  the  avicularia  may  pre- 
sent the  following  variations;  one  in  the  middle  or  at  one  side,  one  on 
each  side,  one  in  or  near  the  middle  and  one  on  each  side,  or  as  many 
as  four  have  been  noted,  all  situated  below  the  level  of  the  frontal  crust. 
No  spines. 

Robertson  first  recorded  from  the  Pacific  area  this  well-known  Arctic 
species,  "A  large  colony  growing  over  a  clamshell  obtained  at  Juneau," 
Alaska. 

A  large  frilled  specimen  was  taken  at  Hallo  Bay,  Alaska,  by  the 
U.  S.  Alaska  Crab  Investigation,  40-28  fms.  Also  common  at  Point 
Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  col- 
lector. 

Genus  RAGIONULA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1927 

Formerly  assigned  to  Eschara,  Escharopsis,  Discopora  and  Escha- 
roides, until  Canu  and  Bassler  very  properly  erected  a  new  genus  for  it. 

"The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  opening  into  the  peristomie,  not  closed 
by  the  operculum.  The  frontal  is  (in  appearance)  a  very  thick,  granular 
pleurocyst.  The  aperture  is  semicircular.  The  peristomice  bears  a  pseu- 
dorimule  bordered  by  a  small  eccentric  peristomial  avicularium.  The 
operculum  and  the  mandible  are  of  the  type  of  Porella."  (Canu  and 
Bassler,  1930:294.)  Genotype,  Eschara  rosacea  Busk,  1856:33. 


NO.  2      OSBURN;  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  311 

A  slight  correction  should  be  made  to  the  above  description,  as  the 
oral  avicularium  is  asymmetrical  in  origin,  arising  from  one  areolar  pore, 
while  in  Porella  the  avicularium  is  median  and  is  connected  with  areolar 
pores  on  both  sides. 

Ragionula  rosacea  (Busk),  1856 
Plate  36,  fig.  7 

Eschara  rosacea  Busk,  1856:33, 
Escharoides  rosacea,  Hincks,  1880:336. 
Discopora  rosacea,  Nordgaard,  1918:77. 

Zoarium  erect  from  a  small  base,  with  a  few  flattened  bilaminate 
branches  or  lobes,  more  or  less  contorted ;  white  to  light  rose  colored. 
The  zooecia  are  small,  0.40  to  0.50  mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.35  mm  wide; 
ovate  or  irregular  in  form;  ventricose  when  young  but  soon  becoming 
indistinct  as  the  granulated  pleurocyst  quickly  becomes  excessively  thick. 
There  are  a  few  areolar  pores,  but  those  of  adjoining  zooecia  are  fused 
into  single  pores  by  the  secondary  calcification  so  that  there  appears  to  be 
only  one  row  which  marks  the  lateral  limits  of  the  zooecia.  The  primary 
aperture,  showing  only  on  the  very  youngest  zooecia,  is  short-elliptical, 
the  proximal  border  nearly  straight ;  the  operculum  has  the  form  of  the 
aperture  and  bears  an  elongate  sclerite  on  each  side  a  little  within  the 
border;  the  secondary  aperture  bears  a  deep  sinus  which  is  usually  dis- 
torted by  the  oral  avicularium  at  one  side  of  the  notch.  The  oral  avicu- 
larium is  small,  with  a  semicircular  mandible ;  small  rounded  avicularia, 
often  slightly  elevated,  are  occasionally  present  on  the  frontal. 

The  ovicell  is  hemispherical,  smooth,  and  soon  becomes  completely 
immersed  in  the  thick  crust. 

It  is  an  arctic  species,  known  from  the  Kara  Sea  to  Greenland  and 
down  the  Atlantic  coasts  to  Scotland  and  Labrador. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  G.  E.  MacGini- 
tie,  collector,  common  and  well-developed,  one  colony  measures  18  mm 
high  by  22  mm  wide  with  10  lobes.  Its  occurrence  at  Point  Barrow 
indicates  that  it  is  circumpolar  in  distribution. 

Genus  DIATOSULA  Canu  and  Bassler  1927 

"The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  and  opens  in  the  peristomie;  it  bears  a 
triangular  area  bordered  with  pores.  The  frontal  is  very  thick  and 
smooth.  The  aperture  is  formed  of  a  large  anter  separated  from  the 
small  poster  by  two  cardelles.    The  peristomice  bears  a  pseudo-rimule 


312  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

limited  laterally  by  two  peristomial  avicularia  more  or  less  salient  and 
more  or  less  visible.  On  the  frontal  a  large  spatulated  avicularium 
sometimes  appears"  (Canu  and  Bassler,  1929:293).  Genotype,  Myrio- 
zoum   marionense  Busk,    1884:171, 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  above  description  of  the  genus  v^^as  drawn, 
as  far  as  the  ovicell,  spatulate  avicularium  and  aperture  are  concerned, 
from  M.  marionense  Calvet,  1903:130,  which  is  probably  a  different 
species  from  marionense  Busk. 

Diatosula  californica  new  species 
Plate  35,  figs.  4-5 

The  zooecium  is  erect,  rigid,  rising  to  a  height  of  40  mm,  branching 
irregularly  at  nearly  right  angles,  the  branches  of  nearly  uniform  width 
of  about  1.30  mm,  white  or  pale  yellow  in  color.  The  zooecia  are  of 
moderate  size,  0.45  to  0.55  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.40  mm  wide;  young 
individuals  distinct;  the  front  is  a  smooth  pleurocyst,  considerably  in- 
flated, with  a  row  of  areolar  pores  between  which  are  short  costae;  a 
few  other  pores  perforate  the  frontal,  apparently  without  any  special 
arrangement.  The  distal  end  of  the  zooecium  is  somewhat  elevated. 
The  primary  aperture  is  a  little  elongate,  about  0.16  mm  long  by  0.12 
mm  wide;  rounded  at  the  distal  end,  straight  and  slightly  converging  on 
the  sides  to  the  cardelles;  proximal  to  these  is  a  shallow,  wide  poster 
with  a  small,  narrow,  somewhat  v-shaped  sinus.  The  operculum  is  bright 
yellow,  with  a  strong  sclerite  inside  of  the  border. 

The  peristome  soon  rises  above  the  aperture,  often  bearing  on  each 
side  a  minute  rounded  avicularium  with  a  semicircular  mandible,  and 
the  form  of  the  secondary  aperture  becomes  more  or  less  oval  with  a 
proximal  notch.  The  heavy  secondary  calcification  soon  obscures  all  of 
the  structural  details,  except  near  the  growing  tips.  Large  spatulate 
interzooecial  avicularia  occur  infrequently;  these  are  about  the  size  of 
the  primary  aperture,  oriented  proximally. 

The  ovicells  are  large,  0.26  mm  wide  by  0.20  mm  long,  hyperstomial 
but  deeply  embedded  and  eventually  may  be  completely  enveloped  in  the 
thick  crust.  The  frontal  area  of  the  ovicell  is  broadly  semicircular,  sur- 
rounded by  a  row  of  pores  and  the  surface  radiately  striated.  The  sec- 
ondary aperture  of  the  ovicelled  zooecia  is  strikingly  different  in  form, 
transversely  oval  and  without  a  sinus  in  the  proximal  border. 

This  species  differs  from  D.  (Myriozoum)  marionense  Busk  (from 
the  southern  Indian  Ocean)  in  the  details  of  the  front,  the  shorter  peri- 
stome and  in  the  nearly  sessile  oral  avicularia;  Busk  did  not  mention 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  313 

the  ovicell  nor  the  spatulate  avicularia.  From  D.  (M.)  marionense 
Calvet  it  differs  in  the  shape  of  the  frontal  area  of  the  ovicell,  the 
rounded  instead  of  triangular  oral  avicularia  and  in  the  much  narrower 
apertural  sinus. 

Type,  AHF  no.  59. 

Type  locality,  1435-41  off  Santa  Cruz  Island,  California,  33°  56' 
OO^'N,  119°50'55''W  at  48  fms.  Also  at  Sta.  1130-40,  off  Abalone 
Point,  Laguna  Beach,  at  25  fms;  1413-41,  off  Cardwell  Point,  San 
Miguel  Island,  27  to  48  fms;  1294-41,  off  Gull  Island,  (Santa  Cruz 
Island),  41  fms;  1938-50,  off  Anacapa  Island,  37  fms;  and  1391-41, 
Santa  Rosa  Island,  40  fms,  all  off  southern  California. 

Genus  PAGHYEGIS  new  genus 

Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  large  with  an  excessively  thick  frontal 
covered  by  a  thick  ectocyst  and  perforated  by  large  pores.  The  ovicell  is 
hyperstomial  but  deeply  embedded  and  covered  with  a  thick  crust  like 
the  frontal,  which  also  forms  a  broad  fold  above  the  orifice.  Primary 
aperture  semielliptical  with  a  straight,  proximal  border  and  without  a 
sinus.  Primary  peristome  low  and  thin,  surrounded  by  and  usually  ob- 
scured by  a  thick  fold  of  the  frontal  on  the  lateral  and  distal  sides. 
Often  with  a  rounded  suboral  umbo  and  between  this  and  the  aperture 
there  is  a  minute  rounded  suboral  avicularium,  frequently  wanting.  No 
oral  spines ;  no  cardelles.  Multiporous  septulae  in  the  lateral  and  distal 
walls.    Genotype,  Porella  princeps  Norman,  1903:114. 

Pachyegis  princeps  (Norman),  1903 
Plate  33,  figs.  5-8 

Porella  princeps  Norman,  1903:114. 

fDiscopora  megastoma,  Smitt,  1871:1128. 

Monoporella  spinulifera  var.  praeclara  Hincks,  1892:152. 

Porella  princeps,  Levinsen  1916:465. 

Porella  princeps,  Nordgaard,  1918:72. 

Zoarium  forming  a  coarse  reddish-brown  crust,  occasionally  multi- 
laminar,  over  considerable  areas  on  stones  and  shells ;  the  largest  colony 
observed  measures  about  60  mm  in  length  and  width.  The  zooecia  are 
very  large,  often  more  than  a  millimeter  long  by  0.60  to  0.70  mm  wide 
and  deep  in  proportion ;  very  irregularly  ovate,  highly  arched  and  sepa- 
rated by  deep  grooves.  Abnormal  zooecia  are  common,  sometimes  merely 
reduced  in  size  and  occasionally  without  an  aperture.   When  the  thick 


314  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

reddish-brown  ectocyst  is  removed  the  front  is  white,  finely  granulated 
and  perforated  by  funnel-shaped  pores ;  it  is  excessively  thick.  Proximal 
to  the  aperture  but  not  obscuring  it  is  a  low,  rounded  umbo  which,  in 
younger  stages,  often  bears  a  membranous  area  on  its  distal  side,  but 
this  area  is  nearly  always  closed  off  in  complete  calcification.  Norman 
noted  the  presence  of  a  small,  rounded  avicularium  low  down  near  the 
aperture,  but  this  is  usually  rare  and  often  wanting  from  whole  colonies. 
Levinsen  found  none  in  his  Greenland  material. 

The  primary  aperture  is  slightly  more  than  a  semicircle,  the  proximal 
border  nearly  straight.  The  operculum  has  the  form  of  the  aperture, 
slightly  broadest  at  the  straight  proximal  end,  a  pair  of  heavily  chitinized 
sclerites  at  the  proximal  corners  for  attachment,  a  moderately  broad 
bordering  sclerite  and  on  each  side  a  somewhat  fan-shaped  one  inside 
from  the  border  extending  forward  about  two-thirds  of  the  length  of 
the  operculum  with  the  muscle  attachments  at  its  tip.  No  cardelles; 
no  spines.  The  primary  peristome  is  low  and  thin  and  is  surrounded  on 
the  lateral  and  distal  sides  and  deeply  immersed  by  a  broad,  heavy  fold 
of  the  frontal  which  may  fuse  with  and  obscure  the  primary  peristome. 

The  primary  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  prominent,  thin-walled  with  a 
few  pores,  but  very  soon  becomes  covered  with  a  thick  layer  like  that 
of  the  front,  in  addition  to  which  the  heavy  lateral-oral  ridges  grow 
around  above  the  orifice  and  may  unite  to  form  a  broad,  low  collar;  in 
complete  calcification  the  ovicells  are  almost  entirely  submerged. 

Smitt  may  have  been  the  first  to  record  this  species  (from  Spits- 
bergen) if  my  interpretation  of  his  figures  (1871,  plate  21,  figs.  25,  26) 
is  correct;  certainly  they  cannot  refer  to  Lepralia  megastoma  Busk, 
1857:55,  which  has  an  imperforate  and  costate  frontal.  Hincks  had  it 
from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  but  considered  it  only  a  variety  praeclara 
of  his  Mucronella  spinulifera;  it  is  much  like  spinulifera  in  general  ap- 
pearance but  totally  different  in  fundamental  characters  since  the  latter 
species  has  a  simple  operculum,  an  endozooecial  ovicell  and  an  imper- 
forate frontal.  Norman  described  it  as  Porella  princeps,  from  west 
Greenland,  but  in  spite  of  the  occasional  suboral  avicularium  it  cannot 
be  a  Porella  because  of  the  porous  frontal;  moreover  I  have  not  been 
able  to  discover  any  lateral  connections  of  the  avicularian  chamber  with 
the  areolar  pores  and  presume  that  it  is  developed  from  the  frontal  pore 
at  the  bottom  of  the  chamber.  Levinsen  also  recorded  the  species  from 
Greenland. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  18  to  80  fms,  numerous  colonies  on  stones 
and  shells,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector,  Alaska  Research  Laboratory. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  315 

Pachyegis  brunnea  (Hincks),  1889 
Plate  33,  figs.  9-11 

Monoporella  brunnea  Hincks,  1889:16. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  yellowish-brown.  The  zooecia  are  smaller  than 
in  the  other  species,  0.60  to  0.80  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.45  mm  wide. 
On  the  removal  of  the  thick  ectocyst  the  frontal  is  shining  white,  slightly 
granulated,  with  large,  funnel-shaped  pores,  strongly  arched  and  sepa- 
rated by  deep  grooves.  Proximal  to  the  aperture  but  not  obscuring  it  is 
a  low,  rounded  or  pointed  umbo,  which  usually  has  a  membranous  area 
on  its  distal  side.  A  minute  rounded  suboral  avicularium  is  occasionally 
present  in  the  midline  at  the  base  of  the  umbonate  process.  The  primary 
aperture  is  somewhat  more  than  a  semicircle,  the  proximal  border 
straight;  the  peristome  thin,  surrounded  laterally  and  distally  by  a  low 
fold  of  the  frontal  which  usually  does  not  fuse  with  it.  The  operculum, 
like  the  other  species  of  the  genus,  has  on  either  side  a  strong,  straight 
sclerite  extending  forward,  not  reaching  the  distal  end  and  removed 
from  the  border.   No  spines,  no  dietellae. 

The  ovicell  has  not  been  observed. 

Described  by  Hincks  from  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands.  Also  in 
the  writer's  possession  is  a  specimen  labeled  "Virago  Sound,  Queen  Char- 
lotte Is.,  8  to  15  fms,  G.  M.  Dawson,  1878";  this  is  no  doubt  a  part  of 
the  material  from  which  Hincks  drew  his  description. 

Canoe  Bay,  southern  Alaska,  one  colony  collected  by  the  U.  S. 
Alaska  Crab  Investigation,  Sta.  26-40,  at  100  fms.  Also  at  Point  Barrow, 
Alaska,  16  to  80  fms. 

The  Schizoporellidae,  sens  lat.  ■'■ 

The  "family,"  as  constituted  by  Jullien  in  1903,  included  numerous 
genera  with  a  sinus  in  the  proximal  border  of  the  aperture,  which  have 
now  been  assigned  to  other  families,  e.g.  Hippothoa,  Posteruldj  Masti- 
gophora,  etc.  Canu  and  Bassler  in  1923,  after  the  removal  of  several 
genera,  separated  the  remaining  ones  under  the  family  "Escharellidae" 
into  four  groups,  the  Schizoporellae,  Microporellae,  Hippoporae  and 
Peristomellae.  Still  later  Bassler,  1935,  accepted  the  family  Schizo- 
porellidae (as  restricted  by  Levinsen,  1909)  and  gave  the  groups  sub- 
family status,  Schizoporellinae,  Hippoporinae,  Exochellinae  (Peristo- 
mellae) and  Microporellinae. 

By  agreement  with  Dr.  Bassler  I  am  now  elevating  these  subfamilies 
to  family  status  on  the  following  characters: 


316  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

SchizoporelHdae  JulHen,  1903.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst. 

Hippoporinidae  new  family.   The  frontal  is  an  olocyst  or  pleurocyst. 

Exochellidae  new  family.  The  aperture  is  sharply  slanted  downward 
and  there  are  no  cardelles ;  frontal  a  pleurocyst. 

Microporellidae  Hincks,  1880,  There  is  an  ascopore  separated  from 
the  aperture,  frontal  a  tremocyst.  ,    ,  ■u.r.^.',^J^ 

Family  SchizOpOrellidae  Jullien,  1903  (in  part) 

This  family  as  limited  by  Bassler,  1935,  still  contains  numerous 
genera.  They  are  characterized  especially  by  the  tremocystal  front  which 
is  usually  thickly  and  evenly  perforated  over  the  whole  area,  and  by  the 
nature  of  the  aperture  and  operculum.  The  proximal  border  of  the 
primary  aperture  usually  bears  a  distinct  and  moderately  deep  sinus, 
though  in  some  genera  (e.g.  Hippodiplosia  and  Gemelliporidra),  it  is 
broadly  arcuate.  The  operculum,  which  is  well  chitinized,  has  the  form 
of  the  aperture;  a  narrow  bordering  sclerite  and  in  some  cases  an  addi- 
tional sclerite  inside  from  the  border;  the  muscle  attachments  may  be 
removed  from  the  border  or  on  the  margin.  A  vestibular  arch  is  usually 
present.  The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  and  either  open  or  closed  by  the 
operculum.  Avicularia  are  usually  present,  associated  with  the  aperture 
or  scattered  over  the  front.  Spines  are  occasionally  present.  Cardelles 
are  small  or  wanting. 

Key  TO  THE  Genera  of  Schizoporellidae 

1.  Sinus  a  narrow  linear  notch 2 

Sinus  broader  and  more  rounded  or  arcuate 3 

2.  Ovicell  gigantic,  completely  covering  the  aperture     .     .     Stylopoma'^^^ 
Ovicell  normal,  not  covering  the  aperture     ....     Arthropoma'^^^ 

3.  Ovicell  not  closed  by  the  operculum 4 

Ovicell  closed  by  the  operculum 5 

4.  Avicularia  in  the  midline  proximal  to  the  aperture     .     Schizomavella'^^^ 
Avicularia  not  in  the  midline Schizoporella^'^ 

5.  Aperture  with  a  v-shaped  sinus Schizolavella^'^^ 

The  sinus,  or  poster,  is  wider,  not  v-shaped 6 

6.  The  poster  is  concave,  moderately  deep  and  much 

narrower  than  the  anter Gemelliporidrd^^'^ 

The  poster  is  wide,  a  broadly  arcuate  border 7 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  317 

7.  Avicularia  wanting  (but  see  also  some  species  of 

Hippodiplosia)       Dakaria  ^^^ 

Avicularia  usually  present 8 

8.  Tremocyst  incomplete,  leaving  a  narrow  semicircular  area  proxi- 

mal to  the  aperture;  pores  of  ovicell  usually  irregular;  avicu- 
laria present  or  wanting Hippodiplosia   "53j 

Without  a  semicircular  suboral  area,  pores  of  ovicell  regularly 
distributed,  avicularia  present Emballotheca 

Genus  SGHIZOPORELLA  Hincks,  1887 

Schizopodrella  Canu  and  Bassler,  1917. 

The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst;  aperture  semicircular  distally,  with  a 
slight  vestibular  arch,  the  proximal  border  with  a  rounded  sinus;  oper- 
culum well  chitinized,  the  muscle  attachments  at  some  distance  from  the 
border.  Ovicell  hyperstomial,  not  closed  by  the  operculum.  Avicularia 
present,  often  at  the  side  of  the  aperture. 
Genotype,  Lepralia  unicornis  Johnston,  1847. 

Key  to  Species  of  Schizoporella 

1.  Avicularia  present 2 

Avicularia  wanting 4 

2.  Frontal  pores  large  and  numerous,  avicularia  long- 

pointed,  a  small  suboral  umbo unicornis 

Pores  smaller  and  more  scattered,  avicularia  rounded 

or  short  pointed,  ovicell  marginated 3 

3.  Sinus  broadly  rounded dissimilis 

Sinus  narrower,  more  or  less  v-shaped cornuta 

4.  Sinus  somewhat  v-shaped,  frontal  pores  stellate     .     .     .     trichotoma 
Sinus  broader,  semicircular linearis  inarmata 

Schizoporella  unicornis   (Johnston),  1847 
Plate  37,  figs.  1-2 

Lepralia  unicornis  Johnston,  1847 :320. 
Schizoporella  unicorniSj  Hincks,  1880:283. 
Schizoporella  unicornis,  Osburn,  1940:419. 

Zoarium  encrusting  shells,  stones  and  almost  anything  that  will  afford 
attachment,  often  very  irregular,  frequently  multilaminar,  sometimes 
forming  tubular  branched  colonies.  Zooecia  of  the  primary  layer  usually 
oriented,  quadrangular  or  hexagonal ;  the  frontal  a  thick  tremocyst  with 


318  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

rather  large  pores;  an  umbo  often  present  behind  the  aperture  but  fre- 
quently wanting.  Aperture  rounded  distally,  a  rounded  sinus  on  the 
proximal  border ;  the  thickening  of  the  frontal  does  not  encroach  on  the 
peristome  which  is  low  and  smooth.  Pointed  avicularia  are  present,  usually 
one  at  the  side  of  the  aperture  with  the  triangular  mandible  directed 
more  or  less  forward,  but  they  may  be  turned  in  any  direction  and  often 
they  are  wanting  over  large  areas  of  a  colony;  they  vary  greatly  in  size 
and  height  of  the  avicularian  chamber.  Zooecial  length,  0.50  to  0.60  mm, 
width  0.30  to  0.45  mm;  aperture  0.13  to  0.15  mm  long  by  0.12  to  0.14 
mm  wide. 

Ovicell  salient,  porous,  often  decorated  with  marginal  costae  and 
with  an  umbonate  process  on  the  top  in  higher  calcification. 

Widely  distributed  in  the  North  Atlantic,  Indian  and  western  Pacific 
Oceans,  on  the  eastern  American  coast  abundant  as  far  south  as  Brazil. 
It  has  not  been  recorded  from  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  Americas  by  any 
of  the  earlier  students  of  the  Bryozoa,  but  is  a  rather  common  species  in 
the  bays  where  oysters  from  the  Atlantic  coast  have  been  planted,  and 
it  seems  probable  that  it  may  have  been  introduced  in  recent  years. 

Hancock  Stations:  1130-40  off  Laguna  Beach,  29  fms;  1222-41  and 
1449-42,  Newport  Harbor  on  piles ;  Corona  del  Mar  on  piles ;  Elkhorn 
Slough,  Monterey  Bay,  shallow  water;  Dillon  Beach  on  piles  (R.  J. 
Menzies),  all  on  the  coast  of  California  in  shallow  water.  Also  one 
small  colony  from  James  Island,  Galapagos,  22  fms. 

Schizoporella  trichotoma  (Waters),  1918 
Plate  37,  fig.  3 

Schizoporella  trichotomaWaters,  1918:19. 
Schizopodrella  trichotoma,  Hastings,  1930:720. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  visually  in  a  single  layer.  The  zooecia  are  of 
moderate  size,  exceedingly  variable  in  their  dimensions,  usually  ranging 
between  0.40  and  0.65  mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.40  mm  wide,  occasionally 
broader  than  long;  distinct,  considerably  inflated;  the  front  a  smooth 
tremocyst  with  numerous  pores  which  have  a  stellate  appearance.  The 
primary  aperture  is  rounded  distally,  nearly  straight  on  the  sides  to  the 
large  cardelles  and  with  a  u-shaped  or  somewhat  v-shaped  proximal 
sinus.  A  thin,  slightly  raised  peristome  surrounds  the  aperture  distal  to 
the  cardelles  and  bears  about  4  minute  and  evanescent  spines.  The  oper- 
culum is  well  chitinized,  with  a  pair  of  sclerites  which  are  diagonal  in 
position  and  nearly  meet  at  some  distance  from  the  distal  border.  Avicu- 
laria have  not  been  found. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  319 

The  ovicell  is  large,  about  0.35  mm  in  each  dimension,  hyperstomial, 
not  closed  by  the  operculum,  porous  and  heavily  calcified  with  radiating 
ridges. 

Hastings  lists  it  from  the  Galapagos  Islands;  previously  it  was  known 
only  from  the  Atlantic,  Cape  Verde  Islands  and  John  Adams  Bank. 

Hancock  Stations:  from  14  stations  about  the  Galapagos  Islands, 
Wenman,  Charles,  Chatham,  Indefatigable  and  Albemarle  Islands ;  also 
at  two  stations  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island, 
and  Raza  Island.  Shore  to  more  than  100  fms. 

Schizoporella  linearis  var.  inarmata  (Hincks),  1884 
Plate  37,  figs.  4-5 

Schizoporella  linearis  form  inarmata  Hincks,  1884:41. 

S.  linearis  subsp.  inarmata,  Robertson,  1908 :291. 

S.  linearis  var.  armata,  O'Donoghue,  1923 :36. 

Schizopodrella  linearis  var.  armata,  O'Donoghue,  1925  :102 ;  1926 :58. 

Zoarium  encrusting  in  a  thin  layer,  glistening.  Zooecia  more  or  less 
quadrangular  and  usually  very  regularly  disposed ;  0.40  to  0.50  mm  long 
by  0.30  to  0.40  mm  wide ;  slightly  inflated  and  distinct  except  in  advanced 
calcification.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  small  pores, 
between  which  there  are  minute  rounded  prominences  which  give  the 
surface  a  granulated  appearance ;  a  small  umbo  may  be  present  proximal 
to  the  aperture.  The  peristome  is  low,  thin  and  smooth,  but  the  frontal 
wall  often  forms  a  low  tuberculate  wall  around  it.  The  aperture,  0.13 
by  0.13  mm,  is  nearly  round  with  a  well-marked  sinus  shaped  between 
a  U  and  V;  the  cardelles  are  strong.  The  operculum  is  thin  with  a 
narrow  sclerite  a  little  within  the  border.  Small  dietellae  are  present. 
No  avicularia  and  no  spines. 

The  ovicell  is  comparatively  large,  about  0.30  mm  wide,  hyper- 
stomial but  somewhat  depressed  and  not  closed  by  the  operculum;  its 
surface  is  similar  to  that  of  the  frontal.  The  fertile  zooecium  has  a  slightly 
wider  aperture. 

Hincks  named  this  form  from  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  without 
further  data  and  without  description  except  "totally  destitute  of  avicu- 
laria. In  other  respects  they  agree  with  the  typical  form  and  must  be 
regarded  as  unarmed  variety."  Robertson  recorded  it  from  Santa  Catalina 
Island,  California,  without  comment.  O'Donoghue  listed  it  from  numer- 
ous localities  in  British  Columbia  and  questioned  its  status  as  a  variety. 
It  may  be  added  that  there  are  no  spines,  while  these  are  found  in  linearis. 
Compared  with  a  specimen  from  Scotland,  I  find  no  differences  except 
the  lack  of  avicularia  and  spines. 


320  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Hancock  Stations:  136-34  and  137-34,  Clarion  Island,  W.  of 
Mexico,  32  to  57  fms;  275,  Raza  Island,  Gulf  of  California;  468-35, 
Port  Parker,  Costa  Rica;  1064,  Santa  Barbara  Island  and  1191-40, 
Santa  Cruz  Island,  southern  California.    Depth  range  5  to  57  fms. 

Schizoporella  cornuta  (Gabb  and  Horn),  1862 
Plate  37,  figs.  9-11 

Reptescharellina  cornuta  Gabb  and  Horn,  1862:147. 
Schizoporella  hiaperta,  Hincks,  1883 :447. 
Schizoporella  biaperta,  Robertson,  1908:287  (part). 
?  Schizoporella  biaperta,  O'Donoghue,  1923 :35. 
?  Stephanosella  biaperta,  O'Donoghue,  1926:58. 
Stephanosella  biaperta,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923  :99  (part). 
Schizopodrella  biaperta,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930 :16. 

This  species  has  been  confused  with  Stephanosella  biaperta  Michelin, 
probably  because  of  the  striking  similarity  of  the  ovicells  and  the  presence 
of  lateral-oral  avicularia;  it  has  a  porous  frontal  (tremocyst)  while  that 
of  biaperta  is  an  olocyst  with  only  areolar  pores,  and  it  is  a  smaller  species 
in  all  its  measurements  with  less  embedded  ovicells.  The  original  descrip- 
tion is  excellent  as  far  as  it  goes,  even  to  the  communication  pores: 

"Colony  encrusting,  cellules  agglomerated,  only  in  one  layer;  quad- 
rangular in  form ;  sides  nearly  parallel,  sometimes  slightly  curved.  Mouth 
terminal,  round  to  transversely  elliptical,  often  bordered  by  a  very  small 
lip  (peristome)  ;  proximal  lip  deeply  notched.  Special  pores  (avicularia) 
abreast  of,  or  in  advance  of  the  mouth,  placed  at  the  end  of  somewhat 
conical  tubes  arising  from  the  distal  angles  of  the  cellule,  and  looking 
almost  directly  forwards.  Surface  broadly  convex  and  coarsely  punctate 
(a  tremocyst).  The  connecting  pores  (septulae),  between  the  cellules 
are  large  and  few  in  number.  We  noticed  but  one  lateral  one,  invariably 
placed  near  the  proximal  end  of  the  cellule  and  almost  at  the  bottom  of 
the  side  wall.  No  abortive  cellules,  nor  ovarian  vesicles  (ovicells)  were 
observed." 

The  zooecia  are  usually  between  0.45  and  0.55  mm  long  by  0.30 
to  0.40  mm  wide;  the  aperture  measures  about  0.13  mm  in  either  dimen- 
sion, with  a  V-shaped  sinus,  and  the  ovicell  0.18  to  0.20  mm  in  breadth. 

The  ovicell  is  prominent,  globular  and  only  partially  embedded  even 
in  advanced  calcification,  not  closed  by  the  operculum;  imperforate,  its 
frontal  surface  radiately  grooved,  the  secondary  cover  incomplete  and 
exposing  a  rounded  area  on  the  top,  appearing  to  have  a  peripheral  row 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  321 

of  pores  but  these  are  merely  the  bottoms  of  the  grooves  at  the  edge  of 
the  secondary  cover.  It  is  almost  exactly  like  that  of  Stephanosella  bia- 
perta,  but  is  smaller  and  less  embedded. 

The  "special  pores"  of  the  fossil  in  original  description  are  the  lateral- 
oral  avicularia,  the  mandibles  of  w^hich  vary  from  round  to  triangular. 
The  frontal  avicularia,  sometimes  w^anting  but  often  abundant,  are 
moderately  large,  the  chamber  elevated  and  often  covering  most  of  the 
frontal  proximal  to  the  aperture,  the  mandible  triangular  and  acuminate. 

This  species  has  been  confused  with  Stephanosella  biaperta  on  the 
Pacific  coast  to  such  an  extent  that  the  synonymy  is  much  in  doubt,  except 
where  authors  have  indicated  the  nature  of  the  frontal.  It  is  possible  that 
the  tremocystal  species  of  the  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean  which  has 
been  confused  with  S.  biaperta,  may  also  be  cornuta,  but  there  are  slight 
differences  in  the  aperture  and  in  the  position  of  the  lateral-oral  avicularia. 

The  species  was  described  from  "Santa  Barbara,  California,  Mio- 
cene," but  a  terminal  footnote  to  the  work  makes  the  correction  that  the 
stratum  should  be  "Post-Pliocene."  It  is  now  known  to  be  Pleistocene. 
The  records  of  Hincks  and  of  O'Donoghue  of  S.  biaperta  for  British 
Columbia  are  probably  of  this  species,  and  certainly  the  record  by  Robert- 
son from  southern  California  belongs  here.  Also  those  with  a  perforated 
frontal  listed  by  Canu  and  Bassler  from  the  Pleistocene  of  California 
and  from  the  Galapagos  Islands  are  evidently  S.  cornuta,  and  Canu  and 
Bassler  (1923:100)   suggested  separating  them  as  var.  cornuta. 

It  is  an  abundant  species  all  along  the  coast  and  neighboring  islands 
from  southern  Alaska  to  the  Galapagos  Islands  and  from  near  shore  to 
a  depth  of  over  100  fms;  recorded  at  124  Hancock  dredging  statious. 

Schizoporella  dissimilis  new  species 
Plate  37,  figs.  12-13 

Zoarium  encrusting,  multilaminate  (one  colony  shows  7  layers),  the 
surfaces  of  older  zoaria  somewhat  rough.  Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  0.40 
to  0.50  mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.35  mm  wide,  roughly  hexagonal  and  ar- 
ranged in  quincunx,  distinct  with  deep  grooves  and  moderately  inflated 
in  the  younger  stages.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  funnel- 
shaped  pores,  smooth  when  young,  covered  by  a  thick  shining  ectocyst 
which  in  older  zooecia  obscures  both  pores  and  granulation.  The  aperture 
is  transversely  ellipsoid,  0.13  mm  wide  by  0.10  to  0.12  mm  long,  with 
a  broad  and  moderately  deep  sinus,  the  cardelles  small.  Peristome  thin 
and  low,  later  obscured  by  the  encroachment  of  the  thick  frontal;  the 
secondary  peristome  is  low  and  thick,  often  wanting,  no  spines.  The 


322  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

operculum  has  the  form  of  the  aperture,  moderately  chitinized,  with  a 
narrow  thickened  border,  and  the  muscle  attachments  well  removed  from 
the  margin.  Small  lateral-oral  avicularia  are  present  distal  to  or  at  both 
sides  of  the  sinus,  a  little  elevated  and  with  a  rounded  or  triangular 
mandible ;  similar  small  avicularia  with  a  short-pointed  mandible  occur 
more  proximally  on  the  front. 

The  ovicell  closely  resembles  that  of  S.  cornuta  and  Stephanosella 
biaperta,  imperforate,  rounded  and  prominent  when  young  but  later 
much  embedded,  with  a  radiately  grooved  surface  which  is  partially 
covered  by  a  secondary  wall  from  the  distal  zooecium,  leaving  a  rounded 
area  on  the  top ;  not  closed  by  the  operculum ;  width  0.20  mm. 

The  species  has  a  close  resemblance  to  5.  cornuta  (Gabb  and  Horn), 
especially  in  the  characters  of  the  ovicell,  but  the  sinus  is  much  wider 
(not  V-shaped),  and  the  ovicells  more  embedded,  the  most  important  dif- 
ference being  in  the  form  of  the  aperture  and  operculum. 

Type,  AHF  no.  60. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  147-34,  Tagus  Cove,  Albemarle 
Island,  Galapagos,  0°16'38''S,  91°22'44''W,  at  30  fms.  Also  taken  at 
Stations  155-34  and  156-34,  off  Tagus  Cove,  Albemarle  Island  at  50  to 
60  fms;  190-34,  off  Albemarle  Island;  352-35,  Chatham  Island;  810-38, 
Barrington  Island,  all  from  the  Galapagos  Islands;  and  674-37,  Pulpito 
Point,  Lower  California,  Gulf  of  California,  26°30'00''N,  111°27'10'' 
W,  the  most  northerly  record.  Depth  range  14  to  60  fms. 

Genus  EMBALLOTHECA  Levinsen,  1909 

Frontal  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  pores;  aperture  usually  with  a 
broad  shallow  sinus,  cardelles  present;  operculum  moderately  chitinized, 
the  muscle  attachments  near  the  border.  Avicularia  frontal,  usually  some- 
where near  the  aperture.  No  spines.  Ovicell  hyperstomial  and  closed  by 
the  operculum,  perforated  like  the  frontal;  the  aperture  of  the  fertile 
zooecium  is  noticeably  broader. 

The  genus  is  much  like  Dakaria,  but  is  useful  to  receive  the  schizo- 
porellids  which  have  the  ovicell  closed  by  the  operculum  and  possess  avicu- 
laria, which  are  wanting  in  Dakaria.  Genotype,  Lepralia  quadrata  Mac- 
Gillivray,  1880. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  323 

Emballotheca  latifrons  new  species 
Plate  39,  figs.  10-11 

Zoarium  encrusting,  sometimes  multilaminar,  white.  Zooecia  mod- 
erately large,  0.65  to  0.80  mm  long  by  0.45  to  0.60  mm  wide,  distinct, 
broadly  arched,  the  frontal  a  tremocyst  with  large  infundibular  pores. 
The  primary  aperture  is  transverse,  moderately  large,  0.18  to  0.22  mm 
wide  by  0.13  to  0.16  mm  long,  the  anter  a  semi-circle  and  the  poster 
broadly  sinuate ;  the  aperture  of  the  fertile  zooecium  is  noticeably  larger. 
The  operculum  is  well  chitinized  with  a  thickened  border  to  which  the 
muscles  are  attached.  The  primary  peristome  is  low,  thin  and  smooth 
and  is  always  visible  since  it  is  not  covered  by  the  secondary  peristome; 
the  latter  is  low,  thick  and  granulated.  A  small  avicularium,  so  small 
that  it  may  often  be  overlooked,  is  usually  present  at  one  or  both  sides 
of  the  aperture,  typically  they  are  opposite  the  proximal  border  of  the 
aperture,  the  mandible  pointed  and  oriented  laterally  or  backward ;  occa- 
sionally they  are  more  proximally  situated  and  they  are  often  wanting. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  about  0.40  to  0.45  mm  in  width  and  length, 
somewhat  depressed,  hyperstomial  and  closed  by  the  operculum,  with 
large  pores  similar  to  those  of  the  frontal. 

Type,  AHF  no.  61. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1882-49,  Cortez  Bank  near  the 
United  States-Mexican  boundary,  32°33'52''N,  119°iyi7''W,  at  42 
fms.  Also  at  Stations  874-38,  Anacapa  Island;  1181-40,  Santa  Catalina 
Island;  1276-41,  off  Point  Dume;  off  San  Pedro  and  off  Rocky  Point; 
all  from  southern  California.  Also  at  Station  1252-41,  south  of  San 
Benito  Islands  off  the  west  coast  of  Lower  California.  The  known  depth 
range  is  42  to  7 1  fms. 

Emballotheca  obscura  new  species 
Plate  40,  figs.  9-10 

Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  moderately  large,  0.65  to  0.90  mm  long 
by  0.40  to  0.60  mm  wide,  quadrate  to  irregularly  hexagonal  in  form, 
distinct;  the  frontal  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  small  pores,  evenly 
arched,  slightly  granulated  but  with  no  other  decoration,  moderately 
thick  and  covered  with  a  thin  shining  ectocyst.  The  aperture  is  broader 
than  long,  about  0.20  mm  wide  by  0.16  mm  long,  the  anter  semicircular, 
the  cardelles  moderately  developed  and  behind  these  the  poster  extends 
for  the  full  width  in  a  broad  shallow  arc.  The  operculum  is  well  chit- 
inized with  a  marginal  sclerite  which  is  broader  for  some  distance  beyond 
the  cardelles,  the  muscular  attachments  near  the  border.  The  peristome 


324  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

is  low  and  smooth,  without  spines;  the  secondary  peristome  rises  some- 
what above  it  in  a  broad  ring  which  completely  encircles  the  aperture 
and  is  decorated  with  small  low  tubercles.  The  avicularium  is  very 
minute,  situated  close  beside  the  aperture,  usually  just  proximal  to  one 
of  the  cardelles,  its  rostrum  fused  with  the  peristome,  the  chamber  small, 
the  mandible  pointed  and  directed  more  or  less  laterally  >  the  avicularium 
is  frequently  wanting  and  is  always  so  small  that  it  may  readily  escape 
observation. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  about  0.40  mm  in  length  and  breadth,  some- 
what depressed,  covered  with  a  tremocyst  like  the  frontal  and  closed 
by  the  operculum ;  the  aperture  of  the  fertile  zooecium  is  broader,  about 
0.24  mm. 

The  minute  asymmetrical  avicularium  which  appears  to  be  riding  on 
the  rim  of  the  peristome  is  the  distinguishing  character. 

Type,  AHF  no.  62. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1316-41,  of?  Santa  Catalina  Island, 
southern  California,  33°20'55"N,  118°30'25"W,  at  45  fms.  Also  Alba- 
tross Station  2945,  near  Santa  Cruz  Island,  southern  California,  34°N, 
119°29'30"W,  at  30  fms. 

Emballotheca  altimuralis  new  species 
Plate  37,  figs.  6-7 

Zoarium  multilaminar,  encrusting,  white  to  brownish  in  color.  The 
zooecia  are  small,  0.40  to  0.45  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.40  mm  wide  in  the 
primary  layer;  in  the  secondary  layers  they  are  irregularly  hexagonal, 
often  as  wide  as  long.  In  the  primary  layer  the  zooecia  are  distinct  with 
well  marked  grooves  and  separating  lines  or  fillets;  in  the  secondary 
layers  the  latter  become  very  thick  and  high,  forming  enclosing  walls 
on  all  sides  of  the  zooecia.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  large 
pores,  slightly  inflated  and  granulated  between  the  pores.  The  primary 
aperture  is  small,  0.12  mm  in  either  dimension,  round,  with  a  broadly 
rounded  sinus  and  small  cardelles  set  far  back.  The  primary  peristome 
is  thin  and  low;  the  secondary  peristome  formed  by  the  fusion  of  the 
tremocyst  is  comparatively  thick  and  tuberculate. 

The  most  characteristic  feature,  aside  from  the  high  separating  walls, 
is  the  occasional  presence  of  a  long  slender  curved  avicularium  which  is 
situated  at  one  side  of  the  aperture,  directed  proximally  and  curved 
around  the  aperture  behind  the  sinus ;  the  mandible  is  triangular  at  the 
base  and  acicular  toward  the  tip,  yellow  in  color,  and  measures  as  much 
as  0.20  mm ;  the  hinge  bar  is  complete. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  325 

The  ovicell  is  rounded,  prominent,  slightly  flattened  on  the  front, 
closed  by  the  operculum,  perforated  and  roughened  like  the  frontal,  and 
measures  0.26  to  0.30  mm  in  width. 

The  high,  thick  separating  walls  and  the  tuberculate  rim  of  the 
secondary  peristome  are  present  on  all  but  the  young  zooecia.  The 
peculiar,  curved,  reversed  avicularia  are  usually  rare,  but  sometimes  are 
more  numerous. 

Type,  AHF  no.  63. 

Type  locality.  Station  406-35  off  Monkey  Point,  Gorgona  Island, 
Colombia,  2°57'00''N,  78°10'00^'W,  at  22  fathoms.  Also  taken  at  Sta. 
23-33,  La  Plata  Island,  Ecuador,  along  shore,  and  at  275-34,  west  of 
Navidad  Head,  Tenacatita  Bay,  Mexico,  19°12'50''N,  104°49'48"W, 
several  colonies  at  25  to  30  fms. 

Genus  DAKARIA  Jullien,  1903 

Schizoporellae  without  avicularia  and  with  a  rounded  sinus  (rimule). 
Jullien's  description  is  brief  and  not  too  comprehensive.  Translated  it 
reads  as  follows:  "Frontal  smooth,  perforated  by  numerous  small  pores 
(origelles),  especially  in  the  proximal  region.  Orifice  of  the  young  with 
the  two  lips  juxtaposed  at  their  extremities,  the  extremities  of  the  anter 
enclosing  between  them  those  of  the  poster"  (Jullien  1903:90).  In  other 
words  the  distal  border  of  the  aperture  is  a  wider  circle  than  that  of  the 
proximal  border.  Genotype,  D.  chevreuxt  Jullien,  1903  :90. 

The  genus  is  certainly  close  to  Schizoporella,  but  it  should  be  added 
that  the  operculum  has  a  broader  bordering  sclerite,  with  the  muscle 
attachments  near  the  margin  and  that  the  operculum  closes  the  ovicell. 

Key  to  Species  of  Dakaria 

1.  Ovicell  with  a  distinct  frontal  area 2 

Ovicell  without  a  restricted  frontal  area 4 

2.  Area  of  ovicell  elongate  triangular pristina 

Area  of  ovicell  more  or  less  rounded 3 

3.  Area  central,  separated  from  the  orifice dawsoni 

Area  not  separted  from  the  orifice ordinata 

4.  Numerous  oral  spines biserialis 

No  oral  spines 5 

5.  Ovicell  evenly  perforated,  not  more  than  0,40  mm  wide, 

peristome  beaded sertata 

Ovicell  0.50  mm  or  more  in  width,  peristome  low  and  without 

beaded  rim apertura 


326  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Dakaria  apertura  new  species 
Plate  39,  figs.  7-9 

Zoarium  encrusting  rocks  and  shells.  The  zooecia  are  large,  0.65  to 
0.90  mm  long  by  0.45  to  0.60  mm  wide,  arranged  in  series  when  free- 
growing,  distinct  with  well-marked  grooves ;  the  frontal  somewhat  ventri- 
cose,  a  thick  tremocyst  with  large  infundibular  pores,  granular  in  older 
stages  and  often  with  a  broad  umbonate  swelling  on  the  distal  half; 
covered  with  a  thick  ectocyst.  The  primary  aperture  is  nearly  round, 
width  0.20  to  0.23  mm,  length,  0.18  to  0.22  mm;  the  anter  a  little 
more  than  a  semicircle  back  to  the  prominent  cardelles  between  which 
the  poster  extends  in  an  arc  similar  to  and  only  slightly  narrower  than 
that  of  the  anter.  The  operculum  has  the  form  of  the  aperture,  rather 
heavily  chitinized  and,  except  in  young  zooecia,  whitish  in  color  with  a 
light  brown  border ;  there  is  a  complete  bordering  sclerite,  with  the  muscle 
attachments  near  the  margin.  The  peristome  is  low  and  thin,  the  sec- 
ondary border  not  elevated  but  often  rough,  especially  on  the  proximal 
border  where  it  joins  the  low  umbonate  swelling. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.50  to  0.60  mm  wide,  not  deeply  embedded,  the 
front  somewhat  depressed  and  perforated  with  irregularly  shaped  pores 
of  different  sizes;  in  full  calcification  a  heavy  and  very  rough  border 
extends  up  the  sides  of  the  ovicell  but  leaves  a  broad  rounded  perforated 
area. 

The  large  size,  longer  aperture  with  larger  poster,  the  nature  of  the 
ovicell  and  the  presence  of  the  broad  umbonate  process  distinguish  the 
species. 

Type,  AHF  no.  64. 

Type  locality,  Tomales  Bay  at  Dillon  Beach,  California,  about 
38°15'00''N  at  6  fms,  R.  J.  Menzies,  collector,  several  colonies. 

Dakaria  dawsoni  (Hincks),  1883 
Plate  39,  figs.  1-2 

Schizoporella  dawsoni  Hincks,  1883  :449. 

Schizoporella  torquata  Hincks,  1884:41   (not  Escharina  torquata 

d'  Orbigny). 
Schizoporella  dawsoni,  O'Donoghue,  1926 :56. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  multilaminar,  white  to  yellowish  or  reddish- 
brown.  Zooecia  moderately  large,  0.55  to  0.75  mm  long  by  0.35  to 
0.50  mm  wide,  quite  variable  in  size  and  arrangement  in  the  secondary 
layers ;  considerably  inflated  and  distinct  in  younger  zooecia,  with  a  raised 
separating  line  in  older  specimens.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  numer- 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  327 

ous  infundibular  pores,  the  areolar  pores  slightly  enlarged ;  finely  granular 
but  no  other  surface  decoration.  The  primary  aperture  is  distinctly 
broader  than  long,  0.18  to  0.20  mm  wide  by  0.14  to  0.16  mm  long,  evenly 
semicircular  beyond  the  strong  cardelles,  the  proximal  border  broadly 
arcuate  or  shghtly  sinuate.  The  operculum  has  the  form  of  the  aperture, 
with  a  brownish  bordering  sclerite  and  the  muscle  attachments  at  the 
edge.  The  primary  peristome  is  thin  and  somewhat  raised ;  the  secondary 
peristome,  formed  by  the  frontal,  is  low,  the  proximal  border  often 
tuberculate.  No  spines,  no  avicularia. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.40  to  0.45  mm  wide,  rounded,  hyperstomial 
but  deeply  embedded,  closed  by  the  operculum.  Hincks'  description  is 
good:  "closely  united  to  the  cell  above,  somewhat  depressed  in  front, 
glossy,  covered  with  rather  large  punctures ;  a  prominent  thickened  border 
around  the  opening."  This  is  exactly  true  for  earlier  stages  of  calcification, 
but  in  later  stages  the  secondary  layer  covers  all  of  the  front  except  a 
rounded  area  on  the  top. 

Hincks  described  the  species  from  Dolomite  Narrows,  British  Colum- 
bia, and  O'Donoghue  recovered  it  from  San  Juan  Island,  Puget  Sound, 
Washington. 

In  the  Hancock  Collections  are  specimens  from  Middle  Bank  and 
Hein  Bank,  Puget  Sound,  collected  by  Dr.  John  L.  Mohr,  and  one  also 
from  Cordova,  Alaska,  dredged  by  the  "Albatross,"  June  28,  1914. 

Dakaria  ordinata  (O'Donoghue),  1923 
Plate  57,  figs.  10-11 

Schizoporella  ordinata  O'Donoghue,  1923  :38. 
Dakaria  ordinata,  O'Donoghue,  1926 :61. 

The  zoarium  encrusts  stones,  shells,  etc. ;  also  there  is  one  branching 
erect  cylindrical  colony  which  possibly  may  have  encrusted  an  alga; 
white  and  shining.  The  zooecia  are  variable  in  size  and  form,  especially 
those  on  the  superficial  layers ;  on  free-growing  areas  they  measure  0.50 
to  0.70  mm  long  by  0.35  to  0.45  mm  wide;  slightly  ventricose,  with  a 
separating  line.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  moderately  large  pores, 
smooth,  without  decoration  except  for  a  low,  slightly  tubercular  rim 
proximal  to  the  aperture.  The  primary  aperture  is  broader  than  long, 
0.15  to  0.18  mm  wide  by  0.13  to  0.15  mm  long,  semicircular  back  to 
the  cardelles,  broadly  arched  or  slightly  sinuate  on  the  proximal  border; 
there  is  a  narrow  smooth  proximal  shelf  between  the  aperture  and  the 
beaded  secondary  rim  of  the  peristome.  The  primary  peristome  is  thin 
and  low,  not  obscured  by  the  low  secondary  peristome,  and  without 
spines. 


328  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  ovicell  is  rounded,  prominent,  slightly  flattened,  with  numerous 
pores;  the  secondary  layer  of  calcification  leaves  a  rounded  perforated 
area  above  the  orifice ;  width  about  0.40  mm. 

O'Donoghue  named  the  species  for  the  orderly  arrangement  of  the 
zooecia,  which  is  quite  evident  in  the  primary  layer  on  smooth  surfaces, 
but  in  superficial  layers  the  zooecia  are  oriented  very  irregularly ;  Gabriola 
Pass,  British  Columbia  and  San  Juan  Island,  Puget  Sound. 

Hancock  Stations:  1123-40,  San  Nicolas  Island;  1232-41,  of?  San 
Pedro  breakwater;  1283-41,  Santa  Rosa  Island;  1295-41,  Santa  Cruz 
Island,  all  off  southern  California;  1896-49  middle  of  Tanner  Bank, 
United  States-Mexican  boundary  (the  most  southern  record).  Also  off 
Del  Monte,  California,  Dr.  R.  L.  Bolin,  collector.  Depth  range  20  to 
35  fms. 

Dakaria  pristina  (Hincks),  1883 
Plate  39,  figs.  3-4 

Schizoporella  pristina  Hincks,  1883  :448. 
Dakaria  pristina,  O'Donoghue,  1926:60. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  stones  and  shells.  Zooecia  moderately  large, 
0.60  to  0.80  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide,  often  quite  regularly 
elongate-quadrilateral  in  form ;  the  frontal  ventricose  and  the  zooecia 
separated  by  rather  deep  grooves  within  which  are  raised  lines.  The 
frontal  tremopores  are  large  and  become  more  or  less  infundibuliform. 
The  primary  aperture  is  nearly  round,  sometimes  a  little  longer  than 
wide  and  again  it  is  slightly  shorter  than  the  width,  averaging  about 
0.20  mm  in  each  dimension ;  in  any  case  the  operculum  has  the  form  of 
the  aperture  and  is  provided  with  a  comparatively  broad,  complete 
bordering  sclerite,  the  muscle  attachments  being  at  the  margin.  The 
cardelles  are  large  and  prominent,  the  anter  a  semicircle  and  the  poster 
nearly  as  large,  its  proximal  border  usually  seeming  to  be  a  continuation 
of  the  same  circle  as  that  of  the  anter.  The  appearance  of  the  aperture 
is  exactly  represented  by  Hincks,  1883,  pi.  17,  fig.  6.  The  peristome  is 
low,  slightly  higher  on  the  proximal  border  and  roughened  with  low 
tubercles.    No  spines,  no  avicularia. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  rounded,  about  0.40  mm  wide,  bordered  by  a 
thick,  rough  collar  which  leaves  a  large  roughly  triangular  frontal  area 
with  large  irregular  pores;  closed  by  the  operculum. 

Recorded  by  Hincks  from  Dolomite  Narrows,  and  by  O'Donoghue 
from  Gabriola  Pass  and  ofif  Round  Island,  British  Columbia. 

Hancock  Collections,  Tomales  Bay,  Dillon  Beach,  California,  sev- 
eral specimens  on  stones,  R.  J.  Menzies,  collector. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  329 

Dakaria  sertata  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930 
Plate  57,  figs.  12-13 

Dakaria  sertata  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:17. 
Dakaria  sertata,  Marcus,  1937:95. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  corallines,  shells,  etc. ;  sometimes  multilaminar 
in  which  case  the  zooecia  are  poorly  oriented.  The  zooecia  are  of  moderate 
size,  0.45  to  0.65  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.45  mm  wide,  more  or  less  ellipti- 
cal or  quadrangular  when  free-growing  but  assuming  all  sorts  of  propor- 
tions when  crowded  or  in  superficial  layers;  the  front  ventricose,  sepa- 
rated by  deep  grooves ;  the  frontal  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  small  pores ; 
in  full  calcification  the  pores  become  infundibuliform  and  the  front  is 
slightly  granulated.  The  primary  aperture,  0.16  mm  wide  by  0.14  to 
0.16  mm  long,  is  nearly  round  except  that  the  broad  sinus,  extending 
between  the  cardelles,  is  often  slightly  angulated.  The  operculum  has 
the  form  of  the  aperture,  with  a  comparatively  broad  bordering  sclerite 
and  the  muscle  attachments  near  the  margin.  The  peristome  is  slightly 
elevated  and  thin;  the  frontal  forms  a  secondary  peristome  which  is 
broader  and  is  decorated  with  small  rounded  tubercles,  especially  on  the 
proximal  border  though  often  the  tubercles  form  a  complete  "necklace" 
about  the  aperture.  No  spines,  no  avicularia. 

The  ovicell  is  deeply  embedded  but  conspicuous,  rounded,  large  (0.40 
to  0.45  mm  broad)  ;  its  front  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  pores  which 
are  somewhat  smaller  than  those  on  the  frontal ;  closed  by  the  operculum. 

Recorded  from  the  Galapagos  Islands  by  Canu  and  Bassler  and  later 
by  Marcus  from  Santos  Bay,  Brazil. 

Hancock  Stations:  30-33,  Hood  Island,  190-34  and  450,  Albemarle 
Island,  453,  Gardner  Island,  Galapagos;  136-34,  Clarion  Island,  west 
of  Mexico;  557-36,  Isla  Partida,  275,  Raza  Island,  and  276,  San  Este- 
ban  Island,  Gulf  of  California;  1191,  Cortez  Bank,  near  the  United 
States-Mexican  boundary;  232,  San  Miguel  Island,  874-38,  Anacapa 
Island,  1294-41,  Santa  Cruz  Island,  and  1143-40,  oflE  Portuguese  Point, 
southern  California.  The  known  distribution  is  from  little  south  of  the 
equator  to  slightly  north  of  34°N  Lat.,  and  from  shore  down  to  60  fms. 

Dakaria  biserialis  (Hincks),  1885 
Plate  39,  figs.  5-6 

Schizoporella  biserialis  Hincks,  1885:250;  1889:9. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  a  coralline,  white  and  shining.  Zooecia  more 
or  less  hexagonal,  distinct  with  deep  grooves,  0.55  to  0.75  mm  long  by 
0.40  to  0.55  mm  wide;  the  frontal  a  tremocyst,  considerably  inflated, 


330  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

with  numerous  pores;  no  evidence  of  an  umbo.  The  primary  aperture, 
0.18  mm  wide  by  0.15  mm  long,  is  evenly  rounded  to  the  cardelles, 
proximal  to  which  is  a  rounded  sinus  about  half  as  broad  as  the  distal 
part.  The  operculum  has  a  lunate  chitinized  border,  thinning  out  to- 
ward the  points  of  attachment.  A  low  thin  peristome  extends  around  the 
border  distal  to  the  cardelles  and  bears  8  to  12  short,  erect,  closely 
set  spines.  Distal  to  the  peristome  is  another  row  of  similar  but  re- 
cumbent spines  of  about  the  same  number;  occasionally  this  outside 
row  extends  along  the  side  of  the  front  a  short  distance  proximal  to  the 
aperture. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.40  mm  wide,  heavily  calcified,  perforated  and 
prominent ;  closed  by  the  operculum ;  the  aperture  of  the  fertile  zooecium 
slightly  broader,  0.20  mm. 

The  genus  Dakaria  as  a  rule  is  without  oral  spines  while  this  has  a 
double  row,  but  the  absence  of  the  avicularia,  and  the  closure  of  the 
ovicell  by  the  operculum,  together  with  the  broad  sinus  and  the  lack  of 
a  definite  peristome  on  the  proximal  border  which  appears  to  be  enclosed 
between  the  proximal  ends  of  the  distal  border,  all  agree  with  Dakaria. 

Hincks  described  the  species  from  New  Zealand  and  I  have  not 
found  any  more  recent  record.  He  states  that  "there  are  14  to  16  spines 
but  there  may  be  as  many  as  40  or  50" ;  the  largest  number  I  have 
observed  is  26,  but  evidently  with  so  much  variation  the  exact  number 
is  of  no  consequence. 

Hancock  Station  779-38,  ofiF  Nuez  Island,  Cocos  Islands,  Costa  Rica, 
5°34'00''N,  86°59'20''W,  one  colony  at  30  to  50  fms.  Also  Station  438, 
Chatham  Island,  Galapagos,  one  colony. 

Genus  SGHIZOMAVELLA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1917 

"The  operculum  closes  the  ovicell.  The  muscular  attachment  is 
usually  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  border  of  the  operculum.  The 
rimule  is  wide  and  arched.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst.  A  median  avicu- 
larium  occurs  on  the  front  wall.  There  are  small  oral  glands.  23  ten- 
tacles" (Canu  and  Bassler).  Genotype,  Lepralia  auriculata  Hassall, 
1842. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  331 


Schizomavella  auriculata  (Hassall),  1842 
Plate  38,  fig.  5 

LepraUa  auriculata  Hassall,  1842:411. 
Schizoporella  auriculata,  Hincks,  1880 :260. 
Schizoporella  auriculata,  Robertson,  1908:286. 
Schizoporella  auriculata,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :34 ;  1926 :58. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  especially  on  shells.  Zooecia  rather  small,  aver- 
aging about  0.45  mm  long  by  0.35  mm  wide  but  varying  greatly,  more  or 
less  quadrate  or  rhomboid ;  the  frontal  a  tremocyst  with  small  pores, 
moderately  convex,  distinct  with  a  separating  line,  smooth  or  granulated. 
The  primary  aperture  is  round  back  to  the  level  of  the  cardelles,  with 
a  rather  shallow  sinus,  the  length  and  width  about  equal  and  varying 
from  0.10  to  0.12  mm  in  either  dimension.  Peristome  low  and  smooth. 
A  small  avicularium,  usually  mounted  on  a  small  umbo,  is  situated 
in  the  midline  proximal  to  the  sinus,  the  mandible  varying  from  semi- 
circular to  short  spatulate. 

The  ovicell  is  comparatively  large,  about  0.25  mm  broad,  hyper- 
stomial,  perforated,  the  front  slightly  flat. 

The  species  is  unusually  variable  and  scarcely  any  two  colonies  are 
exactly  alike. 

Recorded  by  Robertson  from  the  Coronado  Islands  just  south  of 
the  United  States-Mexican  boundary,  and  by  O'Donoghue  from  several 
localities  in  British  Columbia.  It  is  a  common  North  Atlantic  species. 

Hancock  Stations:  Dredged  at  numerous  stations  from  the  coast 
of  Oregon  south  to  San  Benito  Islands  and  Dewey  Channel  on  the 
west  coast  of  Lower  California  and  Isla  Partida  in  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia; common  about  the  islands  off  southern  California,  but  not 
noted  south  of  29°  N  Lat. 

Schizomavella  auriculata  ochracea  (Hincks),  1880 
Plate  38,  fig.  6 

Schizoporella  auriculata  Yzr.  ochracea  Hincks,  1880:262;  1884:16. 
Schizoporella  auriculata  ivhsY>-  ochracea,  Robertson,  1908:286. 
Schizomavella  auriculata  \zr.  ocArac^o,  O'Donoghue,  1926:59. 

This  variety  is  characterized  by  the  avicularium  which  is  submersed 
and  lies  flat  in  the  frontal  instead  of  elevated ;  it  is  also  usually  farther 
removed  from  the  aperture ;  its  mandible  may  be  rounded  or  subspatulate. 
Other  characters  are  similar  to  the  typical  form. 


332  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Recorded  by  Hincks  from  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  by  Robertson 
from  San  Pedro,  southern  California,  and  by  O'Donoghue  from  Gabri- 
ola  Pass  and  Houston  Channel,  British  Columbia. 

Hancock  Stations:  1259-41,  Dewey  Channel,  west  coast  of  Lower 
California;  1415-41,  San  Miguel  Island,  southern  California,  and 
1474-42,  Charleston,  Oregon;  shore  to  49  fms. 

Schizomavella  auriculata  acuta  new  variety 
Plate  38,  figs.  7-9 

This  rather  characteristic  variety  differs  but  little  from  the  typical 
auriculata  except  in  the  nature  of  the  avicularia.  These  are  usually 
mounted  on  a  low  umbo  with  the  sharp-pointed  mandible  directed  back- 
ward, they  are  less  elevated  than  in  the  typical  form,  occasionally 
enlarged ;  on  the  same  colony  there  are  more  rarely  very  elongate  slender 
avicularia,  pointed  at  both  ends,  with  the  mandible  occupying  only 
about  half  of  the  avicularian  area.  These  elongate  avicularia  are  little 
elevated  and  horizontal  with  the  frontal ;  they  resemble  the  giant 
avicularia  of  the  variety  ochracea  Hincks,  except  for  their  form  and 
position  of  attachment  of  the  mandible.  The  frontal  is  usually  thickly 
granulated  with  small  round  tubercles  between  the  pores.  The  zoarium 
is  encrusting  and  varies  from  white  to  reddish  brown  in  color. 

At  first  I  believed  this  to  be  a  different  species,  but  the  inter- 
gradations  and  the  similarity  of  the  operculum  and  ovicell  seem  to 
rank  it  as  merely  another  variety  of  auriculata. 

Type,  AHF  no.  65. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1662-48,  Santa  Cruz  Island,  southern 
California,  33°55'50"N,  119°31'05''W,  at  23  fms.  Also  taken  at  Sta- 
tions 1232-41,  off  the  San  Pedro  Breakwater,  18  fms,  and  off  Santa 
Catalina  Island,  55   fms,  southern  California. 

Schizomavella  porifera  (Smitt),  1867 
Plate  38,  fig.  10 

Escharella  porifera  forma  typica  Smitt,  1867  :9. 
Lepralia  porifera,  Hincks,  1877:102. 
Lepralia  porifera.  Waters,  1900  :75. 
Schizoporella  porifera,  Nordgaard,  1906:29. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  white.  Zooecia  moderately  large,  0.65  to  0.80 
mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide,  distinct,  considerably  inflated;  the 
frontal  a  tremocyst  with  large  pores  which  become  infundibular  with 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  333 

age.  The  aperture  is  nearly  round,  with  a  broad,  shallow  sinus.  The 
operculum  is  well  chitinized,  yellowish,  with  muscle  attachments  re- 
moved from  the  border.  The  peristome  is  slightly  raised,  thin,  and 
sometimes  connects  with  the  suboral  avicularian  chamber.  The  avicu- 
larium  varies  in  size  and  location,  usually  close  to  the  border  but 
often  a  little  removed  from  it,  and  the  mandible  semicircular  to  very 
short  spatulate. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.40  mm  wide,  the  front  considerably  depressed, 
perforated  by  rather  large  pores. 

As  shown  by  Nordgaard  (1918:28)  Smitt  confused  no  less  than 
five  species  in  his  Escharella  poriferdj  the  "form  typica"  being  the  present 
one.  The  species,  as  limited,  has  been  placed  under  several  other  genera, 
Lepralia,  Smittina,  Schizoporella,  but  the  characters,  except  for  the  large 
size,  appear  to  conform  to  the  genus  Schizomavella;  the  nature  of  the 
aperture  and  operculum,  the  depressed  frontal  area  of  the  ovicell  and 
the  character  of  median  suboral  avicularium. 

It  is  a  high  northern  species,  known  from  Nova  Zembla  to  Green- 
land, but  the  confusion  with  other  species  makes  it  impossible  to  cite 
references  except  where  authors  have  noted  the  form  of  the  aperture 
without  a  lyrula. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  G.  E.  Mac- 
Ginitie,  collector,  14  fms. 

Genus  ARTHROPOMA   Levinsen,  1909 

The  frontal  is  a  smooth  tremocyst  with  numerous  small  pores ;  aper- 
ture semicircular,  straight  on  the  proximal  border,  with  a  narrow  slit- 
like sinus;  peristome  inconspicuous.  The  operculum  bears  a  tongue- 
shaped  appendage  which  fills  the  sinus.  Genotype,  F lustra  cecilii  Audouin, 
1826. 

Arthropoma  cecili  (Audouin),  1826 
Plate  38,  figs.  1-3 

Schizoporella  cecilii,  Hincks,  1884:17. 
Schizoporella  cecilii,  Robertson,  1908:288. 
Schizoporella  cecilii,  O'Donoghue,  1923 :35. 
Arthropoma  cecilii,  O'Donoghue,  1926:58. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  forming  thin,  smooth,  white  layers.  Zooecia 
moderately  large,  0.65  to  0.75  mm  long  by  0.50  to  0.65  mm  wide,  hex- 
agonal, distinct  with  well-marked  grooves ;  the  frontal  is  a  smooth  tremo- 


334  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

cyst  with  numerous  small  pores,  considerably  inflated  and  with  or  without 
the  small  umbo  which  is  present  in  typical  specimens.  The  aperture  is 
semicircular,  about  0.18  mm  wide,  the  proximal  border  straight  with  a 
narrow,  deep,  slit-like  sinus.  The  peristome  is  unusually  thin  and  low. 
No  spines,  no  avicularia. 

The  ovicell  is  very  prominent,  longer  than  wide,  smooth,  imperforate. 

Hincks  and  O'Donoghue  have  reported  the  species  for  several  lo- 
calities in  British  Columbia,  and  Robertson  recorded  it  from  San  Pedro, 
California. 

Hancock  Station  328,  Chatham  Bay,  Cocos  Island,  Costa  Rica  at 
14  fms.  It  is  a  very  widely  distributed  species,  but  appears  to  be  rare 
in  the  Eastern  Pacific  area.  There  are  also  specimens  collected  by  Miss 
A.  E.  Blagg  off  Lighthouse  Point  at  the  entrance  to  Monterey  Bay, 
California. 

Arthropoma  circinata  (MacGillivray),  1868 
Plate  38,  fig.  4 

Lepralia  circinata  MacGillivray,  1868 :9. 
Schizoporella  circinata.  Busk,  1884:166. 
Schizoporella  circinata,  Hincks,  1885  :253. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  unilaminar.  Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  0.40  to 
0.50  mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.35  mm  wide,  irregularly  hexagonal,  very 
distinct  with  deep  separating  grooves ;  the  frontal  high  and  evenly  arched, 
smooth  or  somewhat  reticulate  in  older  zooecia,  with  conspicuous  pores 
and  a  small,  smooth  central  area.  Proximal  to  the  aperture  is  a  thin, 
arcuate,  umbonate  process  with  a  concavity  on  its  distal  side  forming 
a  shallow  pouch,  but  there  is  no  other  appendage  or  decoration.  The 
primary  aperture  is  semicircular,  about  0.12  mm  wide,  the  proximal 
border  straight  with  a  slit-like  sinus.  The  operculum  is  thin,  conforming 
to  the  aperture  and  sinus,  with  a  narrow  bordering  sclerite  and  the 
muscle  attachments  removed  from  the  border.  The  peristome  is  low 
and  thin,  with  6  short,  stout  spines  which  are  often  little  more  than 
tubercles.    No   avicularia. 

The  ovicell  is  prominent,  smooth  and  imperforate,  0.20  to  0.25  mm 
wide  and  usually  a  little  longer  than  wide,  not  closed  by  the  operculum. 

The  species  is  similar  in  appearance  to  A.  cecili,  but  it  is  much 
smaller,  and  the  smooth  central  area  of  the  front  is  larger,  the  umbonate 
process  is  thin  and  arcuate,  and  there  are  vestigial  oral  spines. 

Known  from  Australia,  New  Zealand  and  Tristan  da  Cunha. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  335 

Hancock  Stations:  276,  San  Esteban  Island,  Gulf  of  California,  32 
fms;  275,  Raza  Island,  Gulf  of  California,  40  fms,  and  431-35,  off 
Octavia  Rocks,  Colombia,  45  fms.  Also  at  Albatross  Station  2939,  off 
Santa  Catalina  Island,  southern  California.  The  species  is  widely 
distributed  along  the  coast,  from  33°36'00"N  to  6°47'20''N,  the  depth 
range  down  to  45  fms,  but  it  appears  to  be  rare  as  only  one  or  two 
colonies  were  taken  at  each  station. 

Genus  SGHIZOLAVELLA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1920 

The  genus  is  closely  allied  to  Schizoporella,  but  the  ooecial  aperture 
is  closed  by  the  operculum  and  there  is  a  pair  of  lateral  frontal  avicularia 
with  long  vibraculoid  mandibles.  Genotype,  Eschara  vulgaris  Moll,  1803. 

Schizolavella  vulgaris  (Moll),  1803 
Plate  38,  fig.  13 

Schizoporella  vulgaris ,  Hincks  1880  :244. 
Schizolavella  vulgaris,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923  :108. 

Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  about  0.50  mm  long  by  0.35  mm  wide, 
occasionally  as  wide  as  long,  distinct  with  deep  separating  grooves;  the 
frontal  tremocyst  with  small  pores,  inflated  and  evenly  granulated.  The 
aperture  is  rounded  distally,  straighter  on  the  sides,  the  proximal  border 
straight  with  a  rather  narrow  v-shaped  sinus,  0.12  mm  in  either  dimen- 
sion. The  peristome  is  thin  and  low,  slightly  raised  on  the  sides,  some- 
what thicker  on  the  distal  border  where  3  or  4  small  evanescent  spines 
are  often  present.  The  avicularia  are  usually  paired,  one  on  either 
side  near  the  lateral  borders  and  at  some  distance  from  the  aperture; 
the  base  of  the  avicularium  is  small  and  rounded  with  a  complete  hinge 
bar,  the  mandible  elongate,  slender  and  appearing  "vibraculoid." 

Ovicells  rounded,  prominent,  0.25  mm  broad,  perforated  like  the 
frontal,  occasionally  with  a  small  umbo  on  the  top,  and  closed  by  the 
operculum. 

The  species  has  been  known  living  only  in  the  eastern  Atlantic  from 
the  British  Isles  to  the  Cape  Verde  Islands  and  in  the  Mediterranean. 
Canu  and  Bassler  (1923:108)  have  recorded  it  from  the  Pleistocene 
of  Santa  Barbara,  California.  It  is  of  some  interest  to  find  it  still  living 
in  the  Gulf  of  California. 

Hancock  Stations:  539-36,  Angeles  Bay,  Lower  California,  and 
650-37,  San  Francisco  Island,  Gulf  of  California.  One  to  47  fms.  Rare. 


336  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Genus  STYLOPOMA  Levinsen,  1909 

Levinsen  separated  this  group  from  Schizoporella  and  figured  but 
did  not  describe  the  genus  (1909,  Plate  18,  fig.  4).  Canu  and  Bassler 
(1920:359)  have  established  it  with  Cellepora  informata  Lonsdale  as 
the  genotype. 

The  most  striking  character  of  the  genus  is  the  enormous  ovicell 
which  completely  covers  the  zooecial  aperture ;  the  frontal  is  a  tremocyst 
with  small  pores  and  the  aperture  is  semicircular  with  a  narrow,  v-shaped 
sinus. 

Stylopoma  informata  (Lonsdale),  1845 
Plate  38,  figs,  11-12 

Cellepora  informata  Lonsdale,  1845  :505. 
Schizoporella  spongites,  Osburn,  1914:207. 
Stylopoma  spongites,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928:91. 
Stylopoma  spongites,  Hastings,  1930:721. 
Stylopoma  informata,  Osburn,  1940  :424. 

The  species  has  usually  been  known  as  spongites  but  the  consensus 
of  opinion  now  is  that  the  Eschara  spongites  Pallas,  1766:45,  is  some- 
thing else,  probably  a  Schizoporella. 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting,  multilaminar  and  often  rises  into  low 
irregular  frills.  The  zooecia  are  of  moderate  size,  about  0.50  mm  long 
by  0.35  mm  wide,  usually  rather  regularly  quadrangular;  frontal  a 
tremocyst  with  numerous  small  pores,  little  convex,  smooth  (roughened 
in  older  stages)  ;  a  low  umbonate  process  proximal  to  the  aperture.  The 
aperture  is  semicircular,  straight  on  the  proximal  border,  with  a  narrow 
v-shaped  or  sometimes  slit-like  sinus;  the  peristome  low. 

Avicularia  vary  in  size  and  form;  small  triangular  ones  are  often 
present  at  one  or  both  sides  of  the  aperture  and  this  form  is  sometimes 
found  in  abundance  on  the  front  and  even  on  the  surface  of  the  ovicell; 
larger  avicularia,  straight  or  falciform,  pointed  or  spatulate  are  more 
rarely  found  on  the  front. 

The  ovicell  is  huge,  about  0.55  mm  wide  and  long,  often  as  broad 
as  two  zooecia,  globular,  very  salient,  and  encloses  both  the  aperture 
and  the  oral  avicularia. 

This  species  is  very  abundant  in  the  West  Indian  region,  Bermuda 
Islands  to  Santos  Bay,  Brazil.  It  is  apparently  rather  rare  on  the  Pacific 
coast  of  the  Americas,  where  it  has  been  recorded  only  by  Hastings  from 
the  Galapagos  Islands. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  337 

Hancock  Stations:  167-34,  Charles  Island;  and  182-34  and  462, 
James  Island,  all  from  the  Galapagos.  Shallow  water  to  30  fms. 

Genus  GEMELLIPORIDRA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1927 

"The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  and  always  closed  by  the  operculum. 
The  frontal  and  ovicell  are  covered  by  tremopores.  The  aperture  bears 
two  small  lateral  indentations  separating  a  very  large  suborbicular  anter 
from  a  very  small  concave  poster.  The  operculum  bears  two  lateral 
marks  corresponding  to  oral  indentations  and  two  linear  muscular  at- 
tachments. There  are  two  oral  avicularia  irregularly  arranged  on  each 
side  of  the  aperture.  The  complete  colonies  are  multilaminar  and  the 
zooecia  are  then  poorly  oriented."  Genotype,  Gemelliporidra  typica  Canu 
and   Bassler,   1927:7. 

Gemelliporidra  lata  new  species 
Plate  55,  fig.  14 

Zoarium  encrusting,  multilaminar,  the  zooecia  turned  in  every  direc- 
tion in  the  superficial  layers.  Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  usually  between 
0.55  and  0.65  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  long,  but  occasionally 
broader  than  long,  distinct.  Frontal  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  small 
pores  which  enlarge  at  the  surface;  little  inflated  and  heavily  calcified. 
The  primary  aperture  is  suborbicular  back  to  the  small  cardelles,  behind 
which  is  a  shallow,  slightly  sinuate  anter.  The  frontal  covers  the  primary 
peristome  and  forms  a  thick  wall  which  is  only  slightly  elevated;  there 
are  small  pointed  oral  avicularia  on  one  or  both  sides  of  the  aperture, 
irregularly  arranged;  in  addition  there  is  rarely  a  giant  avicularium 
which  takes  the  place  of  a  zooecium,  with  a  long  mandible  which  is 
broadly  triangular  at  the  base,  narrow  thence  to  the  tip,  and  attached 
by  a  strong  pivot  bar. 

Ooecium  large,  0.40  mm  wide,  hemispherical  and  covered  with 
tremopores  like  those  of  the  genotype,  G.  typica;  the  frontal  pores  are 
smaller  and  much  more  numerous. 

Type  AHF  No.  66. 

Type  locality.  Station  299,  San  Jose  del  Cabo  at  the  tip  of  the 
Lower  California  peninsula,  22°55'30"N,  109°47'15"W,  one  colony, 
dead,  at  82  fms. 


338  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Gemelliporidra  colombiensis  new  species 
Plate  40,  figs.  11-12 

Zoarium  encrusting  small  shell  fragments,  the  surface  rough,  pale 
yellow.  Zooecia  small,  0.35  to  0.45  mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.30  mm  wide, 
distinct  only  when  young.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  small  pores, 
thick,  and  so  rough  that  the  pores  are  difficult  to  see  except  when  cal- 
cined. The  aperture  is  longer  than  wide,  0.10  mm  long  by  0.08  mm 
wide,  slightly  pyriform,  the  small  cardelles  set  well  back  and  the  poster 
forms  a  broad  arc  between  them.  The  operculum  is  moderately  chitinized, 
light  yellow,  a  narrow  sclerite  extends  around  from  one  cardelle  to  the 
other  slightly  within  the  margin.  The  peristome  is  low,  thin,  smooth 
and  without  spines;  the  secondary  peristome,  formed  by  the  thickening 
of  the  frontal  wall,  does  not  occlude  the  aperture.  A  comparatively 
large  avicularium  is  situated  on  one  side  proximal  to  the  aperture,  the 
rostrum  tilted  upward  at  an  angle  of  about  45°,  the  mandible  semi- 
elliptical  and  directed  laterally,  frequently  wanting. 

The  ovicell  is  comparatively  large,  0.18  to  0.20  mm  wide,  globular 
and  very  prominent,  not  closed  by  the  operculum,  perforated  like  the 
frontal  but  the  surface  less  coarsely  granulated;  a  small  umbonate 
process  sometimes  present  directed  backward  over  the  aperture.  The 
ovicells  are  present  in  such  numbers  that  the  surface  is  obscured  over 
much  of  the  zoarium. 

The  nature  of  the  aperture  and  operculum,  the  ovicell  and  the  frontal 
avicularium  appear  to  ally  this  species  with  Gemelliporidra,  but  it  is 
much  smaller  and  neater  in  appearance  than  others  of  this  genus. 

Type,  AHF  no.  67. 

Type  locality,  Colombia,  a  single  colony  in  the  Hancock  Collections 
without  further  data.  Also  Hancock  Stations  277,  Tiburon  Island, 
Gulf  of  California  and  539-36,  Angeles  Bay,  east  coast  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, at  1  to  16  fms. 

Genus  HIPPODIPLOSIA  Canu,  1916 

Frontal  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  large  pores  which  become  in- 
fundibulate,  the  tremocyst  does  not  reach  the  proximal  border  of  the 
aperture  and  leaves  a  small,  smooth  area.  The  aperture  is  rounded  with 
a  broadly  arcuate  or  somewhat  sinuated  proximal  border.  The  ovicell 
is  perforated,  somewhat  depressed  on  the  front  and  marginated.  Avicu- 
laria  sometimes  present.  Genotype,  Hippodiplosia  verrucosa  Canu,  1916. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  339 

Key  to  Species  of  Hippodiplosia 

1.  Avicularia  present 2 

Avicularia  wanting 3 

2.  Avicularia  usually  median  and  suboral     .     .     .     reticulato-punctata 
Avicularia  lateral,  usually  beside  the  aperture     ....     americana 

3.  Ovicell  radiately  ribbed,  imperforate insculpta 

Ovicell  not  ribbed,  irregularly  perforated pertusa 

Hippodiplosia  americana  (Verrill),  1875 
Plate  40,  fig.  4 

Lepralia  americana  Verrill,  1875  :  415. 
Lepralia  americana,  Osburn,  1912  :241. 
Hippodiplosia  americana,  Hastings,  1930:725. 
Hippodiplosia  americana,  Marcus,  1937  :101. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  shells,  sometimes  multilaminar.  Zooecia  mod- 
erate in  size,  0.50  to  0.65  mm  long  by  0.35  to  0.40  mm  wide,  quadri- 
lateral to  more  or  less  hexagonal  and  arranged  in  quincunx,  distinct  and 
ventricose  in  younger  stages.  The  frontal  is  a  thick  tremocyst  with  large 
pores ;  sometimes  rising  into  a  small  suboral  umbo,  and  variously  rough- 
ened in  full  calcification.  The  aperture  is  nearly  round  (slightly  quad- 
rangular), 0.14  to  0.16  mm  wide  by  0.12  to  0.14  mm  long;  the  poster 
broadly  arcuate  between  the  small  cardelles.  The  peristome  is  low  and 
thin,  without  spines,  the  frontal  does  not  unite  with  it,  especially  on  the 
proximal  border  (a  characteristic  of  the  genus).  A  moderate  sized 
avicularium,  with  a  pointed  mandible  and  complete  hinge-bar,  is  situated 
near  the  side  of  the  aperture,  directed  more  or  less  distally. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  about  0.35  mm  in  either  dimension,  hyperstomial, 
prominent,  slightly  flattened  on  the  upper  surface,  with  numerous  pores 
which  are  irregular  in  size,  shape  and  distribution. 

The  species  is  common  on  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Mt.  Desert  Island, 
Maine,  to  North  Carolina,  especially  abundant  about  southern  New 
England.  Marcus  recorded  it  from  Santos  Bay,  Brazil,  and  Hastings 
from  Balboa,  Canal  Zone  (the  only  Pacific  record). 

Hancock  Stations :  254,  Agua  Verde  Bay  in  the  Gulf  of  California ; 
253-34,  Port  Culebra,  Costa  Rica;  147-34,  Tagus  Cove,  Albermarle 
Island,  and  440,  James  Island,  Galapagos.  Depth  range  10  to  30  fms. 


340  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Hippodiplosia  pertusa  (Esper),  1796 
Plate  40,  figs.  5-8 

Cellepora  pertusa  Esper,  1796:149. 
he pr alia  pertusa,  Hincks,  1880:305. 
Hippodiplosia  pertusa,  Hastings,  1930:724. 
Hippodiplosia  pertusa,  Osburn,  1933 :41. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  often  covering  considerable  areas  on  shells,  etc. 
Zooecia  moderately  large,  0.60  to  0.75  mm  long  by  0.35  to  0.45  mm 
wide,  distinct  with  deep  grooves,  the  front  considerably  inflated,  a 
tremocyst  with  numerous  large  pores.  The  aperture  is  moderately  large, 
0.16  to  0.18  mm  in  each  dimension,  nearly  round,  the  proximal  border 
a  wide  arc  behind  the  strong  denticles.  The  peristome  is  low  and  thin, 
not  covered  by  the  tremocyst.  Proximal  to  the  aperture  an  umbo  is 
often  present  and  in  our  California  specimens  it  is  exceptionally  high 
and  strong,  ending  in  a  point.  No  spines,  no  avicularia. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  prominent,  irregularly  perforated,  closed  by  the 
operculum. 

It  is  a  very  widely  distributed  species  and  has  been  recorded  in  the 
Eastern  Pacific  by  Hincks  from  Mazatlan,  Mexico,  and  by  Hastings 
from  Gorgona,  Colombia,  and  from  the  Galapagos  Islands. 

Hancock  Stations:  1232-41,  San  Pedro,  shore;  1283-41,  Santa  Rosa 
Island,  23  fms;  and  1295-41  and  1666-49,  Santa  Cruz  Island,  17  fms, 
southern  California. 

Hippodiplosia  reticulato-punctata  (Hincks),  1877 
Plate  40,  fig.  3 

Lepralia  reticulato-punctata  Hincks,  1877:103. 
Escharella  porifera  form  edentata  Smitt,  1867 :9. 
Schizoporella  reticulato-punctata,  Nordgaard,  1918:66. 
Hippodiplosia  reticulato-punctata,  Osburn,  1933  :41. 

Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  moderately  large,  0.60  to  0.70  mm  long 
by  0.45  to  0.60  mm  wide,  broad  and  little  inflated,  more  or  less  distinct. 
The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  very  large  pores  which  increase  in  size 
outward  so  that  the  surface  of  old  zooecia  looks  like  a  network.  The 
tremocyst  does  not  involve  the  proximal  border  of  the  aperture  but 
leaves  a  small  v-shaped  area  which  is  usually  occupied  by  a  suboral 
avicularium.  The  peristome  is  thin,  a  little  elevated  on  the  sides  but 
wanting  on  the  proximal  border,  no  oral  spines.  The  aperture  is  broader 
than  long,  0.20  to  0.24  mm  wide  by  0.18  to  0.20  mm  long,  regularly 
rounded  back  to  the  cardelles,  behind  which  it  is  broadly  arcuate.  A 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  341 

rather  large  suboral  avicularium  occupies  the  triangular  area  proximal 
to  the  aperture,  the  mandible  semicircular  to  short  subspatulate  and 
hinged  to  a  complete  bar,  sometimes  inclined  forward  toward  the  aper- 
ture but  usually  nearly  level  with  the  frontal  surface,  often  wanting. 
The  avicularian  chamber  is  symmetrically  developed  in  the  median  line 
but  does  not  connect  with  marginal  pores. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  but  considerably  embedded  in  the  distal 
zooecium  and  closed  by  the  operculum,  perforated  in  a  rather  regular 
pattern,  0.20  to  0.24  mm  wide. 

It  is  an  arctic  and  high  northern  species,  known  from  Nova  Zembla 
to  Greenland  and  down  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America  to  Maine. 
In  the  Canadian  Arctic  Expedition  it  was  found  at  Icy  Cape  and  Point 
Barrow,  Alaska  (Osburn,  1923:10,  Smittina  reticulato-punctata) .  It  is 
possible  that  the  Smittia  Landsborovii  var.  porifera  of  O'Donoghue 
(1923:42)   from  British  Columbia,  also  belongs  here. 

Bering  Sea  (Dall  Collection,  United  States  National  Museum). 
Common  at  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector. 

Hippodiplosia  insculpta  (Hincks),  1882 
Plate  40,  figs.  1-2 

Schizoporella  insculpta  Hincks,  1882:252. 
Schizoporella  insculpta,  Robertson,  1900:326;  1908:290. 
Schizoporella  insculpta,  O^'Donoghvit,  1923:36;  1925:102;  1926:57. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  almost  anything  that  will  afford  attachment, 
stones,  shells,  hydroids,  bryozoans,  algae,  etc.,  often  rising  in  short 
bilaminate  frills  or  fan-like  expansions;  light  yellow,  but  bright  orange 
when  in  reproduction.  Zooecia  elongate-quadrangular  to  more  or  less 
hexagonal;  length  0.50  to  0.75  mm,  width  0.30  to  0.40  mm;  distinct 
and  a  little  inflated.  Front  a  tremocyst,  slightly  granular,  with  numerous 
large  pores;  there  is  a  pointed  umbo,  with  its  base  about  as  wide  as  the 
aperture  and  a  crescentic  cavity  on  its  distal  side  is  sometimes  partially 
closed  to  form  a  rounded  pore,  but  no  evidence  of  an  avicularium  has 
been  found.  The  peristome  is  low  and  very  thin,  not  covered  by  the  tremo- 
cyst. The  aperture  is  round  back  to  the  strong  cardelles;  proximal  to 
these  is  a  broad,  shallow  poster  with  a  slightly  arcuate  border;  in  the 
infertile  zooecia  the  aperture  measures  0.18  to  0.20  mm  in  each  dimen- 
sion, in  the  fertile  zooecia  the  aperture  is  larger  but  of  the  same  form. 
The  operculum  is  thin,  without  any  marked  sclerites  and  the  muscle 
attachments  are  well  removed  from  the  border;  in  the  fertile  zooecia  it 
is  larger  and  closes  the  ovicell. 


342  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.40  mm  wide  and  long,  globular  and  prominent, 
often  radiately  striated.  The  primary  ooecium  is  smooth  or  slightly 
granular  and  imperforate;  the  tremocyst  of  the  succeeding  zooecium 
rises  over  the  distal  end  and  slightly  on  the  sides,  often  giving  the  ovicell 
an  elongated  shape.  No  avicularia,  dietellae  or  spines. 

Described  by  Hincks  from  Virago  Sound  and  Cumshewa  Harbor, 
British  Columbia;  listed  by  Robertson  from  Sitka,  Alaska,  to  the  Coro- 
nados  Islands,  California,  and  by  O'Donoghue  from  numerous  localities 
in  British  Columbia.  It  is  an  abundant  species  in  shallou^  water  and  often 
found  in  tide  pools. 

Toward  the  southern  part  of  its  range  it  is  much  smaller  and  neater 
in  appearance;  length  0.45  to  0.55  mm,  width  0.30  to  0.35  mm;  aperture 
about  0.13  mm  long  by  0.14  mm  wide,  and  the  ovicell  0.25  mm  in  width. 
The  appearance  of  these  and  other  characters  is  the  same  as  in  the 
larger  form,  however,  and  there  appears  to  be  a  rather  regular  gradation 
of  size  from  Alaska  to  southern  California.  South  of  this  point  only 
the  small  form  was  found. 

Hancock  Stations:  Dredged  at  24  stations  from  the  coast  of  Oregon 
to  Cocos  Island  off  the  coast  of  Costa  Rica,  and  at  numerous  shore 
stations.  Albatross  Station  2824,  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Gulf  of 
California.  In  the  collection  are  also  specimens  from  Nootka,  Alaska, 
and  Five  Fingers,  British  Columbia.  It  is  most  abundant  in  shallow 
water  but  was  dredged  as  far  down  as  128  fms. 


NO.  2    osburn:  eastern  pacific  bryozoa — cheilostomata        343 

Family  HlppOpoHnidae  new  family 

In  this  group  the  frontal  consists  of  a  thick  olocyst  or  pleurocyst, 
usually  imperforate  except  for  the  marginal  areolar  pores;  the  ovicell 
is  hyperstomial ;  the  aperture  in  the  typical  genus  Hippoporina  is  con- 
siderably elongated  proximal  to  the  cardelles  but  this  is  not  true  of  all 
the  genera ;  the  operculum  also  varies  in  the  proportions  of  the  proximal 
part,  it  is  well  chitinized  and  provided  with  a  sclerite  or  thickening  at 
the  margin  or  at  some  distance  within  the  border  and  to  this  sclerite 
the  muscles  of  the  operculum  are  attached.  The  cardelles  are  usually 
strong  and  the  operculum  constricted  on  the  sides.  Avicularia  are  usually 
present  and  in  some  species  there  are  oral  spines.  In  some  of  the  genera 
there  are  additional  pores,  which  at  least  leave  the  central  area  free 
proximal  to  the  aperture. 

Key  to  the  Genera  of  Hippoporinidae 

1.  Ovicell  perforated  with  numerous  pores 2 

Ovicell  imperforate 6 

2.  Ovicell  closed  by  the  operculum 3 

Ovicell  not  closed  by  the  operculum 4 

3.  Frontal  smooth  and  porcellanous Hippomenella 

Frontal  granular  or  reticular Hippomonavella 

4.  Poster  deep  and  rounded Gemelliporella 

Poster  more  or  less  transverse 5 

5.  Poster  with  a  v-shaped  sinus ;  suboral  avicularium     .     .     .     Lacerna 
Poster  straight,  without  sinus ;  suboral  avicularium     .     Hippothyris 

6.  Avicularium  small,  median,  suboral ;  poster  transverse     .     Aimulosia 
No  median  suboral  avicularium 7 

7.  Poster  broadly  transverse  and  without  a  sinus 8 

Poster  deep,  rounded,  or  with  a  median  sinus 9 

8.  Zooecia  erect  and  cumulate Hippoporidra 

Zooecia  procumbent ;  avicularium  suboral, 

asymmetrical Hippoporella 

9.  Poster  with  a  rounded  or  v-shaped  sinus     ....     Stephanosella 
Poster  deep  and  rounded,  no  sinus ;  few  areolar  pores     ...     10 

10.  Zoarium  broadly  encrusting;  frontal  porcellanous     .     Hippoporina 
Zoarium  uniserial  or  erect  and  branching     .     .     .     Gemelliporina 


344  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Genus  HIPPOPORINA  Neviani,  1895 

The  aperture  Is  unusually  elongate,  due  to  the  form  and  size  of  the 
area  proximal  to  the  large  cardelles  >  the  operculum  has  the  form  of  the 
aperture,  constricted  by  the  cardelles,  is  well  chitinized  and  bears  a 
bordering  sclerite  to  which  the  opercular  muscles  are  attached ;  a  ves- 
tibular arch  is  present;  the  frontal  is  a  thick  olocyst  which  bears  a  few 
areolar  pores ;  avicularia  are  usually  present  and  oral  spines  may  occur. 
The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  and  is  closed  by  a  special  membrane. 

Key  TO  THE  Species  of  Hippoporina 

1.  Zooecia  large,  more  than  1  row  of  areolar  pores,  poster  a  broad 

deep  arc        ampla 

Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  few  areolar  pores  in  1  row     ....     2 

2.  Poster  a  broad  deep  arc,  conical  tubercles  at  the  sides  of  the 

aperture tuberculata 

Poster  deep  and  narrow 3 

3.  Poster  rounded,  frontal  surface  smooth  or  slightly 

granular porcellana 

Poster  semicircular,  front  roughened,  cardelles  usually 

bifid contracta 

Hippoporina  porcellana  (Busk),  1860 
Plate  41,  figs.  1-3 

Lepralia  porcellana  Busk,  1860 :284. 
Lepralia  cleidostoma  Smitt,  1873  :62. 
Lepralia  cleidostoma.  Waters,  1899 :  10. 
Lepralia  porcellana,  Norman,  1909:305. 
Hippoporina  cleidostoma,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928 :104. 
Hippoporina  porcellana,  Hastings,  1930:721. 
Hippoporina  cleidostoma,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:18. 
Hippoporina  porcellana,  Marcus,  1937  :96. 
Hippoporina  porcellana,  Osburn,  1940 :428, 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting,  usually  on  shells,  white  and  glistening. 
The  younger  zooecia  are  distinct,  rhombic  in  form  and  a  little  inflated, 
but  with  age  the  thick  crust  becomes  nearly  flat  and  obliterates  the  out- 
lines. The  frontal  is  a  thick  olocyst  with  only  a  few  areolar  pores,  smooth 
but  with  complete  calcification,  it  is  decorated  with  low,  rounded  granules. 
The  primary  aperture  is  round  to  the  long  cardelles,  which  are  directed 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  345 

slightly  backward,  and  proximal  to  these  is  a  deep  and  broad  sinus  or 
poster,  the  whole  aperture  having  a  "key-hole"  form.  There  is  a  well 
developed  vestibular  arch  which  is  sometimes  faintly  beaded.  The  peri- 
stome is  low,  in  older  zooecia  submerged  below  the  level  of  the  surround- 
ing frontal  crust.  The  operculum  has  the  form  of  the  aperture,  with  a 
complete  sclerite  extending  around  from  one  cardelle  to  the  other  at 
a  distance  from  the  border.  Pointed  avicularia  are  present,  usually  on 
one  or  both  sides  opposite  the  aperture,  but  often  wanting.  Dietellae. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  imperforate,  not  closed  by  the  operculum  ; 
prominent  when  young,  with  longitudinal  striae ;  later  with  a  semi- 
circular area  above  the  orifice,  but  the  whole  ovicell  becomes  embedded  in 
the  thick  frontal  wall  of  the  distal  zooecium  and  completely  buried  within 
it  when  calcification  is  complete. 

There  is  much  variation  in  the  size  of  the  zooecia,  those  near  the 
center  of  the  zoarium  being  much  smaller  than  the  outer  ones.  Typically 
the  avicularia  are  located  near  one  or  both  sides  of  the  aperture  and 
directed  forward  and  laterally,  but  they  may  have  any  position  on  the 
frontal  and  be  turned  in  any  direction,  all  on  the  same  colony.  Descrip- 
tions and  illustrations  of  this  species  do  not  indicate  any  areolar  pores, 
but  calcined  specimens  always  show  a  few.  In  complete  calcification  there 
is  often  a  small  rounded  umbonate  swelling  near  the  aperture.  The 
synonymity  of  cleidostomata  Smitt  with  porcellana  Busk  has  been  dis- 
puted, but  Norman  (1909:305)  examined  Busk's  type  in  the  British 
Museum  and  states  that  "it  proves  to  be  a  somewhat  overgrown  speci- 
men of  Smitt's  L.  cleidostomata."  After  observing  the  wide  variation  in 
the  supposed  diagnostic  characters  of  numerous  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
specimens  I  am  unable  to  separate  them. 

It  is  a  warm  water  species,  recorded  from  the  Mediterranean  Sea 
and  the  Madeira  Islands ;  on  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Florida  to  Santos 
Bay,  Brazil;  and  on  the  Pacific  coast  from  the  Galapagos  Islands  and 
Peru  northward  to  southern  California. 

Hancock  Stations.  An  abundant  species,  occurring  at  66  stations. 
The  most  southerly  record  is  for  Callao,  Peru,  and  the  northerly  for 
Santa  Cruz  Island  off  southern  California;  coastwise  it  was  taken  also 
in  Ecuador,  Panama,  Costa  Rica  and  Mexico  at  various  places,  and  off 
shore  at  the  Galapagos,  Socorro  and  Clarion  Islands. 


346  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Hippoporina  tuberculata  new  species 
Plate  43,  fig.  10 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  a  shell.  Zooecia  small,  0.40  to  0.45  mm  long 
by  0.25  to  0.35  mm  wide,  moderately  distinct,  ovate  and  arranged  in 
quincunx;  the  frontal  is  a  granulated  pleurocyst,  little  inflated,  with  a 
few  small  inconspicuous  areolar  pores.  The  aperture  is  elongate,  about 
0.12  mm  long  by  0.09  mm  wide,  the  anter  somewhat  pyriform,  the 
cardelles  very  strong,  pointed  and  directed  backward,  the  poster  broadly 
arcuate  and  varying  in  width;  the  operculum  has  the  form  of  the  aper- 
ture, well  chitinized  with  a  narrow  sclerite  paralleling  the  border.  The 
peristome  is  low,  thin,  smooth,  without  spines  and  is  not  covered  by  the 
surrounding  frontal  wall.  Small  frontal  avicularia  are  rare.  The  most 
unusual  feature  for  this  genus  is  the  presence  of  low  conical  tubercles, 
one  of  these  usually  occupies  the  position  of  a  median  suboral  umbo, 
one  to  three  on  each  side  of  the  aperture  and  one  or  more  on  the  frontal. 
Dietellae  are  present. 

Ovicells  are  wanting  on  our  small  specimen. 

It  is  similar  in  most  respects  to  H.  porcellana,  but  the  measurements 
are  all  smaller,  the  poster  wider  and  shallower,  and  the  conical  tubercles 
give  the  frontal  a  very  different  appearance. 

Type,  AHF  no.  68. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  438,  Chatham  Island,  Galapagos, 
0°46'10''S,  89°30'10"W,  at  35  to  40  fms.  One  small  colony. 

Hippoporina  contracta  (Waters),  1899 
Plate  41,  figs.  4-5 

Lepralia  contracta  Waters,  1899 :11. 

Lepralia  serrata  Oshurn,  1912:242. 

Lepralia  contracta,  Norman,  1909:306. 

Lepralia  contracta  serrata,  Osburn,  1914:211. 

Perigastrella  contracta,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1920 :576 ;  1929 :403. 

Perigastrella  contracta,  Hastings,  1930:722. 

Perigastrella  contracta,  Marcus,  1937:98. 

Hippoporina  contracta,  Osburn,  1940 :428 ;  1947 :33. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  often  multilamellate,  sometimes  rising  into  ridges 
or  frills.  The  zooecia  are  ovate  or  hexagonal,  distinct  when  young  but 
later  immersed  in  a  common  crust.  The  front  is  a  granular  olocyst 
(?  pleurocyst),  thick,  vitreous,  with  irregular  tuberosities  and  marginal 
areolae.  The  aperture  is  somewhat  elongate,  rounded  distal  to  the  strong 
cardelles  which  are  often  more  or  less  bifid;  proximal  to  the  cardelles 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  347 

is  a  moderately  broad  and  deep  sinus  or  poster,  semicircular  in  form. 
The  vestibular  arch  is  well  developed  and  beaded.  The  primary  peristome 
is  low  and  smooth,  but  the  frontal  forms  a  secondary  peristome  which 
is  irregularly  thickened  and  often  mucronate  or  umbonate  on  the  proximal 
border  in  full  calcification ;  4  to  6  oral  spines  are  usually  present.  Avicu- 
laria  are  numerous  and  various,  ovate  to  spatulate  or  pointed  in  form, 
oral  or  frontal,  immersed  or  mounted  on  mamillate  processes,  the  aper- 
ture beaded  like  the  oral  margin.  Dietellae  are  present. 

The  ooecia  at  first  are  prominent,  embedded  only  in  full  calcification  ; 
with  a  large  semicircular  and  lightly  striated  area  above  the  orifice  which 
is  not  covered  by  the  secondary  calcification ;  the  wall  eventually  becomes 
very  thick  and  irregular. 

In  secondary  calcification  this  species  varies  greatly,  but  the  primary 
characters  are  quite  constant,  except  for  the  form  and  position  of  the 
avicularia.  The  zooecia  near  the  middle  of  the  colony  are  much  smaller 
than  the  later  ones,  graduated  from  about  0.30  to  0.60  mm  in  length, 
and  the  ovicell  also  varies  from  0.15  to  0.18  mm  in  width. 

The  reasons  for  transferring  this  species  to  the  genus  Hippoporina 
have  been  given  by  Osburn  (1940:429),  the  nature  of  the  frontal,  the 
form  of  the  aperture,  the  structure  of  the  operculum,  the  arrangement 
of  the  avicularia,  and  the  nature  of  the  ovicell. 

The  species  was  described  from  Madeira.  It  is  an  abundant  form  on 
the  Atlantic  coast  from  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts  to  the  Bay  of  Santos, 
Brazil.  Recorded  also  on  the  Pacific  coast  from  Gorgona,  Colombia, 
and  from  the  Galapagos  Islands  by  Hastings. 

Hancock  Stations:  Taken  at  62  stations  from  Ecuador  to  the  Gulf 
of  California,  abundant  about  the  Galapagos  Islands  and  Clarion  Island. 

Hippoporina  ampla  new  species 
Plate  41,  figs.  6-8 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting  on  shells  and  corallines,  white  and  glisten- 
ing. The  zooecia  are  large,  0.90  mm  long  (0.70  to  1.10)  by  0.80  mm 
wide  (0.65  to  0.95),  very  distinct  with  deep  grooves  even  in  complete 
calcification,  somewhat  hexagonal  in  form.  The  frontal  is  a  granular 
pleurocyst  with  2  or  3  rows  of  pores  and  a  large  central  imperforate  area  ; 
in  advanced  calcification  some  of  the  granules  on  the  proximal  area 
become  elevated  into  short,  erect,  pointed  processes.  The  aperture  is 
more  or  less  removed  from  the  distal  border,  pyriform,  with  sharp 
cardelles  directed  backward,  and  proximal  to  these  is  a  moderately  broad 
poster;  0.18  to  0.20  mm  long  by  about  0.16  mm  wide,  the  poster  0.10 


348  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

to  0.13  mm  wide;  vestibular  arch  present;  peristome  low  with  about 
8  oral  spines;  only  in  very  advanced  calcification  does  the  frontal  wall 
fuse  with  the  peristome.  The  operculum  has  the  form  of  the  aperture, 
yellow  and  well  chitinized,  with  a  broad  curved  sclerite  extending  for- 
ward. The  avicularia  are  comparatively  minute,  one  on  either  side  and 
distant  from  the  aperture,  pointed  and  directed  laterally,  and  another 
pair  of  similar  size  and  form  about  halfway  back  on  the  frontal,  well 
separated  and  directed  proximally. 

The  ovicell  is  correspondingly  large,  about  0.45  mm  wide  and  long, 
hemispherical,  hyperstomial  and  not  closed  by  the  operculum,  the  texture 
of  the  very  thick  wall  similar  to  that  of  the  zooecial  front. 

This  species  is  a  veritable  giant  among  the  others  of  the  genus.  As 
a  rule  in  this  genus  there  is  only  one  row  of  areolar  pores,  but  the  nature 
of  the  aperture,  operculum  and  ovicell  appear  to  ally  this  species  with 
Hippoporina. 

Type,  AHF  no.  69. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  438,  Chatham  Island,  Galapagos,  no 
additional  data.  Also  at  Stations  442,  James  Bay,  James  Island;  471, 
one-half  mile  north  of  Black  Beach,  Charles  Island ;  452,  Post  Office 
Bay,  Charles  Island;  and  171-34,  off  Stephens  Bay,  Chatham  Island,  all 
from  the  Galapagos  at  18  to  65  fms. 

Genus  HIPPOPORELLA  Canu,  1917 

Hippoponella  Canu  and  Bassler,  1920 :379,  is  a  pure  synonjmi. 

The  frontal  is  a  thick,  vitreous,  granulated  pleurocyst  with  a  row  of 
areolar  pores.  The  aperture  is  broad  proximally,  slightly  arcuate  on  the 
proximal  border  and  approximately  as  wide  as  the  anter;  the  cardelles 
strong  and  set  well  back;  the  vestibular  arch  usually  delicately  beaded. 
Peristome  low  and  thin  with  2  to  4  small  spines.  Dietellae  present.  Ovi- 
cell hyperstomial,  not  closed  by  the  operculum,  hemispherical,  imperfor- 
ate, often  becoming  completely  immersed.  Genotype,  Lepralia  hippopus 
Smitt,  1867. 

This  genus,  which  resembles  Hippoporina  in  many  respects,  is  easily 
differentiated  by  the  form  of  the  aperture. 

Hippoporella  gorgonensis  Hastings,  1930 
Plate  45,  figs.  10-12 

Hippoporella  gorgonensis  Hastings,  1930 :723. 

The  zoarium  encrusts  shells,  etc.,  multilaminar  and  rough  with 
mamillate  or  knob-like  processes.  Zooecia  moderate  in  size,  the  young 
marginal  ones  0.40  to  0.50  mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.40  mm  wide,  inflated 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  349 

and  the  distal  end  somewhat  elevated,  arranged  in  quincunx;  in  the 
secondary  layers  the  zooecia  are  partially  erected  and  turned  in  every 
direction.  The  frontal  is  a  pleurocyst  with  a  row  of  areolar  pores  (often 
difficult  to  see  and  occasionally  there  are  a  few  additional  pores),  smooth 
or  granulated  in  the  young  but  becoming  exceedingly  irregular  with 
ridges  and  high  tubercles.  Normally  there  is  a  pointed  umbonate  process 
proximal  to  the  aperture  and  one  on  each  side  (sometimes  spine-like)  and 
often  there  are  others  on  the  frontal.  The  aperture  is  lepralioid,  rounded 
in  front  of  the  strong  cardelles,  broadest  proximal  to  the  cardelles  and 
broadly  arcuate,  about  0.12  by  0.12  mm.  The  vestibular  arch  is  often 
delicately  beaded.  The  primary  peristome  is  low  and  thin,  with  2  to  4 
small  spines;  with  secondary  calcification  the  spines  disappear  and  the 
peristome  is  covered  by  the  encroaching  frontal  wall.  As  indicated  by 
Hastings,  there  are  two  kinds  of  opercula,  one  with  sinuous  sclerites 
and  the  other  with  thick  bordering  sclerite  which  is  produced  downward ; 
muscle  attachments  are  at  the  distal  ends  of  the  sclerites.  The  avicularia 
vary  exceedingly;  often  there  is  a  small  rounded  one  asjnmmetrically 
situated  at  the  base  of  the  umbo  and  included  in  the  secondary  aperture, 
the  lateral  processes  may  be  replaced  by  small  round  or  pointed  avicu- 
laria, and  frontal  avicularia,  round  or  pointed,  large  or  small,  may 
occur  on  the  frontal. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  not  closed  by  the  operculum,  broader 
than  long  (0.18  to  0.20  mm  wide),  prominent,  smooth  and  imperforate 
when  young  but  soon  covered  and  embedded  by  the  rough  ectocyst  and 
surrounding  frontal  walls. 

The  species  was  described  by  Hastings  from  Gorgona,  Colombia,  and 
recorded  also  from  Taboga,  Jicaron  and  Coiba  Islands,  oflF  Panama,  and 
from  the  Galapagos  Islands. 

Hancock  Stations:  recorded  from  more  than  30  stations,  all  the 
way  from  southern  California  to  the  Galapagos  Islands;  Santa  Cruz, 
Santa  Rosa  and  Santa  Catalina  Islands  and  off  the  San  Pedro  break- 
water, southern  California;  Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island,  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia >  west  coast  of  Mexico ;  Socorro  Island ;  Costa  Rica ;  Panama ; 
Colombia ;  Ecuador ;  and  Wenman,  James,  Albemarle  and  Hood  Islands, 
Galapagos.  The  known  geographic  range  is  from  about  34°N  to  a  little 
south  of  the  equator,  and  the  depth  range  from  shore  to  82  fms. 


350  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Hippoporella  hippopus  (Smitt),  1867 
Plate  45,  figs.  8-9 

Lepralia  hippopus  Smitt,  1867:20. 
Lepralia  hippopus,  Hincks,  1880:309. 
Lepraliella  hippopus,  Levinsen,  1916:466. 
Hippoponella  hippopus,  Osburn,  1933:44. 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting  on  stones  and  shells,  vitreous  or  white 
and  glistening.  The  aperture  is  round  anteriorly,  nearly  straight  on  the 
sides,  the  proximal  border  only  slightly  arcuate;  0.15  mm  long  by  0.12 
mm  wide;  the  strong  cardelles  are  set  far  back  and  the  shallow  poster 
is  about  as  broad  as  the  anter.  The  vestibular  arch  smooth  or  delicately 
beaded.  The  operculum  fills  the  aperture,  well  chitinized  and  yellow  in 
color,  indented  on  the  sides  at  the  position  of  the  cardelles,  and  with  a 
slightly  sinuous  sclerite  separated  from  the  border.  The  peristome  is  low 
and  thin,  with  2  to  4  small  spines  which  soon  disappear.  The  avicularia 
are  round  or  ovate  and  vary  in  size,  usually  small,  often  one  is  found 
situated  at  one  side  of  the  median  line  and  proximal  to  the  aperture; 
others  may  apparently  occur  at  any  other  position  on  the  front. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  not  closed  by  the  operculum,  hemi- 
spherical, imperforate  and  smooth ;  it  soon  becomes  more  or  less  com- 
pletely immersed. 

This  species  has  a  slightly  longer  aperture  and  a  smoother  frontal 
than  our  other  species;  while  the  frontal  becomes  more  coarsely  granu- 
lated and  irregular  it  never  seems  to  develop  the  heavy  tuberosities  which 
are  found  on  nitescens  and  gorgonensis.  It  has  been  recorded  in  Arctic 
waters  from  Spitsbergen  to  Greenland  and  the  American  Archipelago, 
and  in  the  North  Atlantic  south  to  Great  Britain  and  to  Maine  on  the 
New  England  coast. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  6  fms,  common, 
G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector. 

Hippoporella  nitescens   (Hincks),  1884 
Plate  45,  figs.  4-5 

Lepralia  nitescens  Hincks,  1883 :  450. 
Lepralia  nitescens,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :40. 
Hippoporella  nitescens,  Hastings,  1930:  724. 

The  zoarium  encrusts  pebbles,  shells,  etc.  The  zooecia  are  of  moderate 
size,  0.45  to  0.65  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide,  irregularly  ovate, 
quincuncial,  considerably  inflated,  distinct  in  younger  stages.  The  frontal 
is  a  very  thick  vitreous  or  porcellanous  pleurocyst,  with  a  marginal  row 


NO.  2      OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  351 

of  areolar  pores  and  occasionally  a  few  additional  ones;  when  young 
the  frontal  may  be  slightly  costate  around  the  sides,  but  this  is  lost  with 
increasing  calcification,  and  frequently  there  is  a  low,  rounded  umbonate 
swelling  on  either  side  of  the  aperture.  There  is  a  thin  shining  ectocyst. 
The  aperture  is  longer  than  broad,  varying  but  averaging  about  0.15 
mm  long  by  0.13  mm  wide,  the  sides  nearly  straight,  the  cardelles  set 
far  back,  the  poster  very  broad  and  shallow,  the  proximal  margin  nearly 
straight.  The  operculum  fills  the  aperture,  well  chitinized  and  a  sinuous 
sclerite  runs  forward  from  the  cardelle  on  either  side.  The  vestibular 
arch  is  delicately  beaded.  The  peristome  is  low  and  thin,  sometimes  with 
2  to  4  small  spines  which  are  lost  very  early,  and  the  thick  frontal  sub- 
merges both  aperture  and  peristome  at  the  bottom  of  a  deep  tube.  Proxi- 
mal to  the  aperture  and  a  little  to  one  side  is  a  small  avicularium  (often 
wanting)  with  a  semicircular  mandible  which  is  directed  laterally;  the 
chamber  of  the  avicularium  appears  like  an  asymmetrical  umbo  and, 
with  the  thickening  of  the  frontal  it  is  often  submerged  to  open  into 
the  secondary  aperture.  Similar  small  avicularia  frequently  appear  else- 
where on  the  front.  Dietellae  are  present. 

The  ovicell  has  not  hitherto  been  noticed.  It  is  high,  globular, 
imperforate  and  smooth  but  soon  becomes  covered  by  the  pleurocyst 
of  the  adjoining  zooecia ;  0.26  mm  wide. 

The  species  was  described  by  Hincks  from  Houston  Stewart  Channel 
and  Cumshewa,  later  listed  by  O'Donoghue  from  Northumberland 
Channel,  British  Columbia. 

Not  taken  in  the  Hancock  dredgings,  but  collected  at  Middle  Bank, 
Puget  Sound,  by  Dr.  John  L.  Mohr,  several  colonies. 

Hippoporella  rimata  new  species 
Plate  45,  figs.  6-7 

Zoarium  encrusting,  white  and  shining.  Zooecia  small,  0.30  to  0.45 
mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.30  mm  wide,  irregularly  hexagonal ;  frontal  thick, 
porcellanous,  shining  and  with  numerous  comparatively  large  granules 
which  are  conspicuous  even  in  the  young.  The  aperture  measures  about 
0.09  mm  wide  by  0.08  mm  long,  the  anter  rounded  back  to  the  prominent 
cardelles,  behind  which  a  very  shallow  poster  extends  the  full  width 
of  the  aperture  with  its  proximal  border  straight  or  very  slightly  arched ; 
the  vestibular  arch  is  delicately  beaded.  The  operculum  is  well  chiti- 
nized, yellowish,  with  the  sinuate  sclerites  separated  from  the  border. 
The  peristome  rises  but  little  above  the  thick  front,  its  rim  provided 
with  4  or  5  short  spines;  notched  on  the  proximal  border  to  produce  a 


352  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

shallow  secondary  sinus.  A  suboral  or  labial  avicularium  is  situated 
transversely  above  the  aperture,  a  little  to  one  side,  the  long-triangular 
mandible  directed  laterally;  no  other  avicularia  have  been  observed. 
Multilaminate  colonies  are  nodular  and  the  zooecia  oriented  in  every 
direction. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  prominent  vi^hen  young  but  becoming 
more  or  less  embedded,  inperforate ;  a  striking  feature  is  the  large  rima 
or  fissure  which  extends  nearly  to  the  distal  end  of  the  ovicell  and 
apparently  never  becomes  closed. 

The  small  size  and  especially  the  widely  cleft  ovicell  distinguish 
the  species  from  any  of  its  congeners. 

Type,  AHF  no.  70. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  155-34,  Albemarle  Island,  Gala- 
pagos, 0°16'45''S,  91°22'52''W,  50  to  60  fms.  Also  at  Station  170-34, 
Stephens  Bay,  Chatham  Island,  Galapagos,  32  fms;  210-34,  Santa 
Elena  Bay,  Ecuador,  near  shore;  and  collected  by  Capt.  Fred  E.  Lewis 
at  Acapulco,  Mexico,  15  fms. 

Genus  AIMULOSIA  Jullien,  1888 

The  frontal  is  a  thick  porcellanous  pleurocyst  with  small  areolar 
pores.  The  aperture  is  somewhat  bell-shaped,  widest  at  the  proximal 
end ;  the  poster  extends  the  full  width  back  of  the  cardelles,  its  border 
gently  arcuate.  The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  imperforate,  not  closed  by 
the  operculum,  the  orifice  large,  not  much  embedded.  Avicularia,  typi- 
cally median  and  suboral,  but  sometimes  wanting  in  this  position ;  lateral- 
oral  and  frontal  avicularia  also  often  present.  Oral  spines  and  dietellae 
present.  Genotype,  Aimulosia  australis  Jullien,  1888:59. 

^/<5i?^*^  f^  Aimulosia  uvulifera  (Osburn),  1914 

^^'''\iC  O  Plate  45,  figs.  16-17 

%/^'         (y ', 

Lepralia  uvulifera,  Osburn,  1914 :210 ;  1940 :427. 
U\    Aimulosia  uvulifera,  Osborn,  1947:35. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  forming  small  white  areas  on  shell  fragments 
and  corallines.  The  zooecia  are  small,  about  0.25  to  30  mm  long  by 
0.20  mm  wide,  distinct  only  when  young;  the  frontal  a  thick  porcel- 
lanous pleurocyst,  highly  arched  and  bearing  a  few  areolar  pores  which 
are  difficult  to  observe  except  in  calcined  specimens.  The  frontal  rises 
into  a  high  broad  umbo  which  overhangs  the  aperture  and  often  is 
trifid  at  the  tip ;  frequently  there  is  a  much  smaller  pointed  erect  process 
on  either  side  of  the  aperture,  proximal  to  the  oral  spines.  The  aperture 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  353 

is  slightly  longer  than  wide,  about  0.10  by  0.08  mm,  rounded  distally, 
nearly  straight  on  the  sides  and  broadly  arcuate  on  the  proximal  border 
(often  nearly  straight),  the  small  cardelles  set  far  back.  The  operculum 
has  the  form  of  the  aperture,  well  chitinized,  with  a  narrow  sinuate 
sclerite  running  forward  from  the  hinge  inside  from  the  border.  The 
primary  peristome  is  low  and  smooth  and  bears  6  slender  spines  which 
soon  disappear;  the  frontal  wall  usually  obscures  the  peristome.  A 
minute  pointed  oral  avicularium  is  sometimes  present  beneath  the 
overhanging  umbo;  small  frontal  avicularia  with  a  triangular  mandible 
are  scattered  over  the  frontal  area  proximal  to  the  aperture. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  not  closed  by  the  operculum,  prominent, 
broader  than  long  and  heavily  calcified  like  the  frontal;  the  orifice  is 
comparatively  wide  and  its  upper  edge  is  directed  downward  into  a  broad 
rounded  labiate  projection. 

Described  from  the  Tortugas  Islands,  Florida,  and  later  reported 
by  Osburn  from  Porto  Rico  and  the  southern  Caribbean  Sea. 

Hancock  Stations:  299,  San  Jose  del  Cabo,  at  the  tip  of  the  Lower 
California  peninsula;  129-34,  Braithwaite  Bay,  Socorro  Island,  west 
of  Mexico;  116-33,  Cocos  Bay,  253-34,  Port  Culebra,  and  328,  Chatham 
Bay,  Cocos  Island,  Costa  Rica;  210-34,  Santa  Elena  Bay,  Ecuador; 
173-34,  South  Seymour  Island,  Galapagos. 

Aimulosia  palliolata  (Canu  and  Bassler),  1928 
Plate42,  figs.  9-11 

Lepr alia  palliolata  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928:109. 

Zoaria  small,  white,  encrusting  shell  fragments.  The  zooecia  are 
distinct  with  deep  separating  grooves,  ovate  to  elongate-hexagonal,  0.40 
to  0.50  mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.35  mm  wide.  The  frontal  is  a  thick 
pleurocyst  with  one  row  of  areolar  pores,  the  surface  smooth  or  with 
low  irregularities:  enclosing  sides  of  the  aperture  and  the  suboral 
avicularium  at  a  little  distance  is  a  high  fold  which  is  probably  homol- 
ogous with  the  umbonal  process  of  other  species  of  the  genus.  The 
aperture  is  widest  proximal  to  the  cardelles,  0.10  mm  long  by  0.08  mm 
wide,  the  poster  shallow  and  its  border  slightly  concave.  The  operculum 
is  well  chitinized,  a  narrow  sclerite  extends  straight  across  it  between 
the  cardelles  and  a  very  narrow  sclerite  close  to  the  border  bears  the 
muscle  attachments.  The  primary  peristome  is  low  and  thin  and  bears 
4  to  6  comparatively  strong  oral  spines ;  the  secondary  peristome,  formed 
by  the  frontal  pleurocyst,  rises  into  a  high  flaring  wall  which  surrounds 


354  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

the  aperture  and  avicularium  without  obscuring  them  (rarely  only  a 
median  umbo  is  present).  The  suboral  avicularium  is  small  with  a 
triangular  or  semicircular  mandible  directed  upward. 

The  ovicell,  0.20  mm  wide,  is  hyperstomial,  not  closed  by  the  oper- 
culum, covered  by  a  thick  layer  from  the  distal  zooecium  which  often 
leaves  exposed  a  small  area  of  the  endozooecium. 

I  believe  there  can  be  no  error  in  transferring  this  species  to  the 
genus  Aimulosia.  If  the  circumoral  wall  is  merely  an  extension  of  the 
sides  of  the  suboral  umbo,  all  of  the  difficulties  in  interpretation  disappear. 

Hitherto  known  only  from  the  original  record  by  Canu  and  Bassler, 
from  the  Straits  of  Florida. 

Hancock  Station  143-34,  off  Wenman  Island,  Galapagos,  1°23'10''N, 
91°48'45''W,  at  100  fms,  several  colonies  (compared  with  specimens 
from  Florida  Straits)  ;  and  270,  east  coast  of  Angel  de  la  Guardia 
Island,  Gulf  of  California,  29°3r00"N,  113°27'00"W,  at  10  fms. 
It  is  probable  that  the  species  extends  all  along  the  coast  from  the 
Gulf  of  California  to  the  Galapagos  Islands,  since  the  colonies  are 
very  inconspicuous. 

Genus  HIPPOPORIDRA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1927 

Hippotrenia  Canu  and  Bassler,  1927:9. 

"The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  and  bears  a  frontal  area.  The  zooecia 
are  accumulated ;  the  frontal  is  surrounded  by  areolar  pores  and  often 
bears  small  avicularia.  The  aperture  is  formed  of  an  anter  and  a 
poster  separated  by  two  cardelles.  The  large  interzooecial  avicularia 
are  acuminated,"  Canu  and  Bassler,  1927:8.  Genotype,  Cellepora  edax 
Busk,  1859. 

The  frontal  is  a  thick  costulate  pleurocyst  with  one  or  more  rows 
of  areolar  pores.  In  the  genotype,  H.  edax,  there  is  usually  a  single  row, 
but  in  H.  calcarea,  H.  janthina  and  H.  spiculifcra  there  are  some 
additional  pores.  The  appearance  of  the  last  two  species  misled  Canu 
and  Bassler  into  erecting  another  genus,  Hippotrema,  on  the  supposition 
that  the  frontal  is  a  tremocyst.  The  study  of  younger  zooecia,  however, 
reveals  the  fact  that  in  all  of  the  above  species  the  formation  of  the 
frontal  is  identical,  the  pleurocyst  arising  from  the  margin  and  de- 
veloping centrally;  when  additional  pores  are  present  the  openings  of 
these  are  carried  upward  on  the  front  and  give  the  appearance  of  a 
tremocyst.  In  all  other  characters  Hippotrenia  is  similar  to  Hippoporidra 
and  should  be  suppressed. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  355 

Hippoporidra  janthina  (Smitt),  1873 
Plate  45,  figs.  13-15 

Lepralia  janthina  Smitt,  1873  :63. 
Lepralia  janthina,  Osburn,  1914:213. 
Hippotreina  janthina,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928 :141. 
Hippotrema  janthina,  Osburn,  1940 :454 ;  1947 :43. 

The  zoarium  usually  encrusts  gastropod  shells,  rising  into  rough 
prominences  and  subcylindrical  branches,  the  ectocyst  varying  in  color 
from  white  in  the  young  to  the  deep  violet  color  vi^hich  is  suggested  in 
the  name  of  the  species.  The  zooecia  are  small,  0.30  to  0.40  mm  long 
in  the  procumbent  marginal  ones.  The  frontal  is  a  thick  pleurocyst 
with  large  areolar  pores  and  usually  with  a  second  row  of  pores;  the 
pleurocyst  arises  as  a  series  of  costal  ridges  between  the  areolar  pores 
and  spreads  upward  to  the  aperture,  carrying  the  openings  of  the  pores 
upward  at  the  same  time,  which  often  gives  the  frontal  the  appearance 
of  a  tremocyst;  the  ridges  unite  proximal  to  the  aperture  to  form  an 
irregular  umbonate  process.  The  aperture  is  a  little  elongate,  about 
0.11  by  0.09  mm,  the  anter  rounded  back  to  the  strong  cardelles  between 
which  the  poster  extends  in  a  broad  arch;  the  row  of  areolar  pores 
extends  around  the  distal  end  of  the  aperture.  The  primary  peristome 
is  low,  thin  and  smooth,  without  spines ;  in  advanced  calcification  the 
frontal  may  cover  the  primary  peristome  with  a  rough,  slightly  raised 
wall  on  which  pointed  tubercles  are  occasionally  present.  The  oper- 
culum has  the  form  of  the  aperture,  indented  on  each  side  at  the  level 
of  the  cardelles,  well  chitinized  and  yellowish  in  color.  Small  pointed 
avicularia,  much  elevated,  are  usually  present  on  the  front,  and  rarely 
there  are  larger  interzooecial  avicularia  with  a  longer  mandible. 

The  ovicells  are  prominent  at  first,  not  closed  by  the  operculum, 
with  a  rounded  frontal  area  which  may  become  covered  by  secondary 
calcification. 

The  species  is  common  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  where  it  was  described 
by  Smitt  and  where  it  has  been  recorded  by  Osburn  and  by  Canu  and 
Bassler.  It  has  not  hitherto  been  noted  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Hancock  Stations:  1071-40,  San  Felipe  Bay;  1078-40,  Tepoca  Bay; 
283,  San  Pedro  Nolasco  Island;  and  one  colony  (without  other  data) 
from  Conception  Bay,  all  from  the  Gulf  of  California  between  26° 
and  31°  N.  Lat.,  at  2  to  60  fms;  also  2196,  at  Cabeza  Ballena,  near  the 
extreme  tip  of  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California,  30  fms. 


356  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Hippoporidra  spicuHfera  (Canu  and  Bassler),  1930 
Plate  55,  figs.  8-10 

Hippotrema  spicuHfera  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:43. 

Zoarium  encrusting  and  nodulous  or  erect  with  stout  short  branches. 
The  zooecia  are  cumulate,  not  oriented  except  at  the  margins  of  encrust- 
ing colonies,  more  or  less  erected,  little  distinct,  small,  0.25  to  0.40 
mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.35  mm  wide.  The  frontal  area  is  ovate  to 
hexagonal,  thick  and  porcellanous,  rising  slightly  to  the  aperture  which, 
in  the  secondary  layers  often  is  nearly  central;  one  or  two  rows  of 
areolar  pores.  The  aperture  is  shghtly  elongate,  0.12  mm  long  by  0.10 
mm  wide,  straight  on  the  sides,  the  small  cardelles  set  far  back  and 
the  poster  broadly  arched  the  full  width  of  the  aperture.  The  operculum 
has  the  form  of  the  aperture,  notched  on  the  sides  at  the  cardelles,  well 
chitinized  and  yellow  in  color,  with  a  narrow  sclerite  paralleling  the 
margin. 

The  full  development  this  species  presents  an  extravagant  display 
of  oral  spines  and  spiny  frontal  processes.  The  peristome  bears  six 
tall  slender  spines,  sometimes  nearly  as  long  as  the  zooecium.  In  the 
position  of  a  central  umbo  is  a  tall  pointed  spinous  process  which  is 
finely  granulated  to  its  tip,  around  the  sides  of  the  aperture  and  some- 
times elsewhere  on  the  frontal  are  other  similar  sharp-pointed  tall 
processes,  and  even  on  the  top  of  the  ovicell  there  may  be  one  or  two; 
occasionally  these  processes  are  bifurcated  near  the  tip. 

Small  sharp-pointed  avicularia  are  frontal  in  position  and  turned 
in  every  direction. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  prominent  and  smooth  when  young 
with  a  rounded  area  above  the  orifice,  but  later  the  whole  wall  becomes 
very  thick  and  often  bears  a  tall  spine  on  the  top. 

The  species  was  described  from  Albatross  Station  2813,  Galapagos 
Islands  at  40  fms. 

Hancock  Stations,  137-34,  Clarion  Island,  18°19'05''N,  114°45' 
25"W,  at  57  fms;  and  1078-40,  and  Tepoca  Bay,  Sonora  Mexico, 
30°14'57''N,  112°52'27''W,  at  12  fms.  Also  in  the  Galtsofi  collection 
from  the  Gulf  of  Panama,  on  pearl  oyster  shells.  Also  Barra  Navidad, 
Jalisco,  Mexico,  low  tide,  Dr.  Yale  Dawson,  collector. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  357 

Hippoporldra  granulosa  Canu  and  Bassler,  1929 
Plate  42,  figs.  12-14 

Zoarium  encrusting  shells.  Zooecia  of  the  primary  layer  recumbent 
and  oriented,  those  of  the  secondary  layers  more  or  less  erect  and  irregu- 
lar, the  surface  roughened.  The  frontal  is  imperforate  except  for  a  row 
of  areolar  pores,  with  rarely  a  few  others;  these  pores  are  not  carried 
up  around  the  base  of  the  peristome  in  secondary  calcification.  The 
frontal  is  coarsely  granular  even  in  the  young  stage  and  becomes 
excessively  thick,  as  thick  as  the  cavity  beneath  it,  the  areolar  pores 
outlining  the  margin.  The  peristome  is  somewhat  elevated  in  young 
zooecia  and  bears  six  small  spines  which  soon  disappear,  and  the 
thickening  of  the  frontal  soon  obscures  all  evidence  of  the  primary 
peristome.  The  secondary  aperture  is  oval  and  somewhat  expanded. 
The  primary  aperture  is  elongate,  0.14  by  0.10  mm,  with  strong  car- 
delles,  proximal  to  which  the  semicircular  sinus  measures  about  0.07  mm 
across.  The  operculum  is  deeply  incised  on  the  sides  at  the  point  of  attach- 
ment and  bears  a  strongly  sinuated  sclerite  on  each  side  well  removed 
from  the  margin.  There  are  small  frontal  avicularia  which  appear  to 
have  no  special  relation  to  the  aperture. 

The  ovicells  are  small,  opening  well  above  the  primary  aperture  and 
apparently  have  a  small  rounded  frontal  area,  but  in  our  specimen 
they  are  so  deeply  embedded  in  the  thick  crust  that  details  cannot  be 
determined. 

The  species  was  described  by  Canu  and  Bassler  from  the  Galapagos 
Islands,  Albatross  Sta.  D.2813. 

Hancock  Stations:  1049-40,  Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island,  Gulf  of 
California,  29°32'47"N,  113°34'35''W,  54  fms,  one  colony,  and  438, 
Chatham  Island,  Galapagos,  32  fms,  one  colony. 

Genus  GEMELLIPORINA  Bassler,  1936 

"Proposed  for  species  with  keyhole-like  aperture,  hyperstomial  ovi- 
cell  and  tremocystal  frontal,  with  Gemellipora  glabra  Smitt,  1873,  a 
common  species  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  as  the  type"  (Bassler,  1936:161). 

The  frontal  is  not  a  tremocyst,  however,  as  young  zooecia  at  the 
growing  edge  definitely  show  the  development  of  a  pleurocyst  with  one 
or  two  rows  of  areolar  pores.  On  the  very  thick  front  of  older  zooecia 
these  pores  are  more  or  less  dispersed,  giving  an  appearance  somewhat 
like  a  tremocyst.  The  genotype  has  an  erect  zoarium  with  dichotomous 


358  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

cylindrical  branches;  zooecia  indistinct  except  at  the  growing  edge; 
frontal  wall  very  thick  with  tubular  pores;  distal  part  of  zooecium 
raised,  with  stout  oral  spines;  ovicell  globular  but  soon  covered  by  the 
distal  pleurocyst  except  for  a  median  cicatrix. 

Gemelliporina  monilia  new  species 
Plate  41,  fig.  13 

Zoarium  uniserial,  encrusting  on  the  rough  surface  of  a  small 
pebble,  sparsely  branched  dichotomously.  Zooecia  small,  0.35  to  0.40 
mm  long  by  0.25  mm  wide,  the  base  sometimes  expanded  to  0.30  mm; 
the  proximal  end  only  slightly  narrowed.  The  frontal  is  a  pleurocyst 
with  small  areolar  pores;  ventricose  and  the  sides  sloping  downward 
to  the  dorsal  side  which  is  more  or  less  expanded  for  attachment. 
Proximal  to  the  aperture  is  a  high  arcuate  umbonate  process  of  varying 
size,  sometimes  not  wider  than  the  aperture,  sometimes  forming  a  high 
border  around  the  sides  of  the  aperture  at  a  little  distance  from  the 
peristome.  The  aperture  is  elongate,  key-hole  shaped,  almost  exactly 
like  that  of  G.  glabra  (Smitt)  the  genotype;  0.13  mm  long  by  0.08  mm 
wide,  the  anter  ellipsoid  and  the  poster  much  smaller,  resembling  a 
deep  sinus.  The  resemblance  to  glabra  is  further  enhanced  by  the 
presence  of  six  oral  spines.  The  peristome  is  low  and  thin  and  is  not 
encroached  on  by  the  thickening  of  the  frontal.  The  operculum  has  the 
form  of  the  aperture,  moderately  chitinized,  with  a  narrow  sclerite 
extending  forward  from  the  point  of  attachment  somewhat  within  the 
border.  The  spines  are  peculiar  in  that  there  is  a  regular  gradation  in 
size,  the  proximal  one  on  each  side  being  tall  and  strong,  the  next  one 
only  about  half  as  large  and  the  third  quite  diminutive. 

The  primary  ooecium  is  globular,  hyperstomial,  smooth,  imperforate 
and  not  closed  by  the  operculum;  secondarily  a  thick  fold  of  the 
frontal  of  the  distal  zooecium  partly  covers  it. 

The  specimen  is  very  small,  with  only  12  zooecia,  three  of  which 
are  ovicelled.  The  ancestrula  is  similar  to  the  later  zooecia  except  that 
it  is  much  smaller;  it  gives  off  a  string  of  zooecia  from  each  end,  one 
of  which  shows  the  base  of  a  branch. 

Type,AHFno.  71. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  270,  Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island, 
Gulf  of  California,  29°29'00"N,  113°27'00"W,  14  fms. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  359 

Genus  GEMELLIPORELLA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1920 

The  ovicell  is  perforated,  hyperstomial,  and  not  closed  by  the  oper- 
culum. The  form  of  the  aperture  is  like  a  keyhole.  The  frontal  is  a 
granular  pleurocyst,  with  areolar  pores.  Avicularia  are  present  near  the 
aperture.  Genotype,  Gemelliporella  vorax  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923:111. 

This  genus  is  much  like  Hippoporina  in  the  form  of  the  aperture 
and  the  nature  of  the  frontal,  but  it  has  a  finely  perforated  ovicell. 

Gemelliporella  globulifera  new  species 
Plate  41,  figs.  9-12 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting,  usually  on  shells,  white  or  pale  yellow. 
Zooecia  moderately  small,  0.30  to  0.40,  rarely  as  much  as  0.50  mm  long, 
by  0.25  to  0.35  mm  wide  (occasionally  wider  when  the  avicularium  is 
large)  ;  inflated  and  distinct  when  young.  The  frontal  is  a  thick,  evenly 
granulated  olocyst  (?  pleurocyst),  with  a  very  few  areolar  pores.  The 
aperture  is  elongate,  0.13  to  0.16  mm  long  by  0.10  to  0.12  mm  wide, 
the  anter  somewhat  pyriform,  the  cardelles  sharp  and  directed  backward, 
the  poster  semicircular  and  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  wide  as  the  anter ; 
the  peristome  low  and  thin,  not  covered  by  the  bordering  frontal.  The 
operculum  has  the  form  of  the  aperture,  yellowish  and  well  chitinized, 
with  3  thickened  marginal  sclerite.  The  avicularia  are  situated  at  the 
side  of  the  aperture,  frequently  paired,  the  mandible  semicircular  to 
short-spatulate,  rarely  long-spatulate,  varying  much  in  size,  the  larger 
ones  distorting  the  form  of  the  zooecium,  the  chamber  little  elevated. 

The  ovicell  is  unusually  prominent,  globular,  0.18  to  0.22  mm  in 
width,  perforated  by  numerous  small  pores ;  not  closed  by  the  operculum. 

The  species  appears  to  be  much  like  Hippoporina  fallax  Canu  and 
Bassler  (1930:320)  from  the  Philippines,  which  may  possibly  belong  to 
this  genus,  but  the  poster  of  the  aperture  is  larger,  the  operculum  lacks 
the  inner  sclerite,  the  ovicell  is  coarsely  granulated  instead  of  smooth, 
and  the  avicularia  different. 

Type,  AHF  no.  72. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1303-41,  one-half  mile  N  of  Piatt 
Point,  Santa  Cruz  Island,  southern  California,  34°03'50"N,  119°45' 
25"W,  36  fms,  several  colonies.  Also  taken  at  Station  1251-41,  the 
San  Benito  Islands,  Lower  California,  28°12'35"N,  115°34'35"W,  at 
79  fms;  off  the  San  Pedro  Breakwater  at  20  fms,  and  Cortez  Bank  on 
the  Mexican  Border  at  32  fms.  Also  from  the  Pleistocene  of  Newport 
Harbor,  California,  G.  P.  Kanakoff,  collector. 


360  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Gemelliporella  aviculifera  new  species 
Plate  55,  fig.  13 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting  on  small  shell  fragments  and  stems,  the 
colonies  all  small.  Zooecia  small,  0.35  to  0.40  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.35 
mm  wide,  often  somewhat  accumulated,  distinct  when  young.  The 
frontal  is  a  granulated  pleurocyst  with  a  few  areolar  pores  which  are 
difficult  to  observe  except  when  calcined.  The  aperture  is  elongate, 
about  0.11  mm  long  by  0.09  mm  wide,  the  poster  noticeably  wider 
than  in  G.  globulifera,  and  the  condyles  less  prominent.  The  operculum 
has  the  form  of  the  aperture,  slightly  notched  at  the  position  of  the 
cardelles,  well  chitinized  with  a  bordering  sclerite  and  yellow  in  color, 
the  muscle  attachments  at  the  border.  The  peristome  is  low,  thin  and 
smooth,  usually  not  obscured  by  the  encroachment  of  the  frontal. 

The  most  striking  feature  of  the  species  is  the  large  avicularium  the 
base  of  which  occupies  a  considerable  portion  of  the  frontal.  It  is 
situated  near  the  aperture,  at  one  side  and  proximal;  it  is  much 
elevated  and  more  or  less  pedunculate,  broader  at  the  top  which  is 
extended  into  a  horizontal  beak;  the  mandible  long  and  narrow  and 
strongly  decurved,  as  much  as  0.15  to  0.20  mm  in  length,  hinged  to  a 
cross-bar.  The  avicularia  are  present  on  every  zooecium  and  give  a  very 
rough  appearance  to  the  zoarial  surface. 

The  ovicell  is  globular,  very  prominent,  not  closed  by  the  oper- 
culum, perforated  by  numerous  small  pores,  0.20  mm  wide.  The  ovi- 
cells  are  usually  very  abundant,  and  in  living  specimens  the  frontal 
is  almost  entirely  obscured  by  the  large  ovicells  and  avicularia  but  on 
dead  colonies  usually  only  the  bases  of  these  remain. 

Type,  AHF  no.  73. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1245,  1^  mi.  southwest  of  Gull 
Island,  ofif  Santa  Cruz  Island,  southern  California,  33°56'00"N,  119° 
50'55"W,  at  48  fms.  Also  1294,  Santa  Cruz  Island,  and  232,  1050 
and  1413-41  oflE  San  Miguel  Island,  southern  California;  1250-41, 
San  Benito  Islands,  Lower  California,  28°18'15''N  Lat.,  the  most 
southern  record.  Depth  range  10  to  44  fms. 

Gemelliporella  inflata  new  species 
Plate  43,  fig.  11 

Zoarium  encrusting,  white.  The  zooecia  are  very  distinct  with  a 
highly  arched  frontal  and  deep  separating  grooves,  0.55  to  0.70  mm 
long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide,  ovate  to  elongate  hexagonal  in  form  and 
arranged  in  quincunx.  The  frontal  is  a  rather  thin  pleurocyst,  minutely 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  361 

granular,  with  one  row  of  small  areolar  pores.  The  aperture  is  elongate, 
0.16  mm  long  by  0.12  or  0.13  mm  wide,  pyriform,  the  anter  rounded 
back  to  the  strong  cardelles  which  are  directed  somewhat  proximally, 
the  poster  is  semicircular  or  slightly  v-shaped  and  about  two-thirds  as 
wide  as  the  anter.  The  peristome  is  thin,  slightly  elevated  on  the  sides 
but  entirely  wanting  proximal  to  the  cardelles.  Close  behind  the  aperture 
and  at  one  side  is  a  conspicuous  avicularium  with  a  slightly  elevated 
chamber  and  a  long  narrow  rostrum  directed  proximally,  the  mandible 
(wanting  in  our  specimen)  attached  by  small  hinge  denticles. 

The  ancestrula  is  small  in  comparison,  0.30  mm  long  by  0.16  mm 
wide,  but  is  similar  in  most  other  respects  to  the  later  zooecia,  even  to  the 
presence  of  an  avicularium;  the  aperture  diflers  in  the  poster  which  is 
comparatively  broader  and  shallower. 

Ovicells  wanting  and  the  chitinous  structures  missing  from  our  dead 
specimen. 

Some  doubt  remains  as  to  the  generic  position,  in  the  absence  of  the 
ovicell  and  operculum,  and  it  may  prove  to  be  a  Hippoporina.  The  larger 
size,  thinner  frontal  wall  and  especially  the  nature  of  the  avicularium 
sufficiently  distinguish  it  as  a  species  from  any  of  our  species  of  either 
Gemelliporella  or  Hippoporina. 

Type,  AHF  no.  74. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1050,  off  San  Miguel  Island,  south- 
ern California,  at  34  fms,  one  colony  about  1  cm  in  width. 

Genus  LAGERNA  Jullien,  1888 

The  frontal  is  a  pleurocyst  with  numerous  areolar  pores.  The 
aperture  is  rounded,  the  proximal  border  with  a  deep  narrow  sinus;  a 
narrow  vestibular  arch  is  present.  Avicularia  near  the  aperture,  suboral 
or  lateral.  Peristome  complete,  with  stout  oral  spines.  Ovicell  hyper- 
stomial,  hemispherical,  not  closed  by  the  operculum  except  in  the 
passage  of  eggs ;  perforated,  the  pores  varying  in  size.  Genotype,  Lacerna 
hosteensis  Jullien,  1888:48. 

In  young  zooecia  the  frontal  is  a  veined  olocyst  which  later  is 
covered  by  a  pleurocyst  which  may  be  either  smooth  or  granular.  The 
sinus  is  always  a  distinct  median  notch  which  varies  from  square  to 
round  and  partially  enclosed  in  different  species. 


362  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Lacerna  fistulata  (O'Donoghue),  1923 
Plate  36,  figs.  8-11 

Schizoporella  fistulata  O'Donoghue,  1923  :37. 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting,  thin,  white  and  glistening.  The  zooecia 
vary  much  in  size  and  form,  0.40  to  0.65  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.50  mm 
wide,  often  wider  than  long,  irregularly  quadrilateral  or  hexagonal, 
little  inflated,  distinct.  The  frontal  is  a  veined  olocyst  in  the  young 
zooecium  but  this  becomes  covered  by  a  comparatively  thin  pleurocyst 
which,  in  complete  calcification,  is  slightly  granular.  There  is  a  single 
row  of  areolar  pores,  with  the  addition  of  1  or  2  more  opposite  the 
peristome.  The  aperture  appears  small  in  comparison  with  the  zooecia, 
0.10  mm  wide  by  0.08  long  (not  including  the  sinus)  ;  the  proximal 
border  nearly  straight  with  a  moderately  deep  and  narrow  rounded 
sinus;  the  vestibular  arch  is  narrow.  The  operculum  is  moderately 
chitinized,  with  a  narrow  border  and  a  narrow  sclerite  which  parallels 
the  border  at  a  little  distance.  The  peristome  is  thin,  little  elevated, 
bears  about  6  oral  spines  and  is  united  proximally  with  the  avicularian 
chamber.  The  latter  is  small  and  narrow,  shaped  like  a  truncated  cone, 
much  elevated  and  curved  forward  above  the  sinus ;  the  small  avicularian 
mandible  is  triangular,  situated  on  the  distal  side  of  the  cone  and  directed 
upward ;  the  chamber  is  bilaterally  connected  by  a  minute  tube  with 
the  inner  pores  opposite  the  sinus  and  does  not  reach  the  marginal  pores ; 
rarely  the  chamber  is  slightly  asymmetrical,  in  which  case  it  is  con- 
nected with  only  one  of  the  pores. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  very  prominent,  the  distal  end  elevated, 
a  little  flattened  on  the  frontal  surface,  perforated  with  pores  of  various 
sizes  which  are  slightly  collared ;  with  advancing  calcification  the 
pleurocyst  of  the  distal  zooecium  rises  about  the  sides  of  the  ovicell, 
covering  nearly  all  of  the  perforated  area  and  forming  a  small  pointed 
umbo  toward  the  distal  end.  The  ovicell  is  longer  than  broad,  0.25 
mm  long  by  0.22  mm  wide,  and  often  extends  forward  to  the  avicularian 
chamber  of  the  distal  zooecium. 

Described  by  O'Donoghue  from  Departure  Bay,  British  Columbia, 
15  fms.  Our  material  agrees  closely  with  the  description,  except  that 
oral  avicularian  mandible  is  usually  more  or  less  pointed. 

Hancock  Station  1191,  Cortez  Bank,  32°25'50''N,  119°07'30''W, 
at  32  fms.  Also  dredged  at  stations  1294-41,  off  Santa  Cruz  Island; 
1289-41,  off  Santa  Rosa  Island,  47  fms;  1064,  off  Santa  Barbara 
Island,  and  1232-41,  off  the  San  Pedro  Breakwater,  southern  Cali- 
fornia, 15  fms.  Also  found  on  a  sunken  buoy  off  Rocky  Point,  south- 
ern Cahfornia,  at  45  fms  (Earl  Fox,  collector). 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  363 

Genus  HIPPOTHYRIS,  new  genus 

The  frontal  is  a  pleurocyst  with  several  rows  of  pores  and  a  com- 
paratively small  imperforate  central  area;  aperture  with  the  anter  semi- 
circular and  the  poster  wide  and  shallow,  the  proximal  border  nearly 
straight,  cardelles  moderate  in  size;  peristome  thin  and  somewhat 
elevated,  without  spines,  enclosing  on  the  proximal  border  a  small  median 
avicularium.  Ovicell  globular,  recumbent  and  not  embedded,  per- 
forated, not  closed  by  the  operculum.  Genotype,  Hippothyris  emplastra 
new  species. 

Hippothyris  emplastra  new  species 
Plate  40,  figs.  13-14 

The  zoarium  forms  a  thin  encrustation  on  siliceous  sponges.  The 
zooecia  are  large,  0.80  to  1.20  mm  long  by  0.65  to  0.90  mm  wide, 
ovate,  hexagonal  or  quadrate  in  form,  very  distinct.  The  frontal  is  a 
granulated  pleurocyst  with  several  rows  of  pores  and  a  comparatively 
small  imperforate  central  area  which  is  delicately  reticulate  resembling 
a  small  breast-plate ;  the  imperforate  area  is  about  as  wide  as  the  per- 
forated area  on  each  side.  The  aperture  is  subquadrangular,  the  sides 
parallel,  the  poster  about  as  wide  as  the  anter  and  very  shallow  with  the 
proximal  border  nearly  straight ;  condyles  moderate ;  broader  than  long, 
0.18  to  0.20  mm  wide  by  0.14  to  0.16  mm  long.  The  peristome  is  thin, 
a  little  elevated  and  on  the  proximal  border  encloses  a  small  median 
avicularium  with  its  short-triangular  mandible  directed  vertically.  The 
avicularian  chamber  is  very  small  and  umbonate  in  form.  Spines  want- 
ing.   Multiporous  septulae  present. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  globular  and  prominent,  recumbent  on 
the  distal  zooecium  but  not  embedded,  perforated  and  the  rather  large 
pores  slightly  collared ;  width  about  0.35  mm  but  appearing  small  in 
comparison  with  the  large  zooecia. 

Type,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  11029;  paratype  AHF  no.  75. 

Type  locality.  Albatross  Station  D.5682,  Magdalena  Bay,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Lower  California,  at  491  fms.  Two  colonies  encrusting  a 
siliceous  sponge. 

Genus  HIPPOMENELLA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1917 

"Hippoporininae  with  a  finely  perforate  hyperstomial  ovicell.  Ori- 
fice with  a  shallow  but  wide  poster  separated  from  the  anter  by  promi- 
nent condyles.    Frontal  avicularia  generally  paired  forming  prominent 


364  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

chambers  on  either  side  of  the  median  line  near  the  orifice,  the  mandibles 
directed  outward.  Other  subsidiary  avicularia  may  be  present.  Frontal 
wall  usually  with  a  central  smooth  imperforate  area,  often  greatly 
reduced,  surrounded  by  concentric  rows  of  irregular  tube-like  pores" 
(Brown,  1949:517).  Genotype  Lepralia  mucronelliformis  Waters, 
1899. 

The  description  of  the  genus,  as  originally  drawn  by  Canu  and 
Bassler,  is  incorrect  in  a  number  of  points  and  was  evidently  compiled 
from  a  number  of  species,  some  of  which  must  belong  elsewhere.  Brown 
has  carefully  restudied  type  material  of  mucronelliformis  and  found  the 
ovicell,  which  was  overlooked  by  Waters;  it  is  merely  recumbent  and 
not  embedded,  perforated  and  is  definitely  closed  by  the  operculum,  per- 
fectly plain  without  the  lunar  crescents  described  by  Canu  and  Bassler. 

Hippomenella  flava  new  species 
Plate  43,  figs.  7-9 

Zoarium  encrusting,  small,  yellowish.  Zooecia  rather  regular  in 
arrangement,  little  inflated,  separated  by  distinct  grooves;  moderate  in 
size,  0,55  (0.45  to  0.70)  mm  long  by  about  0.40  mm  wide,  but  some- 
times broader  than  long.  The  frontal  is  a  smooth  pleurocyst  when  young 
and  later  bears  low  smooth  ridges  and  bosses  but  there  is  no  trace  of  an 
umbo;  a  row  of  moderately  large  areolar  pores  (often  with  2  rows  or 
even  3  toward  the  distal  end)  ;  the  inner  pores  carried  upward  on  the 
imperforate  central  area  in  advanced  calcification.  The  aperture  is  longer 
than  wide  (0.15  by  0.12  mm),  rounded  distally,  nearly  straight  on  the 
sides,  with  strong  cardelles  proximal  to  which  is  a  wide  shallow  poster; 
the  poster  has  a  wide  shallow  sinus  (?)  of  varying  form,  often  wanting. 
The  operculum  does  not  conform  to  the  proximal  "sinus"  but  is  nearly 
transverse  on  its  proximal  border;  well  chitinized,  yellow,  with  a  broad 
sclerite  well  within  from  the  border.  The  peristome  is  thin,  smooth, 
wanting  on  the  proximal  border,  and  bears  about  6  slender  spines. 
The  avicularia  are  long-pointed,  located  at  one  or  both  sides  of  the 
proximal  end  of  the  aperture,  or  sometimes  more  proximally,  directed 
outward  and  backward;  the  mandible  very  slender,  varying  in  length 
from  0.20  to  0.50  mm,  with  a  complete  pivot  bar. 

The  ovicell  is  globose,  closed  by  the  operculum,  smooth  and  shining, 
marginated  around  the  base,  perforated  by  numerous  small  pores;  0.30 
mm  wide,  and  the  first  oral  spine  on  each  side  is  not  covered  by  the 
ovicell. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  365 

Type,  AHF  no.  76. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1340-41,  Tanner  Bank,  off  San 
Diego,  California,  32°41'00''N,  119°06'30''W,  at  38  fms.  Also  at 
Station  1896-49,  Tanner  Bank,  22  fms;  and  1196,  Cortez  Bank,  32° 
35'00''N,  119°ir45"W,  at  110  fms. 

Genus  HIPPOMONAVELLA  Bassler,  1934 

"The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial.  The  frontal  is  a  pleurocyst  surrounded 
by  a  row  of  areolar  pores.  The  aperture  bears  two  cardelles  more  or  less 
median.  In  front  of  the  aperture  there  is  an  oral  avicularium  placed  on 
the  median  axis  of  the  zooecium.  Genotype,  Lepralia  praeclara  Mac- 
Gillivray,  1895."  Bassler,  1934:407. 

It  should  be  added  that  the  ovicell  is  closed  by  the  operculum,  and 
that  more  often  than  not  the  avicularium  is  off  center  and  frequently 
at  the  side  of  the  aperture  with  all  intermediate  positions  represented. 
The  operculum  is  well  chitinized,  yellowish  in  color. 

Apparently  the  genus  has  not  been  recognized  except  as  a  fossil,  but 
two  living  species,  Schizoporella  longirostrata  Hincks,  1883,  and  Hippo- 
menella  parvicapitata  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930,  are  modern  representa- 
tives. 

Hippomonavella  longirostrata  (Hincks),  1883 
Plate  43,  figs.  1-3 

Schizoporella  longirostrata  Hincks,  1883:477. 
Schizoporella  longirostrata,  Robertson,   1908:291. 
Schizoporella  longirostrata,  O'Donoghue,   1923:36. 
Schizomavella  longirostrata,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923:109. 
Schizomavella  longirostrata,  O'Donoghue,  1925:102;  1926:59. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  shells  and  stems,  the  thick  ectocyst  gray  or 
light  brown.  Zooecia  moderate  in  size,  0.45  to  0.65  mm  long  by  0.30 
to  0.40  mm  wide,  distinct,  slightly  inflated,  rather  regularly  arranged 
in  radiating  lines.  The  frontal  is  a  granular  pleurocyst  with  a  row  of 
areolar  pores  and  usually  with  2  or  3  additional  rows ;  sometimes  most 
of  the  frontal  is  perforated,  but  the  central  area  is  always  imperforate. 
The  primary  aperture  (about  0.15  mm  in  either  dimension)  is  rounded 
distally,  straight  on  the  sides,  and  the  poster  extends  the  full  width 
behind  the  strong  cardelles  with  a  broad  shallow  sinus;  as  pointed  out 
in  Hincks'  original  description,  there  is  considerable  variation  in  the 
form  of  the  poster.    The  operculum  is  well  chitinzed,  light  brown  in 


366  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

color,  with  a  narrow  sinuous  sclerite  slightly  within  from  the  border. 
The  peristome  is  thin  and  low,  raised  only  on  the  sides  into  low  lappets. 
There  are  5  to  7  slender  oral  spines  which  are  soon  lost. 

The  avicularia  are  elongate,  sharp  pointed  and  quite  variable  in  size 
and  arrangement  (length  0.13  to  0.30  mm) ;  typically  they  are  located 
just  proximal  to  and  at  one  side  of  the  aperture  and  are  directed  toward 
the  proximal  end  of  the  zooecium;  sometimes  they  are  nearly  median, 
again  they  may  be  situated  at  the  side  of  the  aperture  and  directed  out- 
ward, and  rarely  they  are  paired,  one  on  each  side  of  the  aperture.  All 
of  these  variations  may  be  found  in  the  same  colony. 

The  ovicell  is  prominent,  hemispherical  or  slightly  elongate,  0.24 
to  0.28  mm  wide,  perforated  and  closed  by  the  operculum. 

The  granular  pleurocystal  frontal,  the  nature  of  the  avicularia  and 
their  occasional  position  similar  to  that  in  the  genotype,  the  closure  of 
the  ovicell  and  the  characters  of  the  aperture  and  operculum  all  appear 
to  ally  this  species  to  Hippomonavella. 

Described  by  Hincks  from  Virago  Sound  and  Cumshewa  Harbor, 
British  Columbia;  listed  by  Robertson  from  southern  California;  by 
O'Donoghue  from  numerous  localities  in  Puget  Sound  and  British 
Columbia,  and  by  Canu  and  Bassler  from  the  Pleistocene  of  Santa 
Barbara,  California. 

Hancock  Stations:  18  stations  about  the  islands  off  southern  Cali- 
fornia; 3  stations  off  Cedros  Island,  Lower  California,  and  2  stations 
(1045-40  and  1050-40)  off  Tiburon  Island  and  Angel  de  la  Guardia 
Island,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Gulf  of  California.  The  geographical 
range  appears  to  be  from  British  Columbia  to  about  28°  N  Lat.,  and 
the  bathymetric  range  from  shallow  water  to  100  fms. 

Hippomonavella  parvicapitata  (Canu  and  Bassler),  1930 

Plate  43,  figs.  4-6 

Hippomenella  parvicapitata  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:19. 

Zoaria  encrusting,  sometimes  multilaminar.  The  zooecia  are  of 
moderate  size,  0.55  to  0.70  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide,  some- 
what ventricose  and  separated  by  deep  grooves,  elliptical  or  long  hexag- 
onal. The  frontal  is  a  granular  pleurocyst,  sometimes  with  a  low 
umbo,  surrounded  by  one  or  two  rows  (more  rarely  3)  of  areolar  pores. 
The  primary  aperture  is  semielliptical,  0.14  mm  wide  by  0.16  mm  long, 
often  narrowed  slightly  toward  the  proximal  end,  the  proximal  border 
broadly  arcuate  between  the  small  cardelles.  The  peristome  is  thin  and 
slightly  elevated  all  around   the  aperture,  with  about  six  small  oral 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  367 

spines  which  soon  disappear.  The  operculum  is  well  chitinized,  yellow, 
with  a  broad,  lateral  sclerite  which  divides  beyond  the  muscle  attach- 
ments, one  band  continuing  distally  around  the  margin  while  a  much 
narrower  branch  continues  at  some  distance  within  from  the  border. 
The  avicularia  are  long-pointed,  often  paired  and  located  usually  at  the 
sides  of  the  aperture  about  opposite  the  cardelles  and  directed  more  or 
less  laterally  and  backward;  not  infrequently  they  are  single  and  more 
proximally  located,  occasionally  median  or  nearly  so  and  directed  back- 
ward ;  the  mandible  may  be  as  much  as  0.30  mm  long  but  usually  is 
much  shorter;  attached  by  an  incomplete  pivot. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  closed  by  the  operculum,  hemispherical 
and  prominent,  with  numerous  small  pores,  somewhat  marginated 
around  the  base. 

Described  by  Canu  and  Bassler  from  the  Galapagos  Islands. 

Hancock  Stations:  143-34,  Wenman  Island,  Galapagos,  100-150 
fms;  239-34,  Port  Utria,  Colombia,  shore  collection;  431-35,  Octavia 
Rocks,  Colombia,  45  fms;  and  275,  Raza  Island,  Gulf  of  California, 
28°48'00''N,  113°00'00"W,  at  40  fms. 

Genus  STEPHANOSELLA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1917 

Buffonellaria  Canu  and  Bassler,  1927. 

"The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  and  embedded  in  the  distal  zooecia.  It 
opens  above  the  apertura  by  an  especial  orifice.  The  frontal  is  a  smooth 
olocyst.  No  spines.  The  ovicelled  zooecia  have  a  large  apertura  and 
their  avicularium  is  frontal."  (Canu  and  Bassler,  1917:40).  Genotype, 
Eschara  biaperta  Michelin. 

Later  (1930:16-17)  Canu  and  Bassler  withdrew  the  genus  and  re- 
ferred biaperta  to  Schizopodrella  because  of  the  "tremocystal"  frontal. 
"Our  genus  Stephanosella  has  no  further  reason  for  existence  and  should 
be  suppressed."  Still  later  Bassler  (1935:207)  returned  to  the  use  of 
Stephanosella. 

The  confusion  arose  when  Smitt  (1873:46)  and  Hincks  (1880: 
255)  combined  with  biaperta  Michelin  another  species  which  has  a 
similar  ovicell  but  a  tremocystal  frontal.  Busk  (1859:47,  ?  Lepralia 
biaperta)  correctly  interpreted  the  species  and  Smitt  in  his  earlier  work 
(1867:14)  also  figured  his  Escharella  linearis  forma  biaperta  correctly 
with  areolar  pores  only.  Also  Nordgaard  (1906:15-16)  had  the  true 
biaperta. 


368  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  original  description  of  Stephanosella,  as  given  above,  needs  only 
a  few  comments.  The  frontal  is  smooth  in  the  young  but  becomes  ir- 
regularly roughened  with  age;  the  ovicell  at  first  is  prominent  but 
becomes  covered  by  the  excessively  thick  frontal  wall  except  for  a  small 
sculptured  area  on  the  top ;  the  aperture  of  the  ovicelled  zooecia  differs 
very  little  in  size  from  the  others. 

The  genus  Bujfonellaria  Canu  and  Bassler,  1927,  presents  no  funda- 
mental differences  and  is  a  pure  synonym;  the  genotj'pe,  Hippothoa 
divergeiis  Smitt,  is  merely  a  thinner-walled  and  smoother  Stephanosella. 
Dr.  Bassler  (in  litt.)  agrees  to  this  synonymy. 

Stephanosella  biaperta  (Michelin),  1845 
Plate  42,  figs.  1-2 

Eschara  biaperta  M\c\\d\n,  1845:330. 

Lepralia  biaperta.  Busk,  1859:47. 

Escharella  linearis  forma  biaperta,  Smitt,  1867:14. 

Schizoporella  biaperta,  Nordgaard,  1906:15. 

Not  Hippothoa  biaperta,  Smitt,   1873:46. 

Schizoporella  biaperta,  Hincks,  1880:255   (in  part). 

Not  Schizoporella  biaperta,  Osburn,  1912:237. 

Not  Stephanellosa  (sic)  biaperta,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1925:30. 

Schizoporella  biaperta,  Robertson,  1908:287  (in  part). 

Not  Stephanosella  biaperta,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923:99. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  sometimes  multilaminate  and  forming  rough 
colonies.  Zooecia  moderate  in  size,  0.55  to  0.70  mm  long  by  0.35  to  0.50 
mm  wide,  ovate  to  roughly  hexagonal  in  form,  slightly  inflated  and 
distinct  when  young.  The  frontal  is  an  olocj'st,  smooth  and  veined  in 
the  young  but  becoming  very  thick  and  somewhat  roughened ;  a  row  of 
4  or  5  areolar  pores  on  each  side,  difficult  to  see  except  when  calcined. 
Aperture  a  little  broader  than  long,  about  0.12  mm  long  by  0.15  wide, 
the  proximal  border  with  a  shallow  rounded  sinus.  The  operculum  has 
the  form  of  the  aperture,  well  chitinized,  yellowish  in  color,  the  border 
with  a  narrow  sclerite,  a  small  lucida  at  the  points  of  attachment  and 
the  muscle  attachments  well  within  from  the  border  (in  tj^pical  schizo- 
porellid  fashion).  The  peristome  is  low  and  thin,  without  spines.  The 
avicularia  are  of  two  kinds,  ( 1 )  lateral-oral,  usually  paired  on  a  small 
elevated  chamber  at  the  sides  of  the  aperture,  the  mandible  either 
rounded  or  pointed;  (2)  a  larger  frontal  avicularium,  considerably 
elevated  with  a  pointed  mandible,  the  chamber  connected  with  one  of 
the  areolar  pores. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  369 

The  ovicell  is  rounded  and  prominent  at  first  but  soon  becomes 
deeply  embedded  in  the  thick  crust  of  the  distal  zooecium,  imperforate 
and  radiately  grooved.  The  secondary  layer  is  incomplete,  leaving  a 
rounded  area  on  the  top  which  appears  to  have  a  peripheral  rovi^  of 
pores,  but  the  "pores"  are  merely  the  bottoms  of  the  grooves  at  the  edge 
of  the  covering  layer.   Width  of  ovicell  about  0.26  mm. 

This  species  has  evidently  been  confused  with  another  of  a  different 
genus  (see  Schizoporella  cornuta)  which  has  the  same  type  of  ovicell 
and  oral  avicularia  but  in  which  the  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  numer- 
ous frontal  pores. 

Described  by  Michelin  and  later  recorded  by  Busk  as  a  fossil.  Known 
as  a  recent  species  from  Spitsbergen  to  Greenland  and  south  to  the 
British  Isles.  Reported  by  Robertson  from  Alaska  and  by  Hincks  and 
by  O'Donoghue  from  various  localities  in  British  Columbia,  but  these 
records  are  doubtful.  That  of  Robertson  from  Alaska  may  be  correct, 
but  Hincks  states  that  "The  surface  of  the  younger  cells  is  thickly  cov- 
ered with  minute  punctures,"  which  is  not  a  character  of  Stephanosella. 

Not  taken  in  the  Hancock  dredging  but  collected  by  MacGinitie  at 
Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  (Arctic  Research  Laboratory).  It  appears  to  be 
a  circumpolar  and  northern  species. 

Stephanosella  vitrea  new  species 
Plate  42,  figs.  6-8 

Zoarium  small,  encrusting,  especially  on  stems,  worm  tubes,  etc., 
vitreous  or  porcellanous,  the  surface  often  rough.  Zooecia  small,  0.30 
to  0.45  mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.35  mm  wide,  distinct  only  when  very 
young.  The  frontal  is  a  smooth  vitreous  olocyst  which  later  becomes 
very  thick  and  irregular,  except  for  a  small  area  around  the  aperture; 
a  few  small  areolar  pores  and  occasionally  a  few  additional  ones  irreg- 
ularly situated;  with  the  thickening  of  the  olocyst  the  pores  are  some- 
times carried  up  on  the  front.  The  aperture,  always  clearly  visible  even 
in  highly  calcified  specimens,  varies  slightly  in  dimensions  but  averages 
about  0.10  mm  wide  by  0.11  mm  long,  nearly  round  back  to  the  car- 
delles,  proximal  to  which  is  a  v-shaped  sinus ;  the  sinus  also  varies  some- 
what, occasionally  almost  slit-like.  The  peristone  is  low,  smooth,  without 
spines,  and  is  not  involved  in  the  secondary  thickening  of  the  front. 
The  operculum  has  the  form  of  the  aperture,  moderately  chitinized  with 
a  narrow,  thickened  border,  the  muscle  attachments  distant  from  the 
margin.   There  is  a  pair  of  small  oral  avicularia  with  a  pointed  (some- 


370  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

times  rounded)  mandible  opposite  the  sinus  or  a  little  proximal  to  it; 
these  usually  lie  at  the  bottom  of  the  circumoral  depression,  but  may  be 
more  or  less  fused  with  the  thick  frontal.  A  larger  avicularium  occupies 
much  of  the  frontal  surface,  its  chamber  elevated,  the  mandible  variously 
directed  and  with  a  strong  hinge  bar. 

The  ovicell  is  about  0.18  mm  wide,  globular,  not  closed  by  the 
operculum,  imperforate,  very  prominent  at  first  but  later  immersed  more 
or  less  in  the  thick  frontal  of  the  distal  zooecium  which  leaves  in  view 
only  a  radiately  grooved  rounded  area  on  the  top. 

This  species  resembles  a  miniature  5.  h'laperta,  but  is  much  smaller 
in  all  measurements,  the  sinus  narrower  and  more  definitely  v-shaped 
and  the  anter  less  transverse. 

Type,  AHF  no.  77. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1388-41,  ofiF  East  Point  of  Santa 
Rosa  Island,  southern  California,  33°54'30"N,  119°54'28''W,  at  54 
fms.  Also  at  stations  1387-41,  of!  Santa  Rosa  Island,  52  fms;  1067, 
N.E.  of  Santa  Barbara  Island,  83  fms,  southern  California;  1241  and 
2160,  S.  of  San  Benito  Islands,  W.  of  Lower  California,  44  fms;  2131, 
N.  of  Isla  Partida,  Gulf  of  California,  75  fms,  and  438,  Chatham 
Island,  Galapagos.  Other  specimens  in  collection  are  from  Banderas 
Bay,  W.  Mexico  (about  21°30'N),  and  from  Middle  Bank,  Puget 
Sound,  Washington  (about  48°30'N),  Dr.  J.  L.  Mohr,  collector. 
The  Pleistocene  of  Santa  Barbara,  California,  also  yielded  a  number  of 
specimens,  collected  by  Mr.  J.  D.  Soule. 

Stephanosella  bolini  new  species 
Plate  42,  figs.  3-5 

Zoarium  encrusting  the  rough  surfaces  of  pebbles,  white  and  por- 
cellanous.  Zooecia  large,  0.70  to  0.90  mm  long  to  0.50  to  0.65  mm 
wide,  very  irregular  in  size,  form  and  orientation;  distinct  in  younger 
stages,  little  inflated.  The  frontal  is  a  very  thick  olocyst  with  large 
areolar  pores  and  a  varying  number  of  smaller  ones  irregularly  dis- 
tributed over  the  proximal  part  of  the  front;  the  appearance  is  some- 
times very  much  like  a  tremocyst  but  there  is  no  secondary  frontal  layer 
and  the  pores  are  always  absent  from  an  area  proximal  to  the  aperture. 
The  surface  is  more  or  less  irregular  in  older  zooecia  but  there  are  no 
umbonate  processes. 

The  aperture  is  rounded  back  to  the  cardelles,  and  proximal  to  these 
has  a  shallow,  broad,  u-shaped  sinus;  about  0.17  mm  in  either  dimension; 
the  peristome  is  low  and  smooth,  without  spines  and  is  usually  obscured 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  371 

by  the  secondary  peristome  which  forms  a  low,  broad,  smooth  wall.  The 
operculum  is  yellowish  in  color,  with  a  complete  narrow  bordering 
sclerite  and  the  muscle  attachments  situated  well  within  from  the  border. 

Usually  there  are  two  pairs  of  lateral-oral  avicularia;  one  pair  very 
small,  situated  about  opposite  the  middle  of  the  aperture,  a  little  elevated, 
close  to  the  aperture  and  involved  in  the  secondary  peristome;  a  larger 
pair  situated  about  opposite  the  sinus,  farther  removed  from  the  aperture 
and  embedded  in  the  frontal  wall;  the  mandibles  of  the  smaller  ones 
are  directed  backward,  those  of  the  larger  ones  laterally.  Occasionally 
there  are  one  or  more  additional  avicularia,  similar  to  the  larger  oral 
ones,  situated  along  the  zooecial  margin. 

The  ovicell  is  very  prominent,  hyperstomial,  not  closed  by  the  oper- 
culum, the  surface  radiately  grooved,  and  collared  around  the  base,  its 
width  about  0.30  mm. 

The  species  is  dedicated  to  Dr.  Rolf  L.  Bolin  of  the  Hopkins  Marine 
Station,  Pacific  Grove,  California,  who  has  contributed  much  fine  ma- 
terial for  the  present  monograph. 

Type,  AHF  no.  78. 

Type  locality,  off  Point  Sur,  California,  36°20'45''N,  121°06'15"W, 
at  208  fms,  Bolin  and  Budd,  collectors,  several  colonies.  Also  at  Han- 
cock Station  1387-41,  east  of  Santa  Rosa  Island,  southern  California, 
33°54'05''N,  119°54'10"W,  at  52  fms. 


372  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

^-^^  ^    'jr-  Family  Exochellidae  new  family 

The  frontal  is  a  pleurocyst  with  radiating  costae  and  a  series  of 
areolar  pores;  the  aperture  slants  downward  and  forward  and  has  no 
proximal  sinus  (rimule)  and  no  cardelles;  the  well-chitinized  operculum 
bears  a  bordering  sclerite  for  attachment  of  the  opercular  muscles ;  avi- 
cularia  are  usually  well  developed,  frequently  paired  opposite  the  aper- 
ture, and  oral  spines  are  well  developed  and  sometimes  jointed. 

Genus  ESGHAROIDES  Milne-Edwards,  1836 

Peristomella  Levinsen,   1902. 

The  aperture  is  oblique,  without  lyrula,  cardelles  or  rimule.  Ovicell 
hyperstomial,  embedded,  opening  above  the  primary  aperture.  The 
frontal  is  a  pleurocyst,  with  areolar  pores.  A  small  mucro  usually  pro- 
jects into  the  secondary  aperture  from  the  proximal  lip  of  the  peristome. 
Avicularia  are  usually  paired  at  the  sides  of  the  peristome,  directed  more 
or  less  laterally.  Oral  spines  present.  Genotype,  Cellepora  coccinea 
Abildgaard,  1805. 

Escharoides  praestans  (Hincks),  1882 
Plate  43,  fig.  12 

Mucronella  praestans  Hincks,   1882:168. 

A  large  attractive  species,  the  zoarium  unilaminar  and  encrusting 
on  shells,  corallines,  etc.,  white  and  glistening  when  young.  Zooecia 
robust,  large,  0.90  (0.70  to  1.00)  mm  by  0.50  (0.45  to  0.60)  mm, 
much  elevated  distally.  The  front  is  a  pleurocyst  with  large,  deep  areolar 
pores  in  one  or  two  rows,  the  pores  often  separated  by  strong  ribs.  The 
peristome  is  much  elevated  on  the  proximal  border,  less  so  on  the  sides 
and  very  little  distally,  moderately  thin.  A  denticle  ("umbo"),  tri- 
angular, quadrate  or  short  spatulate,  situated  high  up  on  or  just  within 
the  proximal  tip  of  the  peristome  (similar  in  appearance  to  a  lyrula  but 
not  homologous).  The  secondary  aperture  is  large,  about  0.20  by  0.20 
mm,  directed  forward,  rounded-pyriform  in  outline ;  on  the  distal  border 
there  are  4  large  conspicuous  spines  jointed  at  the  base.  The  primary 
aperture  which,  except  in  the  very  young,  can  be  seen  only  after  dissec- 
tion is  rounded  proximally,  without  cardelles,  the  distal  border  is  nearly 
transverse  often  with  a  peculiar  rounded  lip  projecting  slightly  inward 
and  backward.  The  avicularia  are  paired  or  single  at  the  sides  of  the 
aperture,  varying  in  size  and  form  from  small  and  sharp-pointed  to  very 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  373 

long  and  spatulate;  the  small  ones  are  usually  beside  the  aperture  and 
directed  forward,  the  large  ones  situated  more  proximally  are  directed 
laterally. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  much  immersed,  costate  like  the  frontal, 
with  a  central  umbonate  process. 

Recorded  from  New  Zealand  and  Australia. 

Hancock  Stations:  143-34,  Wenman  Island,  shore;  155-34  and  455, 
Albemarle  Island,  50  to  70  fms;  788-38,  Daphne  Major  Island,  55  fms, 
all  from  the  Galapagos.  Also  271,  Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island,  Gulf 
of  California,  29°3r00"N,  113°28'30"W,  at  10  fms.  These  are  the 
first  records  of  this  species  from  the  American  coasts  and  indicate  a 
wide  distribution. 

Genus  TRYPEMATELLA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1920 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  and  closed  by  the  operculum  only  for  the 
passage  of  the  eggs.  The  aperture  is  semilunar  with  proximal  border  a 
little  concave.  The  frontal  is  a  thick  pleurocyst  with  large  areolar  pores. 
Two  large  lateral  avicularia  are  placed  below  the  aperture ;  also  a  small 
rounded  avicularium  on  either  side  of  the  aperture.  Genotype,  Trype- 
matella  papulijera,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923:135. 

Trypematella  umbonula  new  species 
Plate  43,  figs.  13-14 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  a  shell,  multilaminar,  white,  rough  in  ap- 
pearance. Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  0.40  to  0.50  mm  long  by  0.30  to 
0.40  mm  wide;  the  frontal  a  thick  pleurocyst  with  large  areolar  pores, 
occasional  additional  smaller  pores,  short  costal  ridges  and  irregulari- 
ties of  surface,  and  a  prominent  suboral  umbo.  The  primary  aperture 
is  wider  than  long,  0.12  by  0.10  mm,  the  proximal  border  broadly 
arcuate  or  with  a  broad  shallow  sinus  and  without  cardelles ;  peristome 
low  and  thin,  with  4  delicate  spines  which  are  seen  only  on  marginal 
zooecia.  The  avicularia  are  distributed  as  follows :  a  small  rounded  one 
on  each  side  of  the  aperture,  another  of  similar  size  and  form  on  the 
distal  side  of  the  suboral  umbo,  and  more  rarely  a  larger  pointed  one 
on  the  side  of  the  zooecial  front. 

The  ovicell  is  moderately  large,  0.20  to  0.25  mm  wide  and  broader 
than  long,  prominent  when  young  but  becoming  considerably  embedded, 
somewhat  flattened  above  the  orifice,  an  ovate  fenestra  near  the  proximal 


374  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

corner  on  each  side  and  one  or  more  smaller  pores  between  these;  in 
advanced  calcification  the  base  of  the  ovicell  is  bordered  by  a  costate 
band  and  there  is  a  small,  centrally  situated  umbo  on  the  top. 

The  genotype,  T.  papulifera  Canu  and  Bassler,  was  described  from 
the  Pleistocene  of  Rustic  Canyon,  Santa  Monica,  California.  The 
present  species,  which  may  be  its  modern  representative,  agrees  in  all 
important  details  except  for  the  presence  of  the  suboral  umbo  and  avi- 
cularium;  the  paired  frontal  avicularia  of  papulifera  are  represented 
rarely  by  a  single  one  of  the  same  form  and  position.  As  the  genus  has 
been  known  only  as  a  fossil  from  the  one  locality  mentioned  above,  it  is 
especially  interesting  to  find  a  recent  representative  in  the  same  general 
region. 

Type,  AHF  no.  79. 

Type  locality,  west  end  of  Santa  Catalina  Island,  southern  Cali- 
fornia; a  single  zoarium  without  further  data,  from  the  Los  Angeles 
Museum. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  375 

Family  Microporellidae  Hincks,  1880 

The  most  important  character  is  a  small  median  pore,  the  ascopore, 
at  a  little  distance  proximal  to  the  aperture.  It  is  the  outlet  of  the  ascus 
or  compensation  sac,  and  varies  in  form  and  position  in  the  different 
species,  and  it  may  also  show  considerable  variation  vi^ith  different  de- 
degrees  of  calcification.  The  aperture  is  nearly  straight  on  the  proximal 
border,  and  the  operculum  is  simple,  having  no  extension  proximal  to 
the  cardelles.  Spines  are  present  on  the  peristome  and  avicularia  are 
present  in  the  genus  Microporella.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst.  Dietellae 
present.   The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  and  closed  by  the  operculum. 

Genus  MICROPORELLA  Hincks  1877 

The  aperture  is  semicircular,  straight  on  the  proximal  border.  The 
ascopore  is  semilunar  or  round  and  is  situated  rather  close  to  the  aper- 
ture so  that  there  are  no  tremopores  between.  Pointed  avicularia  are 
present  in  various  positions.  Genotype,  Eschara  ciliata  Pallas,  1766. 

The  question  of  what  is  a  "good  species"  rises  again  and  again  in 
this  genus,  as  most  of  the  differential  characters  are  subject  to  variation. 
The  avicularia  differ  in  position,  alongside  or  slightly  distal  to  the  asco- 
pore, or  on  the  front  proximal  to  it;  in  the  latter  case  they  are  usually 
more  lateral  in  position.  There  is  some  variation,  however,  in  some  of 
the  species,  as  in  ciliata  where  occasionally  an  avicularium  may  be  found 
beside  the  ascopore.  The  number  is  of  some  importance,  whether  single 
or  paired,  but  again  those  with  a  single  avicularium  may  occasionally 
have  two  and  those  which  ordinarily  are  paired  may  have  only  one.  The 
form  of  the  mandible  also  varies  within  the  species,  and  species  with 
long-triangular  mandibles  may  have  them  more  or  less  setose,  even 
within  the  same  colony.  The  form  of  the  aperture  varies  in  the  different 
species  from  semicircular  to  considerably  more  than  a  semicircle,  and 
the  same  colony  may  show  some  variation;  also  the  proximal  border 
may  or  may  not  bear  small  hinge  teeth.  The  umbos  in  some  are  heavily 
developed,  in  others  they  are  smaller  and  in  still  others  they  may  be 
evident  only  occasionally.  The  ovicell  offers  little  of  importance,  though 
in  some  forms  it  is  developed  around  the  aperture  farther  than  in  others, 
in  some  it  bears  a  collar  around  the  orifice,  and  in  some  cases  the  size 
is  useful.  The  size  and  number  of  the  spines  have  been  made  use  of,  but 
here  the  variation,  especially  in  size,  is  very  great. 


376  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Still  these  forms  are  different  and  can  be  separated  usually  without 
much  difficulty  if  the  colonies  are  fully  developed.  Several  of  these 
species  occur  in  the  Pleistocene,  where  they  present  just  the  same  char- 
acters shown  by  the  recent  specimens,  e.g.  californica,  umhonata,  and 
vibraculifera,  while  ciliata  is  known  as  far  back  as  the  Miocene.  It 
appears  evident  that  they  are  different  and  have  been  for  a  long  time, 
even  though  they  do  not  show  as  sharp  distinctions  as  are  often  found 
in  other  genera.  Fortunately  most  of  them  present  more  than  one  dis- 
tinguishing character  and  I  have  been  able  to  present  the  following  key 
which  at  least  enables  one  to  separate  the  forms  named  in  the  following 
pages.  I  have  listed  most  of  them  as  species,  as  otherwise  it  would  seem 
necessary  to  regard  all  of  them  as  varieties  of  ciliata. 

Key  TO  THE  Species  of  Microporella 

1.  Avicularia  single,  occasionally  paired,  proximal  to  ascopore  .     .       2 
Avicularia  paired,  occasionally  single,  beside  the  ascopore      .     .       6 

2.  Avicularium  large  with  exceedingly  long  flagellum     .    vibraculifera 
Avicularium  smaller,  mandible  usually  ending  in  a  setose  point       3 

3.  Three  umbos,  1  central,  the  others  beside  the  aperture    .     umhonata 
One  umbo  or  none 4 

4.  Aperture  and  ascopore  surrounded  by  a  high  peristome  which  is 

bridged  across  its  middle  in  fertile  zooecia     ....     pontifica 
The  peristome  not  elevated 5 

5.  Avicularium  small,  located  in  the  lateral  zooecial  angle,  the 

mandible  setose,  directed  somewhat  laterally     .     .     .     gibbosula 
Avicularium  larger,  usually  located  on  one  side  a  little  proximal 
to  the  ascopore,  mandible  long  triangular  to  setose  (the  variety 
stellata  with  a  stellate  ascopore) ciliata 

6.  Avicularia  far  forward  beside  aperture,  mandibles  setose,  very 

long  and  directed  forward  parallel tractabilis 

Avicularia  beside  ascopore,  mandible  setose  or  lanceolate,  not 
unusually  long,  directed  diagonally  forward 7 

7.  Ascopore  surrounded  proximally  by  an  arcuate  umbo  of  vary- 

ing size marsupiata 

Umbo,  if  present,  pointed 8 

8.  Mandible  long-triangular,  with  a  more  or  less  setose  point    .     .       9 
Mandible  setiform  or  long  hastate 10 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  377 

9.  Ascopore  large  with  cribrate  aperture  (sieve  plate)     .     .     cribrosa 

Ascopore  with  the  usual  lunate  aperture californica 

10.  Avicularia  small,  a  small  setose  mandible setiformis 

Avicularia  with  narrow  hastate  mandible  ending  in  a  setose 
point coronata 

Microporella  ciliata  (Pallas),  1766 

Plate  44,  fig.  1 

Eschara  ciliata  var.  B  Pallas,  1766:38. 

Cellepora  ciliata,  lAnnztw^,  1759:1286. 

Microporella  ciliata,  Hincks,  1880:206;  1884:14. 

Microporella  ciliata,  O'Donoghue,  1823 :31 ;  1925 :103 ;  1926:64. 

Microporella  ciliata,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923  :119. 

Microporella  ciliata,  Hastings,  1930:727. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  various  substrata,  especially  shells  and  stones. 
The  zooecia  are  somewhat  ovate  to  elongate  hexagonal;  (length  0.45  to 
0.50,  width  0.30)  ;  the  front  with  numerous  small  tremopores,  slightly 
inflated,  smooth  and  usually  without  decoration,  though  a  small  median 
umbonate  process  is  sometimes  present.  The  aperture  is  nearly  semi- 
circular, evenly  rounded  in  front  and  on  the  sides  and  straight  on  the 
proximal  border;  0.08  or  0.09  mm  long  by  0.11  to  0.13  mm  wide; 
the  peristome  low  and  smooth  with  5  to  7  oral  spines.  The  ascopore, 
in  the  midline  a  little  proximal  to  the  aperture,  is  lunate  (a  small 
calcified  shelf  projects  backward  from  the  distal  border  of  the  pore 
partially  closing  the  pore). 

The  ovicell  is  globose  and  prominent,  smooth  or  umbonated  on  the 
top  and  ribbed  around  the  base;  a  slight  collar  around  the  aperture; 
about  0.25  mm  in  width. 

Usually  there  is  a  single  avicularium  situated  a  little  to  one  side  of 
the  midline  and  proximal  to  the  ascopore,  the  mandible  long  triangular 
to  more  or  less  setose  directed  forward  and  outward.  Occasionally  there 
are  two  avicularia  symmetrically  placed,  and  the  location  may  vary  from 
the  lateral  zooecial  angle  to  opposite  the  ascopore. 

A  cosmopolitan  species,  listed  on  the  American  Pacific  coast  by  Hincks 
and  O'Donoghue  from  British  Columbia  waters  and  by  Hastings  from 
Panama,  Colombia  and  the  Galapagos  Islands. 

In  the  Hancock  collections  it  appeared  at  nearly  100  stations  from 
the  coast  of  Oregon  to  the  Galapagos  Islands,  from  near  shore  to  depth 
of  90  fathoms. 


378  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Microporella  ciliata  stellata  (Verrill),  1875 

Porellina  stellata  Verrill,  1875  :53. 

Microporella  ciliata  var.  stellata,  Osburn,  1912 :234. 

Microporella  ciliata  var.  stellata,  O'Donoghue,  1923 :30. 

Similar  in  all  respects  to  M.  ciliata  except  that  the  ascopore  is  not 
provided  with  a  calcified  shelf  but  with  minute  spicules  all  around  the 
border  which  give  the  pore  a  stellate  appearance.  Occasionally  a  small 
shelf  is  present,  similar  to  that  of  ciliata  but  smaller. 

Described  by  Verrill  from  Casco  Bay,  Maine,  and  found  commonly 
by  Osburn  in  the  Woods  Hole  region  of  Massachusetts.  O'Donoghue 
records  it  from  British  Columbia. 

Hancock  collections :  specimens  with  the  stellate  pore  and  with  inter- 
mediate conditions  from  Mussel  Point,  Dillon  Beach  and  Monterey 
Bay,  California. 

Microporella  umbonata  (Hincks),  1884 
Plate  44,  fig.  4 

Microporella  ciliata  form  umbonata  Hincks,  1884:15. 
Microporella  ciliata  va.r.  umbonata,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :31. 
Microporella  umbonata,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923  :123. 

The  general  characters  of  this  form  are  much  like  those  of  ciliata, 
but  in  its  complete  calcification  it  presents  a  very  striking  appearance 
with  high  pointed  umbos  on  the  front  and  the  ovicell  and  on  each  side 
of  the  aperture.  The  zooecia  are  slightly  larger  than  those  of  ciliata, 
very  heavily  calcified,  the  gibbous  frontal  comparatively  smooth  except 
for  the  median  umbo,  the  tremopores  large  and  numerous.  The  aper- 
ture is  more  elongate  than  in  ciliata,  forming  more  than  a  semicircle, 
the  proximal  border  straight,  cardelles  not  evident.  The  peristome  is 
low  and  thin,  with  4  to  6  small  oral  spines  which  are  evanescent.  The 
ascopore  is  of  moderate  size,  semilunar,  close  to  the  border  of  the  aper- 
ture and  usually  obscured  by  the  median  umbo.  There  is  a  single 
avicularium,  often  wanting,  situated  as  in  ciliata  at  one  side  proximal 
to  the  ascopore  and  oriented  diagonally. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.28  to  0.33  mm  wide,  heavily  calcified,  per- 
forated like  the  frontal,  with  a  large  blunt  or  pointed  umbo  on  the  top. 

The  lateral  umbos  are  usually  tipped  forward  as  in  Hincks'  figure  1 
(plate  17),  but  occasionally  stand  erect  beside  the  aperture. 

Described  by  Hincks  from  Dolomite  Narrows,  British  Columbia; 
listed  by  O'Donoghue  without  data,  and  recorded  by  Canu  and  Bassler 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  379 

from  the  Pleistocene  of  Santa  Barbara,  Santa  Monica  and  San  Pedro, 
California, 

Hancock  Stations:  1232-41,  San  Pedro,  and  1300-41,  Santa  Cruz 
Island,  California.  Also  from  Dillon  Beach,  California  (Menzies, 
collector).  Shallow  water  to  56  fms. 

Microporella  vibraculifera  (Hincks),  1884 
Plate  44,  fig.  7 

Microporella  ctliata  form  vibraculifera  Hincks,  1884:15. 

Microporella  ciliata  var.  vibraculifera,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :31 ;  1926:64. 

Microporella  vibraculifera,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923:124. 

There  is  much  general  resemblance  of  this  species  to  ciliata,  but  it  is 
larger  in  all  dimensions,  coarser  in  appearance,  and  the  avicularium  is 
strikingly  different. 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting  on  shells,  stones  and  coarser  algae.  The 
zooecia  are  irregularly  elongate  hexagonal,  0.50  to  0.60  mm  long  by 
0.34  to  0.40  mm  wide,  a  little  inflated,  the  frontal  with  large  tremopores 
when  the  smooth  shining  ectocyst  is  removed.  The  aperture  is  semicircular 
with  the  proximal  corners  a  little  rounded,  the  proximal  border  straight 
and  with  no  evidence  of  cardelles,  0.09  mm  long  by  0.13  mm  wide.  The 
peristome  is  thin,  a  little  elevated  and  provided  with  5  to  7  stout  spines. 
The  ascopore,  as  in  ciliata,  is  reduced  to  a  lunate  slit  by  the  development 
of  the  shelf  on  the  proximal  border ;  the  rim  of  the  pore  is  very  slightly 
elevated.  The  avicularium,  comparatively,  is  of  giant  proportions,  its 
chamber  usually  extending  laterally  over  more  than  half  the  width  of  the 
front  and  elevated  on  its  proximal  side  so  that  it  appears  to  be  tipped 
forward ;  there  is  a  very  heavy  pivot ;  the  setose  mandibles,  which  may 
be  1.00  mm  or  more  in  length,  are  grooved  on  the  under  surface  for 
their  entire  length,  with  a  pair  of  minute  hooks  near  the  base,  and  are 
directed  more  or  less  sideways.  There  is  no  diflSculty  in  identifying  the 
species  when  the  mandibles  are  present  and  even  when  these  are  denuded 
the  size  and  position  of  the  avicularian  base,  with  its  unusually  strong 
hinge  bar,  easily  distinguish  it. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.35  to  0.40  mm  wide,  smooth  or  slightly 
umbonate,  ribbed  around  the  base  and  usually  with  a  thick,  raised  collar 
around  its  aperture. 

Described  by  Hincks  from  British  Columbia,  "Queen  Charlotte 
Islands,"  and  listed  by  O'Donoghue  without  special  data.  Canu  and 
Bassler  record  it  from  the  Pleistocene  of  San  Pedro,  Santa  Monica 
and  Santa  Barbara,  southern  California. 


380  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Hancock  Stations:  1232-41,  San  Pedro;  1171-40,  1371-41  and  1118, 
off  Santa  Catalina  Island;  1051,  San  Miguel  Island,  and  1153,  Santa 
Rosa  Island,  all  from  southern  California.  Stations  488-36,  San  Quentin 
Bay;  1250-41,  San  Benito  Island,  and  1261-41,  Dewey  Channel,  all 
from  Lower  California,  west  coast.  5  to  160  fms.  Also  at  Middle  Bank, 
Puget  Sound,  Washington,  Dr.  J.  L.  Mohr,  collector.  These  records 
extend  the  range  from  British  Columbia  to  about  the  parallel  28°N  Lat. 

Microporella  cribrosa  new  species 
Plate  44,  fig.  3 

Microporella  californica  Robertson,  1908:281  (non  Busk). 

There  is  much  general  zoarial  resemblance  to  californica  Busk,  but 
differences  occur  in  several  characters.  The  most  evident  of  these  is  the 
presence  of  a  perforated  cover,  "sieve  plate"  (Robertson),  over  the  asco- 
pore,  instead  of  the  usual  lunate  opening.  The  zoarium  usually  encrusts 
algae,  but  sometimes  is  found  on  shells  and  pebbles.  The  zooecia  resemble 
those  of  californica  but  average  smaller,  about  52  mm  long  by  0.35  mm 
wide.  The  tremopores  are  large  and  there  is  often  a  small  umbonate 
process  proximal  to  the  ascopore:  the  process  rarely  becomes  high  and 
flabellate.  The  aperture  is  more  transverse  than  usual  in  this  genus, 
nearly  twice  as  wide  as  long,  0.07  to  0.08  long  by  0.13  to  0.15  mm  wide, 
straight  on  the  proximal  border,  the  small  cardelles  usually  evident. 
The  ascopore  is  larger  than  in  any  other  of  our  species,  transversely 
short-elliptical,  often  a  little  inflected  on  the  distal  border  where  a  small 
projection  may  extend  a  short  distance  into  the  aperture ;  the  remainder 
of  the  aperture  of  the  ascopore  is  filled  in  with  a  calcified,  porous  mem- 
brane, the  numerous  pores  perfectly  round  (Robertson's  figure  represents 
this  feature  well). 

The  avicularia  are  similar  in  form  and  position  to  those  of  cali- 
fornica but  smaller.  The  spines,  usually  6  (5  to  7),  are  long,  sometimes 
longer  than  a  zooecium,  and  strong,  jointed  at  the  base  and  occasionally 
dark  about  the  basal  joint. 

The  ovicells  are  larger  than  those  of  californica  (though  the  zooecia 
are  smaller),  averaging  0.35  mm  in  width  (0.33  to  0.38  mm),  the  base 
of  young  undeveloped  ones  measuring  0.28  mm  in  width.  As  in  most 
species  of  the  genus  they  are  ribbed  about  the  base,  but  the  base  is  rather 
sharply  constricted.  A  low  smooth  umbo  is  present  on  the  top  and  the 
sides  extend  backward  to  the  proximal  spines. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  381 

The  characters  mentioned  appear  only  slight  for  the  separation  of 
a  new  species  but  the  cribrate  covering  of  the  ascopore  is  very  definite 
and  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  evidence  of  intergradation  with  the 
usual  form  of  ascopore  in  other  species.  Spinules  are  present  in  several 
other  species,  both  on  the  distal  projection  and  around  the  inner  border, 
but  they  never  appear  to  fuse  to  form  rounded  pores  over  the  whole 
area  as  they  do  in  cribrosa.  The  smaller  zooecia  with  larger  and  less 
embedded  ovicells  also  separate  it  from  californica.  It  should  be  noted 
that  in  dead  specimens  with  the  ectocyst  removed,  the  cribroid  plate  is 
usually  lost  and  the  ascopore  resembles  that  of  californica  except  that  it  is 
much  larger. 

Type,  AHF  no.  80. 

Type  locality.  Corona  del  Mar,  Newport  Harbor,  southern  Cali- 
fornia, growing  on  algae  attached  to  the  piles  of  docks.  Occurring  com- 
monly alongshore  from  Mussel  Point,  northern  California  (A.  E.  Blagg, 
collector)  southward  to  Tomales  Bay,  Monterey  Bay,  Santa  Barbara, 
San  Pedro  Harbor,  Newport  Harbor  to  San  Diego  Bay,  California. 
Dredged  by  the  Albatross,  Sta.  D  2945  near  Anacapa  Island,  southern 
California  at  30  fms,  and  by  Dr.  C.  L.  Hubbs  at  Guadalupe  Island  off 
Lower  California  at  40  fms. 

Microporella  californica  (Busk),  1856 
Plate  44,  fig.  2 

Lepralia  californica  Busk,  1856:310. 
Microporella  ciliata  form  californica,  Hincks,  1883  :444. 
?Microporella  californica,  Robertson,  1908:281,  (part). 
Microporella  calif ornicajO'Donoghue,  1923:32;  1926:65. 
Microporella  californica,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923  :123. 

"Cells  broadly  oval,  surface  minutely  punctured;  a  lunate  pore  in 
front,  a  little  below  the  mouth ;  an  avicularium  on  either  side  above. 
Mouth  rounded  above,  lower  lip  straight,  four  superior  spines.  Ovicell 
small,  sub-immersed.  Hab.  California,  Dr.  Gould." 

The  above  is  Busk's  brief  description.  His  figure  (plate  11,  figs.  6 
and  7)  represents  the  species  very  well,  except  that  his  artist  appears  to 
have  added  a  row  of  tremopores  distal  to  the  ascopore.  The  lunate 
opening  of  the  ascopore,  as  shown  by  Busk,  is  correct. 

The  related  form  described  by  Robertson  as  californica  is  quite  simi- 
lar in  most  respects,  but  has  the  ascopore  closed  by  a  "sieve  plate"  with 
small  round  pores  instead  of  having  the  usual  lunate  slit  (see  M. 
cribrosa,  new  species).  Otherwise  Robertson's  description  applies  equally 
well  to  both  forms. 


382  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  zoarium  encrusts  shells,  pebbles  and  frequently  algae.  The 
zooecia  are  moderately  large,  0.60  to  0.70  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0,50 
mm  wide  (Busk's  figure  7  is  within  this  range),  the  frontal  somewhat 
inflated  and  more  coarsely  punctured  than  in  ciliata;  a  small  umbo 
often  present  proximal  to  the  ascopore.  The  aperture  is  large  for  the 
genus,  0.12  mm  long  by  0.16  mm  broad,  rounded  distally,  the  sides 
considerably  incurved  to  meet  the  straight  proximal  border;  rarely  there 
are  very  minute  cardelles.  The  ascopore  is  slightly  elliptical  trans- 
versely with  the  usual  projection  from  the  distal  border;  this  projection 
and  the  inner  edge  of  the  border  minutely  dentate. 

The  avicularia  are  usually  paired,  one  on  either  side  of  the  ascopore, 
the  mandible  long-triangular  and  sharp  pointed,  directed  forward  and 
slightly  outward.  The  spines  are  usually  5  (5  to  7),  frequently  long 
and  heavy,  frequently  black  at  the  basal  joint  and  occasionally  dark 
throughout. 

The  ovicell  is  small,  compared  to  the  zooecia,  and  more  immersed 
than  usual,  width  0.26  to  0.30  mm  (the  base  of  young  zooecia  0.20  to 
0.24  mm),  the  radiating  ribs  extending  well  toward  the  top  which  is 
either  smooth  or  with  a  low  umbo ;  perforated  like  the  frontal ;  on  the 
sides  extending  proximally  to  the  first  spines. 

Hancock  Stations:  dredged  at  more  than  20  stations  from  the  coast 
of  Oregon  southward  to  the  Galapagos  Islands  (Albemarle  and  James)  ; 
abundant  along  shore  and  about  the  islands  off  southern  California; 
Clarion  Island  west  of  Mexico ;  San  Esteban  Island,  Gulf  of  California ; 
common  in  shallow  water  at  shore  stations  and  down  to  74  fms.  The 
records  of  Hincks  and  O'Donoghue  from  British  Columbia  are  some- 
what in  doubt,  owing  to  the  possible  confusion  of  this  species  with 
cribrosa  new  species,  but  as  I  have  seen  a  specimen  from  Vancouver 
Island  (Ricketts  collection)  they  may  be  correct. 

Microporella  marsupiata  (Busk),  1860 
Plate  44,  fig.  6 

Lepralia  marsupiata  Busk,  1860:284. 
Microporella  marsupiata,  Norman,  1909:297. 

Distinguished  by  an  arcuate  or  semicircular  umbonate  process  proxi- 
mal to  and  partially  enclosing  the  ascopore.  The  zoarium  encrusts  shells, 
corallines,  etc.  The  zooecia  are  moderate  in  size,  0.40  to  0.55  mm  long 
by  0.30  to  0.40  mm  wide,  the  frontal  smooth  to  coarsely  granular  with 
numerous  small  tremopores.  The  aperture  shows  considerable  variation 
in   form,  sometimes  as  high   as  broad    (0.08  by  0.08  mm),   or  again 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  383 

considerably  wider  (0.07  by  0.10  mm),  straight  on  the  proximal  border. 
The  bordering  sclerite  of  the  operculum  is  usually  dark  brown.  The 
peristome  is  slightly  salient  with  5  to  7  strong  spines  which  are  some- 
times black  at  the  basal  joint ;  the  proximal  spine  on  either  side  is  occa- 
sionally forked  at  the  tip,  as  in  Busk's  figure  (plate  31,  fig.  4).  The 
ascopore  has  a  semilunar  slit  and  is  finely  dentate  all  around  its  inner 
border,  with  the  usual  projecting  shelf;  it  is  partially  surrounded 
proximally  by  a  semicircular  umbonate  process  ("a  pouch-like  rostrum," 
Busk)  of  varying  height  and  width.  The  avicularia  are  single  (Busk) 
or  paired  at  the  side  of  the  ascopore  (rarely  more  proximal),  with 
setose  mandibles  which  are  directed  forward  and  slightly  outward.  Busk 
states  that  the  mandible  ("vibraculum")  is  black,  but  in  our  specimens 
they  are  only  occasionally  tinged  with  brown. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.30  mm  wide,  globular  and  prominent,  its 
surface  like  the  frontal,  ribbed  around  the  base  and  in  full  calcification 
the  lip  of  the  aperture  is  produced  into  a  strong  rib;  the  sides  of  the 
ovicell  stop  abruptly  at  the  proximal  spines. 

Busk  described  this  species  from  Madeira  and  Norman  refigured 
it  from  the  same  locality  (plate  38,  fig.  7).  It  differs  from  ciliata  in 
the  position  of  the  avicularia  and  the  nature  of  the  ooecium  as  well  as 
by  the  presence  of  the  peculiar  umbonate  process. 

Hancock  Stations:  155-34,  Albemarle  Island;  182-34  and  462,  James 
Island;  810-38,  Barrington  Island  and  435,  Chatham  Island,  Galapagos; 
136-34,  Clarion  Island,  W.  of  Mexico;  234,  Baja  Point,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia. 17  to  73  fms. 

Microporella  pontifica  new  species 

Plate  44,  fig.  5 

Distinguished  by  the  peristome  of  the  fertile  zooecia  which  encloses 
the  ascopore  and  extends  forward  upon  the  ovicell  and  which  is  bridged 
across  near  the  middle  to  produce  two  secondary  apertures;  also  by  the 
avicularium  which  is  lateral,  proximal  to  the  ascopore  and  with  an 
aciculate  or  narrowly  lanceolate  mandible  which  is  grooved  on  its 
under  surface. 

Encrusting  on  shells  and  corallines.  The  zooecia  are  of  moderate 
size,  0.50  to  0.60  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.45  mm  wide ;  the  frontal  finely 
granular,  less  inflated  and  the  separating  grooves  more  shallow  than  is 
usual  in  the  genus.  The  aperture  is  semicircular,  0.08  mm  long  by  0.10 
mm  wide,  straight  on  the  proximal  border  and  without  cardelles;  the 
peristome  of  infertile  zooecia  elevated  distally  and  with  4  to  6  short 


384  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

spines.  The  ascopore  is  of  the  usual  lunate  tj'pe  with  a  slightly  elevated 
collar.  The  avicularium  is  moderate  in  size,  located  usually  in  the  lateral 
zooecial  angle  and  directed  laterally;  the  mandible,  with  a  complete 
pivot,  has  a  short  triangular  base,  narrows  considerably  for  a  short 
distance,  broadens  again  into  a  narrow  lanceolate  form  and  ends  in  an 
acicular  point,  the  under  surface  grooved  nearly  to  the  tip  and  a  pair 
of  small  hooks  turned  downward  at  its  widest  part.  Length  0.25  to  0.30 
mm. 

Ovicelled  zooecia  differ  strikingly  in  appearance  due  to  the  extension 
of  the  peristome  which  continues  distally  across  the  front  of  the  ooecium 
and  proximally  surrounds  the  ascopore,  while  on  each  side  is  a  lappet 
which  bends  across  to  unite  with  the  opposite  one  and  forms  a  complete 
bridge  on  a  level  with  the  top  of  the  ovicell ;  the  secondary  aperture  is 
thus  divided,  somewhat  unequally  into  two,  the  distal  one  for  the  ten- 
tacles, the  proximal  one  for  the  ascopore.  The  ovicell  is  globular,  promi- 
nent, its  surface  like  the  frontal  and  without  umbo  or  ribs,  its  average 
width  0.26  mm. 

Type,AHFno.  81. 

Type  locality  Hancock  Station  137-34  Sulphur  Bay,  Clarion  Island, 
Wof  Mexico,  18°9'05''N,  114°45'25"W,  57  fms.  Also  Stations  147-34 
and  155-34,  Albemarle  Island,  Galapagos;  650-37,  E.  of  San  Francisco 
Island,  Gulf  of  California,  and  298,  Agua  Verde  Bay,  Lower  California, 
in  the  Gulf  of  California ;  20  to  60  fms. 

Microporella  tractabilis   Canu  and  Bassler,  1930 
Plate  45,  fig.  2 

Microporella  tractabilis  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:22. 

The  zooecia  are  of  average  size,  0.55  to  0.60  mm  by  0.40  to  0.50 
mm,  finely  granulated,  with  small  tremopores  and  there  is  no  indication 
of  an  umbonate  process.  The  aperture  is  somewhat  more  than  a  semi- 
circle, 0.07  mm  long  by  0.10  to  0.12  mm  wide,  straight  on  the  proximal 
border,  the  cardelles  more  prominent  than  usual.  The  peristome  is  thin, 
slightly  raised  and  bears  4  to  6  small  spines.  The  ascopore  is  large, 
nearly  straight  on  its  distal  border  which  has  a  projecting  shelf  that 
leaves  a  lunate  opening;  the  pore  is  situated  farther  from  the  aperture 
than  is  usual  in  the  genus,  its  border  only  slightly  raised.  The  avicularia 
peculiar  in  arrangement,  paired,  one  on  either  side,  distal  to  the  ascopore 
and  directed  straight  forward  parallel  to  each  other;  the  mandibles  are 
long  and  setose.  Canu  and   Bassler  state   (p.  22)    "the  mandibles  are 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  385 

always  long  enough  to  touch  the  pivot  of  the  avicularia  of  the  adjacent 
superior  zooecia  so  that  all  of  the  avicularia  of  the  same  colony  are  in 
direct  tactile  communication."  I  have  found  colonies  in  which  the  setae 
are  so  long,  but  this  is  not  always  the  case  even  on  the  same  colony. 

The  ovicell  is  globular,  very  prominent,  granulated  and  perforated 
like  the  frontal  and  there  is  only  slight  evidence  of  ribs  around  the  base. 

The  paired,  parallel  avicularia  situated  far  forward  easily  distinguish 
this  species. 

Described  from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  Albatross  D.2813  and  D.2815. 

Hancock  Stations:  431-35,  off  Octavia  Rocks,  Colombia,  and  307, 
Secas  Islands,  Panama.  40  to  80  fms. 

Microporella  setiformis  O'Donoghue,  1923 
Plate  44,  fig.  8 

Microporella  setiforTnis  O'Donoghue,  1923:32;  1926:65. 

Encrusting  on  stones,  shells,  worm  tubes,  etc.,  white  and  shining. 
The  zooecia  are  moderate  in  size,  0.50  to  0.65  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.45 
mm  wide,  considerably  inflated,  elongate  hexagonal ;  the  frontal  with 
numerous  pores  and  covered  by  shining  ectocyst.  The  aperture  is  more 
than  semicircular,  0.09  by  0.12  mm,  the  proximal  border  quite  straight 
and  with  no  indication  of  cardelles.  The  peristome  is  thin,  smooth, 
slightly  elevated  and  there  are  5  evanescent  oral  spines.  The  ascopore  is 
unusually  small,  round,  slightly  elevated  and  lacks  the  projecting  shelf 
which  is  common  to  most  members  of  the  genus.  The  avicularia  are 
paired,  opposite  the  ascopore  near  the  zooecial  margin,  the  chamber 
small  and  rounded,  the  rostrum  short,  the  mandible  setose  and  usually 
less  than  half  as  long  as  a  zoocium,  directed  diagonally. 

The  ovicell,  which  O'Donoghue  did  not  observe,  is  very  prominent, 
globular,  0.25  to  0.30  mm  in  width ;  appearing  smooth  under  the 
epitheca  but  when  this  is  removed  it  is  porous  like  the  front  and  with 
delicate  radiating  ribs  which  are  enlarged  at  the  base;  on  the  sides  the 
ovicell  extends  backward  around  the  aperture  to  the  proximal  border. 
Rarely  there  is  an  umbonate  process  on  the  frontal. 

Described  by  O'Donoghue  and  recorded  by  him  from  11  localities 
in  British  Columbia,  from  the  San  Juan  Islands  northward. 

Hancock  Stations:  1284-41,  1388-41  and  1152,  Santa  Rosa  Island; 
1064,  Santa  Barbara  Island;  1234,  off  San  Pedro,  California.  Also  at 
Hein  Bank,  Puget  Sound,  Washington,  Dr.  J.  L.  Mohr,  collector. 
Low  water  to  54  fms. 


386  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Microporella  gibbosula  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930 
Plate  44,  fig.  9 

Microporella  gibbosula  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930  :20. 

Zoarium  encrusting  shells,  worm  tubes,  etc.  The  zooecia  are  moderate 
in  size,  0.50  to  0.55  mm  long  by  about  0.45  mm  wide,  the  front  swollen 
and  smooth  or  with  fine  granules.  The  aperture  is  nearly  as  long  as  broad, 
0.08  mm  by  0.09  with  the  proximal  border  straight ;  the  peristome  low 
and  smooth  with  5  small  oral  spines.  The  ascopore  is  round  and  unusually 
small,  often  with  a  small  raised  collar.  There  is  one  small  avicularium 
(rarely  2)  situated  usually  in  the  lateral  zooecial  angle  close  to  the 
margin,  oriented  laterally,  or  slightly  oblique,  the  mandible  setiform  or 
somewhat  lanceolate. 

The  ovicell  is  globular,  conspicuous,  smooth  and  perforated  and  only 
slightly  ribbed  about  the  base,  width  about  0.26  mm.  The  form  of  the 
aperture,  the  small  rounded  ascopore  and  the  position  of  the  small  avicu- 
larium appear  to  be  constant  and  are  the  most  diagnostic  characters. 

Described  from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  Albatross  Sta.  D.2813. 

Hancock  Stations:  8  stations  among  the  Galapagos  Islands;  431-35, 
Octavia  Bay,  Colombia;  1 14-33,  Bahia  Honda,  and  437-35,  Secas  Islands, 
Panama ;  309,  Port  Culebra,  Costa  Rica ;  and  298,  Agua  Verde  Bay, 
Lower  California.  5  to  80  fms. 

Microporella  coronata  (Audouin),  1826 
Plate  45,  fig.  1 

Flustra  coronata  Audouin,  1826:239. 
Microporella  coronata.  Waters,  1909 :42. 
Microporella  coronata,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1925 :37. 
Microporella  ciliat a  var.  coronata,  Hastings,  1927:340;  1930:727. 

Encrusting  on  shells,  etc.  Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  usually  between 
0.45  and  0.55  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide,  but  varying  greatly; 
distinct,  the  frontal  somewhat  ventricose  with  numerous  small  pores. 
The  aperture  is  semicircular,  a  little  narrowed  proximally,  the  proximal 
border  straight,  width  0.13  mm,  length  0.10  mm;  peristome  low  and 
thin,  with  about  6  oral  spines  the  basal  joints  of  which  are  dark.  The 
avicularia  are  paired,  about  opposite  the  asocopore  and  directed  forward 
and  slightly  outward ;  the  mandible  has  a  hastate  shape,  the  small  lateral 
projections  usually  bent  downward  like  hooks  and  inconspicuous,  the 
distal  portion  slender  with  a  setose  point  and  a  curved  tip ;  the  rostrum 
is  short,  grooved  and  truncate  at  the  tip,  extending  only  to  the  lateral 
projections  of  the  mandible.   The  ascopore  is  lunate  in  form. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  387 

The  ovicell  is  large,  about  0.26  mm  wide,  rounded,  perforated  like 
the  frontal,  striated  lightly  and  radially  in  the  young  stage;  a  visor-like 
projection  usually  extends  above  the  orifice. 

In  the  absence  of  ovicells  this  species  may  be  confused  with  M. 
pontifex,  new  species,  as  both  have  hastate  avicularian  mandibles,  but 
in  the  latter  the  avicularia  are  single  and  quite  proximal  to  the  ascopore. 
When  an  ovicell  is  present  the  peristome  at  the  sides  of  the  aperture  is 
not  raised,  while  in  pontifex  the  lateral  peristomial  lappets  are  high  and 
meet  above  the  aperture. 

It  is  distributed  around  the  world  in  warmer  waters,  and  Hastings 
has  recorded  it  from  Coiba,  Panama,  and  Gorgona,  Colombia.  Hastings 
also  places  M.  calif ornica  (Busk)  under  the  synonomy  of  coronata,  but 
this  is  incorrect  as  the  mandible  is  never  hastate  and  the  rostrum  is 
pointed ;  also  it  is  a  larger  and  coarser  species  than  coronata. 

Hancock  Station  650-37,  E  of  San  Francisco  Island,  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, 47  fms,  several  colonies. 

Genus  FENESTRULINA   Jullien,  1888 

This  genus  differs  from  Microporella  by  the  stellate  character  of 
the  tremopores,  by  the  more  proximal  position  of  the  ascopore  so  that 
there  are  one  or  two  rows  of  tremopores  between  it  and  the  aperture, 
and  by  the  absence  of  avicularia.  Genotype,  Cellepora  malusii  Audouin, 
1826. 

Fenestrulina  malusi  (Audouin),  1926 
Plate  45,  fig.  3 

Microporella  malusii,  Hincks,  1884:16. 
Microporella  malusi,  Robertson,  1908:282. 
Microporella  malusii,  O'Donoghue,   1923:32. 
Fenestrulina  malusii,  O'Donoghue,  1926:63. 
Fenestrulina  malusi,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923:115. 
Fenestrulina  malusi,  Osburn,  1940 :433. 

The  zoarium  forms  white,  flat  encrustations  on  shells  and  stones. 
The  zooecia  are  moderately  large,  irregularly  hexagonal,  sometimes  as 
broad  as  long,  very  distinct  with  deep  separating  grooves  and  the  front 
considerably  inflated,  the  surface  smooth ;  the  stellate  tremopores  numer- 
ous. There  is  much  variation  in  size  of  the  zooecia,  which  average  about 
0.60  mm  long  by  0.50  mm  wide.    The  aperture  is  semicircular,  with 


388  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

a  Straight  proximal  border,  the  peristome  low  and  smooth  with  4  or  5 
small  spines  (often  entirely  wanting).  The  ascopore  is  semicircular, 
like  that  in  most  species  of  Microporellaj  but  is  situated  farther  proxi- 
mally  so  that  there  some  tremopores  between  it  and  the  aperture. 

The  ovicell  is  large  and  prominent,  perforated  and  with  a  row  of 
conspicuous  areolae  around  the  base. 

It  apparently  occurs  around  the  world  in  tropical  and  temperate 
waters.  Hincks  and  O'Donoghue  recorded  it  from  British  Columbia; 
Robertson  from  La  Jolla  and  Catalina  Island,  southern  California;  and 
Canu  and  Bassler  from  the  Pleistocene  of  southern  California. 

The  Hancock  collections  extend  the  range  southward  to  the  Gala- 
pagos where  it  was  dredged  at  Charles,  Wenman  and  Albemarle  Islands. 
At  intermediate  points  it  was  found  at  Clarion  Island,  west  of  Mexico 
and  at  several  stations  within  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  common  about 
the  Channel  Islands  off  the  coast  of  southern  California  and  northward 
to  Oregon.    Depth  3  to  more  than  100  fms. 

Fenestrulina  malusi  var.  umbonata  O'Donoghue,  1926 

This  variety  is  characterized  especially  by  the  presence  of  a  con- 
spicuous umbonate  process  immediately  proximal  to  the  ascopore.  The 
measurements  are  somewhat  larger  than  in  the  typical  form,  averaging 
0.70  mm  long  by  0.60  mm  wide  in  our  specim.ens,  and  the  aperture  is 
correspondingly  larger.  Otherwise  there  appears  to  be  no  essential  dif- 
ference, and  there  is  some  intergradation. 

O'Donoghue  described  the  variety  from  the  San  Juan  Islands,  Puget 
Sound  and  from  Bentinck  Island,  and  Hincks  had  already  noted  its 
occurrence,  without  naming  it,  in  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands. 

Hancock  Station  1325-41,  oi?  Santa  Catalina  Island,  southern  Cali- 
fornia, 59  fms.  Also  from  Cadboro  Bay,  Victoria,  British  Columbia, 
G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  389 

Family  EurystomellidaC  Levinsen,  1909 

Zooecia  thick  walled,  without  a  covering  membrane;  without  pores 
or  with  several  large  fenestrae;  aperture  very  broad,  widest  at  the 
broadly  concave  proximal  border.  Ooecium  enclosed  in  a  kenozooecium, 
the  front  with  a  large  membranous  area.  No  avicularia,  no  spines. 
(After  Levinsen). 

Genus  EURYSTOMELLA  Levinsen,  1909 

Characters  of  the  family,  without  frontal  pores.  Genotype,  Lepralia 
foraminifera  Hincks,  1883. 

Eurystomella  bilabiata  (Hincks),  1884 
Plate  58,  fig.  5 

Lepralia  bilabiata,  Hincks,   1884:49. 
Lepralia  bilabiata,  Robertson,   1908:298. 
Eurystomella  bilabiata,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923:142. 
Eurystomella  bilabiata,  O'Donoghue,   1926:65. 

Zoarium  encrusting  in  a  single  layer,  forming  rather  coarse  layers 
on  stones,  shells,  etc.,  reddish  or  brownish  in  color.  The  zooecia  are 
moderately  large  and  very  deep,  varying  much  in  size,  average  0.65  mm 
long  by  0.50  mm  wide ;  broad  and  rounded  distally,  narrowed  and  trun- 
cate at  the  proximal  end.  The  front  is  a  heavy,  smooth  olocyst  entirely 
without  pores,  often  rising  into  a  broad  low  umbo.  The  aperture  is 
shaped  like  a  hat  with  a  very  narrow  brim,  rounded  distally  and  sud- 
denly wider  near  the  proximal  border  which  is  nearly  straight;  0.20 
mm  long  by  0.30  mm  wide.  The  operculum  has  the  form  of  the  aper- 
ture, is  brown  with  a  darker  sclerite  which  extends  all  around  the 
border.  The  ovicell  is  comparatively  quite  small,  rounded,  with  a  mem- 
branous area  on  the  top.    No  avicularia,  no  spines. 

Described  by  Hincks  from  Houston-Stewart  Channel  and  recorded 
by  O'Donoghue  for  Brotchie  Ledge,  Victoria,  and  Bentinck  Island,  all 
in  British  Columbia.  Robertson  listed  it  from  Puget  Sound,  Washing- 
ton, and  Mendocino  City  and  Pacific  Grove,  California.  Canu  and 
Bassler  recorded  it  from  the  Pleistocene  of  San  Pedro,  California. 

Hancock  Stations:  1176-40,  Santa  Barbara  Island  and  1130-40,  off 
Laguna  Beach,  southern  California;  275-34,  Navidad  Head,  Tenacatita 
Bay,  Mexico,  19°12'50"N  (the  most  southern  record).  I  have  a  speci- 
men from  Nootka  Island,  Alaska,  which  is  the  most  northern  record. 
It  is  a  rather  common  species  at  low  tide  on  rocky  shores  from  California 
northward,  not  frequently  dredged,  but  has  been  taken  at  35  fms. 


390  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Family  Smittinidae  Levinsen,  1909 

This  is  a  large  and  varied  family,  but  on  the  whole  is  fairly  distinct. 
The  frontal  is  an  olocyst  with  few  to  many  areolar  pores,  or  a  pleuro- 
cyst  which  develops  above  the  olocyst  from  the  margin  inward  to  the 
center  of  the  front,  or  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  evenly  distributed 
pores.  (Additional  pores  are  often  present  in  the  pleurocyst,  especially 
near  the  proximal  end,  but  these  seldom  approach  the  region  of  the 
aperture  and  usually  leave  an  imperforate  area  proximal  to  it.  The 
nature  of  the  growth  of  this  layer  may  be  observed  on  young  marginal 
zooecia.)  The  primary  aperture  is  somewhat  semicircular  (sometimes 
nearly  round,  occasionally  a  little  asymmetrical)  and  usually  there  are 
cardelles  and  a  lyrula.  The  secondary  sinus  is  often  well  developed 
proximally.  Oral  spines  are  of  common  occurrence  but  may  be  entirely 
wanting.  The  operculum  is  thin  and  delicate  and  there  is  usually  no 
evidence  of  a  vestibular  arch.  Multiporous  rosette  plates  are  the  usual 
means  of  communication  in  the  lateral  and  distal  walls,  but  pore  chambers 
(dietellae)  may  be  present. 

Avicularia  are  very  regularly  present,  though  in  individual  zooecia 
they  may  be  wanting,  and  they  are  of  two  categories:  (1)  median, 
suboral  avicularia  in  which  the  avicularian  chamber  extends  across  the 
front  to  communicate  with  an  areolar  pore  on  each  side  immediately 
proximal  to  the  aperture,  and  (2)  frontal  avicularia  of  various  forms 
and  sizes.  Only  the  suboral,  or  only  the  frontal  avicularia  may  be  present, 
but  both  kinds  are  frequently  found  on  the  same  zooecium.  Giant 
interzooecial  avicularia  also  are  occasionally  found. 

The  ovicells  are  hyperstomial,  usually  prominent  at  first  but  often 
becoming  deeply  embedded  in  the  later  stages  of  calcification.  The  sur- 
rounding zooecia  often  contribute  to  the  formation  of  the  secondary 
ooecial  layer.  The  ovicell  may  be  imperforate,  it  may  be  perforated  by 
numerous  small  or  larger  pores,  by  a  few  larger  pores  centrally  placed, 
or  in  a  few  species  there  is  a  single  central  pore  (occasionally  doubled). 

SMITTINA,  sens  lat. 

The  genera  Porella  Gray  and  Smittina  Norman  have  been  much 
confused.  Formerly  nearly  all  of  the  species  with  a  median  suboral 
avicularium  were  allocated  to  Porella  but  later  many  of  these  were 
transferred  to  Smittinaj  especially  those  with  a  well  developed  lyrula. 
The  lyrula  is  rather  variable,  however,  and  there  has  seemed  to  be 
no  sharp  line  of  division  on  this  basis.  There  are  other  criteria  to  be 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  391 

considered,  viz.,  the  nature  of  the  calcification  of  the  frontal,  the 
presence  or  absence  of  frontal  pores  and  ooecial  pores,  and  the  mode  of 
origin  of  the  avicularia. 

1.  The  genotype  of  Porella  is  Millepora  compressa  Sowerby.  Un- 
fortunately when  describing  this  genus  Gray  misidentified  compressa  with 
Millepora  cervicornis  Pallas,  which  has  somewhat  the  same  growth  form 
but  has  a  porous  frontal  (tremocyst).  As  late  as  1920  Canu  and  Bassler 
accepted  cervicornis  as  the  genotype  of  Porella,  but  Bassler  later  (1935) 
corrected  the  error.  The  genotype  of  Porella  therefore  has  a  bilaterally 
symmetrical  avicularian  chamber,  an  imperforate  frontal  (except  the 
areolar  pores),  an  imperforate  ovicell  and  a  very  low,  broad  lyrula  which 
is  so  short  as  to  be  indistinguishable  except  when  viewed  from  the  interior 
of  the  frontal,  and  no  cardelles.  The  other  species  which  may  be  allied 
to  compressa  have  the  characters  mentioned,  but  the  frontal  is  usually 
much  smoother  and  is  easily  mistaken  for  an  olocyst.  Careful  study  of 
incinerated  specimens  shows  the  secondary  layer  or  pleurocyst.  In  most 
of  the  species  the  frontal  becomes  very  thick,  so  that  the  median  avicu- 
larian chamber  and  the  ovicell  are  often  completely  buried  beneath  the 
secondary  crust  and  the  areolar  pores  are  often  occluded.  Frontal  avicu- 
laria also  are  sometimes  present. 

2.  The  genotype  of  Smittina  is  Lepralia  landsborovii  Johnston  which 
agrees  with  Porella  in  the  presence  of  a  median  bilaterally  symmetrical 
suboral  avicularium,  but  in  which  the  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  numer- 
ous pores,  the  ovicell  is  usually  similarly  perforated  and  the  lyrula  and 
cardelles  well  developed.  Usually  the  pores  of  the  ovicell  are  well  dis- 
tributed, but  in  a  few  cases,  bella  Busk  and  retifrons,  new  species,  they 
are  limited  to  1  or  2  central  pores  and  these  may  even  be  occluded  in 
final  calcification.  The  tremocyst  often  becomes  thick  and  the  frontal 
pores  more  or  less  infundibuliform. 

3.  A  third  group,  Smittoidea  new  genus,  differs  in  having  the  frontal 
a  pleurocyst,  with  a  median  symmetrically  developed  suboral  avicularium, 
perforated  ovicell  and  well  developed  lyrulae. 

4.  Still  a  fourth  group,  Parasmittina  new  genus,  is  easily  distin- 
guished by  the  pleurocystal  front  and  the  nature  of  the  avicularia  which 
are  variously  distributed  over  the  front  but  never  median  and  suboral; 
they  take  their  origin  from  areolar  pores  on  one  side  only.  The  lyrulae 
and  cardelles  are  well  developed,  though  they  are  sometimes  so  hidden 
by  the  overhanging  peristome  that  dissection  is  required  to  reveal  their 
presence.  The  ovicell  is  variously  perforated,  sometimes  by  small  pores 
or  by  larger  pores  which  often  vary  in  size  and  form,  or  more  rarely  by 
one  to  three  central  pores. 


392  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Key  TO  THE  Genera  of  Smittinidae 

1.  Frontal  an  olocyst  or  pleurocyst,  sometimes  with  numerous  pores 

but  the  central  area  at  least  imperforate 2 

Frontal  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  pores  over  the  whole  area     .  8 

2.  With  suboral  avicularia 3 

No  suboral  avicularia 6 

3.  Avicularia  symmetrically  developed  in  the  midline 4 

Avicularia  asymmetrical,  close  behind  the  aperture     Rhamphostomella 

4.  Avicularian  chamber  very  long,  developed   from  a  pore  at  the 

proximal  end  of  the  zooecium Cystisella 

Avicularian  chamber  short,  developed  from  an  areolar  pore  on  each 
side  of  the  aperture 5 

5.  Lyrula  and  cardelles  small  or  wanting,  ovicell  imperforate     Porella 
Lyrula  and  cardelles  well  developed,  ovicell  with  pores     Smittoidea 

6.  Avicularia  variously  situated  on  the  front,  never  median  and  sub- 

oral    Parasmittina 

Avicularia  wanting  entirely 7 

7.  No  lyrula,  no  umbo Hemicyclopora 

Lyrula  well  developed,  umbo  (mucro)  usually  present     Mucronella 

8.  No  lyrula,  proximal  border  of  aperture  broadly  arcuate,  ovicell 

closed  by  operculum Codonell'tna 

Lyrula  well  developed,  ovicell  not  closed  by  the  operculum     Smittina 

Genus  PORELLA  Gray,  1848 

The  frontal  is  a  thick  pleurocyst  with  areolar  pores,  otherwise  im- 
perforate (except  rarely  a  few  additional  pores  near  the  margins)  ;  a 
suboral  median  avicularium  which  is  bilateral  in  origin  with  narrow 
tubules  extending  around  the  proximal  side  of  the  peristome  to  the  areolar 
pores;  lyrula  small,  short,  often  also  narrow,  wanting  in  some  species; 
cardelles  small  and  low,  often  wanting.  Ovicell  hyperstomial,  imper- 
forate, often  becoming  completely  embedded  with  later  calcification. 
Genotype,  Millepora  compressa  Sowerby,  1805. 

Most  of  the  species  have  a  smooth  frontal,  the  areolar  pores  are 
often  occluded  in  older  stages,  and  the  suboral  avicularia  vary  in  posi- 
tion and  form,  more  or  less  embraced  within  the  "sinus"  fold  of  the 
peristome  or  completely  proximal  to  it,  the  mandible  semicircular  or 
pointed  in  the  different  species. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  393 

Key  to  the  Species  of  Porella 

1.  Zooecia  large,  the  frontal  more  or  less  costate,  no  cardelles,  no 

spines compressa 

Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  slightly  or  not  at  all  costate     ....     2 

2.  No  oral  spines,  avicularian  mandible  pointed     ....     acutirostris 
Small  oral  spines  (2  to  4),  mandible  not  sharp-pointed     ....     3 

3.  Avicularian  chamber  large  and  prominent,  with  2  to  6 

pores porifera 

Avicularian  chamber  smaller  and  less  prominent,   pores  usually 
wanting 4 

4.  Peristome  flaring,  especially  at  the  proximal  end,  no  lyrula,  4  small 

evanescent  spines patens 

The  secondary  aperture  is  pyriform,  the  avicularium  projecting 
over  the  aperture 5 

5.  Zooecia  distinct  only  when  young,  ovicell  becoming  completely 

embedded concinna 

Zooecia  remaining  distinct,  ovicell  marginated  around  the  base, 
lightly  striated columbiana 

Porella  compressa  (Sowerby),  1805 
Plate  46,  figs.  1-3 

Millepora  compressa  Sowerby,  1805  :83. 
Eschara  cervicornis.  Busk,  1854:92. 
Porella  compressa,  Hincks,  1880:330. 

The  zoarium  is  erect,  bilaminate  and  branching  or  flabellate  and 
contorted,  arising  from  an  encrusting  base  to  a  height  of  50  mm.  The 
zooecia  are  large,  averaging  about  0.70  mm  long,  but  varying  from  0.60 
to  1.00  mm,  and  the  width  ranges  usually  between  0.40  and  0.50  mm. 
The  frontal,  which  is  only  slightly  swollen,  is  a  granular  pleurocyst 
with  a  row  of  numerous  and  well-marked  areolar  pores  and  occasionally 
some  additional  scattered  similar  pores  near  the  proximal  end ;  between 
the  areolar  pores  narrow  costal  ridges  run  toward  the  center ;  a  slightly 
raised  line  usually  separates  the  zooecia.  The  primary  aperture  is  large, 
about  0.20  mm  wide  by  0.16  mm  long,  rounded  distally  and  on  the  sides, 
straight  on  the  proximal  border  where  there  is  a  very  low  lyrula  which 
is  nearly  as  wide  as  the  aperture  and  which  usually  cannot  be  observed 
except  from  the  inner  view  of  the  frontal ;  cardelles  appear  to  be  entirely 
wanting.  The  secondary  aperture  is  more  or  less  pyriform,  the  high, 
thin  peristome  rising  slightly  above  the  thick  frontal  wall  and  enclosing 


394  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

the  suboral  avicularium.  The  avicularium  chamber  extends  laterally  to 
the  areolar  pores  on  both  sides  but  is  completely  embedded  in  and  obscured 
by  the  thick  front  which  rises  even  above  the  avicularium  so  that  the 
rounded  mandible  often  may  be  seen  only  by  tilting  the  specimen.  There 
are  no  spines  and  no  additional  avicularia. 

The  ovicell,  about  0.24  mm  wide,  is  at  first  smooth  and  shining,  im- 
perforate, but  soon  becomes  entirely  immersed. 

This  species,  the  genotype  of  the  genus  Porella,  differs  considerably 
in  appearance  from  most  of  the  other  species  which  are  here  assigned 
to  Porella  because  of  the  rougher  frontal  surface,  but  the  imperforate 
frontal  and  ovicell,  the  low,  small  (vestigial  or  incipient)  lyrula  and 
cardelles  (often  wanting),  with  a  suboral  avicularium,  appear  sufficient 
to  characterize  the  group. 

The  species  is  northern  Atlantic  in  distribution,  extending  into  the 
Arctic  where  it  is  apparently  circumpolar.  Earlier  records  are  often 
questionable  as  it  was  confused  with  Smittina  (Millepora)  cervicornis 
(Pallas),  which  has  a  perforated  frontal  and  which  is  more  southern  in 
distribution.  In  the  Pacific  it  has  not  been  reported,  but  at  Point  Barrow, 
Alaska,  Prof.  G.  E.  MacGinitie  has  dredged  large  foliate  specimens 
(Arctic  Research  Laboratory). 

Porella  acutirostris  Smitt,  1867 
Plate  46,  fig,  4 

Porella  acutirostris  Smitt,  1867:21  and  132. 

Porella  major  Hincks,  1884:51. 

Porella  acutirostris.  Waters,  1900 :83. 

Porella  acutirostris,  Osburn,  1912 :248  ;  1923  :  1  ID. 

Porella  acutirostris,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :41. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  stones  and  shells,  usually  in  the  form  of  white 
rounded  colonies.  The  zooecia  are  elongate-ovate  and  usually  regularly 
disposed  in  radiating  series,  the  frontal  evenly  convex  and  smooth  or 
slightly  granulated,  with  a  row  of  small  areolar  pores  which  often 
become  occluded  in  later  calcification.  (Zooecial  length  0.45  to  0.60  mm, 
width  0.30  to  0.45  mm.)  The  primary  aperture  is  rounded  distally, 
straight  on  the  proximal  border  with  a  small,  short  (often  scarcely 
noticeable)  lyrula,  or  none,  and  the  cardelles  are  minute  and  incon- 
spicuous or  wanting.  The  peristome  is  high  and  thin,  connected  with 
the  sides  of  the  avicularian  rostrum  but  not  enclosing  it ;  when  an  ovicell 
is  present  the  peristome  is  connected  with  it.  The  avicularian  chamber 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  395 

is  semilunate,  broad,  extending  across  the  full  width  of  the  front  to 
the  lateral  pores;  the  rostrum  considerably  elevated,  in  the  midline  and 
directed  toward  the  aperture  which  it  overhangs  slightly;  the  mandible 
short-triangular  and  directed  upward  and  backward  at  an  angle  of  about 
45  degrees. 

The  ovicell  is  comparatively  large,  about  26  mm  wide,  smooth, 
rounded,  prominent  and  conspicuous;  the  peristome  is  sometimes  extended 
across  above  the  orifice  in  complete  calcification. 

This  is  a  common  northern  and  arctic  species,  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
as  far  south  as  Cape  Cod  and  along  the  Pacific  coast  from  Point  Barrow, 
Alaska,  to  southern  California.  O'Donoghue  listed  it  from  Round  Island 
and  Northumberland  Channel,  British  Columbia. 

Hancock  Stations:  1224,  Newport  Harbor  channel,  and  1067,  Santa 
Barbara  Island,  southern  California,  the  most  southerly  localities.  Also 
Tomales  Bay,  California  (R.  J.  Menzies,  collector)  ;  Middle  Bank, 
Puget  Sound,  Washington  (J.  L.  Mohr,  collector)  ;  Stations  20-40  and 
100-40,  Alaska  Crab  Investigation;  and  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic 
Research  Laboratory  (G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector).  Shallow  water 
down  to  60  fms. 

Porella  porifera  (Hincks),  1884 
Plate  46,  figs.  9-11 

Porella  marsupium  form  porifera  Hincks,  1884:24. 
Porella  marsupium  var.  porifera,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :40. 
Smittina  porifera,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923  :147. 
Cystisella  aviculifera  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923 :152. 
Smittina  marsupium  var.  porifera,  O'Donoghue,  1926:69. 

The  zoarium  forms  small  white  encrustations  on  shells  and  pebbles. 
The  zooecia  vary  remarkably  in  size  from  the  center  of  the  colony  out- 
ward, from  0.40  to  0.65  mm  in  length  often  in  the  same  colony  when 
free-growing  on  a  plane  surface ;  width  0.30  to  0.40  mm ;  rhomboid  to 
long  ovate.  The  frontal  is  considerably  inflated  in  young  zooecia  but 
may  become  nearly  flat  in  advanced  calcification ;  the  few  areolar  pores 
are  sometimes  occluded  with  the  thickening  of  the  crust.  The  primary 
aperture  is  a  little  more  than  a  semicircle,  and  varies  in  size  with  the 
zooecia,  from  0.12  to  0.14  mm  in  width.  The  peristome  is  high  and  thin, 
united  with  the  avicularian  chamber  proximally,  lower  distally  where 
it  bears  4  small  evanescent  spines ;  with  complete  calcification  the  frontal 
on  the  sides  may  rise  to  the  top  of  the  peristome  and  fuse  with  it.  The 
chamber  of  the  suboral  avicularium  is  considerably  inflated  and  extends 


396  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

laterally  on  both  sides  to  the  marginal  areolae,  and  is  perforated  by  a 
varying  number  of  pores,  usually  2  to  6  (the  areolar  pores  of  the  keno- 
zooecium)  ;  the  rostrum  is  elevated,  directed  slightly  over  the  aperture 
and  bears  a  small  avicularium  with  a  semicircular  or  slightly  triangular 
mandible.  Additional  small  avicularia  are  usually  present  on  most  of 
the  zooecia.  Hincks  figured  them  in  several  positions  (Plate  4,  fig.  4), 
most  frequently  1  or  2  near  the  proximal  end  of  the  frontal,  but  often 
there  are  several ;  occasionally  they  are  wanting  on  most  of  the  zooecia. 

The  ovicell  is  prominent,  round  and  smooth,  0.16  to  0.18  mm  in 
width,  the  peristome  forming  a  thin  lip  above  the  orifice ;  in  very  advanced 
calcification  the  ovicells  may  become  completely  immersed. 

Hincks  described  it  from  the  Queen  Charlotte  Island  and  O'Don- 
oghue  listed  it  from  a  number  of  British  Columbia  localities.  Canu  and 
Bassler  recorded  it  from  the  Pleistocene  of  Santa  Monica,  California. 
The  latter  authors  also  described  the  form  with  numerous  avicularia  as 
Cystisella  aviculifera  from  the  same  locality,  placing  it  in  that  genus 
because  of  the  absence  of  lateral  areolar  pores.  However,  younger  zooecia 
always  show  the  areolar  pores  quite  distinctly  when  calcined,  small  and 
widely  separated  with  no  evidence  of  costal  ridges.  It  is  very  probable 
that  the  pores  of  the  type  material  had  become  occluded  with  age  or 
fossilization.  At  any  rate  it  could  not  remain  in  the  genus  Cystisella  in 
which  the  avicularian  chamber  rises  in  connection  with  the  proximal 
areolar  pores  and  extends  the  full  length  of  the  frontal. 

Hancock  Stations:  dredged  at  numerous  stations  from  the  Oregon 
coast  south  to  Cedros  and  the  San  Benito  Islands  off  Lower  California, 
the  most  southern  record  at  Station  309,  Port  Culebra,  Costa  Rica; 
most  abundant  about  the  islands  off  southern  California;  6  to  100  fms. 

Porellaconcinna  (Busk),  1854 
Plate  46,  figs.  S-6 

Lepralia  concinna  Busk,  1854 :67. 
Porella  concinna,  Hincks,  1884:24. 
Porella  concinna,  Robertson,  1908  :300. 
Porella  concinna,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :40. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  shells  and  stones.  The  zooecia  are  of  moderate 
size,  averaging  about  0.50  mm  long  by  0.35  mm  wide,  distinct  when 
young  but  tending  to  become  immersed  in  a  heavy  crust.  The  frontal  is  a 
pleurocyst,  shining  but  somewhat  rough  in  the  young  stage  and  becoming 
rougher  and  very  thick  with  increasing  calcification.  The  areolar  pores 
are   few   in  number   and   in   older  specimens  may  become  completely 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  397 

occluded.  The  primary  aperture  measures  about  0.15  mm  in  width, 
rounded  distally  but  somewhat  straighter  on  the  proximal  border  where 
it  bears  a  broad  but  very  short  lyrula,  often  wanting.  The  peristome  is 
moderately  high  but  does  not  rise  much  above  the  level  of  the  thick 
frontal  wall;  on  the  proximal  side  it  is  connected  with  the  avicularian 
chamber.  The  avicularium  is  round  or  nearly  so  and  often  projects  slightly 
over  the  aperture ;  its  chamber  is  large  and  prominent,  rising  like  a  large 
blunt  umbo.  It  is  roughened  like  the  front  and  bears  a  few  areolar  pores 
which  are  not  conspicuous.  The  ovicell  is  rough  like  the  frontal  wall 
and  often  bears  an  umbonate  process. 

The  species  is  widely  distributed  in  northern  waters.  Hincks  and 
O'Donoghue  recorded  it  from  a  number  of  localities  in  British  Columbian 
waters  and  Robertson  from  San  Pedro,  southern  California. 

Not  taken  in  Hancock  dredgings.  San  Juan  Island,  Puget  Sound, 
(J.  L.  Mohr,  collector)  ;  Canoe  Bay,  Alaska,  Sta.  26-40  and  160-41, 
and  Alitak  Bay,  100-40,  (U.  S.  Alaska  Crab  Investigation)  ;  Punuk 
Island,  Bering  Sea;  Point  Barrow,  Alaska  (G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector). 

Porella  patens  new  species 
Plate  46,  figs.  12-13 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  shells  and  stones,  unilaminar,  white  and  shin- 
ing. Zooecia  moderate  in  size,  0.50  to  0.60  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.35  mm 
wide,  usually  arranged  very  regularly  in  parallel  rows  when  on  a  smooth 
surface ;  very  distinct.  The  frontal  is  smooth,  considerably  inflated ; 
several  areolar  pores  on  each  side,  small  and  often  difficult  to  see  except 
in  prepared  specimens,  often  occluded  in  secondary  calcification.  The 
primary  aperture  is  rounded  distally  and  on  the  sides,  the  proximal 
border  slightly  arcuate  and  without  even  a  vestige  of  a  lyrula ;  a  small 
pair  of  cardelles.  The  peristome  is  high,  somewhat  flaring  on  the  sides 
which  are  often  raised  into  short  lappets,  low  on  the  distal  border 
where  there  are  4  minute  evanescent  spines.  The  secondary  aperture  sub- 
quadrangular  in  form,  much  larger  than  the  primary  aperture,  widest 
proximally,  exposing  the  whole  of  the  aperture.  The  suboral  avicularian 
chamber  is  small  but  extends  laterally  on  both  sides  to  the  areolar  pores ; 
often  with  two  pores  (the  areolar  pores  of  the  heterozooecium)  ;  the 
rostrum  high,  shaped  like  a  truncated  cone  and  bearing  on  its  tip  a  small 
rounded  avicularium. 

The  ovicell  is  high,  globular,  smooth,  the  peristome  forming  a  thin 
hp  above  the  orifice,  about  0.20  mm  wide  and  long. 


398  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  species  differs  in  the  complete  absence  of  a  lyrula  and  in  the 
spreading  form  of  the  secondary  aperture  which  is  widest  at  the  proximal 
end. 

Type,  AHF  no.  82. 

Type  locality,  Station  1190,  Cortez  Bank,  just  south  of  the  United 
States-Mexican  boundary,  32°24'00''N,  119°02'30"W,  131  fms.  Other 
stations:  1187-40  and  1224,  Santa  Catalina  Island;  1190-40,  Anacapa 
Passage;  1294-41  and  1299,  Santa  Cruz  Island,  all  from  southern  Cali- 
fornia; 2160,  San  Benito  Islands  west  of  Lower  California;  270,  Angel 
de  la  Guardia  Island,  Gulf  of  California ;  328,  Cocos  Island  off  Costa 
Rica;  and  Wenman  Island,  Galapagos.  Bathymetric  distribution  14  to 
150  fms. 

Porella  columbiana  O'Donoghue,  1923 
Plate  46,  figs.  7-8 

Porella  columbiana  O'Donoghue,  1923  :41. 
Smittina  columbiana,  O'Donoghue,  1926:69. 

Zoarium  encrusting  in  a  thin,  glistening  layer.  The  zooecia  are  mod- 
erate in  size,  0.45  to  0.55  mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.35  mm  wide,  rather 
regularly  arranged ;  the  frontal  ventricose,  thin  and  more  or  less  hyaline 
in  younger  stages,  somewhat  thicker  and  white  when  fully  calcified ;  the 
areolar  pores  are  large  and  conspicuous  at  all  stages,  with  short  costae 
which  extend  toward  the  center.  The  primary  aperture  is  slightly  wider 
than  long,  rounded  distally  and  nearly  straight  on  the  proximal  border 
which  bears  a  very  low  inconspicuous  lyrula ;  the  cardelles  are  minute 
and  often  wanting.  The  peristome  is  high,  especially  on  the  sides,  encloses 
the  suboral  avicularium  proximally  and  bears  2  or  4  small  spines  on  the 
low  distal  border;  it  fuses  with  the  ovicell  of  fertile  zooecia  at  the  sides 
but  does  not  develop  across  the  front.  The  avicularian  chamber  is  con- 
siderably inflated  in  young  zooecia,  bears  about  3  small  areolar  pores 
and  becomes  more  or  less  immersed  with  age;  the  rounded  rostrum  rises 
above  the  chamber  and  projects  slightly  over  the  aperture,  bearing  a 
semicircular  or  slightly  triangular  mandible.  No  frontal  avicularia. 

The  ovicell  is  at  first  rounded,  hyaline  and  shining,  about  0.18  mm 
broad ;  with  increased  calcification  a  broad  collar  develops  around  the 
base,  and  a  thin-walled  area  is  usually  present  on  the  top. 

Described  and  listed  by  O'Donoghue  from  a  number  of  localities  in 
British  Columbia. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  399 

Hancock  Collections:  Redondo  Beach  and  Santa  Monica,  southern 
California,  a  number  of  colonies  on  kelp  hold-fasts,  washed  up  on  the 
beach  (R.  C.  Osburn,  coll.)  ;  Friday  Harbor,  Puget  Sound,  Washington, 
collected  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Mohr.  Also  dredged  at  Stations  147-34,  Albemarle 
Island,  and  406,  1°03'30"S,  90°17'30"W,  Galapagos  Islands.  The  little 
species  is  widely  distributed  along  the  coast  and  from  shallow  water  to 
a  depth  of  60  fms. 

Genus  SMITTINA  Norman,  1903 

Smittia  Hincks,  1879  (preoc.  by  Holmgren,  1874). 

The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  pores;  a  suboral  median 
avicularium  similar  in  origin  to  that  of  Porella;  lyrula  well  developed, 
and  varying  in  length  and  breadth ;  ovicell  hyperstomial,  usually  with 
numerous  perforations  similar  to  the  frontal  pores.  Genotype,  Lepralia 
landsborovii  Johnston,  1847. 

The  suboral  avicularium  is  usually  included  in  the  peristomial  fold 
of  the  "sinus,"  but  may  be  quite  proximal  to  it ;  the  front  wall  is  usually 
thick  and  the  pores  are  sometimes  much  enlarged  and  infundibulate ; 
frontal  avicularia  are  sometimes  present  in  addition  to  the  constant 
suboral  type;  the  peristome  often  overhangs  the  primary  aperture  and 
obscures  its  characters ;  the  ovicell  pores  are  usually  numerous  and  well 
distributed,  but  in  a  few  cases  they  are  limited  to  1  or  2  central  pores 
and  even  these  may  be  occluded  in  final  calcification. 

Key  to  the  Species  of  Smittina 

1.  Ovicells  with  1  to  3  central  pores,  sometimes  occluded     ....     2 
Ovicells  with  numerous  distributed  pores 3 

2.  Frontal  coarsely  reticulate ;  raised  separating  lines     .     .     .     retifrons 
Frontal  with  enlarged  pores  but  not  reticulate,  no  separating  lines, 

1  ooecial  pore  often  closed bella 

3.  Zooecia  small,  not  over  0.45  mm  in  length,  numerous  very  small 

ooecial  pores;  avicularian  rostrum  denticulate     .     .     .     smittiella 
Zooecia  larger,  0.60  mm  or  more  in  length 4 

4.  Umbo  very  high,  pointed,  obscuring  the  small  avicularium  at  its 

base ;  ovicell  costate,  much  embedded altirostris 

Umbo  not  unusually  high,  often  wanting 5 

5.  Peristome  incomplete  proximally;  avicularium  usually  wanting; 

frontal  coarsely  tuberculate cordata 


400  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Peristome  complete  proximally;  avicularium  usually  present; 

frontal  not  tuberculate 6 

6.  Peristome  high,  tubular;  avicularian  rostrum  usually  much  ele- 

vated, in  the  absence  of  an  avicularium  the  peristome  is 

circular maccullochae 

Peristome  not  high  and  tubular 7 

7.  Avicularium  not  enclosed  by  peristome,  its  chamber  elongate, 

mandible  elliptical spathulifera 

Avicularium  enclosed  in  the  peristomial  sinus  fold 8 

8.  Avicularian  rostrum  low,  chamber  small  and  short ;  frontal  little 

ventricose landsborovi 

Avicularian  rostrum  higher,  projecting  over  lyrula ;  ovicell  with  a 
transverse  groove arctica 

Smittlna  landsborovi  (Johnston),  1847 
Plate  47,  figs.  1-2 

Lepralia  landsborovi  Johnston,  1847:310. 
Lepralia  landsborovii.  Busk,  1854:66. 
Escharella  landsborovii,  Smitt,  1867:92. 
Smittia  landsborovii,  Hincks,  1880:341. 
Smittia  landsborovii,  Robertson,  1908  :305. 
Smittia  landsborovii,  O'Donoghue,  1923:42. 
Smittina  landsborovii,  O'Donoghue,  1926:66. 

Just  what  the  typical  form  of  landsborovii  may  be  appears  to  be  in 
doubt.  Johnston's  description  is  brief  and  his  figure  (Plate  54,  fig.  9)  is 
inadequate,  and  we  can  only  be  certain  that  the  frontal  is  smooth  and 
thickly  perforated,  that  the  secondary  aperture  is  pyriform  and  that  there 
is  an  elongate,  slender,  pointed  lyrula.  Busk  added  the  suboral  avicularium 
and  figures  it  (Plate  86,  fig.  1)  as  small  rounded  and  enclosed  in  the 
proximal  fold  of  the  peristome  and  the  lyrula  is  broad.  Smitt  certainly 
confused  two  other  species  with  it  and  only  his  figure  63  (Plate  24) 
shows  the  characters  indicated  by  Johnston  and  Busk.  Alder  (1864:105) 
gives  a  more  complete  description  and  his  figure  (Plate  4,  figs.  1-3)  is 
evidently  of  the  same  species  as  those  of  Johnston  and  Busk.  Hincks 
confused  another  species  with  landsborovii,  as  his  figures  (Plate  48, 
figs.  7,  8)  with  imperforate  frontal  certainly  do  not  belong  to  this  species. 
How  many  other  errors  have  been  made  in  recording  landsborovii  from 
all  parts  of  the  world  it  is  impossible  to  judge.  The  form  corresponding 
to  the  figures  of  Johnston,  Busk  and  Alder  is  here  described. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  401 

Zoarium  encrusting  (Alder  describes  it  as  rising  in  convoluted  frills 
from  an  encrusting  base)  thin  and  flat.  Zooecia  large  (0.65  to  0.95  mm 
long,  0.45  to  0.70  mm  wide),  regularly  disposed  in  series  or  quincunx, 
little  inflated,  the  frontal  with  numerous  pores,  the  marginal  ones  not 
enlarged.  The  primary  aperture  is  rounded,  about  0.20  mm  wide,  with 
small  cardelles  and  a  broad  lyrula  (in  young  colonies  the  lyrula  is  often 
narrow,  which  may  explain  the  pointed  lyrulae  of  Johnston's  figure). 
The  peristome  is  high  and  thin,  enclosing  or  at  least  fusing  with  the 
rostrum  of  the  suboral  avicularium  and  the  secondary  aperture  is  more 
or  less  pyriform  (subtriangular  on  ovicelled  zooecia).  The  suboral  avicu- 
larium is  small,  little  elevated  but  projecting  forward  over  the  lyrula, 
the  chamber  small,  the  mandible  semicircular  or  slightly  longer  than 
broad.  The  large  spatulate  frontal  avicularia  described  on  British  speci- 
mens have  not  been  found  on  Pacific  colonies. 

The  ovicell  is  comparatively  small,  0.26  to  0.30  mm  broad,  prominent 
at  first  but  later  considerably  immersed,  porous  like  the  frontal. 

Cosmopolitan  (if  the  records  are  all  correct).  San  Pedro,  California, 
Robertson ;  numerous  localities  in  British  Columbia,  O'Donoghue. 

Hancock  Stations:  too  numerous  to  list,  ranging  from  the  coast  of 
Oregon  to  the  Galapagos  Islands.  Also  from  Canoe  Bay  and  Leonard 
Harbor,  Alaska,  Alaska  Crab  Investigation. 

Smittina  spathulifera  (Hincks),  1884 
Plate  47,  fig.  3 

Smittia  Spathulifera  Hincks,  1884:52. 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting  and  flat.  The  zooecia  are  similar  to  those 
of  S.  landsborovii,  as  large  or  even  larger,  sometimes  more  than  1.00  mm 
long,  little  inflated,  regularly  arranged  in  quincunx,  with  a  delicate, 
slightly  raised  bordering  line.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  numerous, 
moderately  large  pores.  The  primary  aperture  is  also  similar,  except 
that  the  lyrula  is  even  broader,  but  the  secondary  aperture  is  quite  dif- 
ferent as  the  peristome  does  not  enclose  the  avicularium  and  the  lyrula 
is  fully  exposed  within  the  short  "sinus."  The  avicularium  is  at  a  little 
distance  from  the  proximal  border  of  the  aperture  and  is  not  enclosed  in 
the  peristome  folds,  much  larger  than  in  landsborovii;  the  mandible  is 
horizontal  and  short  spatulate  or  long  oval ;  the  chamber  varies  much  in 
size  but  is  always  low  and  flat  and  appears  to  be  embedded  in  the  frontal 
wall,  sometimes  occupying  as  much  as  the  median  third  for  nearly  half 
of  the  frontal  length.  The  frontal  pores  are  naturally  occluded  in  the 
area  occupied  by  the  chamber,  but  in  rare  cases  when  the  avicularium 


402  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

is  absent  the  pores  extend  forward  to  the  aperture.  No  spines.  Ovicell 
wanting  in  our  specimens,  but  Hincks  describes  it  as  large,  immersed, 
the  surface  roughened  and  punctured  around  the  edge. 

Houston  Stewart  Channel,  British  Columbia  (Hincks). 

Hancock  Stations:  650-37,  San  Francisco  Island,  Gulf  of  California, 
24°47'35''N,  110°32'20"W,  at  47  fms;  and  1258-41,  Natividad  Island, 
oflE  Lower  California,  27°44'17''N,  115°14'20"W,  at  66  fms.  Also  a 
specimen  from  off  San  Pedro,  southern  California,  "deep  water." 

Smittina  arctica  (Norman),  1894 
Plate  47,  figs.  13-14 

Smittia  arctica  Norman,  1894:128. 

Escharella  porifera  var.  majuscula  Smitt,  1867:9,  Plate  24,  figs.  36-38. 

Smittina  arctica,  Norman,  1903:121. 

Smittina  arctica,  Nordgaard,  1906:29. 

Zoarium  encrusting.  The  zooecia  are  usually  quite  regular  in  ar- 
rangement, elongate-ovate;  the  front  considerably  inflated,  a  tremocyst 
evenly  perforated  with  small  pores.  The  primary  aperture  is  about  as 
wide  as  long,  rounded  with  the  proximal  border  transverse;  the  lyrula 
is  of  moderate  width  (Norman,  1903:121,  describes  it  as  slender,  but 
it  is  often  as  wide  as  it  is  long)  ;  the  cardelles  small,  often  scarcely  notice- 
able. The  peristome  is  thin  and  raised  on  the  sides,  embracing  the  suboral 
avicularium  on  the  proximal  border,  more  or  less  fused  with  the  ovicell 
in  fertile  zooecia.  The  avicularian  chamber  is  comparatively  small  and 
low,  the  rostrum  projecting  slightly  over  the  aperture  and  bearing  a 
semicircular  to  subtriangular  mandible. 

The  ovicell  is  quite  prominent  in  the  young  stage,  more  or  less 
embedded  later,  with  a  few  minute  pores  or  punctures  and  usually  with 
a  transverse  groove  across  the  top  formed  by  the  union  of  the  secondary 
covering  layers. 

This  is  an  arctic  species  and  is  probably  circumpolar  in  distribution. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  G.  E.  Mac- 
Ginitie,  collector. 

Smittina  retifrons  new  species 
Plate  47,  figs.  6-8 

Zoarium  encrusting  shells  and  the  stems  of  hydroids,  uni-  or  multi- 
laminar,  white  or  light  yellowish,  with  a  shining  ectocyst.  The  zooecia 
are  elongate-hexagonal,  regularly  arranged  in  quincunx,  averaging  in 
length  about  0.65  mm  by  0.50  mm  in  width,  distinct  in  younger  stages 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  403 

with  a  raised  separating  line.  The  frontal  is  slightly  elevated,  with  numer- 
ous large  and  evenly  distributed  pores.  The  pores  expand  upward  to  form 
large  infundibuliform  pits  separated  at  their  rims  by  narrow  walls  which 
produce  a  coarsely  reticulated  surface  over  the  whole  front.  The  primary 
aperture  is  like  that  of  S.  landsborovii  (about  0.20  mm  wide  by  0.18  mm 
long),  with  distinct  cardelles,  but  the  lyrula  is  much  smaller,  seldom  as 
much  as  one-fourth  of  the  width  of  the  aperture.  The  secondary  aperture 
is  also  of  the  same  pattern  but  is  more  elevated,  especially  at  the  proximal 
border  where  it  completely  surrounds  the  more  elevated  avicularium. 
The  avicularium  chamber  is  small  (appearing  to  be  entirely  median  but 
dissection  shows  a  narrow  tube  on  each  side  extending  to  a  lateral  pore)  ; 
the  rostrum  elevated,  narrow  and  longitudinally  ribbed  nearly  to  its 
tip ;  the  mandible  is  semicircular. 

The  ovicell  is  comparatively  small  (about  0.25  mm  wide),  rounded 
and  prominent,  smooth  or  slightly  roughened,  with  a  single  large  rounded 
pore  on  the  top  (more  rarely  there  are  two  or  even  three  smaller  pores). 

Type,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  11030;  paratype  AHF  no.  83. 

Type  locality,  Leonard  Harbor,  Alaska,  20  fms,  Alaska  Crab  Investi- 
gation station  60-40,  several  colonies.  Also  at  Canoe  Bay,  Alaska,  shore, 
station  12-40. 

Smittina  bella  (Busk),  1860 
Plate  47,  figs.  4-5 

Lepralia  bella  Busk,  1860 :144. 

Smittina  bella,  Osburn,  1923 :10D  ;  1933 :49. 

The  zoarium  forms  flat,  smooth  and  rather  regular  incrustations  on 
stones  and  shells.  The  zooecia  are  of  moderate  size,  about  0.55  to  0.70  mm 
long  by  0.35  to  0.50  mm  wide,  arranged  quite  regularly.  The  frontal 
is  a  tremocyst  with  moderately  large  pores,  slightly  inflated  in  the  young 
marginal  zooecia  but  becoming  quite  flat  with  age  so  that  the  zooecial 
borders  are  indefinite.  The  primary  aperture  (marginal  zooecia)  is  nearly 
round,  straight  on  the  proximal  border  where  there  is  a  short,  narrow, 
truncate  lyrula;  the  cardelles  small  and  low.  The  primary  peristome  is 
low  and  thin  and  soon  becomes  completely  obscured  by  the  thick  frontal 
wall  which  forms  the  secondary  aperture ;  this  is  more  or  less  pyriform,  at 
the  level  of  the  general  crust,  and  encloses  the  small  median  suboral  avicu- 
larium with  a  semicircular  mandible.  In  very  young  marginal  zooecia 
the  avicularian  chamber  is  lunate  and  extends  across  the  front  from  one 
areolar  pore  to  another  on  the  opposite  side,  but  the  chamber  soon  becomes 


404  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

covered  by  the  frontal  crust ;  in  older  zooecia  all  that  is  seen  of  the  avicu- 
larium  is  the  mandible  enclosed  in  the  proximal  border  of  the  secondary 
aperture. 

The  ovicell  is  rounded,  about  0.26  mm  in  width  and  very  soon  be- 
comes completely  immersed  beneath  the  secondary  crust  of  the  two 
lateral  and  the  distal  zooecia  which  usually  leave  a  large  irregular  pore 
at  the  point  of  junction. 

This  is  an  arctic  and  northern  species,  on  the  Atlantic  coast  occurring 
as  far  south  as  Mount  Desert  Island,  Maine.  Osburn  recorded  it  from 
Point  Barrow  and  Icy  Cape,  Alaska  (Canadian  Arctic  Exped.). 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  G.  E.  MacGinitie  (Arctic  Research  Labora- 
tory). 

Smittina  smittiella  Osburn,  1947 
Plate  47,  figs.  11-12 

Smittina  smittiella  Osburn,  1947:37. 

?  Escharella  landsborovi  var.  minusculaj  Smitt,  1873  :60. 

S?nittina  species,  Marcus,  1938:44. 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting,  small,  the  largest  colonies  I  have  ob- 
served are  not  more  than  5  mm  across.  Apparently  they  mature  very 
rapidly  as  zooecia  of  the  second  row  from  the  ancestrula  are  often  pro- 
vided with  ovicells. 

The  zooecia  are  rather  small  (average  about  0.45  mm  long),  regu- 
larly arranged,  distinct,  the  frontal  somewhat  inflated  and  with  numerous 
pores.  The  primary  aperture  is  rounded,  with  small  cardelles  and  a  broad 
lyrula  with  laterally  projecting  corners.  The  median  avicularium  is  small, 
its  mandible  short  oval  (a  little  broader  at  the  tip),  elevated  and  project- 
ing above  the  lyrula,  and  the  tip  of  the  rostrum  is  finely  serrate  or 
denticulate  across  its  upper  border.  The  avicularian  chamber  is  short 
but  extends  laterally  on  both  sides  to  marginal  areolar  pores.  The  peri- 
stome is  elevated  into  lappets  on  the  sides,  lower  but  continued  around 
the  aperture  distally  on  the  infertile  zooecia,  low  proximally  and  leaving 
a  rather  deep  secondary  sinus  on  either  side  of  the  avicularian  rostrum. 
The  ovicell  is  comparatively  large,  about  0.24  mm  wide,  prominent, 
with  pores  similar  to  the  frontal. 

Osburn  listed  the  species  from  the  southern  shore  of  the  Caribbean 
Sea  and  Pensacola,  Florida :  Smitt's  specimen  was  from  Pourtales'  Florida 
collections,  and  Marcus  recorded  his  "Sf/iittina  species"  (which  he  assures 
me,  in  litt.,  is  srtiittiella)  from  the  Bay  of  Santos,  Brazil.  It  is  therefore 
a  special  pleasure  to  record  this  little  species  from  the  Eastern  Pacific. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  405 

Hancock  Stations:  316-35,  Indefatigable  Island.  0°33'35"S,  90°  10' 
40"W,  20  fms;  136-34,  Albemarle  Island,  80  fms;  143-34  ofif  Wenman 
Island,  100  fms,  and  147-34,  Albemarle  Island,  30  fms,  Galapagos; 
205-34,  La  Libertad,  Ecuador,  8  to  12  fms. 

Smittina  altirostris  new  species 
Plate  47,  figs.  9-10 

Encrusting  on  a  shell.  Zooecia  characterized  by  the  high,  erect, 
conical  process  on  the  median  line  proximal  to  the  aperture;  size  mod- 
erate, 0.40  to  0.50  mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.35  mm  wide;  distinct  and 
separated  by  deep  grooves.  The  front  is  a  tremocyst  with  relatively  few 
large  pores  over  the  whole  surface,  considerably  ventricose  even  in  com- 
plete calcification.  The  primary  aperture  is  broader  than  long,  about 
0.16  mm  broad  by  0.14  mm  long;  the  lyrula  very  broad,  straight  across 
the  tip  and  the  angles  extended  laterally  into  points.  The  suboral  avicu- 
larium  is  small,  rounded  with  a  semicircular  mandible  and  is  difficult  to 
observe  beneath  the  high  process.  The  secondary  aperture  is  pyriform  with 
a  rather  broad  sinus  through  which  the  lyrula  may  be  seen,  even  in 
older  stages.  The  peristome  is  moderately  thick-walled  and  extends  to 
the  base  of  the  process,  enclosing  the  avicularium.  Two  or  three  small 
distal  spines  may  be  present  on  the  younger  zooecia,  but  are  very  evan- 
escent. The  median  frontal  process  is  sharp-pointed,  granular  and  white 
at  the  tip;  rarely  there  are  two  of  these,  one  on  either  side  of  the  mid- 
line, and  also  not  infrequently  there  is  a  similar  but  smaller  process 
distal  to  the  aperture  on  the  base  of  the  succeeding  zooecium.  Frontal 
avicularia  are  rare,  but  a  small  one  with  a  triangular  mandible  is  occa- 
sionally present  at  the  side  of  the  peristome. 

Ovicell  small,  0.20  mm  wide,  with  radiate  costal  ridges  and  much 
embedded. 

Type,  AHF  no.  84. 

Type  locality,  Nunivak  Island,  Alaska,  one  colony,  8  to  10  fms  (no 
further  data). 

Smittina  maccullochae  new  species 
Plate  48,  figs.  5-6 

Porella  coUifera,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923 :  148. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  usually  unilaminar,  with  a  rough  surface.  The 
zooecia  are  large  and  quite  variable,  ranging  from  0.65  to  more  than 
1.00  mm  in  length  by  0.40  to  0.60  mm  in  width;  the  most  noticeable 
features  being  the  coarse  tremocystal  front  and  the  erect  tubular  peristome 


406  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

which  bears  a  small  suboral  avicularium  on  its  proximal  lip.  The  front 
is  evenly  arched,  except  in  extreme  calcification  and  there  is  sometimes 
a  salient  thread  in  the  separating  grooves;  the  pores  are  large,  evenly 
distributed,  there  is  no  apparent  distinction  between  the  marginal  and 
frontal  pores,  and  there  is  no  umbo  or  other  type  of  surface  irregularity. 
The  primary  aperture  is  rounded,  nearly  straight  on  the  proximal  border 
with  a  conspicuous  lyrula  which  is  about  one-third  as  wide  as  the  aperture 
and  excavated  at  the  tip.  The  peristome  is  an  erect  tube,  continuous 
around  the  aperture,  usually  bearing  a  small  suboral  avicularium  which 
is  carried  up  on  the  edge  of  the  proximal  rim,  and  it  is  continued  on  the 
ovicell  above  the  orifice.  The  avicularium  is  small,  oval  and  usually  at 
the  level  of  the  peristome  but  occasionally  it  is  less  elevated  than  the 
peristome  which  is  then  notched  proximally;  the  avicularia  are  some- 
times wanting  on  some  of  the  zooecia  but  I  have  never  found  them  en- 
tirely absent  on  any  colony. 

The  primary  ovicell  is  comparatively  small  and  prominent,  but  with 
complete  calcification  it  measures  0.40  to  0.45  mm  in  width  by  0.30  to 
0.35  mm  in  length,  thick  walled  with  large  pores  like  the  frontal  and 
with  the  peristome  extending  across  above  the  orifice. 

By  some  unhappy  accident  this  species  was  listed  by  Canu  and  Bassler 
from  the  Pleistocene  of  Santa  Barbara,  California,  as  Robertson's  Smittia 
collifera,  which  is  quite  another  species.  Dr.  Bassler  has  kindly  checked 
the  identification  of  his  material  for  me.  Aside  from  Canu  and  Bassler's 
reference  the  species  has  apparently  not  been  previously  observed.  It  is 
a  fairly  common  species  along  shore  and  about  the  islands  off  southern 
California,  not  noted  north  of  Santa  Barbara,  California,  nor  south  of 
the  San  Benito  Islands,  Mexico  (Lat.  28°17'15''N). 

This  species  is  dedicated  to  Dr.  Irene  McCulloch  of  the  Hancock^ 
Foundation,  whose  interest  and  help  have  contributed  in  many  ways  to 
the  completion  of  this  monograph. 

Type,  AHF  no.  85. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1295-41,  Santa  Cruz  Island,  Cali- 
fornia, 34°00'30''N,  119°3r30"W,  at  19  fms.  Other  localities:  Sta. 
894-38  and  1279-41,  San  Miguel  Island;  1143-41,  Portuguese  Point; 
1217-41,  Point  Fermin;  1280-41  and  1283-41,  Santa  Rosa  Island;  1300- 
41,  Santa  Cruz  Island;  1407-41,  Santa  Catalina  Island,  and  San  Pedro 
and  Newport  Harbor,  all  from  southern  California.  Station  1250-41, 
San  Benito  Islands,  oflF  Lower  California.  Also  from  the  Lower  Pleisto- 
cene, Timms  Point,  California,  collected  by  G.  P.  KanakofF. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  407 

Smittina  cordata,  new  species 
Plate  48,  figs.  1-4 

Zoarium  encrusting,  usually  unilaminar,  the  surface  often  irregular. 
The  zooecia  are  large,  0.65  to  0.85  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.55  mm  wide, 
distinct  in  younger  stages,  with  a  raised  line  in  the  separating  groove ;  the 
frontal  is  a  little  inflated,  a  coarse  tremocyst  with  large  pores,  the  areolar 
pores  usually  larger,  the  frontal  granulated  in  the  young  but  in  complete 
calcification  often  with  irregular  umbonate  thickenings  which  occasionally 
cover  nearly  all  of  the  frontal  area.  The  primary  aperture  is  subcordate 
(slightly  narrowed  distally,  but  sometimes  more  nearly  round)  length 
0.22  to  0.25  mm,  width  0.20  to  0.22  mm,  with  distinct  cardelles  and  a 
small  but  distinct  lyrula  which  is  quadrate,  or  double  pointed.  The  peri- 
stome is  thin,  somewhat  elevated  on  the  sides,  less  raised  on  the  distal 
border  and  usually  wanting  entirely  on  the  proximal  border  above  the 
lyrula,  which  is  always  fully  exposed.  Only  rarely  there  is  a  small  oval 
suboral  avicularium  which  is  not  enclosed  by  the  peristome;  frequently 
whole  colonies  are  without  avicularia  and  when  present  they  are  never 
numerous  and  never  much  elevated,  but  the  chamber  extends  across  the 
front  in  a  narrow  lunate  cavity  proximal  to  the  aperture. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.35  to  0.40  mm  wide  by  about  0.30  mm  long, 
thick  walled  and  porous  like  the  frontal. 

The  most  striking  feature  of  this  species  is  the  almost  complete  absence 
of  the  suboral  avicularia,  always  rare  and  often  they  are  wanting  over 
whole  colonies.  This  character,  with  the  usually  low  peristome  gives  the 
aperture  a  wide  open  appearance  revealing  the  whole  of  the  lyrula  and 
the  proximal  border.  Occasionally  the  peristome  rises  rather  high  on  the 
sides  and  more  rarely  may  be  complete  proximal  to  the  aperture. 

Type,AHFno.  86. 

Type  locality,  Catalina  Island,  southern  California,  30  fms.  Also 
at  stations  1284-41  and  1410-41,  Santa  Rosa  Island;  1271-41,  Anacapa 
Island;  1232-41  off  San  Pedro  Breakwater;  Redondo  Beach,  and  on  a 
shell  from  an  Indian  kitchen  midden  at  Dana  Point,  southern  Califor- 
nia; 1889-49,  Cortez  Bank  and  871-39,  Coronado  Islands  near  the  United 
States-Mexican  boundary;  Dewey  Channel  off  Point  San  Eugenio, 
Lower  California;  and  Raza  Island,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  28°48'N,  113°W, 
the  most  southern  locality.  Near  shore  to  40  fms. 


408  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Genus  SMITTOIDEA  new  genus 

The  frontal  is  a  granular  pleurocyst,  surrounded  by  a  row  of  con- 
spicuous areolar  pores  which  are  separated  by  short  costal  ridges.  There 
is  a  median  suboral  avicularium,  enclosed  within  the  peristomial  sinus 
fold  or  proximal  to  it.  Lyrula  and  cardelles  well  developed.  The  ovicell 
is  hyperstomial  and  perforated  by  numerous,  evenly  distributed  pores. 
Genotype,  Smittoidea  prolifica  Osburn,  new  species. 

Key  to  Species  of  Smittoidea 

1.  Avicularium  with  a  long-pointed  mandible  which  is  directed  back- 

ward and  located  proximal  to  the  peristome     ....     reticulata 
Avicularium  enclosed  by  the  sinus  fold  of  the  peristome     ...     2 

2.  Avicularium  with  a  semicircular  mandible  directed  more  or  less 

vertically prolifica 

Avicularium  with  a  pointed  mandible  which  is  directed  laterally, 
more  or  less  enclosed  by  the  sinus  fold  of  the  peristome     transversa 

v»   "  (JA   '  Smittoidea  prolifica  new  species 

«^      (Mi^A^<A^'£»-  />«(  Plate  48,  figs.  7-8  N 


Smittia  reticulata,  Robertson,  1908 :306. 

Zoarium  small,  white,  encrusting  on  stones,  shells  and  stems.  The 
zooecia  are  of  moderate  size,  0.40  to  0.50  mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.30  mm 
wide,  ovate  or  irregularly  hexagonal,  somewhat  swollen  and  very  distinct. 
The  frontal  is  a  pleurocyst,  smooth  when  young  but  becoming  granular 
with  age;  a  single  row  of  rather  large  areolar  pores  and  between  these 
are  distinct  short  ribs  which  run  part  of  the  way  toward  the  center.  The 
primary  aperture  is  nearly  circular,  rounded  distally  and  on  the  sides 
and  straighter  on  the  proximal  border,  about  0.13  mm  wide  by  0.12  mm 
long;  the  lyrula  large,  its  tip  transverse  and  the  angles  usually  extended 
laterally;  the  cardelles  strong,  pointed.  The  peristome  rises  sharply  on 
the  sides,  descending  to  the  distal  border  where  there  are  2  to  4  evanescent 
spines ;  proximally  the  peristome  forms  a  somewhat  quadrate  sinus  which 
encloses  the  suboral  avicularium.  The  avicularian  chamber  is  low  and 
small  and  connected  on  each  side  with  an  areolar  pore  by  a  narrow 
tubule,  the  rostrum  is  somewhat  elevated  and  bears  a  small  rounded 
avicularium  and  often  partially  obscures  the  lyrula.  Frontal  avicularia 
are  wanting. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  409 

The  ovicell  is  comparatively  large,  0.24  to  0.28  mm  wide,  very 
prominent,  w^ith  numerous  pores  each  of  which  is  slightly  tubular;  the 
peristome  joins  the  proximal  corners  of  the  ovicell  but  is  not  continued 
across  the  front.  The  species  is  unusually  prolific,  nearly  every  zooecium, 
except  the  first  2  or  3  rows,  bearing  an  ovicell. 

This  species  differs  from  S.  reticulata,  with  which  Dr.  Robertson 
placed  it,  in  a  number  of  ways,  especially  in  the  nature  of  the  avicularium, 
the  characters  of  the  ovicell  and  the  appearance  of  the  frontal.  Miss 
Robertson  described  and  listed  it  from  La  Jolla,  California,  and  the 
Coronado  Islands,  just  south  of  the  Mexican  border.  The  S.  reticulata 
of  Okada  and  Mawatari  (1936:64)  appears  to  be  the  same  as  they  refer 
to  the  avicularium  as  "oval  or  elliptical,  somewhat  elevated,  placed  just 
below  the  rimule  on  the  median  longitudinal  axis  of  the  zooecium."  Since 
the  species  appears  not  to  have  been  properly  recognized  it  is  named,  as 
a  new  species,  for  its  remarkable  reproductive  capacity. 

Type,  AHF  no.  87. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1449-42,  Newport  Harbor,  southern 
California,  on  a  float,  34°35'47''N,  117°52'55''W.  Also  taken  at  Han- 
cock Stations:  1178-40,  Santa  Catalina  Island;  1217-40,  Point  Fermin; 
1232-41,  off  San  Pedro  Breakwater;  1283-41,  Santa  Rosa  Island;  1295- 
41  and  1662-48,  Santa  Cruz  Island;  all  from  southern  California.  Also 
Albatross  Station  2945,  southern  California,  and  San  Ignacio  Lagoon, 
Lower  California,  Dr.  C.  L.  Hubbs,  collector.  It  is  a  common  species 
on  piles  and  floats  and  along  shore  and  down  to  45  fms,  but  has  not 
been  noted  north  of  Point  Conception,  California,  nor  south  of  the  San 
Ignacio  Lagoon,  Lower  California. 

Smittoidea  reticulata  (MacGillivray),  1842 
Plate  48,  figs.  9-10 

Lepralia  reticulata  J.  MacGillivray,  1842:467. 

Smittia  reticulata,  Hincks,  1880:346. 

Smittina  reticulata,  Nordgaard,  1918 :60. 

Smittina  reticulata,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1929 :337  ;  1930 :27. 

Not  Smittia  reticulata,  Robertson,  1908 :306  (see  Smittoidea  prolifica). 

The  zoarium  encrusts  shells,  corallines,  etc.,  small,  white  or  pale 
yellow.  The  zooecia  are  moderate  in  size,  0.40  to  0.55  mm  long  by  about 
0.30  mm  wide ;  ventricose  and  distinct  when  young  but  becoming  nearly 
flat  with  age;  the  frontal  a  coarsely  granulated  pleurocyst  with  con- 
spicuous areolar  pores  which  have  high  ribs  between  them.  The  primary 
aperture  measures  0.12  mm  in  width  by  0.10  mm  long,  rounded  with 


410  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

a  more  transverse  proximal  border  which  bears  a  moderately  large  lyrula 
with  laterally  extended  points;  the  cardelles  are  strong  and  bluntly 
pointed.  The  peristome  is  elevated,  thin,  bearing  2  to  4  small  evanescent 
spines  on  the  distal  border,  the  proximal  border  higher  and  extended 
proximally  into  a  deep  rounded  sinus  which  is  broad  enough  to  expose 
at  least  a  part  of  the  lyrula. 

The  avicularium  is  usually  median  (often  slightly  to  one  side  of  the 
midline),  slightly  raised,  the  narrow  and  long-pointed  mandible  directed 
proximally;  it  is  rather  unique  in  that  it  is  placed  entirely  proximal  to 
and  separated  from  the  fold  of  the  peristomial  sinus.  In  spite  of  this 
separation  and  frontal  position  the  species  appears  to  belong  with  those 
which  have  the  median  suboral  avicularium,  as  the  avicularian  chamber 
is  continued  as  a  narrow  tubule  around  the  base  of  the  peristome  on  both 
sides. 

The  ovicell  is  comparatively  large,  about  0.26  mm  wide,  the  front 
finely  granulated,  with  numerous  small  pores,  and  the  base  surrounded 
by  a  thick  collar ;  becoming  more  or  less  immersed  with  age. 

As  Marcus  (1938:46)  has  already  pointed  out,  the  S.  reticulata  of 
Robertson,  from  California,  and  that  of  Okada  and  Mawatari,  from 
Japan,  with  a  rounded  avicularium  enclosed  in  the  peristomial  sinus, 
cannot  be  reticulata  but  another  species.  (See  S.  prolifica.) 

The  species  has  a  very  wide  distribution,  if  the  records  can  be  trusted, 
from  Australia,  where  it  was  described,  to  northern  Norway  and  around 
the  world.  It  has  hitherto  been  noted  in  the  Eastern  Pacific  only  at  the 
Galapagos  Islands  (Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:27),  and  apparently  it  is 
not  common  in  this  region  as  only  a  few  colonies  were  noted  at  the  various 
localities. 

Hancock  Stations:  155-34,  Albemarle  Island;  170-34,  Chatham 
Island;  411,  Duncan  Island;  430,  Wenman  Island,  and  439,  James 
Island,  Galapagos;  and  580-36,  San  Marcos  Island;  249,  Isla  Partida, 
and  275,  Raza  Island,  Gulf  of  California.  20  to  150  fms.  Also  the  writer 
has  a  specimen  from  Halape,  Hawaii,  collected  by  Dr.  R.  W.  Hiatt. 

Smittoldea  transversa  (Busk),  1884 
Plate48,  fig.  11 

Smittia  transversa  Busk,  1884:152. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  multilaminar.  Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  0.40 
to  0.55  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.40  mm  wide,  alternating  in  series  and  some- 
what hexagonal  in  form.  The  front  is  a  slightly  ventricose,  granulated 
pleurocyst;  the  areolar  pores  conspicuous,  with  a  few  additional  frontal 
pores.  The  primary  aperture  is  nearly  round,  0.13  mm  wide;  the  lyrula 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  411 

moderate  (one-third  the  width  of  the  aperture).  The  secondary  aper- 
ture is  irregularly  pyriform,  the  peristome  with  a  low  lappet  on  each 
side  and  proximally  it  embraces  the  transverse  avicularium  in  an  unsym- 
metrical  notch ;  it  is  wanting  distally  where  2  small  evanescent  spines 
are  rarely  present.  The  suboral  avicularium  is  median  in  character  though 
sometimes  slightly  at  one  side  of  the  midline ;  the  elongate  curved  rostrum 
often  makes  it  appear  assymmetrical  when  the  chamber  is  median ;  the 
mandible  is  ogival  or  triangular  in  form,  the  tip  strongly  decurved ;  the 
avicularian  chamber  is  not  prominent. 

The  ovicell  is  rounded  or  slightly  elongate,  0.20  to  0.24  mm  wide; 
a  broad  collar  surrounds  the  base  leaving  a  central  rounded  area  on  the 
top  which  is  perforated  by  numerous  small  pores. 

The  type  of  suboral  avicularium  is  unusual.  Busk  described  the  species 
from  Australia  (Challenger  Sta.  163a)  and  it  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  noticed  since. 

Hancock  Station  1344-41,  south  of  San  Nicholas  Island,  southern 
California,  32°53'00"N,  119°23'45"W,  one  colony  at  75  fms. 

Genus  PARASMITTINA,  new  genus 

Avicularia  variously  distributed  on  the  frontal,  but  never  median, 
suboral  and  bilaterally  symmetrically  developed  around  the  proximal 
border  of  the  aperture ;  they  take  their  origin  from  areolar  pores  on  one 
side.  The  frontal  is  a  pleurocyst  with  a  row  of  areolar  pores  and  occa- 
sionally there  are  some  additional  pores,  usually  at  the  proximal  end  ; 
the  lyrula  and  cardelles  usually  well  developed,  though  the  overhanging 
peristome  in  some  cases  may  require  dissection  to  expose  them.  The  ovicell 
is  variously  perforated,  by  numerous  small  pores,  by  several  larger  ones 
which  may  vary  in  size  and  form,  or  more  rarely  by  1  to  3  central  pores. 
Genotype,  Lepralia  Jeffrey  si  Norman,  1876:208. 

The  essential  differences  between  this  group  and  Smittina  (sens  sir.) 
are  in  the  nature  of  the  frontal  and  the  avicularia.  The  frontal  is  a 
pleurocyst,  and  even  in  the  occasional  zooecia  which  have  additional  pores 
inside  from  the  areolar  row  the  pleurocystal  layer  is  seen  to  develop 
from  the  border  toward  the  center;  young  marginal  zooecia  show  this 
manner  of  growth,  especially  after  incineration.  The  avicularia  are  vari- 
ous in  size,  form  and  distribution,  but  the  chamber  is  never  bilateral ; 
they  may  be  oval,  spatulate,  short-triangular  or  long-pointed  and  range 
from  minute  to  gigantic,  and  they  may  sometimes  be  interzooecial ;  not 
infrequently  there  may  be  several  forms  and  sizes  on  a  single  zooecium ; 
they  often  vary  greatly  on  the  same  zoarium. 


412  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Key  to  Species  of  Parasmittina 

1.  Ovicell  with  2  or  3  large  central  pores Jeffrey  si 

Pores  of  ovicell  more  numerous 2 

2.  Peristome  high,  forming  a  complete  tube tubulata 

Peristome  not  forming  a  high  tube 3 

3.  Small,  less  than  0.45  mm  long ;  lyrula  very  broad     ....     fraseri 
Larger,  0.50  to  0.60  mm 4 

4.  Giant  pointed  avicularia  directed  proximally,  small  ligulate  avicu- 

laria  at  side  of  aperture crosslandi 

Giant  pointed  avicularia  directed  distally 5 

5.  Giant  avicularia  long-pointed  or  subspatulate,  not  elevated, 

directed  more  or  less  la«:erally  distal  to  the  aperture     .     calif orntca 
Giant  avicularia  with  the  tip  elevated,  below  or  at  one  side  of  the 
aperture,    directed    distally 6 

6.  One  to  several  high  frontal  tuberosities ;  giant  avicularia  with 

broad  triangular  mandible,  the  point  much  elevated     .     .     collifera 
No  such  frontal  tuberosities 7 

7.  Frontal  very  thick  and  covered  with  small  round  granules,  a 

rounded  embedded  avicularium  at  the  proximal  end     .     alaskensis 
Frontal  only  moderately  thick,  avicularia  different 8 

8.  Primary  aperture  longer  than  wide,  peristome  developed  only  on 

the  sides,  avicularia  spatulate  or  oval spathulata 

Primary  aperture  not  longer  than  wide,  peristome  usually  devel- 
oped on  the  proximal  border,  avicularia  pointed     .     .     trispinosa 

Parasmittina  trispinosa  (Johnston),  1838 
Plate  49,  figs.  7-8 

Discopora  trispinosa  Johnston,  1838:222. 

Lepralia  trispinosa,  Johnston,  1847  :324. 

Escharella  Jacotini,  Smitt,  1867:11. 

Smittia  trispinosa,  Hincks,  1880:353. 

Smittia  trispinosa,  Hincks,  1884:25  ("Several  varieties  occur.") 

Smittia  trispinosa,  Robertson,  1908:302. 

Smittia  trispinosa,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :43. 

Smittina  trispinosa,  O'Donoghue,  1926:67. 

Smittina  trispinosa,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930  :27. 

Sinittina  trispinosa,  Hastings,  1930:726. 

If  all  the  varieties  which  have  been  described  under  this  species  really 
belong  here,  it  is  probably  the  most  variable  species  known.  It  has  been 
given  cosmopolitan  distribution,  which  may  be  quite  correct,  but  it  is 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  413 

also  possible  that  more  careful  analysis  would  show  further  distinctions 
in  various  parts  of  the  world.  Most  of  the  varieties  have  been  based  on 
the  form,  size  and  distribution  of  the  avicularia  and  the  height  and  form 
of  the  peristome  and  no  one  can  deny  the  variability  of  these  structures 
in  P.  trispinosa,  but  the  size  and  form  of  the  primary  aperture,  the  char- 
acters of  the  operculum,  lyrula,  cardelles,  ooecium,  etc.,  have  usually 
been  neglected.  In  all  of  the  numerous  specimens  similar  to  trispinosa  on 
the  Pacific  coast,  from  Alaska  to  the  Galapagos,  which  have  come  under 
my  observation,  none  are  exactly  like  those  from  western  Europe.  The 
nearest  approach  to  identity  is  among  the  northern  specimens,  from  Alaska 
to  British  Columbia.  Farther  south  the  peristome  is  usually  lower  and 
less  spout-like  and  the  aperture  somewhat  larger.  The  avicularia  near 
the  peristome  also  are  usually  much  larger  than  in  the  northern  specimens. 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting,  often  becoming  multilaminate  and  nodular 
or  even  erected  in  low  folds.  The  zooecia  are  moderate  in  size,  0.45  to 
0.60  mm  long  by  about  0.30  mm  wide,  but  varying  greatly  in  both  size 
and  form ;  the  primary  layer  growing  on  a  flat  surface  is  quite  regular 
with  the  zooecia  in  parallel  series,  but  in  the  secondary  layers  they  may 
be  turned  in  all  directions ;  distinct  only  in  younger  growth  stages  which 
often  are  slightly  ventricose  and  have  raised  separating  lines.  The  frontal 
is  a  pleurocyst,  granular  or  irregularly  roughened,  with  a  row  of  areolar 
pores  (occasionally  a  few  additional  pores).  The  primary  aperture  in 
marginal  zooecia  averages  0.11  mm  in  width  by  0.10  mm  in  length, 
rounded  except  on  the  proximal  border  where  there  is  a  moderately  devel- 
oped lyrula ;  the  condyles  small.  The  peristome  is  thin,  high  on  the  prox- 
imal border  where  it  is  often  somewhat  notched,  sloping  downward  on  the 
sides  and  wanting  on  the  distal  border  where  there  are  3  (2  to  4)  spines  ; 
the  overhang  of  the  peristome  usually  obscures  the  lyrula  and  condyles. 
The  avicularia  are  variable;  the  most  characteristic  type  is  moderately 
large,  located  a  little  proximal  and  to  one  side  of  the  peristome,  the  long- 
triangular  rostrum  elevated  and  directed  more  or  less  distally  beside  the 
peristome,  there  is  much  variation  in  the  size ;  frequently  there  are  other 
avicularia,  varying  in  size  and  form  distributed  irregularly  over  the 
frontal. 

Ovicell  prominent,  the  frontal  surface  usually  a  little  flattened,  with 
moderately  large  pores  that  vary  in  size  and  form ;  width  0.26  mm ;  in 
full  calcification  the  front  often  becomes  rough  and  the  ovicell  much 
embedded. 

The  above  description  applies  to  more  northern  and  English  speci- 
mens ;  farther  south  on  the  Pacific  coast  there  are  minor  differences,  such 
as :  the  aperture  is  slightly  larger ;  the  giant  avicularia  are  usually  larger 


414  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

and  more  erected,  and  there  seems  to  be  a  tendency  toward  a  larger 
number  of  frontal  pores  in  addition  to  the  areolar  pores. 

In  its  various  forms  the  species  is  cosmopolitan.  In  the  Eastern  Pacific 
area  it  has  been  noted  by  Hincks,  Robertson,  O'Donoghue,  Canu  and 
Bassler  and  Hastings,  all  the  way  from  British  Columbia  south  to  the 
Galapagos  Islands. 

Hancock  Stations:  dredged  and  collected  along  shore  at  more  than 
60  stations  from  Oregon  to  the  Galapagos  Islands.  In  the  collections  also 
are  specimens  from  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory, 
G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector;  from  southern  Alaska;  and  from  Puget 
Sound,  Dr.  J.  L.  Mohr,  collector. 

Parasmittina  jeflPreysi  (Norman),  1876 
Plate  49,  figs.  5-6 

Lepralia  Jeffreys!  Norman,  1876:208. 
Smittina  Jeffrey  si,  Norman,  1903  :120. 
Smittina  Jeffreysii,  Levinsen,  1916:458. 

Zoarium  broadly  encrusting,  or  rising  into  tubular  or  folded  expan- 
sions which  are  sometimes  branched.  The  zooecia  near  the  growing  edge 
are  moderately  large,  averaging  about  0.65  mm  long  by  0.40  mm  wide, 
regularly  arranged  in  quincunx,  elongate-ovoid  with  the  proximal  end 
usually  narrowed  between  the  adjoining  zooecia.  The  frontal  is  only 
slightly  elevated,  a  granulated  pleurocyst  with  a  row  of  conspicuous 
areolar  pores.  The  primary  aperture  measures  about  0.16  mm  in  either 
direction,  broadest  at  the  proximal  end  which  is  nearly  straight;  cardelles 
of  moderate  size ;  the  lyi^ula  broad  at  the  base  and  narrowed  toward  the 
tip  which  is  truncate.  The  peristome  is  low,  slightly  higher  on  the  sides, 
usually  exposing  the  whole  of  the  aperture;  the  distal  border  with  2  to 
4  evanescent  spines.  There  are  two  kinds  of  avicularia ;  a  large  triangular 
one  on  the  front  proximal  to  and  at  one  side  of  the  aperture,  the  rostrum 
elevated  and  the  pointed  mandible  directed  forward  beside  the  peristome, 
frequently  wanting,  and  smaller  elliptical  avicularia  scattered  over  the 
front,  sometimes  numerous,  not  elevated  and  variously  oriented. 

The  ovicell  is  prominent,  rounded,  large  (0.35  to  0.40  mm  wide), 
the  surface  granulated  like  the  frontal  and  bearing  3  (2  to  4)  conspicuous 
pores,  each  with  a  slight  collar. 

This  is  a  common  arctic  species  known  from  Spitzbergen  to  Green- 
land and  south  to  Labrador. 

Very  common  at  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector, 
Arctic  Research  Laboratory.  Evidently  it  is  circumpolar  in  distribution. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  415 

Parasmittina  spathulata  (Smitt),  1873 
Plate  49,  figs.  12-14 

Escharella  Jacotini  var.  spathulata  Smitt,  1873  :60. 

Smittina  trispinosa  var.  spathulata,  Osburn,  1914:208  ;  1927  :29, 

(spathulosa,  by  error)  ;  1940 :435. 
Smittina  trispinosa  spathulata,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928:114. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  usually  in  a  flat  smooth  layer,  white  and  shining. 
Zooecia  moderately  large,  0.55  to  0.75  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide, 
indistinct  but  sometimes  there  is  a  low  separating  line ;  the  front  nearly 
flat,  a  pleurocyst  with  small  shining  granules ;  areolar  pores  of  moderate 
size.  The  primary  aperture  is  slightly  longer  than  wide,  0.14  mm  long 
by  0.12  mm  wide;  the  rather  narrow  lyrula  always  visible,  the  cardelles 
larger  than  usual  in  the  genus.  The  peristome  is  limited  to  a  distinct 
lappet  on  each  side.  The  avicularia  are  usually  spatulate  or  oval,  but 
may  be  ligulate  or  more  rarely  pointed,  variously  located,  and  usually 
directed  proximally;  sometimes  there  is  a  large  spatulate  avicularium  at 
one  side  of  the  aperture  directed  proximally. 

The  ovicell  is  round,  about  0.26  mm  wide,  moderately  prominent, 
with  a  few  rather  large  pores;  the  peristome  connects  with  it  and  may 
be  continued  across  the  border  of  the  orifice ;  in  older  stages  the  pleurocyst 
of  the  succeeding  zooecium  may  form  a  basal  collar  and  may  even  cover 
a  considerable  portion  of  the  ovicell. 

It  is  an  abundant  form  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean 
Sea  and  apparently  has  not  been  reported  elsewhere.  The  S.  reticulata  var. 
spathulata  of  MacGillivray,  1882:135,  is  evidently  a  different  species. 
I  believe  the  characters  are  sufficiently  different  to  warrant  its  elevation 
to  specific  rank,  especially  on  the  basis  of  the  elongate  primary  aperture 
and  the  nature  of  the  secondary  aperture. 

Hancock  Stations:  55-33,  Charles  Island;  143-34,  Wenman  Island; 
155-34,  Albemarle  Island,  and  201-34,  Hood  Island,  all  from  the  Gala- 
pagos Islands.  25  to  100  fms. 

Parasmittina  calif ornica  (Robertson),  1908 
Plate  51,  figs.  8-11 

Mucronella  californica  Robertson,  1908:308. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  rather  coarse.  Zooecia  moderately  large,  averag- 
ing about  0.60  mm  long  by  0.40  mm  wide,  irregularly  quadrangular, 
distinct  with  rather  deep  grooves.  The  front  wall  is  heavily  calcified; 
it  has  somewhat  the  appearance  of  a  tremocyst  with  a  small  number  of 
large  infundibuliform  pores  similar  in  size  to  the  areolar  pores,  but  the 


416  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

secondary  layer  is  laid  down  by  growth  from  the  areolar  pores  toward 
the  center  in  the  fashion  of  a  pleurocyst.  The  peristome  is  thin  and 
usually  low,  but  sometimes  rises  to  a  considerable  height  on  the  sides 
and  may  surround  the  proximal  border  of  the  aperture.  The  primary 
aperture  is  nearly  round,  only  slightly  wider  than  long  (0.15  mm  wide)  ; 
the  lyrula  moderately  developed,  not  more  than  one-third  the  width  of 
the  aperture,  transverse  at  the  tip  and  the  corners  not  extended. 

Small,  pointed,  oval  or  short-spatulate  avicularia  are  variously  dis- 
tributed on  the  front  and  usually  directed  laterally;  at  the  side  of  the 
peristome  there  is  frequently  a  giant  avicularium  with  a  long  sub- 
spatulate  mandible  (the  sides  gradually  narrowing  toward  the  tip) 
directed  forward  and  often  somewhat  curved  around  the  peristome,  the 
mandible  as  long  as  0.40  mm  but  usually  shorter.  The  oral  spines  number 
one  to  three,  small  and  very  evanescent. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  about  0.35  mm  in  width,  roughened  and  heavily 
calcified  like  the  frontal,  with  a  few  large  pores  and  with  the  peristome 
extended  across  the  front. 

This  is  evidently  the  species  which  Dr.  Robertson  described  as  a 
Mucronella,  but  the  supposed  mucro  is  undoubtedly  a  lyrula  and  the 
peristome  extends  behind  it;  the  presence  of  avicularia  similar  to  those 
common  in  Par  as  mitt  in  a  and  the  nature  of  the  ovicell  also  relate  it  to 
the  latter  genus.  Robertson  recorded  it  from  "several  localities  on  the 
coast  of  southern  California,"  and  "dredged  off  the  island  of  Santa 
Catalina." 

As  in  many  other  species  there  is  a  distinct  bathymetric  change  to 
the  southward ;  all  of  the  southern  California  localities  are  less  than  50 
fms,  those  in  Mexican  waters  are  around  50  to  60,  and  the  one  Galapagos 
station  was  100  to  150  fms. 

Hancock  Stations:  1281-41,  Santa  Rosa  Island;  1327-41,  San  Cle- 
mente  Island ;  off  Santa  Catalina  Island,  off  La  Jolla  and  several  other 
localities  without  specific  data,  southern  California.  Stations  1008-39 
and  1250-41,  San  Benito  Islands,  and  1264-41,  Cedros  Island,  off  Lower 
California ;  557-36,  Isla  Partida,  Gulf  of  California,  and  143-34,  Wen- 
man  Island,  Galapagos. 

Parasmittina  collifera  (Robertson),  1908 
Plate  49,  figs.  9-11 

Smittia  collifera  Robertson,  1908 :304. 
Smittia  collifera,  O'Donoghue,  1923 :43. 
Smittina  collifera,  O'Donoghue,  1926 :68. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  417 

(Not  "Porella  collifera  Robertson,"  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923 :148.) 

Zoarium  encrusting,  the  secondary  layers  often  rough  and  nodulous. 
Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  averaging  about  0.50  mm  long  (range  0.40 
to  0.65  mm),  the  width  between  0.30  and  0.40  mm.  In  the  primary 
layer  the  zooecia  are  regularly  disposed  in  quincunx,  the  form  ovate  or 
elongate-hexagonal ;  the  frontal  is  a  coarsely  granulated  pleurocyst,  with 
moderately  large  areolar  pores  and  usually  a  few  additional  pores  (espec- 
ially near  the  proximal  end).  The  extra  frontal  pores  often  give  the 
appearance  of  a  tremocyst,  but  this  is  nullified  by  their  occasional  com- 
plete absence,  and  in  young  zooecia  the  pleurocyst  may  be  observed  to 
develop  from  the  zooecial  borders  above  the  olocyst.  The  frontal  prom- 
inences or  colli  (hills)  which  characterize  the  species  are  often  but  little 
developed  on  the  primary  layer,  usually  1  to  3  small  but  rather  high, 
erect  knobs,  but  in  later  growth  the  tubercles  may  be  broad  and  heavy 
and  sometimes  nearly  cover  the  front. 

The  primary  aperture  is  nearly  round,  slightly  longer  than  broad 
(0.16  mm  long  by  0.15  mm  wide),  with  strong  cardelles  and  a  moderate 
lyrula  which  is  considerably  wider  at  its  base  and  truncate  at  the  tip. 
The  peristome  is  thin  and  little  elevated,  sometimes  forming  a  secondary 
sinus  on  the  proximal  border  but  always  leaving  the  lyrula  and  aperture 
well  exposed ;  2  long  spines  are  present  on  the  distal  border  in  young 
zooecia.  The  avicularia  are  of  three  kinds :  ( 1 )  small  to  large,  semi-erect, 
with  a  triangular  mandible  directed  distally,  located  proximal  to  and 
usually  at  one  side  of  the  peristome;  (2)  small  ovate  avicularia  variously 
situated  on  the  front  or  replacing  the  triangular  ones  beside  the  aperture; 
(3)  rarely  an  elongate-spatulate  avicularium  replacing  an  oval  one  on 
the  frontal. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.25  to  0.30  mm  in  width,  rounded  and  con- 
spicuous, with  several  (6  to  8)  large  pores  which  vary  in  size,  form 
and  disposition ;  with  complete  calcification  the  ooecial  cover  often  be- 
comes very  rough,  with  protuberances  similar  to  those  on  the  frontal. 

This  species  is  evidently  a  member  of  the  S.  trispinosa  group,  but  it 
is  differentiated  by  its  larger  size,  especially  of  the  primary  aperture, 
and  by  the  conspicuous  erect  frontal  nodules  or  protuberances.  Described 
from  the  Coronado  Islands,  Mexico,  a  little  south  of  the  harbor  of 
San  Diego,  California,  which  appears  to  be  about  its  southern  limit. 
O'Donoghue  listed  it  from  numerous  localities  in  British  Columbia. 

Hancock  Stations :  dredged  at  numerous  localities  from  Oregon  south 
to  the  islands  o£E  the  coast  of  southern  California;  common  also  at 
various  shore  stations. 


418  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Parasmlttina  crosslandi  (Hastings),  1930 
Plate  48,  fig.  12 

Smittina  crosslandi  Hastings,  1930:726. 

Smittina  trispinosa,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:27  (in  part). 

Zoarium  variable  in  form,  the  primary  layer  often  broadly  encrusting, 
the  secondary,  multilamellar  growth  nodular  and  frequently  rising  to 
form  rounded,  crooked  stems,  which  branch  irregularly;  scarcely  any 
two  colonies  entirely  alike  in  form. 

Zooecia  of  the  primary  layer  rather  regularly  arranged  in  quincunx, 
elongate-hexagonal  or  somewhat  quadrate,  distinct  with  a  raised  sepa- 
rating line,  average  length  0.45  mm  (0.40  to  0.65),  width  about  0.30 
(0.25  to  0.40)  mm.  In  the  secondary  layers  the  zooecia  vary  greatly 
in  form  and  arrangement.  The  frontal  is  a  granular  pleurocyst  with  a 
row  of  rather  large  areolar  pores  around  the  margin.  The  primary 
aperture  is  rounded,  more  transverse  on  the  proximal  border,  with  well 
developed  cardelles  and  moderate  lyrula  which  is  long  and  truncate  at 
the  tip;  width  0.10  or  0.11  mm.  The  secondary  aperture  is  "spout- 
shaped,"  the  peristome  high  on  the  sides,  descending  toward  the  distal 
border  and  with  a  deep  narrow  "sinus"  on  the  proximal  border,  the 
lateral  wall  sometimes  slightly  folded  in  older  zooecia.  In  marginal 
zooecia  3  to  5  oral  spines  are  often  present.  The  avicularia  are  various, 
small  or  large  long-pointed  ones  near  the  aperture  and  directed  proxi- 
mally,  small  ligulate  ones  beside  the  aperture,  and  small  to  large  oval 
ones  on  the  frontal,  all  directed  proximally ;  there  is  much  irregularity 
in  their  occurrence,  but  the  small  ligulate  ones  are  the  most  characteristic. 

The  ooecia  are  rounded,  prominent,  with  numerous  small  pores,  the 
base  surrounded  by  a  moderately  thick  collar,  and  the  peristome  is  con- 
tinued in  a  thin  ridge  above  the  orifice. 

The  species  was  described  from  Taboga  Island,  Panama,  and  also 
listed  from  Gorgona,  Colombia,  and  the  Galapagos  Islands.  The  S. 
trispinosa  of  Canu  and  Bassler,  from  the  Galapagos,  at  least  in  part, 
belongs  under  crosslandi. 

Hancock  Stations:  24  stations  about  the  Galapagos  Islands,  with 
numerous  others  shorewise  northward  from  Colombia  to  the  Gulf  of 
California.  The  most  northerly  record  is  Station  277,  Tiburon  Island, 
28°43'45"N,  112°15'30"W.  It  is  the  commonest  species  of  the  genus 
within  this  range,  from  near  shore  to  more  than  100  fms. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  419 

Parasmittina  alaskensis  new  species 
Plate  48,  fig.  13 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  a  shell,  pale  yellow,  glistening.  Zooecia 
moderate  in  size,  0.55  to  0.70  mm  long  by  0.35  to  0.40  mm  wide, 
irregularly  ovate,  distinct  with  deep  grooves  in  the  young,  indistinct 
with  complete  calcification.  The  frontal  is  a  very  thick  pleurocyst,  heavily 
granulated,  a  low  pointed  umbonate  process  near  the  aperture ;  a  single 
row  of  conspicuous  areolar  pores  with  short  ribs  between  them  which 
do  not  extend  upon  the  front.  The  primary  aperture  is  nearly  round, 
0.13  mm  wide  by  0.12  mm  long,  straight  on  the  proximal  border  with 
a  moderate  lyrula.  The  peristome  is  somewhat  elevated  all  around  the 
aperture,  except  for  a  short  space  on  the  distal  border  where  there  are 
2  strong  but  evanescent  spines;  cardelles  wanting.  The  secondary  aper- 
ture is  ovate  in  form,  usually  exposing  the  lyrula.  The  avicularia  are 
of  two  kinds;  a  round  or  short-ovate  one  at  or  near  the  proximal  end, 
usually  immediately  distal  to  the  aperture  of  the  preceding  zooecium, 
with  a  heavy  cross-bar  and  becoming  deeply  sunk  in  the  crust  in  older 
zooecia;  the  other  type  is  pointed,  with  a  triangular  mandible  and 
elevated  rostrum,  located  a  little  proximal  to  the  aperture,  on  one  or 
both  sides,  the  mandible  directed  toward  the  aperture. 

The  most  striking  characters  are  the  heavily  and  evenly  granulated 
front,  the  simple  ovate  secondary  aperture  and  the  round,  sunken  avicu- 
larium  which  is  usually  in  the  midline  at  the  extreme  proximal  end. 

The  one  colony  has  no  ovicells. 

Type,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  11035. 

Type  locality.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  25  fms,  Arctic  Research  Lab- 
oratory, G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector. 

Parasmittina  fraseri  new  species 
Plate  49,  fig.  15 

Zoarium  encrusting,  small,  white  and  glistening,  a  very  attractive 
little  species.  The  zooecia  are  rather  small,  0.35  to  0.45  mm  long  by 
about  0.26  mm  wide ;  alternating  in  series ;  younger  individuals  some- 
what ventricose  and  separated  by  deep  grooves,  later  more  nearly  flat. 
Frontal  pleurocyst  irregularly  reticulate  over  the  surface,  the  areolar 
pores  moderately  large  with  short  costae  between.  Primary  aperture 
small,  0.10  mm  wide,  rounded,  with  a  very  broad  lyrula  (almost  as 
broad  as  the  aperture)  which  has  a  straight  border,  and  with  minute 
cardelles.  The  lyrula  is  so  hidden  by  the  peristome  that  it  is  difficult 


420  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

to  see.  The  peristome  is  thin,  a  little  elevated  all  around  the  aperture, 
more  so  on  the  proximal  border  where  two  longer  points  enclose  a 
rounded  secondary  sinus.  Three  to  five  oral  spines  are  present  in  young 
stages  but  soon  disappear. 

Small  rounded  or  elliptical  avicularia  occur  in  various  positions  on 
the  front  and  occasionally  on  one  or  both  sides  of  the  peristome  opposite 
the  notch,  the  mandible  directed  upward  on  the  side  of  the  peristome. 
On  one  colony  there  is  a  single  long-pointed  frontal  avicularium,  the 
mandible  directed  laterally. 

The  ovicell  is  small,  about  0.18  mm  wide  including  the  secondary 
border,  low  and  bordered  by  the  pleurocyst  of  the  succeeding  zooecium, 
leaving  a  rounded  frontal  area  which  is  finely  and  regularly  porous; 
the  peristome  is  connected  with  the  sides  of  the  ovicell  and  in  complete 
calcification  forms  a  low  collar  around  the  orifice. 

Dedicated  to  the  late  Dr.  C.  McLean  Fraser  of  the  University  of 
British  Columbia. 

Type,  AHF  no.  89. 

Type  locality,  Station  136-34,  Sulphur  Bay,  Clarion  Island,  west 
of  Mexico,  18°20'05"N,  114°44'40"W,  32  fathoms.  Taken  also  at 
Station  23-33,  off  La  Plata  Island,  Ecuador,  10  fathoms;  155-34, 
Tagus  Cove,  Albemarle  Island,  Galapagos,  50  to  60  fathoms,  and 
224,  Benito  Islands,  off  Lower  California.  As  the  colonies  are  very 
small  and  inconspicuous,  it  may  be  much  more  common  than  the  above 
records  indicate. 

Parasmittina  tubulata  new  species 
Plate  49,  figs.  1-4 

Zoarium  encrusting,  loosely  attached,  the  surface  very  rough  because 
of  the  erect  tubular  peristomes.  Zooecia  irregularly  ovate  or  quadrate, 
distinct,  large  but  varying  much  in  size  (length  0.70  to  1.00  mm,  width 
0.40  to  0.60  mm).  The  front  is  slightly  ventricose,  smooth  or  with 
small  granules ;  the  thin  pleurocyst  is  perforated  by  a  series  of  small 
areolar  pores  and  often  by  a  few  additional  ones.  The  primary  aperture 
is  rounded,  0.16  to  1.18  mm  wide,  with  a  moderately  long  and  narrow 
lyrula  (one-fourth  as  wide  as  the  aperture).  Spines  wanting.  The 
peristome  is  extraordinarily  high  (as  much  as  0.50  mm),  completely 
surrounding  the  aperture  and  with  a  conspicuous  U-shaped  or  slit-like 
secondary  sinus  in  the  proximal  tip;  in  younger  stages  the  border  is 
smooth,  but  in  complete  calcification  the  rim  of  the  peristome  expands 
slightly  and  its  distal  border  bears  3  or  4  stout  pointed  processes;  in 


NO.  2       JSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  421 

the  fertile  zooecia  the  peristome  develops  across  the  front  of  the  ovicell 
and  continues  to  form  an  erect  tube  similar  to  that  of  the  infertile 
zooecia.  The  aperture  and  lyrula  can  only  be  observed  on  very  young 
zooecia  or  after  dissection. 

Several  types  of  avicularia  are  present:  1,  small  short-spatulate  ones 
on  the  front,  variously  situated  and  oriented ;  2,  giant  broad-spatulate, 
also  on  the  front,  usually  directed  backward ;  3,  small  pointed  or  sub- 
spatulate  ones  on  one  or  both  sides  of  the  peristome ;  4,  a  large  pointed 
one  often  extending  upward  on  the  side  of  the  peristome,  the  rostrum 
elevated  and  pointing  at  nearly  a  right  angle  from  the  peristomial  wall. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.40  mm  wide,  resting  on  the  succeeding  zooe- 
cium,  globular,  its  base  surrounded  by  a  low,  smooth  collar,  the  front 
evenly  perforated  with  small  pores ;  the  peristome  continues  around  the 
border  of  the  orifice  without  a  break  to  complete  the  high  tube. 

In  certain  respects  this  species  appears  to  be  close  to  S.  labellum 
Canu  and  Bassler  (1928:116)  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  but  the  great 
height  of  the  peristomes,  the  lack  of  oral  spines,  the  much  larger  primary 
aperture  and  the  nature  of  the  peristomial  avicularia  are  sufficient  to 
differentiate  it.  It  has  even  more  resemblance  to  S.  projecta  Okada  and 
Mawatari  (1936:66)  from  Japan,  but  the  peristomial  rim  is  complete, 
without  oral  spines,  the  peristomial  avicularia  do  not  have  a  serrated 
rostrum,  the  areolar  pores  are  inconspicuous,  and  the  ovicell  appears  to 
be  much  larger. 

Type,  AHF  no.  90. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1978-50,  south  end  of  Ranger  Bank, 
west  of  Lower  California,  28°26'45''N,  115°31'30"W,  71  fms.  Also 
Station  1271-41,  west  of  Point  Dume,  southern  California,  34°00'20''N, 
119°01'30"W,  48  fms.  Also  oil  Rocky  Point,  California,  45  fms, 
Earl  Fox,  collector. 

?  Smittia  californiensis  Robertson,  1908:303 

What  this  species  may  be  has  puzzled  me  greatly  as  I  am  completely 
unable  to  interpret  Dr.  Robertson's  description  in  terms  of  any  Smittinid 
species,  and  unfortunately  her  types  seem  to  have  been  lost.  She  refers 
to  it  as  common  along  the  California  coast  from  between  tide  marks  to 
50  fathoms.  Such  expressions  as:  "a  thick,  coarse,  spiny  crust  of  a  dark 
gray  color" ;  "primary  orifice  orbicular,  closed  by  a  dark-colored  oper- 
culum" ;  and  "interspersed  between  the  zooecia  are  large  spatulate 
avicularia,"  certainly  do  not  apply  to  any  local  species  of  the  Smittinidae. 
However,   they  do  apply   to  Holoporella   brunnea   Hincks,   which  she 


422  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

does  not  mention  but  which  is  one  of  the  commonest  species  in  the  area 
cited.  On  the  other  hand  her  figure  71  on  plate  22  definitely  shows  a 
lyrula  and  peristome  of  the  smittinid  type. 

The  genus  Holoporella  Waters  was  not  established  until  1909,  a 
year  after  Robertson's  paper  was  published.  How  so  careful  an  observer 
could  confuse  a  celleporoid  species  with  the  Smittinidae  is  difficult  to 
understand,  but  it  seems  that  is  what  happened  as  the  description  is 
mostly  that  of  H.  brunnea  and  the  figure  also,  with  the  exception  of 
the  lyrula  and  peristome.  The  name  should  be  dropped  from  the  literature. 

Genus  GODONELLINA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1934 

Codonella  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:29,  preoccupied  and  changed,  1934: 
407,  to  Codonellina. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  closed  by  the  operculum,  porous  and 
marginated.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst.  A  median  avicularium  is  placed 
before  the  aperture.  The  peristome  is  salient  and  complete.  The  aper- 
ture is  suborbicular  with  a  very  concave  poster;  the  peristomice  bears 
two  false  cardelles,  limiting  a  broad  rounded  sinus  (Canu  and  Bassler). 
Genotype,  Lepralia  galeata  Busk,  1852. 

The  general  appearance  is  that  of  a  member  of  the  Schizoporellidae, 
but  the  delicate  nature  of  the  operculum,  without  sclerites,  and  the 
suboral  avicularium  which  communicates  with  an  areolar  pore  on  each 
side,  appear  to  ally  it  to  the  Smittinidae. 

Codonellina  anatina  (Canu  and  Bassler),  1927 
Plate  46,  figs.  14-15 

Codonella  anatina  Canu  and  Bassler,  1927 :26. 
Codonella  granulata  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930 :29. 
Codonella  ffranulata?,  Hastings,  1930:725. 

Zoarium  encrusting  in  a  thin,  white,  shining  layer.  Zooecia  mod- 
erately large,  unusually  variable,  ranging  all  the  way  from  0.45  to  0.90 
mm  long  by  0.26  to  0.45  mm  wide,  distinct  with  deep  grooves;  the 
frontal  is  evenly  arched,  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  small  pores,  smooth 
but  becoming  finely  granulated  in  advanced  calcification;  the  aperture 
rounded  or  slightly  quadrangular,  about  0.16  mm  in  either  dimension, 
a  pair  of  small  but  distinct  cardelles  limit  a  broad  shallow  poster.  The 
peristome  is  smooth  and  somewhat  elevated  all  around  the  aperture. 
A  small  pointed  avicularium,  directed  proximally,  is  usually  present 
in  the  midline  proximal  to  the  aperture,  but  it  is  sometimes  asymmetri- 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  423 

cally  located,  and  it  may  be  replaced  by  a  larger  spatulate  avicularium, 
or  sometimes  wanting.  There  is  much  variation  in  the  size  and  form 
of  the  mandible,  the  tip  of  the  triangular  form  is  sometimes  rounded 
(subspatulate)  and  the  spatulate  mandible  varies  in  size  and  is  occa- 
sionally so  narrow  as  to  be  almost  filiform;  the  spatulate  avicularia 
may  sometimes  be  half  as  long  as  a  zooecium. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  rounded,  0.26  to  0.30  mm  wide  and 
long,  with  numerous  pores  and  a  raised  border  about  the  base;  the 
peristome  fuses  with  the  ovicell  at  the  sides  of  the  aperture  but  is  not 
continued  across  the  front. 

From  the  data  at  hand  it  seems  that  C.  granulata,  described  from 
the  Galapagos  Islands,  is  synonymous  with  C.  anatina  from  Hawaii. 
Canu  and  Bassler  found  only  the  small  triangular  avicularia  on  their 
Galapagos  material  and  among  our  specimens  there  are  several  colonies 
in  this  condition.  Hastings  found  spathulate  avicularia  in  her  Galapagos 
specimens  and  they  are  present,  but  not  constant,  in  our  material  from 
the  Galapagos  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  measurements  are  quite 
variable,  transcending  in  both  directions  those  given  for  anatina.  The 
giant  avicularia  of  Hawaiian  specimens  appear  to  be  larger  than  any 
from  the  Galapagos  and  if  this  should  prove  to  be  a  constant  feature 
granulata  may  be  worthy  of  varietal  status. 

Hancock  Stations:  dredged  at  14  stations  among  the  Galapagos 
Islands,  Albemarle,  James,  Charles,  Hood,  Chatham,  Albany,  Onslow 
and  Wenman  Islands;  and  three  stations  in  the  Gulf  of  California 
at  Angel  de  la  Guardia,  Isla  Partida  and  Raza  Islands,  near  29°N 
Lat.  The  known  bathymetric  range  is  from  14  to  more  than  100  fms. 

Godonellina  anatina  ligulata  new  variety 

This  form  is  rather  more  distinct  than  granulata  in  lacking  entirely 
the  small  median  suboral  avicularium.  The  spatulate  avicularia,  occa- 
sionally present,  are  narrower  than  those  described  for  anatina,  but  are 
of  the  same  general  character,  about  0.26  mm  long,  variously  located  on 
the  front  and  without  any  definite  orientation,  turned  sometimes  forward, 
sometimes  backward  or  diagonally.  The  zooecia  are  smaller  than  the 
usual  measurements  of  the  species,  length  0.40  to  0.55  mm,  the  aperture 
about  0.13  mm  in  either  direction  and  the  ovicell  0.26  mm  wide.  The 
other  characters  agree  with  typical  anatina. 

Type,AHFno.91. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  210-34,  Santa  Elena  Bay,  Ecuador, 
2°ir25"S,  80°58'W,  at  5  to  7  fms,  three  colonies. 


424  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Godonellina  cribriformis  (O'Donoghue),  1923 
Plate  46,  fig.  16 

Porella  cribrifor?nis  O'Donoghue,  1923  :42 ;  1926 :72. 
Codonella  cribriformis,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930  :29. 

O'Donoghue's  description  is  good,  but  incomplete;  his  figure  30, 
plate  4,  is  excellent.  Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  moderate  in  size,  0.50 
to  0.65  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.40  mm  wide,  long  ovate  to  hexagonal, 
somewhat  ventricose  and  very  distinct,  sometimes  with  a  raised  separating 
line.  The  frontal  is  a  moderately  thick  tremocyst  with  large,  regularly 
spaced  pores,  shining,  hyaline  in  younger  stages,  smooth  to  slightly 
granular.  The  aperture  is  nearly  circular,  0.13  by  0.13  mm,  with  small 
cardelles  between  which  the  broad  shallow  poster  extends,  slightly  arcu- 
ated. The  operculum  is  a  little  chitinized,  with  a  narrow  brownish 
bordering  sclerite;  muscle  attachments  near  the  border.  The  peristome 
is  thin,  moderately  elevated  all  around  the  aperture,  without  spines  and 
fusing  with  the  avicularian  chamber  proximally.  The  median  suboral 
avicularium  is  elevated,  the  mandible  usually  semicircular  but  sometimes 
considerably  enlarged  and  short-spatulate ;  the  avicularian  chamber  is 
connected  with  lateral  pores  on  both  sides  around  the  base  of  the  peristome 
by  small  tubes  to  lateral  pores,  as  it  is  in  Porella. 

The  ovicell  is  hemispherical,  partially  embedded,  a  little  flattened 
on  the  upper  surface,  with  numerous  pores  which  vary  in  size  and  form ; 
slightly  collared  about  the  base ;  0.26  mm  wide. 

Described  by  O'Donoghue  from  Departure  Bay  and  listed  by  him 
from  several  other  localities  in  British  Columbia  and  from  the  San 
Juan  Islands  in  Puget  Sound,  15  to  35  fms. 

Specimens  in  the  Hancock  collections  are  from  Cadboro  Bay,  British 
Columbia. 

Genus  RHAMPHOSTOMELLA  Lorenz,  1886 

Aperture  with  an  asymmetrical  poster  and  a  lyrula  >  frontal  an  olocyst 
with  costules;  a  large  oblique  avicularium  excentrically  placed  below 
the  aperture;  ovicell  hyperstomial,  prominent  and  closed  by  the  oper- 
culum. Genotype,  R.  costata  Lorenz,  1886:12. 

The  lyrula  is  variable  in  size  and  wanting  in  some  species;  the 
primary  aperture  is  not  always  asymmetrical;  oral  spines  are  present 
in  at  least  one  species,  and  frontal  avicularia  are  sometimes  present.  Most 
of  the  species  are  arctic  or  at  least  northern  in  distribution. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  425 

Among  the  species  here  dealt  with  there  are  two  rather  distinct 
subdivisions,  based  especially  on  the  form  of  the  primary  aperture.  In 
the  first  group,  those  like  the  genotype,  R.  costata  Lorenz,  there  are 
no  cardelles  and  the  proximal  border  is  broadly  arcuate  (only  modified 
by  the  median  lyrula,  when  this  is  present).  In  general  these  species 
are  also  much  more  heavily  calcified,  the  costules  run  up  on  the  front 
and  frontal  avicularia  are  often  present.  This  group  includes,  besides 
the  genotype,  R.  scabra  (Fabricius),  R.  fortissima  Bidenkap,  R.  hincksi 
Nordgaard,  R.  ovata  (Smitt)  and  R.  gigantea  Osbum  new  species. 

The  second  group  shows  a  very  distinctive  bisinuate  outline  of  the 
proximal  border  of  the  primary  aperture,  with  a  deep  rounded  "sinus" 
on  either  side  between  the  lyrula  and  the  cardelles,  which  are  usually 
quite  distinct.  The  frontal  is  usually  plain,  the  wall  is  thinner,  the 
costules  do  not  run  up  on  the  frontal,  and  frontal  avicularia  are 
wanting.  In  this  group  are  R.  bilaminata  (Hincks),  R.  spinigera  Lorenz, 
R.  curvirostrata  O'Donoghue,  and  R.  townsendi  Osburn  new  species. 

Probably  R.  ovata  (Smitt),  which  has  a  perforated  frontal  and  an 
imperforate  ovicell  should  be  placed  by  itself,  but  R.  gigantea  also  has 
some  additional  frontal  pores  and  there  is  much  variation  throughout 
the  group. 

Key  to  Species  of  Rhamphostomella 

1.  Frontal  pores  present,  ovicell  imperforate 2 

Frontal  with  areolar  pores  only,  ovicell  with  pores 3 

2.  Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  frontal  little  granulated      ....     ovata 
Zooecia  very  large   (over  1  mm  long),  frontal  excessively  thick 

and  rough gigantea 

3.  Lyrula  and  cardelles  both  wanting ...     hincksi 

Lyrula  or  cardelles  or  both  present 4 

4.  Lyrula  and  cardelles  both  present,  proximal  border  of  primary 

aperture  bisinuate 5 

Lyrula  present,  cardelles  wanting 9 

5.  Oral  spines  present spinigera 

No  oral  spines 6 

6.  Avicularian  process  high  and  flabellate,  with  a  similar  peristomial 

lappet  opposite bilaminata 

No  flabellate  process  opposite  the  avicularium 7 

7.  Avicularian   rostrum   and   mandible   curved   laterally   across   the 

aperture curvirostrata 

Rostrum  and  mandible  shorter  and  not  curved  over  the  aperture     8 


426  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

8.  Avicularium  large  and  prominent townsendi 

Avicularium  very  small,  conforming  to  the  margin  of  the  peri- 
stome            cellata 

9.  Numerous  giant  frontal  avicularia fortissima 

Frontal  avicularia,  when  present,  smaller;  a  high  pointed  umbo 

with  costal  ridges costata 

Rhamphostomella  costata  Lorenz,  1886 

Plate  50,  fig.  7 

Rhamphostomella  costata  Lorenz,  1886:12. 
Rhamphostomella  costata,  Nordgaard,  1906:30. 
Rhamphostomella  costata,  0?huvn,  1912:244;  1919:610. 
Rhamphostomella  costata,  O'Donoghue,  1923:44;  1926:72. 

Encrusting,  usually  on  stems  and  rising  into  flabellate  bilaminate 
expansions  or  contorted  folds.  The  zooecia  are  large,  0.60  to  0.90  mm 
long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide;  distinct,  the  frontal  arched  and  rising 
into  a  high  pointed  umbonate  process  on  the  top  of  the  avicularian 
chamber  which  covers  practically  all  of  the  width  of  the  front ;  there 
is  a  row  of  large  areolar  pores,  between  which  strong  costal  bars  run 
up  even  to  the  tip  of  the  umbonate  process.  This  process  is  higher  than 
in  the  other  species  of  the  genus,  a  little  asymmetrical  in  position,  and 
its  tip  is  often  developed  into  a  transverse  bar  (variety  cristata  Hincks). 
The  primary  aperture  is  round  distally,  the  proximal  border  somewhat 
straighter  and  a  little  asymmetrical,  without  cardelles,  but  with  a  small 
lyrula  which  is  often  wanting.  The  secondary  aperture  is  usually  a 
little  angulated  proximally,  due  to  the  overhanging  base  of  the  umbonate 
process.  A  moderately  large  avicularium,  with  a  subspatulate  mandible 
is  located  at  the  side  of  the  base  of  the  process  and  directed  vertically. 
Frontal  avicularia  with  a  triangular  mandible  are  found  on  most  of 
the  zoaria,  located  near  the  proximal  end  of  the  zooecia. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  about  0.40  mm  wide,  prominent,  perforated 
with  large  pores,  more  or  less  submerged  by  advanced  calcification. 

A  common  arctic  and  northern  species,  extending  down  the  Atlantic 
coast  to  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast  to  Puget 
Sound.  Recorded  by  O'Donoghue  from  a  number  of  British  Columbia 
localities. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  down  to  23  fms,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector 
(Arctic  Research  Laboratory).  Also  from  Friday  Harbor,  San  Juan 
Island,  Puget  Sound,  Dr.  J.  L.  Mohr,  collector. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  427 

Rhamphostomella  fortissima  Bidenkap,  1900 
Plate  50,  figs,  1-2 

Rhamphostomella  fortissima  Bidenkap,  1900:524. 
Discopora  scabra  var.  fortissima,  Nordgaard,  1918:78. 

This  species  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  R.  costata  in  the  younger 
stages  and  the  measurements  are  close,  though  in  our  specimens  the 
primary  aperture  is  somewhat  larger  (about  0.26  mm  in  either  dimen- 
sion). Possibly  Nordgaard  is  correct  in  giving  it  merely  varietal  status, 
but  in  our  specimens  the  costae  do  not  extend  beyond  the  base  of  the 
umbo,  the  secondary  calcification  is  much  heavier,  and  raised  frontal 
avicularia  of  huge  proportions  are  abundantly  distributed  over  the  surface. 

Recorded  by  Bidenkap  and  Nordgaard  from  Spitsbergen  and  several 
of  the  northern  fjords  of  Norway. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  23  fms,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  Prof. 
G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector,  several  colonies. 

Rhamphostomella  bilaminata  (Hincks),  1877 
Plate  52,  fig.  10 

Cellepora  bilaminata  Hincks,  1877 :1 1 1. 
Rhamphostomella  bilaminata,  Lorenz,  1886:13. 
Discopora  bilaminata,  Levinsen,  1916:461. 
Rhamphostomella  bilaminata,  Osburn,  1923  :10D. 
Rhamphostomella  porosa,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :45. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  various  surfaces,  frequently  on  hydroid 
stems  where  they  rise  into  bilaminate  folds.  Zooecia  of  moderate  size, 
0.65  to  0.75  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.45  mm  wide;  the  front  nearly  flat, 
smooth  or  with  short  costae  which  do  not  run  to  the  base  of  the 
umbonate  process,  areolar  pores  large  but  indistinct  because  of  the 
crowding  together  of  the  zooecia.  The  primary  aperture  is  rounded, 
about  0.20  mm  in  either  dimension,  the  proximal  border  bisinuate 
with  a  small  cardelle  at  each  side  and  a  bifurcate  lyrula  in  the  midline, 
deeply  immersed  within  the  peristome.  On  the  proximal  border  there 
is  a  moderate-sized  avicularian  chamber,  asymmetrically  located,  the 
rostrum  high  and  lobed;  a  spatulate  mandible;  opposite  this  is  a  high 
peristomial  lappet  of  similar  form,  the  two  producing  a  large  slit-like 
sinus  in  the  secondary  aperture. 

The  ovicells  at  first  are  hemispherical  and  prominent,  about  0.40  mm 
wide,  with  large  pores,  but  with  advancing  calcification  they  become 
almost  completely  immersed. 


428  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

It  is  a  common  arctic  and  northern  species,  occurring  on  the  Atlantic 
coast  as  far  south  as  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts;  abundant  in  the  waters 
about  Greenland,  and  recorded  as  far  west  as  Icy  Cape,  Alaska  (Osburn, 
Canadian  Arctic  Exped.).  It  has  not  been  reported  south  of  Alaska, 
except  for  O'Donoghue's  record  of  R.  porosa  at  Cape  Ebenshaw,  British 
Columbia.  O'Donoghue  recognized  the  similarity  to  bilaminata,  but 
the  distinguishing  characters  which  he  indicates  for  porosa  (viz.,  "the 
far  larger  size  of  the  rostrum  and  peristome")  are  within  the  range  of 
variation  of  bilaminata. 

U.  S.  Alaska  Crab  Investigation,  Leonard  Harbor,  Alaska,  station 
60-40,  at  25  fms ;  also  at  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Labora- 
tory, down  to  23  fms.  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector. 

Rhamphostomella  hincksi  Nordgaard,  1906 
Plate  50,  fig.  3 

Rhamphostomella  hincksi  Nordgaard,  1906:31. 
Cellepora  plicata,  Hincks,  1877:106. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  various  surfaces.  Zooecia  moderately  large, 
0.70  to  0.85  mm  long  by  0.45  to  0.55  mm  wide:  frontal  somewhat 
inflated,  smooth,  with  a  row  of  conspicuous  areolar  pores  between 
which  costal  ribs  run  up  for  a  short  distance  on  the  front  (occasionally 
to  the  base  of  the  rostrum)  as  noted  by  Hincks  and  Nordgaard.  The 
primary  aperture  is  nearly  round,  about  0.26  mm  in  either  dimension, 
a  little  narrower  and  slightly  asymmetrical  proximally,  and  without 
either  cardelles  or  lyrula  (as  noted  by  Nordgaard).  Proximal  to  the 
aperture  and  asymmetrically  placed  is  a  moderate-sized  bulbous  avicu- 
larian  chamber,  the  rostrum  high  and  extending  somewhat  over  the 
aperture ;  the  distal  wall  of  the  rostrum  is  nearly  straight  and  set  at  an 
angle  to  the  midline  and  a  peristomial  lappet  is  directed  in  the  same 
manner  on  the  opposite  side  so  that  the  secondary  aperture  is  angulated 
proximally  (a  condition  which  no  doubt  led  Hincks  to  place  this  species 
under  R.  plicata).  The  mandible  is  short-spatulate  or  a  little  narrowed 
terminally. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.35  to  0.40  mm  wide  and  0.30  to  0.35  mm 
long,  prominent,  smooth  or  roughened  around  the  sides,  with  several 
frontal  pores  and  the  area  above  the  orifice  a  little  flattened. 

The  complete  absence  of  lyrula  and  cardelles  seems  to  ally  this  species 
with  R.  scabra  (Fabricius)  rather  than  R.  plicata  (Smitt). 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  429 

Recorded  by  Nordgaard  from  several  places  in  the  Greenland  area, 
and  from  Iceland  by  Hincks. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  25  fms,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  G.  E. 
MacGinitie,  collector.  Also  a  specimen  from  Tuan  Island,  Pavlof  Bay, 
Alaska. 

Rhamphostomella  spinigera  Lorenz,  1886 
Plate  51,  fig.  1 

Rhamphostomella  spinigera  Lorenz,  1886 :12. 
Rhamphostomella  spinifferaj  Nordgaard,  1906:32. 
Discopora  plicata  var.  spinigera,  Levinsen,  1916:460. 
Rhamphostomella  spinigera,  Osburn,  1936:542. 

Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  moderate  in  size,  0.60  to  0.70  mm 
long  by  about  0.40  mm  wide,  distinct  with  deep  separating  grooves; 
the  front  somewhat  inflated,  smooth  with  delicate  reticulations,  with 
a  row  of  areolar  pores  between  which  short  costae  reach  only  to  the 
edge  of  the  frontal  wall.  The  primary  aperture  is  rounded,  0.22  mm 
wide  by  0.20  long,  the  proximal  border  bisinuate,  with  a  cardelle  at 
each  end  and  a  median  lyrula  which  is  usually  expanded  at  the  tip. 
The  peristome  is  thin,  elevated  into  a  lappet  opposite  the  avicularian 
umbo,  and  with  about  4  oral  spines  which  are  rather  evanescent.  The 
avicularian  chamber  is  moderate  in  size  and  rarely  extends  past  the 
midline  of  the  front,  the  rostrum  narrow  and  high  and  bearing  on  its 
lateral  surface  an  elongate  avicularium  with  a  spatulate  mandible. 
Opposite  the  rostrum  is  a  small  lappet  of  the  peristome  and  the  form 
of  the  secondary  aperture  is  more  or  less  angulated  proximally  and 
rounded  distally. 

The  ovicell  is  hemispherical  and  conspicuous,  often  slightly  longer 
than  wide  (0.30  mm  wide  by  0.30  to  0.35  mm  long),  with  small  pores. 
One  pair  of  oral  spines  is  often  involved  in  the  proximal  corners  of  the 
ooecium. 

Described  from  Jan  Mayen,  and  listed  by  Nordgaard,  Levinsen  and 
Osburn  from  Greenland. 

Canoe  Bay,  Alaska,  U.  S.  Alaska  Crab  Investigation,  Sta.  C.  160-41, 
28  fms;  and  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  G.  E. 
MacGinitie,  collector,  18  fms. 


430  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Rhamphostomella  curvirostrata    O'Donoghue,  1923 

Plate  50,  fig.  4 

Rhamphostomella  curvirostrata  O'Donoghue,  1923:44. 

Zoarium  encrusting  in  a  thin  layer.  The  zooecia  are  moderately 
large,  0.75  to  0.85  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.55  mm  wide,  the  front  evenly 
arched,  undecorated  except  for  fine  granulation,  with  a  row  of  large 
areolar  pores ;  the  costae  separating  the  pores  do  not  extend  upon  the 
front.  There  is  often  a  raised  line  in  the  groove  separating  the  zooecia. 
The  primary  aperture  is  nearly  round,  the  proximal  border  bisinuate 
with  a  small  cardelle  at  each  side  and  a  lyrula  of  varying  width  (notched 
at  the  tip)  in  the  middle ;  0.24  mm  wide  by  0.22  mm  long.  The  peristome 
is  thin,  high  and  tubular,  continued  around  the  aperture  except  for  a 
notch  at  the  middle  of  the  distal  border;  at  one  side  of  the  proximal 
border  is  an  elevated  avicularian  chamber,  with  a  long,  laterally  curved 
rostrum  which  extends  more  or  less  across  the  proximal  part  of  the 
aperture  and  which  may  fuse  with  a  prominent  lappet  on  the  opposite 
side  to  enclose  the  proximal  part  of  the  secondary  aperture.  The  mandible 
is  elongate-triangular,  curved  laterally  and  hooked  at  the  tip.  Occasion- 
ally the  avicularium  is  wanting  and  two  lateral  lappets  extend  toward 
each  other  across  the  aperture. 

The  ovicell  is  hemispherical  and  prominent,  about  0.40  mm  wide 
by  0.35  mm  long,  smooth,  with  numerous  pores. 

The  most  striking  characters  of  this  species  are  the  high  peristome 
and  the  curved  and  elevated  avicularium  which  partially  or  entirely 
subdivides  the  secondary  aperture. 

Described  by  O'Donoghue  from  Bull  Passage,  Northumberland 
Channel,  British  Columbia,  15  to  25  fms. 

Hancock  Station  1662-48,  Santa  Cruz  Island,  southern  California, 
numerous  colonies  at  23  fms.  Also  on  a  sunken  buoy  recovered  from 
45  fms  off  Rocky  Point,  California,  Earl  Fox,  collector;  and  San 
Juan  Island,  Friday  Harbor,  Puget  Sound,  Dr.  J.  L.  Mohr,  collector. 

Rhamphostomella  townsendi  new  species 

Plate  51,  figs.  2-3 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  sponge.  The  zooecia  are  large,  0.85  to  1.15 
mm  long  by  0,50  to  0.60  mm  in  width;  the  frontal  rather  evenly  in- 
flated and  beautifully  reticulate  with  honejxomb  impressions,  with  con- 
spicuous areolar  pores  between  which  the  short  costae  extend  only 
slightly;  a  prominent  line  in  the  deep  separating  grooves.  The  primary 
aperture  is  nearly  symmetrical,  rounded,  with  a  pair  of  pointed  cardelles 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  431 

and  a  small  bicuspidate  lyrula ;  the  peristome  is  high  and  thin  and  unites 
slightly  with  the  proximal  corners  of  the  ovicell.  The  secondary  aperture 
is  asymmetrically  ovate.  Proximal  to  the  aperture  and  asymmetrically 
placed  is  a  comparatively  small  avicularium  with  the  long-triangular 
mandible  directed  more  or  less  laterally;  the  avicularian  chamber  only 
slightly  elevated. 

The  ovicell  is  prominent,  hemispherical,  smooth  with  large  pores  and 
with  a  low  collar  around  the  base;  0.40  mm  wide  by  0.25  to  0.30  mm 
long. 

This  is  a  striking  species,  due  to  its  smooth  appearance,  as  the  only 
decoration  of  the  front  is  the  delicate  reticulation. 

Type,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  11032. 

Type  locality.  Albatross  Station  5695  (cruise  of  1911),  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, 534  fms. 

It  is  named  in  memory  of  my  former  friend.  Dr.  Charles  Haskins 
Townsend,  Naturalist  on  the  "Albatross"  from  1886  to  1896  and  tem- 
porarily on  the  cruise  in  1911  when  this  species  was  dredged. 

Rhamphostomella  cellata  (O'Donoghue),  1923 
Plate  52,  fig.  9 

Smittia  cellata  O'Donoghue,  1923  :43. 
Smittina  cellata,  O'Donoghue,  1926:68. 
Smittia  torquata  O'Donoghue,  1923  :43. 
Smittina  torquata,  O'Donoghue,  1926:68. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  smooth  and  glistening.  The  zooecia  are  moder- 
ately large,  0.65  to  0.90  mm  long  by  0.45  to  0.55  mm  wide,  ovate, 
slightly  inflated ;  the  frontal  thin  and  smooth,  later  becoming  granulated, 
a  row  of  areolar  pores  separated  by  short  costules ;  a  crescentic  area  proxi- 
mal to  the  aperture  is  delicately  outlined.  The  aperture  is  nearly  round, 
about  0.18  to  0.20  mm  in  either  direction;  the  cardelles  distinct  and 
pointed  and  there  is  a  slender  bifid  lyrula  with  laterally  directed  points. 
The  peristome  is  thin  and  more  or  less  elevated,  connected  with  the 
avicularian  chamber  on  one  side  and  forming  a  low  lappet  on  the  oppo- 
site side.  The  avicularian  chamber  is  small  and  low,  asymmetrical  and 
connected  with  one  areolar  pore,  the  mandible  is  long-triangular  and 
directed  laterally;  when  completely  developed  the  mandible  appears  as 
if  lodged  just  within  the  rim  of  the  peristome  and  curved  to  conform 
to  it. 


432  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  ovicell,  according  to  O'Donoghue's  description  and  figure  is 
characteristic  of  the  genus,  "globose,  hemispherical  and  projecting,  and 
its  surface  perforated  by  a  series  of  large  irregular  pores." 

There  can  be  no  question  as  to  the  position  of  this  species  in  the 
genus  Rhamphostomella.  Similarly  I  have  no  doubt  that  Srnittia  tor- 
quata  O'Donoghue  is  merely  the  young  stage  of  his  5.  cellata  as  the  basic 
characters  are  the  same  and  the  only  differences  are  due  to  advanced 
calcification  and  the  presence  of  the  ovicell. 

Described  from  British  Columbia  and  recorded  from  numerous  lo- 
calities there  and  about  the  San  Juan  Islands  in  Puget  Sound. 

Dr.  J.  L.  Mohr  collected  the  species  for  the  Hancock  collections  at 
Middle  Bank,  Puget  Sound. 

Rhamphostomella  ovata  (Smitt),  1867 
Plate  50,  fig.  6 

Cellepora  ovata  Smitt,  1867:31. 
Rhafnphosto?nella  ovata,  Nordgaard,  1906:32. 
Rhamphostomella  ovata,  Osburn,  1912:248;  1919:610. 
Discopora  ovata,  Nordgaard,  1918:78. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  stones  and  shells,  occasionally  on  stems.  The 
zooecia  are  smaller  than  those  of  our  other  species,  averaging  about  0.70 
mm  long  by  0.45  mm  wide,  elongate  oval,  regularly  arranged  in  quin- 
cunx; the  front  is  evenly  arched,  with  a  number  of  large  pores  in 
addition  to  the  areolar  pores,  the  costae  if  present  short  and  not  prom- 
inent. The  avicularian  chamber  is  comparatively  small,  usually  reaching 
only  to  the  midline;  the  umbonate  process  small  and  low,  consisting 
chiefly  of  the  avicularian  rostrum  which  bears  on  its  lateral  face  a  small 
elliptical  avicularium  with  a  round-tipped  mandible.  The  primary 
aperture  is  rounded,  0.28  to  0.30  mm  long  and  wide,  the  proximal 
border  often  a  little  asymmetrical.  There  are  no  cardelles  and  in  our 
specimens  no  lyrulae ;  rarely  vestigial  oral  spines  on  very  young  zooecia. 
(Nordgaard,  1906:34,  lists  this  species  among  those  which  have  a 
"median  denticle,"  but  I  have  never  found  it  in  all  the  Atlantic  and 
arctic  specimens  I  have  seen.)  The  secondary  aperture  is  more  or  less 
asymmetrically  ovate,  the  slightly  overhanging  base  of  the  avicularium 
producing  a  straighter  edge  at  that  side. 

The  ovicell  hemispherical,  prominent,  smooth  and  imperforate  when 
young,  but  becomes  rough  when  covered  by  secondary  calcification. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  433 

This  species  is  unique  in  the  genus  in  view  of  its  perforated  frontal 
and  imperforate  ovicell  but,  as  all  other  characters  agree  and  no  other 
genus  appears  to  fit  it,  I  leave  it  where  it  has  usually  been  assigned. 
It  is  fairly  common  in  the  arctic  and  northern  seas,  extending  southward 
on  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts.  It  seems  not  to  have 
been  noted  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Alaska  Crab  Investigation,  entrance  to  Olga  Bay,  40  fms  and  Leon- 
ard Harbor,  25  fms,  Alaska;  Punuk  Island,  Bering  Sea,  15  fms;  and 
Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  23  fms,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  G.  E.  Mac- 
Ginitie,  collector. 

Rhamphostomella  gigantea  new  species 
Plate  50,  fig.  5 

Zoarium  encrusting  and  forming  coarse,  erect,  bilaminate  expansions 
and  frills  to  a  height  of  25  to  40  mm,  yellowish  to  deep  orange  in  color. 
The  zooecia  are  among  the  largest  I  have  ever  observed,  averaging  1.20 
mm  long  (ranging  from  1.00  to  1.80  mm),  the  width  ranging  from 
0.65  to  0.80  mm ;  the  depth  is  correspondingly  great,  the  cavity  varying 
from  0.60  to  0.75  mm  and  the  total  thickness  about  1.00  mm  in  full 
calcification.  The  frontal  is  highly  arched  and  excessively  thick,  with  a 
row  of  large  areolar  pores  and  a  varying  number  of  frontal  pores ;  very 
strongly  costate,  the  costae  often  uniting  to  form  a  coarsely  reticulate 
surface  over  the  whole  front ;  the  ribs  sometimes  extend  to  the  tip  of  the 
avicularian  umbo.  The  avicularium  arises  at  one  side  but  its  base  is  so 
broad  that  it  often  covers  nearly  the  whole  width  of  the  frontal ;  the 
avicularium  is  located  on  the  disto-lateral  side  of  a  low-conical  umbonate 
process,  the  mandible  slightly  more  than  a  semicircle  in  form,  about 
0.13  mm  long  and  wide.  The  primary  aperture  is  only  slightly  asymmet- 
rical on  its  proximal  border,  rounded  distally  and  somewhat  straighter 
on  the  sides,  the  length  and  breadth  nearly  equal,  0.40  to  0.45  mm.  The 
peristome  is  moderately  low  on  the  sides.  No  oral  spines,  no  cardelles 
and  no  lyrula.  Small  oval  avicularia,  similar  in  size  and  form  to  the 
suboral  ones,  often  occupy  the  middle  of  the  frontal,  mounted  on  a 
slightly  elevated  chamber. 

The  ovicells  are  proportionate  in  size  to  the  zooecia,  averaging  about 
0.65  mm  wide  by  0.50  mm  long,  smooth  and  imperforate,  prominent 
when  young  but  with  complete  calcification  almost  entirely  immersed. 

Type,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  11033 ;  paratype,  AHF  no.  93. 

Type  locality.  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory, 
140  feet.  Prof.  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector.  Another  colony  at  a  depth 
of  80  feet  from  the  same  locality. 


434  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Genus  GYSTISELLA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1917 

Zoarium  erect,  branching,  flabelliform,  bilaminate.  The  frontal  is 
an  olocyst  with  few  areolar  pores ;  a  large  elongate  avicularium  chamber 
covers  most  of  the  front,  with  two  large  pores  in  its  proximal  end  a  little 
distal  to  the  preceding  aperture,  and  its  mandible  is  semicircular  and 
perpendicular  to  the  apertural  plane.  No  lyrula,  no  oral  spines,  cardelles 
present.  Ovicell  hemispherical,  smooth  and  imperforate.  Genotype,  Es- 
chara  saccata  Busk,  1856. 

A  short,  broad  lyrula  is  present  in  some  species.  The  avicularian 
chamber  is  unique  in  that  it  extends  the  full  length  of  the  front  of  the 
zooecium,  originating  from  proximal  instead  of  lateral  pores. 

Gystisella  saccata  (Busk),  1856 
Plate  51,  figs.  4-5 

Eschara  saccata  Busk,  1856:33. 
Gystisella  saccata,  Osburn,  1923 :10D. 

A  common  high  northern  species,  growing  in  erect  bilaminate  folds 
to  a  height  of  50  mm.  The  zooecia  are  moderately  large,  averaging 
about  0.75  mm  long,  quincuncial  in  arrangement,  the  frontal  thick, 
smooth  and  shining,  with  one  or  two  pores  at  the  proximal  end  (visible 
only  after  removal  of  the  ectocyst).  Most  of  the  front  is  covered  by  a 
large  and  elongate  avicularian  chamber  which  extends  from  the  proximal 
pores  to  overhang  the  aperture ;  the  distal  end  is  vertical  to  the  plane 
of  the  aperture  and  is  occupied  by  a  large  semicircular  mandible.  The 
primary  aperture  is  so  deeply  hidden  below  the  avicularium  and  the  high 
peristome  that  it  can  be  seen  only  on  young  zooecia;  it  is  a  little  more 
than  a  semicircle,  with  a  straight  proximal  border  and  without  lyrula 
or  cardelles;  0.18  to  0.20  mm  wide. 

The  ovicells  in  the  young  stage  are  globular,  prominent,  smooth 
except  for  faint  radiating  striae  but  in  older  parts  of  the  colony  they 
become  embedded  and  covered  by  the  thick  crust ;  width  and  length  0.30 
to  0.35  mm. 

This  species  was  confused  for  many  years  with  C.  elegantula  (d'Or- 
bigny)  until  Waters,  1900:81,  pointed  out  the  differences.  It  is  widely 
distributed  in  the  arctic  region  and  Osburn  (1923,  Canadian  Arctic 
Exped.)  recorded  it  as  far  west  as  Icy  Cape,  Alaska. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector,  Arctic  Research 
Laboratory. 


NO.  2      OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  435 

Gystisella  bicornis  new  species 
Plate  51,  figs.  6-7 

Zoarium  erect  from  a  small  encrusting  base,  flabellate,  reaching  a 
height,  in  our  specimens,  of  10  mm,  bilaminate.  Zooecia  moderate  in 
size  (0.55  to  0.65  mm  long),  arranged  in  quincunx,  the  frontal  smooth 
with  the  usual  two  pores  at  the  proximal  end.  As  in  other  species  of  the 
genus,  the  frontal  is  largely  covered  by  the  elongate  avicularian  cham- 
ber, but  the  distal  end  is  more  erected  than  in  C.  saccata  and  the  position 
of  the  avicularium  is  less  vertical:  the  mandible  is  usually  slightly  tri- 
angular or  ogival,  but  is  sometimes  nearly  semicircular,  yellow  and 
heavily  chitinized  and  with  the  tip  decurved.  On  either  side  of  the 
mandible  between  it  and  the  corner  of  the  aperture  is  a  short,  stout 
conical  process  which  often  projects  well  above  the  level  of  the  avicula- 
rian rostrum;  there  is  much  variation  in  these  spinous  processes,  near 
the  base  of  the  colony  they  are  absent,  in  younger  colonies  they  are 
smaller  and  shorter,  in  older  zoaria  they  are  regularly  present  except 
near  the  base.  The  primary  aperture  (seen  only  at  the  zoarial  edge)  is 
somewhat  more  than  a  semicircle,  the  sides  and  the  proximal  border 
straight;  no  cardelles  and  no  lyrula;  width  and  length  0.15  to  0.16  mm. 

The  ovicell  is  like  that  of  saccata  but  smaller,  0.26  mm,  round, 
prominent,  smooth  and  delicately  striated  when  young,  but  becoming 
completely  embedded  with  age. 

The  species  differs  from  C.  saccata  in  its  more  erected  avicularia, 
the  form  of  the  mandible,  the  presence  of  the  spinous  processes,  and  in 
the  smaller  measurements  of  the  aperture,  ovicell  and  zooecia. 

Type,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  11031;  paratype,  AHF  no.  94. 

Type  locality:  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory, 
7  to  25  fms.  Prof.  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector,  7  colonies.  Also  from 
Orca,  Prince  William  Sound,  Alaska,  without  further  data,  3  colonies, 
and  the  Dall  collection  from  Alaska,  1  colony. 

Genus  MUGRONELLA  Hincks,  1880 

Hincks'  description  indicates  merely  "Zooecia  with  a  subcircular  or 
semicircular  orifice;  the  peristome  elevated  in  front  into  a  more  or  less 
prominent  mucro,"  but  later  he  states  "the  lower  margin  of  the  orifice 
is  almost  universally  dentate"  (that  is,  with  a  lyrula).  However,  the 
first  three  species  discussed  by  him  are  characteristic,  and  the  first  men- 
tioned, Lepralia  peachii  Johnston  (=L.  immersa  Johnston),  is  the 
genotype. 


436  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  frontal  is  a  pleurocyst,  with  one  row  (occasionally  2  or  3)  of 
areolar  pores.  Spines  are  present  on  the  oral  border.  No  avicularia. 
The  lyrulae  are  like  those  of  Smittina,  varying  in  length,  breadth,  exca- 
vation of  the  tip  and  in  the  lateral  points.  Dietellae  are  present  and 
sometimes  characteristic  of  species. 

Key  to  Species  of  Mucronella 

1.  Peristome  high,  tubular,  oral  spines  8  to  10 major 

Peristome  not  tubular  but  forming  an  umbonate 

process;  spines   2   to   6 2 

2.  Dietellae  long,  only  two  on  a  side;  ovicell  with  a 

raised  lip  above  the  orifice connectens 

Dietellae  small  and  numerous;  ovicell  without  a  lip     ....     3 

3.  Front  highly  arched  transversely;  zooecia  more  elevated 

distally;  ovicell  high  and  depressed  toward  the  tip     .     .     labiata 
Front  moderately  arched :  distal  end  of  zooecium  not 

unusually  elevated;  ovicell  broadly  rounded     .     .     .     ventricosa 

Mucronella  ventricosa  (Hassall),  1842 
Plate  52,  fig.  3 

Mucronella  ventricosa,  Hincks,  1880:363. 
Mucronella  ventricosa,  Osburn,  1912:243. 
Mucronella  ventricosa,  O'Donoghue,  1923:46;  1926:70. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  usually  on  shells  and  stones.  Zooecia  mode- 
rately large,  averaging  about  0.75  mm  long  by  0.45  mm  wide,  more  or 
less  ovate  but  varying  widely  in  proportions;  very  distinct  even  in  full 
calcification,  with  deep  grooves.  The  front  is  ventricose,  delicately 
pebbled  with  minute  tubercles  which  are  usually  arranged  in  radiating 
lines ;  numerous  small  areolar  pores  usually  in  one  row  but  occasionally 
two.  The  primary  aperture,  0.16  mm  wide  by  0.13  mm  long,  is  straight 
on  the  proximal  border,  with  a  moderately  broad  lyrula.  The  peristome 
is  thin  and  little  raised  on  the  sides  and  bears  6  to  8  long  erect  spines; 
proximal  to  the  aperture  it  is  raised  into  a  thick  fold  which  usually  is 
continued  into  a  pointed  umbonate  process  overhanging  the  aperture 
more  or  less. 

Ovicell  subglobose  and  prominent,  slightly  immersed  in  full  calcifi- 
cation, 0.35  mm  wide  by  0.30  mm  long,  imperforate,  the  secondary  cover 
finely  pebbled  like  the  frontal. 


NO.  2      OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  437 

An  abundant  northern  and  arctic  species,  extending  down  the  At- 
lantic coast  to  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast  to 
Oregon,  O'Donoghue  recorded  it  from  a  number  of  localities  in  British 
Columbia. 

Hancock  collections.  Not  taken  in  the  Hancock  dredgings,  but  there 
are  specimens  from  the  "Albatross"  Sta.  D.2886,  off  the  Oregon  coast; 
Puget  Sound,  Dr.  J.  L.  Mohr,  collector,  and  Point  Barrow,  Alaska, 
Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector. 

Mucronella  connectens  (Ridley),  1881 
Plate  52,  figs.  6-7 

Mucronella  ventricosa  var.  connectens,  Ridley,  1881:451. 
Escharella  indivisa  Levinsen,  1916:450. 
Mucronella  indivisa,  Osburn,  1932:14. 
Mucronella  connectens,  Osburn,  1936:542. 

This  species  has  much  the  appearance  of  M.  ventricosa,  with  which 
Ridley  associated  it.  On  closer  study  it  shows  a  number  of  differences 
which  are  sufficient  to  distinguish  it  clearly.  The  size  of  the  zooecia 
is  larger,  length  0.75  to  0.95  mm,  the  lyrula  is  a  broad  shelf,  extending 
nearly  the  full  width  of  the  proximal  border  of  the  aperture,  the  peri- 
stome proximally  is  high  and  thin,  extended  into  a  low  point  and  de- 
scending on  the  sides  to  the  base  of  the  spines  (2  to  4  in  number)  ;  the 
aperture  is  somewhat  larger,  0.18  to  0.20  mm  wide  by  0.14  long;  and 
the  ovicell  has  a  different  form,  narrow  proximally,  widest  at  its  middle 
and  with  a  distinct  raised  lip  above  the  orifice.  The  most  distinctive 
feature  is  the  very  elongate  pore  chambers  (dietellae)  limited  to  usually 
two  on  each  side,  whereas  in  ventricosa  they  are  small  and  numerous. 

Ridley  described  the  species  from  Spitsbergen  and  figured  it  care- 
fully, showing  the  long  dietellae.  Levinsen  redescribed  it  as  indivisa 
from  Greenland,  apparently  overlooking  Ridley's  description.  Osburn 
had  it  (A^.  indivisa)  from  Hudson  Strait  and  Port  Burwell,  Ungava, 
and  again  from  Greenland  (M.  connectens). 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  not  uncommon  on  stones  at  18  to  26  fms, 
Arctic  Research  Laboratory,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector. 

Mucronella  labiata  (Boeck  MS),  Levinsen,  1886 
Plate  52,  figs.  1-2 

Lepralia  labiata  Boeck,  MS. 

Disco pora  coccinea  form  labiata,  Smitt,  1867:27. 

Mucronella  labiata,  Levinsen,  1886:19. 


438  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Eschar ella  labiata,  Levinsen,  1916:451. 
Escharella  labiata,  Nordgaard,  1918:55. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  stones  and  shells.  The  zooecia  are  large, 
0.75  to  0.90  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide,  highly  arched  and 
elevated  distally,  very  distinct;  the  frontal  densely  and  minutely  gran- 
ulated, with  1  to  3  rows  of  small  lateral  pores.  The  primary  aperture 
is  semicircular,  0.18  to  0.20  mm  wide,  the  proximal  border  straight 
with  a  broad,  short  lyrula.  The  peristome  is  high  proximally,  extending 
almost  vertically  into  a  rounded  or  pointed  process,  descending  sharply 
on  the  sides  to  the  oral  spines;  in  the  presence  of  an  ovicell  it  fuses 
around  the  spines  with  the  ooecial  cover.  The  spines  are  strong  and 
erect  or  somewhat  bent  over  the  aperture,  1  pair. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.30  to  0.35  mm  wide  by  about  0.30  mm  long, 
more  or  less  hemispherical  and  the  distal  end  is  often  sloped  downward 
toward  the  base  of  the  succeeding  zooecium. 

It  has  been  recorded  from  numerous  localities  from  the  Kara  Sea  to 
Greenland,  but  has  not  hitherto  been  known  from  the  Pacific  area  of 
the  Arctic  Ocean.    It  is  undoubtedly  another  circumpolar  species. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  18  fms,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector,  Arctic 
Research  Laboratory. 

Mucronella  major  (Hincks)  1884 

Plate  52,  figs.  4-5 

Mucronella  spinosissima  form  major  Hincks,  1884:53. 
Phylactella  major,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923 :170. 
IMucronella  microstoma,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :46. 
IMucronella  simplicissima  van  perforata  O'Donoghue,  1923:46. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  stones,  shells  and  stems,  forming  white 
irregular  colonies.  The  zooecia  are  moderately  large,  0.60  to  0.75  mm 
long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide,  varying  greatly  in  proportions,  sometimes 
nearly  as  broad  as  long  and  again  elongate  and  lageniform,  apparently 
in  response  to  the  substratum;  very  distinct  and  separated  by  deep 
grooves.  The  ventricose  front  is  a  smooth  pleurocyst  with  2  or  3  rows 
of  small  marginal  pores;  as  the  pleurocyst  develops  inward  from  the 
margin  the  pores  are  carried  along  as  microscopic  tubules  as  far  as  to 
the  middle  of  the  front  and  even  up  along  the  sides  of  the  peristome  and 
over  the  top  of  the  ovicell.  When  the  process  of  calcification  is  com- 
plete the  front  and  the  ovicell  have  the  appearance  of  a  tremocyst. 
Hincks  described  these  as  "slender  tubes  immersed  in  the  cell  wall" ; 
they  are  very  clear  in  the  younger  zooecia  but  may  be  completely  ob- 


NO.  2      OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  439 

scured  with  age.  The  primary  aperture  is  about  0.11  to  0.13  mm  wide 
by  0.10  mm  long,  rounded,  the  proximal  border  straighter  with  a 
moderately  broad  lyrula  which  has  a  lateral  point  at  each  corner.  The 
primary  peristome  is  low  and  bears  a  series  of  8  or  10  long,  slender 
vertical  spines;  the  secondary  peristome  begins  as  an  umbonate  process 
proximal  to  the  aperture  and  develops  into  a  tube  of  varying  height 
(occasionally  as  much  as  0.40  mm),  formed  by  the  pleurocyst  which 
usually  fuses  with  the  spines  and  often  carries  a  series  of  the  areolar 
tubules  with  it  up  on  the  sides.  The  tips  of  the  spines  may  often  be 
seen  projecting  above  the  partially  developed  peristome.  The  fully  de- 
veloped peristome  also  usually  bears  a  small  proximal  denticle  projecting 
inward  from  the  tip  of  the  tube.  No  avicularia.  The  dietellae  are 
small  and  numerous. 

The  ovicell  is  semiglobular,  smooth,  imperforate,  recumbent,  resting 
on  the  succeeding  zooecium,  the  pleurocyst  of  which  grows  up  over  it, 
carrying  the  small  tubules  with  it;  in  complete  calcification  it  appears, 
like  the  frontal,  to  be  covered  by  a  tremocyst. 

Hincks  described  it  from  British  Columbia,  "probably  the  commonest 
species  amongst  Dr.  Dawson's  dredgings."  Canu  and  Bassler  listed  it 
from  the  Pleistocene  of  Santa  Monica,  California,  under  the  genus 
Phylactella;  in  complete  calcification  there  is  much  resemblance  to  that 
genus,  but  the  supposed  frontal  pores  are  merely  the  ends  of  the  areolar 
tubules  distributed  through  the  pleurocyst.  Our  abundant  material 
represents  all  stages  of  the  development.  O'Donoghue  did  not  recognize 
it,  but  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  his  record  of  M.  microstoma  belongs 
here,  and  that  his  M.  simplicissima  var.  perjorata,  "with  scattered  per- 
forations" is  the  complete  stage  of  development  of  the  same  species. 

Hancock  Stations:  taken  at  10  stations  about  the  islands  of?  southern 
California;  at  Point  San  Eugenio  and  San  Juanico  Bay,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia; at  Clarion  Island,  west  of  Mexico;  and  at  three  stations,  Charles, 
Albemarle  and  James  Islands,  Galapagos.  This  temperature  range  is 
very  wide,  but  there  are  numerous  other  species  with  a  similar  range. 
The  known  bathymetric  range  is  from  shallow  water  down  to  135  fms. 

Genus  HEMIGYCLOPORA  Norman,  1894 

"Zooecia  with  pores  confined  to  the  sides  and  sometimes  anterior 
portion  of  the  front  wall.  Mouth-opening  well  arched  above,  lower 
margin  straight  (no  denticle  within  the  lip).  Reproduction  by  ooecia, 
which  are  imperforated.  No  avicularia."  Norman.  Genotype,  Lepralia 
polita  Norman. 


440  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

As  Norman  remarks,  "This  genus  comes  very  near  to  Mucronella, 
but  differs  in  the  absence  of  the  denticle  ("lyrula")."  In  addition,  the 
frontal  slopes  downward  and  thins  out  at  the  proximal  border  of  the 
aperture  and  there  is  no  suggestion  of  the  mucro  which  is  characteristic 
of  Mucronella.  Otherwise  the  two  genera  appear  to  agree  in  all  details. 

Hemicyclopora  polita  (Norman),  1864 
Plate  52,  fig.  8 

Lepralia  polita  Norman,  1864:87. 
Discopora  emucronata  Smitt,  1871 :1129. 
Lepralia  polita,  Hincks,  1880:315. 
Hemicyclopora  polita  Norman,  1894:124. 

Encrusting  stones  in  a  smooth  reddish  or  yellowish-brown  layer.  The 
zooecia  are  large,  ranging  from  0.75  to  1.00  mm  long  by  0.50  to  0.75 
mm  wide,  very  distinct  with  deep  separating  grooves;  the  frontal  con- 
siderably inflated,  smooth  (only  in  extreme  calcification  the  surface  is 
minutely  granulated),  with  1  or  2  rows  of  areolar  pores.  The  primary 
aperture  is  large,  0.18  mm  wide  by  0.15  mm  long,  the  sides  straight  for 
a  short  distance  and  the  proximal  border  usually  quite  straight;  there 
is  no  lyrula  or  at  most  a  very  slight  irregularity  near  the  middle  of  the 
border.  The  peristome  is  slightly  raised  on  the  lateral  and  distal  borders, 
provided  with  6  ( rarely  8 )  strong  erect  spines ;  on  the  proximal  border 
the  peristome  is  entirely  wanting  and  there  is  no  evidence  of  an  umbonate 
process  or  mucro.  No  avicularia.  The  dietellae  vary  from  small  to 
moderately  elongate. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.40  to  0.45  mm  wide  by  0.35  to  0.40  mm  long, 
hemispherical  and  prominent,  smooth  and  shining  like  the  frontal:  the 
proximal  pair  of  spines  are  fused  in  the  proximal  corners  of  the  ovicell. 

The  species  was  described  by  Norman  from  the  Shetland  Islands  at 
70-100  fms,  and  later  recorded  by  him  from  the  Hebrides  and  Green- 
land, and  from  the  Trondhjem  Fjord,  Norway.  Smitt  evidently  over- 
looked Norman's  description  and  redescribed  it  from  Spitsbergen  as 
Discopora  emucronata. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  18  to  26  fms,  Arctic  Research  Laboratory, 
Prof.  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector,  abundant. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  441 

Family  AdeonidaC  Jullien,  1903 

The  frontal  is  a  thick  pleurocyst ;  the  areolae  are  unique  in  that  they 
do  not  open  directly  through  the  frontal  wall  but  proceed  downward  in 
the  lateral  wall  to  communicate  with  the  septulae.  In  some  genera  there 
is  an  ascopore  which  may  be  near  the  center  of  the  front  wall,  but  in 
other  genera  the  compensatrix  opens  in  the  sinus  of  the  aperture.  The 
fertile  zooecia  are  gonozooecia  which  are  usually  larger  and  provided 
with  a  larger  aperture.  Both  frontal  and  interzooecial  avicularia  may 
be  present. 

Genus  ADEONA  Lamouroux,  1812 

Zoarium  encrusting.  Frontal  wall  a  thick  pleurocyst,  with  an  asco- 
pore in  the  center ;  tubular  areolar  pores ;  primary  aperture  at  the  bottom 
of  a  peristomial  tube.  Ovicells  endozooecial  on  gonozooecia  which  are 
usually  larger  than  ordinary  zooecia  and  without  a  peristome.  Geno- 
type, Adeona  grisea  Lamouroux,  1816. 

Adeona  violacea  (Johnston),  1847 
Plate  58,  figs.  6-7 

Lepralia  violacea  Johnston,  1849:325. 
Porina  violacea,  Smitt,  1873:30. 
Microporella  violacettj  Hincks,  1880:216. 
Adeona  violacea,  Osburn,  1914:199;  1940:445. 
Adeona  plagiopora,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928:126. 
Adeona  violacea,  Hastings,  1930 :728. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  often  forming  rounded  nodules,  ranging  in  color 
from  lavender  to  intense  purplish-black.  The  zooecia  are  moderate  in 
size,  0.40  to  0.55  mm  long,  0.25  to  0.30  mm  wide,  the  frontal  somewhat 
ventricose,  the  pleurocyst  thick  and  roughened  with  a  row  of  conspicuous 
areolar  pores.  At  or  near  the  center  is  an  ascopore  which,  with  the  thick- 
ening of  the  front,  lies  at  the  bottom  of  a  rounded  indentation.  An 
avicularium  with  a  pointed  mandible  is  situated  between  the  ascopore 
and  the  aperture  and  directed  distally  in  the  midline  (directed  more  or 
less  laterally  in  the  variety  plagiopora) .  The  primary  aperture  is  small, 
transversely  short-elliptical,  averaging  about  0.12  mm  wide  by  0.09  mm 
long ;  there  is  a  short-tubular  peristome.    No  spines. 

The  gonozooecia  are  slightly  larger  than  the  infertile  zooecia  and 
the  aperture  measures  about  0.15  mm  wide. 


442  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

It  is  a  conspicuous  species  because  of  its  color,  distributed  around  the 
world  in  warmer  waters;  on  the  Pacific  coast  noted  only  by  Hastings 
at  Gorgona,  Colombia,  and  Mazatlan,  Mexico. 

Hancock  Stations:  a  common  species  dredged  at  24  stations;  from 
San  Benito  Islands  off  the  west  coast  of  Lower  California  and  Angel 
de  la  Guardia  Island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  to  the  Galapagos  Islands ; 
including  Clarion  and  Socorro  Islands  west  of  Mexico ;  the  coast  of 
Mexico;  Cocos  Island  off  Costa  Rica;  Secas  Islands  and  Taboga  Island, 
Panama;  Octavia  Rocks,  Colombia;  and  the  Galapagos  Islands.  The 
range  is  therefore  from  about  28'N  southward  to  the  equator,  and  from 
the  shoreline  down  to  125  fms. 

Adeona  tubulifera  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930 
Plate  58,  fig.  8 

Adeona  tubulifera  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:34. 

This  species  differs  from  A.  violacea  (Johnston)  in  the  larger  size 
(average  0.65  mm  long  by  0.45  mm  wide),  in  the  presence  of  a  tall, 
thick-walled  peristome,  and  the  location  of  the  avicularium  on  the 
proximal  wall  of  the  peristome  instead  of  on  the  frontal.  Our  specimens 
encrust  coralline  nodules  and  are  coarser  in  appearance  than  violacea, 
and  I  have  never  observed  any  pigmentation.  The  ascopore  and  the 
aperture  are  similar  to  those  of  violacea,  but  the  avicularium  is  much 
more  slender  and  is  pointed  upward  on  the  peristome  above  its  base. 

The  gonozooecium  has  no  peristome,  is  noticeably  enlarged,  and  its 
aperture  measures  0.18  mm  in  width. 

Known  only  from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  "Albatross"  stations 
D.2813  and  D.2815. 

Hancock  Stations,  143-34,  Wenman  Island;  147-43  and  155-34, 
Albemarle  Island;  170-34,  and  438,  Chatham  Island;  810-38,  Barring- 
ton  Island:  409,  James  Island;  469,  Charles  Island:  and  473,  Hood 
Island,  all  from  the  Galapagos.  Also  at  210-34,  Santa  Elena  Bay, 
Ecuador.  The  known  range  is  very  limited  and  near  the  equator,  and 
bathymetrically  from  10  to  more  than  100  fms. 

Genus  TRIGONOPORA  Maplestone,  1902 

Metrarabdotos  Canu,  1914. 

"The  ovicell  is  endozooecial.  The  aperture  is  semilunar,  with  a 
rimule  and  lyrula.  The  frontal  is  surrounded  with  lateral  areolae  and 
formed  of  an  olocyst  surmounted  by  a  pleurocyst"  (Canu  and  Bassler, 
1920:533).  Genotype,   Trigonopora  vcnnicularis  Maplestone,  1902:23. 


NO.   2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  443 

The  ovicell  is  very  large,  broader  than  a  zooecium,  and  the  fertile 
zooecium  has  a  long  transverse  aperture  that  contrasts  sharply  with  the 
apertures  of  the  ordinary  zooecia.  Triangular  avicularia  are  often 
present  at  the  side  of  the  aperture. 

Trigonopora  pacifica  new  species 
Plate  58,  fig.  9 

Zoarium  encrusting,  covering  large  areas  on  shells;  dark  reddish 
brown  or  purple,  due  to  the  pigmentation  of  the  thick  ectocyst  which 
covers  the  whole  surface  except  the  aperture  and  the  avicularia.  The 
dorsal  wall  is  thin  and  smooth. 

Zooecia  moderately  large,  length  0.65  (0.50  to  0.75)  mm,  width 
0.35  to  0.45  mm;  quadrangular  or  somewhat  ovate;  little  ventricose; 
the  whole  surface  to  the  edge  of  the  peristome  covered  with  a  thick 
smooth  ectocyst,  beneath  which  is  the  roughly  granular  pleurocyst  per- 
forated at  the  edges  by  a  row  of  large  areolar  pores,  which  are  separated 
by  short  costae.  The  peristome  is  somewhat  elevated,  thin,  rounded  or 
short-ovate,  with  a  deep,  narrow  proximal  sinus,  but  without  the 
"lyrula."  The  primary  aperture  is  nearly  circular,  about  0.15  mm  in 
diameter,  without  a  sinus  but  the  peristomial  sinus  (rimule  spiramen) 
rises  immediately  above  it. 

The  avicularia,  which  are  not  abundant,  are  located  at  one  or  both 
sides  of  the  peristome,  directed  forward  and  inward  and  the  tip  of  the 
mandible  curved  outward  slightly;  the  mandible  is  shorter  and  less 
curved  than  in  the  Atlantic  species  (T.  unguiculata  Canu  and  Bassler 
1928:128). 

The  ovicell  is  remarkable  for  its  size  and  structure,  being  noticeably 
larger  and  wider  than  the  zooecia,  endozooecial  and  deeply  embedded 
but  very  conspicuous  because  of  the  size  (0.75  mm  wide  by  0.60  mm 
long)  ;  covered  by  the  pigmented  ectocyst,  beneath  which  the  ectooecial 
wall  is  extremely  rough  and  perforated  by  numerous  small  pores.  The 
ooecial  aperture  is  a  transverse  slit  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide  by  about  0.13 
mm  long.  The  fertile  zooecia  are  much  modified,  (gonozooecia),  usually 
much  shorter  than  normal  zooecia  and  distally  widening  to  the  breadth 
of  the  ooecium ;  the  peristome  is  a  raised  lip  the  full  width  of  the  ooecium, 
upon  which  it  extends  for  a  short  distance. 

This  species  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  T.  unguiculata  (Canu  and 
Bassler)  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  but  the  measurements  are  much 
smaller,  the  avicularia  are  shorter  and  located  farther  toward  the  distal 
end  and  the  ooecial  cover  is  perforated  by  numerous  small  pores. 


444  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Type,  AHF  no.  95. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  457-35,  Secas  Islands,  Panama, 
7°57'50"N,  82°01'15''W,  12  fms,  several  colonies  on  shells. 

Family  Reteporidae  Smitt,  1867 

"Zooecia  ovato-cylindrica  secunda  in  stirpem  reticulatam  componun- 
tur."  This  definition  of  the  family  by  Smitt  (1867:34)  is  very  incom- 
plete, since  not  all  fenestrate  bryozoans  can  be  included  in  this  family 
and  many  which  we  now  allocate  here  are  not  fenestrate.  Levinsen 
(1909:290)  gives  an  extended  definition  from  which  we  may  sort  out 
the  following  essential  characters:  zooecia  heavily  calcified,  with  few 
pores ;  spines  present  or  wanting ;  a  well-developed  vestibular  arch  which 
is  usually  beaded;  dependent  avicularia  of  varying  size  and  form  (usually 
a  suboral  one  not  in  the  midline)  ;  ovicell  at  first  prominent  but  becom- 
ing immersed,  often  with  a  median  fissure,  above  the  orifice  a  labellum 
or  prolongation  (almost  wanting  in  Rhynchozoon  and  Lepraliella  in 
which  there  is  a  triangular  or  semicircular  area  above  the  orifice  con- 
sisting of  the  endozooecial  layer  only).  In  the  erect  forms  the  zooecia 
are  all  on  the  frontal  side  and  the  dorsal  side  is  covered  by  a  layer  of 
kenozooecia,  which  may  or  may  not  have  pores  and  avicularia.  Erect 
species  are  usually  fenestrate,  sometimes  forming  a  close  network,  (rete- 
pores),  but  a  few  are  merely  branching  or  have  only  occasional  fusions. 

Key  TO  Genera  of  Reteporidae 

1.  Zoarium  erect,  branching  or  fenestrate 2 

Zoarium  encrusting 4 

2.  Zoarium  not  fenestrate,  or  branches  only  occasionally  joined ; 

ovicell  with  a  median  fissure Reteporellina 

Zoarium  intricately  fenestrate,  forming  a  network; 

ovicell  not  fissured 3 

3.  Front  of  ovicell  complete,  with  a  pointed  labellum ; 

peristomes  high  obscuring  aperture Phidolopora 

Front  of  ovicell  incomplete  above  the  aperture ; 

peristomes  high  only  on  the  sides Schizoretepora 

4.  Ovicell  with  a  small  median  fissure;  aperture  with  a 

narrow,  slit-like  sinus Schizotheca 

Ovicell  with  a  subtriangular  or  semicircular  area  above  the  orifice     5 


NO,  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  445 

5.  Aperture  rounded,  its  proximal  border  more  or  less  sinuate, 

vestibular  arch  beaded Rhynchozoon 

Proximal  border  of  aperture  straight  or  broadly  arcuate, 

vestibular  arch  slightly  or  not  at  all  beaded     .     .     .     Lepraliella 

Genus  RETEPORELLINA  Harmer,  1933 

"Zoarium  ramose,  Reteporelliform,  not  fenestrate;  or,  if  with  anas- 
tomoses, having  many  of  the  fenestrae  long  and  slit-like.  Frontal  pores 
seldom  more  than  one  pair,  often  inconspicuous  or  absent.  Peristomes 
frequently  cylindrical  or  tubular,  with  marginal  teeth  or  marginal  denti- 
cles ;  sinuate  or  with  a  closed  labial  pore.  Frontal  avicularia  various,  a 
strong  bicuspid  avicularium  being  characteristic  but  not  always  present. 
Ovicells  typically  elongate  and  pyriform,  wider  distally,  often  with  a 
narrow,  persistent,  median  fissure  or  groove,  the  small  labellum  distinct 
but  not  carinate;  lateral  sinusus  wanting;  lateral  flanges  extending 
proximally  considerably  beyond  the  labellum  flanges"  (Harmer  1926: 
580).    Genotype,  Retepora  denticulata  Busk,   1884. 

The  genus  differs  from  Reteporella  Busk,  1884  (the  other  non- 
fenestrate  genus),  in  which  the  ovicell  is  much  shorter,  with  only  a 
vestigial  labellum  and  no  lateral  flanges. 

ReteporelHna  bilabiata  new  species 
Plate  S3,  figs.  11-14 

Zoarium  erect  to  a  height  of  20  mm,  and  branches  in  contact  may 
occasionally  fuse,  irregularly  fan-shaped,  branching  dichotomous;  width 
of  branch  1.00  mm  or  more.  Zooecia  in  about  6  (4  to  8)  alternating 
series,  elongate  and  tubular  (averaging  about  0.50  mm  long  by  0.26 
mm  wide),  peristomes  prominent  and  tubular  in  young  zooecia,  labial 
pore  soon  enclosed  and  occluded.  With  further  calcification  a  somewhat 
triangular  lip  rises  on  each  side  of  the  secondary  aperture,  usually  with 
3  denticles  on  each  lip ;  the  secondary  aperture  thus  remains  incomplete 
on  the  proximal  and  distal  borders;  the  secondary  sinus  (spiramen)  is 
deep  and  very  irregular  in  form.  The  primary  aperture  is  nearly  straight 
on  the  proximal  border,  about  0.11  mm  wide  by  0.09  mm  long.  The 
frontal  pores  are  more  numerous  than  is  usual  in  this  genus,  2  at  the 
proximal  end  and  2  (1  to  3)  on  each  side. 

Labial  avicularia  are  entirely  wanting.  The  frontal  avicularia  are 
of  two  kinds:  1,  a  large  form,  usually  in  the  midline  with  a  pointed 
rostrum  more  or  less  elevated  and  directed  proximally    (varying  con- 


446  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

siderably  in  size  and  elevation  and  sometimes  directed  partially  out- 
ward) ;  2,  this  form  is  sometimes  replaced  by  a  short-spatulate  avicu- 
larium  which  is  little  or  not  at  all  elevated  and  is  usually  much  reduced 
in  size,  and  similar  small  avicularia  sometimes  occur  laterally  and  are 
variously  oriented.  Both  kinds  are  present  on  the  dorsal  side,  but  the 
small  spatulate  ones  are  much  more  numerous.  The  kenozooecia  of  the 
dorsal  side  also  usually  have  1  or  more  pores,  especially  the  lateral  ones. 

The  ovicell  is  characteristic  of  the  genus,  pyriform  with  a  median 
elongate  fissure  which  remains  open,  a  narrow  U-shaped  labellum  with- 
out a  keel  and  narrow  lateral  flanges  which  extend  beyond  the  labellum. 

This  species  resembles  R.  denticulata  (Busk)  in  many  of  its  char- 
acters but  is  distinguished  from  it  by  the  absence  of  labial  avicularia, 
the  absence  of  bicuspid  avicularia,  the  absence  of  the  toothed  fenestral 
avicularium,  the  larger  number  of  frontal  pores  and  the  nature  of  the 
adult  peristome. 

Type,  AHF  no.  96. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  275,  Raza  Island,  Gulf  of  California, 
28°48'00"N,  113°00'00''W,  two  complete  colonies  and  several  frag- 
ments, 40  fms.  Also  at  2180,  two  miles  east  of  Magdalena  Bay,  Lower 
California,  18  fms,  several  complete  colonies  and  fragments;  and  two 
fragments  from  U.  S.  National  Museum  No.  1474. 

Reteporellina  denticulata  var.  gracilis  new  var. 
Plate  53,  figs.  8-10 

Retepora  denticulata  Busk  1884:109. 

Reteporellina  denticulata,  Harmtr,  1934:581  (bibliography). 

Zoarium  erect,  ramose,  irregularly  dichotomous,  no  fusion  of 
branches  in  our  specimens;  branches  slender,  width  0.65  to  0.80  mm. 
Zooecia  usually  in  3  alternating  series,  about  0.50  mm  long  by  0.30 
mm  wide,  the  younger  zooecia  separated  by  distinct  ridges,  the  frontal 
surface  flat  and  granular,  the  peristomes  tubular  and  sharply  elevated ; 
the  frontal  pores  very  regularly  2  (occasionally  1  or  3).  The  peristome 
is  infundibuliform,  the  labial  pore  enclosed  and  the  sides  of  the  peristome 
rise  a  little  higher  than  the  proximal  and  distal  borders  and  are  provided 
with  small  denticles,  usually  2  on  the  inner  border  and  3  or  4  on  the 
outer,  but  there  is  much  variation. 

Large  bifurcate  labial  avicularia  are  rare  and  are  almost  exactly  like 
those  in  Harmer's  figure  (1934:  text  fig.  33).  The  frontal  avicularia 
are  usually  small,  oval  or  short-spatulate  and  variously  oriented,  only 
rarely  is  there  a  larger,  more  elevated  one.   On  the  dorsal  side  the  avi- 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  447 

cularia  are  rare,  similar  to  the  oval  frontal  ones  but  usually  larger. 
Pores  are  also  often  wanting  on  the  dorsal  kenozooecia,  but  occasionally 
as  many  as  2  are  present.  The  large  infrafenestral  avicularium  figured 
by  Harmer  (text  fig.  33)  is  rare;  the  mandible  has  the  same  form  as  in 
the  figure,  with  3  or  4  points.  Occasionally  there  are  small  frontal 
zooeciules  bearing  oval  avicularia. 

The  ovicell  is  pyriform,  smooth  and  glossy,  with  an  elongate  median 
fissure  which  remains  open;  the  labellum  is  well  developed,  elongate 
v-shaped  with  a  rounded  point,  the  lateral  flanges  narrow  and  extending 
beyond  the  tip  of  the  labellum. 

This  variety  differs  from  denticulata  Busk  in  the  consistently  nar- 
rower branches  (very  regularly  3  series  of  zooecia,  never  more  than  4), 
in  the  absence  of  any  fused  branches  or  connecting  trabeculae  and  in 
the  comparatively  rare  avicularia.  Otherwise  it  conforms  to  the  descrip- 
tion of  denticulata.  While  Harmer  ( 1934:582)  indicates  that  the  width 
of  the  branches  ranges  from  2  to  9  zooecial  series,  the  consistently  nar- 
row branches  of  our  24  specimens,  distributed  from  the  Galapagos 
Islands  to  Costa  Rica,  makes  it  seem  advisable  to  apply  a  varietal  name 
to  this  form  from  the  Eastern  Pacific  region.  R.  denticulata  has  been 
recorded  from  the  Sandwich  Islands  (the  type  locality),  from  Japan 
and  other  localities  in  the  western  Pacific  and  across  the  Indian  Ocean 
to  East  Africa. 

Type,  AHF  no.  97. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  455,  Albemarle  Island,  Galapagos, 
0°55'00"S,  90°30'00''W,  70  fms.  Other  Hancock  Stations,  143-34, 
Wenman  Island;  173-34,  South  Seymour  Island;  324-35,  Albemarle 
Island;  788-38,  Daphne  Major  Island;  466,  James  Island,  Galapagos; 
and  324,  Salinas  Bay  and  328,  Cocos  Island,  Costa  Rica,  5  to  150  fms. 

Genus  PHIDOLOPORA  Gabb  and  Horn,  1862 

The  description  of  the  genus  by  Gabb  and  Horn  (1862:138)  is  so 
brief  as  to  be  worthless,  but  as  it  is  based  on  their  new  species,  P.  labiata, 
the  description  and  figure  of  which  are  clear,  it  must  be  accepted. 

Canu  and  Bassler  (1923:154)  give  the  following  description:  "The 
frontal  of  the  ovicell  is  not  fissured.  The  aperture  is  semilunar,  with  a 
concave  proximal  border.  The  peristomice  bears  a  rimule  spiramen.  The 
frontal  is  an  olocyst.  No  labial  avicularium."  Genotype,  Phidolopora 
labiata  Gabb  and  Horn,  1862. 


448  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Gabb  and  Horn  also  set  up  a  new  family  "Phidoloporidae,"  the 
description  of  which  is  worthless  and  misleading,  but  they  were  dealing 
with  fossil  material  at  a  period  when  the  Reteporidae  were  little  known. 
Their  new  species  P.  labiata,  is  abundantly  represented  along  the  Pacific 
coast  in  the  Pleistocene  of  California,  and  its  modern  representative 
(Retepora  pacifica  Robertson)  is  so  similar  to  it  that  it  appears  to  de- 
serve no  more  than  varietal  status. 

Phidolopora  pacifica  (Robertson),  1908 
Plate  S3,  figs.  1-2 

Retepora  pacifica  Robertson,  1908 :3 10. 
Retepora  pacifica,  O'Donoghue,  1923 :47. 
Phidolophora  pacificOj  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923  :154. 
Phidolophora  pacifica,  O'Donoghue,  1926:72. 
?  Retepora  wallichiana  Hincks,  1884:29. 

Zoarium  erect,  often  forming  convoluted  masses  of  considerable  size, 
in  which  the  branches  are  supported  against  each  other  by  small  columnar 
processes  (trabeculae)  ;  fenestrated  to  produce  an  intricate  network; 
the  zooecia  of  a  branch  all  face  in  the  same  direction.  A  very  beautiful 
specimen  from  off  Newport  Beach,  California,  presented  by  Dr.  R.  L. 
BoHn,  measures  110  mm  long  by  100  mm  wide  and  65  mm  high. 

The  zooecia  vary  greatly  in  size,  usually  between  0.45  and  0.55 
mm  in  length,  by  0.26  to  0.30  mm  in  width,  the  front  nearly  flat  and 
delicately  granulated.  The  primary  aperture  measures  about  0.09  mm 
in  either  direction,  the  proximal  border  slightly  arcuate  with  a  shallow 
median  sinus,  and  1  or  2  long  oral  spines  may  be  present  on  either  side. 
The  peristome  soon  obscures  all  of  the  primary  oral  features ;  it  rises 
high,  with  a  conspicuous  secondary  sinus  (spiramen)  on  the  proximal 
border,  the  lateral  edges  irregular,  rarely  a  labial  pore  is  formed  by 
enclosing  the  proximal  end  of  the  sinus. 

Labial  avicularia  are  entirely  wanting;  a  large  frontal  avicularium, 
partially  erected,  is  present  on  many  of  the  zooecia,  the  mandible  long- 
triangular  and  both  rostrum  and  mandible  hooked.  A  similar  avicularium 
is  often  present  on  the  dorsal  side,  especially  near  the  lower  ends  of  the 
fenestrae. 

The  fenestrae  are  elliptical  and  pointed  at  both  ends,  ranging  from 
about  1.20  to  1.60  mm  long  and  0.50  to  0.65  mm  wide.  The  trabeculae 
joining  adjacent  fronds  are  round,  smooth  and  devoid  of  zooecia. 

The  ovicell  is  prominent  in  the  young  stage,  smooth,  subglobular, 
about  0.20  mm  wide  and  without  a  fissure;  there  is  a  small  U-shaped 


NO.  2      OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  449 

labellum  and  narrow  lateral  flanges  which  extend  beyond  the  tip  of  the 
labellum.  As  calcification  proceeds  the  ovicell  becomes  deeply  immersed. 

It  seems  quite  possible  that  P.  pacifica  may  be  found  to  intergrade 
with  the  Pleistocene  P.  labiata.  Canu  and  Bassler,  who  record  both  of 
them  from  the  same  localities,  Pleistocene  of  San  Pedro  and  Santa 
Monica,  indicate  the  differences  only  as  the  larger  size  of  the  peristomice 
of  pacifica  and  the  absence  of  a  labellum  in  labiata.  Our  Pleistocene 
specimens  from  Santa  Barbara  (the  type  locality  of  labiata)  occasionally 
show  a  definite  trace  of  a  labellum,  while  others  have  it  well  developed. 
Perhaps  pacifica  should  have  been  recorded  merely  as  a  variety  of  the 
Pleistocene  labiata. 

Recorded  by  Robertson  from  Puget  Sound  to  the  coast  of  California, 
and  by  O'Donoghue  from  a  number  of  British  Columbia  localities. 

In  the  Hancock  dredgings  it  occurred  at  78  stations,  ranging  from 
the  coast  of  Oregon  to  Peru  (Independencia  Bay)  and  the  Galapagos 
Islands  (Wenman,  Albemarle  and  James)  :  also  in  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia from  Agua  Verde  Bay,  near  the  mouth,  north  to  Angel  de  la 
Guardia  Island.  It  appears  to  be  most  abundant  on  the  coast  of  the 
United  States  from  Oregon  to  southern  California.  The  bathymetric 
range  is  from  shallow  water  to  more  than  100  fms,  and  it  is  frequently 
found  washed  up  on  shore. 

Phidolopora  pacifica  van  catalinensis  (Robertson),  1908 

Retepora  pacifica  catalinensis  Robertson,  1908 :31 1. 

This  variety  from  Catalina  Island,  southern  California,  according 
to  Miss  Robertson's  description,  appears  to  differ  from  pacifica  only  in 
"the  greater  height  of  the  peristome  and  in  the  loop  formed  by  the 
peristome  in  front."  This  loop  closes  off  the  proximal  part  of  the  secondary 
sinus  (spiramen)  to  form  a  pore.  In  ordinary  specimens  of  pacifica 
this  occasionally  happens.  In  our  material  I  have  found  no  colonies 
worthy  of  a  varietal  name. 

Genus  SGHIZORETEPORA  Gregory,  1893 

Schizellozoon  Canu  and  Bassler,  1917. 
Schizoretepora  Harmer  1933  :619. 

Gregory's  description  is  so  brief  as  to  be  practically  useless,  but  he 
indicated  Retepora  tessellata  Hincks,  1878,  as  the  type  which  as  Harmer 
indicates  (1933:619)  "makes  it  necessary  to  admit  the  genus  as  valid." 

Canu  and  Bassler  (1917:55)  described  Schizellozoon  with  Retepora 


450  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

imperati  Busk  1884  as  the  genotype.  Harmer  (1933:621)  makes  this 
a  synonym  of  Schizoretepora  and  Bassler  (1935:194)  accepts  this  cor- 
rection. 

The  generic  characters  as  indicated  by  Canu  and  Bassler  under 
Schizellozoon  are  as  follows:  "The  ovicell  is  widely  open  and  provided 
with  a  semicircular  slit.  It  has  neither  labial  avicularium,  nor  reteporidan 
pore.  The  operculum  has  a  broad  thickened  border;  the  proximal  edge 
is  not  straight.  The  poster  of  the  aperture  bears  a  wide,  little  deep  sinus." 

Schizoretepora  tessellata  Hincks,  1878 

Retepora  tessellata,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :47. 
Schizellozoon  tessellatum,  O  Donoghue,  1926:73. 

O'Donoghue  recorded  this  species  from  five  localities  in  British 
Columbia  but  gave  no  description  or  figure.  It  has  not  appeared  in  the 
Hancock  collections.  A  brief  digest  of  Hincks'  description  follows: 
Fenestrae  elongate,  narrow,  not  so  wide  as  the  interspaces ;  orifice  arched 
above,  lower  margin  straight,  with  a  small  central  sinus ;  a  spine  imme- 
diately above  each  lateral  prolongation  of  the  front  wall ;  a  narrow 
elongate  frontal  avicularium  directed  laterally  or  proximally;  ovicell 
immersed,  subglobose,  smooth,  hollowed  out  in  front ;  the  most  marked 
peculiarity  is  the  tessellated  dorsal  surface,  covered  with  great  numbers 
of  pointed  avicularia  similar  to  those  on  the  front. 

The  species  has  no  labial  avicularium,  no  labial  pore  and  no  fissure 
or  labellum  on  the  ovicell. 

Genus  SCHIZOTHEGA  Hincks,  1877 

"Zoarium  encrusting;  zooecia  with  a  suborbicular  (primary)  aper- 
ture, the  lower  margin  slightly  sinuated ;  secondary  aperture  raised, 
tubular,  notched  or  dentate  in  front;  ooecium  terminal,  with  a  fissure 
in  the  front  surface;  avicularia  borne  on  distinct  areas  and  distributed 
among  the  cells,  sometimes  wanting.  Type  Lepralia  fissa.  Busk"  (Hincks 
1877:528). 

The  original  description  of  the  genus  by  Hincks  will  have  to  be 
amended  to  include  certain  other  species,  as  S.  fissurella  Hincks,  1882, 
has  the  ooecial  fissure  closed  proximally  and  a  small  labellum,  giving  an 
appearance  like  that  of  Reteporellina,  and  in  S.  umhonata  new  species, 
described  below,  there  is  a  labial  (suboral)  avicularium  asymmetrically 
placed  close  to  the  primary  aperture.  I  find  no  mention  of  a  beaded 
vestibular  arch  but  in  S.  umhonata  new  species  the  arch  is  minutely 
beaded. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  451 

Schizotheca  fissurella  (Hincks),  1882 
Plate  55,  fig.  5 

Schizoporella  fissurella  Hincks,  1882:253. 
Schizotheca  fissurella,  Hincks,  1884:21. 

Hincks  described  this  species  from  "Dolomite  Narrows;  Cumshewa, 
etc. ;  not  uncommon  on  shells  and  stone."  British  Columbia.  It  has 
not  been  recorded  since  and  a  brief  digest  of  Hincks'  description  follows : 
Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  small,  ovate,  the  oral  region  raised,  sub- 
erect.  Orifice  (primary  aperture)  arched  above,  straight  below,  with  a 
narrow  slit-like  sinus ;  peristome  thickened  and  elevated,  notched  in 
the  center  and  bimucronate ;  on  each  side  a  sharp  spinous  process,  often 
wanting.  Ooecium  rounded  and  smooth,  with  a  small  longitudinal  fissure 
above  the  opening,  and  a  central  tooth  (labellum)  just  within  the  oral 
arch.  Spines? 

Our  one  specimen  agrees  well  with  the  above  description,  but  Hincks 
did  not  mention  the  avicularia  which  in  our  specimen  are  moderately 
large,  with  pointed  mandible,  located  on  the  front  proximal  to  the 
peristome  and  oriented  more  or  less  proximally.  Also  he  did  not  note  the 
beaded  vestibular  arch,  which  is  a  common  feature  of  the  family.  In  spite 
of  these  additions  our  specimen  fits  the  description  so  well  that  I  have 
little  hesitation  in  placing  it  under  fissurella. 

Hancock  Station  2160,  one  mile  south  of  San  Benito  Island,  west 
of  southern  California,  28°17'15"N,  115°35'40"W,  44  fms. 

Schizotheca  umbonata  new  species 
Plate  55,  fig.  4 

Zoarium  encrusting,  the  surface  very  rough  with  stout,  high  umbos. 
The  zooecia  are  moderate  in  size,  0.40  to  0.50  mm  long  by  0.30  to 
0.40  mm  wide,  but  very  deep;  the  frontal  in  young  marginal  zooecia 
is  highly  arched  and  smooth,  but  almost  immediately  becomes  very  heavy 
with  the  development  of  a  large,  high  pointed  umbo.  The  base  of  the 
umbo  is  semilunate,  partially  encircles  the  proximal  end  of  the  aperture, 
extends  nearly  the  full  width  of  the  zooecium,  and  covers  one-third  to 
one-half  of  the  frontal  surface ;  it  usually  rises  into  a  single  tall  medium 
process,  but  may  present  two  or  rarely  three  points.  The  primary  aper- 
ture is  so  deeply  immersed  that  its  character  is  visible  only  on  marginal 
zooecia ;  it  is  somewhat  more  than  a  semicircle,  straight  on  the  proximal 
border,  with  a  small,  deep  rounded  sinus;  the  vestibular  arch  is  beaded. 
Small  avicularia  with  pointed  mandible  are  irregularly  distributed. 
Dietellae  are  present. 


452  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  ovicell  is  about  0.20  mm  wide,  broader  than  long,  smooth  when 
young,  with  an  elongate  frontal  fissure  and  a  small,  pointed  labellum; 
later  the  ectooecium  becomes  very  thick-walled  except  in  the  region  of 
the  fissure. 

Type,  AHF  no.  98. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  66-33,  Tagus  Cove,  Albemarle 
Island,  Galapagos,  0°16'17''S,  91°22'4r'W,  10  to  20  fms.  One  colony. 

Genus  LEPRALIELLA  Levinsen,  1916 

"The  zooecia  are  provided  with  a  distinct,  not  beaded  or  faintly  so, 
vestibular  arch,  and  with  two  well-developed  hinge-teeth.  Avicularia  of 
different  size  and  position.  The  ooecia,  the  proximal  portion  of  which 
is  not  pedicel-shaped  or  shaft-like,  have  no  pores  and  are  not  provided 
with  an  inwards  directed  tongue"  (Levinsen  1916:466).  Genotype, 
Cellepora  ra?nulosa  contiffua  Smitt,  1867. 

Lepraliella  contigua  (Smitt),  1867 
Plate  53,  figs.  3-4 

Cellepora  ramulosa  contigua  Smitt,  1867  :31, 
Lepraliella  contigua,  Levinsen,  1916:467. 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting,  porcellanous  and  shining.  The  zooecia 
are  of  moderate  size,  0.40  to  0.50  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.35  mm  wide, 
distinct  and  ventricose  when  young,  soon  becoming  very  heavily  cal- 
cified ;  the  front  is  roughly  granular  or  nodulous,  with  2  or  3  pores 
at  a  little  distance  from  the  margin  (as  in  other  members  of  the 
Reteporidae).  The  primary  aperture  is  semicircular,  the  proximal  border 
straight  or  slightly  arcuate,  about  0.15  mm  wide  by  0.10  mm  long,  the 
vestibular  arch  smooth  or  rarely  very  faintly  beaded ;  the  primary  peri- 
stome thin  and  low  (higher  on  the  proximal  border)  ;  the  3  or  4  long 
oral  spines  arise  distal  to  the  primary  peristome.  The  thickening  of  the 
frontal  wall  obscures  all  of  the  primary  oral  characters  and  the  secondary 
aperture  varies  in  form.  There  is  a  moderately  large  suboral  avicularium 
at  one  side  of  the  midline,  its  base  often  forming  an  irregular  prominent 
umbonate  process,  its  mandible  long-triangular,  hooked  at  the  tip,  and 
directed  more  or  less  laterally  in  front  of  the  aperture. 

The  ovicell  is  rounded  and  smooth  and  conspicuous  when  young,  but 
soon  becomes  much  embedded;  the  proximal  part  of  the  front  is  incom- 
plete leaving  a  large  and  more  or  less  elongate  triangular  orifice 
(  ?  frontal  fissure). 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  453 

It  is  an  arctic  or  high  northern  species,  known  from  northern  Norway 
westward  to  Prince  George  Sound  (Canadian  Arctic)  and  south  along 
the  North  American  coast  to  Cape  Sable,  Nova  Scotia  (Osburn, 
1912a  :221). 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  22  fms  (Prof.  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  Arctic 
Research  Laboratory),  several  colonies.  Considering  its  distribution  in 
the  Atlantic  south  to  Nova  Scotia,  the  species  may  be  expected  to  occur 
much  farther  south  along  the  Alaskan  coast.  Its  presence  at  Point 
Barrow  also  suggests  that  it  is  circumpolar  in  distribution. 

Lepraliella  bispina  (O'Donoghue),  1923 
Plate  S3,  figs.  5-7 

Porella  bispina  O'Donoghue,  1923:41 ;  1926:72. 

The  zoarium  forms  a  whitish,  shining  crust  on  shells  and  pebbles. 
The  zooecia  (young)  are  of  moderate  size,  0.40  to  0.50  mm  long  by 
0.30  to  0.40  mm  wide,  distinct  and  inflated,  the  frontal  smooth  with 
2  to  4  pores  a  little  removed  from  the  margin ;  the  primary  aperture 
measures  about  0.13  mm  in  either  direction,  the  proximal  border  slightly 
arcuate,  the  vestibular  arch  very  slightly  or  not  at  all  beaded ;  the  2 
(rarely  4)  oral  spines  arise  distal  to  the  peristome  in  contact  with  it; 
the  primary  peristome  is  low  and  thin.  Secondary  heavy  calcification 
soon  covers  nearly  all  of  the  primary  characters,  producing  first  a  nearly 
level  surface,  then  a  granular  or  nodular  one,  submerging  the  aperture 
on  all  sides,  often  with  small  tubercles.  The  oral  avicularia,  often 
wanting,  are  small  with  a  rounded  mandible,  situated  usually  at  the 
proximal  "corner"  of  the  aperture,  occasionally  at  or  near  the  midline, 
and  sometimes  one  on  each  side;  these  may  be  submerged  in  the  frontal 
crust  so  that  they  open  into  the  secondary  aperture.  A  secondary  sinus 
or  spiramen  consisting  of  a  shallow  v-shaped  notch  is  usually  a  little 
unsymmetrical.  Small  frontal  avicularia  similar  to  the  oral  ones  are 
irregularly  scattered,  sometimes  numerous,  often  wanting  over  consider- 
able areas. 

The  ovicell,  0.20  mm  wide,  is  broader  than  long,  subglobular  and 
prominent  when  first  formed  but  very  soon  becomes  almost  completely 
submerged  in  the  thick  crust;  the  endooecium  bears  the  usual  wide 
"fissure"  next  to  the  orifice,  but  on  secondary  calcification  this  area 
becomes  the  subtriangular  or  semicircular,  lightly  calcified  area  similar 
to  that  of  Rhynchozoon. 


454  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

This  species  is  removed  from  Porella,  where  O'Donoghue  described 
it,  because  of  the  nature  of  the  avicularian  chamber,  the  vestibular  arch 
and  the  ovicell.  The  form  of  the  primary  aperture  places  it  under 
Lepraliella  rather  than  Rhynchozoon,  but  these  genera  have  much  in 
common. 

Recorded  by  O'Donoghue  from  a  number  of  British  Columbia  local- 
ities and  from  the  San  Juan  Islands,  Puget  Sound. 

Hancock  collections:  Accession  1190,  Middle  Bank,  Puget  Sound, 
numerous  colonies.  Dr.  John  L.  Mohr,  collector. 

Genus  RHYNGHOZOON  Hincks,  1895 

Rhynchopora  Hincks,  1877  (Preoc.  and  renamed  by  Hincks). 

"Zooecia  vv^ith  the  primary  orifice  transversely  elliptical,  lower  mar- 
gin slightly  sinuated ;  secondary  orifice  suborbicular,  with  a  mucro  on 
the  lower  margin  and  an  uncinate  process  immediately  above  it,  within 
the  mouth"  (Hincks  1880:385).  Genotype  Lepralia  bispinosa  Johnston, 
1847. 

To  the  above  characters,  which  are  quite  insufficient  for  the  charac- 
terization of  the  genus,  there  should  be  added:  1,  a  suboral  avicularium 
at  one  side  of  the  midline  and  directed  laterally;  2,  a  well  developed 
and  usually  strongly  beaded  vestibular  arch ;  3,  the  presence  of  pore 
chambers  (dietellae),  and  4,  the  nature  of  the  ovicell,  which  lacks  the 
frontal  fissure  common  to  most  members  of  the  Reteporidae  and  has 
instead  a  flat  subtriangular  or  semicircular,  lightly  calcified  plate  above 
the  ooecial  orifice.  This  plate,  which  is  the  exposed  endozooecial  wall, 
sometimes  bears  a  short  wide  labellum. 

The  species  are  often  difficult  to  determine,  as  secondary  calcification, 
which  is  very  heavy,  obscures  the  primary  characters  and  these  can  be 
found  only  on  the  young  zooecia  at  the  edge  of  the  colony.  It  is  one 
of  the  genera  that  "try  men's  souls,"  Hincks  remarks  concerning 
R.  bispinosum  that  "This  form  is  a  difficulty  in  the  way  of  the  sys- 
tematist,"  and  Canu  and  Bassler  (1927:32)  use  somewhat  stronger 
language,  "La  plupart  des  .  .  .  especes  .  .  .  sont  abominablement  com- 
pliquees  par  leurs  ornements  frontaux  et  leurs  organes  adventifs." 

Key  TO  Species  of  Rhynchozoon 

1.  Zooecia  small  and  plain,  a  small  avicularium  on  the  rim  of  the 
thin  peristome,  no  frontal  avicularia,  a  small  lucida  on  each 

side  of  the  ovicell tuberculatum 

Zooecia  without  these  characters 2 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  455 

2.  A  tall  pointed  or  cylindrical  process  proximal  to  the  aperture    .     .     3 
No  tall  processes  present 4 

3.  An  uncinate  process  in  the  aperture  at  the  base  of  the  oral  avicu- 

larium,  oral  sinus  indistinct bispinosum 

Uncinate  process  wanting,  oral  sinus  distinct,  suboral  erect  proc- 
esses usually  very  numerous spicatum 

4.  Zooecia  large,  0.65  to  0.80  mm  long,  oral  avicularian  process 

broad  and  long,  projecting  far  over  the  aperture    .     .     grandicella 
Zooecia  smaller,  avicularian  process  not  unusually  large     ...     5 

5.  Aperture  with  a  distinct  schizoporellidan  sinus,  the  frontal  costate 

to  the  base  of  the  avicularium tumulosum 

Sinus  broader  and  shallower,  the  frontal  weakly  costate  around 
the  border rostratum 

Rhynchozoon  bispinosum  (Johnston),  1849 
Plate  55,  figs.  6-7  and  Plate  54,  fig.  9 

Lepralia  bispinosa  Johnston,  1849 :326. 
Rhynchopora  bispinosa,  Hincks,  1880:385. 
Rhynchozoon  bispinosum,  Hincks,  1895. 
Rhynchopora  bispinosa,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :47. 
Rhynchozoon  bispinosa,  O'Donoghue,  1926:73. 

Zoarium  encrusting  shells.  Marginal  zooecia  quite  regularly  arranged 
in  quincunx,  moderate  in  size  (length  0.45  to  0.60  mm,  width  0.30  to 
0.40  mm),  the  frontal  much  inflated,  smooth  with  never  more  than  a 
trace  of  costal  ridges,  6  or  7  areolar  pores  on  each  side.  The  primary 
aperture  is  subcircular,  a  little  broader  than  long  (0.14  by  0.12  mm) 
with  a  broad  and  very  shallow  sinus ;  the  vestibular  arch  slightly  beaded. 
The  suboral  avicularian  chamber  is  a  bulbous,  moderate  swelling  at 
one  side  of  the  midline  and  projecting  forward  over  one  side  of  the 
aperture;  the  mandible  small  (usually  about  0.10  mm  long)  and 
directed  laterally;  only  a  trace  of  an  uncinate  process  at  the  base  of 
the  chamber.  In  secondary  calcification  the  front  becomes  very  thick 
and  corrugated  but  not  regularly  costate;  the  secondary  aperture  some- 
what ovate  with  a  rounded  notch  or  sinus  between  the  base  of  the  avicu- 
larium and  a  slight  prominence  opposite  it.  The  primary  aperture  is 
obscured  by  the  overhanging  walls  of  the  frontal  and  the  avicularian 
chamber.  Frontal  avicularia  rare,  similar  in  size  but  with  a  more  acute 
mandible,  usually  on  a  somewhat  elevated  chamber.  Spines  2,  widely 
separated,  found  only  on  marginal  zooecia  and  soon  lost. 


456  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  ovicell  (0.25  mm  wide,  0.20  to  0.25  mm  long)  is  very  thick- 
walled,  the  surface  smooth  and  glossy  except  in  extreme  calcification, 
the  frontal  endooecial  area  nearly  semicircular  with  a  broad,  short 
labellum. 

There  is  some  doubt  as  to  the  identity  of  this  form  with  R.  bispinosum 
(Johnston).  It  has  the  smooth,  non-costate  frontal  and  the  pair  of 
widely  separated  oral  spines  of  that  species.  Hincks  (1880:  plate  40) 
shows  a  large  uncinate  process  on  figure  1,  but  not  on  figs.  2,  3  and 
4 ;  this  process  is  never  large  on  our  specimens.  He  also  describes  a  large 
avicularium  (suboral),  but  his  figures  show  it  to  be  small  in  comparison 
with  some  other  species  of  the  genus  and  both  the  chamber  and  mandible 
appear  similar  in  size  to  those  in  our  specimens.  The  operculum  is 
similar  to  that  figured  by  Hastings  (1930,  plate  14,  fig.  91).  O'Don- 
oghue  gives  no  description  of  his  British  Columbia  specimens  from 
Northumberland  Channel,  and  otherwise  the  species  is  not  known 
except  from  the  British  Isles  and  western  Europe. 

In  the  Hancock  Collections  there  are  two  specimens  labelled  "Tuan 
Island,  Pavlof  Bay,  Alaska,  July  25,  1937,"  with  no  other  data. 

Rhynchozoon  rostratum  (Busk),  1856 
Plate  54,  figs.  1-3 

Lepralia  rostrata  Busk,  1856 :  178. 

Cellepora  verruculata  Smitt,  1873:50. 

Cellepora  verruculata,  Osburn,  1914:214. 

Rhynchozoon  verruculatum,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923:157;  1928a  :31. 

Rhynchozoon  rostratum,  Hastings,  1930:728. 

Rhynchozoon  verruculatum,  Marcus,  1939:153. 

Rhynchozoon  verruculatum,  Oshurn,  1940:444. 

(References  to  R.  verruculatum  from  the  Mediterranean  Sea  and 
Indian  Ocean  are  omitted  as  it  is  possible  that  they  do  not  belong  in 
this  species. ) 

Encrusting  on  shells  and  corallines,  often  irregular  on  the  surface 
and  the  numerous  pointed  processes  give  it  a  very  spiny  appearance. 
The  marginal  zooecia,  which  are  the  only  ones  that  can  be  safely 
measured,  are  of  moderate  size  (0.45  to  0.55  mm  long  by  0.30  to 
0.40  mm  wide),  distinct  with  deep  grooves;  the  front  ventricose,  with 
5  to  7  marginal  pores  between  which  are  low  costal  ridges.  The  primary 
aperture  is  slightly  transverse  (average  0.13  mm  wide  by  0.11  mm  long), 
rounded  with  the  proximal  border  broadly  sinuated ;  the  vestibular  arch 
definitely  beaded;  the  primary  peristome  thin,  without  oral  spines.  A 


NO.  2      OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  457 

large,  bulbous  avicularian  chamber  at  one  side  of  the  median  line  occupies 
more  than  half  of  the  frontal  width,  the  rostrum  elevated  above  the 
aperture  and  directed  laterally,  both  the  rostrum  and  mandible  strongly 
hooked. 

Secondary  calcification  soon  completely  alters  the  appearance.  The 
front  becomes  very  thick,  v^rith  short,  heavy  costal  ridges,  corrugations 
and  tuberosities.  Frontal  avicularia  similar  to  the  suboral,  or  w^ith  an 
acuminate  mandible,  variously  oriented,  are  often  abundantly  developed. 
The  secondary  peristome,  formed  by  the  thickening  of  the  front  wall, 
usually  develops  a  small  uncinate  process  at  the  base  of  the  avicularium, 
opposite  to  this  there  is  usually  an  erect  pointed  tubercle  and  between 
these  is  a  deep  secondary  sinus  or  spiramen;  2  or  3  additional  pointed, 
erect  tubercles  are  often  disposed  around  the  oral  border.  The  suboral 
avicularium  often  becomes  submerged  within  the  peristome.  There  is  so 
much  variation  in  the  secondary  calcification  that  scarcely  any  two 
zooecia  are  exactly  alike. 

The  ovicell  is  about  0.20  mm  wide,  a  little  broader  than  long,  the 
ectooecial  wall  very  thick,  soon  becoming  deeply  immersed:  the  exposed 
"area"  of  the  endooecial  wall  is  semicircular,  large,  its  dull  white  color 
usually  making  it  conspicuous,  and  with  a  very  short,  very  wide  labellum 
only  occasionally  visible. 

Busk  described  the  species  from  Mazatlan,  Mexico,  after  which  it 
lay  unrecognized  in  the  literature  for  more  than  70  years  until  Dr. 
Hastings  found  it  in  the  Crossland  collections  of  the  S.  Y.  "St.  George" 
from  Panama  and  the  Galapagos.  In  the  meantime  Smitt  described 
Cellepora  verruculata  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  this  name  has 
been  applied  to  the  western  Atlantic  form  which  occurs  from  southern 
New  England  to  Brazil. 

There  can  be  little  doubt  as  to  the  identity  of  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  specimens ;  their  measurements  are  practically  identical ;  both 
have  the  semicircular  frontal  area  on  the  ovicell ;  they  have  the  same  form 
of  operculum  with  very  minor  variations  in  both ;  the  secondary  calcifi- 
cation is  similar,  and  both  have  two  similar  types  of  frontal  avicularia, 
one  with  a  slightly  longer  and  more  acuminate  mandible  than  the  other. 
The  "curved  outline  below  the  lucida"  which  Hastings  mentions  as  a 
"chief  peculiarity"  is  present  in  Atlantic  specimens  from  Puerto  Rico 
and  Bermuda  as  well  as  in  those  from  the  Pacific ;  there  is  some  variation 
in  the  width  of  the  area  but  the  ends  are  always  broadly  rounded  and 
quite  different  from  the  figures  given  by  Hastings  (plate  14,  figs.  87,  88) 
for  the  Mediterranean  R.  verruculata  Waters.  The  operculum  of  the 


458  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Mediterranean  form  as  figured  by  Hastings  (fig.  86)  and  by  Barroso 
(1919,  text  figs.  11  and  11a)  is  more  pointed  at  the  proximal  border 
and  the  attachments  are  less  separated. 

Described  by  Busk  from  Mazatlan,  Mexico,  and  recorded  by 
Hastings  from  Taboga  Island,  Panama;  Gorgona,  Colombia,  and  the 
Galapagos  Islands.  In  the  Atlantic  recorded  as  verruculatum  from 
Massachusetts  to  Brazil. 

Hancock  Stations:  taken  at  34  stations  ranging  from  the  Galapagos 
Islands  to  southern  California ;  Port  Utria,  Colombia ;  Taboga  and 
Secas  Islands,  Panama;  Playa  Blanca,  Costa  Rica;  Tenacatita  Bay, 
Mexico;  Socorro  Island,  west  of  Mexico;  Angel  de  la  Guardia  and 
Isabel  Islands  and  Agua  Verde  Bay,  Gulf  of  California;  San  Benito 
Islands,  west  of  Lower  California ;  and  common  along  the  shores  and 
about  the  islands  oR  southern  California,  as  far  north  as  Point  Con- 
ception. Shore  to  100  fms. 

Rhynchozoon  tumulosum   (Hincks),  1882 
Plate  54,  figs.  4-5  and  12 

Schizoporella  tumulosa  Hincks,  1882:252;  1884:19. 
Schizoporella  tumulosa,  Robertson,  1908:293. 
Schizoporella  tumulosa,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :37  ;  1926 :56. 

Zoarium  encrusting  shells  and  stones,  older  colonies  sometimes 
multilaminar  and  roughened.  Zooecia  (marginal)  varying  greatly  in 
size,  0.45  to  0.65  mm  long  by  0.25  to  0.40  mm  wide,  ovate  and 
arranged  regularly  in  quincunx;  distinct,  the  front  inflated  with  7  to 
9  areolar  pores  on  each  side,  and  with  costate  ridges.  The  primary 
aperture  is  slightly  broader  than  long  (0.13  to  0.15  mm  wide  by 
0.11  to  0.13  mm  long)  with  a  shallow  sinus  proximally;  vestibular 
arch  definitely  beaded.  The  primary  peristome  is  at  first  low  and  thin, 
but  soon  becomes  elevated  except  on  the  distal  border.  A  large  globose 
suboral  avicularian  chamber  is  located  at  one  side  of  the  midline,  its 
rostrum  overhanging  the  aperture  and  directed  laterally;  the  long- 
triangular  avicularium  and  the  rostrum  both  sharply  hooked  at  the  tip. 
Only  two  or  three  marginal  rows  show  these  characters,  after  which 
secondary  calcification  completely  changes  the  appearance.  The  frontal 
becomes  very  thick,  costate,  corrugated  or  tuberculate;  frontal  avicu- 
laria  make  their  appearance,  some  of  them  short-triangular,  others  some- 
what longer  and  more  acuminate;  an  umbo,  low  or  high,  thick  or 
pointed,  usually  rises  above  the  base  of  the  suboral  avicularium;  the 
side  of  the  peristome  rises  with  a  notch  (spiramen)  between  it  and  the 


NO.   2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  459 

avicularian  chamber ;  occasionally  additional  low  pointed  tubercles  appear 
on  the  lateral  border  of  the  peristome.  Spines  are  entirely  lacking. 

The  ovicell  at  first  is  subglobose,  about  0.20  mm  wide,  the  length 
less  than  the  width,  but  it  very  soon  becomes  buried  within  the  thick 
frontal  crust.  The  area  above  the  orifice  is  nearly  semicircular,  with 
often  a  short  labellum  extending  nearly  across  above  the  orifice. 

The  avicularian  mandibles  are  of  3  kinds,  the  long-triangular  sub- 
oral,  the  long-triangular  and  acuminate  frontal  and  the  short-triangular 
(almost  equilateral)  frontal;  the  area  below  the  lucida  with  sharp  outer 
corners.  The  operculum  is  shaped  much  like  that  of  R.  rostratum,  but 
the  points  of  attachment  are  much  closer  together. 

Described  from  Cumshewa,  British  Columbia,  and  later  recorded 
by  O'Donoghue  from  numerous  British  Columbia  localities.  Robertson 
lists  it  from  San  Diego  to  San  Pedro,  California,  but  as  R.  rostratum 
is  also  common  in  this  region  she  may  have  had  both  species. 

Hancock  Stations:  Dredged  at  45  stations  from  the  coast  of  Oregon 
southward  to  San  Benito  Islands,  Lower  California.  Abundant  in 
Puget  Sound  and  all  along  the  coast  southward  to  the  Channel  Islands 
ofJ  southern  California,  shore  to  more  than  100  fms. 

Rhynchozoon  grandicella  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923 
Plate  54,  figs.  7-8  and  11 

Rhynchozoon  grandicella  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923:156. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  shells,  pebbles,  etc.  Zooecia  large  (young 
zooecia  at  the  edge  0.65  to  0.85  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.55  mm  wide, 
much  smaller  near  the  center  of  the  colony)  ;  distinct  and  considerably 
inflated,  irregularly  ovate,  with  numerous  small  marginal  pores  between 
which  low  costal  ridges  radiate  toward  the  center.  The  primary  aperture 
is  broader  than  long  (0.16  mm  wide  by  0.13  long)  with  a  shallow 
rounded  sinus  on  the  proximal  border,  the  vestibular  arch  coarsely 
beaded ;  the  operculum  thin,  without  marked  sclerites  and  with  a  lightly 
pebbled  surface.  Two  minute  oral  spines  are  occasionally  present.  A 
large  suboral  avicularium  is  always  present  at  one  side  of  the  midline 
and  overhanging  the  aperture;  the  mandible,  directed  laterally,  is 
elongate-triangular,  strongly  hooked,  its  borders  dark  brown  and  its 
length  varying  from  0.13  to  0.20  mm.  At  the  inner  corner  of  the 
avicularian  base  is  a  strong  uncinate  process,  opposite  this  process  there 
is  usually  a  small  pointed  projection  and  between  these  is  the  rounded 
spiramen.  Frontal  avicularia  are  frequently  present,  similar  to  the 
suboral  ones  but  smaller  and  mounted  on  a  large  chamber. 


460  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Secondary  calcification  masks  the  primary  characters  to  produce  a 
very  different  picture;  the  front  becomes  irregularly  roughened  and 
nodular  and  the  short  costal  ridges  heavier,  the  peristome  projects  for- 
ward above  the  aperture  and  almost  completely  covers  it,  and  the  ovicell 
becomes  deeply  submerged. 

The  ovicell  is  at  first  nearly  globular,  0.26  mm  viride,  with  a  large 
semicircular  frontal  area  which  shows  delicate  radiating  lines  and  a 
trace  of  a  broad  and  very  short  labellum. 

Hancock  Stations:  1234  and  1067,  San  Miguel  Island,  55  fms; 
1232-41,  off  San  Pedro  Breakwater,  18  fms;  1271-41  and  1938-50, 
Anacapa  Island,  and  1896-49,  Tanner  Bank,  off  San  Diego,  23  to  35 
fms,  southern  California;  1250-41,  San  Benito  Islands,  66  fms,  and 
1258-41,  Natividad  Island,  63  fms,  off  Point  San  Eugenio,  Lower 
California.  The  known  range  is  from  about  34°  to  28°  N  Lat.  and 
the  bathymetric  range  from  18  to  66  fms.  The  species  was  described  by 
Canu  and  Bassler  from  the  Pleistocene  of  Santa  Monica,  southern 
California. 

Rhynchozoon  spicatum  new  species 
Plate  55,  figs.  1-3  and  Plate  54,  fig.  10 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  various  objects,  often  multilaminar.  Zooecia 
closely  set  in  quincunx,  marginal  ones  distinct  with  deep  separating 
grooves,  length  0.40  to  0.50  mm,  width  0.30  to  0.35  mm.  The  front 
of  the  younger  zooecia  is  ventricose,  smooth  on  the  top,  with  a  row  of 
small  marginal  pores  between  which  low  costate  ridges  extend  for  a 
short  distance.  Distally  the  front  is  strongly  elevated  and  ends  in  a 
high  pointed  or  rounded  umbonate  process  proximal  to  the  aperture,  the 
small  suboral  avicularium  hidden  at  its  base.  The  umbonate  process 
may  be  as  much  as  0.50  mm  high  and  pointed,  but  usually  has  the  form 
of  a  short,  stout  column  with  a  rounded  tip ;  as  they  appear  on  nearly 
all  of  the  zooecia,  they  give  the  surface  a  "hobnailed"  appearance.  The 
primary  aperture  is  nearly  round,  0.12  mm  in  diameter,  with  a  broad 
shallow  sinus,  and  the  vestibular  arch  is  strongly  beaded.  The  suboral 
avicularium  is  small,  the  pointed  mandible  only  0.06  to  0.08  mm  long, 
directed  laterally  and  can  be  observed  only  by  turning  the  specimen 
so  as  to  look  into  the  aperture.  The  frontal  avicularia  are  larger, 
elevated  on  a  broad  base,  the  mandible  elongate  triangular  (0.10  to 
0.12  mm  long),  and  abundant  on  the  older  areas  of  the  zoarium.  There 
are  two  long,  slender  oral  spines. 


NO.  2      OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  461 

The  primary  ovicell  is  prominent,  hemispherical,  smooth  with 
numerous  radiating  striae  and  the  usual  broad,  semicircular  frontal 
area  above  the  orifice,  width  0.18,  length  0.15  mm;  with  increasing 
calcification  the  ovicell  becomes  entirely  embedded. 

In  the  presence  of  the  tall  suboral  process  and  a  pair  of  long  oral 
spines  this  form  is  similar  to  R.  bispinosum.  It  differs  in  its  somewhat 
smaller  size,  the  smaller  size  and  diliferent  proportions  of  the  operculum, 
the  form  of  the  secondary  aperture,  the  absence  of  the  uncinate  process 
at  the  base  of  the  oral  avicularium,  the  much  smaller  oral  avicularium, 
and  in  the  shape  of  the  semicircular  area  of  the  ovicell  which  in  bispino- 
sum is  subtriangular. 

Type,  AHF  no.  99. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1242,  Anacapa  Island,  southern 
California,  34°02'30"N,  119°2riO"W,  at  77  fms.  Other  localities: 
Station  1023,  Santa  Rosa  Island,  16  fms;  1130-40,  off  Laguna  Beach, 
27  fms;  1181-40  Santa  Catalina  Island,  58  fms,  southern  California; 
and  San  Benito  Islands,  44  fms,  off  lower  California,  28°17'15"N, 
115°35'45''W.  There  are  also  two  colonies  from  La  Jolla,  California, 
taken  on  a  kelp  holdfast,  presented  by  Dr.  H.  R.  Hill. 

Rhynchozoon  tuberculatum  Osburn,  1914 

Plate  54,  fig.  6 

Rhynchozoon  tuberculatum  Osburn,  1914:200;  1940:442;  1947:39. 

The  zoarium  is  small  and  comparatively  thin.  Zooecia  small,  length 
0.40  to  0.50  mm,  width  0.25  to  0.30  mm,  delicate  for  a  member  of  this 
genus;  the  frontal  at  first  smooth  but  later  covered  thickly  with  small, 
shining  tubercles;  marginal  pores  few  and  small.  Peristome  high  and 
thin-walled,  the  secondary  aperture  ovate;  a  minute  avicularium  placed 
laterally  on  the  inner  side,  often  wanting.  Primary  aperture  ovate,  about 
0.12  by  0.12  mm;  at  one  side  immediately  above  the  proximal  border 
an  uncinate  process  (sometimes  merely  a  slender  pointed  spine)  projects 
often  more  than  half  way  across  the  orifice  and  curves  backward ;  op- 
posite this  process  a  small  tooth  is  sometimes  present. 

The  ovicell  is  at  first  prominent,  0.15  mm  long  by  0.18  mm  wide, 
finely  tuberculate  like  the  front  in  complete  calcification;  the  frontal 
"triangular  area"  is  small,  thin  and  hyaline:  labellum  wanting  or  very 
small ;  a  small  rounded  lucida  on  each  side  near  the  base ;  in  the  presence 
of  the  ovicell  the  peristome  is  continued  forward  over  the  top  of  the 
ovicell,  above  the  triangular  area. 


462  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

This  is  a  comparatively  delicate  species,  less  heavily  calcified  than 
most  members  of  the  genus  and  all  of  the  many  colonies  observed  are 
small  (usually  less  than  5  mm  in  diameter),  but  the  aperture  and  its 
appended  organs,  the  nature  of  the  frontal  and  the  characters  of  the 
ovicell  ally  it  with  Rhynchozoon. 

Described  from  the  Tortugas  Islands,  Florida,  and  later  recorded 
from  Curagao  Island,  Porto  Rico,  and  Caledonia  Bay,  Panama.  Canu 
and  Bassler  have  described  a  similar  species  R.  levigatum  (1923:157) 
from  the  Pleistocene  of  Panama,  which  appears  to  diflfer  only  by  its 
larger  size  and  smoother  frontal  surface. 

Hancock  Stations:  129-34,  Braithwaite  Bay,  Socorro  Island,  west 
of  Mexico ;  219,  Clarion  Island,  west  of  Mexico ;  and  San  Benito  Islands, 
west  coast  of  Lower  California,  13  to  18  fms.  The  Pacific  coast  speci- 
mens agree  in  all  details  with  those  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the 
Caribbean  Sea. 


NO.  2      OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  463 

Family  Gheiloporinidae  Bassler,  1936 

Hippopodinidae  Levinsen,   1909:353,  in  part. 

Ovicell  endozooecial,  sometimes  distinctly  visible,  in  other  cases  not 
evident  on  the  surface.  Avicularia  present  or  wanting.  Spines  w^anting. 
The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst,  except  in  Hippaliosina,  where  it  is  a  pleuro- 
cyst.  The  aperture  varies  greatly  in  form  and  cardelles  are  present  or 
wanting. 

The  absence  of  a  hyperstomial  ovicell  is  the  only  character  in  which 
all  the  genera  assigned  to  the  family  agree  and  the  association  often 
appears  inconsistent.  While  the  family,  as  constituted,  is  admittedly  a 
provisional  one,  it  seems  better  to  follow  this  arrangement  rather  than 
to  erect  new  families  in  the  present  state  of  our  information. 

The  family  name  Hippopodinidae  was  unfortunately  chosen  hy  Le- 
vinsen under  the  mistaken  idea  that  the  ovicells  of  Hippopodina  fee- 
geensis  (Busk)  are  endooecial,  and  this  genus  has  been  removed  from 
the  family. 

Key  to  the  Genera  of  Gheiloporinidae 

1.  Zoarium  erect  and  branching,  with  chitinous  joints     .     Tetraplaria 
Zoarium  encrusting 2 

2.  Frontal  a  pleurocyst  with  areolar  pores  only     .     .     .     Hippaliosina 
Frontal  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  pores 3 

3.  Ovicells  endozooecial       4 

Ovicells   apparently   entirely  wanting 5 

4.  Aperture  large,  without  cardelles;  avicularia  present     .     Cheilopora 
Aperture  constricted  on  the  sides,  with  strong 

cardelles;  no   avicularia Hippopodinella 

5.  Aperture  small,  semicircular;  a  pair  of  lateral-oral 

avicularia  directed   forward Enantiosula 

Aperture  large,   rounded  or  elongate 6 

6.  Aperture  elongate,  widest  at  the  proximal  end     .     .     .     Cryptosula 
Aperture  nearly  round,  with  a  rounded  sinus 7 

7.  Zoarium  heavily  dark  pigmented ;  operculum  with  a  broad  dark 

border  and  broad  axial  band,  or  uniformly  dark     .     Watersipora 
No  pigment;  zooecia  remarkably  deep;  operculum  thick,  without 
sclerites,  muscle  attachments  remote  from  the  border     .     Veleroa 


464  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Genus  GHEILOPORA  Levinsen,  1909 

Ovicell  endozooecial.  Frontal  perforated,  thin,  inflated ;  the  peri- 
stome somewhat  tubular;  aperture  large,  without  cardelles;  avicularia 
sometimes  present  at  the  side  of  the  aperture.  Genotype,  Discopora 
sincera  Smitt,  1868:28. 

Gheilopora  praelonga  (Hincks),  1883 
Plate  56,  fig.  8 

Mucronella  praelonga,  Hincks,  1884:27. 
Mucronella  praelonga,  O'Donoghue,  1923:46. 
Cheilopora  praelonga,  O'Donoghue,  1926:73. 

Zoarium  encrusting  or  erect  and  bilaminar.  Zooecia  large,  elongate 
and  somewhat  tubular  in  form;  averaging  about  0.90  mm  but  ranging 
all  the  way  from  0.65  to  1.10  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide;  the 
front  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  large  pores.  The  primary  aperture  is 
round,  without  cardelles,  about  0.26  mm  long  and  wide.  The  operculum 
has  the  form  of  the  aperture,  thin  and  with  a  narrow  bordering  sclerite. 
The  peristome  is  high,  tubular,  thin-walled,  the  secondary  aperture 
similar  to  the  primary  except  for  the  presence  of  a  small,  sharp  triangular 
denticle  high  up  in  the  middle  of  the  proximal  border.  The  proximal 
border  of  the  persistome  is  often  elevated  above  the  denticle  into  a  broad 
process  which  terminates  in  one  or  more  points,  and  the  distal  lip  may 
also  be  extended  into  a  long  process ;  in  our  material  these  processes  are 
not  developed  to  the  extent  figured  by  Hincks,  plate  4,  fig.  2.  No 
avicularia,  no  spines  and  no  external  evidence  of  the  ovicells. 

Hincks  described  the  species  from  Houston  Stewart  Channel  and 
O'Donoghue  recovered  it  from  numerous  localities  in  British  Columbia. 

It  was  not  taken  during  the  Hancock  Expedition,  but  from  material 
sent  me  for  identification  I  have  the  following  records : 

Masste  Inlet,  British  Columbia,  E.  F.  Ricketts,  collector;  Friday 
Harbor,  Puget  Sound,  Dr.  Alice  Robertson,  collector  (Miss  Robertson 
did  not  mention  the  species,  but  in  some  of  her  Friday  Harbor  material 
I  have  found  a  small  specimen)  ;  Seattle,  Tacoma  and  Indian  Island, 
Washington,  in  material  sent  me  for  identification  by  the  W.  F.  Clapp 
Biological  Laboratories.    Intertidal  to  20  fms. 

Gheilopora  praelucida  (Hincks),  1884 

Mucronella  praeiucida  Hincks,  1884:26. 
Mucronella  praelucida,  Osburn,  1912a  :283. 


NO.   2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  465 

Cheilopora  praelucida,Osh\\rn,  1923:1  Id;  1936:539. 
Cheilopora  praelucida,  O'Donoghue,  1926:73. 
?Discopora  sincera,  Smitt,  1867:28. 

Encrusting  or  growing  free,  unilaminar  or  bilaminar.  The  zooecia 
have  much  the  aspect  of  C.  praelonga,  but  the  frontal  is  not  so  ventri- 
cose  and  there  are  raised  separating  lines.  The  primary  aperture  is 
rounded,  or  slightly  quadrangular  with  rounded  corners,  and  without 
cardelles.  The  proximal  tooth  near  the  summit  of  the  peristome  is  want- 
ing in  praelucida,  and  the  umbonate  proximal  lip  is  not  so  prominent; 
there  is  a  forward  extension  of  the  distal  lip  but  this  also  is  smaller. 
There  are  avicularia  at  one  or  both  sides  of  the  aperture,  often  wanting 
and  still  more  often  degenerate  to  the  extent  that  the  avicularian  aper- 
ture is  merely  covered  with  a  membrane.  Hincks  described  it  "avicula- 
ria none,"  but  his  illustration  (plate  4,  fig.  1)  shows  one.  In  Labrador 
specimens  (Osburn  1912:283)  the  avicularian  mandible  is  sometimes 
well  developed  (see  Osburn,  plate  34,  figs.  3  and  3c).  Some  zooecia 
and  some  whole  colonies  are  devoid  of  avicularia,  some  zooecia  have 
degenerate  avicularia  and  others  have  them  fully  developed. 

The  ooecium  was  not  found  by  Hincks  and  O'Donoghue.  I  have 
seen  it  only  once,  in  a  Labrador  specimen  (Osburn,  1912,  plate  34, 
fig  3a).  It  is  hemispherical,  deeply  set  in  the  base  of  the  succeeding 
zooecium,  endozooecial,  the  exposed  surface  irregularly  perforated. 

In  my  opinion  praelucida  is  merely  a  variety  of  sincera  Smitt,  though 
the  avicularium  is  more  pointed  and  the  ovicell,  if  one  may  judge  from 
Smitt's  imperfect  figure,  is  larger  and  more  rounded.  Without  the 
opportunity  to  make  a  direct  comparison  it  seems  better  to  keep  them 
separate  for  the  present. 

Hincks  described  the  species  from  Houston  Stewart  Channel,  British 
Columbia,  and  later  discussed  it  in  material  from  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence.  O'Donoghue  reported  it  from  Brotchie  Ledge,  Victoria, 
British  Columbia.  Osburn  has  listed  it  from  Labrador,  Hudson  Strait 
and  Bay,  and  Dolphin  and  Union  Strait  in  the  Arctic  Ocean.  C.  sincera 
has  been  reported  from  Spitzbergen,  Finmark,  Greenland  and  as  far 
west  as  Dolphin  and  Union  Strait. 


466  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Genus  TETRAPLARIA  Tenison-Woods,  1878 

Zoarium  with  an  encrusting  base,  from  which  rise  erect,  articulated 
branches  with  corneous  joints,  branching  dichotomously.  Genotype, 
T.  australis  Tenison-Woods,  1878:61. 

The  zoarium  of  this  genus  has  a  small  encrusting  base,  hitherto 
unknown.  In  the  species  discussed  below,  the  one  base  consists  of  about 
20  zooecia,  only  6  of  which  are  functional  in  nutrition,  the  others  being 
closed.  This  base  measures  about  3  mm  long  by  2  mm  wide;  from 
it  there  arise  5  erect  branches,  each  from  a  small  interzooecial  keno- 
zooecium,  the  joint  being  similar  in  size  and  form  to  those  between  the 
internodes.  Each  internode  begins  with  2  zooecia  arranged  back  to  back, 
which  arise  from  a  kenozooecium  between  the  terminal  zooecia  of  the 
internode. 

Tetraplaria  veleroae  new  species 
Plate  57,  figs.  1-3 

Zoarium  with  a  small  encrusting  base  and  erect,  jointed  branches. 
The  functional  zooecia  of  the  base  measure  0.40  to  0.50  mm  long  by 
0.26  mm  wide.  The  closed  heterozooecia  are  very  variable  in  form  and 
size.  The  ancestrula  is  similar  to  the  later  zooecia,  but  is  considerably 
smaller. 

The  zooecia  of  the  erect  branches  are  arranged  in  alternating  pairs, 
back  to  back,  2  to  4  pairs  in  a  series,  in  the  internodes ;  about  0.70  mm 
long  by  0.55  mm  wide,  elliptical  with  a  narrowed  proximal  end,  distinct 
with  shallow  grooves  and  narrow  raised  lines.  The  frontal  is  a  granular 
tremocyst  with  numerous  small  pores,  moderately  inflated  and  elevated 
toward  the  distal  end.  The  aperture  is  nearly  round,  0.16  mm  in  each 
dimension,  with  a  broad  shallow  sinus  between  the  small  cardelles.  The 
aperture  of  the  fertile  zooecia  is  much  broader,  0.20  mm. 

The  endozooecial  ovicell  is  exposed  at  the  surface,  broad  and  short, 
0.40  mm  wide  by  0.18  mm  long,  rough  and  perforated  like  the  front 
but  with  a  thin  collar  around  the  aperture,  which  is  closed  by  the 
operculum. 

This  species  resembles  T.  (Arborella)  dichotoma  (Osburn,  1914: 
202)  from  the  West  Indies,  but  has  a  much  shorter  ovicell  and  a  broader 
sinus.  It  is  similar  also  to  T.  gryllus  Canu  and  Bassler  1929:395  from 
the  Philippines,  but  the  zooecia  are  only  about  half  as  long  and  the  sinus 
is  much  wider. 


NO.  2      OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  467 

This  is  the  first  record  of  the  genus  from  the  Eastern  Pacific  and 
the  first  account  of  the  mode  of  attachment. 

Type,  AHF  no.  100. 

Type  locality,  Station  450,  0°55'00"S,  90°30'00''W,  Galapagos 
Islands,  60  fms.  Also  at  Stations  432  and  461,  Tagus  Cove,  Albemarle 
Island,  Galapagos,  80  to  100  fms. 

Genus  HIPPOPODINELLA  Barroso,  1924 

Ovicell  endozooecial.  Operculum  much  contracted  on  the  sides; 
aperture  elongate,  the  anter  much  larger  than  the  poster  which  is  short 
and  wide;  the  cardelles  strong.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst.  Dietellae 
are  present.    No  avicularia.    Genotype,  Lepralia  adpressa  Busk,   1854. 

Hippopodinella  adpressa  (Busk),  1854 
Plate  57,  fig.  6 

Lepralia  adpressa^nsk,  1854:82;  1856:178. 
Hippopodinella  adpressa,  Barroso,  1924:6. 
Hippopodinella  adpressOj  Hastings,  1930:729. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  sometimes  multilaminar.  Zooecia  moderate  in 
size,  averaging  about  0.55  mm  long  by  0.40  mm  wide;  distinct  but  the 
grooves  not  deep ;  slightly  inflated.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst,  the  pores 
similar  to  the  areolar  pores,  slightly  roughened  or  with  radiating  ribs. 
The  aperture  is  elongate,  about  0.14  mm  long  by  0.10  mm  wide;  the 
cardelles  project  strongly  and  the  proximal  part  of  the  aperture  is  wider 
than  the  distal  part,  transverse,  with  a  slightly  arcuate  proximal  border. 
A  very  slightly  raised  peristome  surrounds  the  whole  aperture.  Rarely 
a  minute  avicularium  is  present  near  the  aperture.  No  spines.  The 
general  appearance  is  that  of  a  very  small  Cryptosula  pallasiana. 

Described  by  Busk  from  Chiloe,  Chile,  and  later  recorded  by  him 
from  Mazatlan,  Mexico.  Hastings  lists  it  from  the  Galapagos  Islands 
and  Coiba,  Panama. 

Hancock  Stations:  Noted  at  29  stations  from  Angel  de  la  Guardia 
Island  in  the  Gulf  of  California,  W.  Mexico,  Costa  Rica,  Panama, 
Ecuador,  and  south  to  the  Galapagos  where  it  is  a  common  species. 


468  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Hippopodinella  turrita  new  species 
Plate  56,  fig.13 

Zoarium  encrusting,  white.  Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  0.40  to  0.55 
mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.35  mm  wide;  considerably  inflated  and  very  dis- 
tinct ;  frontal  rough,  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  pores,  the  areolar  pores 
larger  with  strong,  short  ribs  between  them.  The  primary  aperture  is 
widely  removed  from  the  distal  zooecial  border ;  similar  in  form  to  that 
of  H.  adpressa  but  smaller  (0.12  mm  long  by  0.08  mm  wide),  the  poster 
a  little  wider  than  the  anter  and  nearly  straight  on  its  proximal  border ; 
condyles  strong.  The  primary  peristome  is  low  and  thin;  a  heavy  sec- 
ondary peristome,  formed  by  the  frontal  and  roughly  corrugated,  sur- 
rounds this  on  all  sides  without  obscuring  the  aperture.  With  complete 
calcification  this  secondary  peristome  or  shield  often  bears  several  strong, 
erect,  conical  processes ;  typically  one  either  side  opposite  the  cardelles  and 
two  somewhat  smaller  ones  distal  to  the  aperture,  but  the  distal  ones 
may  vary  from  1  to  3 ;  rarely  a  similar  process  may  occur  elsewhere  on 
the  front,  and  any  or  all  of  the  processes  are  frequently  wanting.  The 
turrets  sometimes  bear  small  rounded  avicularia  at  their  tips,  but  more 
frequently  they  are  merely  pointed.  Ovicell  endozooecial  and  not  evi- 
dent on  the  surface. 

Two  characters  apparently  distinguish  this  species  from  others  of 
the  genus;  1,  the  distance  between  the  aperture  and  the  distal  zooecial 
wall;  2,  the  broad,  heavy,  tuberculate  distal  rim  of  the  secondary 
peristome. 

Type,  AHF  no.  101. 

Type  locality:  Hancock  Station  452,  Charles  Island,  Galapagos, 
(Post  Office  Bay),  65  fms,  one  colony  on  a  gastropod  shell.  Also  taken 
at  Station  438,  Chatham  Island,  Galapagos,  one  colony. 

Genus  ENANTIOSULA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930 

"Without  ovicell.  The  zooecia  are  surrounded  by  a  common  row 
of  parietal  dietellae.  The  frontal  is  a  tremocyst.  The  peristomice 
(apparent  aperture)  is  semielliptic.  The  operculum  has  the  form  of  a  bell 
with  concave  proximal  border.  There  are  two  oral  avicularia  with  beak 
converging  on  the  axis  of  the  distal  half  of  the  aperture."  (Canu  and 
Bassler,  1930:23).  Genotype,  Enantiosula  manica  Canu  and  Bassler. 

This  genus  was  questionably  referred  by  Canu  and  Bassler  to  the 
"Escharellidae,"  but  in  the  absence  of  ovicells,  cardelles,  sinus  and 
proximal  peristome  it  seems  better  to  relegate  it  to  the  family  Cheilo- 
porinidae  along  with  Tremoschizodina. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  469 

Enantiosula  manica    Canu  and  Bassler,  1930. 

Plate  57,  fig.  7 

Enantiosula  manica  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:23. 

The  zoarium  is  at  first  encrusting,  but  often  rises  into  tapering, 
finger-like  projections  to  a  height  of  40  mm  or  more  and  10  mm  across 
the  base ;  highly  multilaminar.  The  zooecia  average  about  0.65  mm  long 
by  0.40  mm  wide,  little  distinct;  the  frontal  a  coarse  tremocyst  with 
large  infundibular  pores,  somewhat  costate  in  full  calcification,  but 
without  an  umbo.  The  primary  aperture  is  semicircular,  the  proximal 
border  straight  or  slightly  arcuate;  no  cardelles,  no  spines.  The  oper- 
culum has  the  form  of  the  primary  aperture  and  is  moderately  chitinized, 
with  a  narrow  bordering  sclerite.  On  either  side  of  the  aperture  is  an 
avicularium  with  a  long-pointed  mandible  directed  distally  and  toward 
the  midline,  often  curved  laterally  to  a  slight  degree.  In  addition  there 
is  a  very  minute  rounded  avicularium,  appearing  like  a  large  pore, 
situated  in  the  midline  immediately  distal  to  the  aperture.  I  am  unable 
to  agree  with  Canu  and  Bassler  that  the  avicularia  are  interzooecial ; 
their  development  at  the  margin  of  the  zoarium  shows  them  to  be 
developed  from  areolar  pores  as  a  part  of  the  zooecium  to  which  they 
belong,  before  the  succeeding  zooecium  is  formed.  This  applies  also 
to  the  minute  median  avicularium,  which  is  developed  from  a  terminal 
areolar  pore.  Dietellae  are  present  in  the  lateral  and  terminal  walls. 

There  are  no  ovicells. 

The  species  was  described  from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  Albatross 
Station  D.28 15. 

Hancock  Stations:  dredged  at  24  stations,  Albemarle,  Chatham, 
Duncan,  Gardner,  James,  Onslow  and  South  Seymour  Islands,  Gala- 
pagos; Secas  Islands,  Panama;  Cocos  Island,  Costa  Rica;  Clarion 
Island,  west  of  Mexico;  Carmen  and  Tiburon  Islands,  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia; Magdalena  Bay  and  San  Benito  Islands,  Lower  California; 
and  oH  Laguna  Beach,  southern  California.  The  last  station,  1130-40, 
is  at  the  latitude  of  33°32'15''N,  and  the  species  is  distributed  from 
here  southward  to  slightly  south  of  the  equator  among  the  Galapagos 
Islands.  The  known  depth  range  is  from  3  to  60  fms. 

Enantiosula  plana  new  species 
Plate  57,  figs.  8-9 

Zoarium  encrusting,  white.  Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  ranging  from 
0.45  to  0.60  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.40  mm  wide,  indistinct.  The  frontal 
area  is  nearly  flat,  outlined  by  the  areolar  pores,  a  dense  tremocyst  with 


470  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

scattered  pores  and  nearly  smooth.  The  primary  aperture  is  nearly  semi- 
circular, about  0.10  mm  long  by  0.12  mm  wide,  the  proximal  border 
straight  or  slightly  arcuate,  no  cardelles.  The  operculum  is  moderately 
chitinized,  has  the  form  of  the  aperture  and  a  narrow  bordering  sclerite. 
The  primary  peristome  is  low  and  thin ;  the  frontal  forms  a  low  secondary 
peristome  around  the  sides  and  distal  border  but  this  is  entirely  wanting 
on  the  proximal  border;  no  spines.  There  are  three  avicularia  on  every 
zooecium,  one  on  each  side  opposite  the  proximal  border  of  the  aperture 
and  the  third  in  the  median  line  immediately  distal  to  the  aperture; 
the  three  form  an  equilateral  triangle  and  all  of  them  arise  from  areolar 
pores  as  shown  by  their  development;  the  lateral  avicularia  are  pointed 
but  shorter  than  in  E.  manica  and  the  median  one  is  larger  than  in  that 
species. 

No  ovicell. 

The  species  is  similar  to  E,  manica  in  most  respects  but  is  smaller, 
smoother,  the  tremopores  are  smaller  and  more  scattered,  the  lateral 
avicularia  are  smaller  and  the  median  one  larger,  its  base  about  as  large 
as  that  of  the  lateral  ones.  The  single  specimen  of  E.  plana  is  entirely 
encrusting  in  a  single  layer. 

Type,  AHF  no.  102. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1257-41,  3  miles  NW  of  Natividad 
Island,  Lower  Cahfornia,  27°44'17''N,  115°15'58''W,  at  30  fms. 

Genus  GRYPTOSULA  Canu  and  Bassler,  1925 

There  is  no  external  evidence  of  an  ovicell,  the  larva  develops  in 
the  distal  end  of  the  zooecial  chamber.  The  frontal  is  a  pleurocyst  with 
large  pores.  The  aperture  is  a  little  elongate,  the  poster  wider  than  the 
anter;  the  operculum  bears  a  long  sclerite  on  each  side  slightly  within 
from  the  border  and  the  muscle  attachments  are  near  the  border.  Geno- 
type, Eschara  pallasiana  Moll,  1803. 

Avicularia  are  sometimes  present  and  a  suboral  umbonate  process 
often  occurs ;  in  extreme  calcification  the  frontal  pores  become  widely 
infundibuliform.  There  are  no  oral  spines. 

Gryptosula  pallasiana  (Moll),  1803 
Plate  57,  figs.  4-5 

Eschara  pallasiana  Moll,  1803:57. 
Cryptosula  pallasiana,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1925  :33. 
Lepralia  pallasiana,  Osburn,  1912 :240  ;  1933  :43. 
Lepralia  pallasiana,  O'Donoghue,  1925  :19. 


il 


NO,   2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  471 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting  on  anything  that  will  afford  attachment, 
producing  colonies  of  considerable  size  and  sometimes  rising  in  frills. 
The  zooecia  are  moderately  large,  0.65  (0.50-0.80)  mm  long  by  0.35- 
0.45  mm  wide,  but  extremes  often  exceed  these  measurements.  The 
frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  large  infundibuliform  pores.  The  aperture 
is  unusually  large,  0.20  to  0.24  mm  long  by  0.18  to  0.20  mm  wide, 
the  sides  nearly  parallel,  the  poster  wider  than  the  anter,  shallow,  with 
the  proximal  border  broadly  arcuate ;  the  cardelles  small.  The  operculum 
fills  the  aperture,  well  chitinized,  with  a  narrow  sclerite  scarcely  separated 
from  the  lateral  border.  The  peristome  is  thin,  slightly  elevated  and  not 
fused  with  the  surrounding  frontal.  No  spines;  no  external  evidence 
of  an  ovicell.  Avicularia  are  usually  wanting  but  occasionally  there 
is  a  small  median,  suboral  one  mounted  on  a  small  umbonate  process; 
I  have  found  these  only  rarely  on  Atlantic  specimens  and  at  only  two 
Pacific  stations  but  at  one  of  the  latter  the  avicularia  are  well  distributed 
over  the  colony.  Otherwise  there  seems  to  be  no  difference  in  the  zooecia. 

As  this  species  was  confused  for  many  years  with  C.  complanata 
(Norman)  and  Hippodiplosia  otto-mulleriana  (Moll),  the  distribution 
references  are  very  uncertain,  but  at  least  it  is  known  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  and  the  coasts  of  Morocco,  Portugal  and  France,  and  in  the 
western  Atlantic  from  Nova  Scotia  to  North  Carolina.  It  is  especially 
abundant  on  the  shores  of  New  England.  On  the  Pacific  coast  earlier 
writers  did  not  mention  it,  and  the  only  record  is  that  of  O'Donoghue 
(1925:19)  from  Homer,  Alaska,  It  is  a  fairly  common  species  along  the 
coast  of  southern  California,  especially  in  the  littoral  zone. 

Hancock  Stations:  1274-41,  Hueneme,  29  fms;  1271-41,  Anacapa 
Island,  23  fms;  1208-40,  Playa  del  Rey  and  1644-48,  White  Point,  near 
San  Pedro,  along  shore;  1221-41  and  1222-41,  Newport  Bay,  shore; 
and  the  writer  has  taken  it  along  shore  at  Monterey  Bay,  Corona  del 
Mar  and  La  Jolla,  all  in  southern  California.  Farther  south  it  has  been 
found  at  Station  1508-45,  Sebastian  Viscaino  Bay,  Lower  California, 
and  at  Salina  Cruz,  Oaxaca,  Mexico,  in  shallow  water  (E.  Yale  Dawson, 
collector). 

Genus  WATERSIPORA  Neviani,  1895     .^i^  '^■'''?^n\ 

Pachycleithonia  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:25. 

Frontal  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  rather  large  pores.  Ovicell  endo- 
zooecial,  not  evident  on  the  surface.  Aperture  rounded,  usually  with  a 
broad  rounded  sinus  and  very  strong  cardelles.  No  spines,  no  avicularia. 
Operculum  with  a  chitinized  border  and  a  broad  dark  axial  band  which 


472  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

leaves  a  large  clear  space  on  each  side  beyond  the  cardelles  (the  extent 
of  this  axial  band  quite  variable).  A  thick  ectocyst  w^hich  varies  from 
brownish  to  nearly  black  in  color.  Genotype,  Lepralia  cucullata  Busk, 
1854:81.  ^      , 

f^,,fYUA^  "^  Watersipora  cucullata  (Busk),  1854 

1 A^  .  Plate  56,  figs.  1-5 

Lepralia  cucullata^nsV,  1854:81. 

Lepralia  atrofusca  Busk,  1856 :178. 

Schizoporella  atrofusca  and  var.  labiosa  Hincks,  1886:269. 

Lepralia?  cucullatajWaters,  1909:150  (excellent  bibliography). 

Pachycleithonia  nigra  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:25. 

Watersipora  cucullata,  Hastings,  1930:729. 

Watersipora  cucullata,  Marcus,  1937:118. 

Watersipora  cucullata,  Osburn,  1940 :449 ;  1947 :40. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  occasionally  rising  into  low  frills,  conspicuous 
because  of  its  color,  brownish-purple  to  black.  Zooecia  large  but  varying 
greatly  in  size,  average  length  about  1.00  mm,  width  about  0.40  mm, 
rather  regular  in  form  and  quite  distinct.  The  front  is  regularly  rounded 
from  side  to  side,  a  smooth  tremocyst  with  numerous  large  pores ;  chalky 
white  beneath  the  thick,  pigmented  ectocyst.  The  primary  aperture  is 
large  and  varies  in  its  proportions;  typically  the  poster  is  more  or  less 
semicircular,  but  it  may  be  broadly  arcuate;  the  condyles  are  usually 
strong  and  conspicuous ;  just  above  each  condyle  there  is  usually  a  small 
cup-shaped  indentation  of  the  border  of  the  aperture.  The  operculum 
has  the  form  of  the  aperture,  heavily  pigmented  like  the  front,  some- 
times with  a  rounded  clearer  area  on  either  side  in  advance  of  the  con- 
dyles, usually  with  a  black  sclerite  extending  straight  forward  from  the 
point  of  attachment  on  either  side;  an  unusual  feature  of  the  operculum 
is  the  presence  of  a  small  shining  tubercle  on  each  side  proximal  to  the 
condyles.  The  peristome  is  typically  simple  and  slightly  elevated,  but 
it  may  rise  into  erect  lappets  or  folds  on  its  proximal  border  (var. 
labiosa),  or  extend  forward  in  a  flat  shelf  above  the  poster  (var.  nigra). 
No  spines,  no  avicularia.  As  Hastings  (1930:730)  indicates,  there  is 
much  variation  even  on  the  same  zoarium,  and  about  the  only  invariable 
character  I  have  been  able  to  note  is  the  presence  of  the  minute  shining 
tubercles  on  the  operculum  behind  the  condyles. 

There  is  no  evidence  of  an  ovicell  externally,  and  Waters  ( 1909 :151 ) 
has  shown  that  the  larva  develops  in  a  sac  at  the  distal  end  of  the  zooecial 
chamber. 


NO.   2      OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  473 

The  numerous  variations  have  been  discussed  by  Waters  (1909:151), 
Hastings  (1930:730)  and  Marcus  (1937:119)  but  without  the  separa- 
tion of  any  distinct  species.  The  type  (Hastings,  pi.  15,  fig.  98)  has  a 
comparatively  narrow^,  rounded  poster,  and  eastern  and  v^^estern  Atlantic 
specimens  agree  on  this  point ;  some  colonies  from  Colombia,  Galapagos 
and  the  Gulf  of  California  have  a  rounded  poster,  v^^hile  in  others  it  is 
shallow  and  nearly  as  wide  as  the  anter.  Two  rather  distinct  varieties 
are  based  on  the  nature  of  the  aperture  and  the  peristome. 

Variety  labiosa  (Lepralia  atrofusca  var.  labiosa  Hincks,  1886:269), 
from  the  Arabian  Sea,  occurs  also  in  the  Caribbean  Sea  and  at  Santos 
Bay,  Brazil.  The  zooecia  are  somewhat  smaller.  The  proximal  border 
of  the  peristome  rises  into  erect  and  contorted  lappets. 

Variety  nigra  (Pachycleithonia  nigra  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:25), 
from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  and  later  recovered  by  the  Hancock  Expedi- 
tions at  a  number  of  localities  as  far  north  as  in  the  Gulf  of  California, 
is  characterized  by  the  broad  shallow  poster  and  the  forward  projection 
of  the  frontal  nearly  to  the  condyles.  But  for  the  variation  in  the  breadth 
and  form  of  the  poster  this  might  well  be  considered  a  distinct  species. 
All  of  the  other  characters,  however,  agree  with  the  typical  form. 

The  species,  in  its  various  forms,  has  been  reported  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea,  Red  Sea,  Arabian  Sea,  Indian  Ocean,  China  Sea,  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  Caribbean  Sea,  South  Africa,  Brazil,  and  in  the  Eastern  Pacific 
from  Mexico,  Colombia  and  the  Galapagos  Islands. 

Hancock  Stations:  at  36  stations  from  the  Galapagos  Islands  and 
Colombia  on  the  south  to  Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  The  variety  nigra  occurred  at  numerous  stations  about  the  Gala- 
pagos Islands  and  north  to  Mazatlan,  Mexico,  along  with  the  more 
typical  variety. 

Genus  VELEROA  new  genus 

No  ooecia;  no  avicularia;  aperture  rounded  with  a  large  rounded 
sinus;  operculum  thick,  without  sclerites  and  with  muscle  attachments 
remote  from  the  border;  frontal  a  tremocyst  with  numerous  pores;  the 
zooecial  cavity  very  deep ;  lateral  and  distal  walls  with  very  numerous 
uniporous  septulae  which  are  evenly  scattered  over  the  whole  surface. 
Genotype,  Veleroa  veleronis  Osburn,  new  species. 

The  aperture  and  the  frontal  surface  are  much  like  JVatersipora, 
but  the  operculum  lacks  entirely  the  broad  bordering  sclerite  and  other 
characters  of  that  genus,  and  the  muscle  attachments  are  far  removed 
from  the  margin  on  a  slightly  more  chitinized  area.  The  great  depth 


474  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

of  the  zooecial  cavity  is  an  unusual  character,  usually  deeper  than  long, 
but  the  zooecia  do  not  appear  to  be  erected  as  they  are  in  the  Celleporidae, 
as  the  frontal  area  is  quite  horizontal.  The  distribution  of  the  numerous 
communication  pores  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  lateral  and  distal 
walls  appears  to  be  a  unique  character. 

The  absence  of  ovicells  and  the  nature  of  the  aperture  and  frontal 
appear  to  relate  this  genus  most  nearly  to  Watersipora  in  the  family 
Cheiloporinidae. 

The  genus  is  named  in  honor  of  the  "Velero  III,"  Captain  Allan 
Hancock's  yacht,  in  which  ten  years  of  dredging  expeditions  were  carried 
on,  from  Oregon  to  Peru  and  the  Galapagos  Islands. 

Veleroa  veleronis  new  species 
Plate  56,  figs.  6-7  and  Plate  55,  fig.  11 

Schizoporella  areolata,  Robertson,  1908 :285. 

Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  large,  0.60  to  0.85  mm  long  by  0.55  to 
0.65  mm  wide  and  very  deep,  the  cavity  often  deeper  than  long ;  distinct, 
without  separating  raised  lines,  the  surface  slightly  inflated ;  frontal 
a  tremocyst  with  numerous  large  pores  and  covered  with  a  thick  yellowish 
ectocyst.  The  primary  aperture  is  evenly  rounded  to  the  level  of  the  large 
cardelles,  proximal  to  which  is  a  broad  rounded  sinus  about  half  the 
width  of  the  aperture,  which  measures  about  0.25  mm  in  either  direction. 
The  operculum  is  heavily  chitinized,  "leathery,"  without  any  definite 
sclerites  though  the  proximal  tip  of  the  "tongue"  bears  a  thicker  band 
and  there  is  also  an  indefinite  thickened  area  near  the  center  where  the 
muscle  attachments  are  located  far  within  the  border  (similar  to  their 
position  in  Schizoporella  and  Gephyrophora).  The  primary  peristome 
is  thin  and  low  and  appears  to  extend  back  only  to  the  cardelles;  the 
secondary  peristome  is  slightly  raised,  only  a  little  thickened,  and  finely 
granulated.  No  spines,  no  avicularia  and  no  ovicells.  The  communication 
pores  are  very  numerous  and  are  scattered  thickly  over  the  entire  surface 
of  the  lateral  and  distal  walls. 

This  species  was  first  obtained  at  Santa  Catalina  Island  by  Dr.  Alice 
Robertson  who  identified  it  with  the  Lepralia  areolata  Busk,  1854,  from 
the  Straits  of  Magellan.  The  surface  appearance  of  Busk's  species  is 
slightly  similar,  but  in  areolata  the  sinus  is  deeper  and  narrower,  there 
are  conspicuous  separating  lines,  and  the  zooecia  appear  to  be  much 
smaller.  It  is  possible  that  Lepralia  areolata  should  be  included  in  the 
present  genus,  but  the  description  is  very  incomplete  and  the  species 
apparently  has  never  been  recovered. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  475 

Type,  AHF  no.  103. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1257-41,  three  miles  NW  of  Nativ- 
idad  Island,  Lower  California,  27°55'53''N,  115°iy58''W,  31  fms. 
Also  dredged  at  Station  1051,  ofif  San  Miguel  Island,  12  to  19  fms; 
1662-48,  Santa  Cruz  Island,  23  fms;  Palos  Verdes  (Accession  1212)  3 
to  5  fms  on  an  abalone  shell ;  and  a  part  of  Robertson's  Schizoporella 
areolata  (non  Busk)  from  Santa  Catalina  Island,  all  from  southern 
California. 

Genus  HIPPALIOSINA  Canu,  1918 

Ovicell  endozooecial.  The  aperture  is  elongate,  elliptical,  divided 
into  two  parts  by  triangular  cardelles ;  the  poster  smaller  than  the  anter. 
Frontal  a  granular  pleurocyst  with  areolar  pores  which  are  sometimes 
in  more  than  one  row.  Usually  a  small  avicularium  at  each  side  of  the 
aperture.  Genotype,  Escharella  rostrigera  Smitt,  1873. 

Hippaliosina  rostrigera  (Smitt),  1873 
Plate  56,  fig.  9 

Escharella  rostrigera  Smitt,  1873  :57. 
Lepralia  rostrigera,  Osburn,  1914 :21 1. 
Hippaliosina  rostrigera,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928:130. 
Hippaliosina  rostrigera,  Hastings,  1930:729. 
Hippaliosina  rostrigera,  Osburn,  1940:448. 

Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  of  moderate  size  but  very  variable, 
ranging  from  0.30  to  0.60  mm  in  length  by  0.25  to  0.35  mm  in  width ; 
the  frontal  a  granular  pleurocyst  with  a  row  (sometimes  two  rows)  of 
areolar  pores,  nearly  flat.  The  aperture  is  variable  in  form,  longer  than 
broad,  the  anter  more  than  a  semicircle  and  separated  from  the  poster 
by  strong,  pointed  cardelles ;  the  poster  usually  narrower  than  the  anter 
and  with  an  arcuate  proximal  border.  The  peristome  is  thin  and  slightly 
raised  only  around  the  distal  border.  No  spines.  There  is  usually  a  small 
avicularium  on  either  side  of  the  aperture,  the  mandible  short  or  long 
and  directed  forward  and  inward  around  the  border. 

The  endozooecial  ovicell  is  scarcely  noticeable  on  the  surface  but 
the  fertile  zooecia  are  easily  distinguished  by  their  short,  wide  apertures. 

Described  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  known  only  from  the  West 
Indian  region  until  Hastings  recorded  it  from  Gorgona,  Colombia. 

Hancock  Stations:  154-34,  Albemarle  Island,  Galapagos;  332,  Bahia 
Honda,  Panama;  and  270,  east  of  Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island,  Gulf 
of  California.  Shore  to  27  fms. 


476  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Hippaliosina  inarmata  new  species 
Plate  56,  fig.  10 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  shells  and  corallines.  Zooecia  of  moderate 
size;  0.45  to  0.55  mm  long  by  0.35  to  0.40  mm  wide,  distinct  with  a 
raised  separating  line;  front  little  inflated,  a  granular  pleurocyst  with 
a  row  of  large  areolae  which  are  separated  by  short  ribs,  without  umbo 
or  other  irregularities.  The  aperture  measures  about  0.13  mm  in  either 
dimension,  rounded  distally,  the  poster  broader  than  the  anter;  the 
proximal  border  nearly  straight;  cardelles  wanting.  The  operculum  has 
the  form  of  the  aperture,  the  distal  border  thickened  and  a  narrow 
sclerite  on  either  side  close  to  the  lateral  edge,  as  in  H.  rostrigera.  The 
peristome  is  thin,  slightly  raised  all  around  the  aperture  and  with  a 
low  lappet  on  each  side,  the  primary  aperture  not  obscured.  There  are 
no  avicularia,  no  spines,  no  dietellae. 

The  ovicell  is  endozooecial,  but  its  porous  frontal  surface  is  partially 
exposed,  scarcely  raised  above  the  level  of  the  aperture. 

The  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  H.  rostrigera  by  the  shorter 
aperture  which  is  widest  proximally,  by  the  complete  peristome  and  by 
the  entire  absence  of  avicularia. 

Type,  AH F  no.  104. 

Type  locality:  Hancock  Station  136-34,  Clarion  Island  west  of 
Mexico,  18°20'05"N,  114°44'40''W,  32  fms.  Also  at  Station  136-34 
in  the  same  region,  57  fms;  239-34,  Port  Utria,  Colombia,  shore;  and 
Albatross  Station  2886,  ofif  the  Oregon  coast,  43°59'00''N,  124°56' 
30"W,  at  50  fms. 

Hippaliosina  costifera  new  species 
Plate  56,  figs.  11-12 

Zoaria  encrusting  on  the  smooth  surface  of  pebbles,  sometimes  multi- 
laminar,  white.  Zooecia  moderate  in  size,  0.55  to  0.75  mm  long  by  0.35 
to  0.50  mm  wide;  distinct,  the  younger  ones  separated  by  deep  grooves. 
The  frontal  is  thick  pleurocyst  with  a  marginal  row  of  large  areolar 
pores,  between  which  strong  costal  ridges  extend  radially  toward  an 
irregularly  broad,  prominent  umbo.  Frequently  the  marginal  areolae 
extend  around  the  distal  end  in  front  of  the  aperture  and  in  older  zooecia 
the  rows  of  pores  mark  the  outlines.  The  primary  aperture  is  slightly 
elongate,  0.14  mm  long  by  0.12  mm  wide,  semielliptical,  the  condyles 
small  and  set  far  back,  the  proximal  border  nearly  straight  and  extending 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  477 

the  full  width  between  the  cardelles.  The  operculum  has  the  form  of 
the  aperture,  moderately  chitinized,  with  a  slender  bordering  sclerite 
which  is  thickened  for  some  distance  beyond  the  cardelles,  and  the  muscle 
attachments  close  to  the  border.  The  primary  peristome  is  thin  and 
inconspicuous;  the  frontal  forms  a  thick  wall  about  the  aperture,  but 
usually  leaves  a  semilunar  area  proximal  to  the  aperture.  No  spines  and 
no  avicularia. 

No  ovicells  are  present  on  the  30  colonies  examined. 

The  general  appearance  of  the  species  is  somewhat  like  Escharina 
costata  d'  Orbigny  (1847:44)  from  Valparaiso,  Chile,  but  in  that  species 
the  aperture  is  altogether  different,  and  there  are  oral  spines. 

Type,AHFno.  105. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  369-35 :  off  Fronton  Island,  near 
Callao,  Peru,  12°07'25''S,  77°11'30"W,  at  5  fms;  more  than  30  colonies 
encrusting  three  pebbles. 


478  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Family  Grepidacanthidae  Levinsen,  1909 

The  ooecium  is  hyperstomial  and  recumbent.  Pore  chambers  and  sep- 
tulae  sometimes  alternate.  Zooecial  aperture  with  strong  cardelles;  oper- 
culum well  chitinized.  Avicularia  long,  setose  or  pediform,  usually  paired 
at  the  sides  of  the  aperture;  long  oral  spines  usually  present  and  some- 
times marginal  spines  also. 

Genus  GREPIDAGANTHA  Levinsen,  1909 

The  frontal  is  surrounded  by  a  row  of  long  setose  marginal  spines 
situated  between  the  areolae.  Aperture  with  a  very  broad  poster  and 
without  a  sinus.  Ovicell  recumbent,  closed  by  the  operculum.  Genotype, 
C.  poissoni  crinispina  Levinsen,  1909 :266. 

Grepidacantha  poissoni  (Audouin),  1826 
Plate  58,  fig.  2 

Flustra  poissoni  Audouin,  1826 :  10. 
Lepralia  poissoni,  Waters,  1899 :16. 
Grepidacantha  poissoni,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1929:33. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  forming  small  white  colonies,  usually  on  shells. 
Zooecia  moderate  in  size,  averaging  about  0.55  mm  long  by  0.40  mm 
wide,  but  subject  to  much  variation;  the  frontal  is  smooth,  inflated,  the 
separating  grooves  deep ;  a  row  of  small  areolar  pores.  The  primary 
aperture  is  rounded  beyond  the  strong  triangular  cardelles,  and  prox- 
imally  to  these  is  a  wide,  shallow  poster  with  a  straight  proximal  border ; 
0.10  mm  long  by  0.08  mm  wide.  The  peristome  is  little  developed  and 
is  unarmed,  but  a  slight  umbo  usually  projects  forward  just  enough  to 
give  the  proximal  border  an  incurved  outline.  A  pair  of  setiform  avicu- 
laria, one  on  either  side  a  little  proximal  to  the  aperture,  is  characteristic 
of  this  species.  From  6  to  10  very  slender  marginal  spines  occur  low 
down  around  the  distal  end  below  the  level  of  the  aperture. 

The  ovicell  is  slightly  flattened  above,  situated  on  the  distal  side 
of  the  peristome,  hyperstomial  and  closed  by  the  operculum. 

It  is  a  circumtropical  species,  but  has  been  noted  on  the  Pacific  coast 
of  the  Americas  only  by  Canu  and  Bassler  from  the  Galapagos  Islands 
(also  from  Hawaii). 

Hancock  Stations:  Noted  at  25  different  stations  from  Santa  Barbara 
Island,  Station  1064,  off  southern  California  to  the  Galapagos  Islands. 
Angel  de  la  Guardia  and  San  Esteban  Islands  in  the  Gulf  of  California; 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  479 

Clarion  and  Cllpperton  Islands  west  of  Mexico;  Secas  Island,  Panama; 
La  Libertad,  Ecuador,  and  abundant  about  the  Galapagos  Islands.  Shore 
to  73  fms. 

Grepidacantha  setigera  (Smitt),  1873 
Plate  58,  fig.  1 

Escharella  setigera  Smitt,  1873  :58. 

Crepidacantha  setigera,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928  :135. 

?  Crepidacantha  longiseta  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928:135. 

Encrusting  on  shells  and  corallines,  the  general  aspect  is  that  of 
C.  poissoni,  except  for  the  form  of  the  aperture  and  the  position  of  the 
avicularia.  The  proximal  border  of  the  aperture  is  not  straight  as  it  is 
in  poissoni,  but  broadly  arcuate  and  it  is  much  narrower  than  in  poissoni. 
The  setose  avicularia  are  situated  at  the  sides  of  the  aperture  instead 
of  proximal  to  it.  The  number  of  the  marginal  spinules  is  larger,  10  to 
16.  The  ovicell  is  similar  except  that  in  final  calcification  it  sometimes 
has  a  low  umbo  on  its  top. 

In  the  opinion  of  the  writer,  C.  longiseta  Canu  and  Bassler  is  only 
a  variant  of  setigera.  Canu  and  Bassler  state  that  it  differs  "in  its  smaller 
dimensions  and  its  long  setiform  mandible,"  but  I  cannot  find  constant 
differences  in  either  character. 

Smitt  described  setigera  from  Florida  (Tortugas  Islands)  and  Canu 
and  Bassler  list  it  from  the  Florida  Straits;  C.  longiseta  was  recorded 
from  north  of  Cuba. 

Hancock  Stations:  143-34,  Wenman  Island,  155-34  and  157-34, 
Albemarle  Island,  Galapagos;  328,  Cocos  Island,  off  the  coast  of  Costa 
Rica.  Seven  colonies,  ranging  in  depth  from  18  to  more  than  100  fms. 

Genus  MASTIGOPHORA  Hincks.  1880 

"Zooecia  with  a  semicircular  orifice,  the  inferior  margin  straight, 
with  a  central  sinus;  furnished  with  lateral  vibracula"  (Hincks).  To 
this  may  be  added  the  presence  of  a  recumbent  ovicell  and  pore  chambers. 
Genotype,  Lepralia  hynd/nanni  Johnston,  1847. 

Mastlgophora  pesanseris  (Smitt),  1873 
Plate  58,  fig.  3 

Hippothoa  pes  anseris  Smitt,  1873  :43. 
Mastigophora  pes-anseris,  Hastings,  1930:722. 

Zoarium  encrusting.  Zooecia  of  moderate  size,  averaging  about 
0.65   mm   long  by  0.40   wide;   distinct  with   deep   grooves,   the   front 


480  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

considerably  inflated  and  rising  sharply  toward  the  peristome,  with 
numerous  minute  pores,  the  areolar  pores  usually  obscured  by  later 
calcification.  The  primary  aperture  is  small,  about  0.09  mm  long  by 
0.12  mm  wide,  semicircular  with  a  straight  proximal  border;  the  sinus 
is  narrow,  deep  and  constricted  and  the  proximal  corners  are  definitely 
notched.  The  peristome  is  somewhat  elevated,  thickened,  completely  sur- 
rounds the  aperture  and  bears  about  6  oral  spines. 

The  striking  feature  of  this  species  is  the  presence  on  either  side 
of  the  aperture  of  a  peculiar  avicularium,  the  mandible  of  which  is 
shaped  like  the  foot  of  a  goose ;  there  is  a  strong  cross  bar  for  the  attach- 
ment of  the  mandible. 

The  ovicell  is  very  short,  small  and  prominent. 

Described  by  Smitt  from  Florida,  it  is  found  around  the  world  in 
warmer  waters.  The  only  record  for  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  Americas 
is  that  of  Hastings  from  Gorgona,  Colombia. 

Hancock  Stations:  270,  Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island,  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia; 307,  Secas  Island,  Panama;  411-35,  Gorgona  Island,  Colombia; 
and  143-34,  Wenman  Island,  788-38,  Dahpne  Major  Island,  155-34, 
432,  and  461,  Albemarle  Island,  Galapagos.  14  to  more  than  100  fms. 

Mastigophora  porosa  (Smitt),  1873 

Plate  58,  fig.  4 

Hippothoa  porosa  Smitt,  1873:41. 

Mastigophora  porosa,  C^nn  and  Bassler,  1928:134;  1928b  :38. 

Zoarium  encrusting  in  a  single  layer,  flat  and  white,  with  very 
conspicuous  brown  vibracula.  Zooecia  large,  but  very  variable  in  measure- 
ment, 0.60  to  0.80  mm  long  by  0.45  to  0.80  mm  wide;  the  frontal  a 
tremocyst  with  minute  pores  and  so  flat  that  the  zooecia  are  distinct 
only  in  the  youngest  stages;  there  are  a  few  very  large  areolar  pores, 
which  usually  become  closed  by  secondary  calcification.  The  primary 
aperture  is  wider  than  long,  0.14  mm  wide  by  0.11  mm  long,  rounded 
with  a  straight  proximal  border  in  which  there  is  a  v-shaped  sinus;  the 
notches  at  the  proximal  corners,  referred  to  by  Smitt,  are  usually  quite 
distinct.  The  operculum  is  thin,  with  a  triangular  proximal  tongue,  and 
of  the  same  form  as  the  aperture. 

The  most  striking  feature  is  the  large,  elongate  vibraculum,  usually 
more  than  1.00  mm  in  length,  one  on  every  zooecium  at  the  side  of  or 
a  little  proximal  to  the  aperture. 

"The  ovicell  is  very  short  and  of  the  same  structure  as  the  frontal" 
(Canu  and  Bassler).  Our  specimens  are  not  in  reproduction. 


NO.   2      OSBURN:  eastern   pacific   BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  481 

Smftt  described  the  species  from  west  of  the  Tortugas  Islands, 
Florida,  and  Canu  and  Bassler  listed  it  from  the  West  Indian  region 
and  Brazil.  The  Pacific  coast  specimens  appear  to  present  no  essential 
differences. 

Hancock  Station  423-35,  off  Port  Utria,  Colombia,  12  fms,  encrust- 
ing corallines,  five  small  colonies. 

Family  PhylactellidaC  Canu  and  Bassler,  1917 

"The  ovicell  is  very  large  and  closed  by  a  special  membrane.  The 
special  ovicell  which  Waters  called  recumbent  is  placed  on  the  distal 
part  of  the  zooecium  itself  between  the  apertura  and  the  distal  zooecium. 
Evidently  it  is  also  more  or  less  supported  on  the  distal  zooecium,  but 
frequently  it  is  completely  separated  from  it."  (Canu  and  Bassler,  1920: 
573). 

Genus  PHYLAGTELLA  Hincks,  1879,  (in  part). 

"Zooecia  with  the  primary  orifice  more  or  less  semicircular,  the  lower 
margin  usually  dentate ;  peristome  much  elevated,  not  produced  or  chan- 
nelled in  front  No  avicularia."  (Hincks,  1879:161). 

To  this  description  Canu  and  Bassler  (1920:573)  added  the  follow- 
ing characters:  frontal  a  tremocyst  with  small  pores;  the  thick  band 
of  the  operculum  is  a  little  distance  from  the  edge;  no  spines;  a  lyrule 
or  cardelles  present ;  the  aperture  more  or  less  circular ;  peristome  more 
or  less  funnel-shaped. 

The  genus,  more  recently,  has  very  properly  suffered  much  from 
amputation,  and  of  the  three  species  selected  by  Hincks,  Alysidota  labrosa 
Busk  has  a  porous  frontal  and  a  lyrula  and  has  been  returned  to  Alysidota 
Busk  (preoccupied  and  renamed  Alysidotella  by  Strand)  as  the  genotype 
of  that  genus.  Also  the  third  species,  Lepralia  eximia  Hincks,  has  a  porous 
frontal  and  a  lyrula  and  has  been  removed.  This  leaves  only  Lepralia 
collaris  Norman,  which  has  been  selected  as  the  genotype.  The  fossil 
species  described  by  Canu  and  Bassler  (1920:573)  all  have  the  porous 
frontal  and  appear  to  belong  more  properly  to  Alysidotella. 

The  genus  Phylactella  may  be  redescribed  as  follows : 

Zooecia  with  the  primary  aperture  more  or  less  rounded ;  cardelles 
small;  frontal  a  pleurocyst  with  small,  well-spaced  areolar  pores;  the 
secondary  peristome  (developed  from  the  frontal)  high  and  flaring  prox- 
imally  and  on  the  sides,  but  entirely  wanting  on  the  distal  border.  Ovicell 


482  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

prominent,  recumbent  on  the  distal  zooecium  but  not  immersed,  per- 
forated. Genotype,  Lepralia  collaris  Norman,  1867 :204. 

The  above  description  is  drawn  from  a  specimen  from  Norman's 
collection  and  from  the  type  locaHty,  loaned  me  by  Dr.  Anna  B.  Hastings 
of  the  British  Museum. 

Phylactella  aperta  new  species 
Plate  59,  figs.  1-2 

2^arium  encrusting  on  a  shell.  Zooecia  ovate,  very  distinct,  slightly 
ventricose  and  more  elevated  distally;  length  0.65  mm  (0.55  to  0.70), 
width  0.40  mm  (0.35  to  0.50)  ;  frontal  a  reticulated  olocyst  covered  by 
a  thin  pleurocyst,  imperforate  except  for  small  well-spaced  areolar  pores 
and  sometimes  a  few  additional  ones.  The  primary  aperture  is  slightly 
quadrangular,  longer  than  broad  (0.13  by  0.11  mm),  the  proximal  border 
a  little  arcuate,  cardelles  minute.  The  operculum  is  moderately  chitinized 
and  bears  a  narrow  sclerite  a  short  way  within  the  border.  The  secondary 
peristome  (an  extension  of  the  frontal)  forms  a  high  funnel-shaped  wall 
proximally  and  laterally,  extended  into  large  flaring  lappets  on  the  sides, 
but  wanting  entirely  on  the  distal  border.  No  spines.  A  small  pointed 
slightly  elevated  avicularium  is  present  on  most  of  the  zooecia  proximal 
to  the  peristome  and  at  or  near  the  midline ;  it  is  asymmetrical  in  origin 
and  arises  from  an  areolar  pore  on  one  side  only ;  the  mandible  is  directed 
proximally,  pointed  and  with  a  complete  hinge  bar. 

The  ovicell  is  hemispherical,  prominent,  resting  on  the  distal  zooecium 
but  not  embedded ;  perforated  by  small  pores  which  are  slightly  elevated ; 
a  small  flattened  imperforate  area  above  the  orifice. 

The  genotype  of  Phylactella  has  no  avicularia  and  I  am  not  aware 
that  they  have  been  found  in  any  other  species  of  the  genus.  However, 
all  of  the  other  features  of  aperta  agree  so  closely  with  P.  collaris  that 
they  must  be  congeneric.  Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Anna  B.  Hastings 
of  the  British  Museum  I  have  been  able  to  study  a  specimen  of  collaris 
from  the  Norman  collection  and  from  the  type  locality,  Antrim,  Ireland. 

Type,  AH  F  no.  106. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  450,  Cartago  Bay,  Albemarle  Island, 
Galapagos,  0°55'00''S,  90°30'00"W,  at  60  fms,  one  colony  in  repro- 
duction. 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   eastern   pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  483 

Phylactella  alulata  new  species 
Plate  59,  figs.  3-5 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  stones.  The  zooecia  are  moderately  large, 
broad  and  distinct,  0.65  to  0.70  mm  long  by  0.45  to  0.50  mm  wide, 
hexagonal,  thin  at  the  borders  and  rising  regularly  toward  the  aperture. 
The  frontal  consists  of  a  thin  olocyst  which  from  the  internal  view 
appears  to  be  made  up  of  a  series  of  minute  plates;  this  is  covered  by  a 
thin  pleurocyst  which  is  finely  reticulated  which  gives  the  appearance  of 
being  thickly  perforated,  but  the  "pores"  do  not  penetrate  to  the  interior; 
the  areolar  pores  are  very  small.  The  peristome  is  striking  in  appearance, 
with  a  high,  pointed,  flaring  lappet  on  each  side  and  a  median  pointed 
umbonate  process  which  bears  a  small  median  avicularium  on  its  distal 
aspect;  wanting  on  the  distal  border.  The  primary  aperture  is  rounded 
distally,  the  sides  somewhat  parallel  and  the  proximal  border  broadly 
arcuate;  a  little  longer  than  broad,  0.13  mm  wide  by  0.15  mm  long; 
cardelles  minute.  The  operculum  is  thin,  with  a  narrow  bordering 
sclerite.  The  suboral  avicularium  has  a  triangular  mandible  and  a  com- 
plete hinge  bar;  the  chamber  appears  to  be  connected  with  an  areolar 
pore  on  each  side. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  0.40  mm  long  by  0.32  mm  wide,  prominent  and 
recumbent  on  the  distal  zooecium  but  not  embedded ;  the  front  bears 
numerous  scattered  pores  of  varying  form  and  size;  not  closed  by  the 
operculum. 

It  is  a  striking  species  from  very  deep  water.  Unfortunately  it  is 
represented  by  only  a  few  zooecia  encrusting  rocks  and  I  have  not  been 
able  to  study  it  thoroughly  without  destroying  the  specimen.  The  presence 
of  a  median  suboral  avicularium  does  not  conform  to  the  type  of  the 
genus,  but  in  all  other  characters,  nature  of  the  frontal,  form  of  the 
aperture,  small  cardelles,  peristome  high  proximally  and  wanting  distally, 
ovicell  recumbent  and  perforated,  the  agreement  appears  to  be  perfect. 

Type,  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  11034. 

Type  locality.  Albatross  Station  5688,  27°38'45"N,  115°17'40''W, 
southwest  of  Point  San  Eugenio,  Lower  California,  at  525  fms.  One 
small  specimen  which  was  salvaged  by  the  writer  from  other  inverte- 
brate material  which  came  to  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History 
from  the  1911  cruise  of  the  Albatross;  it  has  been  in  my  possession  ever 
since,  awaiting  a  proper  time  for  publication. 


Ur^jf 


484  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Genus  LAGENIPORA  Hincks,  1877 

Hincks'  description  is  meager  and  inadequate:  "Colonies  consisting 
of  a  number  of  cells  immersed  in  a  common  calcareous  crust.  Zooecia 
decumbent,  contiguous,  lageniform ;  oral  extremity  free,  tubular,  with 
a  terminal  orbicular  orifice."  Genotype,  Lagenipora  socialis  Hincks, 
1877:214. 

There  has  been  much  misunderstanding  in  regard  to  this  genus, 
possibly  from  the  failure  to  consider  the  nature  of  the  various  characters 
which  difiFerentiate  it  from  Costazia,  with  which  it  has  been  most  fre- 
quently confused.  The  writer  has  had  the  privilege  of  studying  seven 
species  which  present  the  same  general  characters:  L.  socialis  Hincks 
(the  genotype),  L.  spinulosa  Hincks,  L.  punctulata  (Gabb  and  Horn 
=  L.  erecta  O'Donoghue),  L.  marginata  Canu  and  Bassler,  L.  lacunosa 
Bassler,  L.  verrucosa  Canu  and  Bassler,  and  L.  hippocrepis  (Busk).  In 
all  of  these  the  following  assemblage  of  characters  is  presented :  zooecia 
lageniform  (flask-shaped),  the  zooecial  body  entirely  decumbent;  a 
tubular  peristome  of  variable  height  erect  or  semierect ;  the  frontal  a 
tremocyst  with  numerous  conspicuous  pores  evenly  distributed  over  the 
surface ;  a  pair  of  small  lateral-oval  avicularia  at  the  rim  of  the  peristome 
or  extending  above  it ;  absence  of  frontal  avicularia ;  a  hemispherical 
ooecium  on  the  distal  side  of  the  peristome,  high  above  the  base  or  lower 
down  but  always  opening  into  the  peristome  well  above  the  primary 
aperture,  its  upper  surface  with  a  finely  perforated  area. 

In  Lekythopora  MacGillivray,  which  has  somewhat  the  same  manner 
of  growth,  the  ovicell  is  borne  upon  the  proximal  side  of  the  peristome 
and  the  frontal  pores  are  few.  In  Costazia  Neviani  (Siniopelta  Levinsen) 
the  zooecia  are  erected,  the  frontal  provided  with  enlarged  areolar  pores 
and  the  aperture  is  more  or  less  sinuate,  also  frontal  avicularia  (sometimes 
interzooecial)  are  present  and  the  perforated  area  of  the  ovicell  presents 
a  diliferent  picture. 

Key  TO  Species  of  Lagenipora 

1.  Zoarium  erect  and  branching  from  an  encrusting  base     ....     2 
Zoarium  encrusting  at  all  stages 3 

2.  Zoarium  rough,  zooecia  large  (av.  0.70  mm  long),  coarsely 

punctate,  peristome  high  and  costate punctulata 

Zoarium  smoother,  zooecia  smaller   (av.  0.55  mm  long),  pores 
smaller,  peristome  lower  and  smooth mexicana 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern   pacific   BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  485 

3.  Zoarium  with  linear  branches  of  usually  1  to  3  series  of 

zooecia marginata 

Zoarium  irregular  but  not  branching  in  linear  form 4 

4.  Ovicell  at  base  of  peristome 5 

Ovicell  higher  up  on  distal  side  of  peristome 6 

5.  Peristome  short,  thick- walled,  smooth ;  zooecia  large  and 

coarse lacunosa 

Peristome  high  and  thin,  delicately  costulate     ....     hippocrepis 

6.  Peristome  very  high,  thin,  costate,  flared,  with  spinous  processes  all 

around  the  border spinulosa 

Peristome  moderately  high,  smooth  to  coarsely  costate,  flared 

especially  on  the  proximal  lip socialis 

7.  Also  a  still  smaller  species,  zooecia  not  more  than  0.40  mm  long, 

with  V-shaped  sinus ;  avicularia  pedicellate  and  with  a  cervicorn 
branch  which  sometimes  unites  with  the  opposite  one  to  form  a 
bridge  distal  to  the  aperture admiranda 

Lagenipora  punctulata  (Gabb  and  Horn),  1862 
Plate  60,  figs.  1-2 

Entalophora  punctulata  Gabb  and  Horn,  1862:171. 
Laffenipora spinulosa  H'mcks  1884:40  (in  part). 
Lagenipora  spinulosa,  Robertson,  1908:283  (in  part). 
Tubucellaria  punctulata,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923  :170. 
Lagenipora  erecta  O'Donoghue,  1923 :33  ;  1926 :74. 

Zoarium  erect  and  branching  from  a  small  encrusting  base,  varying 
greatly  in  size  and  form,  attached  usually  to  stems  of  hydroids,  bryozoans, 
etc.,  coarse  and  stiff  to  a  height  of  20  mm  or  more.  There  is  much  varia- 
tion in  the  diameter  of  the  branches,  as  few  as  4  zooecia  to  as  many  as 
12  surrounding  the  axis.  The  zooecia  are  lageniform,  more  or  less  em- 
bedded in  the  rounded  stem,  with  a  tubular  peristome  projecting  at  a 
marked  angle;  moderately  large  (0.60  to  0.80  mm  long  by  0.40  to 
0.50  mm  wide),  the  frontal  considerably  inflated  and  coarsely  punctured. 
The  peristomial  tubes  vary  in  length,  occasionally  as  long  as  the  zooecial 
body  but  usually  much  shorter,  definitely  ribbed  with  the  costae  extending 
from  the  base  to  the  tip;  in  younger  zooecia  the  proximal  lip  is  often 
flared  or  extended  forward,  and  often  Math  low  crenulations.  There  is 
a  small  avicularium  on  either  side,  sometimes  projecting  above  the  level 
of  the  peristome  but  usually  on  a  level  with  its  rim.  In  older  specimens 
the  tremocyst  may  extend  upon  the  peristome  nearly  to  its  tip.  The 
primary  aperture  is  slightly  ovate,  length  0.16  mm,  width  0.13  mm. 


486  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

The  ovicell  is  located  at  or  near  the  base  of  the  peristome,  and  on 
complete  calcification  may  be  partially  embedded;  it  measures  about 
0.24  mm  wide  and  has  the  characteristic  finely  perforated,  semicircular 
frontal  area. 

There  is  a  remarkable  difference  in  appearance  between  the  young 
zooecia  with  their  long  peristomes  and  the  heavily  calcified  old  ones  in 
which  the  tremocyst  covers  the  peristomes  nearly  to  the  tips,  and  old 
colonies  encrusting  stones  are  often  scarcely  recognizable  except  at  the 
growing  edges. 

Hincks  and  Robertson  both  confused  this  species  with  L.  spinulosa, 
though  there  is  much  difference  in  the  size  of  the  zooecia  and  the  nature 
of  the  peristomes.  Canu  and  Bassler  located  the  species  properly  under 
Gabb  and  Horn's  E.  punctulata,  but  misplaced  it  in  the  genus  Tubucel- 
laria  which  has  an  ascopore  and  flexible  joints.  Dr.  Bassler  has  kindly 
reexamined  his  fossil  material  and  agrees  (in  litt.)  that  it  belongs  in 
the  genus  Lagenipora.  O'Donoghue  separated  it  from  spinulosa  and 
considered  it  to  be  a  new  species,  erecta. 

Gabb  and  Horn  described  the  species  from  the  "Miocene"  (later 
corrected  to  "Post-Pliocene")  of  Santa  Barbara,  California,  and  Canu 
and  Bassler  found  it  in  the  Pleistocene  of  Santa  Barbara  and  Santa 
Monica.  It  is  quite  abundant  in  the  Pleistocene  of  southern  California 
at  various  places  from  Santa  Barbara  to  Newport  Harbor,  and  I  have 
seen  numerous  fossil  specimens  which  have  been  dredged  near  shore  and 
which  had  been  washed  out  of  the  shore-wise  cliflfs. 

The  records  of  Hincks,  O'Donoghue  and  Robertson  indicate  distribu- 
tion from  British  Columbia  to  Monterey  Bay,  California. 

Hancock  Stations:  occurring  at  125  dredging  stations,  from  northern 
California  to  the  tip  of  Lower  California,  the  Gulf  of  California  (16 
stations),  and  the  Galapagos  Islands  (13  stations).  It  appears  to  be 
most  abundant  in  the  southern  California  region  at  depths  ranging  from 
near  shore  to  about  100  fms. 

Lagenipora  mexicana  new  species 
Plate  59,  figs.  7-8 

Zoarium  with  a  small  encrusting  base  which  surrounds  stems;  erect 
and  irregularly  branching,  the  branches  round,  not  all  in  one  plane ;  basal 
portions  of  the  stems  1.00  to  2.00  mm  in  diameter,  the  younger  tips 
0.60  mm.  The  zooecia  are  moderate  in  size,  0.50  to  0.60  mm  long  by 
0.35  to  0.40  mm  wide ;  lageniform,  completely  decumbent,  in  younger 
stages  quite  distinct,   the  front  inflated  with  evenly  distributed   large 


NO.   2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  487 

tremopores,  in  older  stages  of  calcification  the  zoarial  surface  becomes 
nearly  level.  The  peristome  is  raised  in  young  zooecia,  but  rather  low  for 
this  genus,  the  walls  smooth  and  thick;  in  old  zooecia  the  thickened 
frontal  wall  more  or  less  obscures  the  peristome.  There  is  the  usual 
pair  of  avicularia  on  the  rim  of  the  peristome,  set  a  little  in  advance  of 
the  middle  of  the  aperture.  The  primary  aperture  is  slightly  elongate, 
0.12  mm  long  by  0.10  mm  wide.  There  are  no  avicularia  except  the  oral 
ones  and  no  spines  or  other  external  characters. 

The  ovicell,  0.20  mm  wide,  is  situated  at  the  base  of  the  peristome 
and  opens  into  it  well  above  the  primary  aperture,  but  with  advancing 
calcification  becomes  more  or  less  embedded ;  it  bears  the  usual  finely 
punctate  semicircular  area  on  the  upper  surface. 

The  species  has  some  resemblance  to  L.  punctulata,  especially  in 
its  erect  zoarial  form  and  rounded  branches,  but  it  is  much  smaller, 
smoother,  the  peristome  does  not  rise  above  the  ovicell  and  the  zooecia 
become  more  embedded  with  age. 

Type,  AHF  no.  108. 

Type  locality,  Banderas  Bay,  west  Mexico,  20  to  40  fms,  9  colonies 
and  fragments,  collector,  George  Willett.  Also  Hancock  Station  270, 
Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island,  Gulf  of  California,  14  fms;  and  off  Puerto 
Escondido,  Lower  California,  34  fms.  Also  at  Guadalupe  Island,  west 
of  Lower  California,  40  fms,  C.  L.  Hubbs,  collector. 

Lagenipora  spinulosa  Hincks,  1883 
Plate  59,  fig.  6 

Lagenipora  spinulosa  Hincks,  1883  :31 ;  1884 :40  (in  part) . 
Lagenipora  spinulosa,  Robertson,  1908 :283  (in  part). 
Lagenipora  spinulosa,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :33  ;  1926 :74. 
Lagenipora  spinulosa,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923  :171. 
Lagenipora  spinulosa,  Hastings,  1930:730. 

The  zoaria  form  small  irregular  incrustations  on  shells,  worm  tubes, 
the  stems  of  hydroids  and  bryozoans,  etc.  The  zooecia  are  lageniform, 
about  0.50  mm  long  by  0.30  mm  wide,  usually  oriented  very  irregularly, 
the  frontal  inflated  and  coarsely  punctate.  The  peristomes  are  high,  often 
as  long  as  the  zooecial  body,  the  proximal  side  smooth  and  hyaline,  the 
sides  striate  to  the  tip  which  is  somewhat  expanded ;  the  proximal  lip 
is  usually  simply  flared  outward  but  may  bear  one  or  two  low  points; 
the  distal  border  is  provided  with  several  long  spinous  processes,  some 
or  all  of  which  may  be  lacking.  A  small  avicularium  on  either  side  rises 


488  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

usually  well  above  the  border  of  the  peristome.  The  primary  aperture 
at  the  bottom  of  the  tube  is  nearly  round,  0.13  by  0.13  mm. 

The  ovicell  is  borne  well  above  the  base  of  the  peristome  on  the 
distal  side,  the  finely  perforated  area  broadly  lunate. 

Described  by  Hincks  from  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands  and  recorded 
by  O'Donoghue  from  numerous  British  Columbia  localities.  Robertson 
recorded  it  from  Catalina  Island,  and  Canu  and  Bassler  from  the  Pleisto- 
cene of  San  Pedro,  California.  Hastings  recorded  it  from  the  Galapagos 
Islands. 

Hancock  Station,  270,  Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island,  and  Albatross 
Sta.  3005,  Gulf  of  California;  otherwise  only  off  southern  California  at 
16  stations;  shore  to  60  fms.  There  is  also  a  specimen  from  Humpback 
Bay,  Alaska  (U.  S.  "Stranger,"  1937,  W.  Williams). 

Lagenipora  socialis  Hincks,  1877 
Plate  60,  figs.  3-4 

Lagenipora  socialis  Hincks,  1877:215. 

Lagenipora  socialis,  O'Donoghue,  1923 :33  ;  1926:74. 

Zoarium  forming  small  irregular  patches,  often  on  stems.  The  zooecia 
are  disposed  irregularly,  lageniform,  inflated  and  coarsely  punctured, 
0.40  to  0.55  mm  long  by  0.35  mm  wide.  The  peristomial  tubes  are  nearly 
erect,  much  shorter  than  in  spinulosa  and  wider,  costate;  the  aperture 
flared,  especially  the  high  proximal  lip  which  is  somewhat  pointed;  the 
distal  border  is  slightly  lower  and  may  be  smooth  or  bear  a  few  short 
processes.  On  either  side  is  an  avicularium  with  a  pointed  mandible, 
a  little  larger  than  is  usual  in  the  genus. 

The  ovicell  is  borne  high  above  the  base  on  the  distal  side,  conspicuous, 
its  perforated  area  varying  from  semicircular  to  a  more  or  less  transverse 
band. 

The  zooecia  are  more  erect  than  in  the  other  species,  the  primary 
aperture  is  ovate,  0.14  mm  long  by  0.12  mm  wide,  and  in  the  fertile 
zooecia  the  proximal  border  of  the  ovicell  is  often  extended  to  some  degree 
over  the  peristomial  aperture. 

Described  by  Hincks  from  England.  O'Donoghue  recorded  it  from 
numerous  British  Columbia  localities,  but  it  has  not  otherwise  been 
noticed  on  this  coast. 

Hancock  Stations:  1219-40,  San  Nicholas  Island,  and  1284-41,  Santa 
Rosa  Island,  southern  California,  16  to  22  fms;  and  126-33,  Santa 
Maria  Bay,  Lower  California,  3  to  25  fms.  The  writer  also  has  specimens 
from  Departure  Bay  and  Queen  Charlotte  Sound,  British  Columbia. 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  489 

Lagenipora  hippocrepis  (Busk),  1856 
Plate  60,  figs.  5-6 

Lepralia  hippocrepis  Busk,  1856:177. 
Costazia  hippocrepis,  Hastings,  1930:731. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  shells  and  stems.  The  zooecia  are  moderate 
in  size,  0.55  to  0.65  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.40  mm  wide,  slightly  inflated 
(Busk  says  "Cells  immersed,"  but  the  separating  grooves  are  always 
quite  distinct),  with  large  tremopores.  The  primary  aperture  is  ovoid 
and  slightly  sinuate  on  the  proximal  border,  0.14  mm  long  by  0.12  mm 
wide.  The  peristome  is  inclined  forward,  less  erect  than  most  other 
species  of  the  genus,  low  to  moderately  high  on  the  proximal  border, 
lower  distal  to  the  avicularia,  smooth  or  with  slight  striation,  the  rim 
smooth  without  any  evidence  of  spines  or  other  processes.  The  avicularia 
are  at  the  level  of  the  peristomial  rim  or  they  may  be  considerably  ele- 
vated above  it,  their  short-triangular  mandibles  directed  laterally. 

The  ovicells  are  situated  at  the  base  of  the  peristomes,  but  they  open 
into  the  peristome  well  above  the  primary  aperture;  hemispherical  in 
form;  "A  thin  unpunctured  hood  invests  the  anterior  part,  and  there 
is  sometimes  a  semicircular  plain  area  above  the  lip,  outlined  with  a 
ridge"  (Hastings).  The  perforated  area  is  similar  to  that  of  other  species 
of  the  genus. 

Busk  described  the  species  from  Mazatlan,  Mexico.  Dr.  Hastings 
recovered  it  again  from  the  Galapagos  after  more  than  70  years  and 
compared  her  specimens  with  Busk's  type.  In  my  opinion  the  species  does 
not  belong  in  the  genus  Costazia  and  the  tremocystal  frontal  with 
numerous  evenly  distributed  pores,  the  lack  of  special  areolar  pores,  and 
the  nature  of  the  ovicell  which  opens  into  the  peristome  well  above  the 
primary  aperture  are  all  characters  of  Lagenipora. 

Hancock  Stations:  430,  Wenman  Island,  Galapagos,  150  fms;  1050, 
San  Miguel  Island,  southern  California,  34  fms;  a  specimen  from  the 
Gulf  of  Panama  (Bradley  coll.),  and  another  from  Redondo  Beach, 
California,  along  shore. 

Lagenipora  marginata  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930 
Plate  59,  fig.  9 

Lagenipora  marginata  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:36. 

Zoarium  encrusting  shells,  coralline  and  dead  Discoporella  umhellata, 
with  narrow  linear  branches  of  one  to  three  series  of  zooecia.  The  zooecia 
are  lageniform,  about  0.60  mm  long  by  0.35  mm  wide,  inflated,  with 
numerous  small  tremopores.  The  peristome  is  moderately  high,  occa- 


490  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

slonally  half  as  long  as  the  zooecial  body,  semierect,  smooth  and  without 
costae  or  striae,  usually  little  or  not  at  all  flared,  but  the  tall  peristomes  may 
be  conspicuously  flared.  The  primary  aperture  is  ovate,  about  0.12  mm 
long  by  0.10  mm  wide.  The  usual  pair  of  minute  avicularia  is  present, 
scarcely  elevated  above  the  rim,  often  absent.  The  "small  orbicular 
avicularia"  on  the  frontal,  mentioned  by  Canu  and  Bassler,  are  not 
present  in  our  material. 

The  ovicell  is  small,  0.16  mm  wide,  located  well  above  the  base  of 
the  peristome,  the  perforated  area  covering  practically  the  whole  upper 
surface. 

Described  from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  Albatross  Sta.  D.2813. 

Hancock  Stations:  332,  Bahia  Honda,  Panama;  328,  Cocos  Island, 
off  Costa  Rica ;  276  and  278  at  San  Esteban  and  Tiburon  Islands  in  the 
Gulf  of  California;  and  10  stations  among  the  Galapagos  Islands  (Albe- 
marle, Chatham,  Hood  and  Barrington  Islands).  Shallow  water  to  80 
fms. 

Lagenipora  lacunosa  Bassler,  1934 
Plate  59,  fig.  10 

Lagenipora  verrucosa,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:35. 

Lagenipora  lacunosa  Bassler,  1934:35  to  replace  L.  verrucosa  Canu  and 

Bassler  1930  (not  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928). 

Encrusting  shells,  pebbles,  corallines  and  encrusting  bryozoans.  The 
zooecia  are  moderately  large,  0.70  to  0.85  mm  long  by  about  0.50  mm 
wide,  lageniform  but  with  a  much  shorter  "neck"  than  most  of  the 
"flasks"  in  this  genus.  The  front  is  inflated,  roughened  and  coarsely 
punctate.  The  primary  aperture  is  ovate,  0.16  mm  long  by  0.14  mm 
wide.  The  peristome  is  short,  thick-walled,  and  without  costules,  little 
or  not  at  all  flared,  its  rim  smooth  or  with  low,  irregular  prominences 
in  older  stages.  In  later  stages  of  calcification  the  frontal  tremocyst  may 
cover  most  of  the  short  peristome.  The  small  paired  oral  avicularia  are 
situated  farther  forward  than  is  usual  in  the  genus,  distal  to  the  middle 
of  the  aperture. 

The  ovicell,  a  little  more  than  a  hemisphere,  is  located  low  down 
at  the  base  of  the  peristome,  resting  on  the  base  of  the  succeeding  zooecium 
and  with  advancing  calcification  may  become  partially  embedded ;  the 
perforated  area  varies  with  age  from  semicircular  to  lunate. 

This  species  has  much  resemblance  to  L.  verrucosa  Canu  and  Bassler 
(1928:137,  non  verrucosa   1930:35),  but  is  larger,  with  shorter  peri- 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   eastern   pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  491 

stomes  and  does  not  have  the  branching  serial  zoarial  mode  of  growth 
of  that  species. 

Described  from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  Albatross  Sta.  D.2815. 

Hancock  Stations:  7  stations  at  the  Galapagos  Islands  (Albemarle, 
James,  Wenman,  Hood  and  Marlborough  Islands)  ;  372-35,  Indepen- 
dencia  Bay,  Peru;  12-33,  La  Libertad,  Ecuador;  Socorro  Island,  west 
of  Mexico ;  Agua  Verde  Bay  at  the  tip  of  Lx)wer  California ;  San  Esteban 
Island  and  Guaymas,  Gulf  of  California ;  and  San  Miguel  Island,  south- 
ern California.  Shorewise  to  a  depth  of  100  fms. 

Lagenipora  admiranda  new  species 
Plate  52,  figs.  13-15 

Zoarium  encrusting  small  worm  tubes  and  stems,  with  erect  terete 
branches  0.55  to  0.80  mm  in  diameter ;  the  colonies  all  small,  the  longest 
branch  not  more  than  1  cm.  Zooecia  small,  0.30  to  0.40  mm  long  by 
about  0.25  mm  wide,  long-ovate,  distinct  and  inflated  when  young  but 
more  or  less  immersed  with  complete  calcification.  The  frontal  is  a 
tremocyst  with  comparatively  large  pores,  smooth  and  shining  but  later 
granulated  between  the  pores.  The  aperture  is  rounded,  with  a  rather 
deep  V-shaped  sinus,  length  0.10  mm  (including  sinus),  width  0.08  mm. 
The  peristome  is  usually  less  elevated  than  in  other  species  of  the  genus 
but  occasionally  a  broad  proximal  lip  extends  forward  to  partially  cover 
the  aperture.  There  are  4  distal  spines.  The  lateral-oral  avicularia  are 
pedicellate,  extending  high  above  the  rim  of  the  peristome  and  project 
somewhat  forward ;  from  the  inner  side,  just  below  the  mandible  there 
is  often  a  remarkable  cervicorn  spinous  process,  one  branch  of  which 
may  fuse  with  the  one  on  the  opposite  side  to  form  a  complete  bridge 
high  above  the  distal  end  of  the  aperture. 

The  ovicell  is  recumbent  on  the  base  of  the  succeeding  zooecium,  with 
the  usual  lunate,  finely  perforated  frontal  area  and  the  peristome  some- 
times rises  above  it  to  form  a  thin  lip  across  the  front  above  the  orifices- 
width  0.18  mm,  length  0.13  mm. 

The  small  size  and  the  remarkable  development  of  the  avicularian 
spinules  are  distinctive. 

Type,  AHF  no.  109. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  72,  Guadalupe  Island,  west  of 
Mexico  (30°N,  120°W)  at  17  fms,  8  colonies  and  fragments. 


492  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


Family  Gelleporidae  Busk,  1852 

The  zooecia  are  usually  erect  and  irregularly  disposed  though  at  the 
growing  edge  they  may  be  horizontal  and  oriented.  Ordinarily  the  zooecia 
are  heaped  upon  each  other  in  irregular  layers  and  turned  in  all  direc- 
tions in  the  most  irregular  manner.  The  ooecia  are  recumbent  on  the 
distal  surface  of  the  peristome,  and  they  vary  greatly  in  details  in  the 
different  genera.  Oral  avicularia  are  present  in  most  of  the  genera  in 
various  positions  and  often  elevated.  Frontal  and  vicarious  avicularia 
of  various  shapes  and  sizes  are  often  present. 

Waters  (1913:510)  subdivided  the  family  on  the  basis  of  the  form 
of  the  aperture  into  schizostomatous  (with  a  sinus)  and  holostomatous 
(without  a  sinus)  groups,  and  Canu  and  Bassler  (1920:596)  added  a 
third  group  with  a  clithridate  (keyhole-shaped)  aperture.  The  family 
is  a  large  one,  numerously  represented,  found  in  all  seas,  and  is  difficult 
of  study  since  the  primary  characters  are  usually  obscured. 

Key  to  the  Genera  of  Celleporidae 

1.  Aperture  with  a  straight  or  broadly  arcuate  proximal  border,  with- 

out a  sinus  but  an  irregular  notch  may  sometimes  be  present     .     2 
Aperture  with  a  more  or  less  definite  median  sinus  in  the  proximal 
border    3 

2.  Ovicell  an  open  hood,  imperforate Holoporella 

Ovicell  cover  complete,  except  for  a  central  pore  which  may  be 

closed  in  final  calcification Trematooecia 

3.  Peristome  high,  with  a  small  avicularium  on  each  side ;  ovicell  with 

a  perforated  area  above  the  orifice Costazia 

A  single  avicularium  on  a  rostral  projection  proximal  to  the  aper- 
ture ;  ovicell  perforated  but  without  a  special  frontal 
area Schizmopora 

Genus  SCHIZMOPORA  MacGillivray,  1888 

Cellepores  in  which  the  proximal  lip  of  the  aperture  bears  an  arcuate 
sinus  and  the  ovicell  is  complete  and  perforated  with  evenly  distributed 
pores.  The  small  oral  avicularia  are  situated  on  the  disto-mesial  side  of 
an  asymmetrical  umbonate  process  which  is  sometimes  much  elevated; 
the  frontal  avicularia  are  usually  large  and  spatulate,  often  sparsely  dis- 


NO.   2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  493 

tributed.  The  muscle  attachments  of  the  operculum  are  usually  in  the 
form  of  small  dots,  somewhat  removed  from  the  border.  Oral  spines 
present  or  wanting.  Genotype,  Cellepora  coronopus  S.  Wood,  1850. 

The  zoaria  are  usually  encrusting  and  nodular,  but  occasionally  erect 
and  branching,  and  without  pigment. 

Schizmopora  anatina  (Canu  and  Bassler),  1930 
Plate  62,  figs.  5-6 

Osthimosia  anatina  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930 :42. 

The  zoarium  rises  free  from  an  encrusting  base,  usually  on  small 
stems,  to  a  height  of  30  mm  or  more ;  the  branches  more  or  less  cylindrical, 
the  basal  one  as  much  as  6  mm  in  diameter,  secondary  ones  about  3  to 
6  mm,  the  lateral  branches  sometimes  anastomosing  at  their  tips.  The 
zooecia  are  moderately  large,  0.60  to  0.75  mm  long  by  0.30  to  0.40  mm 
wide  in  the  procumbent  marginal  ones  at  the  tips  of  the  branches.  The 
zooecia  of  the  secondary  layers  are  very  irregularly  disposed  and  erect 
or  semi-erect.  The  frontal  is  considerably  swollen,  smooth  or  slightly 
rugose  and  imperforate  except  for  the  usual  complement  of  areolar 
pores.  In  the  marginal  zooecia  a  tall,  pointed  avicularian  umbo  projects 
over  the  aperture,  its  base  often  wider  than  the  aperture,  but  in  the 
secondary  layers  the  umbo  is  much  reduced  in  size  and  often  wanting. 
The  peristome  is  low,  thin  and  without  spines.  The  primary  aperture 
is  nearly  round,  with  a  broad,  shallow  (sometimes  slightly  v-shaped) 
sinus,  length  0.14  to  0.16  mm,  width  0.14  mm.  The  suboral  avicularia 
are  small  with  a  semicircular,  bluntly  triangular  or  slightly  spatulate 
mandible,  situated  a  little  to  one  side  of  the  median  line  and  usually 
directed  sideways ;  in  the  marginal  zooecia  they  are  somewhat  triangular 
and  mounted  at  one  side  of  the  high  umbo,  but  in  the  secondary  layers 
they  are  often  only  slightly  raised  and  are  sometimes  wanting.  The 
large  interzooecial  avicularia  are  very  irregular  in  distribution  and  vary 
much  in  size  (0.25  to  0.50  mm  long,  average  about  0.40)  ;  the  mandible 
shaped  like  a  duck-bill,  widest  near  the  tip,  with  a  pair  of  sclerites  which 
unite  beyond  the  middle  and  a  round  lucida  at  a  distance  from  the  base; 
attached  by  condyles  or  complete  pivot. 

The  ovicell  is  globular,  prominent,  with  rather  large  round  pores 
arranged  in  quincunx  over  the  whole  frontal  surface,  about  0.26  mm  in 
width. 

Canu  and  Bassler  described  this  species  from  the  Galapagos  Islands 
under  the  genus  Osthimosia  Jullien,  neglecting  the  nature  of  the  per- 
forated ovicell  in  favor  of  that  of  the  frontal,  but  the  ovicell  is  similar 


494  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

in  all  details  to  that  of  other  recent  species  of  Schiz7nopora  while  that 
of  Osthimosia  is  imperforate.  As  far  as  the  frontal  calcification  is  con- 
cerned, in  the  abundant  material  at  my  disposal  I  can  find  no  essential 
difference,  in  younger  stages  the  frontal  is  as  smooth  as  in  any  of  the 
Schizmopora  species,  though  the  olocyst  does  become  more  heavily  cal- 
cified and  somewhat  roughened  with  age.  For  these  reasons  I  place  the 
species  in  the  genus  Schizmopora. 

Hancock  Stations:  20  stations  about  the  Galapagos  Islands  as  follows: 
155-34,  317-35,  450  and  483  at  Albemarle  Island;  170-34,  432,  451  and 
467  at  Charles  Island;  173,  South  Seymour  Island;  182-34  and  446  at 
James  Island ;  201-34,  473  and  488  at  Hood  Island;  310-35  and  311-35 
at  Bindloe  Island ;  810-38  and  484  at  Barrington  Island  ;  400  at  Gardner 
Island;  411  and  416  at  Duncan  Island.  The  species  appears  to  be  very 
abundant  about  the  Galapagos  archipelago  with  the  bathymetric  range 
from  5  to  160  fms.  The  only  stations  at  which  it  appeared  outside  of  the 
Galapagos  area  were  at  Station  264-34,  White  Friars  Islands,  off  Tena- 
catita  Bay,  Mexico,  17°30'50"N,  101°29'56nV,  at  25  fms;  450-35, 
Secas  Islands,  Panama;  and  1250-41,  San  Benito  Islands,  west  of  Lower 
California,  28°17'15"N,  the  northernmost  latitude. 

Schizmopora  margaritacea  (Pourtales),  1867 
Plate  62,  figs.  7-9 

Vincularia  margaritacea  Pourtales,  1867 :1 10. 
Cellepora  margaritacea,  Smitt,  1873  :53. 
Schizmopora  margaritacea,  Osburn,  1940:460. 

One  small  dead  portion  of  a  colony  of  what  is  presumably  this  species 
conforms  in  all  the  characters  that  are  present.  Unfortunately  the 
specimen  shows  no  large  avicularia.  The  zoarium  is  erect  and  branched 
from  a  narrow  encrusting  base,  the  branches  terete  and  narrow,  diameter 
about  0.80  mm,  with  zooecia  evenly  distributed  on  all  sides ;  the  broken 
portion,  10  mm  in  length,  shows  the  bases  of  four  branches.  The 
zooecia  are  elongate-oval,  distinct  and  somewhat  inflated  near  the  tip 
of  the  branch,  more  basally  the  outlines  are  indistinct,  0.60  to  0.65 
mm  long  by  0.35  to  0.40  mm  wide.  The  aperture  is  nearly  circular  with 
a  broad,  shallow  sinus,  width  about  0.12  mm.  Proximal  to  the  aperture 
and  asymmetrical  is  a  small  avicularium  on  the  distal  side  of  a  small  low 
umbonate  process,  both  of  which  become  more  or  less  enclosed  in  the 
secondary  aperture  in  advanced  calcification.  Smitt  mentions  4  minute 
oral  spines,  but  I  have  found  evidence  of  only  two. 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   eastern   pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  495 

The  ovicell  is  prominent,  globose  and  evenly  perforated,  about  0.22 
mm  wide,  and  becomes  partially  submerged  in  older  stages. 

Pourtales  and  Smitt  recorded  the  species  from  off  Sand  Key,  Florida, 
100  fms,  and  off  Havana,  Cuba,  at  270  fms.  Osburn  listed  it  oH 
Beaufort,  North  Carolina,  at  13  fms. 

Hancock  Station  446,  James  Bay,  James  Island,  Galapagos,  at  54 
fms.  It  is  an  unusual  record  but  the  identification  appears  to  be  satis- 
factory. 

Genus  HOLOPORELLA  Waters,  1909 

Cellepores  in  w^hich  the  proximal  lip  of  the  aperture  is  more  or 
less  straight  and  the  ovicell  an  imperforate,  wide-open  hood.  The 
operculum  usually  has  a  sclerite  near  the  border  on  the  sides.  Suboral 
avicularia  are  usually  present,  located  on  the  disto-mesial  side  of  an 
asymmetrical  umbonate  process,  small,  occasionally  wanting;  frontal 
avicularia  are  usually  much  larger  and  spatulate  in  form,  often  wanting 
over  much  of  the  zoarium.  Oral  spines  usually  present.  The  form  of  the 
aperture  and  the  cap-shaped,  imperforate  ovicell  readily  separate  this 
genus  from  others  of  the  family.  Genotype,  Cellepora  descostilsii  Audouin, 
1826. 

The  proximal  lip  of  the  aperture  asymmetrically  often  bears  a  small 
rounded  notch  which  bears  no  relation  to  the  operculum,  and  in  at 
least  one  species  there  are  minute  denticles  on  the  proximal  border. 
Some  of  the  species  may  be  highly  pigmented.  Usually  the  zoaria  are 
encrusting  and  nodular,  but  they  may  rise  into  frills  or  strong  rounded 
branches. 

Key  to  Species  of  Holoporella 

1.  Proximal  border  of  aperture  unmodified,  straight  or  slightly  arcu- 

ate     2 

Proximal  border  of  aperture  modified  by  denticles  or  notches    .     .     4 

2.  Zoarium  dark  pigmented;  suboral  rostrum  high  and  pointed,  the 

white  tips  conspicuous albirostris 

Unpigmented  ;  rostrum  comparatively  low 3 

3.  Zoarium  erect,  branching,  tree-like;  interzooecial  avicularia  un- 

usually long,  sides  nearly  parallel,  spines  small     .     .     .     hancocki 
Zoarium  encrusting;  interzooecial   avicularia   long-ovate;  spines 
usually  flattened,  oar-shaped ;  peristomes  of  lower  layers  con- 
tinued upward  as  tubular  processes peristomata 


496  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

4.  Proximal  lip  of  aperture  with  2  to  4  small  forward-projecting 

denticles tridenticulata 

Proximal  border  of  aperture  incomplete,  with  a  small  slightly 
asymmetrical  notch  which  varies  somewhat 5 

5.  Heavily  brown  or  gray  pigmented ;  interzooecial  avicularia  large, 

long-elliptical,  the  mandible  with  a  dark  brown  spade-shaped 

columella;  2  spines brunnea 

Unpigmented ;  interzooecial  avicularia  small,  with  broad  border- 
ing sclerites  and  narrow  median  columella ;  4  spines  .  quadrispinosa 

Holoporella  brunnea  (Hincks),  1884 
Plate  62,  figs.  10-12 

Cellepora  brunnea  Hincks,  1884:30. 

?Smittm  calif orniensis  Robertson,  1908:303   (in  part). 

Cellepora  brunnea,  O'Donoghue,  1926:75. 

Holoporella  brunnea,  Hastings,  1930:731. 

?  Holoporella  vagans,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928 :148. 

?H oloporella  vaffans,  Oshurn,  1940:456;  1947:44. 

The  zoarium  encrusts  anything  that  affords  attachment,  algae,  stems, 
worm  tubes,  shells,  rocks,  etc.,  usually  forming  rough  nodules  or  massive 
bases  with  more  or  less  erect  frills  and  cylindrical  offshoots;  encrusting 
colonies  sometimes  as  much  as  50  mm  across  and  10  mm  thick,  erect, 
rough  colonies  as  much  as  60  mm  high  with  rough  branches  6  to  12  mm 
in  diameter.  Hincks  described  the  color  as  "rather  dark  brown"  and  this 
seems  to  be  the  case  with  more  northern  specimens;  off  the  coast  of 
southern  California  they  are  more  grayish  in  color,  but  occasional 
colonies  are  entirely  white. 

The  zooecia  are  moderately  large,  the  procumbent  ones  at  the  grow- 
ing edge  0.60  to  0.75  mm  long  by  about  0.40  mm  wide  ■  in  the  secondary 
layers  the  zooecia  are  all  more  or  less  erected  and  turned  in  every  direc- 
tion. The  frontal  is  inflated,  rising  on  all  sides  to  the  primary  aperture, 
with  a  row  of  areolar  pores  and  often  with  a  few  additional  ones;  the 
surface  is  smooth  or  granular,  or  occasionally  ribbed.  The  avicularian 
umbo  proximal  to  the  aperture  varies  greatly;  on  the  secondary  layers 
it  is  usually  small,  but  on  the  marginal  zooecia  it  rises  in  a  cylindrical 
form  occasionally  as  high  as  0.20  to  0.30  mm ;  the  avicularium  is  borne 
on  the  distal  side,  the  nearly  semicircular  mandible  varying  in  size 
and  the  beak  delicately  dentate.  The  primary  aperture  averages  0.16 
mm  long,  0.14  mm  wide,  the  proximal  border  nearly  straight  with  a 


NO.   2      OSBURN:  eastern   pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  497 

conspicuous  notch  (not  a  sinus)  at  its  middle  (usually  a  little  assym- 
metrical).  The  peristome,  which  is  thin  and  little  raised,  bears  a  pair 
of  strong  spines,  jointed  at  the  base,  widely  separated,  with  occasionally 
one  to  three  smaller  ones  between  them;  the  longest  spines  noted 
measured  0.50  mm;  they  are  seldom  found  on  zooecia  of  the  secondary 
layers.  The  interzooecial  avicularia  are  subspatulate,  the  sides  straight  or 
slightly  converging  distally,  the  mandible  with  a  peculiar  dark  brown 
thickened  area  shaped  like  a  spade  with  a  short  handle;  the  beak  when 
fully  formed  turns  sharply  upward  at  the  tip;  the  largest  avicularia 
measured  0.50  mm  or  more  in  length  by  0.14  mm  wide,  the  width  does 
not  appear  to  vary  with  the  shorter  mandibles. 

The  ovicell  is  hooded,  widely  open,  smooth  or  finely  granular  and 
imperforate. 

Hincks  described  the  species  from  British  Columbia,  locality  not 
stated,  and  O'Donoghue  reports  it  from  Banks  Island,  British  Columbia. 
Robertson  failed  to  identify  it  and  redescribed  it  as  Smittia  calif orniensis, 
abundant  on  the  California  coast;  her  description  is  very  confusing, 
containing  mostly  the  features  of  H.  brunnea,  but  her  illustration  (plate 
22,  fig.  71)  is  definitely  that  of  some  species  of  Parasmittina).  Dr. 
Hastings  recorded  it  from  Taboga  Island,  Panama ;  Gorgona,  Colombia, 
and  the  Galapagos  Islands.  The  species  listed  questionably  as  vagans 
by  Osburn  from  the  Atlantic  is  definitely  brunnea,  as  I  have  recently 
found  a  specimen  with  spines  and  an  avicularian  mandible  having 
exactly  the  brown  area  of  this  species.  It  is  presumed  that  the  form  listed 
by  Canu  and  Bassler  is  also  brunnea;  at  any  rate  it  can  hardly  be  vagans. 

Hancock  Stations:  recovered  at  more  than  130  stations  from  Oregon 
southward  along  the  coast  to  Ecuador;  taken  at  21  stations  at  the 
Galapagos  Islands ;  Socorro  and  Clarion  Islands ;  from  low  tide  to  more 
than  100  fathoms,  apparently  most  abundant  in  shallow  water. 

Holoporella  albirostris  (Smitt),  1873 
Plate  61,  figs.  3-6 

Discopora  albirostris  Smitt,  1873  :70. 

Holoporella  albirostris,  Osburn,  1914 :215  ;  1940 :455  ;  1947 :43. 

Holoporella  albirostris,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928:142. 

Zoarium  encrusting  or  erect  and  tubular  or  cylindrical.  Fresh  speci- 
mens when  adult  are  usually  dark  colored,  with  sharp-pointed  rostral 
tips  white  in  strong  contrast;  younger  colonies  are  usually  white  or 
nearly  so.  The  zooecia  are  characterized  by  a  high  pointed  suboral  umbo, 


498  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

resembling  a  conical  spine;  the  suboral  avicularium  is  situated  near  the 
base  of  the  umbo,  with  the  spine  towering  high  above  it;  the  spines 
of  lower  layers  often  project  between  the  zooecia  of  the  layers  above. 
The  frontal  is  ventricose,  smooth  or  granular,  with  a  single  row  of 
rather  small  areolar  pores.  The  aperture  is  a  little  more  than  a  semi- 
circle, the  proximal  border  broadly  arcuate,  the  operculum  thin  and 
colorless  with  narrow  linear  sclerites  close  to  the  border.  The  inter- 
zooecial  avicularia  are  of  two  kinds,  long  (0.40  mm  or  more)  with 
a  spatulate  mandible,  and  shorter  (about  0.25  mm)  with  a  narrower 
mandible. 

Ovicell  a  wide  open  hood. 

Older  colonies  with  the  dark  pigmentation  of  the  ectocyst  and  with 
the  white  tips  of  the  spines  are  easy  of  identification,  but  younger 
specimens  usually  lack  the  color  and  there  is  considerable  variation  in 
the  size  of  the  spinous  processes. 

Smitt  described  the  species  from  Florida  and  it  is  a  common  species 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea  (Osburn  and  Canu  and 
Bassler).  It  has  been  recorded  from  the  Indian  Ocean  and  from  Aus- 
tralia; in  the  Miocene  of  Jamaica  and  Australia,  and  the  Pliocene  of 
Florida  and  New  Zealand. 

Hancock  Station  788-38,  Daphne  Major  Island,  Galapagos. 

Holoporella  tridenticulata  (Busk),  1884 
Plate  61,  fig.  7 

Cellepora  tridenticulata  Busk,  1884 :  198, 

Holoporella  tridenticulata,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1929:39. 

Encrusting  on  algae  and  corallines  and  there  are  two  colonies  on  a 
small  pebble ;  small,  rough  surfaced  and  multilaminar.  The  zooecia  are 
erect  or  nearly  so,  except  at  the  margin  of  young  colonies  where  they 
measure  0.60  to  0.70  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide.  The  frontal 
in  marginal  individuals  is  inflated,  smooth  and  imperforate  except  for  a 
few  small  areolar  pores;  rising  on  all  sides  to  the  level  of  the  primary 
aperture  which  is  horizontal.  The  peristome  is  but  little  elevated  above 
the  operculum  and  proximal  to  the  aperture  there  is  a  small,  low  avicu- 
larian  umbo,  the  mandible  semicircular  and  directed  upward  on  the 
distal  side.  The  primary  aperture  rounded  distally,  nearly  transverse 
on  the  proximal  border  where  there  are  three  denticles  (the  middle  one 
larger  and  sometimes  divided  into  two)  ;  the  operculum  delicate  with 
a  brown  bordering  sclerite.  The  peristome  bears  2  to  4  erect  spines, 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  499 

jointed  at  the  base.  Interzooecial  avicularia  were  not  observed  by  Canu 
and  Bassler  in  Galapagos  specimens,  but  I  have  found  several  at  the 
edges  of  older  colonies,  exactly  similar  to  that  figured  by  Busk  (plate  29, 
fig.  3). 

The  ovicell  is  incomplete,  hood-shaped,  smooth  and  measures  0.26 
mm  in  width ;  it  has  not  previously  been  observed. 

Among  the  zooecia  of  the  secondary  layers  there  are  high  cylindrical 
tubes  with  a  round  aperture  which  appear  to  have  been  a  mystery  to 
other  observers.  Busk  remarks  that  "The  nature  of  these  appendages 
appears  very  obscure,"  and  Canu  and  Bassler  add  "The  sporadic  salient 
tubes  also  have  an  unknown  zoarial  function."  A  little  dissection  would 
have  solved  the  mystery  since,  on  dissecting  carefully  to  the  bottom 
of  the  tube,  a  primary  aperture  with  its  denticles  is  discovered.  The 
tubes  are  the  extended  peristomes  of  underlying  zooecia,  some  as  far 
down  as  the  second  lower  layer.  Apparently  the  covered  zooids  have 
found  a  method  of  continuing  their  existence  by  extending  their  peri- 
stomes above  the  superficial  layer.  The  phenomenon  is  to  be  observed, 
even  more  strikingly  in  the  new  species,  H.  peristomata  new  species, 
and  in  H.  pilaefera  Canu  and  Bassler  (1930:422). 

The  species  has  been  found  in  several  places  in  Australian  waters, 
listed  for  the  Miocene  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  and  recorded 
for  the  Galapagos  Islands  by  Canu  and  Bassler. 

Hancock  Stations:  143-34,  Wenman  Island;  155-34,  432  and  450, 
Albemarle  Island;  438,  Chatham  Island,  and  444,  James  Island,  all 
at  the  Galapagos,  where  it  appears  to  be  well  distributed.  The  depth 
range  was  from  20  to  more  than  100  fms. 

Holoporella  hancocki  new  species 
Plate  61,  figs.  1-2 

Zoarium  erect  and  irregularly  branching  dichotomously  and  more  or 
less  in  one  plane,  attached  by  a  small  base;  the  branches  round,  varying 
in  diameter  from  4  mm  near  the  base  to  1  mm  near  the  tips  of  the 
outer  branches;  considerable  areas  of  the  older  stems  are  devoid  of 
autozooecia;  the  broken  tips  of  the  larger  colony  indicate  a  height  of 
more  than  25  mm.  The  zooecia  are  moderately  large,  those  at  the  grow- 
ing tips  about  0.70  mm  long  by  0.45  mm  wide,  oriented  and  procumbent; 
in  older  parts  of  the  colony  they  are  turned  in  all  directions;  distinct 
in  the  younger  stages.  The  frontal  is  well  arched,  smooth  or  delicately 
granulated,  with  a  few  small  areolar  pores ;  usually  there  are  no  suboral 


500  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

avicularia  and  the  front  rises  rather  sharply  to  form  a  high,  smooth  rim 
above  the  proximal  border  of  the  primary  aperture.  When  a  suboral 
avicularium  is  present  the  chamber  is  always  small  and  low,  the  rostrum 
and  mandible  subspatulate  and  varying  in  length  from  0.10  to  0.20  mm. 
Similar  small  avicularia  often  appear  elsewhere  on  the  front.  The  inter- 
zooecial  avicularia  are  elongate  subspatulate,  little  raised  or  with  the 
elongate  rostrum  free  and  more  or  less  elevated ;  the  mandibles  vary 
in  length  from  0.25  to  more  than  0.80  mm,  the  rounded  tip  decurved ; 
attached  to  strong  cardelles  or  a  complete  pivot.  The  primary  aperture 
is  semicircular  with  the  proximal  border  broadly  arcuate,  varying  in 
size  in  different  parts  of  the  colony  from  0.18  to  0.24  mm  wide  to 
0.15  to  0.18  mm  long;  tht  peristome  is  thin  and  very  little  raised 
except  on  the  proximal  border;  a  pair  of  widely  separated  oral  spines, 
jointed  at  the  base  and  reaching  a  length  of  0.40  mm,  present  only  on 
younger  zooecia  near  the  edges  of  the  colony.  The  operculum  is  thin 
and  pale  yellowish  with  a  narrow  bordering  sclerite. 

The  ovicell  characteristic  of  the  genus,  elevated,  smoothly  rounded, 
hood-shaped  and  widely  open,  0.30  mm  in  width. 

The  species  is  dedicated  to  Captain  Allan  Hancock  whose  numerous 
collecting  expeditions  have  added  so  materially  to  our  knowledge  of 
the  fauna  of  the  Eastern  Pacific  area. 

Type,  AHFno.  110. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  346-35,  between  Seymour  and 
Daphne  Islands,  0°24'25"S,  90°2r50"W,  Galapagos  Islands,  one  colony 
at  55  fms.  Also  at  Station  788-38,  S.E.  of  Daphne  Major  Island,  Gala- 
pagos, 0°27'00"S,  90°2r50"W,  one  colony  at  55  fms. 

Holoporella  peristomata  new  species 
Plate  61,  figs.  8-11 

Encrusting;  zoarium  roughly  hemispherical  in  form,  with  many 
superimposed  layers  of  zooecia;  the  surface  much  roughened  by  the 
extended  peristomes  of  buried  layers  which  project  above  the  living 
zooecia  sometimes  to  a  height  of  0.50  mm.  The  zooecia  are  large,  so 
nearly  erect  that  the  length  cannot  be  estimated  but  the  width  of  mar- 
ginal zooecia  is  0.40  to  0.45  mm.  The  front  is  a  heavy  olocyst,  smooth 
in  younger  stages,  granular  when  older,  with  a  row  of  areolar  pores 
which  are  distinguishable  only  in  young  zooecia.  The  front  rises  on  all 
sides  to  the  level  of  the  aperture  which  is  horizontal;  the  primary 
peristome  is  only  slightly  elevated,  thin  and  bears  two  widely  separated, 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  501 

Strong  spines  which  are  usually  flattened  and  oar-shaped  (occasionally 
cylindrical)  and  jointed  at  the  base.  Proximal  to  the  aperture  is  the  usual 
avicularian  umbo,  typically  small  and  low,  but  on  marginal  zooecia  may 
be  much  larger;  the  avicularium  situated  usually  at  one  side  of  the 
rostrum  with  the  short  spatulate  mandible  (0.08  mm  long  by  0.06  mm 
wide)  directed  upward,  the  beak  dentate.  The  interzooecial  avicularia 
are  rare,  not  elevated,  long-oval  in  form  and  ranging  in  length  from 
0.15  to  0.40  mm  long,  the  mandible  without  a  complete  pivot.  The 
primary  aperture  is  slightly  more  than  a  semicircle  and  the  proximal 
border  a  broad  arc  with  a  shallow  notch  at  its  middle,  width  about  0.18, 
the  length  0.15  mm.  The  operculum  is  light  brown,  thin,  with  a  strong 
dark  brown  sclerite  on  each  side,  running  diagonally  forward  from  the 
point  of  attachment. 

The  ovicell  is  characteristic  of  the  genus,  a  wide-open  hood,  imper- 
forate, granulated  like  the  frontal,  prominent  and  measures  0.25  to 
0.30  mm  in  width. 

The  species  appears  to  have  much  in  common  with  H.  pilaefera  Canu 
and  Bassler  (1930:422)  from  the  Philippines,  and  if  I  am  not  mistaken 
in  my  interpretation  of  their  figure  (plate  60,  figs.  4  and  5)  the  "enor- 
mous cylindrical  beak,  in  the  form  of  a  pillar"  is  of  the  same  nature 
as  the  similar  appearing  one  in  the  present  species,  as  its  distribution 
appears  to  be  interzooecial.  Their  figures  show  the  tube  to  be  closed 
at  the  tip  and  this  is  true  also  of  a  few  of  the  tubes  in  peristomata.  The 
nature  of  the  tube  seems  definite  enough  as  the  dissection  of  some  of  the 
shorter  ones  near  the  margin  revealed  an  operculum  at  the  bottom. 
The  exposed  tubes  are  thick-walled  and  their  apertures  perfectly  cir- 
cular, their  buried  bases  descend  to  different  levels  indicating  that 
they  are  from  lower  layers.  The  tubes  are  merely  the  projected  peristomes 
of  zooecia  of  the  lower  layers. 

The  present  species  differs  from  pilaefera  in  the  form  of  the  inter- 
zooecial avicularia,  the  presence  of  distal  oral  spines  and  in  the  nature  of 
the  ovicell  which  is  much  less  complete  and  much  smoother  in  texture. 

Type,  AH F  no.  111. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  346-35,  between  South  Seymour  and 
Daphne  Islands,  Galapagos,  0°24'25"S,  90°21'50"W,  55  fms,  one 
colony.  Also  4  young  colonies  from  Sta.  182-34,  off  James  Bay,  James 
Island,  Galapagos,  30  fms;  and  324-35,  Tagus  Cove,  Albemarle  Island, 
Galapagos,  45  fms. 


502  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Holoporella  quadrispinosa  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930 
Plate  55,  fig.  12 

Holoporella  quadrispinosa  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:37. 

Zoarium  encrusting.  Marginal  zooecia  distinct,  separated  by  deep 
furrows,  elongated,  elliptical;  the  frontal  convex,  granulated,  sometimes 
with  areolar  pores  and  a  small  elongated  avicularium  with  pivot.  The 
peristome  salient,  thin,  with  4  spines ;  the  aperture  semielliptic.  There  is 
a  small  suboral  avicularium  with  a  triangular  mandible  directed  upward 
on  the  side  of  a  small  pointed  rostrum.  The  cumulate  zooecia  are 
irregular,  granulated,  with  small  elliptical  avicularia.  The  interzooecial 
avicularia  are  narrow,  little  elongated,  with  a  pivot.  The  ovicell  is 
globose,  widely  open,  the  surface  much  granulated.  (After  Canu  and 
Bassler.) 

Described  from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  Albatross  stations  2813  and 
2815. 

One  colony  in  the  Hancock  collections  appears  to  agree  perfectly 
with  the  above  description,  except  that  the  ovicell  is  wanting. 

Hancock  Station  299,  San  Jose  del  Cabo  at  the  southern  tip  of 
Lower  Cahfornia,  22°56'16"N,  109°47'15nV,  at  82  fms. 

Genus  TREMATOOEGIA  Osburn,  1940 

Zoarium  encrusting,  in  older  stages  often  with  superimposed  layers. 
Zooecia  erect,  appearing  to  stand  on  end,  large  and  extremely  thick- 
walled.  Peristome  thick  and  slightly  raised,  usually  with  strong  tubercles 
or  spinous  processes  which  sometimes  bear  minute  avicularia.  Aperture 
semicircular  or  bell-shaped,  the  proximal  border  slightly  arcuate ;  strong, 
pointed  cardelles.  A  suboral  avicularium  is  sometimes  present.  The 
ooecium  is  roughly  hemispherical,  not  widely  open  as  in  Holoporella, 
opening  into  the  peristome  and  not  closed  by  the  operculum ;  heavily 
and  roughly  calcified,  but  with  an  uncalcified  area  or  large  pore  on  its 
frontal  surface.  Frontal  avicularia  are  present,  small  and  rounded  or 
larger  and  spatulate.  The  operculum  has  the  lateral  sclerites  extended 
downward  to  form  a  thick  lappet  on  each  side  a  little  distal  to  the 
hinge.  Genotype,  Lepralia  turrita  Smitt,  1873. 

The  writer  has  had  the  privilege  of  studying  four  species  in  addition 
to  the  genotype;  Discopora  pertusa  Smitt,  Holoporella  porosa  and 
H.  hexagonalis  Canu  and  Bassler  and  T.  protecta  Osburn.  These  agree 
in  essential  characters;  perfectly  erect  zooecia  with  heavy  calcification, 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  503 

areolar  pores  and  scattered  frontal  pores,  the  form  of  the  primary  aper- 
ture and  the  nature  of  the  operculum,  the  complete  ovicell,  and  frontal 
and  oral  avicularia.  The  oral  spinous  processes  are  wanting  in  porosa 
Canu  and  Bassler  and  little  developed  in  pertusa  Smitt.  Suboral  avicu- 
laria are  often  wanting  in  all  of  the  species  and  rare  in  porosa  and 
hexago7ialis. 

Trematooecia  porosa  (Canu  and  Bassler),  1930 
Plate  60,  figs.  8-9 

Holoporella  porosa  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:39. 

The  zoaria  form  small  rounded  or  cap-like  encrustations  on  coralline 
nodules,  etc.  The  zooecia  are  perfectly  erect,  even  at  the  growing  edge, 
the  exposed  ends  roughly  hexagonal,  averaging  about  0.40  to  0.45  mm 
in  diameter;  somewhat  swollen,  a  row  of  areolar  pores  and  one  or  two 
rows  of  smaller  ones  which  are  carried  upward  toward  the  aperture  in 
secondary  calcification.  The  primary  peristome  is  low  and  thin  and  soon 
becomes  obscured  by  the  encroachment  of  the  heavy  frontal  wall.  The 
aperture  is  large,  0.20  mm  long  by  0.18  mm  wide,  rounded  in  front, 
the  proximal  border  somewhat  arcuate,  the  widest  part  immediately 
proximal  to  the  heavy  cardelles ;  it  is  situated  near  the  middle  of  the 
frontal  area  and  one  or  two  rows  of  pores  surround  it  distally.  Rarely 
a  minute  suboral  avicularium  is  present,  either  median  or  at  one  side 
of  the  midline.  Minute  rounded  avicularia  are  also  occasionally  present 
on  the  front. 

The  ovicell  is  large,  about  0.45  mm  wide,  hemispherical,  the  aper- 
ture not  wide  open,  the  primary  cover  perforated  with  small  pores,  which 
become  obscured  as  the  secondary  layer  advances  over  it.  There  are  no 
oral  spines  or  prominences. 

Canu  and  Bassler  described  the  species  from  the  Galapagos  Islands, 
Albatross  D.2815,  a  single  specimen. 

Hancock  Stations:  276,  San  Esteban  Island,  Gulf  of  California, 
28°38'30"N,  112°36'00''W,  32  fms;  and  at  440,  441  and  442,  20  to 
24  fms,  and  452,  Charles  Island,  65  fms,  Galapagos. 

Trematooecia  hexagonalis  (Canu  and  Bassler),  1930 
Plate  60,  fig.  7 

Holoporella  hexagonalis  Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:38. 

Encrusting  shells,  corallines,  worm  tubes,  etc.,  sometimes  multi- 
laminar.  The  zooecia  are  erect.  The  measurements,  the  porosity  of  the 
frontal,  the  nature  of  the  aperture  (except  that  the  cardelles  are  smaller 


504  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

and  the  proximal  border  a  little  more  arcuate),  and  the  row  of  pores 
around  the  distal  side  of  the  aperture  are  all  much  like  those  of 
T.  porosa.  There  is,  however,  a  striking  difference  in  appearance  of  the 
species  due  to  the  presence  of  4  (2  to  6)  strong,  pointed,  erect  spinous 
processes  around  the  aperture;  these  sometimes  bear  minute  avicularia 
at  their  tips  (as  in  T.  turrita  Smitt)  but  usually  they  are  either  strong 
tubercles  or  end  in  sharp  points.  The  frontal  is  often  somewhat  roughened 
and  the  pores  obscured.  Rarely  a  minute  suboral  avicularium  is  present 
and  very  small  rounded  ones  occasionally  occur  on  the  frontal. 

The  ovicell  is  smaller  than  that  of  porosa,  about  0.35  mm  wide,  the 
primary  layer  with  small  pores,  but  this  soon  becomes  covered  with  the 
rough  secondary  layer,  leaving  temporarily  a  small  central  porous  area, 
but  this  eventually  also  becomes  closed  and  a  pointed  umbo  may  develop 
on  the  top. 

There  is  considerable  resemblance  to  T.  turrita  but  hexagonalis  is 
much  smaller,  more  vitreous  in  appearance,  the  frontal  is  more  porous 
and  there  are  no  larger  spatulate  avicularia. 

Described  by  Canu  and  Bassler  from  the  Galapagos  Islands,  Alba- 
tross D.28 15. 

Hancock  Stations:  438,  Chatham  Island;  450  and  155-34,  Albe- 
marle Island ;  452,  Charles  Island  ;  and  810-38,  Barrington  Island,  Gala- 
pagos. Also  at  267,  Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island,  Gulf  of  California, 
and  491-36,  Rosario  Bay,  west  coast  of  Lower  California.  In  the  col- 
lections there  are  also  specimens  collected  at  Banderas  Bay,  Mexico 
(George  Willett)  ;  off  Acapulco,  Mexico  (F.  E.  Lewis)  ;  and  West 
Mexico  (H.  R.  Hill),  through  the  courtesy  of  the  Los  Angeles  Museum. 

The  known  geographic  range  is  from  the  Galapagos  Islands  to  about 
30°N  Lat.,  and  the  bathymetric  range  from  5  to  75  fms. 

Genus  COSTAZIA  Neviani,  1895 

Genotype,  Cellcpora  costazii  Audouin,  1826.  Until  rather  recently 
the  species  of  this  genus  were  allocated  to  the  old  Linnaean  genus 
Cellepora.  Neviani's  description  was  apparently  overlooked  until  Canu 
and  Bassler  reestablished  it  in  1920.  Waters  in  1889  to  1913  confused 
It  with  Lagenipora  Hincks,  and  Levinsen  in  1909  erected  a  new  genus, 
Siniopelta,  with  C.  costazi  as  the  type.  The  group  of  species  is  now 
well  enough  understood  to  indicate  its  distinct  separation  from  any  of 
the  other  celleporid  genera;  also  the  nature  of  the  front  and  of  the 
ovicell  distinguish  it  at  once  from  Lagenipora,  which  evidently  does  not 
belong  with  the  Celleporidae. 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   EASTERN   PACIFIC   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  505 

The  zooecia  are  usually  erected,  sometimes  more  or  less  procumbent 
especially  at  the  growing  edges;  the  frontal  imperforate  in  the  central 
area,  with  one  or  more  rows  of  areolar  pores  which  usually  are  carried 
upward  by  later  calcification  to  the  base  or  sometimes  nearly  to  the  top 
of  the  peristome;  the  primary  aperture  bears  a  distinct  sinus,  usually 
somewhat  v-shaped ;  there  is  a  pair  of  small  lateral  oral  avicularia  which 
usually  rise  above  the  level  of  the  peristome.  The  ovicell  is  prominent, 
opening  into  the  peristomial  cavity  above  the  level  of  the  primary  aper- 
ture and  not  closed  by  the  operculum;  it  always  bears  a  semicircular 
frontal  area  which  is  bordered  with  radiately  arranged  pores  separated 
by  small  ribs,  though  a  few  more  central  pores  may  also  occasionally  be 
present;  in  advanced  stages  of  calcification  this  area  sometimes  becomes 
covered. 

The  species  of  Lagenipora  often  resemble  those  of  Costazia  but 
the  frontal  is  a  tremocyst  with  the  pores  distributed  over  the  whole 
surface  and  the  semicular  area  of  the  ovicell  has  smaller  and  more 
numerous  pores  without  radial  arrangement. 

Key  to  the  Species  of  Costazia 

1.  Zoarium  encrusting,  or  if  erect  the  branches  are  stout     ....     2 
Zoarium  erect  with  slender,  cylindrical  branches ;  the  sinus  of  the 

aperture  semicircular procumbens 

2.  Zoarium  rough,  encrusting  and  nodular,  or  erect  with  terete  stout 

branches;  zooecia  coarse 3 

Zoarium  smaller  and  neater  in  appearance,  usually  pisiform  on 
small  stems 4 

3.  Usually  encrusting,  the  coarsest  of  our  species;  aperture  with  a 

deep  V-shaped  sinus ventricosa 

Erect  from  a  small  base,  with  rounded  irregular  branches;  the 
sinus  small  and  shallow surcularis 

4.  A  distal  median  oral  avicularium  in  addition  to  the  lateral  ones; 

sinus  deep robertsoniae 

Only  the  lateral  oral  avicularia  present 5 

5.  Sinus  deep ;  frontal  area  of  ovicell  lunate costazi 

Sinus  small  and  shallow ;  frontal  area  of  ovicell  rounded ;  arctic 

species nordenskjoldi 


506  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Gostazia  costazi  (Audouin),  1826 
Plate  62,  figs.  3-4 

Cellepora  costazii  Audoxnn,  1826:7. 

Cellepora  costazii,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :48  (  ?  part). 

Costazzia  costazii,  O'Donoghue,  1926:75  (  ?  part). 

Not  Cellepora  costazi,  Robertson,  1908:313  (see  C.  robertsoniae) 

Zoarium  pisiform  or  terete  on  small  stems,  less  frequently  incrusting 
flat  surfaces.  Zooecia  moderate  in  size,  young  marginal  ones  0.55  to 
0.65  mm  long  by  0.35  to  0.40  mm  wide,  without  orientation  except  at 
the  margin  (and  only  partially  so  there)  ;  distinct  with  the  terminal 
tubular  portions  well  separated.  The  frontal  is  irregularly  roughened, 
usually  with  several  pores  in  addition  to  the  areolar  pores  and  these  are 
usually  carried  up  on  the  front  in  later  calcification.  The  primary  aper- 
ture at  the  bottom  of  the  peristome  is  noticeably  longer  than  broad 
(about  0.17  mm  long  by  0.13  wide),  rounded  with  a  rather  deep 
V-shaped  sinus.  The  peristome  is  moderately  high,  with  a  pedicellate 
avicularium  on  each  side  rising  above  the  peristome  and  with  the 
small  ovate  avicularia  turned  more  or  less  toward  each  other  across  the 
aperture.  Spatulate  avicularia,  varying  in  size  are  sometimes  present 
among  the  zooecia,  but  are  often  wanting  from  whole  colonies. 

The  ovicell  is  wider  than  long  (0.28  by  0.20  mm  average),  attached 
moderately  high  on  the  peristome,  smooth  and  glossy;  the  characteristic 
semicircular  frontal  area  with  a  row  of  radiately  arranged  pores  extends 
in  full  width  across  the  front  above  the  orifice. 

The  records  of  Robertson  and  O'Donoghue  are  in  doubt  as  both  of 
them  have  confused  costazi  with  robertsoniae  Canu  and  Bassler.  Robert- 
son indicates  the  presence  of  a  third  avicularian  process  on  some  of  her 
specimens,  and  the  "var.  erecta^  of  O'Donoghue  is  certainly  robertsoniae 
with  erect  stems  and  the  ooecia  "sunk  to  the  level  of  the  general  surface." 

Robertson's  records  are  from  "south  shores  mainly,"  California,  and 
those  of  O'Donoghue  from  numerous  localities  in  British  Columbia. 

Hancock  Stations:  dredged  only  twice,  at  Station  1205-40,  San 
Nicolas  Island,  and  of?  San  Pedro  Breakwater,  California,  numerous 
colonies,  down  to  20  fms.  There  are  also  specimens  from  San  Francisco 
Bay.  It  is  apparently  much  less  abundant  than  the  related  robertsoniae. 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   eastern   pacific   BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  507 

Gostazia  robertsoniae  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923 
Plate  62,  figs.  1-2 

Costazzia  robertsoniae  Canu  and  Bassler,  1923 :181. 
Cellepora  costazi,  Robertson,  1908 :313,  in  part. 
Cellepora  costazii,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :48,  in  part. 

The  zoarium  encrusts  small  stems,  sometimes  forming  only  irregular 
nodules  but  often  giving  off  erect  branches,  irregularly  forked,  to  a 
height  of  30  mm  or  more ;  the  branches  are  from  2  to  4  mm  or  more  in 
diameter ;  occasionally  encrusting  on  flat  surfaces.  The  zooecia  are  more 
or  less  decumbent  at  the  growing  edges,  but  erect  or  nearly  so  in  the 
secondary  layers;  moderately  large,  about  0.40  mm  in  width  and  the 
marginal  ones  about  0.65  mm  in  length.  The  frontal  is  roughened  as  in 
costazia,  with  a  few  pores  in  addition  to  the  areolar  ones,  in  advancing 
calcification  carried  upward  on  the  frontal,  and  those  near  the  distal 
end  carried  upward  around  the  peristome.  The  primary  aperture  is  a 
little  elongate,  about  0.18  by  0.14  mm,  rounded  distally,  slightly  nar- 
rower proximally  and  with  a  distinctly  v-shaped  sinus.  The  peristome 
is  moderately  high,  with  the  usual  pair  of  lateral-oral  small  pedicellate 
avicularia  and  a  third  similar  median  avicularium  (rarely  two)  on 
the  distal  border  in  the  absence  of  an  ovicell;  the  latter  type  is  often 
wanting  but  I  have  never  found  it  entirely  absent  from  any  colony. 
Broadly  spatulate  or  oval  interzooecial  avicularia  are  sometimes  present, 
with  a  complete  pivot. 

The  ovicell  is  attached  lower  on  the  peristome  than  in  costazii  and 
is  much  more  readily  embedded  by  later  calcification,  0.26  to  0.30  mm 
wide  and  broader  than  long,  the  ectooecium  smooth  and  shining,  the 
semicircular  frontal  area  with  triangular  radiating  pores,  which  may 
eventually  be  occluded  by  the  overgrowth  of  the  ectooecium.  The  peri- 
stome sometimes  forms  a  narrow  cross-bar  immediately  above  the  orifice, 
but  the  area  always  retains  its  lunate  form. 

The  species  was  described  from  the  Pleistocene  of  Santa  Monica, 
California.  The  original  description  is  wanting  in  some  respects,  especially 
in  the  failure  to  note  the  median  distal  avicularium.  A  specimen  from 
the  type  locality,  presented  to  me  by  Dr.  R.  S.  Bassler  shows  this 
character,  and  abundant  fossil  and  recent  material  in  the  Hancock  col- 
lections and  those  of  the  Los  Angeles  County  Museum  prove  the  identity 
of  the  Pleistocene  and  recent  specimens. 

It  is  the  most  common  species  of  the  genus  in  the  waters  of  Cali- 
fornia, dredged  at  9  stations  among  the  Channel  Islands  and  shorewise 


508  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

from  Dillon  Beach  (a  little  north  of  San  Francisco)  to  La  Jolla,  Cali- 
fornia. The  most  southerly  record  is  from  Tanner  Bank  on  the  northern 
border  of  Mexico.  While  the  records  of  O'Donoghue  from  British 
Columbia  are  in  question,  it  appears  certain  that  he  had  this  species  in 
his  C.  costazii  var.  erecta  and  in  my  personal  collection  there  is  a 
specimen  labeled  "Queen  Charlotte  Sound,  B.  C." 

Hancock  Stations:  876-32,  898-38,  1130-40,  1190-40,  1232-41, 
1269-41,  1280-41,  1410-41,  all  about  the  Channel  Islands,  and  1339-41 
at  Tanner  Bank  near  the  Mexican  border.  Numerous  specimens,  shore 
to  55  fms. 

Costazia  nordenskjoldi  (Kluge),  1929 
Plate  63,  figs.  6-7 

Cellepora  nordenskjoldi  Kluge,  1929;  1946:203. 

Zoarium  more  or  less  pisiform,  surrounding  stems  of  hydroids  and 
bryozoans.  The  zooecia  are  all  erected,  their  distal  ends  well  separated 
and  standing  up  prominently  on  the  surface  of  the  zoarium ;  the  measure- 
ments made  at  the  growing  edges  are  approximate,  length  0.65  mm, 
width  0.40  mm,  the  erected  distal  ends  0.30  to  0.35  mm  in  width.  There 
is  no  orientation  of  the  zooecia,  except  partially  at  the  growing  edge. 
The  frontal  is  highly  arched,  smooth  and  shining,  with  a  row  of  areolar 
pores,  the  distal  ones  carried  upward  around  the  peristome.  The  primary 
aperture,  deep  within  the  peristomial  tube,  is  a  little  longer  than  broad 
with  a  distinct  sinus,  about  0.18  mm  long  by  0.15  mm  wide.  The  lateral 
oral  avicularia  are  pedicellate,  usually  rising  prominently  above  the 
edge  of  the  peristome,  the  mandible  semicircular.  Frontal  and  interzooecial 
avicularia  appear  to  be  wanting. 

The  ovicell  is  subglobular,  attached  high  up  on  the  distal  side  of 
the  peristome,  smooth  and  shining,  about  0.30  mm  wide  by  0.26  mm 
long;  in  earlier  calcification  the  usual  semicircular  row  of  pores  is 
present,  but  the  covering  layer  encroaches  on  this  area  on  all  sides 
leaving,  with  complete  calcification,  a  small  rounded  area  near  the 
center  of  the  ooecial  front  and  the  row  of  pores  may  be  occluded. 

The  species  is  similar  to  costazi  in  many  respects  but  differs  in  the 
smooth  frontal,  the  higher  peristome,  the  more  elevated  position  of  the 
ovicell  and  the  secondary  calcification  of  the  ovicell. 

Recorded  by  Kluge  for  the  arctic  seas  north  of  Europe. 

Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  18  to  25  fms.  Prof.  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  Arctic 
Research  Laboratory. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  509 

Costazia  procumbens  new  species 
Plate  63,  figs.  8-10 

The  zoarium  encrusts  small  stems  and  rises  into  narrow,  erect,  cylin- 
drical branches  1  to  2  mm  in  diameter,  tapering  at  the  tips,  branching 
rarely  and  irregularly,  rough  in  appearance.  The  zooecia  are  more  or 
less  procumbent,  entirely  so  at  the  growing  tips,  those  of  the  secondary 
layers  half  erected  or  more;  the  size  moderately  large,  the  procumbent 
ones  0.65  to  0.85  mm  long  by  0.40  to  0.50  mm  wide.  The  frontal,  which 
is  more  exposed  than  usual  in  the  genus,  is  moderately  ventricose,  smooth 
in  young  individuals,  with  a  row  of  marginal  pores  and  an  irregular 
second  row  of  scattered  pores  (the  central  area  always  imperforate)  ; 
with  increasing  calcification  the  pores  are  carried  upward,  some  of  them 
to  the  base  of  the  peristome,  and  the  frontal  surface  becomes  radiately 
ribbed  to  a  slight  degree.  The  peristome  is  high  and  nearly  erect,  com- 
plete in  the  infertile  zooecia  and  fusing  with  the  sides  of  the  ovicell 
in  the  fertile  ones ;  on  the  sides  are  the  usual  lateral  oral  avicularia, 
raised  slightly  above  the  level  of  the  rim,  the  small  rounded  mandibles 
tilted  toward  each  other;  the  oral  avicularia  are  located  slightly  more 
proximally  than  usual  and  the  secondary  aperture  is  roughly  pyriform, 
the  proximal  part  between  the  avicularia  narrowed  to  form  a  secondary 
sinus.  The  primary  aperture  is  round  with  the  addition  of  a  semi-circular 
sinus,  length  0,18  and  width  0.15  mm.  Frontal  avicularia  are  infrequent, 
regularly  oval,  length  0.30  and  width  0.20  mm,  the  rostrum  thin-walled 
and  only  slightly  raised. 

The  ovicell  is  very  prominent,  rounded,  large  (0.35  to  0.40  mm 
broad),  the  frontal  area  with  a  marginal  row  of  pores  separated  by 
radiating  ribs.  The  details  of  the  ovicell,  as  well  as  those  of  the  front 
are  difficult  to  determine  until  the  glossy  covering  membrane  is  removed. 

The  sinus  of  the  primary  aperture  is  broader  and  more  semicircular 
and  the  zooecia  more  procumbent  than  usual  in  the  genus ;  but  the  nature 
of  the  front,  of  the  paired  oral  avicularia,  the  characters  of  the  ovicell 
and  the  interzooecial  avicularia  are  definitely  those  of  Costazia. 

Type,AHFno.  112. 

Type  locality,  Hancock  Station  1659-48,  S.  of  Avalon  Bay,  Santa 
Catalina  Island,  southern  California,  46  fathoms,  33  °19'53"N, 
118°17'51"W.  Also  at  stations  1449-42,  Newport  Harbor,  on  a  float, 
and  1012-39,  of?  Pyramid  Cove,  San  Clemente  Island,  southern  Cali- 
fornia, 55  fms;  and  1251-41,  south  of  San  Benito  Islands,  66  fms,  and 
1078,  S.  of  San  Benito  Islands,  92  fms,  28°12'05''N,  117°52'55''W, 
Lower  California. 


510  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Gostazia  surcularis   (Packard),  1863 
Plate  63,  figs.  1-3 

Celleporaria  surcularis  Packard,  1863  :410. 

Cellepora  incrassata  Smitt,  1867  -33  (non  incrassata  Lamarck). 

Cellepora  cervicornis.  Busk,  1856:32. 

Cellepora  incrassata,  Hincks,  1884:29. 

Cellepora  surcularis,  Osburn,  1912a  :281. 

Cellepora  incrassata,  Robertson,  1900 :327 ;  1908 :312. 

Cellepora  surcularis,  Nordgaard,  1918:86. 

Cellepora  incrassata,  O'Donoghvie,  1923  :47. 

Schizrnopora  surcularis,  Osburn,  1923  :12D. 

Costazia  incrassata,  O'Donoghue,  1926 :74. 

The  zoarium  is  erect  from  a  small  base,  branching  irregularly  to  a 
height  of  50  mm  ■  the  basal  stem  as  much  as  3  or  4  mm  in  diameter,  the 
branches  varying  in  size,  rounded  at  the  tips.  The  zooecia  are  somewhat 
oriented  at  the  growing  tips,  but  otherwise  more  or  less  erected,  mod- 
erately large  and  coarse,  about  0.45  mm  across  the  erect  ones;  heavily 
calcified,  the  frontal  with  a  conspicuous  row  of  areolar  pores  and  occa- 
sionally with  a  few  additional  pores,  all  of  which  are  carried  upward 
by  the  thickening  of  the  front  wall.  The  peristome  is  usually  low,  thick- 
walled,  with  the  usual  small  avicularia,  one  on  each  side,  sometimes 
rising  above  the  border  of  the  peristome.  There  are  rather  infrequent 
vicarious  avicularia,  short  spatulate  in  form  and  averaging  about  0.40 
mm  long  by  0.18  mm  wide  at  the  widest  part;  these  are  little  or  not 
at  all  erected.  The  primary  aperture  is  short-oval,  slightly  narrower 
proximally,  with  a  small  v-shaped  sinus,  and  measures  about  0.18  mm 
long  by  0.14  mm  wide. 

The  ovicell  is  hemispherical,  0.30  mm  wide,  at  first  prominent  but 
later  more  or  less  embedded,  with  the  usual  semicircular  perforated  area, 
the  pores  radiating;  as  calcification  proceeds  the  secondary  layer  may 
almost  or  quite  obscure  the  perforated  area. 

This  species  is  evidently  not  the  Cellepora  incrassata  of  Lamarck, 
with  which  it  has  been  confused,  nor  the  Millepora  cervicornis  of  Pallas. 
While  Packard's  description  is  incomplete,  it  is  clear  enough  under  the 
circumstances,  for  the  species  is  common  on  the  Labrador  coast  and  there 
is  no  other  in  that  area  with  which  it  could  be  confused.  Moreover,  in 
naming  this  species  Packard  realized  that  he  was  dealing  with  the 
common  northern  form,  as  he  wrote,  "European  authors  have  confounded 
this  arctic  species  with  Cellepora  cervicornis  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea." 
It  may  be  confused  with  C.  ventricosa,  but  the  latter  species  is  much 


NO.   2      OSBURN  :   EASTERN   PACIFIC   BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  511 

coarser,  with  a  more  elongate  aperture  and  larger  zooecia  and  ovicells. 
In  the  Arctic  Ocean  this  species  has  been  recorded  from  Spitsbergen 
westward ;  it  is  common  in  Greenland  waters  and  south  on  the  Atlantic 
coast  to  Nova  Scotia.  The  writer  (1921:452)  has  listed  it  from  the 
Pribilof  Islands  in  the  Bering  Sea.  Hincks  recorded  it  from  British 
Columbia;  Robertson  had  it  from  the  Pribilof  Islands  to  northern 
California,  and  O'Donoghue  added  numerous  British  Columbia  records. 
It  did  not  appear  in  the  Hancock  dredgings,  but  there  are  specimens 
in  the  collection  from  Cleveland  Passage,  Alitak  Bay  and  Big  Koniuji 
Island,  Alaska,  the  last  two  collected  by  the  U.  S.  Alaska  Crab 
Investigation.  Common  at  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research 
Laboratory,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector. 

Gostazia  ventricosa  (Lorenz),  1886 
Plate  63,  figs.  4-5 

Cellepora  ventricosa  Lorenz,  1886 :  14. 
Cellepora  ventricosa.  Waters,  1900  :96. 
Costazia  ventricosa,  Osburn,  1932  :16. 

Zoarium  encrusting  on  pebbles,  shells  and  occasionally  on  algae,  more 
or  less  nodular  on  stems  but  covering  considerable  areas  on  stones, 
occasionally  erect  and  branching;  the  large  projecting  zooecia  giving  a 
rough  appearance.  The  zooecia  are  erect,  except  at  the  growing  edges  on 
stones  where  they  are  somewhat  procumbent;  large  (0,55  to  0.70  mm 
long  in  the  procumbent  zooecia,  usually  about  0.55  mm  across  the  erect 
ones),  prominent  and  very  distinct.  The  frontal  is  very  thick,  with 
two  or  three  rows  of  large  infundibuliform  pores  which  are  carried 
up  around  the  peristome  in  final  calcification,  often  rising  above  the 
level  of  the  operculum ;  the  frontal  wall  fuses  with  the  peristome  to  form 
a  thick,  rough  border  which  does  not  rise  much  above  the  level  of  the 
operculum.  The  lateral  oral  avicularia,  with  semicircular  mandible,  rise 
above  the  level  of  the  peristome  and  are  inflected  toward  the  aperture; 
they  are  often  wanting.  Interzooecial  avicularia  are  apparently  wanting, 
as  Lorenz  and  Waters  did  not  observe  them  in  the  European  Arctic 
and  I  have  not  found  them  in  specimens  from  Arctic  America  and  the 
Pacific  coast. 

It  is  the  largest  and  roughest  of  the  Costazia  species  and,  as  Waters 
states   (1900:96)    "can  be  distinguished  by  the  naked  eye." 

The  ovicells  are  large,  hemispherical,  about  0.40  mm  wide  by  0.26 
mm  long.  Lorenz  states  that  they  are  easily  overlooked  on  account  of 
their  small  size  and  they  often  have  a  single  median  pore,  while  Waters 
says  that  the  ovicell  is  imperforate.  In  earlier  stages  the  ovicells  are 


512  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.14 

prominent  and  are  provided  with  the  usual  frontal  area  with  radiating 
pores  but  they  become  inconspicuous  on  complete  calcification  of  adjacent 
zooecia,  and  the  smooth  ectooecial  cover  may  completely  obscure  the 
frontal  area  or  leave  a  central  pore  above  it. 

Lorenz  described  the  species  from  Jan  Mayen,  Waters  from  Franz- 
Josef  Land,  Kluge  from  Greenland  and  Osburn  from  Greenland  and 
Ungava  (Port  Burwell  at  entrance  to  Hudson  Strait). 

It  did  not  appear  in  the  Hancock  dredgings,  but  there  are  numerous 
specimens  in  the  collections  from  Big  Koniuji  Island,  and  Alitak  Bay, 
Alaska  (U.  S.  Alaska  Crab  Investigation)  ;  from  Nunivak  Island  and 
Pavlov  Bay,  Alaska;  and  from  Dillon  Beach,  California,  a  little  north 
of  San  Francisco,  R.  J.  Menzies,  coll.  Several  large  colonies  with 
rounded  branches  6  mm  in  diameter  and  25  mm  high  were  brought 
up  in  a  fisherman's  net  at  Cordell  Point,  California.  Also  taken  at 
Friday  Harbor,  Puget  Sound,  Washington,  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Mohr.  Abundant 
at  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector. 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   eastern   pacific   BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  513 

Family  Myriozoidae  Smitt,  1867 

"The  frontal  is  thick  and  bears  a  tremocyst  with  tubules.  Uniporous 
septulae  or  dietellae  are  present.  The  avicularia  are  adventitious  and 
bear  a  pivot.  The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  not  adjacent  to  the  zooecium 
and  lodged  in  a  niche-like  depression  of  the  distal  zooecium."  (Canu 
and  Bassler,  1923:185.) 

There  are  two  genera,  Myriozoum  which  has  tall,  branched  zoaria, 
and  Myriozoella  which  is  encrusting. 

Genus  MYRIOZOUM  Donati,  1750 

The  zoarium  is  erect  from  a  small  encrusting  base,  cylindrical  and 
irregularly  branched  without  articulations.  The  ovicells  are  usually 
completely  embedded  except  on  younger  zooecia.  Genotype,  Millepora 
truncata  VdiWas,  1766. 

Key  to  Species  of  Myriozoum 

1.  Avicularium  large,  nearly  as  large  as  the  aperture  and  immedi- 

ately above  it,  often  wanting coarctatum 

Avicularium  very  small 2 

2.  Aperture  longer  than  broad ;  avicularia  single,  situated  slightly  at 

one  side  of  the  midline subgracile 

Aperture  round ;  avicularia  paired,  or  single,  situated  opposite  the 
distal  border  of  the  aperture ;  zoarium  more  slender  ....     tenue 

Myriozoum  coarctatum  (M.  Sars),  1850 
Plate  64,  figs.  5-6 

Cellepora  coarctata  M.  Sars,  1850:148. 

Leieschara  coarctata,  M.  Sars,  1862 :155. 

Myriozoum  coarctatum.  Waters,  1900 :68. 

Myriozoum  coarctatum,  Hincks,  1884:21. 

Myriozoum  coarctatum,  Robertson,  1908:295. 

"iMyriozoum  coarctatum,  O'Donoghue,  1923:38;  1926:76. 

Zoarium  irregularly  branching  to  a  height  of  75  to  100  mm,  cylin- 
drical. Zooecia  moderate,  about  0.65  mm  long,  indistinct  as  there  are  no 
lines  of  separation;  the  frontal  a  very  thick  tremocyst  with  large  pores 
and  no  other  frontal  characters.  The  aperture  is  usually  a  little  longer 
than  wide,  rounded  distally,  straighter  on  the  sides,  the  proximal 
border  transverse  with  a  narrow  U-shaped  sinus.  The  primary  peristome 


514  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.14 

is  low  and  thin  but  the  thickening  of  the  frontal  wall  gradually  sub- 
merges the  operculum.  The  avicularium  is  single,  in  the  midline  imme- 
diately above  the  aperture,  about  as  large  as  the  aperture,  rounded  or 
ovate,  the  mandible  semicircular  or  slightly  subtriangular.  Occasionally, 
on  Washington  and  Oregon  specimens,  there  is  also  a  small  rounded 
avicularium  placed  transversely  in  the  median  line  below  the  proximal 
border  of  the  aperture. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  but  is  submerged  and  completely  covered 
by  the  thick  crust  of  the  distal  zooecium,  visible  only  in  the  youngest 
stages. 

The  record  of  O'Donoghue  is  in  doubt  as  his  description  of  the 
avicularia  indicates  that  they  are  minute  and  at  one  side  of  the  midline. 
Hincks  and  O'Donoghue  have  listed  the  species  from  a  number  of 
localities  in  British  Columbia ;  Robertson  recorded  it  from  Juneau,  Orca 
and  Yakutat,  Alaska. 

Albatross  Stations:  2886,  off  the  coast  of  Oregon,  the  southernmost 
record,  and  3455,  off  the  coast  of  Washington  at  152  fms;  also  from 
Puget  Sound,  Washington,  specimens  collected  by  Dr.  W.  A.  Clemens 
and  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Mohr. 

Myriozoum  subgracile  d'Orbigny,  1852 
Plate  64,  figs.  3-4 

Myriozoum  subgracile  d'Orbigny,  1852  ;662. 
Myriozoum  subgracile.  Waters,  1900 :69. 
Myriozoum  subgracile,  Robertson,  1908  :296. 
Myriozoum  subgracile,  O'Donoghue,  1923  :39 :75. 

Zoarial  form  and  general  appearance  similar  to  that  of  M.  coarcta- 
tum.  The  zooecia  are  also  similar,  entirely  without  separating  grooves, 
and  the  frontal  is  a  thick  tremocyst  with  large  tubular  pores.  The 
primary  aperture  is  more  elongate  than  in  the  other  species,  the  sides 
straight  and  converging  slightly  toward  the  proximal  end  which  is 
straight  with  a  deep,  narrow  u-shaped  sinus.  The  primary  peristome 
is  higher  than  in  M.  coarctatum,  but  later  covered  by  the  thick  frontal 
wall.  The  avicularium  is  single,  minute,  situated  on  or  near  the  median 
line  a  little  distal  to  the  aperture,  often  wanting,  occasionally  paired. 

The  ovicell,  like  that  of  coarctatum,  is  hyperstomial  but  is  so  early 
embedded  in  the  wall  of  the  distal  zooecium  that  about  all  that  can  be 
seen  is  a  rounded  swelling,  and  even  this  may  soon  be  obliterated. 

The  species  is  close  to  M.  coarctatum,  but  the  form  of  the  aperture 
and  the  minute  size  of  the  avicularium  easily  differentiate  it. 


NO.   2      OSBURN:   eastern   pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  515 

Robertson  recorded  the  species  from  Puget  Sound  and  O'Donoghue 
listed  it  for  several  places  in  British  Columbia. 

U.  S.  Alaska  Crab  Investigations,  Sta.  60-40,  Leonard  Harbor, 
Alaska,  and  Sta.  61-40,  Cold  Bay,  Alaska,  15  to  25  fms.  Also  taken  by 
Prof.  G.  E.  MacGinitie  at  Point  Barrovv^,  Alaska,  Arctic  Research 
Laboratory,  13  to  22  fms. 

Myriozoum  tenue  O'Donoghue,  1923 
Plate  64,  figs.  7-9 

Myriozoum  tenue  O'Donoghue,  1923:39. 

Zoarium  similar  to  the  other  species  of  the  genus  but  more  slender. 
Zooecia  also  similar,  indistinct,  the  frontal  with  large  pores,  but  narrov^^er 
than  in  the  other  species.  The  primary  aperture  is  distinctly  shorter, 
but  with  the  same  straight  proximal  border  and  deep  sinus.  The  avicularia 
are  minute,  round,  typically  paired  but  well  separated  and  located  near 
the  aperture  just  above  its  distal  border;  not  infrequently  there  is  only 
one  present  but  in  the  same  position. 

The  ovicell,  as  in  other  species,  is  hyperstomial,  deeply  embedded, 
first  appearing  as  a  low  rounded  swelling  and  later  becoming  completely 
covered  by  the  front  of  the  distal  zooecia.  Their  presence  may  be  noted, 
as  O'Donoghue  states,  by  their  occurrence  "in  bands  about  two  zooecia 
deep  around  the  stem  and  so  form  an  annular  enlargement." 

The  slender  form,  the  shorter  aperture  and  the  presence  of  the 
minute  paired  avicularia  are  the  distinguishing  characters. 

Described  by  O'Donoghue  from  Departure  Bay,  Buccaneer  Bay  and 
Swiftsure  Shoal,  British  Columbia,  15  to  25  fms. 

Albatross  Station  2886,  off  the  coast  of  Oregon,  several  fragments- 
Genus  MYRIOZOELLA  Levinsen,  1909 

Levinsen,  in  his  synopsis  of  the  genera  of  Myriozoidae,  1909:297, 
states  merely  "Avicularia  without  transverse  bar;  pore  chambers,"  and 
indicates  the  genotype,  Myriozoum  crustaceum  Smitt  {Lepralia  plana 
Dawson,  1859). 

The  zoarium  is  encrusting,  the  zooecia  indistinct  without  separating 
grooves,  the  frontal  a  tremocyst  with  large  pores,  the  aperture  with  a 
transverse  proximal  border  and  a  deep  narrow  sinus;  avicularia  paired 
beside  the  aperture;  ovicell  hyperstomial,  subimmersed,  perforated  like 
the  frontal. 


516  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Myriozoella  plana  (Dawson),  1859 
Plate  64,  figs.  1-2 

Lepralia  plana  Dawson,  1859 :256. 
Myriozoum  crustaceum  Smitt,  1867:18. 
Myriozoum  planum,  Hincks,  1892:157. 
Leieschara  plana,  Norman,  1903  :1 10. 
Myriozoum  crustaceum,  Robertson,  1908:295. 
Myriozoum  crustaceum,  Osburn,  1919 :609 ;  1923  :9D. 
Myriozoella  Crustacea,  Osburn,  1932 :16. 

Zoarium  encrusting,  often  multilaminar,  on  various  objects,  the 
colonies  often  an  inch  or  more  in  breadth  on  shells  and  stones.  The 
zooecia  are  flat  and  indistinct,  except  in  the  youngest  stages  when  they 
are  slightly  inflated  and  the  outlines  of  separation  are  visible.  The 
frontal  is  a  coarse  tremocyst  with  large  infundibular  pores  which  leave 
a  reticulated  surface.  The  aperture  is  somewhat  more  than  a  semicircle, 
varying  slightly  in  length  and  breadth,  the  proximal  aperture  straight 
with  a  narrow  deep  sinus.  On  either  side  of  the  aperture  is  a  rounded 
avicularium  of  moderate  size,  without  hinge  bar;  immersed  or  slightly 
elevated ;  rarely  wanting  on  one  or  both  sides. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  deeply  immersed  in  the  base  of  the 
distal  zooecium  but  usually  evident  as  a  distinct  rounded  swelling, 
perforated  like  the  frontal. 

Smitt,  in  describing  Myriozoum  crustaceum,  probably  overlooked 
Dawson's  description  of  Lepralia  plana.  Since  that  time  the  species  has 
been  recorded  under  both  names.  Objections  have  been  made  to  the 
use  of  Dawson's  name  on  the  basis  of  inadequate  description.  However, 
Hincks  (1892:157)  remarks:  "Dawson's  diagnosis  may  not  be  as  full 
and  minute  as  we  should  now  desire,  but  it  indicates  the  general  charac- 
ter of  the  species,  and  his  description  has  as  good  a  claim  to  be  retained 
as  those  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  older  writers."  Norman  ( 1903 :1 10) 
also  writes:  "Dawson's  description  of  Lepralia  plana  was  very  inade- 
quate; but  I  have  seen  specimens  named  by  him,  and  there  can  be  no 
doubt  as  to  the  species  which  he  intended."  Furthermore  there  is  no 
other  species  in  the  area  dredged  by  Dawson  which  could  possibly  be 
confused  with  it. 

The  species  is  a  common  circumpolar  form,  extending  its  range  down 
the  east  coast  of  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  on  the  west 
coast  to  southern  Alaska.  Robertson  recorded  it  from  Yakutat,   Orca, 


NO.   2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  517 

Kadiak  and  Juneau,  Alaska.  Osburn  (1921:451)   reported  it  from  the 
stomach  of  a  king  eider  duck  at  St.  Georges  Island,  Bering  Sea. 

Abundant  at  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  down  to  25  fms,  Arctic  Research 
Laboratory,  G.  E.  MacGinitie,  collector. 

Family  MamillopoHdae  Canu  and  Bassler,  1927 

"Hexapogona  with  orbicular  zoarium  without  pit.  The  cells  are 
juxtaposed.  The  proximal  border  of  the  apertura  is  oriented  toward  the 
apex.  The  ovicell  has  a  special  interzooecial  cavity  and  is  closed  by  the 
operculum."  (Canu  and  Bassler,  1930:474.) 

Canu  and  Bassler  placed  this  family  in  a  new  suborder  Hexapogona 
which  apparently  cannot  be  maintained,  at  least  on  the  basis  of  the 
short  description,  "The  ancestrula  engenders  six  zooecia."  The  family 
Mamilloporidae,  however,  is  quite  satisfactory,  including  several  related 
genera,  of  which  only  Marnillopora  occurs  in  our  collections. 

Genus  MAMILLOPORA  Smitt,  1873 

The  zoarium  is  free,  cupuliform,  but  varying  from  short-conical  to 
nearly  flat,  the  outline  rounded.  The  zooecia  are  erect,  showing  only 
the  aperture  and  broad  peristome  on  the  frontal  surface.  The  frontal 
avicularia  are  interzooecial,  as  their  chambers  are  continued  to  the  dorsal 
side  parallel  to  the  zooecial  chambers ;  avicularia  occur  also  on  the  dorsal 
side  of  the  zoarium.  The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial  and  closed  by  the 
operculum,  deeply  embedded ;  as  it  develops  before  the  succeeding 
zooecium  is  completely  formed  the  distal  zooecium  is  distorted  to  con- 
form to  the  ovicell  at  the  frontal  surface.  Genotype,  Marnillopora  cupula 
Smitt,  1873. 

Marnillopora  cupula  Smitt,  1873 

Plate  64,  figs.  10-11 

Marnillopora  cupula  Smitt,  1873  :33. 

Marnillopora  cupula,  Canu  and  Bassler,  1928 :  153 ;  1930:45. 

Marnillopora  cupula,  Hastings,  1930:733. 

Marnillopora  cupula,  Osburn,  1947 :46. 

Zoarium  free,  cupuliform  or  saucer-shaped,  the  outline  round.  The 
zoaria  are  quite  erect,  their  cavities  parallel,  the  frontal  surface  limited 
to  the  aperture  and  the  broad  peristome  which  is  usually  provided  with 
a  series  of  low  tubercles.  The  aperture  is  somewhat  variable  in  size  and 
form,  averaging  about  0.13  mm  wide  by  0.17  mm  long,  rounded  back 


518  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

to  the  large  cardelles,  proximal  to  which  is  a  large  deep  poster  (some- 
what narrower  than  the  anter)  with  an  arcuate  border.  The  operculum 
is  well  chitinized  with  a  bordering  sclerite.  The  frontal  avicularia 
appear  to  be  dependent,  but  their  development  at  the  growing  border 
shows  them  to  be  interzooecial  as  their  chambers  descend  to  the  dorsal 
side  parallel  to  the  zooecial  cavities;  avicularia  are  also  scattered  over 
the  dorsal  surface. 

The  ovicell  is  hyperstomial,  deeply  embedded  so  that  only  its  frontal 
surface  is  visible,  and  it  is  closed  by  the  operculum ;  it  is  developed 
before  the  distal  zooecium  and  the  latter  is  modified  to  accommodate 
it,  as  its  cavity  extends  beneath  the  ovicell  and  later  becomes  erect. 

The  species  is  fairly  common  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Caribbean 
Sea.  On  the  Pacific  coast  it  has  been  recorded  by  Hastings  from  Gorgona, 
Colombia,  and  by  Canu  and  Bassler  from  the  Galapagos  Islands. 

Hancock  Stations:  dredged  at  42  stations,  abundant  about  the  Gala- 
pagos Islands  and  in  the  Gulf  of  California  south  of  the  29th  parallel 
(Angel  de  la  Guardia  Island).  Also  taken  at  Clarion  Island,  west  of 
Mexico;  Cocos  Island  and  Port  Culebra,  Costa  Rica;  Secas  Islands, 
Panama,  and  at  Dewey  Channel  on  the  west  coast  of  Lower  California. 
The  known  distribution  in  the  Pacific  is  from  about  29 °N  Lat. 
southward  through  the  Galapagos  Islands  to  a  little  south  of  the  equator ; 
the  depth  range  is  10  to  55  fms. 


NO.  2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  519 

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Busk,  George 

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1900.  Die  Bryozoen,  1  Teil,  Die  Bryozoen  von  Spitsbergen  und  Koenig-Karls- 
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Brown,  D.  A. 

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Species  (pp.  248-56),  and  Report  on  the  Polyzoa  of  the  Queen  Char- 
lotte Islands  (pp.  459-71),  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  5,  vol.  10. 


522  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

1883.  Report  on  the  Polyzoa  of  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.,  ser.  5,  vol.  11,  pp.  442-51. 

1884.  Idem,  ibid.,  vol.  13,  pp.  49-58. 

1884a.  Report  on  the  Polyzoa  of  the  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  the  last  three 
above  papers  collected  and  issued  by  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  of 
Canada.  Ottawa. 

1888.  The  Polyzoa  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  a  study  of  Arctic  forms.  Ann.  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  6,  vol.  1,  pp.  214-27. 

1889.  Idem,  ibid.,  ser.  6,  vol.  3,  pp.  424-35. 
1892.    Idem,  ibid.,  ser.  6,  vol.  9,  pp.  149-57. 

Johnston,  G. 

1832.    A  descriptive  catalog  of  the  recent  Zoophytes  found  on  the  coast  of 

North   Durham.  Trans.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  Northumberland,  etc.,  2,  pp. 

239-72. 
1838.    A  History  of  British  Zoophytes  (Ed.  1),  pp.  1-333,  pis.  1-44. 
1847.    Idem  (Ed.  2),  vol.  1,  text,  pp.  1-488 ;  vol.  2,  pis.  1-74. 

JULLIEN,  J. 

1882.    Dragages  du  "Travailleur."  Bryozoaires.  Bull.   Soc.  Zool.   France,   7, 

pp.  497-529. 
1886.    Les  Costulides,  nouvelle  famille  de  Bryozoaires.  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France, 

11,  pp.  601-20. 
1888.    Mission  scientifique  du  Cap  Horn,  1882-3,  vol.  6,  Zool.,  pp.  1-92,  pis. 

1-15. 

JULLiEN,  J.  and  Calvet,  L. 

1903.  Bryozoaires  provenant  des  campagnes  de  I'Hirondelle  (1886-8).  Rec. 
Sci.  Camp.  Sci.  Prince  de  Monaco,  fasc.  23,  pp.  1-120  by  Jullien,  120-188 
by  Calvet,  pis.  1-18. 

Kluce,  H. 

1906.  Zoologische  Ergebnisse  einer  Untersuchungsfahrt  des  deutschen  See- 
fischerei-Vereins  nach  der  Bareninsel  and  Westspitzbergen,  etc.  Wis- 
sensch.  Meeresuntersuchungen,  new  ser.,  vol.  8,  Abt.  Helgoland,  pp. 
31-55,  figs.  1-10. 

Lamouroux,  J.  V. 

1812.    Extrait  d'un  memoire  sur  la  classification   des  polypiers  coralligenes. 

Bull,  des  sci.  pour  la  Soc.  Philomatique. 
1821.    Exposition  methodique  des  genres  de  I'ordre  des  polypiers. 

Levinsen,  G.  M.  R. 

1909.    Morphological  and  systematic  studies  on  the  Cheilostomatous  Bryozoa, 

pp.  1-431,  pis.  1-27.  Copenhagen. 
1916.    Bryozoa.    Danmark-ekspeditionen    til    Gronlands    Nordostkyst    1906-8. 
Medd.  Gronland  43  (16),  pp.  432-73,  pis.  19-24. 

Linnaeus,  C. 

1758.    Systema  Naturae,  Ed.  10,  vol.  1.  Zoophyta,  pp.  799-821. 

Lonsdale,  W. 

1845.  Report  on  the  corals  from  the  tertiary  formations  of  N.  A.,  Quart.  Jour. 
Geol,  Soc.  London,  vol.  1,  pp.  495-509  (Bryozoa  on  pp.  500-509). 

LoRENZ,  L.  von 

1886.  Bryozoen  von  Jan  Mayen.  K.-K.  Akad.  der  Wissenschaften  zu  Wien. 
Die  Internationale  Polarforschung  1882-83,  Bd.  3. 


NO.   2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific   BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA  523 

MacGillivray,  J. 

1842.    Catalog  of  Zoophytes  of  Aberdeen.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist. 

MacGillivray,  P.  H. 

1859-1889.    New  or  little-known  Polyzoa,  16  papers  in  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Vic- 
toria. 

1895.    A  Monograph  of  the  Tertiary  Polyzoa  of  Victoria.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
Victoria,  vol.  4,  pp.  1-166,  pis.  1-22. 

Manzoni,  a. 

1870.    Bryozoi  pliocenici  italiani.  Sitzb.  der  K.  Akad.  Wissensch.  Wien.   (4 
parts,  1869-70). 

Maplestone,  C.  W. 

1900.    Further  descriptions  of  the  Tertiary  Polyzoa  of  Victoria,  Part  3,  Proc. 
Roy.  Soc.  Victoria,  new  sen,  vol.  12,  pp.  162-169;  vol.  13,  pp.  1-9. 

1902.  Idem,  ibid.,  vol  15. 

Marcus,  Ernst 

1937.  Bryozoarios  Marinhos  Brasileiros,  vol.   1,  Bol.  Fac.  Phil.,   Sci.,  Letr., 
Univ.  Sao  Paulo,  pp.  1-224,  pis.  1-29. 

1938.  Idem,  ibid.,  vol.  4,  No.  2,  pp.  1-131,  pis.  1-29. 

1939.  Idem,  ibid.,  vol.  13,  No.  3,  pp.  113-299,  pis.  5-30. 

MiCHELIN,  H. 

1840-7.    Iconographie  Zoophytologique  .  .  .  des  polypiers  fossiles  de  France, 
pp.  348,  atlas  of  79  pis.  Paris. 

Milne-Edwards,  H. 

1836.    Recherches  anatomiques,  physiologiques  et  zoologiques  sur  les  Eschares. 
Ann.  sci.  nat.,  ser.  2,  vol.  6  (Zool.),  pp.  5-53,  pis.  1-5. 

Moll,  J.  P.  C. 

1803.    Eschara  zoophytozoorum  sen  phytozoorum  .  .  .,  etc.,  pp.  1-70. 

Neviani,  a. 

1895.    Boll.  Soc.  Romana  Studi  Zool.,  parts  2,  4.  1895,  p.  231. 

Nordgaard,  O. 

1906.    Bryozoa    from   the   second    "Fram"   expedition,    1898-1902.   Rept.   2nd 

Norwegian  Arctic  Exped.  in  the  "Fram,"  No.  8,  pp.  1-44,  pis.  1-4. 
1918.    Bryozoa   from  the  Arctic   regions.   Tromso  Mus.  Aarshefter,   vol.  40, 

No.  1,  pp.  1-99. 

Norman,  A.  M. 

1864.    On  undescribed  British  Hydrozoa,  Actinozoa  and  Polyzoa.  Ann.  Mag. 

Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  3,  vol.  13,  pp.  82-90. 
1869.    Last  report  on  Shetland  Dredgings,  part  2.  Rept.  Brit.  Assoc,  for  1868. 
1894.    A  month  on  the  Trondhjem  Fjord.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  6,  vol.  13, 

pp.  112-133,  pis.  6-7. 

1903.  Notes  on  the  Natural  History  of  East  Finmark.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 
ser.  7,  vol.  11,  pp.  567-598,  pi.  13  ;  vol.  12,  pp.  87-128,  pis.  8-9. 

1905.  Idem,  ibid.,  vol.  15,  pp.  341-60,  pi.  27. 

1906.  Greenlandic  Polyzoa.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  ser.  7,  vol.  17,  pp.  90-93. 
1909.    Polyzoa  of  Madeira  and  neighboring  Islands.  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  London, 

Zool.,  vol.  30,  pp.  275-314,  pis.  33-42. 


524  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

Okada,  Y. 

1929.    Report  of  the  Biological   Survey  of   Mutsu   Bay,   12,   Cheilostomatous 

Bryozoa  of  Mutsu  Bay.  Sci.  Reports,  Tohoku  Imperial  Univ.,  4th  ser., 

Biology,  vol.  4,  Fasc.  1,  pp.  1-33,  pis.  1-5. 
1934.    Bryozoa  Fauna  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Shimoda  Marine  Biological  Sta. 

Sci.  Reports  Tokyo  Univ.  of  Lit.  and  Sci.,   Section  B,  vol.  2,  No.  26. 

Orbigny,  Alcide  d, 

1841.  Voyage  dans  I'Araerique  Meridionale.  Zoophytes,  vol.  5,  part  4,  pp. 
1-28. 

Ortmann,  a.  E. 

1890.  Die  Japanische  Bryozoen-Fauna.  Arch.  Naturgeschichte,  Bd.  1,  Heft  1, 
pp.  1-74. 

OSBURN,  R.  C. 

1912.    Bryozoa  of  the  Woods  Hole  Region.  Bull.  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Fisheries, 

vol.  30,  pp.  205-266,  pis.  18-31. 
1912a.  Bryozoa  from  Labrador,  Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia  collected  by 

Dr.  Owen  Bryant.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  43,  pp.  275-89. 
1914.    The  Bryozoa  of  the  Tortugas  Islands,  Florida.  Publication  Carnegie 

Inst,  of  Washington,  No.  182,  pp.  181-222,  text  figs.  1-23. 

1919.    Bryozoa  of  the  Crocker  Land  Expedition.  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 

vol.  40,  pp.  603-624. 
1924.    Bryozoa.   Rep.   Canadian   Arctic   Expedition   1913-18,    southern   party, 

vol.  8  (D),  pp.  1-13.  Ottawa. 
1932.    Bryozoa  from  Hudson  Bay  and   Strait.  Biological   and  oceanographic 

conditions  in  Hudson  Bay  6.  Contr.  Canadian  Biol.  Fish.  7   (29),  pp. 

363-76. 
1940.    Bryozoa  of  Porto  Rico  with  a  resume  of  the  West  Indian  Bryozoan 

Fauna.  New  York  Acad.   Sci.,   Sci.   Surv.  Porto  Rico   and  Virgin  Is., 

vol.  16  (3),  pp.  321-486,  pis.  1-9. 
1947.    Bryozoa  of  the  Allan  Hancock  Atlantic  Expedition,  1939.  Report  No.  5, 

pp.  1-66,  pis.  1-6.  Univ.  S.  Calif.,  Los  Angeles. 

Packard,  A.  S. 

1863.  List  of  animals  dredged  near  Caribou  Island  (Labrador).  Canadian 
Naturalist  and  Geologist  for  1863,  pp.  406-12. 

Pallas,  S. 

1766.    Elenchus  zoophytorum.  Hagae  Comitum. 

Pourtales,  L.  F.  de, 

1867.  Contributions  to  the  fauna  of  the  Gulf  Stream  at  great  depths.  Bull. 
Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  1  (6),  pp.  106,  110,  111. 

Ridley,  S.  O. 

1881.  Polyzoa  in  the  Zool.  Coll.  H.M.S.  "Alert."  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London, 
pp.  43-61,  pi.  6. 

Sars,  M. 

1851.  Beretning  om  en  i  Sommeren  1849  foretagen  zoologisk  Reise  Lofoten 
og  Finmarken.  Nyt  Mag.  f.  Naturv.,  vol.  6,  pp.  121-211. 

Smitt,  F.  a. 

1867.  Kritisk  forteckning  ofver  Skandinaviens  Hafs-Bryozoer.  Ofversigt  af 
Kongl.  Vetenskaps-Akademiens  Forhandl.,  1867.  Bihang,  pp.  1-230, 
pis.  24-28. 


NO.   2      OSBURN:  eastern  pacific  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA  525 

1871.  Idem,  ibid.,  1871,  No.  9,  pp.  1115-1134,  pis.  20-21. 

1872.  Floridan  Bryozoa,  collected  by  Count  L.  F.  de  Pourtales.  Part  1.  K. 
Vetensk.-Akad.  Handl.  10  (11),  pp.  1-20,  pis.  1-5. 

1873.  Idem,  Part  2,  ibid.,  Handl.  11  (4),  pp.  1-84,  pis.  1-13. 

SOLANDER,  D. 

1786.  The  Natural  History  of  .  .  .  Zoophytes,  collected  ...  by  the  late  John 
Ellis,  systematically  arranged  and  described  by  Daniel  Solander,  pp. 
1-206,  pis.  1-63. 

SOWERBY,  G.  B. 

1806.    British  Miscellany,  1,  p.  83,  pi.  41. 

Waters,  A.  W. 

1879.  On  the  Bryozoa  of  the  Bay  of  Naples.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  ser.  5, 
vol.  3,  pp.  27-43,  114-126,  196-202  and  276-281. 

1899.  Bryozoa  from  Madeira.  Jour.  Roy.  Micr.  Soc.  London  for  1899,  pp.  6-16, 
pi.  3. 

1900.  Bryozoa  from  Franz-Josef  Land,  collected  by  the  Jackson-Harmsworth 
Exped.,  1896-97.  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  Zool.,  vol.  28,  pp.  43-105, 
pis.  7-12. 

1909.    Bryozoa.  Reports  on  the  Marine  Biology  of  the   Sudanese  Red   Sea. 

Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  Zool.  Cheilostomata,  pp.  123-181,  pis.  10-18. 
1913.    The   Marine   Fauna  of  British   East  Africa   and   Zanzibar,   Bryozoa, 

Cheilostomata,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  pp.  458-537,  pis.  64-73. 
1918.    Some  Collections  of  the  Littoral   Marine   Fauna  of   the  Cape  Verde 

Islands,  etc.  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  Zool.  Bryozoa,  pp.  1-45,  pis.  1-4. 


PLATES 


528  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 

PLATE  30 

Fig.    1.   Hippothoa  hyalina  (Linnaeus),  zooecia  of  typical  form  with 

interzooecial  fenestrae. 
Fig.    2.   The  same,  with  suboral  umbo. 
Fig.    3.    The  same,  modified  zooeciura  with  ovicell. 
Fig.   4.    The  same,  with  lateral-oral  processes. 
Fig.    5.    The  same,  lateral  processes  and  central  umbo. 
Fig.    6.    Hippothoa  divaricata  Lamouroux,  zooecia  and  ovicell. 
Fig.    7.    Hippothoa  fiagellum  Manzoni,  elongate  base  and  mode  of 

branching. 
Fig.    8.    The  same,  ovicell. 
Fig.    9.   Hippothoa  expansa  Dawson,  zooecia,  reduced  zooecium  with 

ovicell,  and  expanded  base. 
Fig.  10.    Trypostega  <venufta    (Norman),   zooecia,   ovicell   and  zoo- 

eciules. 
Fig.  11.    Trypostega  claviculata   (Hincks),  zooecia,  ovicell  and  zoo- 

eciule  with  clavate  avicularium. 


NO.  2       OSEURN :  BASTERN  PACIFIC  ™VOZ0A-^„E,L0STOMATA 


PL.  30 


530  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


^jS^' 


PLATE  31 

Vittaticella  elegans  (Busk),  zooecia  with  branch. 
The  same,  enlarged  to  show  details  of  aperture. 
Savignyella  lafonti  (Audouin),  zooecium  and  branching. 
Euteleia  evelinae  Marcus,  zooecia  and  manner  of  growth. 
Petralia  japonica  (Busk),  zooecium  with  details  of  aperture 
and  avicularia. 

Hippopodina  feegeensis  (Busk),  zooecium  with  ovicell. 
The  same,  young  zooecium  showing  aperture. 
The  same,   older   infertile  zooecium   with   raised   peristome 
and  heavier  cardelles. 
Fig.    9.   Hippopodina  californica  new  species,  zooecium  with  ovicell 
and  details  of  aperture. 


Fig. 

1. 

Fig. 

2. 

Fig. 

3. 

Fig. 

4. 

Fig. 

5. 

Fig. 

6. 

Fig. 

7. 

Fig. 

8. 

NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  31 


532  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  32 

Fig.    1.  Hippopodina  calif  ornica  new  species,  details  of  calcification. 

Fig.    2.  The  same,  form  of  aperture  and  flaring  peristome. 

Fig.    3.  The  same,  operculum  with  curved  sclerites. 

Fig.    4.  Cj'c/zVo/'ora /on^i/>ora  (MacGillivray),  zooecia  and  ovicell. 

Fig.    5.  Cycloperiella  rosacea  Osburn,  zooecia,  ovicell  and  avicularia. 

Fig.    6.  The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.    7.  The  same,  zooecium  without  avicularia. 

Fig.    8.  The  same,  young  stage  of  zooecium  and  avicularium. 

Fig.    9.  Coleopora  gig  ante  a  (Canu  and  Bassler),  zooecia  with  high 

peristone  and  peculiar  decoration  of  ovicell,  reduced  J^. 

Fig.  10.  The  same,  operculum. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  32 


534  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  33 

Fig.    1.    Hincksipora  spinulifera  (Hincks),  fertile  zooecium  with  ovi- 

cell,  broad  peristome  and  median  spinule. 
Fig.    2.    The  same,  younger  infertile  zooecium. 
Fig.    3.    The  same,  diagram  of  longitudinal  section. 
Fig.    4.    The  same,  outline  of  operculum  with  muscle  attachments. 
Fig.    5.   Pachyegis  princeps  (Norman)  zooecium  with  umbo,  reduced 

one-half. 
Fig.    6.    The  same,  showing  form  of  aperture  and  avicularium  at 

base  of  umbo. 
Fig.    7.    The  same,  ovicell. 

Fig.    8.    The  same,  operculum  with  broad  sclerites. 
Fig.    9.    Pachyegis   brunnea    (Hincks),    infertile    zooecium    showing 

aperture,  avicularium  and  umbo. 
Fig.  10.    The  same,  younger  zooecium  showing  avicularian  chamber. 
Fig.  11.    The  same,  ovicell. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA— CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  33 

IV 


536  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


i. 


PLATE  34 

Fig.    1.    Stomachetosella    cruenta    (Norman),    zooecium    with    rough 

tuberosities,  outline  of  operculum. 
Fig.    2.    Stomachetosella  limbata    (Lorenz),    zooecium   with   ovicell, 

outline  of  operculum. 
Fig.    3.    Stomachetosella  sinuosa    (Busk),   zooecia  with  ovicell   and 

form  of  aperture. 
Fig.    4.    Stomachetosella  abyssicola  new  species,  infertile  zooecium. 
Fig.    5.    The  same,  ovicell. 
Fig.    6.    The  same,  operculum. 
Fig.    7.    Stomachetosella  distincta  new  species,  zooecium  and  ovicell 

with  umbos. 
Fig.    8.    The  same,  operculum  with  muscle  attachments. 
Fig.    9.    Robertsonidra  ol'tgopus   (Robertson),  zooecium  with  ovicell 

and  lateral  avicularium,  reduced  Yz. 
Fig.  10.    The  same,  dorsal  side  showing  tubular  attachment  processes. 
Fig.  11.    The  same,  operculum  and  mandible  with  central  lucida. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  34 


538  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


Fig. 
Fig. 

1. 
2. 

Fig. 

3. 

Fig. 

4. 

Fig. 

5. 

Fig. 

6. 

Fig. 

7. 

Fig. 

8. 

PLATE  35 

Robertsonidra  oligopus  (Robertson),  ovicell. 
Cylindroporella   tubulosa    (Norman),    zooecia,   ovicell    and 
high  peristome  with  ascopore. 

Semihasivellia  sulcosa  Canu  and  Bassler,  portion  of  branched 
zoarium. 

Diatosula   californica   new   species,   zooecia,   aperture,   oral 
and  interzooecial  avicularia. 

The  same  in  advanced  calcification,  showing  ovicell  and  oral 
and  frontal  avicularia. 

Posterula  sarsi  (Smitt),  zooecium  with  two  oral  avicularia 
(one  deeply  submerged). 

Hippopleurifera  mucronata  (Smitt),  infertile  zooecium  show- 
ing form  of  aperture  and  oral  spines. 
The  same,  operculum  showing  attachment  of  muscles. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  35 


540  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  36 

Fig.    1.    //i//o^/^«ri/^ra  mwcroKflfa  (Sraitt),  ovicell  and  aperture. 

Fig.    2.    f/m^o/iu/a /a/^nj  (Sraitt),  infertile  zooecium. 

Fig.    3.   The  same,  ovicell. 

Fig.  4.  Umbonula  alvareziana  (d'Orbigny),  zooecium,  aperture  and 
avicularia. 

Fig.    5.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.  6.  Umbonula  arctica  (Sars),  zooecium  with  paired  oral  avicu- 
laria. 

Fig.    7.    Ragionula  rosacea  (Busk),  zooecium,  aperture,  avicularium. 

Fig.  8.  Lacerna  fistulata  (O'Donoghue),  zooecium  with  ovicell  in 
complete  calcification. 

Fig.  9.  The  same,  at  a  younger  stage,  with  ovicell  and  fistula-like 
avicularian  umbo. 

Fig.  10.    The  same,  young  zooecium  with  low  umbo  and  avicularium. 

Fig.  11.   The  same,  operculum,  enlarged. 


NO.  2       OSBURN:  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  36 


542  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  37 

Fig.    1.    Schizoporella  unicornis  (Johnston),  infertile  zooecium  with 

form  of  aperture,  avicularium  and  umbo. 
Fig.  2.  The  same,  ovicell  and  paired  avicularia. 
Fig.    3.    Schizoporella   trichotoma    (Waters),    zooecia   with   stellate 

pores  and  ovicell. 
Fig.    4.    Schizoporella    linearis    van    inarmata    (Hincks),    zooecium 

with  ovicell. 
Fig.    5.    The    same,    showing    aperture    and    regularly    roughened 

frontal. 
Fig.    6.    Emballotheca  altimuralis  new  species,  zooecium  and  ovicell. 
Fig.    7.    The  same,  details  of  aperture  and  high  separating  wall. 
Fig.    8.    Schizoporella  dissimilis  new  species,  marginal  zooecium  with 

characteristic  distal  oral  avicularia. 
Fig.    9.    Schizoporella  cornuta   (Gabb  and  Horn),  showing  ovicell 

and  frontal  avicularium. 
Fig.  10.    The  same,  operculum,  enlarged  twice. 
Fig.  11.    The  same,  young  zooecium  of  the  secondary  layer. 
Fig.  12.    Schizoporella  dissimilis  new  species,     with  pointed  lateral 

oral  avicularia. 
Fig.  13.    The  same,  with  ovicell   and  avicularia  in  more  proximal 

position. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  37 


544  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.14 


PLATE  38 

Fig.    1.    /?r//irro/ioOTa  fm/i  (Audouin),  zooecium  and  ovicell. 

Fig.    2.    The  same,  details  of  aperture. 

Fig.    3.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.    4.    Arthropoma  circinata  (MacGillivray),  zooecium  and  ovicell. 

Fig.  5.  Sch'tzomavella  aur'tculata  (Hassall),  zooecium,  ovicell  and 
small  elevated  oval  avicularium. 

Fig.  6.  Schizoma'vella  aiiriculata  ochracea  (Hincks),  zooecium  with 
oval  avicularium  not  elevated. 

Fig.  7.  Schizoma'vella  auriculata  acuta  new  variety,  with  small 
pointed  avicularium  and  frontal  granules. 

Fig.    8.    The  same,  with  large  pointed  avicularium. 

Fig.  9.  The  same,  with  long  narrow  avicularium,  young  and  with- 
out granulation.  (Figs.  7,  8  and  9  all  from  the  same  colony.) 

F\g.  10.  Schizoma'vella  porifera  (Smitt),  zooecium,  ovicell  and  large 
median  avicularium. 

Fig.  11.    Stylopoma  informata  (Lonsdale),  infertile  zooecium. 

Fig.  12.  The  same,  showing  enormous  ovicell  in  comparison  with 
zooecia. 

Fig.  13.  Schizola<vella  vulgaris  (Moll),  zooecium  with  ovicell  and 
lateral  avicularium. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA— CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  38 


546  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  39 

F'ig.    1.    Dakaria  daivsoni    (Hincks),   ovicell   with   rounded   frontal 

area. 

The  same,  form  of  operculum,  enlarged  twice. 

Dakaria  pristina  (Hincks),  ovicell  with  irregular  pores  and 

triangular  frontal  area. 

The  same,  form  of  aperture. 

Dakaria  biserialis  (Hincks),  zooecium  with  ovicell. 

The  same,  details  of  aperture  with  two  rows  of  oral  spines. 

Dakaria    apertura    new    species,    infertile    zooecium    with 

rounded  aperture. 
Fig.    8.    The  same,  ovicell  with  broader  aperture  and  large  area  with 

irregular  pores. 
Fig.    9.    The  same,  operculum  of  infertile  zooecium. 
Fig.  10.    Emballotheca  latifrons  new  species,  showing  form  of  aper- 
ture and  small  lateral-oral  avicularia. 
Fig.  11.    The  same,  ovicell  and  avicularium  distant  from  aperture. 


Fig. 

2. 

Fig. 

3. 

Fig. 

4. 

Fig. 

5. 

Fig. 

6. 

Fig. 

7. 

NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  39 


548  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  40 

Fig.  1.  Hippodiplosia  insculpta  (Hincks),  young  fertile  zooeciura 
showing  aperture  compared  with  that  of  the  infertile  zoo- 
ecium. 

Fig.    2.    The  same,  ovicell. 

Fig.  3.  Hippodiplosia  reticulato-punctata  (Hincks),  reticulate  zoo- 
ecium,  suboral  avicularium  and  ovicell. 

Fig.  4.  Hippodiplosia  americana  (Verrill),  zooecia  with  ovicell  and 
lateral  avicularium. 

Fig.    5.    //z/>/)o^i/>/ojia /ifr/M^a  (Esper),  zooecium  with  ovicell. 

Figs.  6  and  7.    The  same,  two  forms  of  operculum  of  infertile  zooecia. 

Fig.    8.    The  same,  operculum  of  fertile  zooecium. 

Fig.  9.  Emballotlieca  obscura  new  species,  zooecia  with  ovicell,  aper- 
ture and  suboral  avicularium. 

Fig.  10.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.  11.  GemelUporidra  colombiejisis  new  species,  zooecium  with  ovi- 
cell and  lateral  avicularium. 

Fig.  12.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.  13.  Hippothyris  emplastra  new  species,  zooecium  with  ovicell, 
suboral  avicularium  and  the  plastron-like  frontal. 

Fig.  14.   The  same,  details  of  aperture. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC 


BRYOZOA— CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  40 


o  o 


12 


550  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  41 

Fig.    1.    Hippoporina  porcellana    (Busk),  highly  calcified   zooecium 

with  minute  tubercles  and  ovicell. 
Fig.    2.    The  same,  diagram  of  aperture,  avicularium  and  pores. 
Fig.    3.    The  same,  operculum  much  enlarged. 
Fig.    4.    Hippoporina  contractu  (Waters),  zooecium,  aperture,  spines 

and  different  types  of  avicularia. 

The  same,  ovicell. 

Hippoporina  ampla  new  species,  operculum. 
-•••A  ,.v'\  Fig.    7.    The  same,  zooecium  showing  aperture,  spines,  disposition  of 

avicularia  and  marginal  tubercles. 

The  same,  ovicell. 

Gemelliporella  globulifera   new   species,   showing  aperture 

and  position  of  avicularia. 
Fig.  10.    The  same,  distorted  zooecium  with  two  types  of  avicularia. 
Fig.  11.    The  same,  ovicells. 
Fig.  12.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.  13.    GemelHporina  monilia  new  species,  zooecium,  ovicell,  aper- 
ture and  graded  spines. 


F'ig. 

S. 

Fig. 

6. 

Fig. 

7. 

Fig. 

8. 

Fig. 

9. 

NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  41 


552  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


370 


PLATE  42 

Fig.  1.  Stephanosella  biaperta  (Michelin),  infertile  zooecium  with 
aperture,  lateral-oral  avicularia  and  areolar  pores. 

Fig.    2.    The  same,  ovicell  and  frontal  avicularium. 

Fig.  3.  Stephanosella  bolini  new  species,  zooecium,  aperture,  oral 
and  frontal  avicularia. 

Fig.    4.    The  same,  ovicell  and  avicularia. 

Fig.    5.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.  6.  Stephanosella  v'ttrea  new  species,  infertile  zooecium,  aper- 
ture and  avicularia. 

Fig.    7.    The  same,  ovicell. 

Fig.    8.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.  9.  Aimulosia  palliolata  (Canu  and  Bassler),  different  degrees 
of  calcification  of  the  ovicell. 

Fig.  10.  The  same,  marginal  zooecium  with  details  of  aperture, 
spines,  avicularium  and  encircling  umbo. 

Fig.  11.    The  same,  operculum  much  enlarged. 

Fig.  12.  Hippoporidra  granulosa  Canu  and  Bassler,  marginal  zoo- 
ecium showing  spines,  aperture  and  frontal  granulation. 

Fig.  13.    The  same,  very  advanced  calcification. 

Fig.  14.    The  same,  operculum  much  enlarged. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  42 


554  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  43 

Fig.  1.  Hippomonavella  lorigirostrata  (Hincks),  zooecia,  paired 
avicularia  and  ovicell. 

Fig.    2.    The  same,  details  of  frontal,  aperture  and  avicularium. 

Fig.    3.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.  4.  Hipp07nona<vella  parvicapitata  (Canu  and  Bassler),  zooecia 
in  full  calcification  and  ovicell. 

Fig.    5.    The  same,  aperture,  spines  and  avicularia. 

Fig.    6.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.  7.  Hippomenella  flava  new  species,  zooecium  and  ovicell  in  full 
calcification. 

Fig.  8.  The  same,  aperture  and  spines,  the  small  cardelles  are  ob- 
scured by  the  edge  of  the  frontal. 

Fig.    9.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.  10.  Hippoporina  tuberculata  nevy  species,  showing  aperture  and 
characteristic  position  of  tubercles. 

Fig.  11.  Gemelliporella  inflata  new  species,  zooecium,  aperture  and 
avicularium. 

Fig.  12.  Escharoides  praestans  (Hincks),  zooecia  in  full  development 
with  spatulate  avicularia  and  suboral  denticle. 

Fig.  13.  Trypematella  umbonula  new  species,  zooecium  with  ovicell 
and  avicularia. 

Fig.  14.    The  same,  details  of  aperture. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  43 


556  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  44 

Fig.    1.    MzVro/)or<'//a  «7ifl/a  (Pallas),  details  of  zooecia. 

Fig.    2.    Microporella  californica  (Busk),  details  of  zooecia. 

Fig.  3.  Microporella  cribrosa  new  species,  note  especially  the  large 
cribrate  ascopore. 

Fig.  4.  Microporella  umbonata  (Hincks),  showing  both  median  and 
lateral  umbones. 

Fig.  5.  Microporella  pontifica  new  species,  showing  the  formation  of 
the  peristomial  bridge,  and  the  form  of  the  mandible. 

Fig.  6.  Microporella  marsupiata  (Busk),  the  lunate  umbo  forms  a 
shallow  sac  behind  the  ascopore. 

Fig.  7.  Microporella 'vibraculif era  (Hincks),  showing  the  very  elon- 
gate vibraculoid  mandibles  and  the  form  of  the  ovicell. 

Fig.  8.  Microporella  setiformis  O'Donoghue,  minute  round  asco- 
pore, small  setiform  avicularia  and  form  of  ovicell. 

Fig.  9.  Microporella  gibbosula  Canu  and  Bassler,  showing  lunate 
ascopore,  position  of  avicularium  and  form  of  mandible. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  44 


558  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  45 

Microporella    coronata    (Audouin),    zooecium,    ovicell    and 
especially  the  form  of  the  avicularia. 

Microporella    tractabilis    Canu    and    Bassler,    note    the    ex- 
tremely elongate  and  parallel  mandibles. 
Fenestrulina    maiusi     (Audouin),    zooecium,    and    ovicell; 
note  presence  of  pores  between  ascopore  and  aperture. 
Hippoporella  nitescens    (Hincks),  zooecium,  form  of   aper- 
ture and  two  types  of  avicularia. 
The  same,  operculum. 

Hippoporella  rimata  new  species,  zooecia,  form  of  aperture 
with   small   avicularium   and   tubercles;   ovicell   with   elon- 
gate membranous  area. 
The  same,  operculum. 

Hippoporella    hippopus     (Smitt),     zooecium    with    frontal 
tubercles,  avicularium,  spines  and  aperture. 
The  same,  operculum. 

Hippoporella  gorgonensis  Hastings,  marginal  zooecium  show- 
ing spines  and  paired  avicularia. 
The  same,  zooecium  and  ovicell  in  full  calcification. 
The  same,  operculum,  much  enlarged. 
Hippoporida  jant/iina  (Smitt),  young  marginal  zooecia. 
The  same,  zooecium  of  secondary  layer  with  ovicell. 
The  same,  operculum,  greatly  enlarged. 

Aimulosia   uvulifera    (Osburn),   young   zooecium,    showing 
aperture,  avicularium  and  simple  umbonate  process. 
Fig.  17.    The  same,  complete  calcification,  with  ovicell. 


Fig. 

1. 

Fig. 

2. 

Fig. 

3. 

Fig. 

4. 

Fig. 

5. 

Fig. 

6. 

Fig. 

7. 

Fig. 

8. 

Fig. 

9. 

Fig. 

10. 

Fig. 

11. 

Fig. 

12. 

Fig. 

13. 

Fig. 

14. 

Fig. 

15. 

Fig. 

16. 

NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  45 


560  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  46 

Fig.  1.  Porella  compressa  (Sowerby),  outline  of  zooecium  with  sec- 
ondary aperture  ?nd  areolar  pores. 

Fig.  2.  The  same,  internal  view  of  aperture  with  very  broad  low 
lyrula. 

Fig.    3.    The  same,  with  ovicell. 

Fig.    4.    Porella  acutirostr'ts  Smitt,  with  ovicell  and  avicularium. 

Fig.  5.  Porella  concinna  (Busk),  zooecium  with  ovicell  and  secon- 
dary aperture. 

Fig.  6.  The  same,  young  zooecium  with  primary  aperture,  spines 
and  developing  avicularian  chamber. 

Fig.    7.    Porella  columbiana  O'Donoghue,  zooecium  and  ovicell. 

Fig.  8.  The  same,  young  zooecium  showing  aperture,  spines  and 
developing  avicularian  chamber. 

Fig.  9.  Porella  porifera  (Hincks),  zooecium  and  ovicell  (the  avicu- 
larian chamber  is  smaller  than  usual). 

Fig.  10.    The  same,  details  of  aperture  of  young  zooecium. 

Fig.  11.  The  same,  zooecium  with  numerous  avicularia,  from  mar- 
ginal area  of  large  colony. 

Fig.  12.  Porella  patens  new  species,  zooecium  with  ovicell  and  flar- 
ing secondary  aperture. 

Fig.  13.    The  same,  operculum,  much  enlarged. 

Fig.  14.    Codonellina  anatina  (Canu  and  Bassler),  young  zooecium. 

Fig.  15.    The  same,  with  ovicell. 

Fig,  16,  Codonellina  cribriformis  (O'Donoghue),  zooecium  with  ovi- 
cell and  details  of  aperture. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA— ( 


CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  46 


562  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  47 

^^  ■  Fig.    1.    Smittina  landsborovii   (Johnston),  infertile  zooecium  show- 

ing lyrula  and  avicularium. 

Fig.    2.    The  same,  ovicell. 

Fig.  3.  Smittina  spathulifera  (Hincks),  with  broad  lyrula  and  avicu- 
larium remote  from  aperture. 

F'ig.  4.  Smittina  bella  (Busk),  zooecium  and  details  of  aperture  and 
avicularium. 

Fig.    5.    The  same,  ovicell. 

Fig.    6.    Sjnittina  retifrons  new  species,  adult  infertile  zooecium. 

Fig.    7.    The  same,  showing  details  of  aperture. 

Fig.    8.    The  same,  ovicell. 

Fig.  9.  Smittina  altirostris  new  species,  zooecia  with  details  of  aper- 
ture and  avicularian  umbo. 

Fig.  10.    The  same,  diagram  of  side  view  with  prominent  umbo. 

Fig.  11.  Smittina  smittiella  Osburn,  adult  zooecium  with  ovicell  and 
serrate  avicularian  rostrum. 

Fig.  12.    The  same,  young  zooecium  showing  form  of  aperture  and 

lyrula. 
Fig.  13.    Smittina  arctica  (Norman),  infertile  zooecium  with  details 

of  aperture  and  avicularium. 
Fig.  14.    The  same,  ovicell. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  47 


564  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  48 

Fig.  1.  Smitiina  cordata  new  species,  very  young  zooecium  with  de- 
tails of  the  primary  aperture. 

The  same,  secondary  aperture  and  suboral  avicularium. 
The  same,  ovicell. 

The  same,  in  high  calcification  with  raised  peristome  and 
large  umbo. 

Smittina  maccullocliae  new  species,  zooecia,  ovicell  and  ele- 
vated avicularium  and  peristome. 

The  same,  showing  peristome  in  the  absence  of  an  avicu- 
larium. 

Smittoidea  prolifica  new  species,  zooecium  with  ovicell  and 
suboral  avicularium. 

Fig.    8.    The  same,  diagram  showing  details  of  aperture  and  spines. 

Fig.  9.  Smittoidea  reticulata  (MacGillivray),  zooecium  with  char- 
acteristic position  and  shape  of  avicularium,  and  diagram  of 
aperture. 

Fig.  10.    The  same,  ovicell. 

Fig.  11.  Smittoidea  transversa  (Busk),  zooecia,  ovicell,  transverse 
suboral  avicularium  and  aperture. 

Fig.  12.  Parasmittina  crosslandi  (Hastings),  zooecium  with  ovicell, 
and  diagram  of  aperture  and  different  types  of  avicularia. 

Fig.  13.  Parasmittina  alaskensis  new  species,  zooecium  with  secon- 
dary aperture,  spines  and  two  types  of  avicularia. 


Fig. 

2. 

Fig. 

3. 

Fig. 

4. 

Fig. 

5. 

Fig. 

6. 

Fig. 

7. 

NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA— CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  48 


566  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  49 

Fig.    1.    Parasmittina  tubulata  new  species,  zooecium  and  high  peri- 
stome with  avicularia. 
The  same,  ovicell. 

The  same,  sizes  and  forms  of  avicularia. 
The  same,  details  of  aperture. 

Parasmittina  jeffreysi  (Norman),  zooecium,  details  of  aper- 
ture, avicularia  and  spines. 
The  same,  ovicell. 

Parasmittina  trispinosa   (Johnston),  zooecium,  ovate  avicu- 
larium. 

The  same,  characteristic  large  pointed  avicularium. 
Parasmittina     collifera     (Robertson),     zooecium,     aperture, 
spines,  avicularia  and  frontal. 
The  same,  ovicell. 

The  same,  more  advanced  development  of  tubercles  (colli). 
Parasmittina  spathulata  (Smitt),  zooecium  with  two  sizes  of 
avicularia. 
The  same,  ovicell. 

The  same,  details  of  aperture  and  pointed  avicularium. 
Parasmittina  fraseri  new  species,  zooecium  and  depressed 
ovicell,  with  details  of  aperture  and  avicularia. 


Fig. 

2. 

Fig. 

3. 

Fig. 

4. 

Fig. 

5. 

Fig. 

6. 

Fig. 

7. 

Fig. 

8. 

Fig. 

9. 

Fig. 

10. 

Fig. 

11. 

Fig. 

12. 

Fig. 

13. 

Fig. 

14. 

Fig. 

15. 

NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  49 


568  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  50 

Fig.    1.    Rliamphostomella  fortissima  Bidenkap,  zooecium,  ovicell  and 

avicularia;  reduced  one-half. 
Fig.    2.    The  same,  giant  avicularium,  not  reduced. 
Fig.    3.    Rliamphostomella  hincksi  Nordgaard,  zooecium  with  ovicell. 
Fig.    4.    Rhamp/iostomella    curviro strata    O'Donoghue,    showing   the 

lyrula,  ovicell  and  avicularium. 
Fig.    5.    Rliamphostomella  gigantea  new  species,   showing  aperture, 

ovicell,   avicularium   and   costate   front   with   a   few   pores, 

reduced  one-half. 
Fig.    6.    Rhampliostomella    ovata    (Smitt),    zooecium   with   scattered 

pores,  aperture  and  avicularium. 
Fig.    7.    Rhamphostomella    costata    Lorenz,     zooecium,     avicularian 

umbo  and  aperture. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  50 


570  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


Fig. 

1. 

Fig. 

2. 

Fig. 

3. 

Fig. 

4. 

Fig. 

5. 

Fig. 

6. 

Fig. 

7. 

Fig. 

8. 

Fig. 

9. 

Fig. 

10. 

Fig. 

11. 

PLATE  51 

Rliamphostomella  spinigera  Lorenz,  zooecia  and  ovicell  with 
details  of  aperture,  avicularia  and  spines. 
Rliampliostomella  tonvnsendi  new   species,  young  zooecium, 
with  details  of  aperture  and  frontal  decoration. 
The  same,  ovicell  and  avicularium. 

Cystisella  saccata  (Busk),  zooecium  with  incomplete  ovicell. 
The  same,  ovicell. 

Cystisella  b'tcornts  new  species,  with  ovicell,  spinous  proc- 
esses and  avicularium. 
7.    The  same,  front  of  avicularian  chamber  removed  to  show 
its  mode  of  origin. 

Parasmittina  calif ornica  (Robertson),  young  zooecium  show- 
ing aperture  and  mode  of  growth  of  the  pleurocyst. 
The  same,  ovicell. 

The  same,  with  numerous  avicularia. 
The  same,  giant  avicularium. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  51 


572  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  52 

Fig.    1.    Mucronella  labiata  (Boeck),  zooeciura  with  ovicell. 

Fig.    2.    The  same,  diagranatic  side  view. 

Fig.  3.  Mucronella  <ventricosa  (Hassall),  zooecium,  ovicell  and  de- 
tails of  aperture. 

Fig.  4.  Mucronella  major  (Hincks),  zooecium  and  ovicell,  the  com- 
plete array  of  spines  and  the  peculiar  frontal  pores. 

Fig.    5.    The  same,  diagram  of  side  view. 

Fig.    6.    Mucronella  connectens  {RiAXty),  zootcmm  and  ow'ictW. 

Fig.  7.  The  same,  diagram  of  young  marginal  zooecium  showing 
details  of  aperture  and  the  very  elongate  dietellae. 

Fig.    8.    //^wzzVyc/o/iora  ^o/z7a  (Norman),  zooeciura  and  ovicell. 

Fig.  9.  Rhamphostomella  cellata  (O'Donoghue),  with  details  of  ap- 
erture; note  especially  the  rainute  avicularium  conforming  to 
the  peristomial  rim. 

Fig.  10.  Rhamphostomella  hilaminata  (Hincks),  zooecium  with  ovi- 
cell ;  note  secondary  aperture  with  high  peristomial  lappet 
and  elevated  avicularium. 


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574  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  53 

Phidohpora  pacifica  (Robertson),  zooecium  with  ovicell  and 
large  frontal  avicularium. 

The  same,  zooecium  and  ovicell  from  another  part  of  the 
same  colony. 

Lepraliella  contigua  (Smitt),  old  zooecium  with  ovicell  par- 
tially covered  by  adjoining  zooecia. 

The  same,  young  marginal  zooecium  showing  spines,  form 
of  aperture  and  developing  avicularian  chamber. 
Lepraliella    bispina    (O'Donoghue),    young    zooecium    with 
spines,  aperture  and  developing  avicularian  chamber. 
The  same,  somewhat  older,  with  frontal  avicularium. 
The    same,    with    ovicell    partially    covered    by    adjoining 
zooecia. 

Fig.  8.  Reteporellina  denticulata  gracilis  new  variety,  adult  zoo- 
ecium with  ovicell,  labial  avicularium  and  ovate  frontal 
avicularium. 

Fig.    9.    The  same,  young  zooecium. 

Fig.  10.  The  same,  dorsal  zooeciule  (kenozooecium)  with  ovate 
avicularium. 

Fig.  11.  Reteporellina  bilabiata  new  species,  adult  zooecium  with  ovi- 
cell, large  pointed  frontal  avicularium  and  high  lateral  oral 
flanges. 

Fig.  12.    The  same,  young  zooecium  at  tip  of  branch. 

Fig.  13.    The  same,  dorsal  zooeciule  with  pointed  avicularium. 

Fig.  14.    The  same,  habit  sketch  showing  form  of  branching. 


Fig. 

1. 

Fig. 

2. 

Fig. 

3. 

Fig. 

4. 

Fig. 

5. 

Fig. 
Fig. 

6, 

7. 

NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  53 


576  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  54 

Fig.    1.    Rhynchozoon  rostratum   (Busk),  young  zooecia  Avith  details 
of  aperture,  suboral  avicularium  and  chamber. 
The  same,  old  and  heavily  calcified,  with  tuberosities. 
The  same,  zooecium  with  ovicell. 

Rhynchozoon  tumulosum    (Hincks),   zooecium   with   ovicell 
and  suboral  and  frontal  avicularia. 

The  same,  young  zooecium  with  characteristic  bulbous  avicu- 
larium chamber. 

Rhynchozoon   tuberculatum    Osburn,   young   zooecium   with 
ovicell  and  small  suboral  avicularium. 

Rhynchozoon  grandicella  Canu  and  Bassler,  young  marginal 
zooecium  with  suboral  and  frontal  avicularia  (both  types  of 
avicularia  are  often  larger). 
The  same,  young  zooecium  with  ovicell. 
Rhynchozoon  bispinosum  (Johnston)  operculum. 
Rhynchozoon  spicatum  new  species,  operculum. 
Rhynchozoon  grandicella  Canu  and  Bassler,  operculum. 
Rhynchozoon  tumulosum  (Hincks),  operculum. 


Fig. 

2, 

Fig. 

3. 

Fig. 

4. 

Fig. 

5. 

Fig. 

6. 

Fig. 

7, 

Fig. 

8. 

Fig. 

9. 

Fig. 

10. 

Fig. 

11. 

Fig. 

12, 

NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  54 


]0 


12 


578  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  55 

Fig.  1.  RhyncJiozoon  sp'tcatum  new  species,  zooecium  with  spicate 
avicularian  umbo  and  bases  of  spines. 

Fig.    2.    The  same,  tihed  backward  to  show  position  of  avicularium. 

Fig.    3.    The  same,  ovicell  and  frontal  avicularium. 

Fig.  4.  Schizotheca  umbonata  new  species,  zooecium  with  ovicell  and 
tall  erect  umbo. 

F'ig.  5.  Scliizotheca  fissurella  (Hincks),  zooecium  with  ovicell  and 
frontal  avicularium. 

Fig.  6.  Rliyncliozoon  bispinosum  (Johnston),  young  zooecia,  form 
of  aperture,  position  of  spines  and  avicularia. 

Fig.    7.    The  same,  older  zooecium  of  secondary  layer  with  ovicell. 

Fig.  8.  Hippoporidra  spiculifera  (Canu  and  Bassler),  young  zooe- 
cia with  spines  and  frontal  avicularium. 

Fig.  9.  The  same,  older  zooecium  with  spiculate  umbo  on  suboral 
border  and  ovicell. 

Fig.  10.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.  11.    Veleroa  veleronis  new  species,  operculum. 

Fig.  12.  Holoporella  quadrispinosa  Canu  and  Bassler,  marginal  zoo- 
ecium, spines,  form  of  aperture,  suboral  avicularium,  form 
and  position  of  frontal  avicularium. 

Fig.  13.  Gemelliporella  aviculifera  new  species,  zooecia  with  ovicell 
and  erect  pedicellate  avicularian  chamber. 

Fig.  14.  Gemelliporidra  lata  new  species,  zooecia,  form  of  aperture, 
ordinary  frontal  avicularia  and  giant  avicularium. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA — CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  55 


580  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  56 

iis/\  -"     F'S-    !•    Watersipora  cucullata  (Busk),  zooecium,  details  of  aperture, 

Colombia. 
Fig.    2.    The  same,  form  of  aperture,  Galapagos  Islands. 
Fig.    3.    The  same,  form  of  aperture,  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Fig.    4.    The  same,  operculum,  Colombia. 
Fig.    5.    The  same,  operculum.  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Fig.    6.    Veleroa  <veleronis  new  species,  zooecium,  details  of  aperture. 
Fig.    7.    The  same,  diagram  of  side  view  showing  the  great  depth 

and  the  scattered  uniporous  septulae,  reduced  Yz. 
Fig.    8.    Cheilopora  praelonga  (Hincks),  zooecium,  suboral  denticle. 
Fig.    9.    Hippaliosina    rostrtgera    (Smitt),    zooecium,    aperture    and 

avicularia. 
Fig.  10.    Hippaliosina  inarmata  new  species,  zooecium  and  endozoo- 

ecial  ovicell. 
Fig.  11.    Hippaliosina  costifera  new  species,  zooecium  with  endozoo- 

ecial  ovicell. 
Fig.  12.    The  same,  infertile  zooecium  with  details  of  aperture. 
Fig.  13.    Hippopodinella  turrita  new  species,  zooecium  showing  small 

pores  and  high  pointed  tubercles. 


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582  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  57 

Fig.    1.    Tetraplaria   'veleronis   new   species,    node   of   erect   branch, 

showing  origin  of  divergent  branch  at  the  top. 
Fig.    2,    The  same,  central  portion  of  encrusting  base,  with  the  an- 

cestrula,  two  normal  zooecia,  two  closed  zooeciules  and  the 

base  of  an  erect  branch. 
Fig.    3.    The  same,  another  portion  of  the  encrusting  base  with  closed 

zooeciules,  one  functional  zooecium  and  two  bases  of  erect 

branches. 
Fig.    4.    Cryptosula  pallasiana  (Moll),  usual  condition  of  zooecia. 
Fig.    5.    The  same,  with  small  suboral  avicularium  and  umbo. 
Fig.    6.    Hippopodinella  adpressa  (Busk). 
Fig.    7.    Enant'tosula  man'tca  Canu   and   Bassler,   zooecium,   form  of 

aperture,  large  lateral  avicularia  and  minute  median  distal 

avicularium. 
Fig.    8.    Enantiosula  plana  new  species,  the  three  oral  avicularia  of 

the  same  size  and  form,  the  aperture  more  elongate  than  in 

E.  manica. 
Fig.    9.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.  10.    Dakaria  ordinata    (O'Donoghue),  zooecium,   form  of  aper- 
ture and  the  ovicell  which  is  overlaid  with  an  usually  broad 

border  from  the  adjoining  zooecia. 
Fig.  11.    The  same,  operculum. 

Fig.  12.    Dakaria  sertata  Canu  and  Bassler,  zooecia  and  ovicell  and 

the  characteristic  "necklace"  of  small  tubercles. 
Fig.  13.   The  same,  operculum. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA-CHEILOSTOMATA 


PL.  57 


584  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  58 

Fig.    1.    Crepidacantlia  setigera  (Smitt),  zooecia  with  ovicell,  spines 

and  setigerous  avicularia. 
Fig.    2.    Crepidacantlia    poissoni    (Audouin),    zooecia,    ovicell,    and 

avicularia  proximal  to  aperture. 
Fig.    3.    Mastigophora  pesanseris  (Smitt),  zooecia,  ovicell,  spines  and 

goose-footed  avicularian  mandible. 
Fig.    4.    Mastigophora  porosa  (Smitt),  zooecium  with  large  elongate 

vibraculum. 
Fig.    5.    Eurystomellabilabiata  {Y{incki),mitvti\t  zooecium. 
Fig.    6.    Adeona  violacea   (Johnston),  adult  zooecium  with  tubercu- 

lated  frontal. 
Fig.    7.    The  same,  young  zooecia. 
Fig.    8.    Adeona  tubulifera  Canu  and  Bassler,  showing  high  tubular 

peristome  bearing  the  avicularium. 
Fig.    9.    Trigonopora  pacifica  new  species,  zooecia,  and  gonozooecium 

with  ovicell  and  wide  aperture. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  58 


586  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  59 

Fig.    1.    Phylactella    aperta    new    species,    zooecium,    aperture    and 

asymmetrical  avicularium. 
Fig.    2.    The  same,  ovicell  and  symmetrical  avicularium. 
Fig.    3.    Phylactella  alulata  new   species,   zooeciura   with   tessellated 

frontal,  aperture  and  median  avicularium. 
Fig.    4.    The  same,  ovicell. 
Fig.    5.    The  same,  diagram  of  aperture,  connecting  tube  of  avicu- 

larian  chamber  and  tessellated  frontal  of  young  zooecium. 
Fig.    6.    Lagenipora  spinulosa  Hincks,  zooecia,  high  peristome,  avicu- 

laria  and  spines. 
Fig.    7.   Lagenipora  mexicana  new  species,  zooecia  of  erect  branch. 
Fig.    8.    The  same,  aperture  and  ovicell. 
Fig.    9.    Lagenipora  marginata  Canu  and  Bassler,  uniserial  zooecia 

with  distinct  margin  and  position  of  ovicell. 
Fig.  10.    Lagenipora  lacunosa  Bassler,  zooecia  and  ovicell. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA— CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  59 


588  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  60 

Fig.  1.  Lagenipora  purictulata  (Gabb  and  Horn),  portion  of  erect 
branch,  reduced  J4. 

Fig.    2.    The  same,  showing  tubular  peristome  and  ovicells. 

Fig.    3.    Lagenipora  socialis  Hincks,  young  zooecia. 

Fig.   4.    The  same,  fully  developed  zooecia  with  ovicells. 

Fig.    5.    Lagenipora  hippocrepis  (Busk),  young  zooecia  with  ovicell. 

Fig.    6.    The  same,  diagram  of  side  view. 

Fig.  7.  Trematooecia  hexagonalis  (Canu  and  Bassler),  zooecium 
with  ovicell  and  spinous  tubercles. 

Fig.  8.  Trematooecia  porosa  (Canu  and  Bassler),  zooecia  showing 
form  of  aperture  and  minute  frontal  avicularium. 

Fig.  9.  The  same,  young  zooecium  with  partially  developed  ovicell 
and  secondary  cover;  note  also  the  minute  suboral  avicu- 
larium. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN 


PACIFIC  BRYOZOA-CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  60 


590  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  61 

Fig.  1.  Holoporella  hancock'i  new  species,  details  of  zooecia,  ovicell, 
avicularia,  and  giant  interzooecial  avicularium. 

Fig.  2.  The  same,  reduced  one-half,  showing  irregularities  in  form 
and  orientation  of  zooecia  and  side  view  of  giant  avicu- 
larium. 

Fig.  3.  Holoporella  albirostris  (Smitt),  zooecia  with  ovicell  and 
high  pointed  avicularian  umbo. 

Fig.  4.  The  same,  a  small  umbonate  process  revealing  the  suboral 
avicularium  with  dentate  beak. 

Fig.    5.    The  same,  giant  interzooecial  avicularium. 

Fig.    6.    The  same,  young  zooeciura,  showing  form  of  aperture. 

Fig.  7.  Holoporella  tr'tdenticulata  (Busk),  details  of  zooecia,  es- 
pecially the  denticulate  border  of  the  aperture. 

Fig.  8.  Holoporella  per'tstomata  new  species,  zooecia,  ovicell  and 
large  tubular  extension  of  a  peristome  from  a  deeper  layer. 

Fig.    9.    The  same,  small  avicularian  umbo  and  flattened  spines. 

Fig.  10.    The  same,  small  interzooecial  avicularium. 

Fig.  11.   The  same,  giant  interzooecial  avicularium. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  61 


592  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  62 

Fig.  1.  Costazia  robertsoniae  Canu  and  Bassler,  zooecia  and  ovicell ; 
note  especially  tbe  median  distal  avicularium  on  infertile 
zooecia. 

Fig.  2.  The  same,  young  infertile  zooecium,  showing  aperture  and 
origin  of  avicularian  chambers. 

Fig.  3.  Costazia  costazi  (Audouin),  zooecia  and  ovicell,  only  paired 
avicularia  are  present. 

Fig.    4.    The  same,  young  zooecium. 

Fig.  5.  Sc/iizmopora  anatina  (Canu  and  Bassler),  young  zooecium, 
with  three  types  of  avicularia  and  developing  chamber  of 
suboral  avicularium. 

Fig.    6.    The  same,  mandible  of  giant  avicularium. 

Fig.  7.  Sc/iizmopora  margaritacea  (Fourtales),  zooecium  and  ovi- 
cell. 

Fig.  8.  The  same,  a  portion  of  a  branch,  zooecium  with  tubercles 
and  the  position  of  the  undeveloped  avicularian  chamber. 

Fig.    9.    The  same,  diagram  of  erect  branch,  much  enlarged. 

Fig.  10.  Holoporella  brunnea  (Hincks),  zooecia,  aperture  with  proxi- 
mal notch,  suboral  avicularium  with  dentate  rostrum  and 
giant  avicularia  with  spade-shaped  dark  sclerite. 

Fig.  11.    The  same,  very  young  marginal  zooecium. 

Fig.  12.    The  same,  ovicell. 

Fig.  13.  Lagenipora  admiranda  new  species,  young  infertile  zooecium 
with  frilled  peristome  and  v-shaped  sinus. 

Fig.  14.   The  same,  ovicell. 

Fig.  15.  The  same,  much  enlarged  to  show  the  peculiar  arch  of  the 
peristome  above  the  aperture. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  62 


594  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  63 

Fig.    1.    Costazia  surcularis    (Packard),   zooecium  with  ovicell   and 
lateral-oral  avicularia. 

The  same,  younger  zooecium  showing  form  of  aperture. 
The  same,  giant  interzooecial  avicularium. 
Costazia  ^entricosa   (Lorenz),  zooecium  with  ovicell,  form 
of  aperture  and  avicularia. 
The  same,  young  zooecia. 

Costazia  nordenskjoldi  (Kluge),  zooecium  with  ovicell  and 
high  lateral-oral  avicularia. 

The  same,  young  zooecium,  showing  form  of  aperture  and 
development  of  ovicell  and  peristome. 

Costazia  procumbens  new  species,  zooecia,  form  of  aperture 
and  flaring  peristome. 

The  same,  with  ovicell   and  inflected  peristome    (from  the 
same  colony  as  fig.  8). 
The  same,  interzooecial  avicularium. 


Fig. 

2. 

Fig. 

3. 

Fig. 

4. 

Fig. 

5. 

Fig. 

6. 

Fig. 

7. 

Fig. 

8. 

Fig. 

9. 

Fig. 

10. 

NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN  PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  63 


596  ALLAN  HANCOCK  PACIFIC  EXPEDITIONS  VOL.  14 


PLATE  64 

Fig.  1.  Myriozoella  plana  (Dawson),  elongate  zooecium  at  margin 
of  colony. 

Fig.    2.    The  same,  from  more  crowded  area  of  secondary  layer. 

Fig.  3.  Myriozoum  subgracile  d'Orbigny,  zooecium  showing  form  of 
aperture  and  position  of  small  paired  avicularia. 

Fig.    4.    The  same,  form  of  operculum  and  median  small  avicularium. 

Fig.  5.  Myriozoum  coarctatum  (M.  Sars),  zooecium  and  large  me- 
dian avicularium. 

Fig.    6.   The  same,  form  of  operculum  and  large  median  avicularium. 

Fig.  7.  Myriozoum  tenue  O'Donoghue,  zooecium  with  ovicell  and 
position  of  small  paired  avicularia. 

Fig.  8.  The  same,  portion  of  branch  showing  the  irregular  swollen 
reproductive  area. 

Fig.    9.    The  same,  form  of  operculum. 

Fig.  10.  Mamillopora  cupula  Smitt,  zooecia  with  ovicell  and  avicu- 
laria. 

Fig.  11.  The  same,  dorsal  view  showing  zooeciules  with  avicularia 
of  different  sizes. 


NO.  2       OSBURN  :  EASTERN 


PACIFIC  BRYOZOA CHEILOSTOMATA       PL.  64 


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INDEX 

Plate  illustrations  are  in  bold  face 


abyssicola,  Stomachetosella,  306,  309, 

536 
acutirostris,  Porella,  393,  394,  560 
Adeona,  441 

grisea,  441 

plagiopora,  441 

tubulifera,  442,  584 

violacea,  441, 442,  584 
Adeonidae,  44-1 

admiranda,  Lagenipora,  485,  491,  592 
adpressa,  Hippopodinella,  467, 468,  582 

Lepralia,  467 
Aimulosia,  343,  352,  354 

australis,  352 

palliolata,  353,552 

uvulifera,  352,  558 
alaskensis,  Parasmittina,  412, 419,  564 
alata,  Lepralia,  300 
albirostris,  Discopora,  497 

Holoporella,495,497,590 
altimuralis,  Emballotheca,  324,  542 
altirostris,  Smittina,  399,  405,  562 
alulata,  Phylactella,  483,  586 
alvareziana,  Escharina,  300 

Mucronella,  300,  301 

Smittia,  300 

Umbonula,  300,  540 
Alysidota  labrosa,  481 
Alysidotella,  481 
americana,  Hippodiplosia,  339,  548 

Lepralia,  339 
ampla,  Hippoporina,  344,  347,  550 
Anasca,  271 
anatina,  Codonella,  422, 423 

Codonellina,  422,  423,  560 

Osthimosia,  493 

Schizmopora,  493,  592 
anatina  ligulata,  Codonellina,  423 
Anexechona,  284 
aperta,  Phylactella,  482,  586 
apertura,  Dakaria,  325,  326,  546 
Arachnopusia,  284 
(Arborella)  dichotoma,  Tetraplarla, 

466 
arctica,  Discopora,  299 

Lepralia,  299 

Smittia,  402 

Smittina,  400,  402,  562 

Umbonula,  299,  540 
areolata,  Lepralia,  474 

Schizoporella,  474,  475 
Arthropoma,  316,  333 


cecili,333,  334,  544 

cecilii,  333 

circinata,  334,  544 
Ascophora,  271 
atrofusca,  Lepralia,  472 
atrofusca  van  labiosa,  Lepralia,  473 

Schizoporella,  472 
auriculata,  Lepralia,  330,  331 

Schizomavella,  331,  332,  544 

Schizoporella,  331 
auriculata  acuta,  Schizomavella,  332, 

544 
auriculata  ochracea,  Schizomavella, 

331,544 
auriculata  var.  ochracea, 

Schizomavella,  331,  332 

Schizoporella,  331 
auriculata  subsp.  ochracea, 

Schizoporella,  331 
australis,  Aimulosia,  352 

Tetraplaria,  466 
aviculifera,  Cysticella,  395,  396 

Gemelliporella,  360,  578 
bella,  Lepralia,  403 

Smittina,  391,  399, 403,  562 
biaperta,  Eschara,  367,  368 

Hippothoa,  368 

Lepralia,  367,  368 

Schizopodrella,  320,  367 

Schizoporella,  320,  368 

Stephanellosa,  368 

Stephanosella,  320,  321,  322,  368, 
370, 552 
biaperta  var.  cornuta,  Schizoporella, 

321 
bicornis,  Cystisella,  435,  570 
bilabiata,  Eurystomella,  389,  584 

Lepralia,  389 

Reteporellina,  445,  574 
bilaminata,  Cellepora,  427 

Discopora,  427 

Rhamphostomella,  425, 427, 428, 
572 
biserialis,  Dakaria,  325,  329,  546 

Schizoporella,  329 
bispina,  Lepraliella,  453,  547 

Porella,  453 
bispinosa,  Lepralia,  454,  455 

Rhynchopora,  455 

Rhynchozoon,  455 
bispinosum,  Rhynchozoon,  454,  455,  456, 

461,  576,  578 


[599] 


600 


INDEX 


VOL.  14 


boHni,  Stephanosella,  370,  552 
Brogniarti,  Chorizopora,  279 

Lepralia,  279 
Brogniartii,  Flustra,  279 
brunnea,  Cellepora,  496 

Holoporella,  421,  422,  496,  497,  592 

Monoporella,  315 

Pachyegis,  315,  534 
Buflfonellaria,  367,  368 
calcarea,  Hippoporidra,  354 
californica,   Diatosula,  312,  538 

Hippopodina,  293,  530,  532 

Lepralia,  381 

Microporella,  376,  377,  380,  381, 
387,  556 

Mucronella,  415 

Parasmittina,  412,  415,  570 
californiensis,  Smittia,  421,  496,  497 
Caloporella  insignis,  286 
Catenaria  lafontii,  288 
Catenicella  elegans,  286 
Catenicellidae,  286 
cecili,  Arthropoma,  333,  334,  544 
cecilii,  Arthropoma,  333 

Flustra,  333 

Schizoporella,  333 
cellata,  Rhamphostomella,  426, 431,  572 

Smittia,  431,  432 

Smittina,  431 
Cellepora,  504 

bilaminata,  427 

brunnea,  496 

cervicornis,  510 

ciliata,  377 

coarctata,  513 

coccinea,  372 

coronopus,  493 

costazi,  504,  506,  507 

costazia  var.  erecta,  508 

costazii,  504,  506,  507 

decostilsii,  495 

edax, 354 

hyalina,  277 

incrassata,  510 

informata,  336 

malusii,  387 

margaritacea,  494 

nordenskjoldi,  508 

ovata,  432 

pertusa,  340 

plicata,  428 

ramulosa  contigua,  452 

surcularis,  510 

tridenticulata,  498 

ventricosa,  511 

verrucosa,  298 

verruculata,  456,  457 
Celleporaria  surcularis,  510 
Celleporidae,  492 


cervicornis,  Cellepora,  510 

Eschara,  393 

Millepora,  391,510 

Smittina   (Millepora),  394 
Cheilopora,  463,  464 

praelonga,  464,  465,  580 

praelucida,  464,  465 
Cheiloporinidae,  463 
Cheilostomata,  271 
chevreuxi,   Dakaria,  325 
Chorizopora,  276,  279 

Brogniarti,  279 
ciliata,  Cellepora,  377 

Eschara,  375 

Microporella,  376,  377,  378,  379, 
382,  383,556 
ciliata  form  californica,  Microporella, 

381 
ciliata  form  umbonata,  Microporella, 

378 
ciliata  form  vibraculifera, 

Microporella,  379 
ciliata  forma  californica,  Microporella, 

380,381 
ciliata  forma  dura,  Porellina,  283 
ciliata  var.  B,  Eschara,  377 
ciliata  var.  coronata,  Microporella,  386 
ciliata  var.  stellata,  Microporella,  3^6, 

378 
ciliata  var.  umbonata,  Microporella, 

378 
ciliata  var.  vibraculifera,  Microporella, 

379 
ciliata  stellata,  Microporella,  378 
circinata,  Arthropoma,  334,  544 

Lepralia,  334 

Schizoporella,  334 
claviculata,  Lepralia,  280,  281 

Trypostega,  281,  528 
cleidostoma,   Hippoporina,  344,  345 

Lepralia,  344,  345 
coarctata,  Cellepora,  513 

Leieschara,  513. 
coarctatum,  Myriozoum,  513,  514,  596 
coccinea,  Cellepora,  372 
coccinea  form  labiata,  Discopora,  437 
Codonella,  392,  422 

anatina,  422,  423 

cribriformis,  424 

granulata,  422,  423 
Codonellina,  392,  422 

anatina,  422,  560 

anatina  ligulata,  423 

cribriformis,  424,  560 
Coleopora,  289,  290,  291,  292 

gigantea,  291,  292,  532 

verrucosa,  291 
collaris,  Lepralia,  481,  482 

Phylactella,  293,  294,482 


NO.  2 


INDEX 


601 


coUifera,  Parasmittina,  412,  416,  566 

Porella,405,417 

Smittia,  406,  416 

Smittina,  416 
colombiensis,   Gemelliporidra,  338,  548 
Columbiana,  Porella,  393,  398,  560 

Smittina,  398 
complanata,  Cryptosula,  471 
compressa,  Millepora,  391,  392,  393 

Porella,  393,  560 
concinna,  Lepralia,  396 

Porella,  393,  396,  560 
connectens,  Mucronella,  436,  437,  572 
contigua,  Lepraliella,  452,  574 
contracta,   Hippoporina,  344,  346,  550 

Lepralia,  346 

Perigastrella,  346 
contracta  serrata,  Lepralia,  346 
cordata,  Smittina,  399,  407,  564 
coronata,  Flustra,  386 

Microporella,  377,  386,  387,  558 
coronopus,  Cellepora,  493 
cornuta,  Reptescharellina,  320 

Schizoporella,  317,  320,  321,  322, 
369,542 
Cosciniopsis  fallax,  292,  293 
costata,  Escharina,  477 

Rhamphostomella,  424,  425,  426, 
427,  568 
costata  var.  cristata,  Rhamphostomella, 

426 
costazi,  Cellepora,  504,  506,  507 

Costazia,  505,  506,  508,  592 
costazi  var.  erecta,  Costazia,  506 
Costazia,  484,  489,  492,  504,  505,  509 

511 

costazi,  505,  506,  508,  592 

costazi  var.  erecta,  506 

hippocrepis,  489 

incrassata,  510 

nordenskjoldi,  505,  508,  594 

procumbens,  505,  509,  594 

robertsoniae,  505,  506,  507,  592 

surcularis,  505,  510,  594 

ventricosa,  505,  510,  511,  594 
costazia  var.  erecta,  Cellepora,  508 
costazii,  Cellepora,  504,  506,  507 

Costazzia,  506,  507 
costazii  var.  erecta,  Costazia,  508 
Costazzia  costazii,  506,  507 

costazzi  var.  erecta,  508 

robertsoniae,  507 
costifera,  Hippaliosina,  476,  580 
crassicollis,   Stomachetosella,  305 
Crepidacantha,  478 

longiseta,  479 

poissoni,  478,  479,  584 

poissoni  crinispina,  478 

setigera,  479,  584 


Crepidacanthidae,  478 
cribriformis,  Codonella,  424 

Codonellina,  424,  560 

Porella,  424 
Cribriraorpha,  271 
cribosa,  Microporella,  377,  380,  381, 

382,  556 
crosslandi,  Parasmittina,  412,  418,  564 

Smittina,  418 
cruenta,  Discopora,  283 

Lepralia,  283,  306 

Schizoporella,  306 

Stomachetosella,  305,  306,  536 
Crustacea,  Myriozoella,  516 
crustaceum,  Myriozoum,  515,  516 
Cryptosula,  463,  470 

complanata,  471 

pallasiana,  467,  470,  582 
cucullata,  Lepralia,  472 

Watersipora,  472,  580 
cucullata  var.  labiosa,  Watersipora, 

472 
cucullata  var.  nigra,  Watersipora,  472, 

473 
cupula,  Mamillopora,  517,  596 
curvirostrata,  Rhamphostomella,  425, 

430, 568 
Cyclicopora,  285,  286,  292 

gigantea,  291,  292 

longipora,  285,  532 

praelonga,  285,  286 
CycHcoporidae,  285 
Cycloporiella,  289,  290,  296 

rosacea,  297,  532 

rubra,  296,  297 
Cylindroporella,  303 

tubulosa,  303,  538 
Cystisella,  392,  396,  434 

aviculifera,  395,  396 

bicornis,  435,  570 

elegantula,  434 

saccata,  434,  435,  570 
Dakaria,  317,  322,  325,  330 

apertura,  325,  326,  546 

biserialis,  325,  329,  546 

chevreuxi,  325 

dawsoni,  325,  326,  546 

ordinata,  325,  327,  582 

pristina,  325,  328,  546 

sertata,  325,  329,  582 
dawsoni,  Dakaria,  325,  326,  546 

Schizoporella,  326 
decostilsii,  Cellepora,  495 
denticulata,  Retepora,  445,  446, 447 

Reteporellina,  446,  447 
denticulata  var.  gracilis,  Reteporellina, 

446,  574 
Diatosula,  305,  311 

californica,  312,  538 


602 


INDEX 


VOL.  14 


(Myriozoum)   raarionense,  312,  313 
dichotoma,  Tetraplaria   (Arborella), 

466 
Discopora,  282,  310 

albirostris,  497 

arctica,  299 

bilaminata,  427 

coccinea  form  labiata,  437 

cruenta,  283 

emucronata,  440 

megastoma,  313 

ovata,  432 

patens,  298 

pavonella,  299 

pertusa,  502 

plicata  var.  spinigera,  429 

rosacea,  311 

scabra  var.  fortissima,  427 

sincera,  464,  465 

trispinosa,  412 
Discoporella  umbellata,  489 
dissimilis,  Schizoporella,  317,  321,  542 
distincta,   Stomachetosella,  306,  308,  536 
divaricata,   Hippothoa,  276,  277,  278, 

279,  528 
divaricata  var.  conferta,  Hippothoa, 

278 
divaricata  var.  expansa,  Hippothoa, 

279 
divergens,  Hippothoa,  368 
edax,  Cellepora,  354 

Hippoporidra,  354 
elegans,   Catenicella,  286 

Vittaticella,  286,  530 
elegantula,  Cystisella,  434 
Emballotheca,  317,  322 

altimuralis,  324,  542 

latifrons,  323,  546 

obscura,  323,  548 
emplastra,  Hippothyris,  363,  548 
emucronata,  Discopora,  440 
Enantiosula,  463,  468 

manica,  468,  469,  470,  582 

plana,  469,470,582 
Entalophora  punctulata,  485,  486 
erecta,  Lagenipora,  484,  485,  486 
Eschara,  310 

biaperta,  367,  368 

cervicornis,  393 

ciliata,  375 

ciliata  var.  B,  377 

pallasiana,  470 

patens,  298 

pavonella,  299 

rosacea,  310,  311 

saccata,  434 

sedgwicki,  301 

spongites,  336 

vulgaris,  335 


Escharella  indivisa,  437 

Jacotini,  412 

Jacotini  var.  spathulata,  415 

labiata,  438 

landsborovi  var.  minuscula,  404 

landsborovii,  400 

linearis  forma  biaperta,  367,  368 
forma  secundaria,  307 

porifera,  333 

form  typica,  333 
forma  edentata,  340 
forma  typica,  332 
var.  majuscula,  402 

rostrigera,  475 

setigera,  479 
Escharina  alvareziana,  300 

costata,  477 

torquata,  326 
Escharoides,  310,  372 

praestans,  372,  554 

rosacea,  311 

sarsi,  310 

sarsii,  309,  310 
Escharopsis,  310 
Eucratea  lafontii,  288 
Eurystomella,  389 

bilabiata,  389,  586 
Eurystomellidae,  389 
Euteleia,  287 

evelinae,  288,  289,  530 
evelinae,  Euteleia,  288,  289,  530 
Exechonella,  284 
exima,  Lepralia,  481 
Exochellidae,  372 
expansa,  Hippothoa,  277,  279,  528 
fallax,   Cosciniopsis,  292,  293 

Hippoporina,  359 
feegeensis,  Hippopodina,  292,  294,  463, 

530 

Lepralia,  292 
Fenestrulina,  387 

malusi,  387,  558 

malusi  var.  umbonata,  388 

malusii,  387 
fissa,  Lepralia,  450 
fissurella,   Schizoporella,  451 

Schizotheca,  450,  451,  578 
fistulata,  Lacerna,  362,  540 

Schizoporella,  362 
flagellum,  Hippothoa,  277,  278,  528 
flava,  Hippomenella,  364,  554 
Flustra  Brogniartii,  279 

cecilii,  333 

coronata,  386 

poissoni,  478 
foraminifera,  Lepralia,  389 
fortissima,  Rhamphostomella,  425, 426, 

427,  568 
f  raseri,  Parasmittina,  412,  419,  566 


NO.  2 


INDEX 


603 


galeata,  Lepralia,  422 
Galeopsidae,  303 
Gemellipora  glabra,  357,  358 
Geraelliporella,  343,  359,  361 

aviculifera,  360,  578 

globulifera,  359,  360,550 

inflata,  360,  554 

vorax,  359 
Gemelliporidra,  316,  337,  338 

colombiensis,  338,  548 

lata,  337,  578 

typica,  337 
Gemelliporina,  343,  357 

glabra,  357,  358 

monilia,  358,  550 
Gephyrophora,  474 
gibbosula,  Microporella,  376,  386,  556 
gigantea,  Coleopora,  291,  292,  532 

Cyclicopora,  291,292 

Rhamphostomella,  425,  433,  568 
Gigantoporidae,  303 
glabra,  Gemellipora,  357,  358 
globulifera,  Gemelliporella,  359,  360, 

550 
gorgonensis,  Hippoporella,  348,  350, 

558 
grandicella,  Rhynchozoon,  455,  459,  576 
granulata,   Codonella,  422,  423 
granulosa,   Hippoporidra,  357,  552 
grisea,  Adeona,  441 
gryllus,  Tetraplaria,  466 
hancocki,  HoUoporella,  495,  499,  590 
Harmeria,  276,  281 

scutulata,  282 
Hemicyclopora,  392,  439 

polita,  440,  572 
hexagonalis,  Holoporella,  502,  503 

Treraatooecia,  503,  504,  588 
Hiantopora,  284 

hincksi,  Rhamphostomella,  425,  428,  568 
Hincksipora,  276,  282,  284 

spinulifera,  283,  534 
Hippaliosina,  463,  475 

costifera,  476,  580 

inarmata,  476,  580 

rostrigera,  475,  476,  580 
hippocrepis,  Costazia,  489 

Lagenipora,  484,  485,  489,  588 

Lepralia,  489 
Hippodiplosia,  316,  317,  339 

americana,  339,  548 

insculpta,  339,  341,  548 

otto-mulleriana,  471 

pertusa,  339,  340,548 
reticulato-punctata,  339,  340,  548 

verrucosa,  338 
Hippomenella,  302,  343,  363 

flava,  364,  554 

mucronata,  301,  302 


parvicapitata,  365,  366 

rubra,  301,  302 
Hippomonavella,  343,  365,  366 

longirostrata,  365,  554 

parvicapitata,  366,  554 
Hippopleurifera,  298,  301,  302 

mucronata,  301,  302,  540 
Hippopodina,  289,  290,  292,  294 

californica,  293,  530,  532 

feegeensis,  292,  294,  463,  530 

vestita,  294 
Hippopodinella,  463,  467 

adpressa,  467,  468,  582 

turrita,  468,  580 
Hippopodinidae,  463 
Hippoponella,  348 

hippopus,  350 
Hippoporella,  343,  348 

gorgonensis,  348,  350,  558 

hippopus,  350,  558 

nitescens,  350,  558 

rimata,  351,  558 
Hippoporidra,  343,  354 

calcarea,  354 

edax, 354 

granulosa,  357,  552 

janthina,  354,  355,  558 

spiculifera,  354,  356,  578 
Hippoporina,  343,  344,  347,  348,  359, 

361 

ampla,  344,  347,  550 

cleidostoma,  344,  345 

contracta,  344,  346,  550 

fallax,  359 

porcellana,  344,  345,  346,  550 

tuberculata,  344,  346,  554 
Hippoporinidae,  343 
hippopus,  Hippoponella,  350 

Hippoporella,  350,  558 

Lepralia,  348,  350 

Lepraliella,  350 
Hippothoa,  276,  277,  315 

biaperta,  368 

divaricata,  276,  277,  278,  279,  528 
van  conferta,  278 
van  expansa,  279 

divergens,  368 

expansa,  277,  279,  528 

flagellura,  277,  278,  528 

hyalina,  277,  279,  528 

mucronata,  301 

pesanseris,  479 

porosa,  480 
Hippothoidae,  276 
Hippothyris,  343,  363 

emplastra,  363,  548 
Hippotrema,  354 

janthina,  354,  355 

spiculifera,  354,  356 


604 


INDEX 


VOL.  14 


Holoporella,  422,  492,  495,  502 

alblrostris,  495,  497,  590 

brunnea,  421,  422,  496,  497,  592 

hancocki,495,499,  590 

hexagonalis,  502,  503 

pilaefera,  499,  501 

peristomata,  495,  499,  SCO,  501,  590 

porosa,  502,  503 

quadrispinosa,  496,  502,  578 

tridenticulata,  496,  498,  590 

vagans,  496,  497 
hosteensis,  Lacerna,  361 
hyalina,   Cellepora,  277 

Hippothoa,  277,  279,  528 

Schizoporella,  277 
hyndmanni,  Lepralia,  479 
immersa,  Lepralia,  435 
imperati,  Retepora,  449 
inarmata,  Hippaliosina,  476,  580 
incrassata,   Cellepora,  510 

Costazia,  510 
indivisa,  Escharella,  437 

Mucronella,  437 
inflata,  Gemelliporella,  360,  554 
informata,  Cellepora,  336 
Stylopoma,  336,544 
insculpta,  Hippodiplosia,  339,  341,  548 

Schizoporella,  341 
insignis,  Caloporella,  286 
Jacotini,  Escharella,  412 
Jacotini  van  spathulata,  Escharella, 

415 
janthina,  Hippoporidra,  354,  355,  558 

Hippotrema,  354,  355 

Lepralia,  355 
japonica,  Lepralia,  290 

Petralia,  290,  530 
jeffreysi,  Lepralia,  411,  414 

Parasraittina,  412,  414,  566 

Smittina,  414 
JeflFreysii,   Smittina,  414 
labellum,   Smittina,  421 
labiata,  Escharella,  438 

Lepralia,  437 

Mucronella,  436,  437,  572 

Phidolopora,  447,  448,  449 
labrosa,  Alysidota,  481 
lacerna,  343,  361 

fistulata,  362,  540 

hosteensis,  361 
lacunosa,  Lagenipora,  484,  485,  490, 

586 
lafonti,  Savignyella,  288,  530 
lafontii,   Catenaria,  288 

Eucratea,  288 

Savignyella,  288 
Lagenipora,  484,  486,  489,  504,  505 

admiranda,  485,  491,  592 

erecta,  484,  485,486 


hippocrepis,  484,  485,  489,  588 

lacunosa,  484,  485,  489,  586 

marginata,  484,  485,  489,  586 

mexicana,  484,  486,  586 

punctulata,  484,  485,  486,  487,  588 

socialis,  484,  485,488,  588 

spinulosa,  484,  485,  486,  487,  488, 
586 

verrucosa,  484,  490 
landsborovi,  Lepralia,  400 

Smittina,  400 
landsborovi  van  minuscula,  Escharella, 

404 
landsborovii,  Escharella,  400 

Lepralia,  391,  399,400 

Smittia,  400 

Smittina,  400,  401,  403,  562 
landsborovii  van  porifera,  Smittia,  341 
lata,   Gemelliporidra,  337,  578 
latifrons,  Emballotheca,  323,  546 
Leieschara  coarctata,  513 

plana,  516 
Lekythopora,  484 
Lepralia,  282,  333 

adpressa,  467 

alata,  300 

americana,  339 

arctica,  299 

areolata,  474 

atrof  usca,  472 

atrofusca  van  labiosa,  473 

auriculata,  330,  331 

bella,  403 

biaperta,  367,  368 

bilabiata,  389 

bispinosa,  454,  455 

Brogniarti,  279 

californica,  381 

circinata,  334 

claviculata,  281 

cleidostoma,  344,  345 

collaris,  481,482 

concinna,  396 

contracta,  346 

contracta  serrata,  346 

cruenta,  283,  306 

cucullata,  472 

exima,  481 

feegeensis,  292 

fissa,  450 

foraminifera,  389 

galeata,  422 

hippocrepis,  489 

hippopus,  348,  350 

hyndmanni,  479 

immersa,  435 

janthina,  355 

japonica,  290 

Jeffreysi,  411,414 


NO.  2 


INDEX 


605 


labiata,  437 

landsborovi,  400 

landsborovii,  391,  399,  400 

longipora,  285,286 

marsupiata,  382 

megastoma,  314 

mucronelliformis,  302,  364 

nitescens,  350 

pallasiana,  470 

palliolata,  353 

peachii,  435 

pertusa,  340 

plana,  515,  516 

poissoni,  478 

polita,  439,  440 

porcellana,  344,  345 

porifera,  332,  333 

praeclara,  365 

quadrata,  322 

reticulata,  409 

reticulato-punctata,  340 

rostrata,  456 

rostrigera,  475 

scutulata,  281,282 

serrata,  346 

sinuosa,  306 

trispinosa,  412 

tubulosa,  303 

turrita,  502 

unicornis,  317 

uvulifera,  352 

venusta,  280 

verrucosa,  301 

violacea,  441 
Lepraliella,  444,  445,  452,  454 

bispina,  453,  574 

contigua,  452,  574 

hippopus,  350 
levigatum,  Rhynchozoon,  462 
limbata,  Schizoporella,  307 

Stomachetosella,  306,  307,  536 
linearis  form  inarmata,  Schizoporella, 

319 
linearis  forma  biaperta,  Escharella, 

367,  368 
linearis  forma  secundaria,  Escharella, 

307 
linearis  subsp.  inarmata,  Schizoporella, 

319 
linearis  var.  armata,  Schizopodrella, 

319 

Schizoporella,  319 
linearis  var.  inarmata,  Schizoporella, 

319,542 
linearis  inarmata,  Schizoporella,  317 
longiseta,  Crepidacantha,  479 
longipora,   Cyclicopora,  285,  532 

Lepralia,  285,  286 
longirostrata,  Hippomonavella,  365, 


554 

Schizomavella,  365 

Schizoporella,  365 
maccuUochae,  Smittina,  400,  405,  564 
major,  Mucronella,  436,  438,  572 

Phylactella,  438 

Porella,  394 
malusi,  Fenestrulina,  387,  558 

Microporella,  387 
malusi  var.  umbonata,  Fenestrulina, 

388 
malusii,  Cellepora,  387 

Fenestrulina,  387 

Microporella,  387 
manica,  Erantiosula,  468,  469,  470,  582 
Mamillopora,  517 

cupula,  517,596 
Mamilloporidae,  517 
margaritacea,   Cellepora,  494 

Schizmopora,  494,  592 

Vincularia,  494 
marginata,  Lagenipora,  484,  485,  489, 

586 
marionense,  Diatosula  (Myriozoura), 

312,  313 

Myriozoum,  312 
marsupiata,  Lepralia,  382 

Microporella,  376,  382,  556 
marsupium  form  porifera,  Porella,  395 
marsupium  var.  porifera,  Porella,  395 

Smittina,  395 
Mastigophora,  315,  479 

pes-anseris,  479,  584 

porosa,  480,  584 
megastoma,  Discopora,  313 

Lepralia,  314 
Metrarabdotos,  442 
mexicana,  Lagenipora,  484,  486,  586 
Microporella,  375,  387,  388 

californica,  376,  377,  380,  381,  387, 
556 

ciliata,  376,  377,  378,  379,  382,  383, 
556 

ciliata  form  californica,  381 

ciliata  form  umbonata,  378 

ciliata  form  vibraculifera,  379 

ciliata  var.  coronata,  386 

ciliata  var.  stellata,  376,  378 

ciliata  var.  umbonata,  378 

ciliata  var.  vibraculifera,  379 

ciliata  stellata,  378 

coronata,  377,  386,  387,  558 

cribrosa,  377,  380,  381,  382,  556 

gibbosula,  376,  386,  556 

malusi,  387 

malusii,  387 

marsupiata,  376,  382,  556 

pontifica,  376,  383,556 

pontifex,  387 


606 


INDEX 


VOL.  14 


setiformis,  377,  385,556 

tractabilis,  376,  384,  558 

umbonata,  376,  378,  556 

vibraculifera,  376,  379,  556 

violacea,  441 
Microporellidae,  375 
microstoma,  Mucronella,  438,  439 
Millepora  cervicornis,  391,  510 

compressa,  391,  392,  393 

truncata,  513 
(Millepora)   cervicornis,  Smittina,  394 
monilia,   Gemelliporina,  358,  550 
Monoporella,  282,  286 

brunnea,  315 

spinulifera,  283 

spinulifera  var.  praeclara,  283,  313, 
314 

waikupurensis,  286 
mucronata,   Hippomenella,  301,  302 

Hippopleurifera,  301,  302,  540 

Hippothoa,  301 
Mucronella,  282,  283,  392,  416,  435,  436, 

440 

alvareziana,  300,  301 

californica,  415 

connectens,  436,  437,  572 

indivisa,  437 

labiata,  436,  437,  572 

major,  436,  438,  572 

microstoma,  438,  439 

pavonella,  299 

praelonga,  464 

praelucida,  464 

praestans,  372 

simplicissima  var.  perforata,  438, 
439 

spinosissima  form  major,  438 

spinulifera,  282,  283,  314 

ventricosa,  436,  437,  572 

ventricosa  var.  connectens,  437 
raucronelliformis,  Lepralia,  302,  364 
Myriozoella,  513,  515 

Crustacea,  516 

plana,  516,  596 
Myriozoidae,  513 
Myriozoum,  513 

coarctatum,  513,  514,  596 

crustaceum,  515,  516 

marionense,  312 

planum,  516 

subgracile,  513,  514,596 

tenue,  513,  515,596 
(Myriozoum)   marionense,  Diatosula, 

312,313 
nigra,  Pachycleithonia,  472,  473 
nitescens,  Hippoporella,  350,  558 

Lepralia,  350 
nordenskjoldi,  Cellepora,  508 

Costazia,  505,  508,  594 


obscura,  Emballotheca,  323,  548 
oligopus,  Robertsonidra,  295,  536,  538 

Schizoporella,  294,  295,  296 
ordinata,   Dakaria,  325,  327,  582 

Schizoporella,  327 
Osthimosia,  493,  494 

anatina,  493 
otto  muUeriana,  Hoppodiplosia,  471 
ovata,  Cellepora,  432 

Discopora,  432 

Rhamphostomella,  425,  432,  568 
ovicellata,   Umbonula,  298 
pacifica,  Phidolopora,  448, 449,  574 

Retepora,  448 

Trigonopora,  443,  584 
pacifica  var.  catalinensis,  Phidolopora, 

449 
pacifica  catalinensis,  Retepora,  449 
Pachycleithonia,  471 

nigra,  472,  473 
Pachyegis,  305,  313 

brunnea,  315,  534 

princeps,  313,  534 
pallasiana,  Cryptosula,  467,  470,  582 

Eschara,  470 

Lepralia,  470 
palliolata,  Aimulosia,  353,  552 

Lepralia,  353 
papulifera,  Trypematella,  373,  374 
Parasmittina,  391,  392,  411,  412,  416, 

497 

alaskensis,  412,  419,  564 

californica,  412,  415,  570 

collifera,  412,  416,  566 

crosslandi,  412,  418,  564 

f  raseri,  412,  419,  566 

jeffreysi,  412,  414,  566 

spathulata,  412,  415,  566 

trispinosa,  412,  413,  566 

tubulata,  412,  420,  566 
parvicapitata,  Hippomenella,  365,  366 

Hippomonavella,  366,  554 
patens,  Discopora,  298 

Eschara,  298 

Porella,  393,  397,  560 

Umbonula,  298,  299,  301,  540 
pavonella,  Discopora,  299 

Eschara,  299 

Mucronella,  299 
peachii,  Lepralia,  435 
perforata,   Schizoporella,  306 
Perigastrella  contracta,  346 
peristomata,   Holoporella,  495,  499,  500, 

501,590 
Peristomella,  372 
pertusa,  Cellepora,  340 

Discopora,  502 

Lepralia,  340 

Hippodiplosia,  339,  340,  548 


NO.  2 


INDEX 


607 


Trematooecia,  503 
pesanseris,  Hippothoa,  479 

Mastigophora,  479,  584 
Petralia,  289,  290,  296 

japonica,  290,  530 

undata,  290 
Petraliella,  289,  290 
Petraliidae,  289,  290 
Phidolopora,  444,  447 

labiata,  447,  448,  449 

pacifica,  448,  449,  574 

pacifica  van  catalinensis,  449 
Phylactella,  439,  481,482 

alulata,  483,  586 

aperta,  482,  586 

collaris,  293,  294,  482 

major,  483 
Phylactellidae,  481 
pilaefera,  Holoporella,  499,  501 
plagipora,  Adeona,  441 
plana,  Enantiosula,  469,  470,  582 

Leieschara,  516 

Lepralia,  515,  516 

Myriozoella,  516,  596 
planum,  Myriozoum,  516 
pHcata,  Cellepora,  428 

Rhamphostomella,  428 
plicata  var.  spinigera,  Discopora,  429 
poissoni,  Crepidacantha,  478,  479,  584 

Flustra,  478 

Lepralia,  478 
poissoni  crinispina,  Crepidacantha,  478 
polita,   Hemicyclopora,  440,  572 

Lepralia,  439,  440 
pontifica,  Microporella,  376,  383,  556 
pontifex,  Microporella,  387 
porcellana,   Hippoporina,  344,  345,  346, 

550 

Lepralia,  344 
Porella,  310,  311,  314,  390,  391,  392,  393, 

394,  399,  424,  454 

acutirostris,  393,  394,  560 

bispina,  453 

collifera,  405,  417 

Columbiana,  393,  398,  560 

compressa,  393,  560 

concinna,  393,  396,  560 

cribriformis,  424 

major,  394 

marsupium  form  porifera,  395 

marsupium  var,  porifera,  395 

patens,  393,  397,  560 

porifera,  393,  395,  560 

princeps,  313,  314 
Porellina,  282 

ciliata  forma  dura,  283 

stellata,  378 
porifera,  Escharella,  333 

Lepralia,  332,  333 


Porella,  393,  395,  560 

Schizomavella,  332,  333,  544 

Schizoporella,  332,  333 

Smittina,  333,  395 
porifera  form  edentata,  Escharella,  340 
porifera  form  typica,  Escharella,  333 
porifera  forma  typica,  Escharella,  332 
porifera  var.  majuscula,  Escharella,  402 
Porina  proboscidea,  304 

tubulosa,  303 

violacea,  441 
porosa,   Hippothoa,  480 

Holoporella,  502,  503 

Mastigophora,  480,  584 

Rhamphostomella,  427,  428 

Trematooecia,  503,  504,  588 
Posterula,  305,  309,  315 

sarsi,  310,538 
praeclara,  Lepralia,  365 
praelonga,  Cheilopora,  464,  465,  580 

Cyclicopora,  285,  286 

Mucronella,  464 
praelucida,  Cheilopora,  464,  465 

Mucronella,  464 
praestans,  Escharoides,  372,  554 

Mucronella,  372 
princeps,  Pachyegis,  313,  534 

Porella,  313,  314 
pristina,  Dakaria,  325,  328,  546 

Schizoporella,  328 
proboscidea,  Porina,  304 
procumbens,  Costazia,  505,  509,  594 
projecta,  Smittina,  421 
prolifica,  Smittoidea,  408,  409,  410, 

564 
protecta,  Trematooecia,  502 
punctulata,  Entalophora,  485,  486 

Lagenipora,  484,  485,  486,  487,  588 

Tubucellaria,  485 
quadrata,  Lepralia,  322 
quadrispinosa,  Haloporella,  496,  502, 

578 
Ragionula,  305,  310 

rosacea,  311,  540 
ramulosa  contigua,  Cellepora,  452 
Reptescharellina  cornuta,  320 
Retepora  denticulata,  445,  446,  447 

imperati,  449 

pacifica,  448 

pacifica  catalinensis,  449 

tessellata,  449,  450 

wallichiana,  448 
Reteporella,  445 
Reteporellina,  444,  445,  450 

bilabiata,  445,  574 

denticulata,  446,  447 

denticulata  var.  gracilis,  446,  574 
Reteporidae,  444 
reticulata,  Lepralia,  409 


608 


INDEX 


VOL.  14 


Sraittia,  408,  409 

Smittina,  409 

Smittoidea,  408,  409,  410,  564 
reticulata  var.  spathulata,  Smittina,  415 
reticulato-punctata,  Hippodiplosia,  339, 

340,  548 

Lepralia,  340 

Schizoporella,  340 

Smittina,  341 
retifrons,  Smittina,  391,  399,  402 
Rhamphostomella,  284,  392,  424,  425, 

432 

bilaminata,  425,  427,  428,  572 

cellata,426,431,572 

costata,  424,  425,  426,  427,  568 

costata  var.  cristata,  426 

curvirostrata,  425,  430,  568 

fortissima,  425,  426,  427,  430,  568 

gigantea,  425,  426,  433,  568 

hincksi,  425,  428,  568 

ovata,  425,  432,  568 

plicata,  428 

porosa,  427,  428 

scabra,  425,  428 

spinigera,  425,  429,  570 

townsendi,  425,  426,  430,  570 
Rhynchopora,  454 

bispinosa,  455 
Rhynchozoon,  444,  445,  453,  454,  462 

bispinosa,  455 

bispinosum,  454,  455,  456,  461,  576, 
578 

grandicella,  455,  459,  576 

levigatum,  462 

rostratum,  455,  456,  576 

spicatum,  455,  460,  576,  578 

tuberculatum,  454,  461,  576 

tumulosum,  455,  458,  576 

verruculata,  457 

verruculatum,  456,  457,  458 
rimata,  Hippoporella,  351,  558 
robertsoniae,   Costazia,  505,  506,  507, 

592 

Costazzia,  507 
Robertsonidra,  289,  290,  294 

oHgopus,  295,  536,  538 
rosacea,   Cycloperiella,  297,  532 

Discopora,  311 

Eschara,  310,  311 

Escharoides,  311 

Ragionula,  311,  540 
rostrata,  Lepralia,  456 
rostratum,  Rhynchozoon,  455,  456,  459, 

576 
rostrigera,  Escharella,  475 

Hippaliosina,  475,  476,  580 

Lepralia,  475 
rubra,  Cycloperiella,  296,  297 

Hippomenella,  301,  302 


saccata,  Cystisella,  434,  435,  570 

Eschara,  434 
sarsi,  Escharoides,  310 

Posterula,  310,538 
sarsii,  Escharoides,  309,  310 
Savignyella,  287,  288 

lafonti,  288 
Savignyellidae,  287 
scabra,  Rhamphostomella,  425,  428 
scabra  var.  fortissima,  Discopora,  427 
Schizellozoon,  449,  450 

tessellatum,  450 
Schizmopora,  492,  494 

anatina,  493,  592 

margaritacea,  494,  592 

surcularis,  510 
Schizolavella,  316,  335 

vulgaris,  335,  544 
Schizomavella,  316,  330,  333 

auriculata,  331,  332,  544 

auriculata  var.  ochracea,  331,  332 

auriculata  acuta,  332,  544 

auriculata  ochracea,  331,  544 

longirostrata,  365 

porifera,  332,  333,544 
Schizopodrella,  317 

biaperta,  320,  367 

linearis  var.  armata,  319 

trichotoma,  318 
Schizoporella,  296,  316,  317,  325,  333, 

335,336,474 

areolata,  474,  475 

atrofusca  var.  labiosa,  472 

auriculata,  331 

auriculata  subsp.  ochracea,  331 

auriculata  var.  ochracea,  331 

biaperta,  320,  368 

biaperta  var.  cornuta,  321 

biserialis,  329 

cecilii,  333 

circinata,  334 

cornuta,  317,  320,  321,  322,  369,  542 

cruenta,  306 

dawsoni,  326 

dissimilis,  317,  321,542 

fissurella,  451 

fistulata,  362 

hyalina,  277 

insculpta,  341 

limbata,  307 

linearis  form  inarmata,  319 

linearis  subsp.  inarmata,  319 

linearis  var.  armata,  319 

linearis  var.  inarmata,  319,  542 

linearis  inarmata,  317 

longirostrata,  365 

oligopus,  294,  295,  296 

ordinata,  327 

perforata,  306 


NO.  2 


INDEX 


609 


porifera,  332,  333 

pristina,  328 

reticulato-punctata,  340 

sinuosa,  306 

spongites,  336 

torquata,  326 

trichotoma,  317,  318,  542 

tumulosa,  +58 

unicornis,  317 

vulgaris,  335 
Schizoporellidae,  315,  316 
Schizoretepora,  444,  449,  450 

tessellata,  450 
Schizotheca,  444,  450 

fissurella,450,451,  578 

umbonata,  450,  451,  578 
scutulata,  Harmeria,  282 

Lepralia,  281,  282 
sedg%vicki,  Eschara,  301 
Semihaswellia,  303,  304 

sulcosa,  304,  538 
serrata,  Lepralia,  346 
sertata,   Dakaria,  325,  329,  582 
setiformis,  Microporella,  377,  385,  556 
setigera,  Crepidacantha,  479,  584 

Escharella,  479 
siraplisicissima  var.  perforata, 

Mucronella,  438,  439 
sincera,  Cheilopora,  465 

Discopora,  464,  465 
Siniopelta,  504 
sinuosa,  Lepralia,  306 

Schizoporella,  306 

Stomachetosella,  306 
Smittia,  399 

Alvareziana,  300 

arctica,  402 

californiensis,  421,  496,  497 

cellata,  431,  432 

collifera,  406,  416 

landsborovii,  400 

Landsborovii  var.  porifera,  341 

reticulata,  408,  409 

spathulifera,  401 

torquata,  431,432 

transversa,  410 

trispinosa,  412 
Smittiella,   Smittina,  399,  404,  562 
Smittina,  272,  333,  390,  391,  392,  399, 

411,436 

altirostris,  399,  405,  562 

arctica,  400,  402,  562 

bella,  391,399,403,  562 

cellata,  431 

collifera,  416 

Columbiana,  398 

cordata,  399,  407,  564 

crosslandi,  418 

Jeffreysi,  414 


Jeffreysii,  414 

labellum,  421 

landsborovi,  400 

landsborovii,  400,  401,  403,  562 

maccullochae,  400,  405,  564 

marsupium  var.  porifera,  395 

(Millepora)   cervicornis,  394 

porifera,  333,  395 

projecta,  421 

reticulata,  409 

reticulata  var.  spathulata,  415 

reticulato-punctata,  341 

retifrons,  391,  399,  402,  562 

smittiella,  399,  404 

spathulifera,  400,  401,  562 

species,  404 

torquata,  431 

trispinosa,  412,  417,  418 
var.  spathulata,  415 
var.  spathulosa,  415 

trispinosa  spathulata,  415 
Smittinidae,  390,  392 
Smittoidea,  391,  392,  408 

prolifica,  408,  409,  410,  564 

reticulata,  408,  409,  410,  564 

transversa,  408,  410,  564 
socialis,  Lagenipora,  484,  485,  488,  588 
spathulata,  Parasmittina,  412, 415,  566 
spathulifera,   Smittia,  401 

Smittina,  400,  401,562 
species,  Smittina,  404 
spicatum,  Rhynchozoon,  455, 460,  576, 

578 
spiculifera,  Hippoporidra,  354,  356,  578 

Hippotrema,  354,  356 
spinigera,  Rhamphostoraella,  425, 429, 

570 
spinosissima  form  major,  Mucronella, 

438 
spinulifera,  Hincksipora,  283,  534 

Monoporella,  283 

Mucronella,  282,  283,  314 
spinulifera  var.  praeclara, 

Monoporella,283,  313,  314 
spinulosa,  Lagenipora,  484,  485, 486, 

487,  586 
spongites,  Eschara,  336 

Schizoporella,  336 

Stylopoma,  336 
stellata,  Porellina,  378 
Stephanellosa  biaperta,  307,  367,  368 
Stephanosella,  343,  367,  368,  369,  370 

biaperta,  320,  321,  322,  368,  370, 
552 

bolini,  370,  552 

vitrea,  369,  552 
Stomachetosella,  305,  308,  309 

abyssicola,  306,  309,  536 

crassicollis,  305 


610 


INDEX 


VOL.  14 


cruenta,  305,  306,  536 

distincta,  306,  308,  536 

limbata,  306,  307,  536 

sinuosa,  306,  536 
Stomachetosellidae,  305 
Stylopoma,  316,  336 

informata,  336,544 

spongites,  336 
subgracile,  Myriozoum,  513,  514,  596 
sulcosa,   Semihaswellia,  304,  538 
surcularis,  Cellepora,  510 

Celleporaria,  510 

Costazia,  505,  510,594 

Schizmopora,  510 
tenue,  Myriozoum,  513,  515,  596 
tesselata,  Retepora,  449,  450 

Schizoretepora,  450 
tessellatum,  Schizellozoom,  450 
Tetraplaria,  463,  466 

(Arborella)   dichotoma,  466 

australis,  466 

gryllus,  466 

veleroae,  466,  582 
torquata,  Escharina,  326 

Schizoporella,  326 

Smittia,  431,432 

Smittina,  431 
townsendi,  Rhamphostoraella,  425,  426, 

430,  570 
tractabilis,  Microporella,  376,  384,  558 
transversa,  Smittia,  410 

Smittoidea,  408,  410,  564 
Trematooecia,  492,  502 

hexagonalis,  503,  504,  588 

pertusa,  503 

porosa,  503,  504,  588 

protecta,  502 

turrita,  504 
Tremogasterina,  284 
Tremoschizodina,  468 
trichotoma,  Schizopodrella,  318 

Schizoporella,  317,  318,  542 
tridenticulata,  Cellepora,  498 
_  Holoporella,  496,  498,  590 
Trigonopora,  442 

pacifica,  443,  584 

unguiculata,  443 

vermicularis,  442 
trispinosa,  Discopora,  412 

Lepralia,  412 

Parasmittina,  412,  413,  566 

Smittia,  412 

Smittina,  412,  417,  418 
trispinosa  van  spathulata,  Smittina, 

415 
trispinosa  var.  spathulosa,  Smittina, 

415 
trispinosa  spathulata,  Smittina,  415 
truncata,  Millepora,  513 


Trypematella,  373 

papulifera,  373,  374 

umbonula,  373,  554 
Trypostega,  276,  280 

claviculata,  280,  281,  528 

venusta,  280,  281,528 
tuberculata,   Hippoporina,  344,  346,  554 
tuberculatum,   Rhynchozoon,  454,  461, 

576 
Tubucellaria,  486 

punctulata,  485 
tubulata,  Parasmittina,  412,  420,  566 
tubulifera,  Adeona,  442,  584 
tubulosa,  Cylindroporella,  303,  538 

Lepralia,  303 

Porina,  303 
tubulosa,  Cylindroporella,  303,  538 

Lepralia,  303 

Porina,  303 
tumulosa,   Schizoporella,  458 
tumulosum,  Rhynchozoon,  455,  458,  576 
turrita,  Hippopodinella,  468,  580 

Lepralia,  502 

Trematooecia,  504 
typica,   Gemelliporidra,  337 
umbellata,   Discoporella,  489 
umbonata,  Microporella,  376,  378,  556 

Schizotheca,  450,  451,  578 
umbonula,  Trypematella,  373,  554 
Umbonula,  284,  298,  301 

alvareziana,  300,  540 

arctica,  299,  540 

ovicellata,  298 

patens,  298,  299,  301,  540 

verrucosa,  299,  301 
Umbonulidae,  298 
undata,  Petralia,  290 
unguiculata,  Trigonopora,  443 
unicornis,  Lepralia,  317 

Schizoporella,  317,542 
uvulifera,  Aimulosia,  352,  558 

Lepralia,  352 
vagans,  Holoporella,  496,  497 
Veleroa,  463,473 

veleronis,  473,  474,  578,  580 
veleroae,  Tetraplaria,  466,  582 
veleronis,  Veleroa,  473,  474,  578,  580 
ventricosa,  Cellepora,  511 

Costazia,  505,  510,  511,594 

Mucronella,  436,  437,  572 
ventricosa  var.  connectens, 

Mucronella,  437 
venusta,  Lepralia,  280 

Trypostega,  280,  281,  528 
vermicularis,  Trigonopora,  442 
verrucosa,  Cellepora,  298 

Coleopora,  291 

Hippodiplosia,  338 

Lagenipora,  484,  490 


NO.  2 


INDEX 


611 


Lepralia,  301 

Umbonula,  299,  301 
verruculata,   Cellepora,  456,  457 

Rhynchozoon,  457 
verruculatum,  Rhynchozoon,  456,  458 
vestita,  Hippopodina,  294 
vibraculifera,  Microporella,  376,  379, 

556 
violacea,  Adeona,  441,  442,  584 

Lepralia,  441 

Microporella,  441 

Porina,  441 
Vincularia  margaritacea,  494 


Vittaticella,  286 

elegans,  286,  530 
vitrea,   Stephanosella,  369,  552 
vorax,  Gemelliporella,  359 
vulgaris,  Eschara,  335 

Schizolavella,  335,  544 

Schizoporella,  335 
wallichiana,  Retepora,  448 
Watersipora,  463,  471,  473,  474 

cucullata,  472,  580 

van  labiosa,  472,  473 
var.  nigra,  472,  473 
waikupurensis,  Monoporella,  286