Buchanan's History of Scotland: In Twenty Books : Containing: I. An Account ...

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/

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/J^o/

HARVARD
COLLEGE
LIBRARY

B U C Wyt N A N's
HI STORY

O F

SC OTLAND.

In TWENTY BOOKS.

CONTAINING ^^^^

I. An Account of its feveral Situations j and the
Nature of its Soil and Climate.

II. The Ancient Names, Manners, Laws, and
Customs of the Country, and what People inha^
biced the Island from the very -Beginning.

III. A Chronicle of all its Kings ; in an exaft Series
of Succcflion, from Fergus, the firft Founder of
the ScoTiSH Monarchy, to the Reign of King
James VI. of Scotland, and Firft, of England.

The Thirb Edition, Revifed and Corre6led from
the Latin Original.

In TWO VOLUMES.

Adorned with Curious Cuts Engraven from the
Original Paintings, by Mx.TFbite^ Mr. Feriue^Scc.

LONDON:

Printed by 7. Bettenhaw^ for D. Midwinter and A.

Ward, m Little-BrUain ; A. Bettesworth and 0.

HiTCH,and J. Batley, in Pater^-noJier-Row ; E. Curll,

in BurUigb-fireit in the Strand \ C. Rivikgton, an4

J. Wilfqrd, in St.P<tt^/*sChurcfh-yard, Mdccxxxu?.

e

Ku>^'^

HARVARD

|-UNI"^'ERS<TY|

LIBRARY

MAY 12 lan

THE

Epistle Dedicatory

T O

J A M E S VL

King of Scotland, andFirflof
England.

FTER four and twenty
Years Abfence, returning
to my Native Country, I
defired nothing more than
to review my Papers, that
were difperfed, and many ways injured
by the Iniquity of the Times: For I
found, that the over OfEcioufnefs of
my Friends, to precipitate the Publica-
tion of what was yet unfit to fee the

B Light,

The Epistle Dedicatory.

Light, and that cxceflive Liberty which
Tranfcribers take to cenfure the Works
of other Men, bad altered many Thiogi,
and corrupted others, according to
their feveral Humours. But whilft I
was endeavouring to remedy thcfe Dis-
orders,, the fudden and unexpeded So-
licitations of my Friends broke my
Meafures j all of them, as if they had
confpired together, exhorting me to
lay afide things of lels Weight, that
rather delight the Ear than inftrud the
Mind, and apply myfelf to write the
Hiftory of our Nation, as a fubjedl
not only fuitablc to my Age, and fuf&-
cient to anfwer the Expedation of my
CJountrymen; but deferving great Com-
mendation, and moil likely to prefenre
ones Memory to (uccecding Ages. A-
mongfl others Reafons, which I omi^
they added, That though BritaifT
be the moft femous Ifland m the WofW,
and every part of its Hiftory coRtaint
moft remarkable Things; yet, fcarce
one was to be found in any Age, who
durft attempt fb great a Worky or if he

did,

The EputLZ Dedicatort.

didj W£ts able to accottiplifh it. Nei-
thet T^as it the leaft Inducement to this
Undertaking, that I hoped my Pains
herdii would not be unfuitable, norun-
acteptatblfe to your Majefty. For I
thotlglilt it {hamefully abfurd, that
your Majefty, who in your tender Years,
have tt&d the Hiftories of all Na-
tions, and retain very many of them-
in y6ur Memory, fhould only be a
Stranger at Home. Befides, an incur-
able piftemper having made me unfit
to dHcliarge, in Perfon, the Care of
your Ihftrudioh, committed to me, t
thought that fort of Writings which
tends to the Information of the Mind,
would beft fupply the want of my At-
tendance, and refolved to fendyoUr Ma-
jefty feithfiil Counfellors from Hiftory,
that you might make ufe of their Ad-
vice in your Deliberations, and imitate
tJidr Virtue in your Adions. For there
are amongft your Royal Anceftors, Men
excellent in every Relped, of whom
Pofterity will never be afliamed; and,
to omit others, your Majefty will hard-

B 2 ly

The Epistle DEDicA'taRY.

\y find in Hiftory, any Hero worthy
of your comparing with our David.
And if the Divine Goodnefs was fo
liberal to him, in thofe mod calamitous
and wicked Times, wc may with Rea-,
fon hope, That your Majefty will be (as
the Royal Prophet fays) A Pamrf^ of all
thofe ExcellencieSy which Mothers defire
in their Children-^ 'when they give them
their hefl Wifhes\ and that this Govern-
ment, which feems to be hurried on to
Ruin and DeflruEHon^ may be fupport-
ed, 'till the time fliall come, when all
Sublunary Things having finiflied the
Courfe appointed them by God's Eter-
nal Decree, fhall arrive at their defign-
ed Period.

Au^'af George Buchanan.

THE

f

v

M

'1 ■

"1 ••
i \

Ti
^^

A

li

Tl

i

w.

( I )

THE

L I F E

OF

GEORGE BUCHANAN,

Written by himfelftwo Tears before his
Death.

EORGE BUCHANAN was born
in Lenox^Shirey {commonly called the*
Sheriffdotn of Dumbartm) in Scotland ^
fituate near the River, or Water of
Blane^ in the Year of our Lord 1 506,
about the beginning oi February^ in a Country
Town within that Shire, of a Family rather An-
cient than Rich. His Father died of the Stone^ in
the Flower of his Age ; whilfl his Grandfather was
yec alive, by whofe Extravagance, the Family
which was but low before, was now almoft re-
duced to the Ej^tremity of Want. Yet fucb wa^

B 3 the

2 !/^^LiFE o/'GifORQE Buchanan.

the frugal Care of his Mother, Agnes Heriot^ that
flie brought up ftve Sons an4 three Daughters to
Mens and Womens Eftate. Of the five Sons,
George was one. His Uncle, James Herioty per-
ceiving his promifing Ingenuity in their owa
Country Schools, toot him from thence, andfcnt
him to Paris. There he applied himfelf to his
Studies, and cfpecially to Poetry j having partly
a natural Genius that way, and partly out of
Neceflity, (becaufe it was the only Method of
Study, propounded to him, in his Youth.) Pe-
f or^ fee had been jhere two Years, his Uacle
died, and he himfelf fell dangeroufly Sick ; and
being in extrcmd Want, was forced to go home
to his Friends. After his Return, to Scotland^ he
fp^qt almofta Year in talpngCare of bis Healthy
then he went into the Army with fome French
Auxiliaries, newly arrived in Scotland^ to learn
bthp Jrt Military: But that Expedition proving
fruitlefs, and thofe Forces being reduced^ by the
deep Snows of a very fevere Winter, he relapfed
into fuch an lilnefs as confined him all that Sea^
itxi to his Bed. Early in the Spring he was fent
to St. Andrews, to hear the Lecfturcs qf John
Major; v^ho though very old, mdl^ogick^ or tSL-^
xhci(S(^Jry, in that Univcrfity. The Summer
after, he accompanied hlnx into Fr^wr^, and there
b€i fell into the TroublW of the Lutheran Se0^
which ^h?n began to ei¥:reafq; Heftru^kdwith
t;he Pi|&cuhi«s.of Fc^tune almoft two Years, and
^|4aft was twitted kto the fi^r^aMft College
wj^ere ha w^s Grammar Profeflbr almoft thrco
Yeats. During «h« time, Giliert Kennedy, Earl
^ G^f^ one of the yioung Sa^Jt/k^^bbs, be^

TheLltE of GiORGzBvCHAHAK 3

ang in that Country, waa much taken with his In-

fenuity and Acquaintance, fo that he entertained
im for five Years, and brought him back with
him into Scotland,

Afteh WARDS having a Mind to return to Paris
to his old Studies, he was detained by the King,
and made Tutor to James his Natural Son. In
the mean time, an Elegy made by him, at lei*
fure times, cam€ into the Hands of the Francif-
f;ans'f wherein he writes, That he was folicited
in a Dream by St. Francis^ to enter into his Or--
der. In this Poem there were one or two Pat
fagcs that refledcd on them very feverely, which
thole ghoftly Fathers, notwithftandii^ their Pro*
feffion of Meekncfe and Humility, took more
heinouily, than Men (having obtained fuch a
Vogue for Piety among the Vulgar) ought to have
done, upon fo fmall an occafion of Offence. But
finding no juft Grounds for their unbounded Fury,
they attacked him upcm the Score of Religion;
which was their common way of terrifyii^ thofe
they did not wifti well ta Thus, whilft they in-
dulged their impotent Malice, they made hio^
who was not well affefted to them before, a
greater Enemy to their Licentioufnefs, and ren*
dered him more inclinable to the Lutheran
Caufe. In the mean time, the King, with A%*
dale^ lug Wife, capap from France^ not without:
the Reftntnwnt oT the Priefiboodi who were
afraid that the Royal Lady, li^ving been bred up
under her Aqnt^ the Queen oiNofvarre^ {houl4
attempt fome Innovatign in Religion : But this
Fear vamihi^d \,i^ Ifter JlJeatb, which, followed
ihortiy after.

]3 4 Next,

4 7>&^LiFE o/Georgz Buchanah*

' Next, there arofe Jealoufics at Courtc about
fomc of the Nobility, who were thought to have
confpired againft the King ; and, in that Matter,
the King being perfuaded the Francifcans dealt
unfincerely, he commanded Buchanan, who was
then at Court, (though he was ignorant of the
Difgufts betwixt him and that Order) to write a
Satyr upon them. He was loth to offend either
of them, and therefore, though he made a Poem,
yet it was but ftiort, and fuch as might admit of
a doubtful Interpretation, wherein he fatisfied nei-
ther Party ; not the King, who would have had a
fharp and flinging Ihvedtives nor the Fathers nei-
ther, who looked on it as a capital Offence, to
have any thing faid of them but what was ho-
nourable. So that receiving a fecond Command
to write more pungently againft them he began
that Mifcellany, which now bears the Title of
^he Francifcan, and cave it to the King. But
fliortly after, being made acquainted by his Friends
at Court, that Cardinal Beton fought his Life,
and had offered the King a Sum of Money, as a:
Price for his Head, he efcapcd out of Priion and
Atd for England. But there alfo, things were at
fuch an Uncertainty, that the very fame Day, and
almoft with one and the fame Fire, the Men of
both Fadions, (Protejiants and Papijisy were
burnt; Henry the Eighth, in his old Age, being
more intent on his own Security, than the Puri^
ty or Refofmation of Religion, This Uncertaio-
ty of Affairs in England^ ioconditdi by his ancient
Acquaintance with the French^ and the Courtcfy
natural to them, drew him again into that Kiflg-
dorp. , .. >

As

T^^^LiFE ^George BtjfeHANAN. 5

As foon as he came to Paris^ fee found Car-
dinal Beton^ his uttdr Enemy, Enifbaflador there ;
fo thattowithdrav/himfelf from his Fury, at the
Invitation oi Andrew Govean he went to Bwr-
deaux. There he taught three Years in the Schobk^
which were eredled at the publick Coft: In that
time he compofcd font Tragedies, which were af-
terwards occafionally publifticd : But that which
he wrote firft, called I'be Baptifti was printed kft,
and next the Medea o{ Euripides. He wrote them
in compliance with the Cuftom of the School,
which was to have a Play written once a Year,
that the ading of them might wean the French
Youth from Allegories, to which they had taken
afalfeTafle, and bring them back as much as
poffible to a juft Imitation of the Ancients. This
•Affair fucceeding, even almoft beyond his HopeJ
he fook more Pains in compiling the other two
Tragedies, called Jephtha and Alcejles^ *bccaufe;
he thought, they would fall under a feverer Scru-
tiny of the Learned. And yet, during this time,
he was not wholly free from Trouble, being ha-
raffed between the Menaces of the Cardinal on
the one fide, and 6f the Francifcans on the other;
For the Cardinal had wrote Letters to the Archbi-
fhop oiBourdeauXy to apprehend him 5 but, pro-*
vidcritially, thofe Letters fell into the Hands of
Bucbananhht^¥nmA^. However, the Death of
the King of Scots^ and the Plague, which thea
raged over all Aquitain^ difpelled that Fear.

In the interim, an Exprefs came to Govean from
the King of Portugal^ commanding him to re-
turn, and bring with him foinc Men, learned,
both in the Qreek and Latin Tongues ; that they

might

^ 7J5i?l4i»8 9/G50RGE Buchanan.

xpight r«94 the Liberal 4rts^ m^ cfpeci^lly the
J*fiipqpl?fii qf the Jriftotehan PHk^ky in thofc
§cbools whicb he was then building, with a gr^at
deal of Care and j^xpence^ SiucbunoHy being ad-
4r60ed (p, readily confented to go for one. For,
wh?reas he faw that aU Eurofe^ befide?, was ei-
tbipr a(3:uaUy in Foreign or Daopiei^ick Wars, or jui^
Hppn the Point of being fo, that one Corner of the
World was, in his Opinion, likelicft to be free
from Tun^^ults and Combuftions : And beiide^
his Companions in that Journey, were fucb» that
they feemed rather his Acquaintance and FarniUa^
Friends, than Strangers or Alipps to bim» For
piany of theni had been hi? Intimates for iibveral
Years, and are well known tq the World by thcif
learned Works, as 2V/rki!!0^5 Qn/<i^i^^^ Gulielmus
G^rintceuSy jacobus T'eviusj, and Elias Vinetu^.
This was the Reafon that he did not only make
pne of ilieir Society, but alfo pqrfuaded a Broker
of bis> called Patrick^ to dp the fame. And
truly the Matter fuccccdedexcclkntly well at firfl^
'till in the midft of our Enterprize Andrem G^r
Vean was taken away by a fuddea Death, vi\w^
QFoved mighty prejucUcial to his Companions^
For^ after his Deceafe, aU our Enemies,, ciidqa^
V9ured at firft to infnare us by Treachery, and
ibon after, ran violently upon us, a^ it were with
open Mouth ; and their Agents and InilriUQents
being great Enemies to the Accufed, th<$y laid hold
of thr^ of chemi, and haled them to Prifqn 1 wh^eace^
alter a long and loathfomeCo^J^nement, th^y were
caUed out to give, in their i^fwers ; and) after
many bitter Taunts, were remanded to Prifqa
again J a«d ye; m Acftwfer did ^f^l in Court

' ' againd

71^^ Lirs of Georgb BuqHAtfANf y

againft ^m* As for BitebfimM^ 4i^y infuhoS
moil bitterly Qvpv hrmy as being 4 Stranger, and
]a:iowing alfo, that he bad very few Friends in that
Country, who womW cither rejoice in his Profpe*
rity, fynapathizc with bis Grief, or revenge the
Wrongs ottered to hiin. The Crime laid to his
Charge was the Poem he wrote againft the l«r4iH
ci/cans^ which he himfelf bcfpre he went from
Frawe took care tp get excufed tp the King of
f^ottugaiy neither did hia Accufers per^^y knovtr
what it was: For he had given but oneCdpy o£
it to the King of Scofs^ by whofe Command he
wrote it. They farther obje^ed, His eating of
Fkjb in Lenty though there is not a Man in all
Spain but ufes the £tme Liberty: Befides^ he had
given fome fly Side-blows to the Mpnks, which;
however, no Body but a Monk himfelf could v^ll
exc^t againft.

Moreover, thfiytookitheinouflyiU,that,ina
ceruiji familiar Difcourfe with ibme young Portm
gal Gentlemen, upon mention made' of the Ett^
cbarifliy hefbould affirm; Thar, in his Judgnient,
Aufiin was more inclinable to the. Party coi^enuH
ed by the Churcb of Ibme. Two other Witnef-*
ies (as, fooie Years after, it came to hb Knowi
Icd^e) viz. John To^in^ a Normany zn^John Fer^.
terms of SubmA^ini^ JUguriay had witnefiled agaii^
him, that th^ had heard from divers credkable
Pcribfis, ^Hat Buchanan nvas: wt Orthodoxy a^ to
(bi Roman Pmtk and R^iiffm.

But to rerorn to the Matter ; ^ter the Inquifi*^
Kocs bad wearied both themfelves and him, for al-s
noft half a Y^r^ at kft, that dhey mi^ht not
fp^ tt^ hav^ pauf^efly vexs4 ^ Man, S. fomo

J4ame

8 T^i^LlFE o/'GeORGE BuCHANANr

Name and Note in the World, they (hut him up
In a Monaftcry for fome Months ; there to be more
exadtly difciplined and inflru^ted by the Mmks^
who (to give them their Due) though very igno*
rant in all Matters of Religion, were Men other-
wife neither bad in their Morals, nor rude ia
their Behaviour.

* This Was the time he took to form the prin-
cipal Part oi David's Pfalms into Latin Verfe.
At lad he was fet at Liberty, and fuing for a Pais,
and Accommodations from the Crown, to return
into France^ the King defired him to ftay where
"he was, and allotted him a little Sum for daily
Neceffaries and Pocket Expences, 'till fome better
Prdvrifion might be made for hisSubfiftence. But
be, tired out with Delay, as being put off, to no
cerfAin Time, nor on any fure Grdunds of Hope,
and having got the Opportunity of a PafSigc, ia
a Ship then riding in ihcB^y oi'Lisbon^ was car-
ried over intp England. He made no long Stay>
in that Country, though fair Offers were made him
jhercf; for he fa w, thatall things were in an Hurry
andCombuftion, Under a very young King; the
Nobles at Variance one with another, and the
Minds of the Commons yet inr a Ferment, upon
the Account of their Civil Combuftions. Where-*
upon he returned into France^ about the time
chat the Siege of Metz^ was raifed. . There he
was,sin a manner, compelled by his Friends, to
write a Poem concerning that Siege ; which h^
did, though fbaievyhat unwillingly, becaufehe was
loth to interfere with fevcral of liis Acquaintance,
and efpecially with Mellinus Sangelajius^ who had
compofed a learned and elegani Poem on that

7l&^LiPE ^George Buchanan: g

Subjcift, From thence^ he was called over into
Italy ^ by Charles de Cojfe of Brefcia^ who then
managed Matters with very gqod Succefs, in the
Gallic and Ligujiic Countries about the Po: Hi
lived with him and his Son iimoleon^ ibmetimes
in Italy^ and fometimes in France^ the Space of
five Years, till the Year of Cbriji One Thoufand
Five Hundred and Sixty ; the greatcft part of which
time he fpent in the Study of the Holy Scriptures,
that fo he might be able to make a more exadt
Judgment of the Controverfies in Religion ; which
employed the Thoughts, and took'up all the Time
ofmoftof the Men of thofe Days. 'Tis true,
thofe Diiputes were filenced a little in Scotland^
when that Kingdom was freed from the Tyranny
of the Guijes of France; fo he returned tnither^
and became a Member of the Church of Scotland.

Some of his Writings, in former Times, being,
as it were, redeemed from Shipwreck, were by
himcoUe<acdandpubliflied: Thcreft, which arc
ftill fcattercd up and down in the Hands of his
Friends, he commits to the Difpofal of Providence.

Being at this time in. the Seventy Fourth Yeaf
of his Age, he ftill attends the Education of James
the Sixth King of Scotland, to whom he was ap-
pointed Tutor, in the Year 1565, and quite broken
with the Infirmities of old Age, he longs for the
dcfired Haven of hisi Reft.

G. B.

He departed this Life at Edinburgh, on the 28*
Day 2^ September, An. Dom. 1582.

ll)e

The Names of the KINGS of
Scotland.

i.'C'Ergtis i.
JT 2. FeritharJj.

3-

I:

3I Fcthclmactii;
3^. Eogcnius 1.
40. FcrgQs a;

Eugenius a.

Dohgardus.

Gonmintihe i.

7. Rtiithei. 44. GotTgaHos i.

8. Thereus* 4f- Goranus.
Eugenius 3.
Congathis 2.
Kinnatelhis.
Aidanus.
Kenneth i.
Engeniufs 4.
Petchtcd I.
Donald 4.
Fcrchard 2.
Maldvinfas.
Eogenlat f.
Eugenitts 6.
Amberkelcthus.
Etfgeriiufs 7.

61. Etfinas.
61. Eugenios 8.

63. Fergus 3.

64. Solvalbius.
^. Achaius.

66. CoogalIa5 3«

67. Dongallus.

68. Alpinus.

69. Kennedi 2.

70. Donald f.

71. Connantmea.

72. Ethus.
73. Gregory.

35*. Fincormachos. 74. Donald 6.
3lt Romachus. 7^. Conflantinc 3.

Mafaras.

pbrnadilla.

Nothatus.

Rentheros.

Thereus*
p. Jofina.
10. Ffnnadas.
Ml. Dorftuf^.

12. Evenus i

13. GillQS,
Bor0)

14. Et^nus 2.
ts* Edcrai.
16. Evefius3.
^7. Metallanus.
iS. Car^acu^.

19. Gotb^ I.

20. Dardanur.
CoibiedtiSur'
HM^^d Gsidvts.
Lufiaxfut.
Mogaldos.
Conarus.
Etlkxliui I.

26. Satrad.

Donald t.

EthQdias 2.
_, Athfrco.
3p. Nathalocus'.

31. Findochus.

32. Donald 2.
33b DonMd 3.
34. GrathlMthus,

21.

^,3
^1

11

41.
42.

43-
44-

46-

48.
49.

f2

5*3

J4

^i
s

S9
do,

76. Alalcolm J.

77. juciulphtw. '

78. Daflbs.

79. Culeniis.

80. Kenneth 3.

81. Goriftamine 4.
Smfftmifil^ The

^ Bald,

82. Grhhai

83. MfltYcolm 2.

84. Donald 7.
Sf. Macbeth.

86. Malcolm 3.

87. Donald Banus a

88. Duncalx.

89. Edgar.

90. Alexander i.
SMrmmed^ The
Sharp.
David I.
Malcolm 4.

_ William.
94« Alexanders.
95:. Alexaqder 3*
96 John BallioL

97. Robert Bruce,

98. David 2.

99. Edward Balliol.

100. Roberta.
Rx)bfcrt J.
, attiei 1.
James 2.
,'amcs3.
. ames 4,

auu. James f.
♦107. Henry StuartI
4>yiMaryStttarc*
xo8. James 6. '

91
92

93

101.

102.
103^
XO4.
10$.
106.

^ ^^ .. 7f
3k7. Aflgofiaiius.

* The Name offtiry it iet before iZrffry iiitlie Body df this JTj^^ becamiefte
ici|0eiiefMycaa^bcfbre bcr Mamage wiUi £^» aiid alio after Ms I>eGeal6.

THE

(O

THE

HISTORY

OF

SCOTLAND.

BOO K I.

H E N I firft detormiaed to write the faii^eus
Atchievements of our Ancefiors, and, aAet
I had purged them from the Mixture of ^iHn
Fables, to vindicate them from Oblivion 5 I
thoi^ht ft conducive to my purpole, to re^

cite from the very Beginning, (as much as lb

long a Diftance of Time ;, and firft the Scarcity, tben the
Lofs of learned Mttoumenrs, vlf'ouW permit,) what the Situt^
tion of the Countries were; whatw^ the Nature of the Soil*
tnd Air ; what were the ancient Names anfd Manners, and
who were die firft Inhabitants, of the Iflands, called of old,,
Smanny ; \yttzcfaf are extended between Sj^^im mi G^rmni^y

in.

i The UisTQ KY of Book L

in a long TraA of Land near the Coaft of Fraitce, Albiom
and Ireland^ two of them, do far exceed the red in Bfgnefs,
and therefore of theft, two I (hall fpeak/r/i; afterwards, as
Convenienqr ferves, I will explain the Site and the Names*
of the reft. ^

The firft, for Bignefs, isAlHon^ which now alone rejhf
the Name oi Britain^ formerly common to them all. Con-
cerning its Breadth and Length, other Writers do. in etfed,
agree with C^fy^r; namely, that the Length of it txom North
to South is 800 Miles; and the Breadth, where it is wid^ft^
which is (as fome think) where it looks towards Frsnai
or, (as others lay) from the Point of St. Davids in Sontb^
IVales^ to Tarmouth in Norfolk^ almoft 200 Miles ; from
thence it narrows by degrees, till'we come to the Borders of
Scotland The Romans^ who, as yet, knew not the fartheft
Parts thereof, beh'eved the-^4«ii/to be7r/tf»^iir/<ir, but when
they proceeded a little farther, ' they found, that beyond
Adriam'^W^\\i^ it extiended itfelf broader by degrees, and ran
out farEaftward. This, in brief, concerning its B/]f»r//.
,. The Climate of Britain \% more temperate than that of
France^ as (7<p/^r affirms, but the Climate of /r^/^^iTii/ Is milder
than them both. The Air thereof is feldom clear, but com*
mpfily darkened with thick M!fls; the Winters are mild
enough, rather rainy than fnowy; The Soil brings forth
Corn plentifully, and, btfides Cora, it prqduceth all forts'
of Metals. It is alfo very fruitful in Breeds of Cattle.
They, who inhabit the extreme Parts of the liland, whicli
$xt more infefted with cold, eat Bread made of Oatmeal;
and, for Drink, they ufe a Wine or ftrong Liquor made oF
damaged Corn : Some' boil Whey, and keep it in Hogfheads
under Ground for fome Months, which is counted, byman]r
of them, not only a wholfome, but a very pleafant Drink.
There was no Controverfy concerning the Name of Bri'^
tain an^ongft the Ancients, except that the Greeks called it
Brettania^ the Latins^ ^Britannia. Other Nations iti their
Appellation of it, ufed one or other of thele Names, as
they Taw fit. But of late fome Men have ftartod up^
not lb much defirous of Truth as of Contention, who
hoped to make themfelves famous by carping at other emi*
nent Perfons ; for they imagined that they muft needs obtain
a great Opinion of Loarning amongft the Vulgar, who dared
to enter the Lifts agatnft, and to combat with all Antiqui-
4y ; and though the Difpute was about a thing of no great
Confeqiience, yet, becaufe it concerned the very Name of
their Country, they thought it worth contending for, with
fUl their Might, as if the ancicm Glory ot the whole Na--

tioa

Book I. SCO T L A N ^. i

don had lain at Stake. They £17, that three ancieqt Names
of the Ifland have their feveral Aflerton, viz. Prudania^
Prytameia^ ^uA Britannia. * L/itfi contends with might and
main fov Pmdani a; Thomas Eliot^ a J5r/V//& Knight, for
Prytaneia^ but very modeftly; almoft all other Nations do
retain the Name of Britain.

L L UDy to maintain his Aflertion for Prir^iiW^r, ufeththe
Aathority of a certain old Paper-frrgment, which Ruft,
Mouldinefs, and length of Time (and nothing elfe) have al-
moft made Sacred with him. Tho* he counts chat Proof firm
enough of itfelf, yet he (Irengthens it by Etymology ; by the
Verfes of the old Bards \ by the Country DialeS; and by
the venerable Ruft of Antiquity. But in the firft place, I
ask hiin, whence came that Fragment^ on which he lays
the Strefs and Weight of his Gaufe? When was it writ?
Who was ^t Author of it? Or, what lays it, that makes for
his AiTertion ? Concerning the Name, the Time, the Au«»
ihor, all thefe (he may perhaps alledge) are uncertain,
which proves, (he thinks) the Antiquity thereof. An ex-
cellent Proof, indeed ! Where the Certainty, Credit, and
Aathority of the Teftimony doth depend on Ignorance,
Meannefi and Obfcurity, and that which* is made tjfe of to
explain the Matter in Controverfy, hath more Intricacy and
Weakncfs in it, than the Caufc which it is brought to de-
feud. Who is the Witnefs in this Cafe? I know not, (lays
he.) What is it that he offers for Evidence? I know not
that neither, (replies he) but this I have heard, that in that
Fragment, it is called Prudania. But, prithee tell me,
what is that Prudania ? Is it a Mountain, or a River ? A
Village, or a Town ? A Man, or a Woman ? Here I am
pofedtoo, (fays he;) but I conjeSure, th^x Britain is fig-
Dified by that Name. Well then, let Prudania fignify J5r/-
tain. Yet what doth this your Fragment make for you ? I
would ask you this Queflion, Whether it affirms Prudania
to be the true Name of the Ifland, or doth not rather up^
braid their Ignorance, who afcribe that falfe Name to it ?
Here too I am Nonpluft, (ikjsLlud-y) but this I am certain
of, that here is the Sound of aBritip Word^ and the Force
of the Britijh Language doth appear, even in the very Ety-*
mology thereof. For Prudania is as it were, Prudcania^
which is in Britijh excellent Beauty ^ from Pryd^ fignify ing
Beauty^ and Cam^ IVhite : The Afperity of the Word being
fomewhat mollified. 6a,t for that reafon, it ihould be cal«

* L/uJ or tlcydy and £/iV, two Writers of Britijb Aati^iities^ in Htn, VIII. and
^etn Biim. Reigns,

'C led

4 The H 1 s T o R 1? of Book L

led PruAcamia^ not Prmdamia^ which Word the BarJs <Ia
pronounce Pruda^ in their Conntry Speech. I (hall not here
fpeak, how trivial, deceitful, and oftentimes ridiculous, this
Enquiry after the Original of Words is. I pafs by Vdrro,
and other learned Men, who have been often laughed at upon
this Account : I omit alfo the whole Cratylms of Pte^,
wherein h? is guilty of the fame Fault. I will only afGrnn
this, that, before impartial Judges, a Man may more eafily
prove, that the Word Cambrixs derived from C<j«iV and5r«-
tMm^ a Dog and a Brute, thanyou (hall perfuade me, that Pr/r*
. dama comes {toxxiPrudcamia. For by this means you maf
derive ^idlUa i ^olibety as yott pleaft. And indeed,
Llud himfelf (hews, what little Confidence he puts in his
own Proofs, when he calls in |he Bards to his Aid, a Race
©f Meft, I gram indeed, very ancient, but yet Antiquity af-
firms, they committed nothing to Writing. But of thefe I
ihall fpeak more elfewhere.

Let us now come to the laft Refuge of I W: Cafar^ (ays he,
who firft mentioned the Name of this Ifland in Laf iff, called
It Brham; whofe Steps almoft all Zr<i/«» Writers having trod
in, did not change the faid Name. Here Llud begins with
9 notorious Miftake; that Cafar was the firft of the Latifti^
who called it by the Name of Britam ; for before ever Cafar
was borii, Lucraius makes mention of Bntaiff; mi,Artfto^
tUx ampugft the GreAsy long before htm ; and Ptmrtius^
not long after Cafof^ when he laith,

Cogor ^ im Tabula piSos edifeere ManJos:
Our Force of Art^ in M^s^ the Globe defirys^
Where painted Nations meet oUr wondering Eyes.

fiicws'thereby, that in his Age, .theDefcripiionof theWorM
in Maps, was wont to be faftned to the Walls of Mens
Hoofes. I would ask yourfclf; Sir, do you indeed think,
that C*>r, who was fo well skilled in all lorts of Learning,
did never fee or read a Defcription of the World? Or, can
youbeperfuaded, thziihtlfland oi BritaiffzXonc, thegreateft
I? ^^^^/ ^* ^^^ World, then fo famous both in the LaPtn and
Greek Monuments, was omitted inthofei%?j? Or do you
beUeye, that C^tfar^ who was fo inquifftive to know the
Atfairs of Britain, as. What Men did inhabit that Country,
then, and before his Time; What Animals and Plants did
grow, or were bred therein; Whar were the Laws andCu-
ftoms of the Country; do you, I fay, believe, that he, who
had been fo foUcitous about thofe things, would have neg-
lefted to fct down the Name of the Yi)^QlQ IJland'i Or, that

he.

Book I. S C T L A N "D. s

he, who, "With fo great FaftbfiilnelS and Diligence, gvrt
right Names to the Cities of the Gauls ^ wotild deprive the fir/*
tains of their ancient Glory ? Upon the whole, I fee no rca-
foti at all, why LIud fliould think that the old Name of the
Ifland was Prudania^ (for he valaes himielf much on the
Account of this Title,) unlefs Words do alfo contraS Au-
thority from the Ruft of a Worm-eaten Paper. This is all
I have to fay to Llud^ at prefent, who by home-bred Wit-
nefles, and by his own Dreams together, hath thought fit to
oppofe himfclf againft the current Verdift of all the learne<i
Men that now are, or ever have been, in the World.

As for Six Thomas Eliot^ my Task willbecafier withhirt;
he, being induced not only by probable ConjeSures, but alfo
by fome Authors, and thofe not obfcure, thinks, that the
Ifland was fometimes called Prytaneia. He judged it not
improbable, that an Ifland abounding with Plenty of all
things, not only for the Neccflities, but even the very Orna*
ments of Life, fliould be fo called. In this Cafe, lY we
fliouId weigh the Reafon of Names, Sicily rather defervcs the
TiilQ o(Prytaneia^ and fo do fome other Iflands alfo ; which
go as far beyond Britain in the Frviitfulnefs of Soil, as they
fall fliort of it in the Extent of Territory. Befides, in thofe
Asnbars^ by whofc Teftimony the Name Prytaneia is con- .
firmed, it eafily appears, that the Orthography is vitiated. As
for Stephaftusj there is the higheft Inconftancy in him. Iti
theWoviAltioft^ he fays, that That is the Ifland o£Brettai9t^
following Martial therein, as he alledges. In the Words
JuvttntA and Jttverna^ it is writ Pnetanica. Elfewhere, fiyg
he, in the Ocean are the Brettijh Iflands, whole Inhabitants
are called Brettahs; but that Martian arid Ptohtny^ in thefe
Words, make P the flrft Letter. If any one com{>afe the
Places, Withont doubt he will find that the Writing is cor-
rupted, and that Stephanus hirtifclf was of Opinion, that
Brtttannia ought to be writ by B the firft Letter, and two ti*s.
Eliot^ I believe, was not ignorant of this, and therefore,
being content to advertife his Reader, as much as was. need-
ful, what things Men, greedy of Ptaife, wiU fcfapet(^her '
for the Oftentation of their Learning, he leaves the Matter in
Difpute intirely to his Judgment. Bat Vud^ that you may
know his Difpofition more fully, of the Three Names of this
large Ifland, approves that moft^ which hath the fetveft Af-
fenors, viz* Prudania; next to that he commends Pryfrt^t^/W.
But he rejects Britannia, whiclf Name was nov^ groWil fa-
mous through all Nations, and celebrated both in Greek and
Latin Monuments, (as PUf^y affirms) as corrupted in tik&'
of cimc^ and fixt bijulins C^far; whom hefalfcly aflSrms,
^' ■ C z (a«

tf The U IS roKY of Book I.

(as hath hccn faid) to have firft mentioned the Name of Br i-
tannia in Latln^ and that he drew others with him into the
fame Error. But I can prove the Antiquity of the Word
Britannia^ by many clear and ample Teftimonies, if that
were the^^z/^rindifpute; and that it was not corrupted b)
Cafar^ but delivered down to us, pure from Hand to Hand
by our Anceftors, fave that the Ancients were wont to write
it with a double T. T. (Britfa»»ia;) And therefore it was,
as I fuppofe, that Lucretius made the firft Syllable of the
Word Britain long in Verfe; but now the Latins leave oul
one Ti which is ftill retained in the Word Britto. The Greeks.
who write Brettania^ come neareft to the Pronunciation of
the Country Speech, which the Britons themfelves, and all
their Neighbours, do yet retain. For the neighbouring GauU
call all Britijh Women Bntta ; and Bretter^ with them, is
to fpeak Britijh : And a Promontory in Gofcognc is commonly
called Cape-Breiton ; and both forts of Scets^ (/. e,) both
ihtAlbians and the Hibernians^ Ipeak fo too; only with this
difference, that the^ who delight in the German Dialed, dc
fometimes ufe the Tranfpofition of Letters, and pronounce
Berton for Breton. But Dionyfius Afcr in that Verfe,

Hfiittvi KiXP^ 4*;C5*< pO^l W-^* B^ITJCW*.

mentioning the Bretains to inhabit near the cold Surges o\
the Ocean, hath ufed a poetical Licence in leaving one r out
of the Word ^^ram. as he hath alfo done in the Word
S«fb«Tief for 'SM^fAttTM^ by an Elilion of the Letter ^ Here
the Confent of fo many Nations, (almoft from their Origi-
nals) both among themfelves, and with the Ancients, as
well Greeks as Latins, will have greater Weight with me,
than all the Hodge-podge Trafli otLludy raked by him oui
of the Dunghil, Colledions good for nothing but to be
laughed at, and to disparage the Colledor ; and though thej
have a confident Patron, to urge them to give in a falfc
Teftimony againft Antiquity, yet to make their aukward
Appearance they have not dared. Let him (hew, if he can,
what Author ever wrote Prudania before j/riftotle: Lci
him turn and wind himfelf as he pleafes, he will never be
able to do it ; feeing, fome Ages after Ariftotle, 'tis certain
that the Bards committed nothing to Writing, Away ther
Vrith that ((hall I fay ?) vain-glorious, or may I not rathei
lay fenfelefs, Bo|& or Antiquity, of which no Argument.
no F'ootftep, no nor the leaQ Print of any Footfiep can be
found?

Amidst

Book I. SCOTLAND. i

Amidst thisdiVerfity of Opinions, and the varions Modes
and Cuftoms of Speech, Llud thinks ft molt adviTeable al-
ways to look to Antiquity^ and the Country - manner of
Speech, as a Pole-Star; and, by that, to direfl the whole
Courft of his Language; For my part, I would not much
^flcnt from him, if that, which was in ancient Ufe, and there-
fore thought certain, could be always obfcrved and kept.
Bot there are fcveral Rcafons why that cannot be done.

First, Becauft, in every Language, *tis very difficult to
find out the Original of Words; and therefore 'tis more ad-
visable, in this cafe, to follow the Cuftom of the Learned,
than by a vain and ridiculous Labour, always tofearch after
Originals, as after the Fountain of JV/7«x; cfpecially fince
theOrijginal of Words depends not on the Judgment of the
wifcrSort, but on the Plcafure of the Vulgar; who, for the
moft part, are rude and unpolifhed ; and therefore anxioufly
to inquire after their Reafbn, is aPieceof necdiefs Curiofity ;
and, if you (hould find it out, it would not be worth your
Labour. For, as in the Generation of all other things,
which cither grow naturally of themfelves, or elfe are m-
vcBtcd by Men for the Ufe of Life, the firft Embryo's are
very imperfcQ, and come' forth lefs acceptable, not only for
Ufe, but even for Sight; yet afterward, by Culture, they
are improved, and are made amiable by good Management.
Tis fo in Language, which, taking its firft Rife from Men
rude and impolite, came forth harfh, rugged, and uncouth;
untilJ, b;f Ufe, it gradually put off its natural Horror and'
Unpleauntnefs, becoming more gentle arid fweeter to the
Ear, and more eafily inunuating icfelf into the Minds of
Men. And therefore, in this Cafe, (if in any) I think fomc-.
thing is to be indulged to the Cuftom of Men more polite
than others'; and that fuch a Pleafure, which is neither un-
comely nor ungraceful, as far as it is not hurtful to Mens
Manners, is not to be defpifed. But if any one is born un-
der fuch an ill Confteilatiou, that he rather affcfls the Lan-
guage of C^ra and Ennius^ than of Cicero and Terence \ and
when Corn is found out, yet had rather feed on Maft ftill,
my Vote is, Much good may it do him. But this our prefent
Difpute is not concerning the Purity and Elegancy of the
LMtin Tongue; for it does not come within theCompafs of
it, to know how the Britons of former Ages founded their
Letters or their Words. My whole Endeavour is, to Ihew^
how the Latins may learn the Britijb^ not how ttttBritiJb
may learn the Latin Pronunciation. For my part, I had ra-
ther be ignorant of the gibberith of the old Britons, thanfot-
g«^*that little of the Latin Tongue, which 1 imMbcd with
> C 3 great

'< The His r ovLY of BookL

great Pains when I was a Child. And I have no other Rca-
U)n for leffening my Difgufl: when I find the znckni Scotijh
Language dying away by degrees, but this one Confiileration,

. which I own is very pleafing tome, and it is this; that while
we baniQi thofe wild barbarous Sounds, we borrow harmo-
nious ones from the Latin^ and fubflitute them in their room.
And inthisTranfmigration of Languages, if one mull needs
yield to another, Good-now, of the Two, let us pais from
Rufticity and Barbarifm, to Culture and Humanity ; and,
by our Choice and Judgment kt us put off that Uncouth-
nefs which accrued to us by the Infelicity of our Birth.
And If our Pains and Induftry can avail any thing in this
Cafe, let us beftow them all this way, viz. To polifli, as
ipuch as we can, the Greek and Latin Tongues, which the
better part of the World hath publickly received ; and, if

, there be any Solecifins or Flaws flicking thereto, from the
Contagion of barbarous Languages, Ut us do what we can
tp purge them away.

Besides, this over-anxious Diligence about foreign Names,
cfpecially in transferring them into another Language, car
never be obferved, neither is it expedient that it (ho^ld : Foi
what Language is there, which hath not fome Letters anc
Sounds, which cannot fully be cxpreffed by theCharafiers o
another Tongue? What Nation, befides the Germ^», car
pronounce the Letter /F"? Who can give that Sound to th<
Letters D.G.P.T.X. and Z. xnUtin^ which iheSfantards
the Britons^ and part of the Scots^ do ?

Because of this Abfurdity of Sound, as I fuppofe, it is
that Pliny^ reckoning up the Cities of %/'», denies, tha
fome of them can be well pronounced in the L<a/i» Tongue

. Some he calls ignoble, and of barbarous Appellation; Otherj
he fays, cannot' be fo much as named without grating th
Ear. What, 1 befrech you, would Llud do in this cafe,
he were to write the Hiftory oi Britain in Latin'i With a
his Stock of rufly Barbarifm, I believe, he would fcarce kno^
hov/ to pronounce the genuine Names of the Britons. Fc
feeing he vexes himfelffo much how he ihould write Lu.
either Lhuyd, or Llud, or clfe bare Ludd, none of whi<

. can be written, pronounced, or heard amongft Latinij
without Regret: If he retains the true Sound, he will mal
not a Latin, but a femi-barbarous Oration : but if he ber
foreign Words to the Sound of the Latin, he will comm
as great a Trefpafs, as Cafar is faid to have done in the Woj
Brttannus. What then (hall we do, to pleafe fo captioi
and fo morofe a Perfon as £W? Shall wc call the Iflar
Prudamiaj rather thm Britannia^. Li^d hlmfelf^ who is i

icve!

Book I. S C O T L A N "Di 9

ievcrc a Cenfor of others, will not exaft this of us ; He vrWl

permit it to be called Prudania^ from Pruda. But if any one

dare to pronounce and call \t Britannia ^ or Brettania^ he'll

lay about him, and accufe him prefently of violating facred

Antiquity, of corrupting and contaminating the ancient and

lincere Language; and of turning kj'nto an effeminate and

/bft Pronunciation, from a robuft and mafculine Sound,

What Aall we do in this Cafe? May we not take leave t»

brighten fome Expreffions, and refcue them from the Gloom

of Antiquity by changing their Air? Or, if we mull not

change, yet, pray, may we not poliih fome rough Words^

and foften them a little from their Harftitiefs and Barbarity^

that at leaft they may found like the Speech of Men ? We

fee our Anceftors have done this in the Words MorinS^

Moremarufa^ znd jlrmorici; fo that if we cannot make thofe

Words free of old Romtj yet at leaft we may imitate the

Garb and Similitude of the Latin in them. But, I fee, Llttd

will riot allow us that Liberty. He calls i>s back to the

auguft Antiquity of the Prudanfs^ and forbids us to depart

in the leaft from the Bards and Graybeards. But the ancient

Greeks and Latins were never fo ftrait-laced : For when the

SiifFnefs of their ancient Speech began a little to remit, there

was none amongft them who had rather pronounce Famnl

and Folup^ than the Words which were fubftituted in their

rooms ; and they ufed a very great Liberty in tranflnting L^-

tin Words from Greek^ and Greek from Latin. Who ever

blamed the Latin^^ for turning Velydences into PMux^ //J?-

racUs into Hercules^ Afclefios into JEfculapius ? Or^ who

hath reproved the Greeks for calling Catulus, Catius; and

Remus, R$mw ? Nay, what did the Greeks do, in tranfla-

ting barbarous Words into their own Language? Did they

ever make any Scruple to turn y?/, a P«»/V^ Termination, into

As^ in the end of Words ? If a Man pronounce Annihas for

Annibal, muft be (forfooth) prefently tread under foot the

Majcftyof allHiftory ? Muft he be faid to corrupt theTruth^

or to dp a notorious Injury to the Punick Language ? See

how the Study; of Humanity and Politenefs, which Was

eminent araoogft the ancient Savons, and the Danes^ wha

paffed over later toto Britain^ ditfers from Lltsd^s uncouth

and flovenly AfFeaations. They being rude and ignorant of

all Learning, when they came to Men that ufed a barbarous

aiid broken kind of Language, were fo far from fntfcring

thcmfelvts to be infefted with then: Solccifms i that^ on the

contrary, when they had oncetaftcd of the Sweetnefs of the

Latin Tongue, they pared away, much of the Roughncft

which thej had brought upon it : They rendered fo^*'^

To T^eHisTORY^/ Book I

Words lb fmooth, as to make them lefs ofFenffvc to th«
Ear, fach as zxtOxonia znd Raffa^ fot Ox^nfordia ^d RauJ
^hejiriaj and many others, which Xi/iv^/ himfelf does not pre
tend to contradiS. And he allows bimfelf the fame Libert
in many other Words, though he is fo fevere and fo obfti
nate a Critick in this one Word Britannia, But now h
ftiffly oppofes the ancient Cuftom of all Nations, for a new
obfcure, and uncertain Word: Left forfooth the Roys
Name of Llud^ defcended from old Brennms, and kept a
a Palladium to this very Day, Ihould be buried in Obliyioc
To prevent which, Liud manages a Conteft againd the gc
neral Ck)nfent of Mankind, the Antiquity of Time, andevci
againft Truth ftfelf.

There is yet alfo another Obfcrvation to be made upo
the Word Br/V^»/^, that foreign Writers make it the Nam
of the whole Ifland; but the Britons ^ndEngliJh^ whohav
written the Britijh Hiftory, ' fometimes agree with foreig
Writers, in their Appellation of it ; and fometimes they ca
only that part of the Ifland Britain^ which was a Roma
Province; and that varioufly too, as the Event of War chan{
cd the Borders; for fometimes they made theWMoi Adriai
fometimes that of Severus^ the Limits of their Empire: T^
reft, which were witjiout thofe Walls, they fometimes tern
ed barbarous, fometimes outkndifli People. Bede^ in tl^
Beginning of his firft Book, writes thus : Wherefore the Pift
coming into Britain, began to inhabit the North Part of ti
IJland\ for the Britons inhabited the South. He fays alf
Chap, xxxiv. Aidan was Kin^ of the Scots, who inhabit Britaii
And Lib. IV. Chap, i v. writingof the Return of Ca/i«^» oi
of England into Scotland^ he fays. In the mean time Qo\tm\
who was of Scoi\mdyleavingW\itx\n: And elfewherc, Tk
ihey began jor manyDavSj to tome from the Country of Sco
land into Britain. And farther, Ofwald was Jlaim near h
Wall that the Romans had built from Sea to Sea^ to defei
Britain, and to repel the Affaults of the Barbarians. The far
Form of Speech is found in the Cone Author, Lib.IL Cha
ix. Claudian doth not feem to be ignorant of this manner
Speech, peculiaf to the Britons^ when he writes. That t
Roman htgxon^ which curbed the fierce 5^^/, lay betwc<
the Britons, i. e. oppofite to the Scots, that it might cov
the Britons from their Fury, in the fartheft Part of Englan
and Borders of Scotland, William ofMalmsbury, and Geoff
of Monmouth, none of the obfcureft Writers ofBritiJk Affaii
do often ufe this kind of Speech, in whom a Man may c
fily take Notice, that That only is called Britain, which
contained withia the Wall of Sevcrus. Though this Mati

BookL SCO T LA Nt>. if

be fb clear in thele Writers, that no Man can be l^orant
of it, yet it hath produced ereat MiSakes amongft the Wri-
-.ers of the next Age, what fome have affirmed in their Works^
). #. That Alured^ Atbeljian^ and feme other of the SaxoM
*Cings, did Ibmettmes reign over the whole Ifland ; when
yet, *tis clear, they never pafled beyond the Wall of Sevcrus.
Vor when they read. That they held the Empire of all J?r/-
m9^ they pref^ntly thought, that they were Madera of the
ifland, and had, it wholly in their own Hands.

Wb may obferve the lame likewife from the conftant way
•f ufing thofe Names BritoHnus and Brsua; for all the old
Greek and Latin Writers call the whole Ifland BrhoMnia^
aid all its Inhabitants Britnins^ without making any Diitinc-
ton. The firft, that I know, of the R$maM$^ who called
tiem Brittonsy was Martial^ in that Verfe,

^am Vittres bracihjt Brittonis famptrh.

■ ■ The old Tronfes of Brhton poor.

The Vulgar commonly call the Inhabitants of the Gallick '
?enin(ble, BriM»Sy though Gregory * TttrMef^s zlwzys calls
it Britain^ and its Inhabitants Britaw. The Romans do
conftantly call their Provindals Brhains^ though their Pro-
vincials themfelves like the Name oi Brittons bed. Both
Names have one Radix and one Original, viz* Britannia i
and as they both fpring from one and the felf lame Root,
ft) they both fignify one and the felf fame thing. And that
the Verfes of Aufonius the Poet do plainly fliew.

f Silvitis ille hnufy qui earmina nojiralaceffit:
Noftra magis meruit Mflicba Britto bonus.

Silvius bic bonus eft. ^is Sihius ? IJie Britannns.
Ant Britto bic non efi Sylvius^ aut mains eft.

* BiAop of Touru

t This Epigram was made hy tint Poet againft one Silvius, Sarnamed B«imt,
cf LittUfj^ntain in Fraaet, againft whom he had a Pique, (and, it feems^ againft
tbe whole Nation of the Britaips far his iake.) He takes an occafion to jeer him
i&om the Amhiguity of his Surname Bonus, wiiich figniftes alfo good in Latin, antf
(bjr Che Figure Antifbrafit) evil, as here fometimes it is taken. This Author
naket it a Dodeafiicb, whereas later Interpreters have divided it into fix Diftjchs^
(bat an of one Subjea) according to the Poet's Mind, expneflTed in the Firft of
tlien. Thev are not here quoted for tlie Sarcafms contained therein, (and there-
^ ire not here tranftated,} but only to ftiew, that, in thb Poet's time, who
Ji?ed uqder Gratian the Emperor^ about A^nno Chrifti ^^o. Mritto and Britanaut
^!«re Tcme fynonymotti*

Silvius

;i*r 77^ Hi it OKY of Book!

SilviMS 0ffe b$9nis Britio^ ferturqut Britaunm^
J^is c'r4daS iivcm degeneraffe bon$im ?

Nema hn$u Brhto ejt. Sijimplex Sihius tjfi
Intipiatj fimplex dejinet ^ffe bonus.

Sshlm hie bonus eft : Sed Britto eft SHvlus sdem^
Simplici9r res eft dscere^ Britto malus.

Silvii Britto bonus, quamvis.iomo mn bonus ejfe
FirriSf nee fe quis jungfre ^ Stritto bono.

TKE3f whQ contend, that i\^ Britons ;w^xt a Cglony ^j

thtGaulsy do fay; xhat HercuUsh^^^SonoviCeho^^Gal*

lick Virgin, called Britannus, from whom thehfationof th

Britons had thdr Original. P/<ii^x.placeth this Nation neu

to the Morini, the Atrebates, and the Gejforiaci. Neithq

are there wanting fome Gr^ei Grammarians to confirm it;

as Suidas^ and he, who wrote the Book called Etymologicun

• Magnum. C. Julius defar^ and C. Cornelius Tacitus^ feen

to have been of the fame Opinion; and fo do other Latit

Writers alfo, not unlearned, yet ttot.lb famous as thole two

Befides, the Religion, Speech, LDftitotiQtis and Manners o

fome Nations, inhabiting near the Galtick Sea, do evince th<

fame thing; from whence the Bif/>o»/ were, in my Opinion

I tranlplanted by whole Colonies, and ihtMorins by little aa<;

little quite extinguiflied. The Word Morinms ftems to draxi

its Etymology from More^ which, in the old Gatlick Tongue

fignifies the Sea. f^enta^ called in old LatiUy Fenta Belga^

turn^ (becaufeiphabitedbytheGtf//<?-J9f^^) /. e. Wincbefter

and Icenum derived from leium: Tbefe Names make it verj

probable, that their Colonies tranfported with them into 2

foreign Soil thdr own Country Terms in the Place of j

Surname; and at their very Entrance, meeting with the Bri

ions J whom they acknowledged to be their OfF-fpring, thej

brought them home, and did, as it were, maintain them ai

their ownHoufcs. Forifefm»»jamongfttheold Gauls y fig^

nifics MarinuSy and Moremarufa, Mare Mortuum: Thougf

Qorropiui hath almoil AoVn from us ^he& two kft Naines,

whilfi be is fludious to extol his Aduatici beyond meafiarei

Neither Can the Aremorici^ ex Armor iciy dany that thi6y ar<

of our Stock; for we have ample and clear Tcflimoni^s^

both old and new, as Pledges thereof. Becaufe Ar^ or yfrr^

* The printed Books read Sriit$ Sf homo, which is fcarcc Senfc i and thcf efor<
yiff€tus bath amended it, Bn'tt* hnv,

i

Book I. 'S t 6 T L A N 2). i,

is an oTd(7tf//fVi Prepofition, which fignifies^/, oiUpon-^ as
if wc ffiould fay, if/ ox Upon the Sea, /. e. Maritime. And
Moretnarafa is derived ixomMore^ i. c. Marcj the Sea; the
laft Syllable being long, after the manner of a Cr^rf Partici-
ple. As for Aremorsca^ or Armorica^ (he that cannot know
them at firft hearing, muft be wholly ignorant of theold^<I^•
/lfit Xongue) they alfo fignify Maritime; and fo Str^Ao in-
terprets them, who in Gr^^^ always renders them i^or^^iri/ir,
C</ir writes thus of the jfri»«r/Vifj; Lib.V. Tha$gre4it Forces
pf the Gauls, out of the CUUs called Axmoiic^^ v/ere gather*
ed together fo opfofe him. And Lib. VII. Out of all the Cities
wear the Ocean^ which^' according to their Cuflom^ arecallei
Armories. And LiJ). VIII, And the other Cities Jituaie in the
extrente Parts of Fxaxicc^ near the Sea^ called AxxxiOncx. A*
often as Cafar makes mention of thefi: Cities, he always
adds, JVhich are* fa called^ but he fo adds it, that ft rather '
feems an Epithet, or Surname of a Place, than its proper
Name. Neither is that found to be the Name pf a City ia
any other authentick Writer, yet thacWord \% Ipread far and
near in that Coaft, viz^ fxom Spain to the Rhine; andamongft
all Writers, I find Pliny alone fcems not to underfland the
Force of the Word; for he thinks that all Gafcogne was
ibmetimes fo called. But enough of it atprefent; oioremay
be (aid of the Gallick Tongue hereafter.

The moft ancient Name of the Ifland is thought to have j)eea
Albion; or, as ArifiotUy ox xBthtvTheophraftus^ in the Book
intiilcd, DeMundoy writes it AlHum. But that Name i> ra-
ther taken out of Books, than ufed in common Speech, un*«
lefi amongft the old Scots^ who, as yet, call themfclvcs A/^
hinichj and their Country Alhin. M^ny think, that this Name
was given to it, from the white Rocks v^'hich firft appear trt
.Mariners, as they fail ixoin France. But ft feems veryabfurd
to me, to fetch the Original of a Britifr Name from the
Latin^ there being then fo little Commerce between ftranga
Nations. Others arc of Opinion, that this Name was given by;
Alhion the Son pf "Nepttcne^ whom they feign to have beeu
fomctimeKing o{ Britain: A bold Fiflion, and having na
Ground fromAntiquity to fupport it ; yet fome are not afhamed .
to gkcAlhion this Kinj^om, upon fo weak a Foundation a«t
that of a Similitude in Names. For I fee no pther Foun-
datk>n in Hiftory, which might occafion this Fable. Amongft
theGrceisy 'tis true, Diodorus Siculus and Strabo have made
mention o( Albion and Bergion; of the Latins ^ Cato^ ^ygi'
ngs^ and Mela; from whom we may gather, that AJiiam
and Bergion^ the Sons of Neftune^ being Ligurians^ infeft««
ed the Highways with Robberies, which lead from the Coun-^

try

Mkm^ \ .

14 ' Ti^^is TO i.Y of fiooK

try of the /tlUd into Italy. Thefe Men, when Hercttl
fiket he had conquered Geryony was returning out of Spat
fought to rob him of his t^rey, and maintained fo fharp
Fteht with him, that he, almoft deipairing of Vidory, (
old Story fiys,) was forced to implore the Aid of Juph^
who fent down a Shower of Stones to relieve his Son; ai
that the Field of Stones remained to Pofterity as a Teftimoi
of that Fight. I will not deny, but that both thellland, ai
Ihe Robber too, took their Name from Album, But thii
lay, that Album was a common Name amongtt many N
lions, and that it fignified with them, not only Colour, b
Height too. And Feftus Pompeius affirms, that what the L
tins call Alba^ ^eSabins call Alpa; from whencethei^&J h
their Name, bccaufe they are white with continual 5noi
^ For my part, as I affent concerning the one, thzt Album ai
' Alpum were fynonymous amongft the Ancients, and I have t
Authority not of Feftus only, but of Straho alfo, to fupport n
Opinion; fo I alfo judge, the i///>/ wereTo called, rather fro
their Height than their Whitcnefs. My Reafons are, fir
becaufe/f/^^ristheNameof many Cities in Italy ^ France ?l\
Spaiuy which arc all fituate on Hills, or near them : Ai
liifidcs, becaufeJ*/rtf*^ acknowledges, that thefe Names, AU
AlpUy Alfia^ Albfouia^ Albtci^ without any difference, a
derived from the fame Root, In the Signification of Heigh
and therefore he Ihe ws, that they arc mcS ufcd, where the Ai
begin to grow high. Hence, in Liguria^ there is Albiugaunm
and Albium lutimeUum ; and among the lapodes there is Albiu
an exceeding high Cliff, where the Alps do end. There a
other Places, which may feem to be fo named from their Heigl
In Italy there is the River Albula^ rifing ih the Mountains
Etruna, and the Waters called ^/^«Ar flowing down fromt
TibntiueMouutaius. In Gallia Narbouerffisthctc are the Albi
a mountainous People. In Germany there is the River Alb
arifing from the Mountains of Bohemia. In AJia^ theRiv
Albanus iowsdovftifrom Mount Caucafusj ^nd the Albania
dwell about the fame Mountain. By which Inftances I thii
we may conclude, that Album is not a Word of one ^ but ma
Kations ; and in all the Places which I have named, their Heig
is always one and the fame; but their Whitcnefs happens b
for fome few Months in the Year, and inforneof themnot
all. The Names of the Ligurian Giants do alfo confirm th
ConjeStute^ Albion zndBergion^ both of them, as I judge, b
ing named from their Tallncfs. What the Ancients thoug
of the Word Alburn^ I have faid enough. That the Germa
6all High, Berg^ is too well known to want Explanatioj
And there is a rlace in Pliny ihat Ihews, it was anciently uf

Book I: iS G O TLA NT>: 15

in the lame Senft amongft tbtGamls ; it is in his third Book,
which I am of Opinion muft be thus read; " Whence C4^»
^' affirms y the Bergomates to have had their Original, they dil^
" covering themfclves by their Names to be iituated more high-
" ly, than happily," Therefore Albion and Ber^ion were Men,
it (eems, far taller than their Neighbours, who in confidence of
their Strength, did commit Robberies in thofe Coafts of Lff «•
ria^ Mrhom Hercules^ travelling that way, fubdued by Force of
Arms. But none of the Ancients ever affirmed^ that they
reigaed in Britain^ and the then State of the Gallick Affairs
makes it very improbable, that it (hould befo; and it is likely,
that the State oi Britain yiz& not much more quiet; in which
Land the jgxt^x Albion left a famous Kingdom, that he might
play the Kobber at home ! Now as I do not much diner
from their Opinion, who allert, That Albion was £b called from
Album ; ib I think the occafion of the Name was not from the
Colour, but from the Height of the Mountains: The? who
impofed that Name were, 1 believe, fbmething inclined there*
unto by comparing England '^x'Cci Ireland^ there being but a
narrow Sea between them : For they feeing one Shore to be al*
together mountainous, and the other deprefled, level, and
Ipread into Campaign or open Fields, they called the firft
Albion^ from its Height: But whether they gave any Name
to the fecond, from its low Situation, the Length of Time,
and the Negligence of the Inhabitants in recording ancient
Affairs^ hath made uncertain. Befides, this alfo adds Strength
to my Opinion, that the Name of the Ifland, derived from yf/-
bum^ whether A Ibiony or Albium^ remains in Scotland to this
very Day, as in its native Soil; neither could it ever be extirpat-
ed there, notwithdanding fo many Changes of Inhabitants,
Kingdoms, Languages, and the Viciffitude of other things.
Thefe Things feem true, or at leall probable to me ; yet if any
Man can inform me better, I will eafilybe of his Opinion,

Hitherto of the ancient Names of the Ifland: The next
thing is, to explain the Situation of the Countries. The En*
gjifij Writers have plainly and clearly enough described their
own feveral Counties : But Hedor Boetins, in his Defcrip-
tion of Scotland^ hath delivered (bme things not fo true, and
he hath drawn others into Miftakes, whilft he was over-
acdulous of thofe, to whom he committed the Inquiry after
Matters, and fo publiflied their Opinions rather than the
Truth. But I (hall briefly touch at thofe things which I am
afliired of; and thofe which feem obfcure and lefs true, I.
will corred as well as I can.

EN^LA NDy as far as concerns our prefent purpofe,
/$ moft conveniently divided by four Rivers, two rlmning

into*

itf The Hist OR Y of Book

joto Xhetrijb Sea, viz. Dee and Seveme; and two into
Cerman Sea, /. e. Thames and Humher. Between Dee ;
Seveme lies /F^ fc /, being diftingoiihed into three feveral ]
gfons. Between Seveme and Tbamesy lies all that part
England which is oppofitc to France. The Countries int
jacent between Thames and Humber^ make the third pa
and the Countries reaching from Humber and Dee to 5<
landj make up the fourth.

But Scotland is divided from England^ firft, by the Ri
Tweed '^ then, by the high Mountain Ci&^t^/tf/ ; and where
Mountain fails, then by a Wall or Trench newly made, t
afterwards by the Rivers Eike and Solway. Within th
Bounds, from the Scotifh Sea to the Iri/h^ the Counties
in this Order. Firft Mercb^ in which the EngUJfj do n(
poffcfs Berwick^ fituatc on the left fide of the Tweed, i
the Eaft it is bounded with the Firth of Forth, On the Sot
-With England. On ihclVefl, on both fides the River Tty^
VesTiviotdalei taking its Name from the River Tiviot: h
divided from England by the Cheviot*W\\\s. After this,
three Counties not very great, Liddifdail^ Eufedail^ and E
dail,^ being fo called of three Rivers, which have an Affir
in the Sound, viz* Udq}^ Ene^ and Eske, The laft \% /
TsandaUy taking its Name from the River yf»»tf»/, which
vkies it almoil m the middle, and, near to Solway^ runs ij
the Irtp Sea.

Now to return again \oForth\ oft the Eajl it is bounc
by Lothian. Ceckburnes Path and Lamormoore-HxW^ divid
from Mereb. Then, bending a little to the fFeJl, ft toucl
Lauderdale ^niT'oxedale \ the one fo called from theToi
Lander^ the other from the Rrver Tweedy dividing it4n i
middle. Liddifdale^ Nithifdale^ and CUdefdale^ do bor<
on Twedale on the Stmtb and iVeft. The River Nith gi'
Name to Nithfdale\ runnftig through it into the Irijh S
Lothian xvas fo named ftoOiLothuf, King of the Pi£ls. (
the Nortb'EaJi it is bounded with the Forth, or Scotijh S
and it looks towards CUdefdafe on the South-Weft. T
Country does far excel all the reft, in the Civility of its ]
habitants, and in plenty of all things for the Ufeof Life.
is watered with five Rivers, Tine, both the Eskes, (wh
before they fall into the Sea join in.one Channel,) Leith a
Almond, Thefe Rivers, arifing partly from thtLamormoo
Hills, and partly from Pentland-HWUy dilgorgc themfel^
into the Firth of Forth. Lothian contains theft Tow
Dunbar, Had'mgton, Dalkeith, Edinbfirgh, Leith, and L
Hthgoe, . More to the IFeft lies Clidfdale on both fides the Ri'
,Clyd; which, by rcafon of its Lengthy is divided into v
• 2 . , . Sher

Book I SC OT LA N !D. it

SherifFwicks. In the uppcrmoft of them there is an Hill, not
ycty high, yet oat of It Rivers run into three divers Seas,
Tared into theScotl/b^ Annanimio the Irijh^ andGVitito
the De$tcaUdonia9i-^tAs. The tnoft eminent Cities in it, are
Lamerifk and Glafg$^. Kyte On tht Souti-ff^e/i is adjoining to
it; beyond Kyle is; Galhvjdy. It is feparated from Ni$bfdale
by the River C/y</, bending almoft wholly to the South^ and
that remaining part of Sc^ikmd is alfo covered by its Shore.

It is all more fruitful in Cattle than Corn; it hath the&
Rivers running into the irijb Sea, Ure or Ore^ Dte^ K^nn^
Cree^ void LmJs; it hath fcarce any great Mountains, but only -^
fome finall Hills in it; between which, the Water, ftagnant ^
in the Valleys, makes abundance of Lakes, by which, in the
firft Showers after the Autumnal iBquinox, the Rivers are
encrealed, which bringdown an incredible Quantity of Eels,
which the Inhabitants take in Weels made of Ofier Twigs^
and, Iklting them, get no finall Profit thereby. The Boun-
dary of that fide is the Mul of Galloway^ under which, ia
the Mouth of the River Lus^ is a Bay^ which PtoUmy calls
RertgoHiMs. The Bay commonly called £ori&-ii/^ and, by
Ptolemiy t^uhg^r^ flows' into it: on the other fide from the
Firtb of Clyd. The Land running betwixt thofe Bays, the
Inhabitants do call Rinm^ (/'. e,) the Edge of Galloway :
They alfo call NoHdntum^ the Mul^ (/. e.} the Beak, or
Jaw : But the whole Country is called GaUoway ; for Gallon
vsd^ in old i'cottfi^ fighlfies a Gaut. .

Below Ificb-Rian^ on the bade fide of GaUowa^y there
lies Carrick'Bailieryy gently declining to tbe Rnb of Clyd,
Two Rivers pafs through it, Sumfiar and Girvany toth of
them having many ple^fant Villages on their Banks. Between
the Rivers there are fome fmall Hills, A^uitful for Paftore^ and
not unfit for Corn : ^is all not oalyfelf-fiifficient with LaiiKi
and Sea-Commodities, but it idfo fiipplies its Neighbours
with many Neceffiiries. The River Z)oxt^ feparates it
from Kyky which^ ari&th- from a La/ke of the Cime Name,
wherein is an liland with a fmall CaQle. KyU follows
neit, bordering upon Galhway on the Sautk^ and on the^
Nortb-Eaft on Cli4fdale\ on rkcWeft it h feparated from
Cunningham by the River Irsjyn j the River Aire divides it in
the mMdle. Near it is fimated Air^ a Town of great Trade ;
the Country in general abounds more with valiant Men, than
with Corn or.Cattle ; lor the Soil is poor and iandy, and that
ibarpcns thelndoftry of the Inhabitants; and their Parfimony
confirms the Strength both of their Bodies and Minds. Af-
ter /f/r, Cftnninghkm ruos-9ivthe'2V<?rfc&, and doth as it were
juffleout and-.ftrcigHien iti^XHyd^ attd brings it into the.
. . * ' Compafs

it TBeHisTOKY of B^ooK

Cbmpafs but of a moderate River. The Name of the Coi

try is Danipy and, in that Language, . (ignifies the Kin

Houfe ; which is an Argument, chat the Domes did foii

times pofleg it. Nest is Renfrew^ fituate at the Eajii

part thereof; fo called from a little Town, wherein i[

were wont to celebrate their Conventions ; 'tis commoi

called the Barony o? Renfrew. Two Hivers, both of th<

called Carth^ divide it in the midft. After the Barony

Renfrew^ Clidf dale is ilretched out on both fides of theRii

Clydy and, in regard of its Largenefs, is divided into ma

' Jurifdidions. It paui^ out many famous Rivers, on the 1

Hand, Evemznduugiafs^ which run into Cfyd; and un i

Right, another River called fz^f/r, vfhxchdmdesLBfiJanhc

Sterlingpire. Thefe two Currents take the common App<

lation of Rivers, indeadof a proper-Name, as, xnlVaUs^ t

River called Avon doth, in a diverfc Dialed^. The River Ed

ovAvoWy feparates the County of Sterling on the South frG

Lotbiam; on the Eafi the ftrth of Forth, untill at laft, bei

leflened, it is reduced to the proper Size of a pafTable Riv<

dhd. admits of a Bridge near Sterling. There is but one n:

morable River which divides this Country, called Carn

Water^ near which there are ibmc ancient Monuments. C

the left Hand of Carron^ there are two fmall Hills or Bi

rows, made of Earth by Man's Hand, (as the thing icd

ftews) commonly called Duni pads, (i. e.) Emblems

Reconciliation- But about two Miles lower, on the far

River, there is a round Edifice made without aiiy Lime, b

fo formed with (harp Stones, that part of the upper Stone

as it were, mortafled into the lower ; fo that the whc

Work, mutually conjoined^ fuftains itfelf with the Weig

of the Stones, from top to bottom, growing narrower ai

narrower by Dq;rees. The top of it is open : The commi

People have ieveral Fancies, according to their divers H

xnours, concermng the Uie and Author of this Srrudu

For my part, I once conjefiured, that it was a Temple

the God Terminus ; which, they lay, was wont to be bi

round and open at top: And the Duni facts near adjoinii

feemed fomewhtt to ftrengthen my Conjefturc, as if a Peg

had been made there, of which thefe Hills are a Monume

becaufe there the Romans terminated the Bounds of their J

rifdid^ion and Emph'e; neither could any thing have alter

my Opinion, unlefs I had been informed by creditable B

fons, That, in a certain liland, there are many Edifices

other refpe^s like the Strudure which I have Ipoken of, I

that they are greater, and not io compa£l. There are aj

.two Chapels in Rofs of the like Shape. Thefe things mi

* ■. 2i i

Book I SCOTLAND. 19

me liiipend ^my Opinion, and to judge that theft wete Mo-
numents or Trophies of feme famous Deeds, placed, as ft
were, at the fag-end of the Wdrld, that they might be pre-
fcrved from the Injury and Fury of Enemies. But whether
thefe were Trophies^ or (as fome think) Sepulthres of fa-
mous Men^ I behave they were Monuments confecrated td
be perpetuated to Pofterity, but built by rUde and unskilful
Workmen, after the Simih'tude of the Chapei ereSed it
Carron. On the jight fide of Carron^ the Ground is gene-^
rally plain and level, only there is a little Hill in it, almoft
in the mid-fpacc between the Dnni pacts and the Chapel j
and juft there, at the bending of the Angle^ fbnie Remains
of an ancient City appear to this very Day. But the Foun*
dation of the Walls, and the Defcriptioft of the Streets^
partly by reafon of Countryniens plowing up the Ground,
ani partly by plucking out the fquare Stones to build fomd
rich Mens Houles thereabouts, are quite blended and con-
fiifed. Englifli Bede exprefly calls this place Guld'ty and
places it in the very Angle oP'the Wall of Sever us. Be-
fides him, many famous Roman Writers make mention of
this Wall ; yea, feveral Footfteps thereof do yet appear, and
many Stones are dug out, with Infcriptions containing either
a Gfatulation of Safety and Vidory, received by the Centu-
rions and Tribunes of the Romans^ or clfe fome Funeral
Epitaphs engraven therein. And feeing the Wall of Severut
isfeldom lefs diftadt than loo Miles iiomAdrian*sth^ oldet:
of the two, ( as the Remains of both do (hew ) Englip
Writers betray their great Ignorance, either in not under-
ftanding the Latins^ who have delivered thefe things down
to us; or elfe their Carelefnefs, who have tranflaced that
fo confnfedly, which is fo plain in the Original, How-
ever it be, the thing is worthy, if not of a (harp Reprc-
ben(ion, yet of a light Admonition, at leaft; elpecially^
fince by the Monuments lately fpoken of, and by Beds'i
Englifh Hiftory too, it plainly appears, that once the Bonn-*
dary betwixt the Britons and the Scots was there. Thole
who fancy Maldon to be. lituate here, are the lame Men,
who affirm, F hat the Chapel or StruQure wefpoke ofV-war
the Temple oi Claudius C afar \ but they are hugely miilakeri
in both, feeing Maidon^ a Colony of the Romania is abovd
300 Miles diitant from that place, if we may believe P/o-
/fwy, and the Itinerary of Antoninus. Cornelius Tacitus
doth plainly confute this their Miliake, as in all his othet
Narrations, iii elpecially^ when he fays, that the Romans
having loft Maldon^ fled to the Temple of Claudius C^efar^
for Safety^ But that Stru^lure, whether it were a Gbapet

D Of

lo The History of Book I

or Temple of Termiitus^ or elfc a Monument of fome othc

thing, having no Doors, nor fign of aiw, and being ope

alfo at top, from the cading in of Stones, can fcarc

contain, much lefi (helter, ten Soldiers. Moreover, aboi

forty Years after the Expedition of Claudius Cafar into Br

tain J Julius jijrricoU was the fir 11 of the Roman Genera

who penetrated with his Army into thofe parts : Befide

Adrian alfb, fifty Years zdtx Agricola^ fettled the Bounds (

the Roman Province, between the Rivers Tine an4£j)fc

by making a Wall, of which divers Footiteps in man

' places do yet remain. But SeptimiusSeverusy about the Ye;

of* our Lord zio, entering into Britain^ built a Wall ic

Miles beyond the Limits made by Adrian^ from the fir

of Clyd to the Conflux oi Forth and Avon^ of which, mai

clear and evident Tokens yet remain. Befides, we nev

read in ancient Writings, that the chief Seat of the ?ii

was at Mdldon^ but at Abernetby\ there was their Roys

and al(b Epifcopal, Seat, which was afterwards tranflat

to St. Andrews, And if it be demanded, what moved t

Romans to draw a Colony thither, and how they maintain

it in a Soil fo barren, and (at that time) woody, uncul

vated, and obnoxious, to the daily Injuries of the fierc

of their Enemies; I fuppofe, they will anfwer, (for I i

not what elfe they can fay,) that it was fupplied from t

Sea, for then Ships came up to the very Gates of the Git

though againft the Stream of Carron Water. If that wtrc tri

then the Grounds lying on both fides the Fortb^ muft ncc

*e overwhelmed with the Inundations of the Ocean, a

muft therefore be barren, which alone, in thatTraft, ou{

to have borne Corn. But this is yet a more difficult Qi

ftion; That feeing the Sea- water did run on both fides i

Fortby why the Romans did not there make their Boi

dary-Wall, rather than unnecefl&rily carry it many Mi

farther? ' '

Beyond ihtComx^ of SterlingW^Leunox^ divided fr<
the Barony of Rerifrew by Clyd^ and from the County
GUfgovj by the River Kelvin ; from the County of Sterl
by jVfountains, and from the Stewarty of Menteath by
Forth 5 at length it is terminated in the Mountein Grampt
. or Grantsbaiuy at the Foot of which, through an hollow V
ky, Loch'Lomund fpreads iffelf, which is f^entyfour M
long, and eight broad ; it contains above twenty four Iflan-
befides a Multitude of other Fifiies, it hath fome of a pecu
J^ind, very pleafant to eat, they call them Pollacks. At lenj
breaking out towards the South, it ppurs out the Ri
Leveuy giving Name to ihe whole Country, and near
4 Ca

J&ooicL SCOtLAMia. at

Caflte of Dumbarton^ and a Town 6{ the fatnc ^fdrtle< falli
into Clyd. The farthermoft Hills of Mount Gr^miMsi d6
heighten the extreme Parts of Lennok^ befng divided bjr a
finall Bay of thd Sea, cialled Loeh-Ger^ ftom its fiidrtnefs-
Beyond that, there is a Bay ihuch larger, cdlled Loch-^Lofig^
ftom the River Long^ falling into it; th^t is the Boundary
between Lennox and ConueU Cowel itfelf^ -^'^'^ ^^d Knap^
dale ate divided into many Parts, by rcafbn of wveral riarro\#
Bays of the Sea running down into them, from the Firth of
Clyd: There \% one Bay, or Loch, more eminent thai) thd
reft, among them called LocA-//»», obtaining its Nimefrorft
the River Fmn^ which it receives into it; itis aboVe fixtf
Miles in length. There is alfo in Knapdali 4 Loch called
Loci'Awe^ in which there is a fihall Ifland, ^nd a Caftle^
that is fortified. The River Jw^^ or Owe^ iflues out from
that Loch, wfiich is the only River in that Country, that
empties itfelf into the Demcalcdontan Sea.

Beyond Knafdale^ to the South- Weft, thetc runs oitl
Camfyre^ /. e. The Head^ of the Country ; it ftands ovet*
againft Ireland^ from which it is divided but by a narrow*
Sea: It is not fo broad as it is long; and it is joia^ to
Knafdale by fo narrow ati Ifthmuti or Neck of Land,
that it is fcarce a Mile ov«r; and that Space too is nothing
bat Sand, fo plain and level ^ that fometimes Seamen, to
make thirir Voyages (hotter, do hale their finall Veuels^
called jB/>/r>5f/, over it, from one fide oi Loch-Tarbet to the
other.

LORN touches Kna^daUy it bofders immediately oii
Jl^gylci and reaches as tar as the Country of Abyr^ corn*
monly called Locb-Abyr : It is a plain Country, and Hot un-
fruitful; where the MountainGr/jiff/»/»j is lowered, and morel
paflaMe, that Country is called Braid- Albtn^ which is as
much as to fay^ The h'tghefi Part of Scotland ; and wherci
the loftieft PiCi or Top of all is, that is QzW^Drnm-Albln^
I. e. ththack fl/* Scotiand,^and not without caufej for from
that Back, there run down Rivers into both Seas, fome into
the North or German^ others into the South or Detuale*
donian Sea. For from Loch-Earn it pours out the River
karny towards the South-Eaft, which falls into the River
?fy, about three Miles below Perth. From this River, the
Country called in Highland, or old Scots Language, Strath^
Earn^ takes its Name, being fituate on both fides of its Banks.
For the Highlanders ufe to call a Country, lying at the fall
of Rivers, Strat. Between the Mountains of the Country
and the Forti^ lies the Stewarty of Menteatb^ taking its
Kame from the River Tcath which runs through the middle

Da «f

\

%% The Uisr OKY of Book;

of it. Nest to Menteath ftand the Mountains called Oa
Hills, a great Part of which, as alfo of the Country lying
the Foot of them, is reckoned within the Stewarty of 5/r^j/.
Earn ; but the reft of the Country, even unto the Fort
Man's Ambition hath divided into feveral Stewarties, as tl
Stewarty of ClacmaHy of Culrofs^ and of Kinrofs. Fro
thefe Stewarties and the O^^ir Hills, all the Country lyii
between theFor/;& andthejHi}', grows narrow likeaWedg
£a(tward even to the Sea ; and it is all called by one Nan
Fife^ a Country felf-fufficient with all Necefl&ries for tl
UfeofLife: It is broadeft where L<7f A-Zrtfz;^», andtheRiv
heveny running through it, do divide it ; and from thence
narrows on each fide, till you come to the Town of C^r^a/
it affords but one remarkable River, and that's called Leve
Its whole Shore is ftored with abundance of Towns, of whi<
the moft remarkable for the Study of the Arts is St. Andrevj
which the Highlanders call FannmReguli: More to the Ii
land, almofl in the middle of the Country, lies Cowper^ tl
Shire or Aflize Town, whither the reft of the Inhabitan
of Fife come for the Adminiftration of Juftice. Where
touches Strath-E,arn ftands the Town of Abernethyy the a:
dent Royal Seat of the P ids. Here the River Earn falls ini
the Tay.

AsfortheTijyitlelf, that breaks out from LorA-Tiry, whi<
U in Braid' Alhin ; (a Loch twenty four Miles long) it
without queftion the greateft River in Scotland; for windii
about towards the Gramfian-Httls^ it touches upon Atbot
fruitful Country, fituate \n the very woody PafTages of Mou
Grampius, That part of it which is extended into a Plai
at the Foot of the Mountain, is called the Blare oiAth^
which Word fignifies a Soil bare of Trees.

Below A thoiy on the right fide of the River 7iy, ftan
the Town of Qal^donia^ which yet retains its ancient Nam
though vulgarly called Dunkeiden^ (i. e.) an Hill full
HafelrTrees, For thofe Trees, growing thick hi fuch u
manured Places, and (hadowing the Country, like a Woo
gave Name both to the Town, and alfo to the People thei
abouts. For the Caledons^ or Caledonians^ heretofore o;
of the moft famous Nations amongft the Britons^ made \
one Part of the Kingdom of theP/^/, as we may beinforr
cd by A/amiamts MarceUinus^ who divides the PiSt into tv
Tribes ; /. e, the CaUdones and the Veduriones^ though
this Day there is hardly any Token left of either of thofe tv
Names.

Twelve Miles below Dunktlden^ on the fame Right-hai
Bank of the Tay^ ftands Pertb^ oihcrwife called St. Job

Book I. S C O T L A N T>. zj

ftoKs. And on the Left.bank of the T^y, below Athol^ to-
wards the Eaft, ftands Gowry^ a Country abounding with
rich Corn-fields.

Below Gowry^ between the Tay and the Esk^ is extend-
ed if«f«j, or, as the Highlanders call it, Aitteia; fome call
it Horeftia^ or, according to the Engltjb Dialed, Foreftia.
I In it there are thefe two Cities, Covjper^ and that which
j Boetiusy to gratify his Countrymen, ambitioufly calls Deido^
num\ but, 1 think, the old Name thereof was Taodunum^
s. e. Dundee^ bom Dnne^ i. e. an Hill fituated by the River
Tay; for at the Foot of that Hill the Town is built.

Fourteen Miles beyond the Tiy, in a direfi Line along
the Shore, we meet with the Town of Aberbrothocj liomt'-
times czW^Abrinca. Then follows the Promontory, called
Red-bead^ Which fliews itfelf at a good Diftance. The River
Smb'Esk runs through the middle ofAn^s^ and the Norths
hk divides it from the Mearns. The Memns is, for the
moflPart, a plain and level Country, till ittoucheth Mount
Grmpsusy beyond the little Town of For^n^ and Du»ot»
ter, a Caftle belonging to the Earls ofMarJbal: Then it
grows lower and lower, declining towards the Sea. Be-
yond Meartf, towards the North, is the River D/V, com^
monly called Diemouthi and about a Mile beyond it, is the
Riv^r Don, Upon the one^ there ftands Ab^raane^ a Towa
famous for Salmon-fiihing ; and upon the other^ (lands ^^r-
^fy (for fo 'tis called in old Records) where the Bifliop*s-
Seels, and alfo a flourifhine Uniyerlity: But nowadays
both Towns are diftingullhed only by th^ Names of Old
and New Aberdene.
From this narrow Front, between thofe two Rivers, be*
I gins Marr^ which growing wider and wider by degrees, ejf*
I tends itfelf fixty Miles in length, even unto Badenacb. Ba-*
demhls all full of Hills and Mountains, which fends forth
Rivers into both Seas.

4STR borders upon Bad^nafhj it declines gently towards
^^ Deucaledoniifn Sea; a Country (for a Scoti^ one) very
much abounding with all Land and Sea-Commodities : As
it is fruitful in Corn and Pafture, fo it is alfo very pleafan?
byreafon of its fliadowy Groves, and the delightful Foun*
^ains, Brooks and I^ivulets, which glide along through it.
As for the Multitude of Fifh, hardly any Coupty in Scotland
can compare with it ; For, befides the plenty of frelh- water
fift, which fo many Rivers afford, the Sea ^Ifo contributes
. i^s Dole of Salt-water ones; piercing, in a long Channel,'
through the level Part of the Country, and there being fome-
^.H carbe4 and pent in by the higher Boundary of the Land,

P.3 %

^4 Th^HnroviY of Book 1,

for fomc Space, at length it djfTafes sind fptcads itftlf abroad
tFain. reprefcnting the Form of % Meer, or rather Locb. .
Hence *tis called Jbyr^^ i. e. in oiu iCountry Language, A
Road for Ships : Thev give alfo the fame Name to the Coun-
try thereabouts ; Jholfi that afFeft to fpeak after the Enghp
Mode call both, i^ ^- ^*^^^ ^Y °f *® Sea and the Country
too Lo.€b'4hr^ but in that they miftake and talk without
Ground?^ Thpfe three Counties Ahyr^ Badepach and Marr^
do ta^e up all the Breadth of Scotland between the two Seas,
the' Deucaledonian and the German.

Oh the North, next to Af^irr, (lands B«ri6^i^,. divided fron^
It by Ith? River Don\ it ftretcheth out itfelf fartheft of any
jCouijty it^ Scqtla»4^ into the German Sea. It is rich in Fa-
ilure, an4 i;i a good Breed of Sheep ; and is able to main-
tain itfelf with all Conveniencies for the Support of Life.
The Riy^rs in it abound with Salmon ; and yet (which i$
ftrange) there is one of its Rivers, called Ratra^ that hath
not a Salmon in it. On the Shore of ii^^rtf, there is a ftrange
kind of a Cave, and I cannot omit defcribing the Nature of
it. The Water in it drops down from a natural Vault or
Arch, and is turned into Pyramids of Stone, fo that if Men
were not coqftantiy cleaning it, the whole Space, to the very
Roof, would be quickly petrified and filled up as pqe conti-
nued Solid. ' The Stone thus concreted is of a middle Nar
. tyre, between Stone and Ice; for it is friable, and never ar^
rives at the Hardnefs and Solidity of Marble. When I was
^t Tholoufe^ about the Year of our Lord i s^^i I was informed
by credible Pcrfons, that there was a Cave m the neighbour-
lUgPyrenvean Hills, altogether like this in Scotland.
' Beyond Bnchan to the North, lie two fmall Counties,
Bion and ^/>y, which reach to the River Spey^ that feparate§
thcpi from Murray. As for the River Spey^ that hath its Rife
Jn the Ridge of Hills in B^adenach^ of which I have madq
jnention before, and not' far from the Fountain thereof, is a
Loch, which fends forth a River called Lochtee^'^NKxch rolls
jtfelf into fhe Weft-Sea. At the Mouth of it there was
once (a^ they fay) a noble Toyvn, called Imcr-I^oclftiej
iorrowing its Name from the Lpch aforefaid. The Truth
is, if you confider the Nature of the neighbouring Spil, and
the Conveniency of Tranfporting and Carriage by Sea, it is
a PJtice very fit for a Mart-Town : And our ancient Kings,
tempted and invited by thofe Conveniencies, made their abode
therie for fome Ages, in the Caftle of Evon:a^ whjch fome
falfly pcrfuade t|}emfelves to he Duftftafn^ge ; for the Rub-
biili and Ruins of that Caftle arp yet td be feen in L<tnt.
There are fome fmall C9unties, lying betwixt Buchan and.

Book! SCOTLAN'D. if

the Weft-Sea, bat having fcarce any thing remarkab/e in
rhem, I (hall not wafte time to defcribe them.

JBeyokd the Spry, even unto the River JVir//, there follows
Murray heretofore (as *tis thoaght) called Varar. fietweeo
thofe two Rivers, (the 5^<ry and thc-^^) the (yrrw^» Ocean
doth (as it were) drive the Liand backward to the Weft, and
to^ with a vaft £ay, abridges the Largenefs of it. Thtt
'Whole Country (for th; Bignefi of it) abounds with Corn
and Pafturage; but as for Pleafantnefs, and the Profit arifing
from Fruit-Trees, it bears away the Bell from all the othcTv
Countries in Scotland, It hath two eminent Towns in II
EJgtm and Invernefs: Elgin ftands on the River Lojffie^ ana
as yet retains its ancient Nume. Invernefs is fituate by the.
River Nefsy which iffucs out of Lock-Nefsj a Loch twent?
four Miles long; the Water in it. is almoft always warm, and
ail the Year long 'tis never fo cold as to freeze; nay, in the
fiiarpeft Winter that is, if Flakes of Ice are put into It, they
will quickly be thawed by the Warmth of its Waters.

Beyond Lod-Nefs towards the Weft, there are only dght
Miles of Continent, interjacent; fo fmall a Portion of
Ground hinders the Conjunfiiou of the two Seas, and con*
lequently the making of the reft of Scmland an Ifland ; for
all that Space of Land, which lies betwixt that narrow Neck
and the Deneakdonian Sea, is cut off* from the reft by feve*
ral Bays of the Sea, breaking into it.

That Part of the Country, which lies beyond Locb-Nefs^
and thole narrow Streights, or Neck of Land, before men*
tioned, is wont to be divided into four Provinces or Shires,
viz. Rofsy Strath^Navern^ Sntherlamd^ titta Caitbnefs ; l*Na^
vern^ or, as commonly called, Stratb-Naverpy taking its Name
from the River Navern"] beyond the Mouth of Nefs^ where
it diiembogues itfelf into the German Sea, lies Rofi^ which
runs out into the Sea with very high Promontories, as the
Name itfelf (hews ; for Kofs in the Scoti^ Dialed, fignifies
a Promontory. This Province hath more of length, than
breadth, in it, for it reaches from the German, quite home to
the Caledonian Sea : Where it is mountainous, 'tis barren
and untilled ; but the Plains fcarce yield to any Part of Scot"
land for Fruitfulnefs. It hath alfo many pleafant Valleys in
it which are watered with Rivers, full of Fifl), together
with fevcral lo^bj, well ftored with Fifli. But the grcateft
Qf them all is Lncb-L^mbrun. From tbd DtmealedBnian Sea,

• TJbis Cianie, betwixt the two Crotchets, fecmB toK»Te Wcain/erted ifw ^
the Miilake of the Tranftribcr j tor \ht whole of it k meiaioAed by and by, ia iu-

P 4 ^h<?

'^6 The History of Book 1

the Shore grows fomcwhat narrower, and turns back towards
the North-Eaft : From the oppofite Shore, the Germ^m Sea,
making its way between the Clefts of high Rocks, within
Land, expands itfelf into a fpacious Bay, which affords a lafe
Harbour, and Road, for Ships, againft all Storms ; for the
Paflage into it is not difficult, and when you are once entred^
even the greateft Fleets that are, may be fecure from all In*
jury of Wind and Weather.

At the fartheft Point of Rofsj towards the North, lies
Havern^ fo called from the River A/ivfrw, which the Vulgar^
following the Propriety of their Coutitry Speech, caW Strath^
Navern, Rofs bounds it on the South ; the Deucalednniam
Sea waftieth it Weft and North ; and on the Eafl: i^ reaches
|0 Caithnefs.

SUTHERLAND is fo fituatcd between the three lafi:
mentioned Provinces, that it borders on them all, and, in fome
Quarter or other, touches them all : For on the Weft of it
lies Stratb'Navern\ on the South and Eaft Rofs; and on
the North Caithnefs. The Inhabitants there, according to
the Nature of the Soil, are more given to Pafturage than
Tillage. I know no remarkable thing in it, lave only that
it hath fome Mountains of white Marble, (a rare Miracle, in
fo cold a Country) which yet is of little or no uft to the
Inhabitatits, becaule that luxuriant Humour, which covers ir,
hath not yet reached to this Place.

CAITHNESS is the laft Province oi Scotland io^zxds
the North, in which Coaft^^rtf/i&-iVi82/^r» alio comes up with
% I'hefe two Countries do contrafl; the Breadth o( Scotland
Jiito a narrow Front. In that Front, there are three high
tronlontbries ■ Ththigheft of them all is in Strath-Navem.
which Ptolomy calls Orcas^ or Tarvedrum, now Farrovj-Head ;
the other two w:tmCaithnfffs, but notfo high as the former i
t. e. Fervedrum^ now called Hosa^ i. e. Stratify - Head i
isLudBetuiium^ {Dn^ssbey-Head) falfely called by lieSlorBoe'
tius^ Dume; fome call it Duncans-Bei^ from which Word,
ibme Letters being fubftrafied, the Word jD«iWT^« feems to
be derived.^ At the Foot of the Hill there is a fmallBay,
ivhich h'ttlc VeiTels, coming from the Orcades^ ufe aS ati
Haven pr Port. For a Bay of the Sea is there called Bet:
And i\\h Creek, or Bay, being called by the nelgbbourfng
Inhabitants the Bei ofDuffcan^ or Donachi from boththoS
Words conjoined, the Country Language' hath formed
VunisBei, ,

In this Traa, Ptolomy places the Cornaviiy (or Caithnefs^,
pen) fome Similitude of which Name does yet reitiainifor they
con^monly call theCaftle of the Earls oi Caithnefs. Gernicii

Book I. S C O T L A N "D. 27

for thofe whom Ptohfuy^ and other Foreigners call C«r)r<iW/,
ihcBrsSonSy c^WKermci. And feeing he places the Ctfr^^viV,
not in this Traft only, but even in a far diftant Part of the
Ifland. viz. Cornwdl iti England; they, who retain the old
Britifi) Speech, do yet call the fame Perfoiis, Kernui: And, ■.
perhaps, 'tis no abfurd ConjeQure, to imagine, that the Cor-
novaJ/i arctoczWcd for Kernicovatlr^ (/. e.) thtKernU-Gauls;
nay, in the very midft of the Ifland, fome Mark's, though
obfcure ones, of that Name feem to havt remained. For
Bede writes, that the Beginning of the Wall of Severus was
not far from the Monaftery of Kebercurnig; whereas there is
now no fign of a Monaftery in thofe Parts ; but there re-
mains not far from thence, the half-mined Caftle of theZ>jv-
glaffis^ called Abreeorn: Whether both of thofe Words, or
only one of them, be corrupted from Kernicus^ I leave to
Ihe Reader to judge.

It remains now, that I fpeak fomething concerning the
Iflsmds of Scotland^ (which part of i\\t Brittjh Hsjiory is per-
plexed with abundance of Miftakes.) But omitting the An-
cients, who have delivered nothing certain on this Subjeft,
1 fiiall only infift on what the Writers of our Times have
more truly and plainly acqaainted us with. •Of all the
lilands, which do, as it were, begirt Scotland^ they make
three Claffes or Ranks, the fVeftern^ the Orcades^ and the
Zealandip^ or Schetland^ Iflands.

Those arc called the IVeftern Ifles, which lie between
Scotland and Ireland^ on the Weft of Scotland^ in the Deu-^
iaUdonian Sea, and^ reach almoft to the Ifles of Orkney \ of
Orcadeu They, who have written of the Britib Affairs,
either now, or in the Age before us» call them Hebrides^ a
new Name, of which there is not any Sign, or any Original,
in ancient Writers, For, in that Tradl of the Sea, fomt
Authors place the Mhuda^ or Mmod^e^ but with fuch Incon-
fiftency amongft themfelves, that they fcarce ever agree in
their Number, Situation, or Names. &trabo (to begin With
the moft ancient) may be the better excufed, becaufe he
followed uncertain Report, that Part of the World hsiBgnot
folly difcovered in his time. Mela reckons the ^moda to
be feven, Martianus Capella makes the Acmoda to be as
m^y; Btohmy^vA Solsnus count the ^bud^e^ fiye; Pliny
numbers the Acm^da to be feven ; and the Mbudjt thirty.
I, for my part, think it fit to retain the Names moft ufed by
theAacients^ and therefore I call all the Wejiern Ifles Mbude ;
and I purpole to defcribe the Site, Nature, and Commodir
ties of evety one of them, as out of later y fo out of furer^

zt The Hist oiLt of Booi

In performing this Task, I will principally folio vr ^^j

Monro^ a pious and diligent Perfon, who travelled in J

fon over all thofe JJlands^ and viewed them exaSly. T

lie difperfed in the DeufaUdomiam Sea, being above tb

hundred in Number. The Kwgs of ScotlmtM were Mafl

of them, time out qf Mind, until Donald^ the Brother

fdaUolm the Third, yielded up the Poffeffion of them

the King*of J\rari2;^2y; that by his Aid, he might forcit

feize upon the Crown of Scotlamd^ to which he bad i

Kight. The Dat$is and Norwegians enjoyed them about oi

hundred and fixty Years, until, being overcome in a gres

Battle, they were outed of them by Alexander the Third, Kin,

of Scotland. Thefe Iflanders either confiding in their Strength

or elfe egged on and induced by Sedition, have fbrnetim^,

endeavoured to aflert their Liberty, and to fet up Kings o\

their own ; for of late John of the Family of the DpmaUr^

as well as others before him, ufurpedtheNameof King. In

their Diet, Habit, and the whole Adminiftration of their Do«-

meftick Affairs they ufe the ancient Parfimony. Hunting

^nd Fifliiing afford them Food. They boil their Flefli ia

Water poured either into the Paunch, or into the Skin, of

the Beafts they kill ; and in Hunting they fometimes eat raw

Flefl), when the Blood is foueexed out The Broth of boiler

fd Flefli-meat is their Drink. They fometimes drink Whey

very greedily in their Feafts, after it hath been kept^ in pro*

S;r Veffels, for fome Years. That kind of Drink they call
laedmm ; but, for the mod part of them, they drink Water.
They make their Bread of Oats and Barley, (for they haye no
other Grain growing in thofe Parts) which is not unpleafant
to the Taftc; and, by frequent Ufe, they are verycxptrt at
making and moulding of it. In the Morning they eat a little
of ft, and fo go a Hunting ; or, if they have any other Work
to do, they are content with that light Breakfaft, and fail til]
the Evening. They ufe Parij-coloarcd Garments, andclpcf
dally ftViped Plads. Of all Colours they love the Purple and
the Blue mod. Their Anceftors jyore Party-^coloured Plads,
varioufly ftriped, which Cuftom fome of them do ftill retain ;
but, now-a-days, many of them wear their Apparel of a dark
brown Colour, almcjft like Heafh; that fo, lying In the
Hea/i'i/ftjbesy they may not, in the Day*time, be dilcovered
by their Cloaths. Being rather loofely wrapped, than clofeiy
covered, with this fore of Blanketing, they endure tbefiercefl
W<^ther, even in the open Air; and fometimes tbeyfleep
m them, though covered all over with Snow. In their Houies
they alio lie on the Ground, only they lay under tbem Fer^
GiiUath^ ^yhicb theyplac^ wul) il)ur|VQot^4QW^ward, aod

B oo K I. SCOTLAND. z9

their Brufhupwards, (b prettily, that their Beds are almoft as
fi>fi as a Feather-bed, but far more wholfom. For HeatA
being naturally a very great Drier, doth exhauft fuperfluous
Humours, and reftores Vigor to the Nerves, after it hathfteed
them from fuch noxious Moidure; fo that they wholiedowa
in the Evening wesM'y and faint, In the Morning rife up nim-
ble and Iprightly. They are all of them very regardlefs of
their Bed-Ticks and Coverlets, nay they affefi an uncouth
Slovenlinefs in that particular; for, if any Occafion; orNe-
ceffity, caufe them to travel into other Parts, when they go
to Bed they throw the Bed and Blankets of thefr Hods on the
Ground, and wrap themfelves up in their own Garments^
lind ib go to Deep: The Reafon they give is, left fuch bar-
barous Effeminacy (for fo they call it) Ihould taint and cor?
npt their native and inbred Hardinefs. In War they cove]r
their Bodies with Iron Helmets and a Coat of Mail, made
of Iron Rings, reaching almoft down to their Ancles.
Their Weapons are Bows, and Arrows for the mod Part
hooked^ the Iron Barbs ftanding out on both fides, which can*
not be drawn out of the Body they pierce, unlefs the Orificf
of the Wound be made very wide; fome of them fight with
)>road Swoi'ds and Pole-axes. Inftead of a Trumpet they uft
s Bag-Pipe, They are much given to Mufick^ but on Initru<-
ments ofa peculiar kind, called Clarpacks'y of which £ovat
have Strings made of Brafs-Wire others of Guts, which they
ftrikc cither with their long Nails, or with a Quill. Their
only Ambition is, to deck their Fiddles with very much Sil-
ver and Jewels. The meaner Sort, inftead of Jewels, ufe
CryftaL They (ing Songs, not unelegant, containing com*
monly the Elogies of valiant Hen; and their Bards ufually
treat of no other Argument. They ufe fomeihing, though
but little, of the old GauUp Language.

These Iflands of 5^0//^^^, which ufe the ancient Tongue,
apd are called the Wefiern or MkHd(g Ifles, are ufaally reckoned
thus. The firft of them is Mans^ by fomcfalfly called Mona^
but by the Ancients £«Aa»/4i; Paulus Orofius calh liMevania^
or rather Me»avia^ for in the old Language Wi called Ma-
pm. The lad Age called the Town Sodora^ in which the
Biftop had his See. It is a Province almoft equally diftant
from Ireland^ from Galloway in ^cotland^ and from Cum-
herland in England '^ it is twei)ty four Miles long, and eight
broad.
The next Ifle arifing in the Ftrth of Clyde is Alfa^ or AHze^

g\ high and precipitous Rock, excepting only one plain Paf-
ge into it. It is uninhabited almoft all the Year; but only
Jf certajn Sefifons^ a great Number of Skip and Buffes flock

^o The His TO KY of Book i:

thither to fifli for Cod and Whiting. It abounds with Co-
nies and Sea-Fowl, but elpecially with Soland-Geefe, It is
almoft equally diftantfrom CarrickonxhQ South- Eajl^ from
Ireland on the South- Wefij and from C^ntyre on the North--
Weft. The Ifle of Arran is fituate twenty four Miles from
Ailze^ inclining towards the North, it is twenty four Miles
long and fixteen broad ; *tis full or high craggy Mo^tain j,
fo that only its Sea-Coafts are inhabited ; where it is loweft
the Sea breaks into it, and makes aconfiderableBay, the En-
trance of which is covered by the Ifland MolaSy i, e, Lamlacb
or Lamlap. So that by reafon of the Height of the Mountain?,
which break the Force of the Wind, it is, within, averyfafe
Harbour for Shipping ; and there is fuch plentiful Fifhing in
thole Waters, which are perpetually calm, that, if the Inhabi-
tants catch more than what will ferve them forone Day^
they throw them 'again into the Sea, as into a fafe Trunk or
Frfh-pond, to be thence taken out at their Pleafure.

Not far froim Arran lies a fmall Ifland called Flada or
Fladdif^ which fs full of Rabbets. Boo$ Ifle, being eight
JWile loijg, and four broad, is fituate more within the Firtb
of Clyde^ and is eight Mjles diftant from Arran aforefaid^
on the Nonh'Eaft. On the Nortb-Weft 'tis dfftant from Ar--
^/rabout half aMile; on the£<^, frpm Cunningham^ fir
Miles. 'Tis all in a manner Low-Lanid, and fo, very con-
venient for Corn and Pafturage. It hath but one Town ia
k^ bearing the Name of the Ifland ; and in it an old Caftlq^
named Rathfey. It bath alfo another Caflle at the Bay, caN
led in theCoilntry Language C^iw^/, or Ke^mes C^Rlc. Oa
the South-Weft of it is the low Ifland Mernoch. It is fruitful
enough, and well cultivated for a Place of its Btgnefs ; it is
a Mile long, and half a Mile broad. Fgrth^ dill within the
ftrth of Ciyde^ are the two C«w^rtf/, the greater and the left,
at a fmall Diftance one from another; the greater abounding
with Corn, the lefs with Fallow Deer.

pRdM the Promontory of Cantyre^ a little more than a
Mile, lies Ayona^ now Sanda^ called Portmfa^ l, e, fit for
a Port ; it got that Name from being a Road for Ships ; for
when ^t Danes poflfeffed thofelflands, their Fleets went thi-
ther for .Shelter. From the fame Promontory to the Soutk-^
Weft^ over-againft thQ Irifr Shore ftands«iJ^%//>; as alfo
four Miles from Cantyre^ is^mall Ifland called C^^; and
Dot far from thence Gega^ fix JVIiles long, and a Mile and i
half broad.

The Ifland of Jura is diftant twelve Miles from Gaga^
befttg'in length twenty four Miles: Its maritime Parts are
fnhabited well enough, bmbcing woody ia cheiu}an4 Parts,

Book I. S C T L A N %>. ^t

It abounds with feveral forts of Deer. Some think it was
anciently called Dera^ which in the Gothic Language figni-
fies a Sfag, Two Miles diftant (rotrejura lies Ssarha^ \a
length fjom.EaJi to IFefl iom Miles, in breadth one; 'tis
inhabited but in few Places, The Tide is fo violent betweca
it and Jura^ that there is no PafTage neither with Sdils nor
Oars, |ut at certain Seafons only.

• After this there are many Iflands of lefs Note Ipread up
and down, ^s Bellach ov Geniftariay Gewrafdil^ Lunga^ both
the FioIa*s ox Fhlafs^s; alfo the three Gjrw//tfw, diftinguiflicd
by rclpeftive Surnames ; then Culbren'tnj Dunconnel^ Lupa-
ria^ Betbac^ Whohvy Gavin^ ^^i^gt ^^^h and Sum ; thefia
three lad named are fruitful enough in Corn and Cattle,
and are under the JurifdiQion of the Earls oiArgyU, The
next to thefe is Slata^ or Sleaeh ; fo called becaufe Tiles,
named SUts^ are hewn out of a Rock, which it contains*
Then follow Naojgf Eafdah, Schanm^ and the Ifle called
Ty^MT, from an Herb which is prejudicial to Fruits^ not un-
Bke Guild or Loofs-ftrife^ but that 'tis of a more dilute Co-
lour; and Vridich and the-Ry^Ifland. Then/)ow, /• e* th«
black Ifland; and the Illand £^///&, or of the Church and
Triarach\ after thefe follow the Iflands Ard or High^ I/hol^
Green, Heathy asalfoTr^^, Goat, Couey-lilcSj and that which
is called the Ifland of the Otioji and Erif-hacb; as alfo Lif-
more, in which was the formerly Bifliop of ArgyW^ See; ic
is eight Miles in length, two in breadth; in it there are found
Metals, befides the Commodities common to other liles*
Then fhccccdOvilia, ^oid Siuna, Ilan naPort, zaAGeirachi
as aifoFaldaj the Ifle oi Cloich, Gramry; the Iflands More^
Ardiefcara, Mufadil, and Berftera heretofore called the Holy
Sanfiuary, the Noble Yew-IJle, Mohchafgar and DriM4uha^
which is all covered over with Thorns, Elder, and the
Roins of great Houfes ; then another Ifle Drimacb, which is
full of Wood ; 2Mb Ramfy and Kerrera.

The greateft of the Weftern Iflands next to Jura^ \% T7a;
"Which is twenty four Miles long, andfixteen broad; it is ex-
tended from South to North; and is very fruitful in Cattle,
Corn, Deer, and Lead : There is a River of frefli Water ia
it, cHlcd Jvonlaggaft, sis alfo a Bay of Salt Water, in which .
are feveral Iflaaos ; befides, it hath a Lough of frefli Water,
in which there is an Ifland called Finlagan; which hereto-
fore was the chief of all the Iflands, in which the Prince of
the Iflanders, aifuming the Name of Ktng, was wont to
dwell. Near to that, but lefs, is the Ifland called Ilan wa-
Covihajlop, called alfo the Ifland of Council ; for there was
a Court ig it, where fourteen of the chief Meu fate daily for-

* - the

>A T^^ it 1ST OR v^ Book i;

the Adminiftrarion of Juftlce, and determining Matters of
Controverly; whofc great Equity and Moderation procured
Peace, both forefen and dpnieftick ; and as a Concomitant
of Peace, the Affluence of all things. Between //^ and Jur
there is feateda fmall Ifland Called iSori^ Ifle, taking its Name
from an Heap of Stones there; moreover on the South fide
of lU lie thefe IJlands^ Cbourna^ Maalmori^ Ofrim^ Bridi^
Corjbera^ the Iflatid Jjhol^ Immerfiy Betbick^ T'exa^ Gearacb^
Naojgj Rinard^ C^ta^ Tarskeir, Jcbtfar, the Ifle More^ the
liland relembiing the Figure of a Man, the Ifland Jeatfj and
the Stachabadda ; at the TFeJt Corner of Yla ftands Overfa^
there alfo the Sea is very raging, not paflable for Ships bw;
at certain Hours. The Ifland Cbannard^ and toward the
Nertb'lVeJi are fituatc Ufabreft, and Ta$taft^ Naomfb^ and
the Ifland Ban9A\ eight Miles from Tla^ more toward the
Nortb^ lies Overfa^ next to it Porcaria^ and half a Mild
from Overjk lies Collonfa.

Beyond CoUonfa to the North lies ifcfo//, twelve Miles di-
ftant from Ytd. This Ifland is twenty four Miles in length,
atod as many in breadth; *tis craggy, yet not wholly barren
of Corn. It hath many Woods in it, and great Herds of
£)eer, and a Port lafe enough for Ships ; over againfl Ico*^
hmkill^ it hath two large Rivers full of Salmon, befides
other lefs Rivers, not without Fifli ; it hath al(b two Loughs,
in each of which are feveral Iflands, and Caftles in them all.
The Sea, breaking into it in divers places, makes four Bays,
all abounding with Hertfngs. On the Sdntb-JVeJl is feated
Calaman^ or the Ifland of Doves; on the North- Eaft ftands
Err a I both thefe Iflands are conmiodious for Cattle, Corn,
and Fifhing.

The Ifland of holumkill is diftant from them two Miles ;
it is two Miles long, and above ^ Mile broad, fruitful in all
things, which that Climate can produce; and famed for as
many ancient Monuments, as could be well expeded in fuch
a Country ; but it was made yet more famous by the fevere
Dlfcipline and HoUnefs of St. Columbus. It was beautified
with two Monafterles, one oi Motiksy the other of Nuns^
With one Curia^ (or as they call it,) a Parifli Church, and
with many Chapels, fome of thttn built by the Magnificence
of the Kings of Seosland; and others by the petty Kings of
the Iflands ; in the old Moftajler^y of St. Columbus^ the Bi-
fliops of the Iflanders placed their See; their ancient Man-
iion-Houfe, which was before in the Ifle o£ Man^ being
taken by the E^gi/p. There remains as. yet, among the an-
cfcnt Ruius, a Church-yard, or Burylng-place, common to
all the Noble Families vvhich dwelt in rhe fVefi^rn Iflands.

There

BoaKL SCOTLAND). n

There are three Tombs in it more eminmt than the reft, at
a fmall Diflance ooefrom another, having h'ttle Shrines look*
iog towards the Esft^ built over thern. In the ^eft Part x^
each of them there is a Stone with an Infcrtption, declaring
whofe Tombs they are; the middlemoft of them hath this
iD&rlption ; Tif4 Ttmi &ftbeKi»^s «/ Scotland ; for it is re*
ported that forty eight of the Scotifo Kings were buried there:
Iq thit on the Right-hand, there is this Title caiVed, The
Tmbs rf tb0 Kings «/ Ireland; Tor four Kings of Ireland
are faid to be interred there: 1 hat ontheleftfideisinfcribed^
Tbe Tnnkt of tie Kings of Norway ; for Report fiiys, that
dght Kings of that Nation wereintombed there. In the reft
of the Ccemetery, the eminent Families of the lilands have
each their Tombs a^^part. There are fix Iflands adjacent to
it^ imall indeed, yet not unfruitful, which have been given
bj ancient JC/a^/, and by the Princes of thelllaniders, to the
Nmmery of St. Columbus.

Th£ Ifland Soa^ though it hath convenient Pafturage for
Sheep, yet its greateft Revenue is from tht fitting and batching
of Sea-fowl, and eQ)ecially from their Eggs. The next to
ilsitSLisNmns-IJland: Thtr^Rndana; after that i^fr/Wi^; after
which follows .Sibiniry, diftanthalfa Mile from ^«^; it hath
one Parifll in it, but the Parifliioners live moftly in MuUi
The Shore abounds with Coneys. A Mile from Skanny^
fiaads Eorfm. All thefe are under the JurifdiSion of the Monh
of St Columbms his Monafiery.

Two Miles from Eorfa ftands Uha^ which is five Miles
long, and for its Bignefs, fruitful in Corn and Pafturage.
It hath an Haven very commodious for Galleys, Long-boats,
or Berlins. On its South-fide lies Colvanfa^ the Soil thereof
is fraitful, and it hath a Wood of Hafel in it. Almoft three
hundred Paces from it, is fituate Gomedra^ two Miles long,
and a Mile broad, running out from Sot^ to North. Four
Miles from Gomedra^ on the Southy flands Stafa^ both of
thefe two lad named Ifles having many good Havens in them.
Foar Miles from hence, iowdx^iht North-Weft ^ are the two
Carnihfergbsy the greater and the lefi, fo fortified round
about with the Precipices of Rocks, and a moil rapid Cur«
rent befides, that their natural Strength being afiifted by Art,
chey are impregnable. A Mile from thefe, is an Ifland whofe
Soil is almoft all black, as being cemented out of old rotten
Wood and Mofs mixt together. They dry the Turff of it
for Fewel, and therefore ^tis cziXQiTurff-lJland'^ for fo they
there call that (brt of Ea/th, which the Englijh call Mofs.
Then fnccecds Lnnga^ two Miles in length, and Baca half

lefitbtftiff*

From

^4 TAe His to KY of Book IJ

From thence towards the ff^efi^ about fix Miles difiance^
ftands7/rri/>, in length eight Miles, in breadth three; of all
thefe Ifiandsi, moft abounding with all things neceiTary to
maintain Lift ; for there is plenty of Cattle and Corn ; they
alfo get much by Filhing, and the Breed of Sea-fowl. There
is in it a Lake or Lough of frefh Water and an old Caftle,
as alfo an Havcn^ not unfafc for Galleys and Long-boats.
Two Miles from hence (lands Guffn Ifle, and at an equal
pittance from G*», Co//, twelve Miles long, two broad, a
fery fruitftil Ifle. Not for from thence is Calfa^ which is
almoft all covered with.Wood. After that, two Iflands fol-
low, furnamed Gr^rir, the greater and the lefs. And as many
lie, of the fame Surnames, over-againflE the Promontory of
Mitll- Not far from this lie two Iflands, furnamed Gla[f<e^
s. e. Sky-blew, then Ardan Riitr^ /. e. the high Ifland of
the Horfcman : Next Luparia^ or the Ifland of Wolves ;
after this is the Ifland M^re ; from the Ifland Coll^ toward
the North there iS' extended from Ea(i to fTeft^ Rnm^ fix-
teen Miles long, fix broad; and becaule it is inhabited bat
in few Places, the Sea-fowl almoft every where lay their
£gg$ up and down in the Fields ; lb that in the Spring one
inay take up as many of them as one pleafes. In the high
Rocks of /?«», the Soland Geefe, fpdkfen of before, are
taken in great Abandance. Four Miles from thence to the
iofttb'Eaft is the Ifland Naui^ orof Horfcs^ and half a Mile
from thence is Muick^ for its Bignefs^ abounding with all
Nectflfaries. Falcons build their Nefts there; and it hath
alfo a Port convenient enough for Shipping. Not far from
It are Ca»na^ and Ej^g Ifle, fmall^ yet fruitful Iflands ; the
latter abounding with Soland Geefe.

^HEN thQic is Soavretail^ fitter for Hunting than any Other
Commodities of Life, Thence from North to South is ex-
tended £ij', the greateft of all the Iflands about Scotland^ as
being in length forty two Miles ; in breadth fometimes eight,
fometimes twelve; in many Places it is full of Mountains,
which abound with Woods* and tbofe Woods are full of Pa-
ftures. The Champian is alfo fruitful of Corn and Cattle ; and,
befides other Cattle, it is fo famous for a large Breed of Mares.
It hath five great Rivers in it, all very full of Salmon ; be*
fides many lefs ones, not without Salmon neither. The
Sea penetratiDg on every fide into the Land, makes many
Bays of Salt-water there; of which three are moft eminent^
befides thirteen others^ all full of Herringt. It hath alfo a
Lough of F'refh-water in it, and five Caftles. This Ifland,
in the old Sro///& Dialed, was called W/^»<jtfi6^, i. e. Winged
becaufe the Promontories, between whidi the Sej^made it*

Influjk^

JSooicL SCOTLAIst^. U

Influx, ftretched out thcmfejves, as fo many Wings.; bilf it
isno^N^ byUlecome to be called Sky^ i. e. a Wing.
• About Siy there lie fcattcred fome fmaller Iflands, as O^
raxffa^ full of Corn and Cattle; and Nd gunner having plen-
ty of Woods and Conies ; as alfo P^H infamous for Rob-
beries, where Thieves, lurking in the Woods, way-lay Tra-
yeUcrs as they pafs. Then comes Scalpa^ fituated eight Miie^
from it to the North^Weft ; befides other Commodities^ \t
hath great Herds of Deer m its Woods: Between the Mouth
of Loch-Carrot and Raarfa^ lies Crouling^ a Port iafe for
Ships. And from Scalpa^ two Miles towards the l^orth^
lies Raarfa^ feven Miles long, and two broad ; 'it hath Woods
of Beech-Trees in it, and many Deer in them. Haifa Mile;
from it is Ronaj which is quite cover'd over with Woodsy
and Heath.. It hath ^ Port in its in mod Bay, noted for Py-i
racy, as being very commodious to furprize Sea-Paffenger^.
And in the Motrth of the Bay, (which, from its Shallow-^
neftj IS called Gerloch) there is an Ifland of the fameNamei
From Rona^ fix Miles towards the North, lies Fiadda:
Two Miles from Fladda is Tronta, and on the South fide of
Sfy^ Oranfa: A Mile from thence lie little 5«/w, then great
Busia; and after them five fmall Iflands of no Note; after
them follows IJbol, fruitful in Corn ; and near it is Ovia^
then Asierntay and Linadel; and eighty Miles from Siy to the
iforth^lVtfl lie Linga, Gigam'tna, Bernera^ Megala^ Paba^
Flada^f Scarpa Verveiutn^ i.e. o( ff^eathers, Sandrera, and
Waterfa^ which, befides other great Convcniencies^ hath i
Haven capable of holding many, and thofe very great, Ships i
whither at certain Seafons of the Year, a great Company of
Fi(her-men flock together, from the Countries round about.
Thefe nine laft Iflands are under the Government of the Bi-^
ftop of the Iflands. Two Miles diftant from IVaterfa^ lies
Barra^ feven Miles in length, extending it felffroni the S!;«/i&-*
Weft to the North'Eaft^ not unfruitful in Corn^ but mod
noted for Cod and Whiting Fifhery : A Bay of the Sea
piakes an influx into it, at a narrow Mouth \ but within
it is broader and alfo round. It hath one Ifland in it, and there-
in a ftrong Fort or Caftle. In the North part of Barrai
there arifeth an Hill full of Grafs from top to bottom; oti
the top of it rifeth a Spring of frefli Water, which flowing
down in a Rivulet, carries with it into the neighbouring
Sea fome fmall Animals, and yet (hapelefs j which in fom^
fort, though not very plainly, reprefent thofe Shell-fifli we
commonly call Cockles. This Part of the Shore, to which
the Borderers retire, they tall the great vS^w^^; becaufe whert
the Sea ebbs, the Sand is uncovered for a Mile and mc3re ^
Vofc. L K lher#

1^

}6 The Hit toisiX of Book I.

therethey dig up greatShell* fifb|Which the People thereabout be-
lieve to be bred out of the Seminary of thofe ihapelefsFifli,which
the forenam'd Drill carries down from its Fountain ; and that
they are either produced there^ or at leafi grow bigger in the Sea.
Between Barra and Uyift lie thefe fmall Iflands follow-
ing, Orbanfa^ Oviaot Eoy^MakerfctyGarulmga^Flada^Buiia
the greater, and B«//dthe lefs, Hata^ Heldifay^ Gega^Lingay
Faruy Fuda^ Heath IJland. From thefe, towards the Nartbj
lies Ui'tft^ thirty Miles lopg, and fix broad. The Tide flow-
ing into this Ifland in two Places, repreients the appeaiauce
of three Iflands, but when it ebbs, it again grows into one :
There are many Lakes of frefli Water in it, the biggeft of
which is three Miles long. The Sea,* wearing away the Land,
hath made itfelf a PaiTage into this Lough ; neither can ic
be excluded by the Inhabitants, no ndt by a Jitty or Bank
of fixty Foot high, but that it inffnuatcs it &lf between the
Stones, not well compared together, and there often leaves
Ibme fmall Sea fifli behind. 1 here is a Fifli taken in it, in
other Refpefis like a Salmon, fave that his Belly is white, «nd
bis Back black; and he is without Scales like to Salmon.
Moreover, there are in it abundance ofLoughs of frefli Water.
It hath Caves in it covered with Heath, which arc lurking Places
for Robbers. There are five Parifli-Churchcs in it for the
Performance of holy Duties.

Eight Miles from thence, towards the Eaft^ VxtiWifcher
Vefularum, fo called, as I fuppofe, becaufe it belongs to the
Nuns of the Ifl^nd of IcolumktlL A little fanhcr towards
the North appears Havclfihyer^ to which at certain Seafbns
of the Year many Sea-Calves [or Seals] do relbrt, and are
there taken. About fixty Miles beyond that, to the North*
IVefi^ ii^ndfi Htrfa^ very fruitful in Com, Cattle, and elpc-
cially in Sheep, which are here fatter than in any other of
the Iflands. The Inhabitants are ignorant of all Arts, and
cfpccially of Religion. After the Summer Solflice, the Lord
of the Ifland fendsthither his Pro^oroT Steward^ to gather
his Rent or Tribute; and, with him, he fends a Prseji to
baptize all the Children; which were born the Year -before;
out if the Prieji cpme not, then every Man baptizeth his
own Children; they pay to their Lord a certain Number of
Sea-Calves^ and of Muttons^ dried in the Sun, and alfo of
Sea-Fowl. The whole Ifland doth not exceed a Mile in
length, and it is almoft of equal breadth, neither can any part
of It be feen from any neighbouring ICand, befide three
Mountains which are on the Shore, and thefe cannot be dif-
cern'd neither, but froni the higheft Places of other Iflands.
In ihofe Mountains there are Sheep exceeding beautiful, but

BookL S cot la N'Ti. ty

b jr reafon of the Violence and Rapidity of the Sea-Carrenc
and Xide, they can fcarfe be come at by uny Body.

But to return to Vyift; on the A^i?r^i& Promontory there-
of there is fituate the IQeFa/eyy a Mile broad and.twoMile
long Between that Promontory and the Ifle Harrick^ thcfc
Iflaadsare interjacent, final! indeed, but not unfruitful, viz*
Soa^ Stromoy^ Pabaia^ Bernera^ Erifay^ Keligera^ Saga the
left. Saga the greater, Hermodfa^ Scarvay^ Gria^ Lff^g^j GiU
lan^ Uea^ Ho'sa^ Ferelaia, Soa the Icfs, Soa the great, Ifa^
Senn* the lefs, Senna the great, Tarranja^ Slegana^ Tuema^
and, above Harrick^ Scarpa; and due tFeJi there are fevea
Iflands, at fifty Miles diftaace above Lewis^ which fome
call FUvana^ others the Sacred^ or Sauiluary Iflands; thejr
arife up into Graffy Mountains, but- are quite uncultivated ;
neither are there in them any four-footed Beads, but only wild
Sheep, which the Hunters catch, but eat them not when they
have done. They make Tallow of their Fat, which is the moft
that they yield : That little Flefh which they have is fo un-
pleafant, that no Man will eat it, unlefs he is forced to it by
Extremity of Hunger. .

Farthermore, almoft in the lame TraS, nearer to the
Norths lie Garvellan^ i, e, the craggy Ifland, Lamba^ Flada^
and Kcllafa, the two Berneraes^ the great and the finall,
Kina^ Buiia the little, Bn'tia the great, f^exa^ Pabatay and
Sigrama the great, or Cunicularia^ fo calPd from its plenty
of Conies, Sigrama the lefs, and the Ifland oi Pigmies i in
this lafl: there is a Chapel, where the bordering People do be-
lieve that Pigmies were heretofore buried ; for many Stran-
gers, digging deep into the Earth, have found, and yet do
find, little and round Heads, and the fmall Bones of other
Parts of human Bodies, that don't in the leaft differ from
the ancient Reports concerning. Pigmies,

In that Shore of the Ifland Levjis^ which looks toward
the South'Eafty two Bays of the Sea break into the Land»
one of which they call the South, the other the Nitrtb
Lough ; both of them yield abundance of Fifli, to thofe
who take Pains to catch them, and that during the whole
Year. From the lame Shore.of Leivis^ more to the Soutb^
(lands fable Ifle, then Adams Ifle, then the Ifle of Lambs i
as alio, Hniliny Ficcoil^ Havera^^Laxa, Erin^ the Ifle of
holumkill\ Toray^ W^^U Scalpa^ Flada, and Sbevy, At the
Eajt fide of this Ifland there is a fubterraneous Paflage,
arched at top, above a Bow-fliot in length: Under which
Vault, fmall ohips ufe to flielter themfelres, making to it
by Sails or Oars, to avoid the Violence of the Tide, which
wgc$ at the neighbouring Promontory, with a huge Noife,

£ 2 t€l

i« The History of Booft 1.

to the extreme Terrour and Danger of the Mariners. More
to the Eaft lies an Ifland which they call Scbam Cafile, a Place
naturally fortified, abounding with Corn and Fifh, and alfo
affording .fufiicient Prdvifioii to the Inhabitants by Eggs of
Sea-Fowl, which there male their Nefts.

At the Shore, where Lofj-Brien^ or Broom^ opens to the
Land, lies the Ifle £«, which is almoft all cover'd witli
Woods, and good for nothing but to harbour Thieves in^
to rob Paflengers. More to the North is the Ifland Gr«/-
norta^ being alfo full of Woods, poffeflTed by Robbers and
Pyrates. And looking towards the feme Coaft, is an Ifland,
named the Ifland of Cleirach^ which, befides Pafturage, a-
bounds with the Eggs of Sea-Fowl. Next to that is Afulla^
and then Harary the greater; then Harary the left; and
. nigh It, the IJlandofHorfes^ or Nafiich\ and near that again,
•the Ifle Mertaika. Thefe eight Iflands are fituate before the
Mouth of the Bay, which is vulgarly called Lough-Broom^
or Brian, At fome diftance from thefe Iflands, which lie
before Lough-Broom^ Harrick and Lew'ts run toward the
Uorth, They are fixty Miles in length, and fixteen la
breadth: Thefe make but oiie Ifland, for they are not diftin-

Suiflied by the Arms of the Sea, that flow into it, but by the
/leers of the Land, and the PoflTeflions of their fcveral Lairds r
But that Part, which is expofed to the South, is wont to be
called Harry, There was a Monaftery in it call'd Roadilla^
hmlt by Maccloyd of Harr ay. The Soil is fruitful of Corn,
but it yields its Increafe rather by digging, than ploughing:
Its Paflures are very fit for Sheep, elpecially one very high
Mountain, which is green with Grafs, even to the very top.
Donald Monro; a Learned and Pious Man, relates, that
when he was there he faw Sheep very old for that Kind of
Cattle, wandring up and down without any certain Ow-
ner : And the Number of them is increafed from hence,
that neither Fox, Wolf, or Serpent was ever feen there ^
though great Woods lie betwixt this Part and Lewis ^ which
breed many Stags, but low ones, and their Bodies arc of no
large Size. In this Part of the Ifland is a River very full of
Salmon. In the North Part lies Lewis inhabited enough to*
wards the Shore. It hath fotfr Parifli-Churches in it, one
Fort, feven great Brooks, and twelve fmaller., all of them,
according to'their bfgnefs, full of Salmon; Jn maiiy Places
the Sea penetrates into the Land, and there diflufes it felf in-
to Bays, all abounding with plenty of Herrings. There is al-
fo great plenty of Sheep^ whrch wailder freely amongft the
Thickets, and Heath-buflies : The Inhabitants drive them in-
to a narrow Place, like a Sheep-fold, and there every Year
4 th<gf

\

Book! SCO T L A N "D. 19

they fheer them, after the andent Cuftom. The Champiaii,
part of the Country abounds with Hearh-bnOies, among which
the Surface of the Earth is black, occafioned by Mofs, that i$
matted as ii were with rotten Wood, gathered together for
many Ages, even a Foot thick. This upper Cruft, being
cut into long and llender Turfs, and dryed in the Sun, ferves
for Firing, inftead of Wood : The next Year after, the naked
Ground, being dunged with Sea-weed, is fown with Bar-
Icy. In this Ifiand there is commonly fo great a quantity of
Whales taken, that fometimes (as the old Inhabitants relate}
twenty feven, fome very great, fome fmaller, fell to the
fliare of the Priefts for their Tithes. There is alfo a great
Cave in this Ifland, in which, when the Tide is out, the
Water is yet two Fathom deep ; but when the Tide \s m,
'tis above four Fathom. There Multitudes of People, of
both Sexes, and of all Ages, fitting on the Rocks, with
Hooks and Lines, do promifcuoufly catch all forts of ]Fi(h,
in great abundance.

There is a fmall Ifland, about fixty Miles from Lewir^
to the NorthrEaJi^ of a low and plain Soil, and well inha-
bited ; its Naqi^ is Rona ; the Inhabitants thereof arc rude
PerfoDs, and without almoft any Religion at all. The Lair4
of it affigns a certain Number of Famih'es to inhabit and
till it, and he allows them a fufficiency of great and fmall
Cattle, whereby they may live well, and pay their Tribute .
too ; that which is above their own Provifion, they fend
every 'Year to Lewis^ to their Landlord, who lives there ;
they commonly pay him, in the Name of a Tribute or Rent,
a great quantity of Barley-meal, fewed up in the Skins of
Sheep, (for that kind of Grain grows plentifully amongft
them,) Muttons and Sea-fowl dried in the Sun, as much as
remains, as a Surplufage of their yearly ProviQon ; and if
the Multitude of their PeQpledothfuperabound, they fend al-
fo the fupernumerary Perfons to their. Landlords. So that
thefe, in my Judgment, are the only Perfons in the wholgi
World, who want nothing, but have all things to Satiety^
And befides, being ignorant of Luxury and Coyetoufnefs,
they enjoy that Innocency and Tranquillity of Mind, which
others take great Pains to obtain, from the Precepts and
Inflitutions of wife Men. And this they have from their Ig-
norance of Vices ; neither doth any thing feem to be wanting
to their great Happinefs, but that they do not underftand the
Excellency of their Condition. There is in this Ifland a
Chapel, dedicated to-St. Ronanns, where (as old Men fay,)
there is a Spade always left, with which, if any one die,
fherg is always found a place marked out, and prepared for

63 **

4b The Hi s r onY of Book I.

bts Grave ; moreover in this Illand, befides other Fiihery,
many Whales are alfo taten.

Sixteen Miles from thence, towards the IVeft^ lies the
Ifland Snilkyr ; a Mile long, which brings forth no Grals,
no not fo much as ,Heath, only it hath black Rocks, fome
of which are covered with black Mofs. Sea- fowl do comr
modioufly lay their Eggs, and hatch them there. Before the
young arc flcdg'd enough to fly away, the neighbour Iflan'-
ders Tail thither itom Lewis^ and they allow themfelves e^ht
Days time, more or lefs, to cull or gather them up, natil
they load their Skiffs with their Flefli dried in the Wind, and
alio with their Feathers. In this IJla»d alfo, there is a rare
kind of Bird unknown in other Parts, call'd Coka ; it is little
lefs than a Goofe ; ihe comes every Year thither in the Spring,
and there hatches and feeds her young, till they can ihifc for
themfelves. About that time, her Feathers fall off of their
own accord, aad fo leave her naked ; then (he betakes her*
felf to the Sea again, and is never feen more, till the next
Spring, This alfo is Angular in them, their Feathers have no
Quills, or Stalks, but cover their Bodies with a gentle Down,
>vhich has no hard Nibs belonging to it.

Next follow the Orcadcs^ lying fcatteredih the iVir/A of
Scotland^ partly in the Deu^aledonian^ and partly in theG^r-
man Seas. Concerning the Name of them. Writers, both
ancient and modern, do well enough agree; but the reafoii
of tbe Name, no Man (that I know) hath explained. Nei-
ther doth it appear, who firft polTefled them : All fay, that
they were of ^ Germair Original^ but from what Nation of
Germany^ they fay not: If we may form aConjcSure from
their Speech, both heretofore and no vfr, they ufe the G9thick
Language. Some think they were P/(S?/, induced by this Ar-
gunienr, that the Sea, dividing them from Caithnefs^ is call-
ed the Pemland^OT Finland) Sea^ or Firth. They judge alio,
that the Pi£(s themfelves were of the Race of the Sixanr^

!;roundiug their Opinion chiefly on the Verfes Qf Claudiats^
n his feventh PauegyrUky which run thus :

I ' Maduerunt Saxone fufo
Ortades^ incaluh P i£i or um f anguine Thulei
Scotorum Ttumulos fievlt glaeialis Urne.

7*he Orcades 'were tnotft with Saxon Gore ;
Warm uyihih'e Blood of ?idi$fioiv'd ThuleV Siore^
yiadwhslft its Head^ each Scotchman'/ Tomb (^fears^
l[cy Juverna all diJJ'oves in Tears.

But

Book I. SCOTLAND. 41

B(7T their Error may eafily be refuted, partly out otBede
the Jmglo-^Saxon^ who affirming, that the Britons fun^ the
Prailes o(God\n fivefeveral Languages, reckons the P/VSf//^
to be one ; but if the PiSs had then Ipbke the Saxo» Lan*
gui^e, he would not have diilinguiflied it from l)^t Saxon;
(which then thtEnglifi? ufed, without Corruption;) and
partly alfo, out of thofe very Verfes of Clan Jian^ where he
exprefly declares; That the Pi^s were a different People
firofn the Saxons; for, he fays, that the Or cades were the
Country of the Saxms ; and TbuUy of the Pi&s ; but what-
foever their Original was, in this our Age, they ufe a Lan-
goage different both from Scotch and Engltjh^ but very near
th^ Gothick. In their daily Fare, the common People do as
yet ret^a much of their ancient Parfimony, and therefore
they are very found in Mind, and healthy in Body* Few
of themdieof Difeales, but almoQ all of them of old Age;
and their Ignorance of Delights and Pleafures contributes
more to the maintaining of their Health, than the Skill and
Dilvgisact o( Pb^cians doth to others. The fame Parfi*
moiiy conduceth much, both to the Elegancy of their Beauty^
and the Tallnefi of their Stature. T^ey have but a fmail
IncresUe of Com, except only of Oatt and Barley; out of
which they extrad both Bread and Drink. Of Animals
which herd together, they have Sheep, Kine, and divers
Goats, fo that they have abundance of Milk, Butter, and
Cheele among them: They have alfo an innumerable Coih'*
pany of Sea-fowl, of which, and of FiQies, their Diet doth,
for the moll part, confift. There H no venomous Crea^
turc there, no, nor any of a deformed and odious Appearance,
They have little Horfes, in fhew contemptible, but ftrong
enough for all Ufes,;even beyond Belief. They have never
a Tree growing, no, nor Shrub neither, befides Heath,
whicl^happens, not fo much from the F^ult of the Soil, or
Air, as the Laxinefs of the Inhabitants, as doth eafily appear
by the Roots of Trees, which, in many Places, are there
digged out of the Earth, As often as Foreigners import any
Wine thither, they drink it greedily, even to Excefs. They
have an ancient Cup, or Goblet among them, which (to pro-
cure the greater Authority to their Caroufings) they fay, did
belong to St. Afo/»«j, who firfl: inftrufied them in the Prin-
ciples of the Chrirtian Religion. It fo far exceeds the Big-
nefs of other Drinking -bowls, that it may feem to have
been a Relick of the Feaft of the Lapithof.. They try aa
Experiment with it upon their Biftiops, at their firft coming
to them; ho that can drink up a whole one, at one Draught,
(which fcldom happens) they count him a very Nonfttch of

E 4 *

'4a Tffe Uisr OKY 0f Book I,

^ Man; and do look upon it as an happy Omen and
Prefage, that the Crop of the following Years will be fuper-
abundant. From which PraSice of theirs, a Man may ea*
fily coujeflurc, that their Parfimony which I fpoke.of,
proceeds not lb much from Reafbn and Choice, as from
Penury and Want ; and the lame Neceffity which produced!
Jt at firft, perpetuated and tranfinitted it to their Pofterity ;
till the Neighbour -Nations being corrupted by prevailing
Luxmy, their ancient Difcipline was, by Degrees, wcakned
and impaired, and they alio gave up themfelves th charming
Pleafures* and Delights; and being thus inclined to Luxury,
they were hurried on to it, by their Commerce with Pyr
rates ; who, not daring to land on the Continent, becaufc
It' was full of Inhabitants, took in frelh Water at thefe
Illands ; and there, either changed their Wine, and other
Merchandize, for the Provifions of the Country; or die
jfold them to the Iflanders at a low Price: And thelflanders
being few in Number, and unarmed too, and dilj>erfed alio
in the tempeftuous Sea, that they could not convene to iaffift
one anothtr, being confcious of their own Weaknefs, ei-
ther did receive* or at leaft, did not rejeft Security, brought
home to their Doors, efpccially, it being mixed with Gain
and Pleafure to boot, which are its ufual Companions.
But this Pollution of Manners did moftly infeS the great
tones, and the Priejis, Among the Vulgar^ many ToKens
of their former Moderation do yet remain. The Sea is
there very raghig and tempeftuouy, which is caufed, not
only by the Violence* of Winds, and the Pofition of the
heavenly Conftellations'; but atlb by the Meetings of con-
traiy Tides, raifed up, and flowing in from the Wefiem
Ocean, and making fuch i Confli6l between theStreights of
the Land, that the Surges, occalioned thereby, fometimes
inecting, oppofite one to another, and being all impetuoully
whirled together, cannot be pafled, neither by Oars nor Sails:
If any Mariners dare come too near, one of thefe three Mif-
chiefs befals them. They are either driven* back, with a
forcible Violence, into the Sea; or elfe by the Rapidity of
the foaming Waves, they are dalhed upon Shelves and
Rocks : Or laftly, are fwallowed up by the rolling Vortices
of the ingulphing Waters. There are only two Seafons,
wherein thefe Straghts are paflable; either, when, upon the
failing back of the Tides, the ConfliS of Waters ceafing^
the Sea i^ thereby calmed; or elfe when it comes in a full
phannel, to the Height of Its Incr^afi; at Spring-Tides, that
IfoxcQ langaifliing, on both fides, which raifed and made
the Waters tc;mpeftuous andftormy; th^ Ocean, as it were.

Book I. S C O T L A N 'D. 43"

founding a Retreat to its Storms, and thereupon the moun-
tain6ni» Surges do fttire into their own proper Caverns and
Receffes.

Moreover, Authors do not agree concerning the Num-
ber ot iht Orcades\ Ptiny reckons them to be forty; others,
about thirty ; bat Pautus Orofius comes neareft the Truth ;
he makes them thirty three, of which thirteen arc inhabited;
the reft not, but left to feed C^tle. For many of them are
low, and fo narrow in Compafs, that if they fliould be til-
led, they would fcarce maintain above one Farmer or two.
Some of them (hew either bare Rocks, or elfe fuch as ^e
covered but with a rotten kind of black Mofs.

The biggeft Ifle of the Orcades is called by many of the
Ancients Pomona \ at this Day they call it 'the Main-land^
becaufe'it exceeds the reft fo'much in Bignefs, for it is thh-ty
Miles long; it is well inhabited, for it hath twelve Pariffi
Churches, and one Town befides; which Ha^Danes^ who-
were long Matters of the Orcades ^ called Cracoviaca ; we
Scotfmen call it by a corrupt Name, KirkivalL In this
Town there are two Caftles of a reafonable Bignefs, ftand-
ing near together, one belonging to the King^ the other to
the Bifliop. And between them is a Churchy magnificent
enough for thofe Places ; between the Church and the Ca-
ftles there are frequent Buildings on both Sides, .- which the
Inhabitants call two Cities, one the Kifsg*s^ the other the
Bipofs, The whole Ifle runs out into Promontories, be-
tween which the Bays of the Sea making an Influx, do af-
ford fafe anchoring for- Ships, and here and there a good
Port. .In fix feveral Places of this Ifland there are Metals,
f. e. White and Black Lead^ fo good that there are not bet-
ter in all Britain. This Ifland \s about twenty four Miles
diftant from Caithnefs; the Pi^ijb Sea, called Pentlavd
Firth, running between them; of whofe Nature we have
Ipoken before.

In that narrow Sea there are many fcattered Iflands, of
which Stront'O^i not unfruitful foe the Bignefs of it, is di-
flant from Catthnefs but a Mile, but they do not reckon that'
amongft the Orcades^ becaufe of its Propinquity to the Brittjb
Shore ; and becaufe the Earls of Caithnefs have always been
Lords of it. Sailing from hence towards the Norths we
meet with South Ranalds^ or Ranals-Oy, the firft of theOr-
cades, which is fixteen Miles from Dungsby-head\ Skiffs and
Imall Ships pafs over in two Hours from it to this Ifland,
the Tide^eing with them, though there be no Wind, fuch
is the Violence of the Current. This Ifland is five Milei in
Lei)gthy and it hath a convenient Port, furnamed btMar^

44 The H isr OKY 0f Book I.

gsm^s Hope. A little Eaftward of it are two fmall lilandSy
nninbabited, and left for Cattle to paftareiin. They call them
in their Coantry Speech, the Holmes^ that is, Grafly Plains
fitjate by Water*. To the North is the Ifland Burroy and
two //Ji^^j between Thai %Sii Mainland, From Bnrrs to-
ivard the fFel^j there lie three Iflands in* order, Sonma^ Plata
and fara'y and beyond them, Hoia^ ^scAValii ot PFaes^IJU^
which ibme make two, others batoneiiland, becaufeabont
bbth the Equinoxes (at which times the Sea doth moft tem-
peftuonily foam and rage) the Tide falling back, and the
Lands being bared, they ftick together, and are joyned by a
narrow Neck of Land, and fo make one Ifland ; but opon
the return of the Tide, and the Sea coming afrefl) between
them, they agam reprelent the form of two. In this Ifland
are the higheft Mountains of 'all the Orcades. Hoia and
Waes'IJle are extended ten Miles in Length, and from Ra-
Malfay they are diftant eight Miles; (vomDuncMsty or £)«»-
^ix^y, in Caithmfs^ above twenty Miles. On the North is
the Ifland Grantfa^ fituate in a very narrow Arm of the Sea:
For Hoia is diftant from the nearell Promontory, which is
that of PoHtoffo^ or Mainland^ only two Miles. Thele are
the iflands fituate in the very Streights, between Mainland
and Casthnefs. The IVeft fide of Mainland looks to the
open Sea, no Iflands or Rocks appearing there: From its
Maji Promontory it runs a little out into the Sea ; Coupim-Oy
almoft covers it on the North, Nearer the Shore is Sia--
fins-Oyj fomewhat inclining to the Eaft^ fituate over-againft
Kirkwall^ two Miks diflant, itlelf being .fix Miles lon^.
On the IVeft part of Mainland lies Rows-Oy^ fix Miles m
Length. From thence toward the £^ ftands Eglifa^ or
Eglis'Oyj where Fame reports, that St. Aftff»»/ was buried.
From hence to the Sjuthxuard lie IVyer-Oy and Grefs-Oyy
and not far from thence fFcfler-Oy^ which is eighty Miles
diftant from Sehetland, Papa^ and Stroma are alfo eighty
Miles diftant from Sehetland. Almoft in the middle of the
Paflage between them \\^ Fara^ or Fair IJle^ which is con*
fpicuous and vifibk both fvom the Orcades^ ai\fl from Schet^
land too; for it rifes into three Arery high Promontories,
furioanded with lofty Rocks, every way inacccflible, favc
Ibat toward the North Eaji^ it being a little lower, affords
an Harbour -fafe enough for. fmall Ships. The Inhabitants
fhereof are very poor ; for the Fiihermen, which fail that
way every Year, coming to fiOi from England^ Holland^
and other Countries, iiesg: (he Sea, 4o plunder and c^rry away
yifhs^ they pleafe.

. The

B oo K I. S C O T LA R.T>. 4j

The next after this is the greateft of the Sebftlattdijb lilands,
and therefore the Inhabitants call it the Continent or Main-
Ian J; It is iixty Miles in Length, andin fome Places fixteen
in Breadth ; it fpreads itfelf into many fmall Promontories :
Two of them- 1 (hall name, the one long, but narrow, run-
ning to the North ; the other broader, running to the Souti-
Eaft. The maritime Part^ of it are,s for the moft Part, in-
habited ; but to the inward Parts no Animal comes but Fowl.
Some few Years fince, the Inhabitants endeavoured to form
Plantations, farther than their Anceflors had done, but die
Succels did not anfwer. Their Wealth is from the Sea, for
it lies convenient for Fifliing on every Side.

Ten Miles farther toward the North is theJfle Zeal^ or

Yell^ above twenty Miles long, and eight broad; fo uncouth

a Place, that no Creature can live therein, except fuch as arc

born there. A Merchant of Breme is reported to dwell in

this Ifland, who doth import all forts of foreign Wares

(which xbe Inhabitants have need of) in great Abundance.

Between this Ifland and Mainland lie thefe fmall Illands,

LingOj Orna, Big^a, San^erry, About nine Miles beyond

it, to the Norths ftands Fusft^ extended above twenty Miles

ia Length, and fix in Breadth. It is of a plain and level Soil,

neither is it any otherwife unfightly to the Eye, but that it is

forrounded with a very raging Sea. . Between this and Tell

lies Via^ Vra^ Linga\ beyond it toward the ^^r/? are the two

Skerrys and Burra ; on the Eaft is Balta^ Honnega, Fotlara,

or Pheodor^oyy feven Miles long, diftant feven Miles from

Vuift^ and eight from TeH\ 'tis over-againft the Streights

which divide P'uift from TelL Then many petty Iflands lie

on the Eaji fide of the Mainland^ as Mecla^ the three Ea^

(iern SiirrySy Cbualfa^ or JVhals-Oy^ Naftvada^ Brafa^ and

Mufa\ the Weft fide is furrounded by the Weftern Skirrys^

^ottij Papa the lefi, Femendrn^ Papa the greater, Failu^

Tr<ins Ifle, Burra, Hara the greater, Hara the left, and

amongft them lie intermingled almoft as many Holmes^ or

P/iiiVf 7/Zrf>f^, for Pafturage only.

The Scbetlanders live after the lame manner as the
Iflanders of the Orcades do, fave that, as to their Houfliold
Provifion, they are a little more hardy. Their Appurel is
after the G^r»ftf»Fafliion, which, according to their Abilities,
is not uncomely. Their Incomes arife from a Ibrt of coarfe
Cloth, which they fell to the Norwegians; as alfil from
Oil, prefifed out of the Inwards of Fifhes, from their But-
ter, and from their Fifheries : They filh in fmall VefTels of
two Oars, which ihey buy of the Norwegians. Part of the
Fi(h which thej catch they fait| an4 Part |hey dry in the
* ■ ". ' ' Wind,

46

The H I s T o R y &c. B o o k L

Wind. Oat of thefe being fold they raifc a Sum of Money
to pay their Tribute^ and to provide dweUing Houfts, and
Houfhold Stuff, arid a great part of therr* Food arifes from
thence alfo. They who ftady Neatncfs in their domefticJt
Utenfils, areaccuftomed to havefome Plate in their Houfes.
They ufe Meafdres, Numbers and Weights after the Ger^
vtan Fafliion. Their Language *is alfo German^ dr almoft
theancfenrG(?/A/V*. They know not what ft is to be drunk,
only every Month they invite one another, and on thofe
Days they ^re innocently merry and jocund, without thofe
Brawls and other Vices, which are occafioned by Drunken-
nefs ; for they perfuade themfelves that this Cuftom contri*
bares much for the maintaining of mutual Friendfliip. The
Firmnefs of their Health appeared in one named Lmvrence
in our Age, who, after he was an hundred Years old^
married a Wife. And when he was an Hundred and forty;
be ufedto ftlh wnh his Skiffs even in a very rough and raging
Sea; he died but lately, not by the Shock of any grievous
Difeafe, but only by the Infirmities and Languifliings of old
Age.

THE

.( 47 )

THE

H I S T O R Y

O F

SCOTLAND.

B O O K II.

HEN I endeavoured to retnevc the Memory
of Br hip Affairs, for above two thoufand
Years paft, many Impediments offered in Bar
to my Defign; amongft which this was the
chief, that there w^re for a long time no
_^_^_^___^ Monuments of Learning in thofe Countries^
from which the Knowledge of our Original was to be de-
rived ; and when Letters came, though but late, into ufe,
they were nipped almoft in the very Bud ; for I may fafely
aflSrni, that all the Nations, which hitherto have feated them-
fclves in Br//tf/», came thither from Gauly Spain 2S\d Qer^
numy. The Gauh firll of all received the Charafiers of Let-

• tcr$

48 TAe UiST ORY of Book IL

ters from the Marfell'tan Greeks^ by which they ufed ta
make up their Accounts, and to fend Letters one to an-
other. Alphabets, or the Figures which every Letter bure,
were Greek; but the Language was Gallick. But they
did not commit their Laws, and the Rites of their Re-
ligion, to writing, no not in Julius Cafar\ time ; and
much lefs did they record their Exploits, which yet, 'tis
probable, were very great: Thofe things which they ei-
ther did or fuffered in Italy^ Germany^ Thrace^ Macedo-
nia^ Greece^ and AJia^ had ^been buried lilrcvfife in the
fame Oblivion, <fo that Pofterity would never have come
to the Knowledge of, them,) if foreign Writers had not
recorded and tranfmitted them down to us. I confels,
in Spain the Greeks had the ufe of/ Letters ; and before
them, the Phoenicians who inhabited the Shores of the
Mediterranean Sea : But of the Barbarians^ only the 7«r-
detani (as Strabo writes) had any Knowledge of them. But
as for any ancient Writer, there was yet lione that I
kpow of. For Varro^ PH^ty^ and any other Latin Authors,
who tofuched any thing, by the by, concerning the firft
Inhabitants of Sfain^ confirm their Opinions therein, ra-
ther by bare Conjeflures, than the Teftimony of Writers. In
thaCpart o( Britain which Crf/ir vifited, there were no anci-
ent Records at all ; and among the farther inland Inhabitants,
which were ftill more barbarous, they were mucfi lefs to be
cxpcfted. So that when he asked them concerning iheOrigin
of their Nation^ and its mod ancient Inhabitants, as he writes,
they returned him no certain Anfwer at all.

After Cafar^ Cornelius Tacitus^ an Author both faithful
and diligent, tho* the Roman Navy had then coafted about
Britain, and had difcovered all its inmolt Roads and Recet
fcs, could however find out nothing of certainty, nothing
that he would venture to tranfmit to Pofterity. Moreover
Gildafy who lived above four hundred Years after Tacitus^
, doth aflSrm, that What he writes was not from any Monu-
ments of Antiquity, of which he could find none at all, but
from Reports abroad that he gathered beyond Sea. As for
Germany^ that Country, was- ftirailhed with Learning laft of
all ; but feeiAg ihe had nothing to produce oat of old Re-
cords, which could be avotichcd for Truth, according to her
wonted Ingenuity in other Cafes, flie coined no Fidions of
her own, to obtrude upon the World. So then, they who
affirm, that they deduce the Original of the Britons from
old Jnnalty muft firft tell us, who was the Author or Dif-
covqrer of thofe Annals : Asalfo, where they have been con-
cealed fo long : And how they came down uncorriipt^ to

Book IL SCOTLAND. 4^,

OS, after fo many Ages. In thiscftTe/foine fly to the B^rifr
and Sanacbies^ as the Prefervers of ancient Records^ bat
very ridiculoufly ; which will be more clearly under flood, if
I explain what kind of Men thofe were, to whom chej
would have Credit to be given, in Matters of lb great
Moment, and thofe fo objure too, and fo remote ftoin
oar Memory. Firft Strabo and AmmioMus defcribe to us
very plainly what the Bards were, both before, and alio
in their Times. Bat Lucan doth it clearly and dihindlf
enough for our prefent Porpofe, in thele Verles,

J^os quoque qui fortes antmasy belloque peremptas i
Lauasbus tn longum^ Vates^ dlffunditis avum^
Plurima fe^uri fudiftis carmina^ Bardi.

Te Bards, fucb valiant' Souls, as fall in War^
Perpetuate with Rhimes, and Praifes rare.

Bur the very oldeft of them were altogether ignorant of
Letters, neither did they leave an^ Records of ancient Mat«
ters behind them.

The other were Bardliugs or Sanachies, (as they/call
them) which were maintained by the Chief of the ancient
Clans^ and by Ibme wealthy Men beitdes, one a piece, oa
purpoie to commemorate their Ancefiors and firft of their
Families in Genealogies which they got by heart. But
thtfe too, having no Learning at all, let any Man judge
what Credit is to be given to them, whole Hopes and Sub-
fiftence'did totally depend upon Toothing and flattering
others. Befides, though all that they delivered were moS
true, yet fmall would be the Advantage to the Writer of
an Hsftory. Laftly, let us confider, how often the Writers
of fuch faiftous Deeds as are paft, are found in manifeft
Miftakes; how often they themfelves waver, doubt, fluc-
tuate, and are at a Lofs ; how vaftly fome of them differ
not only from others, but even from themfelves. If fuch
Errors are incident even to thofe who feek after Truth
with great Labour and Study^ what can we hope for,
from fuch other Perfons, who being without Learning (by
which they who cafually miftake, may be better informec^
and thofe who miftake on purpofe, may be confronted,)
depend wholly upon their Memory ? I might alledge, that
the Memory is oftentimes impaired by Difufe; it is weak-
ned by Age ; or wholly loft by fome Difeafes. Belides, if
they ftudy chiefly to pleafe their Patrons, (which is com-
monly f he Cafe) or, on the connnry, if they have a Mind

4 ^o

:$6 ' A Uistokt of Book IL

tocrofs them; or, if the Paffions of Anger, Hatred, or
Envy intervene, (which pervert the Judgment) who can af-
firm any thing for Truth upon fuch Mens Authorities ? Or,
who would take the Pains to refute it, though falfe? Or,
who would deliver down for certain^ what he received
from fuch uncertain Authors ? Wherefore, where the old
Writers arc fo generally filent (concerning Matters of An-
tiquity) who were often fo egregioufly ignorant, even of
things aded in their own Times, that nothing can certain-^
ly be grounded upon them, I count it more modeft to be
filent in what one knows not, than by devifingFalfljoods to
betray ones own Confidence^ in Prejudice of other Mens
Judgment.

It follows then, that there was fo great a Scarcity of
Writers among ft all the Nations of the Britons^ that,' be-
fore the coming m of the RomaHs^ all things were buried irt
the profound Darknefs of an univerial Silence; infomuch
that we can get no Information of what was afted, even
by the Romans themfelves, other wife than from Greek afid
Latin Monuments; and as for thofe things which pre-
ceded their coming, we may rather believe their Conjeaures,
than^ our own FieJions. For v«hat our Writers have deli-
vered, every qne concerning the Original of his own Sept
or Nation, is fo abfurd, that . I (hould have counted my
time loft to go about to refel it, were there not fome who
delighted in fiich Fables, as if they were as true as Gofpel,
and took a Pride to deck themfelves with borrowed Fea-
thers. .

MoREOVEH, the Difagreement of later Writers nlak«s a
great Acceffion to the Difficulty of this Task; for they de-
liver fuch Repugnancies, that a Man cannot well tell whom
to follow ; nay, there is fo much Abfurdity amongft them,
that all of them feem to deferve no other Notfce but that
of Contempt. Neither do I fo much wonder at the Si-
lence u{ the Ancients in a Matter fo obfcure, or the DiV-
agreements among later Writers in feigning Fallhoods, as
I do at the agreeing Impudence of fome few : For they
write of thofe-Times in which all things were dubious and
uncertain, with fo much Pofitivencfs and Confidence, as
if their Defign was rather to tickle the Reader's Ear,, thaa
to (hew the leaft Reg:ird to Truth in their Narratives.

For in thofe early Times, when the Ufe of Tillage was

not common, neither among the Britons^ nor many other

Nations; but all their Wealth confifted in their Cattle^

. Men had no Regard to other Subftance, which was very

fmalL but often changed their Habitations, being either ex-

' * pelle<f.

Book 11. SC0TLAN7). 51

pelled by fuch as were more powerful than themfelves; or,
xhey themfelv^s drove out the weaker ; or elfe they fought
out better Pafture for theJr Cattle in wild and defert Places :
Upon one or other of thefe Grounds they eafily changed
their Dwellings ; and the Places they removed to, foon got
new Names with their new Matters. Befides, the Ambi-
tion of the wealthier Sort helped much to perplex the Ac-
coants of things, who, to perpetuate their Memory to Po-
fierity, called Countries, Provinces, and Towns by their
own Names. Almoft all the Cities in Spaift. had two
Names; the Nam%s of the Inhabitants, and alfo of the Ci-
ties and Countries therein received frequent Alterations.
Notrolpcak of Egypty Greece^ amd other remote C<?»»/r/V/.

Sapim y Homem pofust Safurttia iellus.

Fair Italy {fays Patne^)

Full oft hath changed her Name.

Add hereunto, Ihat thofe Nations, who live Jn the fame
Coufttrvy have, not always the fame Names. That which
the Latins QzW Hifpania; the Greeks^ Betia; the Poetf Hef^
feria ; St. Paul in his Epiftles, Theedoret and Sozomen in
their Hiftory, dW Spania^ i, e. Spain. The Name of the
Greeks^ fo celebrated by the Latins^ and all Nations of
Europe^ is more obfcure than the Greeks themfelves. The
Hebrews and Arabians keep their old Appellations of almoft
all Nations, which were never fo much as heard of by
other People. Scotch and Englijh are the common Names
of the Britifo Nations, which, ar this Day, are almoft un-
known to the ancient Scots ^ and Britons ; for they call the .
one Albines^ the other Saxons. And therefore 'tis no won-
der, if, in fo great an Uncertainty of Human Affairs, IVri^
ters^ who were born at feveral times, far diftant one from
another, and having different Languages, and Manners too,
do not always agree amdngft themfelves in the Names of
Perfons and Places. Though thefe things have occafioned
Difficalties great enough to the Searchers after the firft Ori-
ginals of Nations; yet fome of the Moderns too, being aal^li^-
ed by a Principle of Ambition, have involved all things in
moft thick and palpable Darknefs. For, whilft every one
would fetch the Original of his Nation, as high as he could ;
and lb endeavour to ennoble it by devifed Fables, by this
immoderate Licence of coining Fiftions, what do they but
obfcure that, which they ought to sllufirate ? And, if at any .
time they fpeak7r«;^; yet, by their frequent and ridiculous

F ' Untruths^

52. The Hit toRY of Book II.

Untruths, at other times, they detrafit from their own Cre-
dit ; and arc fo far from obtaining that Efteem, which they
hoped for, that, byreafon of their Fallhoods, they are laughed
at ^ven by thofe^ whom they endeavoured to cajole imo an
Affent.

To make this plain, I will begin, as with the ancientefi
Kation, fo from the moll notorious and impudent Falf-
hood. The Compilers of a newHiJiory of the ancient Bri-
tons^ having interpolated the Fable of the Danaides^ feign,
that ont Diocletiaffy King of Syria^ begat thirty three Daugh-
ters on his Wife Labana; who killing their Husbands on
their wedding Night, their Father crowded them all toge-
ther into one Ship, without any Mafter or Sailors ; who,
arriving in Britain^ then but a Defert, did not only live fo-
litaiily in that cold Country, of a few wild Fruits; but alfo
by the Comprefllon of Cacodamons^ forfooth, they brought
forth Giants y whofe Race continued *till the Arrival of
Brutus. They fay the Ifland was called Albion from /^Z-
bine^ and that Brutus was the great Grandfbn of Mneas the
Trojai}^ and the Son o( Mneas Sylvius., ThisBrutms having
accidentally killed his^Father with a Dart, it was looked
npon $s a lamentable and piteous Fa£t by all Men; .yet,
becaufe it was not done on purpofc, the Punifliment of
Death was remitted, and Banifliment either enjoined, or vo-
luntarily chofen by him* This Paricide having confulted
the Oracle of Diana^ and having run various Hazards thro*
fo many Lands and Seas, after ten Years arrived in Britaitf^
with a great Number of Followers; and by many Com-
bats having conquered the terrible Giants in Albion^ he gained
the Empire of the whole Ifland. He had three Sons, (as
they proceed to Fable) Locrinus^ Albanadus^ and Camber^
between whom the Ifland was divided; Albanaiius ruled
over the Albans^ afterwards called Scots \ fiamber over the
Cambtians^ /. e. the Weljh : They both governed their re-
fpefth^e Kingdoms fo, as that Locrinus had the fupreme Do-
minion; who, being Ruler of the reft of the fin/ojf/, gave
the Name of * Loegria. to his part. Later Writers, that
^they might alfo propagate this fabulous Empire as much as
they could, add, that l/endelina fucceeded her Father Loeri^
fiHs\ Midanus, Vendelina'^ M^npriuus^ Madanusi and
Ebrancus^ Menpricius ; which later, of twenty Wives b^at
as many Sons, of which nineteen went over into Germanyk^
and by Force of Arms conquered that Country, being af-
fiftcd by the Forces of their Kinfman, Alba Sybums-^ and

* M old N^asK for Snikitd,

"" • . from

Book IT. S C O T L A N 'D. 5,

from thofe Brothers the Country was called Germany.
Thefc are the things which the ofd Britons^ and after them,
fbme of the Englijh^ have delivered concerning the firft In-
habitants of Britain^

Here I cannot but ftand amazed at their Defign, who
might eafily, and without any Refle&ion at all have imitat-
ed the AtbeMtans^ Arcadians^ and other famous Nations^ and
have called themfclves Indtgenoe^ feeing it would have been
no Dilgrace to them to own that Origin, which the nobleft
and wiftft City in the whole World counted her Glory;
dpccially, fince' that Opinion couW not be refuted out of
ancient Writers^ and had no mean AJfertors\ yet, that they
bad rathfer forge Anceftors to themfelves, from xhtRefufe of
all Nations, whom the very Series of the Narration itfelf
did make fufpefted, even to the unskilfiil Vulgar: And which
none of the Ancients, no, not by the leall Sufpicton, did
confirm. Bcfides, if that had not pleafed them, feeing it
was free for them, to have aflumed honourable Anceftors
to themfelves, out of any old Book which fbme of the Poets
have writ : I wonder in my Heart what was in their Minds,
to make choice of fuch, of whom all their Pofterity might
juftly be afliamcd. For what great Folly is it, to think no-
thing illuftrious or magnificent but what is profligate and
flagitious ; yet fbme there are, that pride themfelves, among
the ignorant, upon the fcore of fuch Fables. As for Jobfp
Jnmus, a Man, I grant, not unlearned, I think he may be
pardoned, feeing Poets claim a Liberty to celebrate the Ori-
ginal of Families and Nations, with the Mixture of Fig-
ments; but I cannot think it reafonable to allow the fame
Pfivflege to thofe who undertake, profefledly to write an
Hiftory.

To return then to what I was faying : What is more ab-
horrent from all ^belief, than that a few Girls, without the
Help of Men to manage their Veffel, fliould come from^
Syria^ through fo many Seas, which Voyage, even now*
a-days (when Men have attained, by Ufe and Cuftom, more
skill in Navigation, is yet hazardous, though with a brave
and well - furnilhed Navy) to the end, as it were, of the
World, and into a dcfolate Ifland too; and there to. live
wiriioutCorn or Fruits of Trees? Nay, that fuch Ladies of
a Royal Stock ihould not only barely maintain their Lives,
in fovcold a Giimate, deftitute of all things, but alfo (hould
bring forth Giants ; and that their Copulations, or Mar-
riages, jn^ht not fcem unfuitaWe . ta their State, that they
were got with Child (would yoathink.it?) h^Cacodamons'i
As for that DmUtian^^x^^^ at what time, and in what part

F X ©f

54 The History of Book II.

of Syria did he reign? How comes it to pafs, that Atttbors
make no mention of him/ especially fince the AiFairs of no
Nation are more diligently tranfmitted to Pofterity. than
thofe of the Syrians ? How came he to be called Diocletian ?
By a Name which took Its Rife athouland Years aifter him,
amongft the Barhariansy originally Grgck^ but declined sifter
the Latin Form ?

The next Acceffioh of Nobility, forfooth, is Brntns^
the Paricide, that he might not, in that reiped, be inferior
to Romulus. This Brutus^ whatfoever he were, whom the
Britons make the Authc* of their Natoe and Nation, with
what Forces, with what correfpondent Language, could he
penetrate fo far into Britain ? Efpecially in thoft Times,
when the Roman Arms, even in the mod flouriOiing State
of their Commonwealth, having conquered 'alnwft all the
World befides, could fcarce fuccced : For it is needlefi to
mention, how, before Rome was built, the Affairs of Italy
were at a very low thh ; and how the Inhabitants thereof
were averfe from all Peregrination and Travel. Neither
reed I enquire, whether he came by Land, or Sea? The
jllps^ till that time, were paffable only to Hercules; and
theGWx, by reafon of their natural Fiercenefs, were as yet
unacquainted %vith the Converfe of Foreigners. As for Sea
Voyages, the Carthaginians and the Greeks inhabiting Mar^
feil/esy fcarce dared to venture into the Oxean, but very late,
and when things were well fettled at Home; and, evea
then, their Voyages were rather for Difcovery, than Con*
queft; much lefs can we believe, that /f/^4«'*Shepherds, a
wildifl) fort of People, would undertake fo bold an Adven-
ture. Befides, all Men, who are not ignorant ofLatiny do
know, that the Name of Brutus began to be celebrated under
Tarquinius Superbus^ almoft five hundred Years after that
Comment'tt'tous Brutus ; when Lucius Junius^ a Nobleman,
Jaying afide his native Grandeur, condefcended to do things
far below himfelf, on purpofe to avoid the Cruelty of their
Kings \ and, on pretence of htlng foolijhy he look that new-
Surname to himfelf, and tranfmitted it to bis Poflerity. But
the Moni^ who was the Forger and Devifer of this Fable
of Brutus^ feemedto fee the Abfurdity of the Invention him-
felf; yea he thought to ftop all Mens Mouths with the
Pretence of Religion, forfooth, in the Cafe, and would have
every Body think, that they obeyed the Oracle of Diana.
Here 1 will not be nice in inquiring why thfs Oracle' of
Diafta was (b unknown to Pofterity, when the Oracles of
Faunus^ of Sibylla^ and the Pr^nejltnt Lots, were then in
fo great •Credit.

I wm

BookH. scot la N'D. ss

I Will only ask, In what Language did DUna anfwer ? If*
thej lay, in La$in\ I demand, How Brutus could under-
Hand a Language, which began nine hundred Years after his
time? For, fince Horace^ a very learned Man, dothingenu*
odfly confefi, that he did not underfland the Saiiar Rhymes,
Mrhich were made in the Rm'gn of Numa Pomfilius^ how
could that Brutus^ who died fo many Years before the
Priefts called Salii were inftituted, underfland P^erfes^ made
long after Horace his time, as the Tenor of their Compo-
Ibre doth (hew ? Befidcs, how could the Pofterity of Brutus
fo totally forget the Latin l^ongue, that not the Icaft Foot-
fteps of it fliould remain amongft them ? And whence got
they that Language which they now ufe ? Or, if it be grant-
ed, that their (fuppofed) Gods^ as well as their Meu^ them
Ipoke Britip in Itafyy yet furely it was not the Tongae
the Britons now make ufe of; for that Is £6 patched up of
the Languages of the Neighbour Nations, thatfeverai Coun-
tries may know and own their own Words upon the firft
Hearing. But if they fay, that thofe ancient Latins fpoke
Britijh^ how could that Monk underfland , fo old an Ora-
cle, which was given out 2000 Years before ? But why do
I proftcute thefe things fo particularly, fince it appears by
many other Arguments alfo, that the fame Monk forged
this whole Story, andbegatfuchaJ3r»/«/, (in his own Brain) .
as never was in Nature; and alfo devifed the Oracle of
Dtamt too? I fliall add the Verfes themfelves, that the Va-r
nity of fiich cunning Sophifter,s may be fct in the fulleft
Light.

Brutus's Addrefi to the Oracle.

Diva J potent nemorum^ Terror fylveftribus ^ris^

Cut licet anfraStus ire per atberios^
Infernafque domost Terr eftria jura rejfblve^

Et dicy quas terras nos hahitare velis. *
Die eertamfedewy qua te veneremur in foum^

J^d tibi virgineis templa dicabo cboris.

Coddefs of Groves^ and wild Boars Chafe^
Who doft tV Etberial Manfions trace^
And PlutoV too ; refolve this Doubt^
Tell me, what Country to find out^
Where I may fix, where Temples raife^
For rtrgin-Cioirs tofing thy Praife.

•

F 3 jr*#

56 The His roKY of Book II.

The Oraches Anfwer.

DIANA anfwers in Verfes of the fame kind, (fo that
.they muft needs be made by one and the fame Poet) not
pcFplexed and ambiguous onoi ; or, fiich as may be inter-
preted divers ways, but clear and perfpicuous ones, wherein
Ihe promifeth that which (he could never give, vli. The
Emfire ef the whole World,

Brute, fub Oceafum Solis trans Gallica regna^

Infula i» Oceam eji^ undique ctnita mart,
Infula in Oeeano eft^ habitata Gigantibus olinfj

Nunc defertu quidem^ Gentibui apta tuts,
Hanc pete, namque tibi Sedes erit ilia ferenniSy

Hac pet natis altera Troja tuts ;
*H/V de prole tud Reges nafceniur^ y Hits

T§tius Terra fubditus Orbis erit.

Beyond proud GalliaV wide-extended Lines^
Where fets the Sun ^ but large its Glory pines i
jitt IJle do*s in the circling Ocean ft and,
Aitd Giants once inhabited the hand\
Novj desolate it wants a Regal Gueft,
- And courts thy People to a Seat of Reft.
Go^ Brutus, go^ and make that Realm thy own.
Where endlefs Empire greets thee to the Throne ;
^ There thy long Offspring pall behold with Joy
A rifing Nation^ andafecond Troy ;
And to that Height promote their fceptred Sway,
The vanquip^d World /hall willingly obey.

I fuppofe, by thefe FerfeSy compared with their Hiftories^
the whole Forgery will he difcovered, and that plainly
enough. For, befides the vain Promifes on both fides, the
Rhymes lay, that the Ifland was not then .inhabited but de*
folate, but that it had been inhabited before : But where, I
pray then, were thofe portentous Figments of Gogmagog
and Tentagol, and other frightful Names of Men, invented
for TVrror, ((hall Tfay) oi (or Laughter^ rather? What will
become of thofe doughty Combats of Corimeus^ and others,
the Companions of brntus^ againft not the Earth^born^ but
Hell-born, Giants^. Thus far coucerning J8r«^«/, and his
. Oracle.

Though thefe be fo great Fifiions, yet Pofterity is fo
little alhamed of them, tl^t, bura few Years ago, no mean

Writer

bookil scot la Niy: 57

Writer amongft them impadently feigned, That the Tro^

jans (poke the Britijb Language. Homer and Dionyfius

Halicarnajfeus^ vtij eafily refute the Vanity of this (hamc-

lefs Opinion: F<fr the one gives Greek Names to all the

Trojans ; the other in a long and ferious DIfputation, main*-

tains, that the Trojans were originally Greeks. I pafs by

this Confideration, how Brutus when he arrived in En^Uud

with no great Train, could within the Space of twenty

Years cftablifli three Kingdoms ; and how they, who, ali

of them put together at firft, could fcarc^ make up the

Number of one mean Colony, (hould in fo (hort a time

people an Ifland the biggeft in the whole World, and fur-

nifli it not only with Villages and -Cities, but with all that

belongs to three large Kingdoms alfo; nay, whoawhHeaf*

ter, it feems, grew fo numerous, that -6r/>/8i» could not,

contain them, but they were forced to tranfport themfelves

into the large Country of Germany; whtre, overcoming

the Inhabitants, they compelled them to affume their own

Name, which was not a Britifij, but a Lath one ; and fo

from *hofe nineteen Brothers, forfooth, (which indeed were

not properly own Brothers, as we fay, for almoft every

one of them had a feveral Mother, ) that the Country

ihould be called Germany. I have related this Fable, as

abfurd as it is, not to take the Pains to refute it, but to

leave' it to the Germans themfelves for Sport and Ridi*

cule. • •

• This in general ?oncerning the .Fables of the Britons^'
But the Intent of thofc who devifed them, fecms not very
obfcure to me; for that monftrous.Fiaion of Devtls rying
with Virgins, feems to have this Tendency, viz. That they
might either prove an Alliance between their Brutus, and
two of the gceateft neighbouring Nations ; or elfe, that they
mieht vie with them in the Nobility of their Original. For
tht Gauls affirmed, (as C^r^ hath it) that they were det
fccnded from Father Pluto; and fo did the Germans, acn
cording to Tadtus. The Ca%fe of devifing this Figment,
concerning Brutus, feems to ie alike, tor feeing the Bu-
throui in Epirus, feveral People in Sjc^ly; Th^ Romans,
Campsmians, mA Sulmonenjes m Italy ; Th^Arverm HedjiL
Sequani, and laft of all the Fr^^a m G-«/, celebrata^,
know not what, Trojans as their Founders; the Wnte^B* T
Britijb Affairs thought it likewife very conducive toW
Advancement of the Nobility of their Nation, if they de^:
rived its Original too, from the very Archives of ^//f«»gr,
andefpeciallyfromtherra>»j; either becaufe of the Renown
of that City, which was praifed by almoft all Nations; ^or

F 4 ciie|

38 ^^The Utsr ORY of Book IL

elfe, by reason of its Alliance with fo many Nations, which
are faid to have ftarted up^ as it were, out of the lame corn*
mon Shipwrack of that one Town. Neither did they think
themfelves guilty of any Effrontery in th6 Falfhood; if they
partook a little of the (feigned) Nobility, which grew, by
the £ime Artifice, common to fo many Nations,, befides
themfelves. Hence arole, as I judge, theFiSion of Brums^
and other Fables of an older Date, whteh were asimpudenc*
ly dcvifed, as they were foolilhly received ; of all which it
will, perhaps, be enough to (hew the Vanity, to put the
Reader in mind, that they were unknown to aneient Wri'^
Urs ; that when Learning fiouriflied, they dared not peep
abroad, that they were coined in its Decay, recorded by un-
learned Flatterers^' and entertained by ignorant, and'too cre-
dulous Perlbns, who did not.underfland the Frauds of fuch
deluding Authors. For fuch is the Difpofition of thofe Ittt^
foftors^ who do not feek the publick Good by a true Hiftory,
but fome private Advantage by Fkttfty, that when they feem
highly to praife, then they moft of all deride and jeer. For
what do they elfe, who, pretending to advance the Nobi*^
lity of a People, for its greater Splendor, fetch it froni the
Skum and Riffraff of Nature? And yet credulous, ((hall I
fay ?) or rather fottifli Perfons, pridfe themfelves in a pretend-**
cd Eminency of an Original, for which none of their Neigh-
bours will envy them,

^ Those who have vyritten of the Scotip Affairs, have de*
livered dowp to us a more creditable and noble Origin, as
they think, but no lefs fabulous than that of the Britons.
Foi*they have adopted Ancellors to us, not from theTrojam
Fugitives^ but from thofe Greek Heroes, whofe Poftericy
conquered Troy, For feeing in thofe ancient Times, two
Nations of th^ Greeks were moft of all celebrated, ths Dares
and the tones ^ and the Princes of the Z>©rw were tht Arghii
and of the lones^ the Athenians \ the Scots make one Gather
Jus to be the chief Founder of their Nation, but whether he
were the Son of Argus, or oiCecrops^ that they leave in doubt :
And that they may not be inferior on this Account, to the
Eminency of the Romans^ they have added to him a ftrong
'^^xidiof Robbers, with which hegoing inio Egypt, performed
" nt Exploits, and after the Separture (would you think
ofMofes, was made G^;!r^rtf/of the King's Forces in that
id. And that afterwards, with his Wife •$?<*<»,* the Daugh^
:r of the King of Egyft, he failed about the whole Coaft of
Europe, adjacent to the Mediterranean &ea; and having paft
fed through fo many Countries, which were defolate in that
Ag^, or el£e inhabited bu<: by feWi and io fev^ Places, as

Cr€€ce^

Book II. S C O T LA N "D. . 59

Grte^e^ Italy\ france^ and the whole Coaft of AfticM^ (not

to mention, the numerous IJlands of xht Mediurraneau. Sea,)

fome will have him to land at the Mouth of the River Iberusi

but leaving that Country which he could not keep, they

draw him on farther to GaUcia a Country much more

barren. Some land him at the Mouth of the River /)«•

riusj being the firft of all Men, as I luppofe, who ad*

ventured into Xht Ocean with a Navy or Ships; and that

there he built a brave Town, which is now called from

his Name Portus Gatkeli^ or Port a Port\ whence the

whole Country, which from Lufiu and Lufa^ the Children

of Pacchus^ was a long time called Lufitania^ began to be

called Portugal; and afterwards^ being forced to pafs into

GaUcia^ he there built Brigantia^ now called Compoflflla;

alfo that Bra^a in Portugal was built by him, at the Mouth

of the River Munda.

These are the things which the Scots have fabuloufljr
written concerning the Original of their Nation. In feign-
ing of which, how uncircumfpeS they were, we may ga-
ther from hence, that the^ did not give fo much as a Greek '
Name to that Grecian Gatbeluty who was indeed unknown
to the Crtf fit Writers; that they allotted z Latin Name, from
the Word Portus^ to the City built by him, rather than a
Greek* one^ efpecially in thofe. Times, when Italy it fclf
was known to very few of the Greeks ; that they doubt
whether he were the Son of Argus, or of Cecrops\ feeing
Argus lived almoft an hundred Years before Cecrops. That
he, who had arrived at fuch a Figure by his Prudence, even
ambngft the moft ingenious Perfons of the World, as to
enjoy the next Place to the King, mi to be put in, the
room of Mofes after his departure: and befides being a
Stranger, to be honoured with the Marriage of the JCf»^*s
Daughter ; that he, I fay, leaving the fruitfullcft Region in
the World, and pafQng by the Lands of both Continents,
both to the Right and Left, and alfo fb many IJlamdt all
fruitftil in Corn, and fome of them alfo famous for the
Tcmperawre of the Air, as Crete, Sicily, Corfica, Sardinia,
(which, at that Time, were rather poflefled than cultivated,
by a wild fort of People,) (hould launch out into the main
Ocean, the very Name whereof was formidable, efpeciaj-
ly iince Men ^had then but finall Skill in marine Affaii€|i
or, that he built the City of Port-Gatbelus, or Port a Port,
at the River Dnero, the Name of which City was never
heard of till the Sarazens obtained the Dominion of Por*
tMgal; alfo, that he built Braga, at the Mouth of the River
HHnnda^ feeing thcr? i^ 1q many Miley diftance between

to The H isr ORY of Book IL

Braga and Munja; tv^ohmous Rivers alfo lying betwixt
them, viz. Duero %ViA f^ouga^ or Faca; and Braga it felf
being not altogether a maritime Place. Moreover, I may
well ask, how Gathelus a Grecian^ born of a Noble Family,
and befides, eminent for famous Deeds, feeing he was of
a moft ambitious Nation, to commend his Name to Po-
ftetity, after he had been conveyed with a great Train into
the extreme Parts of the World, and as Matters then flood,
almoft rude and barbarous, having built Towns^ did not give
them his own, no not fo much as one Gr^ek Name? For
the Name of Portugal^ or (as fome will have it,) the Pon
of Gathel^ being unknown tpfo many ancient Writers, who
have profeffedly undertook to defcribe the Names of Coun-
tries, and Places, began to be celebrated but about four hun-
dred Years ago. And the Silence of all the Greeks and La^
tins, concerning the coming of Gathelus into Spai», makes
It much fufpeded, efpecially (ince the Ancients make nota-
ble and frequent mention of the Phoenicians^ Perfians, Car^
tbagsnians, Iberians y Gauls, and of the Companions of Her*
* cules and Bacchus, vjho came into that Country. But our
Fablers, (as I judge) never read the Monuments of the An-
cients; for if they had, feeing it was free for them to aflume
an Author and Founder of their Nation and Nobility, out of
any of thepwo»i Grecians^ they would never have picked up
an ignobler Perfon for their Founder ; pafling by Hercules
^u6» Bacchus, who were famous amongft all Nations, and
whom thiry might have culled out, as well as any othor, for
the Original of their Race.

These are the Things which our Writers have generally
deliver'd, concerning the Kile of our Nation ; which, if I
have profecuted more largely than was neceffary, it is to be
imputed to thofe, whopertjnacioufly defend them, as a*PaU
ladittm dropt down ftom Heaven. He that confiders That,
will no doubt, by reafonofthe Obftinacy of my Adverlaries,
be more favourable to me. Concerning the other Nations^
which came later into thefe Ifiands, and fixed their Habita-
tions there, Pi£ts, Saxons, t)anes, Normans, becaufc their
Hifhry doth not contain any monftrous Abfurdity, I Aall
fpeak of them hereafter, in a more proper Place.

But thefe two Nations which I have mentioned, feem
fD me to have deduced their Original from the Gauis, and
I will give you the Reafons of this my Judgment, when I
have firft premifed a few Things, concerning the ancient

f^ Palladium, properly the Image «f.Ptf//<w InTt^, which as long as they kast
in her Temple, Troy could not be token, (as the Trtjans thought) but when Uij^ffet
Aolc ifavv^y, thcn^they were iboA deftroycd by the Greeks.

. . ' Cuftom^

Book 11. SCOTLAND. 6t

Caftoms of the Gauls. All Gaut^ thoMt be fruftffal in Corn^
yet it is fitd to be, and indeed is, more fruitful in Men ; fo
diar, as Straho relates, there were three hundred ThouCind
of the Ceh^ only, who were able to bear Arms, though
they inhabited but a third Part of France: Therefore though
they lived in a fruitful Country, yet being overburdened by
their own Multitudes, *tis probable that for the leflening of
them, they were permitted to ufe Mafculine Vencry. Yet
when by this Expedient, there feemed not Provifion enough
made againft the Penury of their Soil, their Children being
flill too numerous and burdenfome, fom^times by publick
EdiSs, and fometimes by private Refolutions, they lent
out many Colonies into all the Neighbouring Countries^ that
their Multitudes at home might be exhauded.

To begin with Sfai» : They fent tHeir Colonies (b thick,
thither, that Epborus^ as Straho relates, extends the length
of Garni eveh to the GaJes or Cadiz ; and indeed all that
fide of Spain toward the North, by the Names of the
People and Nations inhabiting them, hath long witnef-
fed a Frfftcb Original. The firft we meet with, are, the
Cclti^ri. •

i Pfqfugiqtte agente Vetufia
Gallorum, Celts, ntifcentes momen Iberis,

7%r wandering Celts in Spain their Dwellings fixt^
And with Iberians there their Names they mixt.

These propagated their Bounds fo far, that, though they
inbabtted a craggy Country, and befides not over-fruitml, yet
Marcus Marcellus exa3ed from them fix hundred Talents, as
a Tribute. Moreover, from the Celt^y or Celtiberi^ the
CW^/W derive their Original, dwelling^by the River Anas, br
Ptolomy furnamed Betici; and alfo other Celts in Portugal^
near to the River Assas ; and if we may believe Pomponimt
Mela, a Spaniard, the Celts do inhabit from the Mouth of
the River Duero, as far as the Promontory, which they call
Celticum or Nerium, i, e, Cabo Finis Terra, but difiinguiih-
ed by their Surnames, viz* the Gronii, Prefamarei, Tamor
rici, Nerii, and the reft of the GalUci^ which Name (hews
their OriginaHo be Ganls.

On the other fide, there pafled out of France into Italy,
the Ligurians, the Libui, the Salami, the Infabres, the Ceno-
mani^ the Boii, and the Senones; and if we may believe
feme ancient Writers, the Veneti* I need not relate how
large Domxoions thefc Nations bad in Italy, becaufe every

4t The UisroKYaf Book IL

Body who is T)ot the leaft vcrfed in Hiflorjr, cannot be
ignorant in that Point; neither will I be too fcrupuloos
in inquiring what Troops of Gauis made their Seats ia
Thrace {or, leaving it, having fabdued Macedoms find Greece^
paffcd into Bitlfynia^ where they ercQed the Kingdom of
Galh'Gnecia in 4fia; fincethat Matter doth not much con-
cern our prcfent Purpofe.

My Difcourfe then haftens to Germany^ and concerning
the Gaulip Colonies therein, we have uioft aytlfentick Evi-
dences, C. Julius C<efar^ and C. Cornelius Tacitus ; the firft
of them in his Obmmentaries of the Gallick War, writes,
that at one certain period of Time the Gauls were cfteem'd
more valiant than the Germans. And therefore that the
Tedofages pofleffed <he moft fruitful Part of Germany about
the Hercynsan Foreft; and the Bohemians^ as the other af*
firms, (hew plainly by their Names, that their Founders were
the Boii. And fometimes the Helvetians poflcfled the nearer
Places between the Rivers Main and Rhene ^ zKo the De^
€smates beyond the Rhent^ were of Gallick Original, and the
Gotiini near the Danvtv^ whom Claudianc^lh Gotbunni ;
Arrianus ta the Life of Alexander calls them Getinr; and
Flavins l^opifcusj in the Life of Pro^nr/, Gautunni. But ClaU'
dian reckons even the Gotbunni amongft the Get^e ; and 5/^-
fbanus is of Opinion, that the Getes are called Getini^ by
Ammianus\ fo that perhaps the &?r^/ themfelves may acknow-
ledge a Gallick Original ; it being certain, that many Gallick
Nations* pafled over into Tbrace^ and refided there fn that
Circuit which the Getes are iaid to have poflefTed : Tacitus
alio writes, that in his Time, the Gothini ufed the Gallick
Language ; befides, the Cimbri^ as Pbilemon fays, and ( if
we bclieVe Tacitus) the Mjiiones^ dwelling by the Swedijb
Sea, where they gather Amber^ did fpeak Britip^ which
Language was then the (ame with the Gallick^ or not much
difierent from it. Many are the Signs and Marks of Gallick
Colonies, through all Germany^ whfch I would willingly
recite, but that what I have already alledged is enough for
my Purpofe; viz. to (hew how widely fr^wf extended her
Colonies round about Britain,

Whax then ftall we fay of Br/^^/» it felf ; which did not
equal thofe Nations in Greatnefi, cor Strength, nor Skill
in Military Affairs ? What did (he, that was lo near to the
valianteft of the Gauh^ and not inferior to the Neighbour
Nations, either in theMildnefs of the Air, or tlie Fruitfully
ncfs of the Soil ? Did (he, 1 fay, entertain no foreign Colo»
nies ? Yes, many, as Cafarznd Tacitus affirm ; and, as I hold,
aU her ancient Inhabitants were fuch. For *(is manifcfl;,

that

Book n. SCOTLAND. 6%

that three Sorts of People did in times of old poflefi the
whole I Hand, the Britons^ PiSs^ and Scots; of which I will
difcourfe in their proper Order.

To begin then with the Britons^ whofe Dominion was of
largeil eltent 'm Albium: The firft, that I know, who hath
dilcoirered any Certainty concerning them, was C, Juiims
defar. He thinks, that the inmoft Inhabitants were Indige^
v^f, because, after diligent Enquiry, he ooald find nothing of
their firft coming thither; neither had they any Monuments
of Learning, whence he could receive any Information. He
lays, that the maritime Parts of the IJlaHd vftti polfeffed by
the BelgiTj whom Hopes of Prey had allured thither, andth«
FruitfuIneXs of the Soil, and Mildnefs of the Air, had de-
tained there. He thinks this a fufficient Argument to con-
firm his Opinion, that many did retain the Names of the
Cities whence they came, and that their Buildings were lik^
tMe of the Gauis.

CORNELIUS TACITUS, an Author of great Cre-
dit, adds; that their Manners are not unlike, and tha^they
are equally bold in running into Dangers^ and equally in a
dread and quite at a lofshow to get out of them; that there
were great Fafiions and Sidings among them both. And
Mly, that Britain^ in "his Time, was id the fame Sute as
Giki was, before the coming of the Rt^mans. Pomponius
Mela adds farther, That the Britons ufed to fight on Horle*
bick in Cinariots and Coaches, in French Armour. Add to
this, that Bede, who lived before all thofe, who have writ-
ten fttch fabulous Things of the Origin of the Bri^om, and
is of greater Authority than all of them together, affirms;
That the firft Inhabitants of the Ifland came oat of the
Traft of Armoricd. Some Grammatifts of the Greeks dif*
fer much from the abovementioned Authors ; for they fay,
that the Britons received their Names from Britannus^ the
Son QiCelto. They afluredly agree in this, that they would
be thought to derive their Original from the Gauls. Of the
later Authors, Rohertus Canaijs, and Pomfonius Latus, intht
UkoiiDiocietiafil (an Author not to be defpifed) fubfcribe to
this Opinion; both of them, as I fuppofe, being convinced by
the Power of Truth. Yet, both feem to me to miftake in
this Point, that they deduce them from the Penipfuia of the'
Bnutf'^ which is now called Britany on the River L«>,
efpecially iince the maritime Colonies of Britain, as C<efar
obferves, teftffy by their very Names, from what Place they
were trafplanted.

It follows, that we fpeak of the GalHck Colonics, fcnt
into Ireland. 1 ihewed before, that all the North fide of

' ^Sfaim

6s TJl^ UtST ORt df Book IL

S^atmvn^potkSkd bjGallici Colonies, ^nd there ate tmnf
Rcafons to be affigncd, why they migbt pafs out ofSpaiminto
Ireland : For, either the nearnefs of the Country and eafincfs of
ihe Paflage might be a great Inducement ; or elfe, the Spaniards
might be expelled out of their Habitations by the eiceffi ve Pow-
er and Domination of the Perfians^ Pbotmicidns^ and Grecians ;
who, having overcome the S/»#»/W/, rendred them weak and
obnoxious to'their Oppjeffion and Violence. Moreover ^ thelre
might be Caufes amoiTgft the Spaniiards themfelves; for ihej
being a People pack'd together, and made up of many Nati*
ons, and n<k well agreeing among themfelves ; the Defire
of Liberty, and of avoiding Servitude, in the midft of Civil
Wars and new Tumults, arifing amongft a People that was
greedy of War, might make them willing to fcparate : Ht
that weighs theft Caufes of their Departure, will not won-
der, if many of them did prefer a mean Condition ateoad,
joined with Liberty, before a Domeftick and bitter Slavery ;
and when they were once arrived there, the State of Spain
growing daily more and more turbulent, made them wilN
ing to continue w)iere they were ; for fometimes the Cartia-
giniansy and fometimes the Romans made the conquered
Spaniards tafte all the Miferiesof a fervile Life, and (b com-
pelled them to avoid thofe Evils by* a Flight into Ireland ;
there being no other neighbour Nation into which, either in
their Prosperity they m^ht fo well tranfport their Crowds'
of People; or elfe where, in Adverfity, they could find
Shelter againft their Calamities. Befides, the Clemency of
the Air ^as one Occaiion of their Stay ; for, as Cafar fays,
the Air of Britain is more temperate than that of France.
And Ireland exceeds both in Goodnefs of Soit^ and alfo in
an equal Temperature of the Air and Climate. And what
is dill more, when Men born and ^educated in a barren Soil,
and given to* Laxinefs befides,. as all Spaniards aro, had the
Happinefs of being tranlplanted into almoA the richeft Pa*
fiures of all Europe^ no wonder they willingly withdrew
themfelves from homebred Tumults, into the Bofom of a
Peace beyon'd Sea. Notwithftanding all chat I have faid, yet
I would not refiife the Opinion of any Nation concerning
their Anceftors, provided it was fupported by probaUe Con*
jcQures, and ancient Teftimony.

For Tacifnsy upon fare ConjeSures, as he thinks, doth
tffirm, that the Weji Mt of Britain or Albium^ was inhabit*
ted by the Poftericy of the Spaniards, But it is not probable,
that the Spaniards ihould leave Ireland behind them, beiiss; a
Country nearer and of a milder Air and Soil, and nrft
land ia dtbium^ but ri^er tha( they firft arrived in Ireland^
1 ^ . and

Book 11. S C O T L A N "D. ^

ind from thence tranfplanted their Colonies into Britain.

\nd that the fame thing happened to the Scots^ all their An^

%als do teftify, and Bede^ Lib, i. doih aflSrm- For all the

Inhabitants of Ireland were firft called 5^o//, as Orofius

fhews ; and our Annals relate, that the Scots pailed more

than once out of. Ireland into Albium: Firft of all, under

Ferguftus^ the Son of Ferebard^ being their Captain ; and

after Ibme Apes, being expelled from thence, they returned

into Ireland \ and again, under their Gcvi&[?\ Reutharut^ they

returned into Britain. And afterwards in the Reign otFergufius

ihc Second, great Aids of Irifo-Scots were fent hither, who

had their Quarters aHigned them in Galloway, And Clatidiat^

in his Time (hews, that Auxiliaries were carried over from

thedce in Tranfports againft the Romans*; for be fays,

'Totam chm Scotus lernam

Movitj £jf infejio Jpumavit Sanguine Tetiys.

The Scot all hehnd did excite^

To crofs the Seas^ ^gainfi Komc to fight..

Aad in another Place,

Scotornm ttmuks flevit glacialis lerne.

Whole Heap of Scots cold Ireland did lament.

But in the beginning, when both People, ./• e. the InhaU-
tants of Ireland^ and their Colonies fent into Albiut^^ were
called Scois^ that there might be fome Diftindbn betwixt
them, fome Scots were called Irip-Scots^ others Albin-Scats ;
and by degrees, their Surnames came to be their ooly Names ;
fo that the ancient Name of Scots was almoft forgotten^ and
not to be retrieved from common Speech, but only frona
Books and Annals. As for the Name of P/<Sf/, I judge it not
their ancient and Country Name, but occafiooally given tbem
hy the Romans^ becaufe their Bodies were printed and painted
with artful Incifions, which the Verfes of Claudian do (heWi

Ille levesManros^ nee falfo nomine PiSos^
Edomuit^ Scotumqne vago nmeront fecutmsy
Frfgit Hyferboreas remis audacsbm undas.

He nimble Moors, and fainted Pi£ts did tamtj
With far-fir etch* d Sword the Scots be voercame^
Did with bold Ourstbi Northrn Winits divide.

Aoi

€6 The Hist OKY of Book IT*

And clftwhcre,

Venit^ extremis Lepo ^raUnta firitannis^
^a Scoto daffroema tract^ ferroque notafas
Perlegit txammts^ Pi3o morienti^ fig^^^^*

The Legion came the mmoft Britains Guards
Which the fierce Scot did curb with Bridle bardi
And read the Marks i' tV Skim of dying Pids, .
Infculfd tuith Iron.

HE RODIAN alfo makes mcnrion of the lame Nation,
but conceals their Name, and fays plainly, That they did painC
their Bodies ; but he doth not affirm , that they did it with Iron ;
Neither (fays he) arc they acquainted with the ufc of Apparcfi
but they wear Iron round their Belly and their Neck, thinking
that Metal to be an Ornament and Sign of Riches ; as the other
Barbarians do Gold. Farther, they have likewife a way of
markinj; their Bodies with variety of Pidures, and with Animals
of all Shapes, and therefore they will put on no Garments
left they (hou'd hide their Piftur^s. What Name they called
themfelves by, in a thing fo ancient, it is hard to deter-
mine. *Tis certain, the neighbouring Nations do not agree
concerning their Name; for the Britons call them Pidiades ;
The Englifi?, Pichti; The old Scots, Peachti. AndbefideS,
the Names of fome Places, which were heretofore under
the JurisdiSion of the PiUs, but are now poflcflcd by the
Scots^ ftem to inferr a different Appellation from them all.
For the Hills called Pentland-Hills, and the Pentland-Bay^
or Firth, feem to be derived from Penthus, not from P/c-
tus. But, I verily believe, thofe Names were impofed, in
after-times, cither by the Englijh, or elfe by the Scots, who
ufed the EngUJh Tongue; for the ancient Scots did nelA^r
underftand nor ufe them. As for the Name of Pifis, whe-
ther the Romans tranllated a barbarous Word into a Latin
one of a near Sound ; or, whether the Barbarians applied a
Latin Word, every one to his own Country Ton^ ^ De-
clenfion, 'tis att a cafe to me. Well then, being agreed of
the Name, and it being confeft by all Writers, that they
came from the Eaftern Parts into Britain; from Scythia, faf
Ibmc; from Germany, (ay others; it remains, that tracing
their Footftcps by Conjedures, we come as near the' Truth
as we can. Neither do I perceive any furer Foundation of
my Difquifition, than that which is grounded on the paint*
ing of tbfiir Bodies. Now this painting was iifed by the

Britains

Book II. SCOTLAND). 67

Biit that they might appear more terrible to the Enemy in War,
they painted only with the Juice of Herbs. But feeing the
PtiSs marked their Skins with Iron, and ftigmatized them
with the Pifiures of divers Animals, the beft way will be
to enquire, what Nations, either in Scythia^ Germany^oithc
Jleighbouring Countries, did ufe that Cuftom of painting their
Bodies, not for Terror, but Ornament. And, Firft^ we
meet in Thracia with the Gclo^i, according to FirgU, of
whom Claudian Ipeaks in his firft Book againft Ruffmus ;

Membraque qui ferro gaudet pinxijfe Gelonus.

*Tbc Geloni love to print

Their Limbs with Iron Inftrument*

We meet alfo with the Get^e in Thrace^ mentioned by the
iame Poet;

Crinigeri federe Patres^ pellita Get arum
Curia^ quas flagis dec$rat numerofa cicatrix »

Skin wearing Getes confult, with Hair unjhorn^
Whofe marked Bodies nnm^rous Scars adorn.

TheIiei^ore, feeing the Geloni^ as Virgil writes, are
Neighbours to the Getes^ and either the Gothunni^ or Getini^
according to Arrianus^ are numbered amongft the Getes ; and
feeing the Gotbunni^ as Tacitus fays, fpeak the Gallick Lan-
guage; what hinders but that we may believe the PiSs had
their Original from thence?

But, from whatfoever Province oi Germany they came,
I think It very probable, that they were of the ancient Colo-*
Bies of the Gauls^ who feated themfelves either on the Swe* '
dtftf Sea, or on the Danow. For the Men of a GallickDe"
fcent, being counted Foreigners by the Germans^ (as indeed
they were) I judge their Name was ufed in a way of Re-
proach, fo that one Word, /. e. fFalfchj (with them) figni-
fies a Gaul, a Stranger, and a Barbarian too. So that it is
very credible, That the Anceftor* of the P/^^x, either being
expelled by their Neighbours, or driven up and down by
Tempefts, were eafily reconciled to the Scots; nay, werebe-^
friended and aided (as 'tis reported) by them, as a People
allied to them, almoft of the fame Language with them,
and their religious Cuftoms not unlike. So that it might ea*
fily come to pafs, that thereupon they might mix their Blood,
and, by Marriages, make n Coalition, as it were, into one .
Vol. J, G NatioR.

6l TheUisf oft V 6f B ooic It

Naiioiji, Forotberwife, I do not fee, how the5ro//, which
thcyi pofktkd Ireland^ being a fierce and rough-hewn Peo-
ple, ihould fo eaiily enter into an Affinity and complete
Fjriendflup with Strangers, who were neceffitoAs and defti-
tute of all things, whom /they never faw before, and with
whom they had no Commerce, in point of Laws, Religion^
or.LanguagCi

BviT here the Authority of Stf^^, tht Anglo-Saxon^ ftands
a little in my way, who is the only Writer 1 know of, that
affirms, the Pi^s ufed a different Language from the Scots 5
for, fpeaking oi Britain^ he fays, that it did fearch after, and
profefs the Knowledge of the highcft Truth, and the fublimeft
Science in five Languages, the Ei^lifry Brkip^ Scotijb^
Pt^ifj, and L^i>. Bur« I fuppole, BeJe calls five Cia-
leSs of one and the fame Tongue, five Tongues, as we fee
tbe Greeks did, in the like Qafc: And ^Cafar doth, in th^
Beginning of his Commentaries of the CaWck War. For he
fays, that three Parts of Gaul ufed different Languages anJl
Cudoms. But Sfrabo^ though he grants that the Aquitans ufed
a different Language frooji thq other Gauls \ yet he affirms^
that all the red of the Gauls ufed the fame Language, but
with a littje Variation. The Scqts alfo do not differ frOm
the Britons in their whole Language, but in Dtale£t rather^
as I (hall fliew hereafter; their Speech, at prefent, doth fa
far agree^ that it fcems of old to have been the ^me, for
they differ lefi than forpeFr^wrA Provinces do, which yet are
ail faid to fpe^ French. And therefore other Writers give
not theleait Sufpicion of a different Language; and they, as
long as both Kingdoms were in being, as if they had been
People of one Nation, did always contraS Marriages one
with another.; aqd as they w^te mixed in the Beginningj fof
afterwards ihey carried themfe|lves as Neighbours^ and cmen-«
times as Friends, iintillthe CcfttuSion o^the P/5/.

Neither did the remainder of them, (who^ when thei^
inilitary Race was exiinQ., yet rnqft needs be many) in any
degree, corrupt the Scvti/h Tongue: Nor indeed arc thercf
any Footftcps of a foreign Language in the Places, and Ha-
bitations, which they left, tor all the Countries .of the
PiV5/, and particular Places too, do yet retain Scoujj Ap*
,f>^llations^ except a very few ; which, upon ^he Saxon Tongue*f
prevailing over our Country-Language, had G^rtnan Names
, impofed upon them.

Neither is this to be omitted, that, before the coming of
the Saxons into Britain^ w.e never read that the BrHiJh Na-
tions ufed Interpreters to underftand one another. Where-*
i9X€^ ftdng xh^SmiJf^ E^iyb aadG^rwii^ Writers, do una^

tximouOj accord, that the Original of the P/^/ was ffom
Germany ; and fince it is alfo manifeft, that the Gotbunni^
or Ge^fHt^ were Colonies of the GW/, whofe Language thcjr
Ipoke; and that the Mftii living near the Swejjp^ or Bal-*
tick Sea, Iboke Brhtfi?; whence may we themoft rationally
fetch theJDcfcem oftheP/V^/? Or^ whither Ihould thcf,
being expelled frdm their native Habitations ■ go^ but to theif
dWn Kindred ? Or, where \vere they likely to obtain Mar-
riaM-Uiiions, but amdngft a People of AflSnity with thenl
in Blood, Language and Manners ?

But if any one deny, that tht Pids were defcended froiri
ihc Gothunni^ or -^ftj^t or Geta^ being induced to thatPer-
luafipn by the great 6fftancc of thofe Countries froni Britawi
let him but confider, how many, and how great Migrations
of People were made, even in all parts of the World, ia
tipfe Times when the coming of the PitS^s into Briton is re-
corded to have happened, and alfo for many Ages after; and
then he may eaffly grant, that fuch things might not only b6
done, but be done with yery great Eafc. The Gakis did thea
poflfeft a great part of Spaiffy Italy^ German^^ and Britaiw^
by their Colonies ; they proceeded as (tx ^ Palus Mixotisi
an^ ihtCifHmerianBofpBoruSy with thekr Depredations; and
after they had wafted Thraee^ Macedonia;^ and Greece^ thej
fixed their Seats of Refidence in A/ta.

The Cimhrsy AmhroHes^ add Teutofus^ having wafted GaiJi
penetrated into halyz The Gelont^ whom Virgtl places ia
thracty are, by other Writers, faid to dwell near to the
iMyrfiy in Scyth'ta.

I'm Goths ^ for a great while an bbffciire Nation^ yet in a
fcort time over-ran Europe^ AJiai and Africa like a Flood;
And therefore, inafmuch as for many Agesi after, thofe who
trere Grandees arid more powerful than others, challenged
fo tbemfelves the Seats of their Inferiors ; the Weak being
Obnoxious to the Injuries of the Strongi left their Counrcy^
Which they could not keep; fo that it is no great Wonder
among the wife, if Men, having long combated withadverfe
Fortune, and beicfg toffcd up and down by many Peregrina-
tions, having, befides, no certain Habitation, did at length
betake themtelves to remote, or far diftant Countries.

Besides, we fee that the RomanWuitxs placetwo ancient
Nations within thofe Limits, which bounded the Kingdom^
Of the Scots and Pids^ th^ May at a ^nd A ttacott^. Of thefe^
iftppofe, the Mayata^ whom Dion alone, of all the Au-
thors that I know, doth mention, were of the Pi^s Race^
feeing he places them in the Countries neareft to the Cahdo^
mint Sea I and it is certain that the Pi&s did Inhabit thofe

G X Provinces*'

•70 . TheUisroisiY fif Book 11.

Provinces. As for the Attacotu, it appears out of Marcelllfmsj
that they were the Progeny of thofc, who, having, been for-
merly excluded by Adrtnn's Wall, but afterwards enlargiag
their Dominions unto the Wall oi Severus^ were compre-
hended within the Rontajf Province; becaufc I find ma Book
of the Romans concerning Camp-Difciplinc; through their
Provinces, that, among the foreign Auxiliaries, there were
fome Troops of the Attacotta^ as well as of the Brttans z
Which puts me at aftand, whether of the two Ilhould moft
admire in Lud, his Boldnefs, or his Stupidity; hisBoldnefs,
who affirms, that tht Auacotsa were Scots, but without any
certain Author, or probable Conjedhire; his Stupidity, that»
in the veiy place of M^rcelli»us, cited by him, he fees not,
that the Scots are plainly dillinguilhed from the Attacott<£.
Tot MarcelliK^s f^ys, theP/^/, Saxons, Scots^ mi Attacott<e^
vexed the Britons with perpetual Miferies. Of the fame
Stupidity is he guilty, ,when he affirms, that the Caledann
were of the Nation of t\iQ Britons \ whereas, 'tis plain, they
were PiBs^ which Lw^himfelf doth clearly demonftrate by
a Teftimony out of a Panegyricky fpoken to Conftantine^
• which he produces againft hiinfelf For, &ys the Author of
that Oration, ThefV^ods o/^*f Caledones and of other r\QiSi
That TelliiTU3ny (fuch was his Folly) he produces for him-
felf, not obferving^ (fuch was his Stupidity) that it makes
aeainft him. If we look to the Word itfelf, 'tis Scottfo ; for
Gulden in Scotch is that Tree called the Hafel, whence, I
iudce came the Name of the Caledoman Woods, and the
Town of the Caledonians, fituate by the River Tay, which
IS yet called Duncalden, i. e. the Hafel-Hill-Town. And
if I dared to indulge myfelf fo much Liberty, as to difagree
from all the Books of Ptolemy, for the Deucahdontan, I
would write the Duncaledonian, Sea; and for the /^/r^fc^o*^/
in MarceWnus, Dmculedones: Both the Sea and the Nation
being furnamed from the* Town, Duncalden. What I have
written may fatisfy any favourable Reader, yet I (hall add
other Teftimonies, which C. PUnius thinks to be manifeft
Signs of the Originals of Nations, viz. The Religion, Lan-
guage, and Names of Towns. "^ „..„,. . .
First of all, itismaniteft, that tlu; Bond of Religion, and
the Identity of Sentiment as to the (flippofed) Gods, hath b?en
always held the arideft lie of Obligation, and Alliance,
amongft Nations. Now the Britons and the Gaklt main-
tained the iame divine Worftip, they had the fame P^Helts,
iheDruides, generally, who were in no Nation clfe ; whofe
' Siiperftition had fo prevailed in both Nations, that many
have doubted, which of the two firft learned that fort of
^ ' Philofophy,

BookH. SCOTLAND. 71

Philo/ophy, one from the other. Tacitus zKo lays, that they
had tht fame facred Rites and fuperftirious Obfen'ances.
And that Tomb ereded near New Carthage^ called Mtr^
curius Teutates^ as Livy writes, doth (hew, that the Spa-^
nxardsj the greateft part of whom drew their Original from
the Gamhy were not free from thofe Rites. Alfo, the liime
kind o{ Priefis or Sacrifts^ called by both of them Bards^
/wrcre in great Honour, both amongft the Gauls and Britons.
"Their Fundion and Name doth yet remain among all thofe
Nations which ufe the old Britijh Tongue : And fo much
Honour is given to them, in many places, that their Perfons
are accounted lacred, and their Houfcs, SanSuaries: Nay in
the Hdght of their Enmities, when they manage the cruelleft
Wars one againft another, and ufe their ViSories as fcvere-
ly; yet thtk Bards and their Refinue have free Liberty to
pafi and repafs, at their Pleafure. The Nobles, when they
come to them, receive them honourably, and difmift them
with Gifts. They make Canto's^ and thofe not unelegant;
which the Rbapfidifts recite, either to the better fort, or elfe
to the Vulgar, who arc very defirous to hear them; and
fometimes they fing them to mufical Inftrumecits. Many
of their ancient Cuftoms yet remain ; nay there is almoft
nothing changed of them m Ireland^ but only in Cerertionies
and Rites of Religion. This for the prefent concerning their
Religion- It. remains now, that we (peak concerning their
ancient Language, and the Names of their Towns, and of
their People. But thefe Parts, though oftentimes diftind in
themfclves, (hall yet be promifcuoufly handled by me; be-
caule many times one depends upon another, as its Founda-
tion; e(pecially, lince a proper Name, either by its Origin
or]Declination, proves, or at leaft gives forne Indication of
the Country from whence it comes: Ypr, though thefe
things are interwoven, and do mutually confirm one another, j
I will for the Reader's Inftrudion, take occafion fometimes I
to treat of them feverally, as much as I can.

First of all, Tacitus in the Life of his Father-in-law,
yfgricoia^ affirms, that the GalJic Tongue did not much dif.
fer from the Britijb ; whence I gather, that they were for-
merly the fame; but, by little and little, either by Commerce
with foreign Nations, or by the Importation of new Com-
modities, unknown before to the Natives; or by the Inven-
tion of new Arts ; or by the frequent Change of the Form
of Garments, Arms, and other Furniture, a Speech, or Lan-
guage, that was very flexible pf itfelf, might be much al-
tered, fomettmes augmented, fometimes adulterated, manj
new Words bebg found out. and many old ones corrupted.

G 3 l^

72 The lli^roKY fif B ock IL

I^et a Man but thiak with hknfelf, how much the Incon-
ilancy and Caprice of the Vulgar doth affiime to itfelf, ia
this particular ; and how ready Men are and always were,
to loath present things, and to (ludy Innovations; he will
Spd the Judgment of the bedof Poet^, atid the only Ceniora
ia tbcfc C^Ccs, to be mpft true,

V

* Ut Syhafoliis pronos mtfiantnr im anms^
Prima cadunty ita ^erborum vefus mierit atas^
j^tj jftvenum ritu^ fiorent nwdi 9aia vigetttque.

4s from tbe ^rees old Leaves drop off^ and die
fyh'tk oibers fprouty and afrefij Shade fupply^
So fare ourlVords — thro^ Time vjorn out and dfady
A freper Language rifis inibiir fiead.

And a Ifttle after,

. Muka re^afeentttr qua jam ceeidere^ cadenique
Siuie nunc funt in honor evocabula^ Ji volet ufus^
^em penes arbitrium eft^ ^ jus ^ norma loquendi.

Many IVords foall fall,

Which now we highly prize :

And Words, which now ba^e fallen^

Shall hereafter Rife ;

Vfe, or Cujiom, rules this tfning.

And governs Language, as a King.

'Tis ttue, he fpoke this of the L<?3^*» Tongue, which ^j the
great Care of iht Romans, was kept uncorrupted, and which
iall ^he Nations qontafned within the large Bounds of their
Empire, did diligently learn. And therefore it is no woi^der,
if a Language, (even before Colonies were fent into all Parts,
put of Gaul,) which already had different Dialects at home;
and alfu, was afterward^ corrupted by the Mixture of divers
Nati^nSjbeing in itfelf fomewhat barbarous at firft,and negled-
cd by thofe that ufed it ; and after it had again re-entered, from
a foreign Soil, into Britain, which was then divided into
Kingdoms, for themoft part obnoxious toStrangcr$; itisnqi
Wonder, I fay, if, underall thefe Prejudices, it ^idnotalwaya
prove confident with itfelf. for at Brft, the Celta and the
Belgtc ufed a different DialeQ, as S^rabo thinks. Afterward^,
wnen the Ceha fent abroad great Colonies into Spain^ as the
Names ot Cfltiberi and Celtici declare, affd tbe Bjelg^ made

their

»o6kE scot la wd: fi

xlimc Defirent into the maritime Parts; oi Britain^ as may be
colieacd from the Names o( l^enta Belgarungj of the Jfre^
ta^€Sy and Icemi; it mail needs follow, that on one fide the
Spamiards^ and on the other the Romant^ the Emglijb^ the
JOames^ and the NormdnSj muft bring many firange Words
-writh them, and to corrupt the Country Speech. Nay, J
rather judge it a Matter of much more Wonder, that the
I^ianguages of neighbouring Nations, having been adulterated
by the coming inof fo many (Irange People, and in great part
changed by the Speech of neighbouring Countries, that yet,
even fo long a time after, the jBr/'/ovx mould not differ in their
"v^hole Language, but in certain Idioms and Dialeds only:
For, if any one of them hears a Man of another Natio0^
Ipeak Brittfi ; he' may obferve the Sound of his own Lan-
guage, and may underfland many Words though he does
not comprehend his whole Difcourfe, Neither ought it to
leem flrange to us, that the fame Words, do not fignify the
lame things in all Nations, when we confider, what Alterar

, tions ConuQerce with neighbouring Countries daily makes
in the Speech of all Nations ; and, how great a Change of
Pbrafes muft needs be owing to a daily Converfation witli
Foreigners ; how many new Words are coined to eyprefl
Ihings newly invenied ; how many are imported with Waref
and TraflSck, even from the fartheft Parts of the World j
how many old obfqlete Words are difufed ; how many are
lengthened by the Addition of Letters and Syllables ; and howr
many are fliortened by contrary Decurtations ; and fome alfii
new vamped and refined, as it were, by mutation or tranlr
pofition of Letters. • I will not inquire, in how (hort a time^
9lid how much the lonlck Speech did degenerate from the
Mkk^ and how much the other Greeks diflered from thena
both. Let us but obferve the Speech of the i^obleft Nations
18 Eitrofe; how foon did the Fremb^ halkk^ and Spamjk
Tongues, all derived from the fame Root, degenerate ftoi©

• the Purity of theZ/d^/»? Yet in the mean time, they differ. no
Itfs amongfi themfelve$, than the old Scoujb and the Britijh
Tongues do. Nay, if we look over all the Provinces of
Fnmte^ (I mean thofe that are judged to fpeak tru6 Gah
//Vi or fre»fA)wha^ a great Difference (hall we find betweea
the Inhabitants of Gallia Narbanenfis^ and the Gafioignis ?
And how vaftly the Limofins^ the Perigordins^ and the Au^
'oergnioffs, though Neighbours to both, yet differ from both m
their Speech i And how much the reft of the Provinces of
R^of&e differ even from all of them ? And, to come nearer
homci the E^lifi LzvfS of William the Norm4K^ eftablifee4
$v«bui|ds€4 iTairs ago, were written \\xFr^nqh\ jretnowna

G 4 Fr^uih

74 5r&<? llisroKY of B ooK IL

Frefjcb Man can underftand them, without an Interpreter »
Nay, if thofe old Men, who have livied long in the World,
will but recolleft how many Words are grown obfolete,
which were in ufe when they were Children ; and what
Words unheard of by our Anceftors, 'have fucceeded in their

i laces ; they will not at all wonder, that the fame original
language, in length of time, fliould be changed, and icem
wholly different from itfelf; efpecially amongft Nations far
remote, and alfo often waning one againft another. On the
other fide, when I fee that Concord (lafting fo many Ages
rather than Years) in the Britijh Language, and that even
amongft Nations, either very diftant one from another, op
elfe maintaining mutual Animofities againft one another; as
is hardly to be found amongft the many Tribes and People
of Fraffce^ who yet have long lived under the fame Kings
and Laws : I fay,, when I recoiled within myfdf, fuch ao
Agreement in Speech, which as yet preferves its ancient Af-
finity of Words, and no obfcure Marks of its Original ; I
am eafily induced to believe, that, before the comiu)? of the
Saxotts all the Britons ufed a Language, not much different
from each other ; and it is probable, that the People on the
Gallick Shore, ufed iht BelgickTongxxt^ from whofe Limits
a good Part of the Britons^ bordering on* France^ had tranf-
planted themfelves, asCafar informs us. But the Irijh^ and
the Colonies fent from fhem, being derived from the Ceka^
Inhabitants of Spaiff^ 'tis probable, they fpoke the Ceheck
Tongue. I fuppofe, that thefe Nations returning, as ft
were, from a long Pilgrimage, and pofleffing themfclves of
the Neighbour-feats, and almoft uniting into one People,
did confound the Idioms of their fevcral Tongues into a
Medly that was neither whoWy Beigtci^ nor wholly Cehick^
nor yet wholly unlike to either of them : Such a Mixture
we may obfervein thofe Nations, which are thought tofpeak
the German Tongue, and yet have much declined from the
ancient Phrafe therepf: I mean the Danes^ the maritime
Saxons^ thofe of FrieJlaHd^ thofe of Flanders^ and the £«-
gli/hy amongft all which it is eafy to find fome Letters,
Sounds, and Inflexions, which are proper to the Girmani
only, and not common to any other Nation. Befidcs, I fup-
pofe, that a furer Symptom of the AflSriity of Languages
may be gathered from the Sound of Letters, from the famir
]iar way of each Nation in pronouncing certain Letters, and
from the Judgment of the Ear thereupon; and alfo^ from
the Cbmpolition and Declcnfion of Words, than from the
SignificafiDn of fingle or particular Words. We find Ex-
amples of this in the Gertnanh^im W^ in the Compofition

ef

B ooK n. S C or LA NT). 7s

of the Words Moremarufa and Armoricus^ of which I havQ
fpoken before : and in the Declenfion of thoie Words,
iwrhich amongft the French^ endinif<f, of which there isa vaft
Number; which Form among the Scots is Hypocoriftical^ i. e.
Z>iminutsve; andfo it was amon^d the ancient <?W/. From
JDrsjr^ which among the Scots fignifies a Briars is derived
Drijffaek^ u e. a Briarling^ or little Briar Bufh. And from
Br /jr, which fignfies a Rupture or Cleft, Brixac^ which now
the French pronounce Brijfac. For what the ^ro/j pronounce
BrijCj that iht French call Brefche^ even to this very day, there
being no difference at all in the Signification of the Words:
The caufe of the different Writing, is, that the ancient Scots^
and all the Spaniards to this very day, do ufe the Letter X
for double SS. And therefore the old Gaulsj from Brix^
called a Town of the Canomani^ Brixia; and again,
from Brtxiaj Brixiacunt^ now commonly Brsfac. After
the like Form, Aureliacttm^ L e. Oriihacij is derived from
Aurelia^ i. e. Orleance; and, from Evora^ which is called
Cerealis^ or Ebora, named hy the Spaniards^ Foelicttas Julia^
Ehoracuni^ u e, York^ is derived ; as the Brigantes have declin-
ed it, (who had their Origin from the Spaniards) retaining
in the Dedenfion thereof, the Propriety ©f the French
Tongue. Farthermore, befides thofe things which I have
mentioned, all that Coaft of Britian^ which is extended to
the SoHth-JVeft^ retains the fure and manifeft Tokens of a
Gallick Speech and Original, according to the clear Teftimo-
ny even of Foreigners themfelves. Firft, in that Coaft, there
is Cornuvalliay /. e, Cornwall as many call it, but by the
Ancients 'twas called Comavia^ and by the Vulgar, Kernico ;
even as in Scotland^ the Cornavii^ placed by Ptolemy in the
moll Northern DiftriS of that Country, are commonly cal-
led Kernicks ; fo that Cornuvallia is derived from Kernick
and Valli^ as if you fliould fay Kernico-Galli^ i. e. Cornijh
Ganls, More6ver, Vatlia^ i. e. fFales^ another Peninfula on
the &me fide, doth avouch its Anceftors both in Name and
Speech. They who come near in Language to the Sound
of the German Tongue, pronounce it by W, a Letter pro-
per to the Germans only ; which the reft of their Neighbours,
who ufe the old Tone, can by no means pronounce: Nay,
if you (hould put them to the Torture to make them pro-
nounce it aright, yet, the Cornifo^ the Irtjh^ or Highland
Scots could never do it. But the French^ when they fpeak of
Fallia^ do always prefix G before, it Gmallia; and not in
that Word alone, but they have many others alfb, which be*
gin with (?. For they who, by reafon of the Propinquity of
the Countries do Germanize j do call the Frepch Tongue
Walla \ and befides, in a Multitude of other Words, they

Uff

7« T^^HiSTOR*^ Book IT;

i»& thSs Change of Letters : On the other fide, that Coutitrf
which the Enghfis call IVaUs and Ndrth-WaUs^ the Frefgch-
call Gales aod^ Norgaks^ Mill clofely adhering to the primttive
Sounds of their ancient Tbngae.

But PolyJore yir^U pleafcth himfelf wi>h a new Fancy^
-which he thinks he >¥as the firft Inventor of; whereas no
Man^ though but meanly skilled in the German Tongue, is
%nofant, that the Word IVulJb figaifies a Stranger or Fof
leigner ; ani that therefore the Valli were called Foreigners
by them; but hefccfcon&,as wefiiy, without his Hoft: For^
if tliat Name were derived from one's Mffg foreign^ Ithikii
it would agree better to the Aftghty or Enghjb^ as ^Vi advea-
fFttotts People, than to thofe, whom, by rea^^n of their Aa-i*
fiquity, many of the Antietits have thought to be the firft In-
babtcants: Or, if that Name were iinpofed upon them by (ho
EngUJhy they m%ht with better Reafon iiavc given it to the
^ots and Pi^iy than to the Brifom^ becaufe with the for-^
mer they had lefs Acquaintance and very rftre Conunerce ^
^nd if the EngUJh called them Valli in Reproach, Would
the BntMSy think we, who, for fo mafty Ages, were the
ckadly Enemies of the Ei^hp^ and now made nnore obnox-
ious to them *)y this Affront , own that Name ? Which
fhey do not unwillingly, calling themfelves in their own
Tongiie CtiMrL Beiides, the Word IValp among the G^r-.
mans J doth not primarily fignify a Stranger or Bmrharsam ;
but, in itsftrft and proper Acceptioo, aG<j*/. And theref^re^
in my Judgment, the WoxiVdUia is changed by the Ei^glijb
from Gallia', they agreeing with other neighbour Nations in
the Name, but obfcrving the Propriety of the German Tongue
in pronouncing the firft Letter by IV^ viz. IVallia. The antient
InhAbitants of that Peninfula were called Silurefy as appears
out of Pfiny; which Name In fome Part of tTales was
loi^ retained, in iuccceding Ages. But Leland^ a Britan by
Bj'nb, and a Man very diligent in difcovering thfe Mmumems
of his own Country, doth affirm. That fome Part oSJVaks
was formerly called Rofs. which Word in Scotland fig-
xu&ti a PentKfHla: But the Neighbouring Nations feem
m Ipeakfng, to have ufed a Name or Word, which (hewed the
Original of the Nation^ rather thai| one that delnonftrated the
S\t^ and Form of the Country. The fame hath happened in
rhe Name Scots ; for whereas thejr call themfelves AlbinL
a Name derived fjrom Aibiiim ; yet their Neighbours catf
fhem Scotiy by which Name their Original is dc<;lared to be
Irorn the Iri^y or H.kernians.

On the iamc fide and Wefletn Shore, follows Galh'pidid^
L f. Qalway : i^hicb Word. 'f;is evident, both with ScvtsfLud

^ockIL SCOTLAND. ^7

Wekh^ fignifieth a (xW, as bemg Gatlui with the 6ne,
and /fW/iK/ wxch the other ; for the Valli or Welch call
it fFaUinmthia. This Coumry yet Q&th for the tnoft part
Its aottent Langoage. The& three Na^hns ccMxmehend all
that TtaS and Side of Brit/ntyj which beqds towards
IrelamJ: and they as ytt retain no mean Indicatfons, bot
rather itrong and convincing Marks of thenr Gallick Speech
and Affinity; oi which the chief is, that the ancient Scots
dirided all Natipfis inhabiting Britain^ into two Sorts, the
one they call Gafl^ the other Galle or GaUj i. e. according
to my loterpretBtion, GaUci and GM. Moreover the
Cal^eciams plcale tbem&lyes with' that Title, Gael^ and
they call their Language, as I fiud before, GaUtUn^ and do
glory in it, as the more refined and elegant, undervalofng
the Gain as Barbariam^ in rcfped of themfelves. And thcr
originally the Scvtj called the Britmsy i. e. the mod ancient
Inhabitants of the Ifland, GaUi; yet the Coftom of fpeaking
by degrees oinained, that they called all the Nathns^ which
atteriivards fixed their Seats m Britain by that Name; which
they ofed rather as a contumelious, than a national Appel-
lation : For the Word Galh or Gald fignifies the £ame amongft
them, which Barbarian doth amongft the Greeks and Latins^
^uodlValfch among the Germans. ^

Now at laft we are come to this Po&it, That we are '
to dpmouAratethe Community of Speech, and thereupon ati
ancient Affinity between the Ganh and the Britons^ from the
Names of Tavms^ Rivers^ Countries^ and luch other Evi-
dences. A tickiifli Subjed; and to be warily handled ; for I
)uve forniesly proved, that a publick Speech or Language
may be altered for many Caules ; for tho' it be not changed
altogether, and at once, yet it is in a perpetual Flux, and
doth eafjly follow the Inconftancy of the Altcrers, by reafon
, of a cenain Flexibility, whichit hathiniisownNamre. The
Truth whereof doth appear chiefly in thofe Ranks of things,
which are fubjefl: not only co the alterations of Time, but
alfi) to every Man's Pleafvire qr Caprice ; fuch as are all
particular thirds invented for the daily ufe of Man's Life^
whqfe Names either grow obfolete^ or are made new and
refitted, for very light and trivial Caufes. But the Cafe is far
difforeiit in thofe tmngs, which ard Timc-rproof, and fo, af-
tfer a fort, are pcrpcrual or eternal. As the Heavens, the Sea,
the Earth, Fare, Mountains, ^oung:ies, Rivers; and alfo in
thofe, which, by their durablcnefs, as far as the Infirmity of
Nature will permit, do in fome fort imitate thofe perpetual
and uncorruptc4 Bodies ; fuch arc Towns, which are built
as if they were to laft for cycr. Sq that a Man cannot

. e^filjr

7S The Hist OKY of Book H.

cafily give new Names to» or change the old Names of,
JiatioHS or Cities \ for they were not rajbly impofed at the
)>egianing, but in a manner by the general wife Advice and
Confcnt of their Founders^ whom Antiquity did greatly re-
verence, afcribing divine Honours to them ; and did as much
as lay in their Power to render them immortal. And there-
fore, thele Names are defervedly continued, and can receive
no alteration without making a mighty Didurbance in the
whole Oeconomy of things ; fo that if the reft of a Lom^
guage be changed, yet thele are religioufly retained, and are
never fupplanted by other Names, bat as •it were, with
Unwillingnefs and Regret. And the caufe of their im-
poiing at drft, contributes much to their Continuance. For
thofe^ who, in their Peregrinations^ either were forced from
their uld Seats; or, of their ownaccprd, fought new\ when
they had lod their own Country, yet retained the Name
of it, and were willing to enjoy a Sound mod pleafing
to their Ears; and by this Umbrage of a Name^ fuch as it
was, the want of their native Soil was fomewhat alleviat-
ed and fofcned unto them; fothat by this means they judged
fhemfelves not altogether Exiles or Travellers^ far from
Home. And befides, there were not wanting fome Perfbns,
who, being religioufly inclined, conceived an holier and
inore augufl Rpprelentation in their, Minds, than could be
feen in Walls and Houfes, and did fweetly hug, as it were,
that Image and delightful Pledge of their own former Coun-
try, with a Love more than nati'pe. And therefore, a furer
Argument of AflSnity may be taken from this fort of Words,
than from thofe^ which, on trivial Caufes, and oft on none
at all, are givei} to, or taken away from, ordinary and
changeable things. For tho' it may cafually happen, that the
fame Word may be uftd in feveral Countries^ yet it is not
credible, that iomm^ Nations ^ living fo far afunder, ihoulda-
gree by mereChance in the frequent impofing of the fameName.
In the nest place, thofe Names fucceed, which are deriv-
ed from, or compounded of, the former Primitives. For,
oftentimes, the Similitude of Declination and Compoiitioa
doth more certainly decjare the Aflfinity of a Language, than
the very primitive Words themfelves ; for thefe are, many
times, cafually given: 3ut the a/i6rr, being declined after ©ire
certain Mode and Form^ are direSed by one fixed Example,
which the Greeks call AFj6;i«y<ii. And therefore this certain
and perpetual manner o{ nominal Affinity, as Varro fpeaks,
doth, after a fort, lead us to an Affinity of Stocky and old
Communion of Language. Moreover, there is a certain Ob?
fervationfo |t)e made in ^11 ffintogenial Words, froip wh^co

1V«

IBooK n. S C O T LA JSl'^. y^

we may know, which are introduced from abroad, and which
are native. For, as the Words Phihfophia^ Geometna^ and
DiaUdica^ tho* often ufed by Lafin Writers, yet have fcarcc
any Lstin Word of kin to them, or derived from them^
fron;i whence they may feem to take their Original ; fo, on
the other fide, the Words Paradifus and Gaza^ are ufed by
ibe Greeks \^w^ yet it appears by this, that they are perfedly
foreign^ becaufe they can't Ihew any Words they were ori-
ginally derived from, nor any Words that were afterwards
derived from them, in xh^ genuine Greek Tou%wt.
, The fame Obfervation may bealfo made moihttTongfies^
which will help us to judge, what Words arc domeftick^
and what are adventitious^ or foreign. -Let it fuffice to have
ipoken thus much in general ; let us now propound Exam-
ples, concerning every particular part: Where, firft, wc
meet with thole Words, which end in Bria^ Briga and
Brica. Strahoy in his feventh Book, with whofe Opinion
StefhanUs concurs, fays, that Bria fignifies a City\ to con-
firm their Opinion, they produce thefe Names, derived from
that one Word Puhobria^ Brutohria^ Mefetnhria^ and J^-
limbria. But the Place by them called BrutoMa, by othCK
is named Brutohrica ; and the Places which Ptolomy makes
to end in Briga^ Pliny clofes with Brtca ; fo that *tis pro-
bable, that Bria^ Briga and Briea^ fignify the lame thing.
But that they all have their Original from Gaul^ appears by
this, that the Gauls are reported, anciently, to have fent
forth Colonies into Thrace and Spain^ and not they into
Gaul:, and therefore, amongft proper Clajfick Authors, w«
ufually read the Words following.

Abohrica in Pliny ^ in the Circuit of Braga.

Amalo'brica in the Itinerary of the Emperor Antoninus.

Arabrica^ Pliny ^ in the Br^^-tfrenr/jtf* Circuit alfo.
» Arabrica another, Ptolemy^ in Lufitania^ or Portugal.

Arcobricay Ptolemy^ amongft the Celtiberians^ i. e. J^ew*
C aft i Hans.

Arcobriea another, Ptolemy^ amongft the Lujitanian-Ceh
ticks.

Arcobriea a third, in the C'^far-Auguftan-PvoYince^

Artobricay Ptolemy^ in the yindilici^s Country.

Auguftobrica^ Pliny^ and Ptolemy^ in Portugal.

Auguftobrica^othcTy Ptolemy, in the f^edon's Country.

Auguftobrica a third, Ptolemy, in the Pelendon^s Couib
try.

Axabrica, Pliny, odhc Lfffitanian/.

Bodobricn^

^o fh ^ i ST OKY of Hook it

B^MrSca:, m the ^mrary of Jhummis^ and in the Book
Df the Knowledge of the Raman Enopire, in HtglhGtrmaty.
Brige^ mX\stltmeriay d£ Arnionimtis^ \VL Briiany.
Brige^ in SinAn^ a Town by the CMtan Alps.
Brtao^ku^ inS^aio, between theTuniuli tskd the Rivet

C^iotruoj Ptolemy^ of the Ctlnini^ u e. People in P^r^
tngal.

C^aroMcaj ^Hny;, in Portugal^ alfo.

CatobrUoy of the TmrdftH^ in the Itintrary of the Bmpero^

Carimtricui PUny^^ in Porttigdl: Bnt if I miftake riot,^
jcmttttnly for Cc$umMi:a, of which mentJon is made in the
JUfupary of Jffiomttu/^ which City, as yet, keeps it$ ancient
Name, by the River Mumda^ in Partial.

Cantahrica^ Ptoleniy^ in the V^Sonh Country.

D^^rka^ Ptohmyj atnoBg the Fiiton^s alio.

Diobrita;^ another, Pt^lemy^ of the Atttrigtmtii

Deithitmla^ Ptokwy^ of the Morbogi.
.Deffobricay not far diflant from Lacobrica^ in tiie Itinerary
of AMtoninmSk

FU^o-BriiM^ Pliny ^ at the Part Amnnus. Ptolemy^ in the
Amrtgons^ calls it Alagnns, biu I know iiot whether Magnns
Wight to be writ in Pliny^ or no.

G4rabrica in the Scaltubium Province, which Pliny writes
Jm-abrica.

Juliobrifa^ in Plin% and in the Itinerary of Amtaninus of
4he Cantabrians^ or Bifcaintrs^ heretofore called Brigantia.

Laeobrica^ in the Vacc<eans Coontry, in P//»y, Ptvietny^
2BdFeJlMs Pompeius.

Lacobrica^ at the facred Promontory, in Meldi

Lancobrica, of the LttJitanickCeki^ Ptolemy.

Latobrigi^ near to the Sv/itzers^ Cafiir. ^,

M^dnbrica^ Siirnamed Plkmbaria^ by P//»y^ m Portugal i
this, if I miltake not, is called Mnndobrita^ in the Itinerary
of Antoninus,

Mer^ha^ Sdriiamed Celtica, in Pprtngal; Plinyi and
Ptolemy,

Mirobrica^ in the Country of the Oretani,

Mirobrica^ another in Betttria^ or, in the Country of the
lurdetani Bo^tics^ P^«»>S ^^d Ptolemy,

.Nenietobrica, in the Country of the Lt*Jitanick Celts^ Pto-^
hmy,

Nertobrica^ in the Turduls^s Gountuy of Boetica^ Ptolemyi

iJertobriiai

Book II. SCOTLjiM't). U

Ntrtdbrica^ another, in the CehiberMMs Cofljtttry, PuUa
999yy wbiCh, in tt^ hincrary o( jf^Kmivus^ is cMcd Ni$^
brsca.

Segokrica^ in thc<7^A/^r/iJ»'s CooBtry, Plh^^baiP.t^kmji
coaots it tte head City ofCeMil^ria.

TaUbrua^ ia Lufkania^ P^Pyi and Ptolemy,

Tnrobrs^a in the CeUsjCouniry of S«^/W, Plif^.

TumtobricA amongft the Brac^ire^n Gulit^i^ PttAimyi,

Vtrtobrtca^ furnamed Cont^rdis J-hH^ PJi^y^ in xbe (UU^
Bvtick's Country.

yolobricoj of the Ncmctes^ PfoUmyi

Very many Names of Towns^ and Nations, leete tc^

belong to this Clal^^ in all the Pro^i»w, imkwbkktht

Gaub dinributed Colonies ; Foi:, as Burgundus aod Biu^gjfmdh

feem CO be derived from ^nrrg-o ; fo doth Brsram^i .(vom

Briga. TheNomin.itive:Cafcof tbisWor^j laStep^fsmmj H

Brigas, whence w? decline- Brijf**/^/; as we do Gigmtes^

from Gigas, The Brigantes^ according to Sfrabo^ arc fitJH

ate by the CmiauJIfs ; and, in the Umm Txad, \% theFiU

lage^ or Town Brsge. And the Brigiani^ in the Trofby^f

Auguftus^ are reckoned amo^gfl ihtAlfmNMioms*, Brigau^

tiuntj is ^n Alpine Town ; and the Brigantii^ are in the CouDi^

try o[ the l^indelici, according to S^abo ; sa^d BriganfiM^ in

the Itinerary of Antoninus ; and the Mountain Brig^t^ (Pah

/ennf) is near the Fountains of the iSi^p/i^ and th^JJiMow.

Alfo Brigantinm in Rbapia^ (Ptolemy) is the fan^ TVtmr, t

fuppofq which in the Book of the Knowledge of the Pr^mef

of the People of Rome, is ciiled Br^cantia, and the Br^^^

tifte L(ih.. And in Ireland ace the Br^antes^ Ptoiemy : The

Brigantes alfo are m Jlbium^ Ptokmy, Tacs^ui, 9Skd. Seneca*

And the Town Sri^^ pr <£r^, znd Ifobrigantium, in. the

Itinerary of Antoninus. And the Town Brigantium^ in Oro^

jflf/, by the Celtick Promontory, aad Flaviobrigantiuns, ot

Befanfon^ i^ Ptolemy, in the ur^j/ Par/; and a later Sr/^

;4if^f^ #. e, Braganz^, now in the Ktngdmn otPt^u^al.

IThere is alfo another Clais or Rank »of WordSi which
do either begin in Dunum^ or end therewith ;, which is ar
GallickWotdj as appear^ by thofe /Heaps of Sand of the ^f!?*-
rini, as yet called Z>/ir;y/^ or the Downs; and tho(e other Heaps
of Sand in the Sca^ over^againft them ia theJEngUJb Shore,
which retain the ikuxeNanu o^.Dozum* . YeskfPintarch, ([
^ rneanbe^ who wrote, the Book of RtVccs) in declaring the
Original of Lugdunum, i. e. Lions, acknowledges iXunnm
tqbe.^GatliciWord. And indeed in e3s;pceffing the Names
^f Villages andTowjBSj. th^je is icjuuccany.one/^^r^ or T^r--
^ mination^

si Tf^e HistoKY of Book Ii;

wination^ liTore frequent than that, amongft the Nations^
"Who yet preferve the old Gallick Tongue almoft intire ; I
mean the Britions in Gallia Cehica; and the ancient Scots in
Jreland znd Alifum ; andthef^alli or fFe lei; the Kerfficoval/g^
or Cormjh in England i for there is none of thofe Nations,
which do not challenge that Word or Termination for their
own; only here is the Difference, that the old Gauls d\d end
their compound Words with Dununt^ but the Scots ordfna-
tily place it in the Beginning of Words ; of this fort there
ire found,

/)» FRANCE.

Auguftodunum of the Mdui or Burgundians.

Cafiellodunuw^ of the Carnotenjian Province, i* e. of
dartres,

Melodunum^ by the River Sequana^ or Sein,

Lngdnnumj at the Confluence of the Rivers jfrar and
.Rbofne.

Auguftodunum^ another Autun^ of ^tArverm^ or Auver^
genois and Clermontians^ Ptolemy.

Lugdunumy of the Convent, ot Comingeois, near Che River
Garon, Ptolemy.

Novidunum, in the Tribocdi^s Country, Ptolemy.

Uxellodunum^ in defar.

Juliodunum in the Psion's Country, /. e. PoiSseres.

Ifodunum^ and Regiodunum, of the Bituriges, i. e. Inha-
bitants of £^rry.

Laodunum or Laudunum In the County of Rheims.

Cafarodunum, Ptolemy ^ o( thtTurones, /. e. Tourenoh,

Segodunum, of the Ruthenians. Ptolemy.

Felannodunum (or St. Flour) in Cafar.

In SPAIN. .

Caladunum, Ptolemy, of the Bracarf, Qi Braganz^ians.
Sehendunum, Ptolemy.

A BRITAIN.

Camulodunum, of the Brigantes Country, Ptolemy.

Camulodunum, a Roman Colony, Tacitus.

Dunum, a Town of the Durotriges, or Dorfetfaire Men,
Ptolemy.

Maridunum Demetarum, L e. Caermartben, of the Z)^-
«ff /«f , Ptolemy^ and the Itinerary gf Aittoninus.

Rtgodunumy

Boo^n. S^C O TLA JStT). «j

RigoJMMmm^ oiihtBriganteSy Ptoltmy^ i. e. RibfbeflerxA
Isancdlbire,

Camhodunum^ in the ttinefary of Antommuf^ i. e. Kninti
near jtlmombmry in Torkjbire,

Margtdmnum^ in the tumt Itinerary^ i. e, Margedovorton io
Leicefterjbire^ near Bclvoir Cajile ; of, as fome, Leicefter ft
fcjf.

S^rviodunumy ot Sorhsodunum^ in the fsme Ittftersry ; /. ^«
O/i/ Sarmm in Wthfoire.

Segodummm^ s. e, Seton in Northumherland'y ZTk^Axelodu*
mmmj i. e. Hexamy in Northumberland al(b, in the Book of
the Notitia Romani Imperii^ or Kno^wUdge of the RomaM
Etnpircy &c.

Later Townt iH England.

Venamtodunum^ /. e. Huntingtow.
Dunelmum^ i. e, Dmrbam,

In Scotland.

DuncaUdonj called al(b Caledonia^ i. e. Dunkeldeit.

Deidumum^ /. e. Dundee^ ox tzth^tTaodunum^ hj the Ri-
ver Toy.

EdinodMtuntj which Word the ancient Scots do yet retain,
bat they who Germanize^ had rather call it EMnkurgb.

Dmnum^ a Town in IreioMd^ called Down.

Novioduwum or New Down^ /. e. Dunmore Caftte itk
CavaL

Brittamnodtntmm^ i. e. Dumhrittm or Dumharton^ at the
Conflaence of the Clyde and Levin.

And at this Day there are inoametable Names of Caftles,
Villages and Hills compounded with Dunum.

In Germany, tbefe Names are read in Ptolemy.

Lugdunstm^ u e. Leyden; Segodunum^ i. e. NnrMnrgbi
Tarodnmum^ /. e. Prsburgb\ Rohdnnumj i. t. Arin\ Car'--
rodumum^ i, e* Cralnburgb.

In the Alps Country*

Ebrodstnum and Sedununt*

Vot.I* H

S4 T^he H I s * o R y #/ B o ok U. I

tn the Vindelici ^r Bavarians Country^ f^Rhxtia, tbcGiAISm!^ \
Country^ and Noricum.

Cambodnnum^ Corrodunttiff^ Gefidunum^ Idnnum and No^
^lodunum ; and in the Book of Know ledge of the Roman Em>*
fircj Parrodunum^ i, c* Parunkiri*

In Sarmatia and Dacia, acfordingto Ptolemy.

Cprrodunftmj Singindunum^ by the Danovj ; NoviodMnmtm
fX the Mouth of the Danow ; alfo another Noviodunum.

And there are, in the feme Provinces, not a few Words
declined from ^xrr, which among the old Gauls rndBrimns
iignifies Water, and as yet retains the fame Signification
amongft fome, as there are

I/t France.

Dutoeottl in thtRhemifr Circuit, Ptolenyji we read tbetn
alfo Dnrocorti ; moreover, C^Jar makes mention of Divo^
durum, of the Mediomatrices, Tacitus, Divodurum, near
Parti ; in the Itinerary of Antoninus, Batavodurum iimougA
the Batavi, Ptolemy, Tacitus. Breviodorum in the Itine^
rary of the Emperor Antoninus. Ganodurum in Ptolemy
near the Rhine, Gannodurum in the Helvetians Country,
Ptolemy. OSodurum, or OSodorus, amongft the Vcragriy
Cafar*

In Rhastia, the Vindelici'/ Country, and Noricum.

Bragodurumy Carrodurum, Ebodurum, Gannodurum, and
Ododurum, Ptolemy. Venaxamodurum ^nd jSododttrtfrn, in
the Book of the Knowledge of the Provinces.

In Spain.

OSodurum, mdOcellodurum, Ptolemy: TheKiy^x DursHi
flowing into the Ocean, and Duria into the Mfditcrran€a»
Sea, and in Ireland the River Dur; Ptolemy.

In Britain*.

Durocohriva, Dnroprov^e, Durolenum, Durovern$mj Du^
rolipont, Durotriges^ Durocornovium^ Durolitum^ Durom*
varia, La&odurntm.

JBoDKlL S C O T L A N'D: tf

Perhaps the two Alfme Rivers, Doria the Greater and
the Left (the one running into the Po^ through the Salajftant
Gouurry; the other, through the P/>i»&«/w/J do belong to the
fanae Original ; znd $\Co IffioJorus, 2iXid Altsffidorus^ Cities of
France^ fo called (as I judge) from their Situation near Ri-
vers. To which Dureta may be referred, which Word la
Spauip fignifies a IVooden 'throne^ as Suetonius writes fri
the la\&oiAugufius\ the like may be faid of Domnacus^ the
proper Name or a Man in Ctefar^ which feems to be cor-
rupted from DwtqcMs ; for Dnnach may fignify Dunaw and
Dumemfis both ; as Romach doth Romanus. Dunaeus^ or ra-
ther Dmmaihus^ is yet ufed for the proper Name of a Man,
which, thofe who arc ignorant of both Tongues, the Latin
and the Britipj^ do render (but amifs) fometimes Duncan^
fometimes Donate

Th£ old Word Afrf^«/ alfo in all the Provinces, in which
the publick Ufe of the Gtf///Vii Tongue obtained, is very fre-
quent in expreffing the Names of Cities ; which fhews that
it was of a Gailick Original. But of the Derivatives from it,
we may rather guefs, than affirm for certain, that they were
wont to fignify a Houfe, City, or any Building. We read in
he Book of the Knowledge of the Empire of the People of
Rmne^ the Prflfe£l of the Pacenfian Levies, in Qarifon at
Magi; and alfo in iht fame Book, the Tribune of the fecond
Cohort placed at Magni ; we read alfo of Magni in the Itine-^
rary of Antoninus^ I dare not pofitively affert, whether it be
ome Town or many* But 1 incline, of the two, rather to think
that they were fundry Towns.

Towns ending in Magns are thefe, Noviomagus^ in Pto^
lemy^ amoogft X\\^Santons\ Noviomagusof th^Lexovii; Nq'^
viomagus of the Vadecajfiiy Noviomagus of the Nemetes;
Noviomagus of the Tricajfitts\ Noviomagus of the Bituriges;
Julionu^us of the Aadegavi; Rotomagus of the f^enclocajjii ;
Cafaromagus of the Bellovaci; Rotomagus of the Nervii;
Bor^etomagus of the Vangsones in High Germany 'y Findoma-
gus of the Fold Arecomiei. Alfo in the Itinerary of Antoni-
nus^ Argentomagus; and in High Germany^ Noviomagus.
In the Book of the Knowledge of the Roman Empire ;
Noviomagus of Belgica Secunda; in Rhastia, Drufomagus^
Ptolemy. In Britain^ in tht Itinerary of Antoninus y Cafaro-^
magus ; Sitopiagus ; Noviomagus of the Regni ; Facomagi ;
Magiovinium\ Ficomagi^ ?m of ihtP i(Si Comity. Ptolemy .

There are alfo other Names of Places, common to ,

TDznj of theie Nations^ but not fo frequently ufed, nor fo far

extended as the former ; fuch as are Hihernia, i. e. Ireland^

vnonsL&ihe R(fr/i4ms. the Name ofaa lOand, called by Pom^

^ Hi fonins

86 The Uisr OKY cf Book II.

foffius Mela^ Ptolemy and Juvenal^ Juverna ; by Strabo*
Claudian^ and the Inhabitants thereof, Jerna. That which
fomc call theJVipritf» Promontory, Strabo c$XhJerne*^ Jer^
musy or Jerm^ a River of GalUcia^ Mela calls it Jerna ;
Jernus is alio a River of Ireland: In Ptolemy ^ 'tis reckoned
a River of Scotland^ falling into T'iy. Another of the (anie
Name elides through Murray ; the Country adjacent to both
is called Jerna.

We read of the City Mfdiolanum, in PtoUmy ; as one /«-
fubrum^ of the Santones ; another of tht^Aulerci Eburasci ;
another by the Z.o/>, i. e. Menu ; a fourth by Sequana ; or
the Sesn^ (now as I think) named Meulan^ or Melun; an*
other in i//f ifr Germany^ called Alceburgum ; another by the
Danovj ; another in Britain, of which mention is made ia
the Itinerary of Antoninus.

Also Marcolica^ a Town in Spain ;Macolica^ in Ireland;
Vaga, a River in Portugal \ and another of /i^/fj in £«g'-
land, Avo^ in Mela^ Avus, in Ptolemy, a River otGalUcia^
as yet retains its Name. In Argyle, there is dlfo a River of
the fame Name, flowing out otxhe Lough Awe. The Pro--
montorium Sacrum^ one is in Spain, another in Ireland.
Ocellum is a Promontory in Britain ; Oeellum is alfo in Gallic^
cia, in the Lucevifian DiflriS ; Ocelli are Mountains in 5^0^-
land\ Ocellum is the laft Town of Gallia Togata ; Cafar
mentionsUxellum, zTown in Britain, ptthzfs fox Ocellum ;
for Martianus, in explaining the ancient Names of the bicies
of Gallia, fays, that the Word is varioufly writ, Ocellum^
Ofcela, and Ofcellium; hence perhaps comes Uxellodunum,
which is alfo fometimes writ Uxellodurum. So there is Tamar^
a River of GalUcia, Ptolemy ; Tamaris, in Mela ; Tamarici,
a People of GalUcia; the River Tamarus, Pliny: and Ta-
mora, a Town in Britain,

SARS, a ^vitioiGalUcia, Ptolemy:^ Sarcus in Scotland
Mela.

EBORA^ a Tov/n of Portugal, called Liberalitas Julia^
in P//Ary and Ptolemy, Eburia ; that which is Cerealis in Bo?-
*/><», in P//*y is £^«»r<i ; Ptoiemy mentions Aulerci Eburaiei
in Gallia Celtica; and alfo JS^or^iyw, /• r. Tori, of thefiri-
///6 Brigantes. .

D E Pa, now Der, a River of England ; and three in 5^(7^-
£i»^/, fo called, one in Galway, another in Anguf, the third
divides Merne from Marr.

*The Coruavii in England are in the fartheft part of the
fFeft; in Scotland, they are the fartheft M»r/A. Both of them
are now called Kernici; there feems alfo to have been a third
fort of Keruici in Scotland^ at the Mouth of the River if z^rw-

nusy

BookJI. SCOTLJN'D: 87

MMtfy or Even^ which is the Boundary between the Goads of
hitbian and Sterling. For Bede makes, the Monaftery of
Abercwrn to be at the End of Sevnus his Wall, where now
the Ru^ns of the Caftle ofAhercom do appear. Aven is often
read, a River both o( England and Scotland. Aven in Seotijh.
and Ev9M in Welp^ fignifies a River.

Of the three Nations which firft inhabited this Ifland, af-
ter the coming of Cafar^ the Britains were fubjefl: to the
Emperors -of Rom^ fucceffively, little lefs than five hun-
dred Years ; but the Scots and Pias were under their own
Kings. At lengthy when all the neighbouring Nations did
conlpire for the DeftruQion of the Romans^ they recalled
their Armies from their moft remote Provinces, to maintaid
their Empire at home. And by this means, the Britains^
being deftitute of foreign Aid, were miferably vexed by the
^(ou and Pi6is\ infomuch, that they craved Aid of the
Saxons^ who then infefted the Seas with a pyratical Navy.
But th^ PrcjcS coft them dear. For the Saxons having
repelled the Pids and Scots^ being tempted by the Fertility
of the Country, and the Weaknefs of the Inhabitants, afpir-
ed to make themfelves Majiers of the IJland, But after vari-
ous Succeflis in War, feeing they could n<5t arrive at what .
they aimed at by Force, they refolved to attempt the Br/-
iam by Fraud. Their Stratagem was this. There being
aConference or Treaty, agreed upon at a fe^ Day and Place,
between the Nobles of both Parties ; . the Saxons having a
Sign given them by Hefsgi/I their Captain, flew all the Sri*
tip Nobility, and drove the common People into rugged and
mountainous Places; fo that they themfelves pofleffed all
the Champian, and divided the ftuitfuUeft part of the I/land
toween them, into (even King<Joms. This was the State
of Affairs in Britain, about the Year of Ciriji 464. And*
whereas three German Nations did originally undertake Ex- .
Nitions into Britain, the other two, by degrees, -pafled into
the Name of EngUJh Men. But neither the Peace made
with the Britons, nor with the EngUJh amongft themfelves,
was ever faithfully obferved for 317 Years together, when
*e Danes, being powerful at Sea, did firft moleft England
with pyratical Incurfions ; but being valiantly repulfed, about
thirty fix Yeafrs after they came with greater Forces, and made
aDefcent into the Gountry with a Land Army. At the
firft Conflia they were F«<5fw, but afterwards they contended
with the EngUJh with various Succeifes, till in the Year
lou, Swain, having wholly fubdued the Britains, by their
pablick Confent obtained the Kingdom, which yet remained
but a few Years in his Family. For the Saxons having ag^n

H 3 created

8* The His r OK^Y if Book II.

created Khgs of their own Nation, about twenty four Years
after, were overcome by William the Norman^ moft of their
Kobility being flaiii, and their Lands divided among the JVbr-
tnans, by which Means the common People were kept in a
miferable Slavery, till Hcmy the Seventh's Time, who, ea*
fing part of their Burden, made the Condition of theCom*
xnonaky a little more tolerable. But tbofe which arc in Fa-
vour with the King, or would Teem to be truly Illuftricms
and Noble, do all derive thcmfelves from the Normattf.

These are the Difcoveries which I have been able to
make, out of ancient Writings, and other no obfcure Indf-
cations, concerning the Ors^inaly Cufldms^ and Language of
the three ancienteft Nations in Britain ; all which induce me
to believe, that the old Britons^ and the other Inhabitants of
Britain^ were derived from the Ganh^ and did originally uft
the Gallick Speech ; of which many Signs very manifeftly ap-
pear, both in France and Britain. Neither ought it to feem
ilrange; if, in Language which admits of a Change each Mo-
ment of our Life, many things receive different Names in
divers Places, efpecially in fuch a Length of Time;, nay,
we may rather admire, that the lame Foundations of Lan-
guage, (if Ima^ fo fpeak,) and the fame manner of Deckn-
lion and Derivation, do* yet continue amongft People, far
remote one from another, and ftldom agreeing together in
Converfe of Life; nay, being often at mortal Feuds erne
with another'.

Concerning the other three Nations, the Aisles, Danes^
mi Normans, we need make no folicitous Inquiry; feeing
the Times and Caufes of their coming are known alraoft to
all. But I have entred upon this Task, that I might reftore
Us to our Anceftors, md our Ancefiin-s to Us; if I havd
•performed this well, I have no reafon to repent of a little
Labour, though fpent in none of the greateft Concerns ; ' if
not, yet, they who concur not with me in Opinion^ cannot
(I believe) difallow or bla^c my Good- Will. And 1 am
fo far from grudging or taking it ill, to have what I have
written, refuted, that if any Man can difcovcr greater Cer-
tainty, and convince me of my Miftake, Ifliall return him
great Thanks for his Pains.

I HAD refolved here to put an End to this Dii^uifition con-
cerning the Original of the Nations of Britain, if Ludd had
not called me back, even againft. my Will,* who maintains,
Ihat the beats znd the Pias caiiic but lately mto Albium,
1 hou^h 1 might, without any Offence, pafs by the anpty Va-
nity of the Man, joined with his Ignorance; ygj^ left the Fac*
ton ofttcimlearncd Ihould too much pride themfelvfcsinfuch

a Patron^

B p o k tt S C O T LA N D. 8#

a Patron^ I thoaght fit, in a few Words, to abate Ms Con^^
fidence, and that principally from thofe Arguments and Tel^
timonies, which he himftlf prodnceth againft Us.

First, I will (peak concerning his manner of Reafoning,
and afterwards of the Matter itfelf.

yulius Cafar (fiys he) and Comellus Tacitus^ Writers
of £b great Exadnefs ; as alio Suetonius^ Herodian^ and other
Romans^ who wrote of Brit/Jb Affairs, have, in no part of
their Works, made mention of Scots or P/5/, and therefore
doabtlefs they had no Seats in Britaifty in that Age. Wilt
ckou accept of this Condition, Ludd^ that what Nation no
ancient JVriter hath mentioned, never any fuch Nation was
in being? If you embrace this MoticMi, fee how many Na**
tions yoo will exclude from their Beings in one 'or two
Lines? How great a Table of Profcriptions will yoo make?
Nay, What great Perfons will you profcribe, Brutm^ Al^
hanaetusy and Camhrl What Nations will yon wholly era-
dicate, theLoegri^ the Cambri^ theJ/iaui^ according to your
PoftuUtmm^ who art a Tyrant in Hiftory^ and Grammar
both, as deriving Albanus from AlbanaSus. But if that Con*
dition proffered, do not pleafe,

^ia tu Gdlllna Fillus alha^

Nos vilts pulliy nati inf<^licihus avis.

Since yom^e the Brood of Pullen wUb white Legt^
Pkbeiau Chickens we hatch t out of refufe Eggs.

I WILL propound -another to you, and Inch an one Coo, ar
you ought not, and (i think) dare not refhfe. There is tt
certain kind of Proof to be drawn from Fragments, by which
if you harden your Forehead a little, you may prove any
thing. I am the more inclined to make ufe of this way of
Proof, becaufe you feem to love it mod of all, as proving
(forfooib) out of a Fragment, knowa (I believe) to thy
ftlf alone, that an innumerable Multitude of the Cimhri
iflued forth to deftroy the Roman 'Emf\xt\ I will therefore^
fliew^yoiiout ofaTr^raf^^, that the Scots ^n^ F/\Sfrwere^
in 5mtf/» before rir^4/ftf»'s Reign, which you deny, la thar
Book, to which you have given the Title of Fragmentum
Britamtic^e Defcriftionisy L e. A Fragment of the Defcrip-
tion ofBrstasM^ for this fpecial Reafon^ 1 believe, becaufc
you thought yourfelf to have fufficiently proved, out of one
of the twt) Fragments, that the Ifland was rather to be cal-
led Pritaniay thm Britannia; and ont of the other, that you
had difgorgcd fuch a Multitude of Qimiri^ as your Britaist

H 4 could

^6 The HiSTo!iY<7^ BookII.

fcould not contain : For this Gaufe, you thought that your
. Fragment would get Credit enough on that fingle Account.
In that Book you write, that the Names of Scots and PiSr^
together with the fraftkf and Englijh^ or Angles^ were well
fenown to the RomanWox\A\ and as a Witnefs of this Opi*
.jiion, (a meet one indeed,) 4ie produced Mamertinus in the
PanegyrUk fpoken by him to Maximsanns ; which Witnefi,
if I underftand him aright, makes againft Ludd. For Matner^
tiftuff fpeaking of the firft coming of Julius Cafar into Br i^
tasn^ hath thefe Words ; Moreover the Nation^ as yet rude
and Soli Britanni, accuftomed to uone but the Arms if the
Jrifli Pids, thesr half naked Enemies^ did eafily yield to the
Arms ^nd Enjigns of the Romans. See, I pray, what Ludd
would infer out of this Teftimony; Firft, That the Britons
alone did then inhabit the Ifland. Next,^ that the People there
named Hiberni ovlrijb^ were afterwards cM^d Scots; but
the Author of the Panegyrick doth aflert neither of the two.
For he aflSrms, that before the coming in of Cafar, the Bn-
tons waged War againft the Scots and P/^/, of the Britifi
Soil, /. e. Enemies dwelling in the Britijh Soil, fo that
Soli Britauniy is the Genitive, not Nominative Cafe. The
other he falfly aflumes to himfcif; for I think I have fuf*
-fciently demonftrated out of Paulus OroJius^L Spaniard^ and
Bede an Englijb Man, that all the Inhabitants of Ireland
were anciently called Scots^ and then at length, when they
fent Colonies into Atbium^ the Name of Scots was almoft
extinguifhed at Home, and began to grow famous Abroad.
In another place he contends, that the Caledonii were called
'Qritons^ grounding his Aflertion on no other Argument,
^an that he finds they were called flr/Vow, which is a Name
Common to all who inhabit the fame IJland. But I have
fliewed before, out of the place of the Panegyrick quoted by
him, that the Caledonians were Pi^is ; Marcellinus affirms
the fame thing, who fays, that there are two forts of Pi&s^
the Dicaledonesy or, (as I think it ought to be writ,) the
Duncaledones^ and the l^e£iuriones. But the Caledonii or Ca*
ledones dwelt in Britain before the Reign of Fefpajiau^ nei-
ther were they unknown to the Romans^ as Lucan plainl]^
iheves, who died in Nero's Time.

Aut v^a cpim Tethys Rutupipaque littora fervent y
Unda Cdledoniqs fallit turbata hritannos.

W^e» ^^g*ng Seas on Sandwich Shores do beat^
Wkfy n^verfiiah ^A^ Calc4onian S<0f.

6u?

Book II. S C O T L A N "D. 91

But why do I trouble myfelf to procure foreign Witnef-
ies, feeing we have a clear and convincing one at home? I
mean Bede^ the Writer of the Ecclefiaflical Hiftory of Eng-
lamd\ for he takes Notice of the Ordet, and almoft of the
¥cry Moments of Time, wherein foreign Nations came
over into Britmn. Thefe }re his Words in his firft Book.

* Firft of all, the JJland waj inhabited by Britons^ whence

* It hath its Name, who from the Armorick Traft, as it is
^ reported, failing over into finWir, pofTefled the .f0ir/i& parts
^ of It, and having feifed upon the greateft part of the//Z^iri,
^ beginning from the Souths it hapned that the Nation of the

* P/^/, coming (as 'tis reportal) out of Scythia^ and en-

* tring into the Ocean, with long Ships, or Gallies, but not

* manv, were, ,by ftrefs of Wind and Weather, driven be-
^ yond all the Bounds of Britany into Ireland.^, And a few
Lines after he fiys : * Wherefore the Pids^ coming into Bri^
^ iatHj begun to Icttle themfelves in the North parts of the

* IJlMd: The SoMtient being pofleflcd by the Britofts J* And
at length, after a few Lines more, he acids, ^ In procefs of

* time, Britain, hefides she Britons a»d the Pids, took in a

* third Nation rf Scots, as part of the Pids? Then, after
many Pailages^ he fubjoins; ^ But the fame Britain was in^

* aeceffibU and unknown to the Romans, until the time of

* C. Julius C«far.* Wholbever thou art, who rcddeft thefe
Pafl&ges, obferve, I pray, whence, at what Time, and in
what Order xh\% Author^ much more. ancient and grave thaa
Ludd^ doth affirm that thele Nations entred Britain, to wir,
that the Britons^ from the Armcrick TraS entred firft, but
the Time not certain. That the P/V5f/, out of Scythia^ came
next into thofe parts of Britain^ which were yeturiinhaWted,
and that not long after the Entrance of the Britonf, who
were not as yet increafed into fuch a Multitude, as to be able to
inhabit the whole IJland, What then becomes of the Scots ?
When came they into Britain ? In procefs of Time, fays
he, viz. the PiSs granting them 'the uninhabited Seats in
their Diftrids, they came after the two former. So the Bri^
tonsj as* Bede affirms, came into this IJland out of Armorica
in France^ and, not long after, the P/<5Fj out of Scythia-,
both of them feifed on the vacant and uninhabited places :
At laft, the IJland being divided betwixt them, the Scott
entred not by Force, but were admitted into the Portion and
Lot of the P/5/, and that long before Britain was known
to the Rontons. Here, how will you deal with Z.«^i{/? Who '
produces Gildas and Bede. as Witneiles to his Fables, viz.
That the Scots and the PfSs did firft of all fix their HaU-
mtioos In Britnin^ in the Reign of the Romam Emferor Ho-

^ noriusy

9i TifeHiSr OKY of Book IL

ffortMSj m the Year of drift 420, of which two, GrJdas
makes nothing for kirn ; and Btde doth evidently convince
him'of Falfliood. But let the Re4$Jer believe, neither L«^
nor Me J bat his owd Eyes; and let him diligently weigh the
Places of each Writer. But (&ys he) Dion calls the Caledo^
niansy Britamti; I grant he doth| €0 doth Lutan^ as I noted
i)efore, and zKoAtartiaty in that Verle,

^intt Caledonios Ovidivifure Britannos^

The Caledonians, wbith in Britain be^
Qaintus Ovidius is about to fee.

Box none of them therefore deny them to be PiSs ; yet
they have good rcalbq to call them Britains: For, as the
whole Ifland is called Britain^ fo all its Inhabitants are de-»
fcrvedly Called Britaim. For all the Ihhabitants of the Ille
of Sicily are generally called by the Romans^ Sicilians^ with-
out any difference, though they themfelves call one another,
ibme d/WZ/Vuv/, others Si^liotes; fo the Poflefibrs ofBritaifg
«e, by Foreigners, all called Britaim; but they themfelves
often call the ancient Inhabitants Britons^ and the other
People of different Nations living there, fometimes by the
private Names of the Countries whence they came, and
fometimes by the common Name of Brittuns, Wherefore
the CaledontMns^ Pi&s and ^cots^ are fometimes called^ each
Nation by its own Name, yet all of them, not feldom, by
the general Term, Britain. But Brittons^ as- far as I re-
member, no Man ever called them.

ThereMs alfo another ditferenceamongfi them, to be ob-
ferved in i\itWotABritmnia\ as there isamongfttheGr^/b
and Liitins in the Word Afia. For Ajia fomet;fmes^ denote
the third part of the habitable World, and fometimes it is takeir
for that part of the Greater Afia^ \vhich is iituate on this
fide the Mountain Tattrusy and is wont to be called AfU
the Lefs. So Britain is fometimes ufed for the Name of
the whole Illand in general ; and at other times only for
that part of ir, which was fubjeded to the Romans^ whichr
part was bounded fometimes by the River Hmmber^ and
fometimes by the Wall of Adrian^ and fometimes by- the
Wall of Sever us; and the Inhabitants of this Part are by
Britifo Writers more ufiially called Brittons^ than Britains;
but the other Perfons living in the Ifland, i. e. the Scots and
the PiSsy were called by Bede fometfanes Britains^ and (bme*
times Stnmgers and Foreigaers. We may alio find the fiime
remarkably difference hi Qjtoffnj of Mommomh^ m^fPiUhnm
z . . of

BooKn. S C OT LA N T>. yj

of Alalmesb^ry. And cherefore the CaledonioHs will be count-
ed Br mans never a jot the more, for being ftiled Britains
by DioH^ Martian^ Lucan^ or any other good Author, thaa
the Bruttans will be Rinnans^ though both of them are Ita*
UoMs^ If Ludd had taken Notice of thefe things, he had never
iDTolved himfelf in fochduk Laiyrimb^j nor had heforaflily
and inconfiderately made a poiitive Determination in a Point
£> obfcurc, nor had dcnkd^the Caledomam to have been
Pi^/, becaufe thev are termed by I>hn^ Britaim. Neither
hath Ludd any ju(t Qaufc to wonder, that no yiTriter more
ancient than Ammianiu MaueJlinm^ and Claiudian^ hath
made mention of the Scots and P/5/, though they lived fb
many, I will not lay Years, but Ages in Briutin. For, not
to ipeak of the Valli^ Camhri^ Lo^gr'u Names lately knowi>
to the World, I may ask him, why, fince fo many Gr^^i and
Lati» Writers have written of the Affairs of Greece^ yet no
Gracian once names his Countrymen Gr4eci ; nor no Latin
Author calls t\ie&i HelUnes\ Why did the Names of the Na-
tions which I mentioned but noyv, creep fo late into the
Hiftory of Britain^ which that Cambro-Brkain makes to be
fo ancient ? If you ask any Engli/bmatt, of what Country
he is, none will anfwer, that he is a Saxon; yet the Scots\
Pi^s^ Irijb^ boib^ the Bir/ViJ«/, /. *. thof^ that inhabit Sr//i«»
and thofe who dwrell in France^ do ftill unanimoufly call
thtm Saxons. Why do not the old S^otSj even to this very
Day, acknowledge and own the Name of Scots ? It ought not
then tofeem abfurd to any Man, if, when the iRo;w<j;rj' asked
tMt Captives^ of what Nation they were; one fkid. a Moea*
tian^ another an Attacottian^ a third a Caledonian ; and the
Names which foreign Nations received from them, they (till
retained, and ufed in their common publick Difcourfe; nei-
ther, as I judge, will it feem incredible, that fome Names
are more known to Hiftorians and Strangers, and others to
the Inhabiunts of the Country. Though the Pxemiffes make
it fufficiently appear, that the coming of the Scots and P/V?j
into Britain^ is not only more ancieni than Ludd will grant
it to be ; nay, that it was but a little later than the Brttains.
themfelves coming into it, yet I (hail add other, and thole
no contemptible, conjedures. The Brigantes, a great and
powerful Nation, were feated beyond ihtKwcr HuMier^
about Tori^ and poffelTed the whole Breadth of the JJland^
betw^ntbe two Seas; it is probable that they came not from
the Trad oi Franise^ which was ncarcft, fot uo Brigantes
are (aid to have inhabited there, but out of Spain^ firit into
Irelmtdy and from Ireland into Britain^ as being a neigh-
bouring IJknd to it; neither doth thisdifi^r from the Con-

jefturc

94 TheHisro KY of Book II*

jeaurc of Cornelius Tadtutj which he makes concernins
the amctefft InbMtants of the IJle. If the Brigautes came
from Ireland^ then they muft be of Siotijh Race, as all the
reft of the Inhabitants of Ireland were. Seneca alfo feems
to confirm this Opinion, in that elegant Satyr of hfs, con-'
cerning the De^th o( Claudius, in thefe Words,

7/V Britanms ubra notiJiUora Pontic
Et earuleos ScutabrhanUs dare Romuleif
Colla eatenis jttjjit^ & iffum nova Romance
yurafeeuristremertOeeanum.

. He, Britains, which beyond known Seas did dwell,
(hui^ yferf blew Scotabrigantes did compel

'RomSTYoke to bear. The Ocean widely fprfod^
His Government, and his news Laws, aid dread.

In thefe Verfcs, Jofepb Scaliger, the Son of Julius, is of
Opinion, that for Scutahrigantes, we ought to read Scotobri^
gantes. Of how great Learning and Judgment that youngs
Man is ; of what Induftry in comparing ancient Writers ;
and of what Acutenefs in finding out the Meaning ofobfcure
Paflages, the Works that he has publilhed do declare. At pre-
fent I iliall only fay, that havjng undertaken to illuftrate the Af-
fairs of fir/W«, 1 thought his Criticifm wa*$ not to be omitted;
and I will declare in few Words, why I think it to be true.
For fihcewe read in C</^r, and other J/ithors, eminent both
for Accuracy and Knowledge, that the 5r/>j/»i were wont to
paint their Bodies with TVoad, 2indm Herodian, that they u(ed
narrow Shields in War, (fuch as L/t^y afcribes to the JJiasick
Gauls,) and no great Ornament in their Arms; it (eemed ab*
furd, to make mention of the Shield^ which was not painted,
the mention of the Body, which was painted, being omitted*
Now the old Britains were painted, not for Comelinefs, as
feveral other \A/ij//o»j' were; but that their blewifli Colour
might render them more terrible to their Enemies in Fight ; but
how that Colour could appear terrible in a narrow Shield, I
*do not underftand. And therefore it is very probable, that
that learned Man, and skilful in BritiJh Affairs, as who,
according to Dion, ^ept the whole IJlana under the Opfreffion
of Ufury, wrote the Word, Scotobrigantes, that he might di-
fttnguilh them from the o^zx Brigantes^ both Spantjb and
Galiick. It makes alfo for the £ime Purpofe, that in thofe
. Verfes he feparates the Britains and Brigantes, as two dif-
ferent Nation?, which is alfo done by fome Br/>yi6 Writers,
who make Hnmber to be the Boundary of Britain. This

Matter

bookh. s CO t la wd^ 95

2ilarter not being well confidered by HcSor Boethu^ as I

judge, led him into a Mifiake; who having (bmewhere read^

that the Silmres and Brtgantet were called Scoti^ as having thdr

Original bom Irehnd^ placed them in part of the Kingdom

of the ScotSy in Albimm. His Miftake, tho' it might juft-

ly oflTend others, yet ought not to have been (b feverely cen-

fared hj LmJd, who hath committed as great Mifiakesinthe

lame kind; for he makes the Cumbrt^ or (as they call them-

felves) Cmmrfj to ifliie ont of a Corner o( Britain^ to plunder

the -whole World: For he infers from one or two Words,

coimnon to them both, that the Cimbri and BritMni were

of one Nation. Thofe Words are Mortmwrufa and 7>f-

m4arcbia\ where it is worth the while to take Notice of

the Man's Acutenefs in dilpatin^, and of his Subtilty (for-

footh) in drawing Inferences and Conclufions. This Word

Moremarufdy lays he, is a Britijh Word, but it was once

a Ctmhrick one, and no Nation's elfe, which dwelt

near the Bakkk Sea. Bat fince our Countrymen ufe the

lame Word,, and are called by the fame Name with. thofe

other Cimbri^ therefore (fure) both were of the fame Stock

and Nation.

In this Matter, firft he affirms Falfliood for Truths, and
alfo takes Uncertainties for Certainties. For it is a njanifeft
Untrntli, that both of them are called Cimbri^ even if Ludd
him&lf be a Witnefs, who affirms. That all the inhabitants,
his Countrymen of Cambria^ were fo called from their
Kng^ Camber^ and he calls himfclf a Cambrobritain. I could
alfo prove the Falfliood of this Opinion, by the Teftimony
of all his Countrymen, who do not call themfelves C/mr-
briy or Cumri. As that is talfc, fo this is uncertain, whe-
ther other People living by the Bttktck Sea, did not ufe that
Word, which you attribute to the Cimbri alone ; elpecially
fince it appears out of Tacitus^ that many Nations, in that
•Tra<a of Germany^ fpoke the GaUick Tongue, and 1 (hewed
before, that Word to be Galiici. But fuppofe that both of
your AfTumftions were true. What then ? Did you never
read. That the Soldiers of Cn, Pompeius^ when he waged
War in 4fia^ were fainted by the Name of Brethren^ by the
Albans^ that inhabited the Mountain Cauc^fus^ by reafon thait
both of them were called Albans ? Neither do 1 doubt but
that if a Man had obferved both Tongues^ he might have
found one or two Words, fignifying the fame thing in both :
But they wanted fuch a Man as Ludd there, who becaufe
both People had certain Words common between them,
would hereby prove, that both were of the fame Nation ,
mi yet the purblind Man fecms to be fcnfiblc of the weak-

nefs

5^ , 7%^ Hist OH Y ^ Bot)iK T/.

neft of his Gonclufion, when lie jidds .that the Clw^kri
were callei aSy?/o»«, by the Germ^^s: Thut he might make
that out, hefhouldhwe (hewn ^t wbatThnc, and upon wiiat
Grounds, the Cin^ri were transformed jnto MJiiones^ ^tnd
the Mjl'sones again, into Citnbri. H« ipe^k^ not a Syllable
of this, but only <cite$a Britifo Hiftory, colie^ed out of the
Milejian^ Fables, of the C^nA, and alfo quQtes a certaia
Fragment^ whence he, being now degi:ad?cd frpoi an Anti-
quary, to be cither a Botcher, or a Scraper together of old
ufelefs Relicfcs, or (tf I may fo fpe<*) zFragmefUary^ doth
piece up new Kingdoms, and new Nations, for us; this
he doth with great JLiabQur, and yet with no Colour of Pro-
bability, where yet it was very obvious to him, (unkfi per-
haps it was above the poor Man's reach) to find out the^
Caufes, why the Name C'mher was communicated to the
Cimhri^ and thQWe(ch too: Fojr Pht^ch fays, that it was
not the Name of a Nation, but of an Occupation or Em-
ployment, and that Robbers were fo called by the Germa»f*
Suidus^ no contemptible Grammarian amongft the Greeisi
underftands the Word in the fame Senfe ; and Fefius Pom^ *
feim^ amongft the Latins^ writes, that the Cimbn were cab-
led Rj)Ufers by the Ganls. If we follow diefe Mens O-
pinions, it will not be difficult to find out, why the Cw^r/,
;whom Ludd places in Britaiff, came by that Nam^, e(peci-
ally fince their Neighbours, the J»gli or EngMJh^ affirm,
' that even in this Age, their Manners fliew them too imuch
inclined to the fame Praftices of Thievery. Sure I am, that
Ijivy jcalls that Slave who was fent to kWYMarius in the Pri-
ibn of the Miffturu(g^ a Gaul^ Luc an calls him z.Qimher^
but no noted Writer ftyles him a Britain. If Ludd had con*
fidered thefe Things, or if after Confideration, he had
chofen rather to remember them, tb^n to ff ame new Mon-
fters to himfelf; there was no Neceffity for him, in one Mo-
ment of Time, or rather with one F^lfliood, to have left all
Britain almoft deffitute and fur&ken, all its military young
Men exhaufted, and fix hundi:ed thouland of them drawn
out of it at one fingle Draught.

1 WILL not here defcend to a minute Inquiry, to what
male Children the IVclch are wont to give the Names of the
Cimbrick Kings ; for this diligent Writer brings in this alfo
as an Argument of their ancient Pedigree.

If I nliftake not, ih^Latin^ Germany and Syriack Names
are tbe Chief which he will find. But if a folid Argument may
be fetched from the proper Names of Men, (which are
oftentimes arbitrarily impofed by Parents, oi; vain-glorioufly
adopted out of fomc Hijiory) then L^y^^ might rather pe^^

« fuade

Book IL S C O T LJ N^. §f

fiude us, that his CountrymeQ are Jiews^ Romant^ or Gtr*
mdns^ than Ctmhri: Or, if he wouldadvife bis Compntriott
to give 'bapttfinal Names fetched out of Hiftory^ to their
Childr<rn, m^ithin a few Years he m^ht (raosfurin his Coon*
trymen into what Nation foever he pleafed. But touching
the Names of the Cimhrhk Kings, which, he fays, were
accullomed to be given to Children; I would WilliMly
ask the Man, from what Oracle he received it f Unlefs I
knew before-hand, th^ithe never wants fome Fra^tnent^ ont
of which he can prove what he pleafes himfelf. But this I can't
bat admire, touching that Cimbrhk Expedition, how all their *
military Men bein^ fent abroad, that within the fpace of
forty Years, (for it was about that Interval, between the
CMrick ,War, and Julim Caf($r\ Arrival in Britain,)
^ your Country of Wales fhould foon recover to be fb popu-
lous; efpccially Gnc^Maximjis having drawn forth a far
Icffer Number o\yt pf Britain^ even when it was in its moft
flouri(hing Eftate, the Britsips could never aften hold up their
Heads, but vy^ere brought into bitter Servitude by the Sax^
m.: Or why Cafar, who lived hi^ enough to remember
the Cim&rick War, when he came into BritatM^ being a
Learned Man, and a great Favourer of the MuriaM Far«
I ty, did fiod out nothing by Inquiry concerning this Cim^
kick Expedition. Lafily, I defire to know, whether Ladd
fpoke in Jeft or in earneft, when he added, that the «Af-
fioity of both the Cimbri might be inferred from their equal
Contempt of Gold and Silver ? Here I would willingly ask
of him, whether he fpoke in earned, when he calls thoft
C'mbriams very moderate and content with a little, who
did not only vex and plunder Gaml^ and a part of Sfaim
too, but in a manner wholly wafied and deftroyed tbem both i
And yec afterward hafiened to Italy, in quefi of a richer
Booty ? Whofe Opulcncy got by Robberies, the Helvetiam
emulating, they alio became Plunderers, as &.trabo relates in
his &venth Book. Dare you call fuch Men frugal and tem*
{er^ae'i And that it may appear, that the Cimbrick Name is
truly alligned to your Nation, you XBzkttVflchmen etnuhus of
thofe Ways, to which the Cimbrians were addided ; and
jour lelf in Chief, who ravage all Nations to fteal from
tbem a little Glory. For, not content to have arrogated
the Deeds of the Cimbri to your Countrymen, you add
>vithas impudent and fi<^itious an Untruth, that the Si£am'-
bri were aifo of your Stock. And becaufe in the Name
Qt both Ifations ;there is a certain Similitude of Leuers,
from that Affipity pf Wor4s you fei^ a Conjunfiion of
8loQd, .4t jtfeis r^te, by their Defccnt from the Sicaxm^

briam^

9S 7*^^ Hi-sTORY ^ Book IL'

irians^ the Franks, and their Childrens Children, to aff
Generations, will be allied to you ; and fo, by a, packed
Series of Lyes, you raife a Bridge to bring back the fu-
gitive Brenni; of which, one, who took Rome, lived a*
bout an hundred Years before the other, who befieged De/^
phos ; but you jumble and compafi them together into one
Body, that fo you might drefs -up ^ new Monfter oiit q£
a dead and living Man, pieced together; as if it were dif^-
ficult to prove, by other Arguments, that Monfters are
born in that very Country, which brought fuch a Perfon
'as you forth. But, lays tudd, no Writer acknowledgeth,
that there were VNoBrennus^Sy befides PolydoreVirgH Sure-
ly, Ludd, thy Reafon hath forfaken thee, or elfc thou haft
never read the fourth Book oi Straho, where he writes. That
the Bremnus who befieged Delpbos, is by fome thought to be
Praufus. Nay not Strabo alone, but every Mail who be-
lieves that Rome was taken by a Breunus, and that above an
hundred YcxishevDelpbos was befieged by zBren»uf, doth
acknowledge, that there were two of that Name; fince
both thofe Enterprites could not be performed by one and
the fame Man. But if we believe the Mofti, the Compiler
of the Britiji Hiftory, Brennus the Brother of Belinus^
preceded thefe two brenni, three hundred Years ; who, if
he had Jed his Army into Italy at that Time, muft have
fought with Uuma PomfiUus, or with Tttllus HoftiUusy and
not with the free People of Rome. But to omit thefe things,
whence doth this new Logician gather that Brennns was
a Brhain ? Forfooth, from one Word only, viz. Tri*
marehia, which Word yet is common to Scots, Gauls, and
Welch. Patifantas, whom you quote maimedly, and by
Piece-meal, that fo he may make for your purpofe, calls
Brennus and his Companions, Gaulr, and acknowledgeth
that Word to be Gallici : but you, Sir, you only, fuch is
your Shamelelhels, againft the Credit of all Greek and La^
tin Hifiorians, nay, and in fpight of Minerva and all the
Mufes, do ftrive to provchima ^r/Ww. Perhaps I have pro-
fecuted this Argument a little more prolixly, than either
the Obfcurfty of the Matters themfelves, or the Unskilfulnefs
and Inconfiftency of Ludd, deferved ; but I have done if,
not out of a defire to carp at, or blame others, (which I am
far from; but to abate the unfavourv Petulance of a Man that
abounds in abufive LangiXage^ ana that I might reduce him
from a wild and extravagant Rage, that makes himfpeak E-
vilof almoft all Writers, and fo to bring him, at lad, to ac-
knowledge his Error. To omit others at prefent, he falls
with great Scurrility upon HeSor BQctim^ a Man not only

uncommonly

BookH. S C T la N'D. 99

uncommonly skilled in the liberal Arts, for the Age hehVed
in, but alfo eQdqed with lingular Humanity and Cocirtefy^
but hefo falls upon him, as to blame nothing in him, of
which he himfelf is not far more guilty. Heaor places the
Brigantes in Galway^ in which hei did amifs ; for I have no
defign to defend his Midakes : But Ludd brings out great
Forces of the Cimbri^ from one Corner of Britain 'y how
truly, let the Learned judge. ^^^(?r attributes Matters, aft-
ed by others againft the Romans in Britain^ to his Country-
men the Scots. And Ludd doth fliamelefly and falfly affirm^
that ^oi»e was taken, Macedonia vexcd^ Greece ^fRi&ed, the
noblcft Oracle of the World facrilegioufly violated, by his
Countrymen, the Britons ; nay, that 4fi^ it^lf was compel-
led to pay Tribute to a few Vagabonds. He blames Hekor^
but falfly, for making Gildo^ who raifed great Commotions
in Africa^ a Scot\ and yet he makes the fame Gildo^ who was
indeed ^iMoor^ tobeauo^^; but Gildus^niGildo (forfooth)
are Names almoft alike. Let me ask you, Are they more
alike than Luddus, Lydusj and Lmdio ? This is certain, that
Gildus is an old Name in S^otlandj as the ancient Clanx)f the
Mofgildsy or Macgills^ doth (hew; of whole Pofterity there
are yet Families remaining of good Account, both in Scotland
and England. But iince Ludd hatb fuch an intemperate
Tongue, that he cares not what he fays, provided he m^iy
abufe others^ lihallleavehim, and conclude thisBooki onl/. i
giving him this Caution, That

Loripedem reSus derideat^ JEthiopem Albui.

Let the well-fliap*d, deride the crooked Back,
And the fair featured IVoman^ fiorn the Blaclc.

JQUL V^' I 'f Hft

( 100. )

ix^Q &^^QQi^DQQ^^ ?oczac oc^o(Pc&G?coc;;>o

T tl E

H 1ST O R Y

OF

SCOTLAND

BOOK III.

ViJ^WJ'J'^^

1 TOUGH I have fufBciently demonftrated
in the two former Books, how fabulous, yea,
how like mere Prodigies, the Memoirs are,
which the Writers of the Britip AfFiurs have
delivered, concerning their Anceftors; have

alfojhewn, by plain and de^r Evidences, that

the autieiiL Br i torn had their Original from the Gauls : Yet
becaufe, I perceive^ I have to do with fuch Men, as may be
Tather laid to contend obftinately for a manifeftFalfliood, than
fallen into aMiftake by Raftnefs or Ignorante; I thought it
worth my while to bprrow Proofs from Writers that bear a
great Authority amongft^ll learned Men, that 1 might takeoff
the Edge from the Boldnefs of fuch hair-brained Dilputants ;
and, by that means, fupply good Men and Lovers of Truth,
with fuflScient Arms to reftrain and curb their daring and af-
ironting Impudence. In the Rank of fuch Claffick Authors I

•' judge,

\

Book III. S C OT L A N i>. loi

judge, C. Julius Cafar deferves the firft Place, both for his
Diligence in fearching, his Certainty in knowing, and Sin- »
ccrity in declaring things to others. He, in the fifth Book of
his Cornmentaries concerning the Gallick War, vVriting of
Britain^ fays thus, ^The inner part of Britain is inhabited by
* filch, as they themfelves record to be born in the Ifland |
and the maritime Coafts, by fuch as came oat of ^e/giuw^
to pillage and make War upon the Ifland : Who conti-
nued in the Pofleffions they had gained by their Arm$^
and were generally called by the Names of the Cities,
from whence they came. The Country is infinitely popu-
lous, and well-ftored with Houfes, much like thofe of the
Gauls I they have great ftore of Cattle; they ufe Brafs for
Money, or Iron Rings, weighed at a certain Rate. In its
midland Parts, there is found great Quantity of Tin, and^
near the Sea Coafts, Iron, though but in a fmall Quantity ;
their Brafi is brought in by other Nations. They have all
fort of Trees that they have in Gallia^ excepting the
Beech and Fir. Their Religion will not fufter them to
eat either Hare, Hen, or Goofe, not withftanding they have
of them all for their Pleafure and Diverfion. The Coun-*
try is more temperate, and not fo cold, as Gallia: The
Ifland lieth triangular, one fide of which frontcth Gallia :
On which fide, that Angle that Kent ftands in, points trt
the Eaft^ where alnioft all Ships arrive from France : And
the lower Angle, iotht South \ this fide cohtaineth about
foo Miles. The other Angle lyeth toward Spain^ and
the Wcftcm Quarter, in that Sun, where alfo Ireland
lycth, which is an Ifland half as big as England^ (as fonie
think) and as far diftant from it, as Gallia ; in the Mid*
way between England and Ireland^ lyeth an Ifland cajled
Man\ befides many other fmall Iflands, of which fome
write, that in Winter time, fbr thirty Days together, they
have a continual Night, whereof we learned nothing by
Inquiry ; 6iily we found by the Water-Hour-Glafs, that
the Nights in England were fliorter than in the Continent*
The length of this fide, according to the Opinion of the
Inhabitants, containeth 700 Miles. The third fide lyetii
to the Noi'tb^ and open Sea, faving that this Angle points
a little toward Germany. This fide is thought 10 contain
800 Miles. And fo the whole Ifland containeth iri Cir-
cuft aooQ Miles. Of all the Inhabitants, they of Kent
are mod courteous and civil, all their Country border-
ing upon the Sea, and little differing from the FaQiion of
Gallia. Moft of the inland People low no Corn, but live
upon Milk and Flelb, and are cloathed with Skinst Ari

la •the

toz The Uin r OKY of Book III.

* the Britaim have their FaCes painted with TFoad^ which

* makes a . blew Colour, to the end they may feem more

* terrible in Fijght. They wear theHairof their Heads long ;

* having- all other parts of their Body (haven,' except their

* Head, and upper Lip. Their Wives are common to ,ten

* pr twelve, efpecially Brethren with Brethren, and Parents

* with Children ; but the Children that are born, are account-

* e?d his, unto whom the Mother was firft given in Mar-

* riage.

And a little after, he fays,

* By thefe he underftood, that Cajfivelian\ Town

* was not fo far off, fortified with Woods and Bogs, and

* well itored with Men and Cattle. The Britons call that
' a Town, when they fortify woody FaftneiTes with a Ditch
^ and a Rampire, and fo make it a Place of Retreat againft

* the Incurfions of their Enemies. Thither C^tfar marched
'.with his Army, and found it Well fortified both by Art
' and Nature; and as he ailaulted it in two feveral Places,
f the Enemy flood to it a while, but at laft, were not able

* to bear the Brunt and Fury of tjie Aflailams, but made

* their Efcape a back way out of the Town. Thus he took
' it, and found in it great Store of Cattle, and (lew and took
' Prifoners many of the Britons in the Onfet.

Tacitus in the Life g/* Julius Agri col a.

* T Defign here to give a cleat Account of the Site of Br/-
JL tain^ and of its Inhabitants, though they have been al-

* ready defcribed by feyeral Writers : This I do, not to

* compare either my Care or Ingenuity with theirs, but as it

* was then firft thoroughly fubdyed, fo fuch things as our

* Anceftors, without perfecl Difcovery, have merely drefled

* up with their Pens, (hall now be faithfully fet down upon

* Knowledge. Britain^ of all the Iflands ktiown to the

* Romans^ the greateft, coafteth by Eafi upon Germany^ by
^ JVefi towards Spain ^ and it hath France on the South \

* Northward^ no Land lying againft it, but only a vaft and
' broad Sea beating about it. i/'z^ among the Ancients, and

* Fabius Rufticus among the Moderns, the two moft elo-

* quent Authors, have likened the Figure or Shape of all
^ Britain to an oblong Scuttle, or two-edged Axe; and fuch
^ indeed is the Form and Shape of thacfdzt, on this fide

■■■<'-"% Caledoma:

Book III. S C O T L J N T>. loj

* Calcdoniat From whence the Report of the whole being fo
' madefeems to take its Rife; but there isbefide a hogevaft
' Traa of Ground; which runneth be?o?J ^^^J^^^l.^';
« fhermoft Point Erowne narrow and Iharp like a VV edge.

• The iL pUXn Irft of all winding about th,s ut-

. moft PoTnt in the Sea, ^^--^.t^l^Zl^ TwZei
' and withal, found out and fubdued the Ifles ot Urktfgy,

♦ never'knoJjn Ure that time. 'Th^^'oj.si.^^^i

♦ all over white with winter Snow. The bea thereaboat is,

• as rtcv affirm, dull and heavy for the Oar, and not to be
» Jaifcd as other Seas are, with Winds; probably becaufe

* of 5?e S?a«ky of Land and Mountains which comnlonly
' gItS and caVe Tempefts, and becaufe a deep Mafs-of

♦ Continual Sea is flower ftirred to Rage.

* RiiT examinine into the Nature of the Uceaq ana u?
' Tid« ifSdoesnot properly belong to thiWork and

fomany J^iver VV41 , ^^^ infinuates and

ther Pro<^"f«^ '""i"; CertaintV from them, as beuig a bar-
is no coming at a"? V^gm^ rom ; ^.g^^^ ^^^

' 'Sel%hrLimb^^^^^^^^^

' ^^^ ^„^The1£"^aS S rnoft commonly crifped,

' bable enough to believe ^a^he oia /^ r^ P^ ^^^^

' Sea, and ?o^f^\}^''^\^lf%ihitb^^i:^ they retain

* likcwife refemble thei?««f*, «her oeca^

' fomething o^'he Race from wWchhey^a^^^^^^^
; that ingountrfcswhicl^ar^ng^. .^ndh^^^^ ^ *> i^^

* one another, tne fatne AJem or i generally
; the Bodies the feme .^jf, fhai^KS, Sng%eareft;

* fpeaking It is ™°„V In'^hSr cSemonies and fupcrffi^^^^

* did people thel^and. I°'f '^'j^'^ apparent Conformity:

* Perfuafions, there is |? be lecn an app .p^

' There is °o "^'gh^gf f SfSmrf to rfn Lmfelv
'are alike bold to challenge,^^^^^^^ ^^

' iDtq Dingets ; |n<is^^"i^i°S^^^^ ?kl of them. Indeed
« e^ua^ly atttightedand cdncernea to ot «« ^ ^^

104 TheUisroKY (f Book IIL

* the Britons make more Ibew of Courage, as being aot
« mollified yet by long Peace; for the Fr<rwAalfo were once,

* as we read, redoubted in War, till fuch time, as givinff

* thcmfelves over to Peace and fdlenefs. Cowardice crept

* in, and their Manhood and their Liberty went to wrack

* together: And fo it alfo befel tbofe Britons, who were

* lubdued of old; the reft remain foch fort of Men tb this
Day as the /V^sr^ were before. Their Strength in the

* tield confifteth in Foot; fome of the Countries rnake War
c 1" waggons. The Perfon of the firft Rank guides the
» W^on, and his Attendants maintain the Combat. They

* were fortnerly governed by Ki»gs, now they are divided
f by petty Princes, mo Patties and Faaions: And that is

* the greateft Help We have, againft thofe puiffant Nations,
' that they are difunited in their Counfels : It feldom hap-

* pening that two or three Cities meet and concur to repulfe
: a common Danger: So.^whilft they fight in fmall Parties,

they are all fubdued. The Sky is very cloudy, and muc«

* given to Ram wirhout Extremity of Cold. Their Days
f are longer than in our Part of the World; the Nights

Light, and in the farthermolt part of the Ifland, fo ftiort.

» that between the going out and coming in. of the Day!

the Space IS hardly perceived; and when Clouds do not

come in the way to hinder it, they aflSi-m that the Sun-fliinp

IS jeen in the Night, and that it.neither fetteth not rifeth,

but pafleth along, the extreme and plain Parts of the Earth

projefting a low Shadow, which rifeth but a'little way up

i !^!,t I t^^^^'u- °^^?'^ «°' ^^^ Atmofphcre fo far as to

vi ,S,^'^''« ?! ^°''' ^«"""g «fi^« 'he Olive, the

i I^„\^ J, ^^ ""^^^hich are proper to warmer Countries,

« IjJ^^rJ vT^" f kWa ol^Grain, and beareth it i3

' f&te L'l,?'°°-?''^"P "'"'^'''3', and ripeneth llowly.;

f ft^fr^hf ?h c*f™ ^'} t"^^ ^""'^ *<^ overmuch MoV

4 ?nf.r f 1 ^f "^i '^f^"- -Br/W^producethGold and

^S. 'r°K''n-^^'2^^ '^^'''^ make it worth the coa-

* ffiuflfZv.^^''"* ^''i?.Sf '' ^^^'^ P^^J alfo. not orient,
^«f,ni?v. ^'"'^ wan, whichproceeds, asfomedofuppofi

•••^sSJv%'^'^S?^^'''" "•''^^^•''*'^'^^- fo^ «'n Med!
•*'bm w LT^" l'*^ Put.pamiDg, .and alive from the Rock&;
« nn "l^'^'''"* they are caft out by the Sea, and fo taken
i "P- .^V'r^y P"f» ?. WtherbeUeve the Nature of the Codn-
i K^!i?n f^*^' *° l'^'*^ '^' '^^ ^ o" Comouf.

* othiffiin?-™^;^.^.^^"^'' Men and Money, and aU
♦HnflflV^/ter^*^^ bythe£«,/./r*, patientl/'and wil-

* pgly,.if lo^lcnciesb* f9;bome: IndfeiHJes tbcy caijn<iit

*■ ' .■•.■• ■ r ;.-^'..^« .KM„

abide,

Booicnr^ SCOTLANT>. 105

* abide, being as yet fubdued to be only Subjefis, and not

* Slaves.

^ The firft of the Romans that entred Brhaitt witfi an*

* Army, wjs Julius Cccfar; who although he terrified the

* Inhabitants with a 'Battle, which went on his fide, and
*. gained the Shore, yet may feem rather to have (hewed the
^ Place to Poflerity, than to have delivered to them the Pof-

■ lefllon of it.

* The Civil Wars enfued; Men of the firft Quality turn-
] ing their Arms againft the Republick of Rome ; then, anji
' long after that, Iz,^ Britain forgotten, even in peaceable
^ Times. Auguflus^ . and efpecially Tiberius^ termed it a
' Policy that it (hould lie fo.

* That Caius had a Defign to invade Br/V^/», fs certaia-

■ ly known; but his rafh running Head, and changeable Ha-
\ moor, and chiefly his great Attempts againft G^rw^^^y turn-
' Ing to nothing, averted that purpofe.

. ' CLAUDIUS did firft effeaually prOfecute the Mat-
\ ter, tranlporting Legions and Aids ; and taking Vefpafian
\ into the ASion, which was the firft. Foundation of that
' Grandeur to which he afterwards attained; fome Countries

were fubdued, fome Icings led captive, and Vefpafian mado

known to the World.

* The firft Lieutenant General was Aulus Plautius^ then
Oftorius Scapula^ both excellent Warriors: And fo,' by lit-
tle and little, the neareft part of the IJland was reduced to
the Form of a Province \ and befides," a Colony of old
Soldiers eftablilhed there. Certain Cities were alfo be-
flowed, in pure Gift, upon King Cogldunus^ (who remain-
ed moft faithful even in our Days) according to an old
Cuftom, anciently received among the /^ow^»j, toufeeveii
Kings themfelves for Inftruments of Bondage.

^ Then DidiusGallus tncccedcd; who kept that whichiiis
Predeceflprs had gotten, and built fome few Caftles far-
ther in the Land, to. win by that means the Reputation of
having made fome Improvement.

* After Didius fucceeded/^^r*?^?/*/, who died Within the
Space of one Year. •

' The^ Su£ponitts Paulinus^ for two Years Time, behave9
himlelf fortunately, fubduing tho Nations^ and eftablifhin^
Garrifons. And in Cpnpdence of his Succeffes, going to
reduce tht Ifle of Man^ which miniftred Supplies to the
Rebels, he disfurnilhedtne Country behind, and laid it opeh
to all Opportunitie$ of the Enemy. For through the Ab-
fencic of the Lieutenant, the Britons^ freed from their Fears,
begaa to talk about the Miseries Qf Slaverv, to lay their

I ^ * Injurief

'io6 The Hist QJSLY of ^ B ook IIL

y Injuries together, and aggravate them by Cotiftru£lions and
^ Inferences^ as, that their Patience had done ihem no

* Good, unlefs it was only to draw heavier Burdens upon

* them, as being Men that feemed wiHine to bear thciq.

* That whereas in former Times they had only one king,
^ now two were impoled upon them, the Lscuteftamttofxxa^

* their Blood, the Prorwr^/or to (punge upon their Subftanc^.

* If thefe two di&grced, their difigreeing was the Torment

* of the Subjcfls ; and if they agreed, that was their undoing;
^ the one harraffing them to Death with Soldiers and Offi-
,* cers ; the other vexing them by Wrongs and indignities.
'* That now their Cdvetoufnels and Luft laid hold, without
A Exception, on all. AncJ whereas in the Field, hethatfpoileth

* is comn^only the ftronger : Now were they, by Cowards
*.and Weaklings for the moft Part, difpofleffed of their

* Houfes, robbed of their Children, injoined to yield Sol-

* diers for the Service of other Men, as if they were a Peo-

* pie that could die for any other, and w^ere onl v ignorant how

* to do it for their own Country. For otherwile, what a Imali

* handful of Soldiers were come over, if the Britons would
^ but come to counting Numbers. That G^rwi^»y had fhook
'* off' the Yoke, though they had no main Ocean, but only

* a River, for their Defence. That their Caufe of taking

* Arms was urgent and juft; their Wives and ChC*'

* their Parents and their Country were the Caufe; f '
' Romans had no. other Caufe, but that of their ©wn

* toufnefs and Luft : And that they vvould doubtlefs depart,

* as Julius Cafar had done, if the Britons would imitate

* the Virtues of their Anceftors, and not be difmayed with

* the doubtful Event of one or two Skirmifhcs. That

* Men in Mifery had more Courage and Vehemency to at-

* tempt, and more Conftancy to perfeverein their Attempts:

* And that now, even the Gods feem to pity the poor jBr/-

* tons Condition, having fent the Roman Captain out of the
< way, and confined the Army, as it were, to another Ifland.

* That now being aflembled to advife and deliberate toge-

* ther, they had attained the hardeft Point in an ASion of

* that Nature, wherfin without Queftion it were more dan-

* gerous to be taken in the time of Confultation, than ia

* that of Aflion. With thefe and the like Speeches incit-

* ing one another, by common Confent they refolVc to
^ take Arms under the .ConduS of Voadieea, a Lady of the

* Blood of their Kings : For in matter of governing in

* Chief, they make qoDiftinaion of Sei. Ai^ firft purfii-

* ing the. Soldiers which lay divided in Garrifbn, and
^ taking the Forts; they next invadcid the Colony it felf, as

. >- • being

BaoK Iri. SCO TLA N T>. 107

* being the Fountain-head of their Slavery. In facking of it

* they omitted no kind of Cruelty, which either Anger, or
' the R^e of Viaory, could induce a barbarous People to
' praaife. And unlefs, upon Information given hfm of the Re-

* volt, Paulinus had Come fpeedily to fuccour his Men, Bri^

* tatn bad then* been loft ; which with one profperous Bat^

* tie he reftored to her former Obedience, and made her pa-

* tient In bearing the Yoke; fome few keeping out and re-
^ mainfng in Arms, whom the Guilt of the RebeHion ex-

* eluded from all hope of Pardon, and fome likewife who

* apprehended the Lieute»afft*s private Difpleafure. He, tho*

* oiherwife an extraordinary Man, yet feemed to ftew too

* much haughty and hard Ufage to thofe who furrendred

* themtelves, and to revenge in a manner his own private In-

* juries. It was upon this account Petroniut Turpilianus was

* fent in his place, as a more clement and exorable Perfon

^ and a Stranger to their Faults, and therefore more ready to

* receive their Repentance; who having compofed the Trou-
' bles, and not jcaring to attempt any thing farther^ refign'd
^ his Poft to TrebellsHs Maximus.

' TREBELLIUS, a Man unfit for Afiion, and alto-
' getbei: unexperienced in Gamps, but ufing a kind of cour-
*teott$and mild Regimen, kept the Country quiet: For

* ^ the Britons alfo had learned the good Manners to put
)fkh courtly Tyranny that indulged them in the Vices
/'liked; and the Difturbances ot civil Diflenfions gave

* Wni a ' plaiifible Excufe for his doing nothing. But the

* Soldiery accuftomed to Warfare, grew wanton with
' Eafe, and began to be mutinous, Trebellms flying and ab-
^ fconding, efcaped their firft Fury ; and foon after refuming
' his Place, without Majefty, without Authority, he ruled

* prccarioufly, and at his Soldiers Difcretion : And fo both

* coming as it were to a Capitulation, the Army for a Li-
' cence to do what they pleafed, and the Captain for a Se-

* curity of his own Life, the Mutiny ended without anr

* Bloodihcd. ' - .

' VECTWS BO L ANUS fucceeded him not only in

* his Place, but in the loofe Irregularity ofDifcipline; the

* civil Wars continued the fame, the fame Negligence with

* regard to the Enemy, the fame Licenfc in the Camp; only

* Bolmuf a good honeft Man, not odious for any Crime,

* had made himfelf popular, and got their good Will tnftead

* of their Obedience.

* But when Vefpafian with the reft of the World re-

^ covered Britain alfo, great Captains, good Soldiers, were

^ lent, and the Hope of* the Enemy was extremely abated.

' ; ^ * For

:io« the H IS 7 aRjn// B09K Ijy.

« For immediately Petilius Cere^Us fttupk a^Terr^ into

* them, by invading, upon his fir ft Eatry,.t.he:5r/><w>r/,..the

* moft populous State of the whoje PrQvJnce. Many. Bat-

* tcls w€re fought, and fome bloody, and.^c greate.ft patt of

* the Brigantes were either conquered or wafted.

^ A N D whereas Cer^alis would doubflefi h^veeclipfed the

* Diligence and Fame of another, Succeflbr, Julius Frmti-

* »«/, a great Map, as he might well be called after that

* Predcccflbr, fuftairi'd the Charg« with Reputatipn and. Ci:edit,
*fubduiag the puiffant and warlike People of the SUurfs^;

* where, befidethc Valour of the Enemy, he had the Streiehts

* and Difficulties of the Plaqesthemfelves to flruggle with.

Cicero to Trebatius,' /* the fevemth Book of hh
F-amiliar Epiftlcs;

i T Hear that \fL Britain^ there is neither Gold nor Silver;
X * If that l^ fo, yet I perfuade you to catch what you

* can, and return ipeedily to us. But if we can attain our De-

* fire, (without the Help of Britain) do you afifo, that yom

* may be reckbaed ampngft my Familiar Friends.

th€fe Words.

' "TTHIS {Ireland) being the Picareft Ifland to Sr/ztf?*, ic

X * narrower in Girciiic, or Ipace pf CJ^ound.thp ici,

*,bot morecummodiousfpr temper of Soil and Airj it is in-

* habited by the Families of »J^(>^/.'r The Ifle of Anglefiy^

* or rather Man, is alfo near %o it, an Ifland pretty largc^

* of a good Soil, which isalfo inhabited -by ^be Sco$i.

7h fame AVT HO JBifi^i^ /! ,.

* 'Tp H E Conqueror Severus was drawn mtp Britain ;bjr

JL * the Revolt of almoft all bis Allies there ; aft^ he bad

* fought many great and notable Battles, he judged, it be/l

* to -ftparate and divide that Part of the IJland whicli he ha^

* Tegmned, from the other uncpnq.uered Nations,, by af^fi//c

* Aad for this end he made a gre^ Trench, and- a %oag

* Wall, fortified a< the top with many Towers, fortfci^ "Q^ficc

* of 130 Miles from Sea to Sea. . V^
' A D 0^ Archb'tpop of Vienna^ gives the fame Ac-

« xroiym, ti^moft Word for Wcitfi-. The Miftake of jxjth m

*. the numher (fa- lyiiles %o be QWe^^^v*)?:?^ writing 30 for

''ISO, ■ ":• •■ ■

. - ^ Out

Book III. SCOTLAR'D. 109

Out of the thirty fifth Chapter qf S o L i N U s.

* TT (/. €. Brita'tn) is furroundcd by many Iflcs, and thofe
JL * not inconfiderable ; of which /r^&»i comes the nearell

* to it in Bignefs : It is an undvil Country, by reafon of the

* lavage Manners of the Inhabitants, but otherwife fo full of

* Pafturage and Cattle, that if their Herds in Summer time

* be not now and then reftrained from feeding, they would

* run a great Danger of over-eating themfelves. 1 here arc
' no Sjiakes there, and biu few Birds; the People are inho-

* fpitable and warlike. When they have overcome their

* Enemies, they firft befmear their Faces with the Blood of

* the flain ; Right and Wrong, Good and Evfl, all is one

* to them. If a Woman be delivered of a Man«<:hild, (he
' lays his firft Meat upon her Husband's Sword, and putting
' It foftly into his Mouth, gives him the firft handfel of his

* Food, upon the very point of the Weapon, praying (ac-
^ cording to the Manner of the Country) that he may not
' otherwiie come to his End than in Battle, and amongft

* Arms. They that love to be fine trim the Hilts of their

* Swords with the Teeth of Sea-Calves, which wear ai white

* and as clear as Ivory. The Men chiefly glory to the Beauty

* of their Armour. There is not a Bee amongft them ; and

* if a Man bring off the Duft, or the little Stones from

* thence, and ftrew them among Bee-hiVes, the Swarms for<^

* fake their Combs. The Sea that is between Ireland and
' Britain^ is ftormy and rough moft part of the Year, fothat

* it can hardly be failed over, but a few Days in Summer

* time. They fail in Keels of Wicker, done over with Neati

* Leather. How long foever their Paflage contintteth, the Pat

* fengers abftain /rom Meat all the while ; fuch as have tho^
^ roughly examined it, have efteemed the Breadth of that

* narrow Sea to be iiq Miles. A tempeftuous Frith alfodi-

* vides the IflandsofthCiy/Var^/from the Coaft that the Br;>o»/

* inhabit ; the Men of which IJland keep their old Cuftomii,

* even to thii Day. They utterly refufe buying and felling
' for Money, but barter one Commodity for another, pro*'

* viding things neceflary rather by Exchange than ready Mo-

* ncy. They wotflifp the Gods very devoutly. As vfelt thf

* Women as the Men boaft of their Knowledge of Fore*tel.^

* ling things to come. The French Sea beats upon the Ifleoif

* Tbattetj which is divided from Britain with a narrow

* Strait ; it is happy in Corn Fields, and a fat Soil, and health*

* ful, not only to its Inhabitants, but to others alfo. As there

* if no Snake bred Chere, fo, which is much more, the very

* Earth

"no Tife H I s T o R y of Book IIL

* Earth of that Ifland, to what Place foever itis carried from

* thence, killcth that Vermin. ^

Out of the third Book «/ H E R o D I A N, Tnutjlated ixto La-
tin by POLYTI AN.

* 15 UT 5tfz;fr«j contrived Delays on purpofc, that he
J3 ^ might not make his !£ntrance into Rome poorly ;
for being defirous of Vidory, and fond of getting the
S^mmt of Britannicus^ he fends the AmbafTadors home
before he had done his Bufinefs, whilft he himfelf in the
mean time, with great Diligence, prepAed all things ne-
ceflary fot War. His firft and chief Care was, to ere6t
Bridges on the Marifh Grounds, that fo his Soldiers might
ftand fafe, and fight as well as upon firm Ground ; for
many Places m-Brstain are marilhy, becaufe of the fre-
quent overflowings pf the Oceau. The Barbarians them-
felves fwim thro* thefe Moors and Mjtrijhes^ and run up tp
the Bellies in them, (not regarding the Mud) with their nak-
ed Bodies : For they are ignorant of the ufc of Garments to
cloath them, but gird their Belly and their Ngck with Iron,
thinking that to be an Ornament and Sign of Riches, as o-
ther Barbarians do Gold. And befides, they mark their Bo-
dies with various Pi£tures> and with the Shapes of all man-
ner of Animals ; and therefore they wear no Cloaths, left
they (hould hide the painted outfide of their Bodies, Bat
they are a very warlike Nation,^ and greedy of Slaughter,
and content themfelves only with a narrow Shield, and a
Lance. Indeed they wear a Sword too hanging dovvn from
their naked Bodies, but are wholly ignorant of the yfc erf"
Coats of Mail, or Helmets, as judging them to be an Hin-
drance and a Lugeageto them, inpaffingoverthe^<ar/^^/,
whofe Vapours, being exhaled by the Heat, c^ufe almoft
always a dark and a milty Air,

Out of the 10'^ Book of'^HuiASVS MarcellikuSv

* nr HIS was the State of Affairs throughout Illyricwn^

X * and the Enftern Parts ; but in the 10''' Confulfliip

* of Cofijiantiusy and third of Julian when Matters were very

* often didurbed in Britain^ by the Inroads of thofe barbae

* roas Nations, the Scots and Pi3s^ ^nd thereby Peace was
*. broken, and the Places near their Borders laid wafte, which

* caufcd a general Pannick thro* the Provinces^ already tired
f . with their many pad Slaughters, Cafar^ then being in his

* Winter-Quarters at P^iriV, was diftraScd with divers Cares;

* fQ ■

iook 111. SCO r LA NT>. iii

for he feared to afiift thofetraDfinarine People, as I related

before, tho* Conftantsus did, led he (hould leave Gaul with*

out a Governor, in the mean time when the Almaim^ or Ger^

niansy were very eager on Cruelty and War. And therefore

he was pleafcd to fend £«/>/ViWj thither, to compofe Matters,

vsrho wasasaCommi0ary*General of the Army at that time,

a float Man, and very skilful in Military Affairs, and prid-^

ed himfelf much in his Pod, fo that he was very lupercili*

^ ous and haughty ; he fpoke in a lofty Tone, and firuted like %

^ Xragedian in his Buskins ; fo that.it was a great Doubt whe*

^ ther he was more covetous or more cruel ; he, having cau*

^ fed the Vanguard to march, 'olz. the HcruU^ the Hollanders^

' aad many of the Mosfici^ came to Boulogne in the depth of

* Winter. And embarking in all his Soldiers ' thofe Ships

* which he had provided, taking Advantage of a favourable

* Wind, he failed to Sandwich^ and fo went to Lo»^», that

* there he might advife, and be in readinefs to a& according

* to all Emergencies.

Out of bis twenty fixtb Book,

* *T* H E Pidsy Saxons^ Scots^ and Attacottl^ vexed tht
JL * Britons with perpetual Mlferies.

Out of his twenty feventb Book

« TT IS fuflScient for me to fay. That at that time the PiSs
X * being divided into Two Nations, the Dicalidones^ apd

* the VeSuriones ; and alfo the Attacotti^ a warlike People,

* and the Scots ranging feveral ways, committed much Spoil.

* The Franks and Saxons, as they had Opportunity to
^ make Inroads by Land or Sea, plundered the GalUcan

* TraSs near to them, and carried from thence mighty

* Booties, firing all before them, and killing thofe whom

* they took Prilbners. To hinder this, Fortune favouring

* him, our warlike Commander came into thefe extreme

* Parts, from Boulogne, which is divided from the Land

* he was to make by the Streights of the Sea; which ft

* wont to be ralfed by high Tides, and again levelled in a

* Calm, like a Plain, without any Prejudice to the Mariners j

* from thence he eafily pafled over to Ricbburrow, a fafe

* Harbour over agaiuft it; whence being followed by the

* Bataviy Hrr«/^' and 7<?i#V,truft|ng to their conquering Num-

* bcrs, he came to the old Town of London, fince called

* Augujia, " where, dividing his Troops, he fet upon
^ lAe prsdatory Bands of his Egemies, and they being Idadeti

* with

112 The Hist on Y of Book IIL

with SpoilSj he quickly overcame them: And putting them
to fltghtj he refcued from them, the Captives whom they
drove bound before them, and thisir Cattle, and allthePrcy
which our poor Tributaries had lolt. He reftored all' to the
Lofers, eicept a Ismail Part beftowed on his wearied Soldiers.
Thus he re-entered the City in Triumph, before forlorn, but
now relieved by him.. Big with this profpcrousSuccefs, he
defigncd greater Matters, and.intended to folio wfafeCoun-
fels, for which he tobk time : I^'or he had learned bott^ bjr
Pfifoners and Deferters, that fuch fcattered Troops of
fondry Nation^, and thofe fierce ones too, could not b6
cottquered, but by Stratagem or Surprize. So that he made
Edifts, and propofed Jmpuiiity, and, by that means called
in Stragglers and Deferters* Hereupon many returning,
he being moved thereby, and anxioufly careful, required
Chilis to be fent to him to govern Britai/g^ a Man of a
(harp Wit, and very jufl: and honed ; and alfo DfilcitiHs^
a Commander very skilful in warlike Affairs.

dut of the 39*'* Book ofD ION.

* f^MSAR^ having firft of all the komans pafled the
V-^ * Rhene^ failed afterwards over into Britain^ in the

' * Confulfliip of Pompeius and Crajfus. The Ifland is ex-

* tended 4J0 Stadia ViX leaft beyond the Morini. It fronts

* th^reft of Gaufy and almoftall 5/tf/», reaching out into the

* Sea. It was unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans.

* And their Pofterity doubted whether it was z Continent or

* an -^<«!r</; and many Writers who were ignorant of the
^ Tn;ith, as having not feen it themfelvcs, nor hadanylnforr

* mation from the Inhabitants, (but fpoke only by Conjee^

* turc) in their ^^///»^/, as their Leifure and Humours wcrc^

* fome counted it one, and fome the other. But in proceft

* of time, when Agricola was chief Commander, and aftcry

* wards in the time of Sever hs the Emperor^ k was clearly

* found out to be an IJland^ Cafar^ when he bad fettled

* things in Prance^ and fubducd the Morini^ defired to go^
' over thither, and accordingly he tranfported his Foot, whero
^ it was moft convenient, but he landed not where be ought
^ to land. For the Fame of his cottiing being noifed abroad^

* all the Britons had prepofleffed the Faflages of the Comi*

* nent. But he, failing beyond a prominent Rock, madehii

* Dcfccnt elfe where, and repulfing thoie who firft hindred
^ his landing, he put his Men on Shore before many of th«

* Britons could unite to oppofe his Troops ; and afterv^ards

* be rcpclicd their Aids. Ygt not many of the Barbarians

* were

B o OK in. SCOTLAR'D. iij

* -were flaia, for they fighting on Horfcback, and out of

* Chariots, tafily avoided the Romans^ who had then no

* Horfe Forces. But being amazed at thofe things which
' w^ere related concerning the jR^w^w from the Continent^

* and tliat they were fo bold as to tranfport thcmfelves,
' and make their Defceiit into this Ifland, they fcnt fomc

I ' of tfcc Nation of the Morimi^ their Friends and Allies,
' in Embafly to C^far. Firft of all Ctefar demanded Hot
' tages^> and they promifed them ; but afterward perceiving,

* that the naval Force of the JJo/w^ir/, both thofe that were
' arrived, and thofe that were coming, were Ihattered by
^ Xempefts, they changed their Minds, yet they did not

* openly (et upon them, (for their Gaiiip was well cuardcd)
' but having furprifed fome of them, who Wferc lent in a

* peaceable manner to provide things neceffary, they put
' them almoft all to the Sword; excepting fome whom
' C^far fpeedily relieved; and prefently they made an On-
^ fet on his Camp, but were (hamefolly repulfed, without
' effedidg any thing: yet they came not to Terms with
' C<ifar^ till they had been often worfted by him* On th9

* other fide, Ct^far had tio great mfnd to make a League

* with them: but the Winter being now at hand, and his
' Forces not then fufficient to carry on the War, many oif

* thofe he brought over being dead Or (lain ; and beudes,

* the Gauls in his Abfence were attempting Alterations; h^

* clapt up a Peace with them, in a manner againft his

* Will, demanding many Hoftages, but receiving a few

* only. Then he failed back again to the Cowtwent^ vrherf

* he quelled the Mutineers, and fettled Aflairs ; neither reapr

* ed he any publick or private Advantage from Britam^

* worth his Labour ; fave only the Reputation of making

* a Defcent upon it. For this very Reafon ' he was macl)i
^ pleafed in himfclf, and his Friends did mightly extol him.

* at Rome. For when they (aw that Places before unknown,

* were now brought to light; and before never heard of,

* were now difcovered, they embraced their Hopes, as if

* they had been Enjoyments, antedating their Succefs.

* they rejoiced as if they had already obtained their defirea

* Conqueft, and therefore they decreed Supplications to the

* Gods for twenty Days.

Out of the firji Chnfter of pbt fir/i Book ^ Bede.

* 'T*HE Wanders .profefs one and the fame Thcolc^y^

jI * and that in five Tongues, vit^. O? t\tt Angles^ Bri-

* tms^ Sfots^ PiSs^ jand Latins ; which, by the Study and

X * Meditation

114 Tki }^i^t6KY of Book IIL

* Meditation, of the Scriptures, is made common to all

* the reft., fiut iji the firft Place, the Britons only inha-

* bited the Ifland, from whom it took its Name\ who

* coming over \nio Britain^ a^ it is reported, from the

* Armoriek Country, feized upon the Southern Parts of

* it. And they having polTeffed a great part of the. Illaud,
^ beginning from the ^outh^ it happened that the Nation

* of the P;V?x venturing' to Sea with a few Gallies^ as

* is reported, from Scythia^ made their Defcent in trelandi

* the Winds hurrying them beyond all the Coafts of

* Britain^ and penetrated even to the Northern Parts

* there; where finding the Nation of the Scots^ they

* defired part of their Allotment for their Habitation, but

* could not obtain it. / •

Out of the fifth Chapter of the firjl Book of the fame AUTH OR*

^ QEFERUS an Afrhan^ born at LaheJa neat Tr/-
v3 ' 7'^/^ the fourteenth from Augujlus Cafar, obtained

* the Empire^ Which he held feventeen Years. He being
^ of a fierce Difpofition, as always vexed with continual

* Wars, governed the Commonwealth with great Valour

* indeed, but with equal Toil. And being a Conqueror
*.in the Civil Wars, which were very grievous in his

* Time, he was forced to go over into Britain upon the

* Revolt of almoft all his Allies ; where, after many great

* and cruel Battles, he gained part of the Ifland, and divid-*

* ed it from the unconquered part, not with a Wall (as

* fome think) but with a Trench only. For a Wall is

* made of Stones; but a Trench wherewith Camps are

* fortified, to repel the Force of Enemies, is made of Turf

* cut out of the Earth; yet it is built like a Wall, high
' above the Ground, fo that there*|| a Ditch before it, out

* of which the Turfs are diggedftnd heaved up, before

* which Pallifadoes made of ftrong Wood,are perfixed.Where*

* fore Severus drew a great Ditch, and.a firm Trench, for-
^ tified with many Towers above from Sea to Sea: And

* then he died at Tork.

Out of his twelfth Chapter of the fame Book.

* AFTER WARDS Britain being delpoiled of all her arm-
jfi* cd Soldiery, and of the Flower of her valiant Youths,

* who vyere carry 'd away Prifoners by the Severity of Tjrants^

* and never returned ag^'n, was laid open to be preyed up-
' on and plundered, as being wholly ignorant of the Art of

* War.

j3doK m. SCOtLJJ^^, us

^ war. At lad it was fuddenly harailed by two Tranfma*
^ rifu Nations^ the Scots (torn the South y and the Pi^s from
the Nortb^ under whole Yoke flie groaned many Years j
I call thetn Tranfmarine Nations^ not becau(e they had
their Habitations out of Britain^ bat becaule they were re-*
mote from the Allotment of the Britons^ two Greeks of
the Sea ranning betwiit them^ one of them from the Ea/l
Sea, and the other from the Jf^§ft^ running far into Land,
tho* they reach not one to the other. The Eafterft one
hath in the midft of it the City GuidL The Wefteru one
above, r. d on the right Hand of it, hath the City Al*
€lnytb^ which in their Tongue fignlficth a Rock-* for Cluytb
is fituate by a River of the fame Name^ By reafon of
the Incurfious of thefe Nations^ the Britons fend Am«
bafladors to Romt with complaining Letters, craving
Aid* of them With mournful Supplications, and pro<^
mifing perpetual SubjeSion to them, if they would drive
away thofe Enemies that were at their very Doors;
upon this an armed Legion was appointed for their AP>
fiftance, which being tranfported into the IJland^ and
fighting with their Enemies flew many of them, and drove
the reft beyond the Limits of their Allies. And thus^
having delivered them from their cruel Bondage, they ad*-
vifed them to build a JVall within the Ifland between tbol
two Seas, which might be a Safeguard to them to repel
their Enemies ; and then in great Tf lumph they returned
home. They hearkening to their Advice ered a Wall^ as
enjoined, not fo much with Stones as Turfs ; but having
no eminent Artificers fit for fuch an Undertaking, it was
good for little. They made it between the two Seas o^
Bays ( of which I lately fpoke) for many Miles ; that
fo where the Waters were not a Defence, there, by the
Advantage of the Wall, they might fecure their Borders
from the Inroads of their Enemies. The evident Marks
and Footfteps of this high Wall and Work do remain to
this Day. It begins at aimed a Mile diftant from the Mo^
naftery of Kchercurnig, toward the ffyi^ in a Place called
In the Pi(Sf Language, Panuachel^ but in the EngUp^ Pe*
ntteltima^ and bending againd the ff^eft it is terminated by
the City Alcluytb. But their old Enemies, as foon as they
perceived that the Roman Soldiers were departed, manned
out a Fleet, and broke into their Borders, killing and (poll-
ing all" before them; :ind, as if they were Corn ready for the
Sickle, they mowed, trampled upon, and deftroyed them.
Now the Britons ferid a fecond Embaffy to Rome^ .with
f edottbled Complaints and Lamentations^ defiring Aid, left
K * theif

iifi Tke Hist ORY 0f iBooK II.

^ their mifcrable Coototry ibould be vrhoUy defiroyeil ; and

* the N^n^e of a Roman Province^ wherewith <bey had been

* honoured fo long, (honldnow grow cheap and precartoits

* by the Invafion oiFor^ig^ers. Accordingly another Legi-
^ po wa$ fent, which according to comaiand arriviag. in

* Autumn, iroade a great Slaughter of their Enemies, and

* drove all thai made their Efcape, beyond the Seas;
^ who before annually drove all their Preys beyond tbole

* Sqas without any refinance. Then the R&mam told the
^ Britms^ that they could conneno more on fuch chargeable

* and toilfome Expeditions for their Defence, but they ad*
^ vifed then to take Arms themfelves, and fight witb'cheh:

* Enemies; that, were it not for their SluggiCbnefs, they

* might be an Overmatch for them. Mopeovec, they thought
^ it advantageous to their Allies,, whom they mufl: ^eave,
** that a Wall (hould be drawndire^ly from Sea to St«, be-

* tween the Cities which were there buih for ^^far of Enemies,
' where alfo Sev^rus made a Trench. Thi€ Wall they buih
'^ accordingly with firm Stone, both with the publick and
.* private Purfe (as is yet to be feen) tasking to their Afliltaflcc

* a Company of the BrUons. It was eight Foot broad and

* twelve high, in a dircS Line from Etfi ioU^'eft. Boih thfs
.' and that of S^verus are yet to be feen. After they had built it,

* ihey ,gave Inftruclions to the Inhabitants for their Defence,

* ai3d a.ttbrded them Examples for their training vqp in Arms;

* but itt the South Shore, where their Ships rod at Anchor,
' becaufe from thence they feared the Irruptions of the Bar-

* bar'mns., they ercQed Towers at proper diftances for the

* Profpeft of tlie Sea; and (o tfaey took their leaves, as
*, never intending to return.

And a little after,

* 1 N (hort, they fly and are difperfed, leaving the Cities and

* Wall; their Enemies follow, and make more cruel Slaugh-

* ters than ever before. For as Lambs are devoured by Wolves,
' fo were thepoox Inhabitants torn in pieces by their Enemies ;

* fo th t being ejeSed out of their Habitations, and in Danger

* to be ftarved, they cxercifed Robberies and mutual Rs^)ifle«

* to keep themfelv^s alive. Thus they increafed external
' Slaughters by domeftick Broils, till all the Country was quite
^ defpoiied ot Food, but what was got by hunting.

Out of the EpifUe of GxLDAS.

' TV"^^^ ^ commanded to build a Wall between rhe

^ * two Seas acrofs the IJland^ ihat it might be a Ter-

' lor to Enemies, and a Defence to the inhabitants. Apd

* after:

Boole m. SCO T LA M*D.

ttf

after: ^ The Remainders of them (ent again lamehtabte Let^

• tcrs to MtsMs^ a Man of great Jutiority in Romty begin-

• Hing thus : To ^tius, thrice Conful, the Groans of the

• Britom'* and a little after they complain, * The Barbari'^
^ ans compel us to the Sea, the Sea beats us back to the

• Burhdrians. Between thefe two kinds of Death, we are
either killed on Land, or drowned at Spa, neither have we
any Fence or |||^f againft either of them.

IC2

tHlg

( ns )

THE

• H I STORY

OF

SCOTLAND.

QQOOOeOQQOQC ? aQQ 0O0 0CX?GC300Q0

BOOK IV.

rJt™C

A V I N G undertook to write the Hfftory of
our Nation, that tbe Series thereof might ap-
pear more plain to the Reader ; I have in mjr
former Books premiled a few ancient Me-
moirs, and efpecially thofe which are freeft

from fabulous Vanities, and" arc alfo moft

conlbnant to old Writers.

First of all it is conftantly reported, and there arc many
Evidences to confirm the fame, that a great Multitude of
Spaniirds driven out of their own Country by thefr power*^
fal Dons\ or elfe voluntarily departing by reafonof their
fuperabounding Populoufnefs, tranfported themfclves int«i
Ir dandy and fcixcd upon tholv Places of that Illand which

were

B ooK VI. SCOTLAND). u,

^wrcar ncareft to them: Afterwards theHcalthinefsof the Air^
and the Fatnefs of the Padurage, invited many others tofol-
love them; e(peciaUy feeing; their Seditions at Home, and
the Injuries offered them by Foreigners (to which Spamwzt
always fubjed) drew many thither Itihopesof a quieter Life^
C^^hich Voyage they were more eafily perfuaded to under-
take) becaufe they looked upon themfelves as going into an
liland already poflefled by their own People, and by tha(
means, as it were, their lei^M|d Country. This Stock of
Spaniards did.fo flouriih and ^kreafe, in a Country fit for
Propagation, that now they wW.e not contented within the
Bonnes of IrelaftJ^ but frequently made Emigrations into tha
leiler Iflands near adjacent.

I N the mean time the Scots (for that was the general
Name of the whole Nation) propagating their Bounds thro*^
the Iflands of Mbuda^ and difpetfing themfelves by Tribes
and Kindreds, without either King or any fixed Government;
a German^ or as Bede writes, a Scythian Ylt^^ came to the
Coafts of Ireland^ being driven thither, *tis very probable, by
(trefs of Weather ; for they had not their Wives or Children
aboard with thiem. They being very poor, having nothing
left them by reafbn of fo long a Voyage, but only their
Arms, fent Anibafladors to the Scots^ defiring them that they
might inhabit amongft them. Anfwer was tent them, that
they themfelves were compelled to feek their Habitations in
thofe fmall Iflands; which, by reafon of the Barrennefs of
the Soil, were alfo unfruitful ; and if it were otherwife, yet
all of th^m, if they fliould forfake them quite, would not be
fufficient to entertain fo great a Multitude. But in regard
they pitied the common Miferies of Mankind, and were par*
ticularly affeded with their Condition, whom divine Provf*
denc^ had (b grievoufly afilided ; and who did not feem to
be wholly Strangers to their Lineage (as by their Language
and Cuftoms appeared) they would therefore give them their
Advice, and as far as they were able, would afljft them to
execute it. Their Advice to them was, to fail to their
neighbour Ifland, Albium^ which was large and fruitful, and
in many Places then uninhabited ; and alfo, by reafon of the
Condition of thofe Inhabitants that were in it, who were
under feveral Kings, at feud one with another, was confe*
quently very weak. That amidft thofe Difcords it would be
cafy for them, by fupporting the weaker fide, to make them-*
felves Mafters of that large Country ; and that, in this Mat-
ter, they would afford them their Affiftance.
' The Narro wnefs of the Mbuda^ and the Lownefs of thefr
PWQ Condition, fof fo it then was, made them give £ar to

K 3 tbit

1 16 The HisroKY of B o 6 K IV.

jhis Coupfe
fcoth b

Pi(^s) ..,.,.
the German Sea; and having expelled the Inhabitants, which
Tveie but few, arid thofc at mutual Diftor^i anipngft them-*
felves, they brought a great Part of that Dii^ria under their
$ubjecliori ; and fooii after, in Profecution of the Friend-
fliip with the ScotSy fo happily begun, they intermarried with
them, and fo were, in a maij^er, compa*(&ed' into one Ni^
tion with them. By this miitoat fntercoui^fe bfetw&ct thein,
a great matiy Scots, being either detained by their Allies, who
were yet but weak ; or elfe driven by Wan^ ^id Penury ;
or induced. by the Jove of their Relations, fixed ihik Habitat
uons amongft the p/V?/. 'the Pi^s at firft were glad of
their coming; but when they grew numerous, by degrdei^
they began to fea^ left, if the Scots increafed.m Sirengfh,
they would become their Matters; fo that firff in their pri-
vate Aflemblies, . aijd afterward in their publick Councils,
jthey gave oat that mighty Cautions fliould b6 tafeeh to hinf-
der Foreigners from being admitted among th^irij^ an'd fo^e
way found out p leffen the Number of thofe who were a'iready
admitted. A Rumour aIfo,was ^read abroad^ that it was*
ycvealed from Heaven .to the Pt^s^ That thetr Nation fiioiitd
in time be extirpated by the Scots, Thefe Sufpiciofli cdtifed
the two Nations, which before were very amicable, tbj)art
Companies. ,The S^orj betook themfelves to the.mouritaiii-
(Dus Places,. which were lefs fit for Culture, in regard they
were mpft i^ddlSed to Pafturage and Hunting ; arid thej^i^s

Solleffed the ILrOw-l^nds, >viiich were more fertile, miMiqi
pillage, fituate near the German Sea. Thus their Friend-
ship, before contrafled by fo many mutual Kindnelle^^ did
foon break forth into a terrible Cfvil War. For the Seeds of
^ deadly Hatred were fown .between thofe two NatJQns,
both oi them being of fierce Difpolitions, though the Occa-
lion at firft was but trivial, as fome little Feuds and prtty
Animolities, fome tew Injuries fgftained.
^ The BrtfQnsy being Enemies to both Nations, hayinggot
this Opportunity* fomented the Diflenllons; and freely of-
fered Aid to the P/V?/, even before they delired it^ againft the
Scots. Whei) the Scots perceived that thefe things were
in Agitation againft them, ihey fent elfewherc for Aid,
and procured a tpreign King to aflift them againft fo immi-
neiit a Langer. The Commanders of the Iftandcrs, be-
ing almoft all of equal Authority, and fcorning to ftoop
pne to the other; tergus^ the Son oiFttchard^ was fent for
.v^uii roivCS out oi Ireland^ being counted the moft eminent

Petfoa

30OKIV. SCOTLAND. m

Perfon among the Sc9ts^ bo(h for Advice and Adion. He,
i>y tjie publick Confent of the People^ was chofen King,
^Uid charged to prepare his Army to undergo the Shock of
a Battle, if need required. Jud about the Ume time a Ru^
moar was difperfed abroad, which came to the Ears both of
the Sc$ts and P/VSf/, that the Britons were playing the Doq»
ble, anji laying Piors and Counter- plots equally perniciouf
to both Nations ; and that they would fet upon the Con*
quered and Conquerors together, with their Arm§; and de-
ftroying both, or- elfe driving them out of the {(land, they
themfelves^ would enjoy the whole. This Report made both
Armies doubtfttl what Courlb to take; and for a time kept
them both within their Trenches. At length they came to %
Treaty, and, perceiving the fccret Fraud of the Britdns^ they
inclined to make Peace one with another;, which being con^*
firmed, the three different Armies returned home. The £r^
Mtfi failing in their fird Projed, had recourfe to another
Srratagem. They tent in Robbers underhand amon^Cl the
Pids^ who drove away their Cattle; when the Ptds d«*»
manded Reftkution, they anfwered, that they fhould feek i(
from the Ssots^ who were accuftomed to thieving and plun^
dering, rather than from them. Thus they eluded the Em-*
bafly, and fent away their Ambafladors without their Er-
rand; fo that the Matter appeared to be a plain Mockery..
Their fraudulent Counlels being thus more and more dif-
covered, the late Reproach incenfed the Hearts of both Na»
tions agatnft them, more than , the remaining Grudges and
R^entments for their former Injuries; and therefore, Jcvy-
iflg as great an Army as they could, both Kings invaded,
two ieveral w^ys, the Coafts of the Britons ; and putting
the Country to Fire and Sword, returned home with a great
Booty. To revenge this Lofs, the Britons entered Scotland^
.and came as far as the River Don; and tiaving ravaged the
Country thereabouts, with greater Terror than Lofs to the
Inhabitants, they pitched their Tents upon the Bank of the
River. Fergus having fent their Wives and Children, and,
other portable things, into the Mountains, and Places inac-
ceflSble to Armies, fecured all the Avenues, till the Pids
came up; with whom he at length joined his Forces, and,
communicating Counfels one with another, they refolved to
make a Divcrfion, and lengthen the War, by making an In^
curfion, with vail Forces into their Enemies Country ; and
fo to weary them out. But Coilus (that was the Name of
the Kin| of the Britons) underftanding by his Spies the
Caufe ot their Delay, fends five thousand Men betore to
lie in Ambufli in the upper Grounds, and he determined to
K 4 l^ai

121 The Ui$r OKY of Book VI.

lead forth the reft of his Army dircftly againft the Enemy.
When the PiSs knew this, they again confiilted with the
Scots, and, by way of Prevention, they agree to af&uU the Camp
of thfe Britons by Nfght, and accordingly, drawing out their
Forces, the Scots in the Front, theP/V// in the Rear, attack
their Enemies before Day ; and, by this means, they made
a great Slaughter of tht Britons, being as it were half afleep,
whom the former Delays of their Enemies had bade (ecore
and confident. In this Battle Coilus himfelf fell, with the
greateft part of his Army, and made the .Place In which it
was fought, famous from his Name. Fergus returning home
a Conqueror, the Scots ftttled the regal Government upon
him and his Poftcrlty, by the Solemnity of an Oath. Atter*
wards, having quieted Matters in Scotland, he rf^urnedbadc
into If elan J, to quell Seditions there; where having com-!
pofed all things, as he was returning home, a Tem^ arir
fing fuddainly, he was drowned, not far from thp Port cal-
led from him Fergt^s bis Rock (/• e.) Knock-Fergus, or Car^
rick-Fergus, in the twenty fifth Year of his Reign. Hiflorians '
iTay, That his coming into Albium was at the time when
Alexander the Great took Babylon; about thr^ hundred and
>:h|rty Years before the Birth of Cbrift.

F E R I T H A R 1 s, Second King of Scotland.

FERGUS dying, left two Sons behind him, Ferlegus
and Mainus; neither of them yet able to manage the
Govertiment I fo that the Chiefs of the Clans meeting toge?
ther to declare the fucceeding King, there was great Con?
itention amongft them ; Ibme urging the late Oath, wberebjp
they had boiind themfelves topreferve the Scepter in the Ferj
gufian Family ; others alledging what gr^t Hazards they might
Tun under an inferit King. At laft, after a lone Dtipute, a.
.Medium was found out; whereby neither the Infant, not'
yet fit to manage the Government, fliould aSually rdgn,
nor yet their OaXh be violated; which was, that, whilft thQ
Children of their Kings were Infants, qnc of their Kindred,
who was judged moft accomplifhed fqr the Government,
fhould aft as Regent; and if he died, then theSuccefBon of
fhe Kingdom (hould defcend to the former King*s Sons.
This Law obtained'^ for almoft loif Years, even until the
pays 6f Kenneth III. of whom I fliall fpeak in his place.
By vertue of this Law, Feritbaris, Brother to Fergus, obr
fained the Kingdoni, and managed it i f Years, with fucli
Equity and Moderation, that his Subjects found him a juft
Eing; and the Orphans qr Pupils, a good Guardian. Having^

B ooK VI. SC O T L A N ^. iij

by this Carriage, proqired Peace abroad, and got the Love of
his SabjeSs at home; yet he eoald not allay the Ambition
of his Kindred. For FerUgus^ bein^ inflamed with aDefire
to reign, and having firft conmiunicated his Defign to the
znoft turbulent of the Soldiers, fuch particularly as were mod
defirous of Innovation and Change, comes to his Uncle
and demands the Kingdom of him, which he held (as he
alledged) not as his own, bu.t in Truft only for him. Fe*
ritbmris was fo far from being difiurbed at this ra(h Under-
taking of the young Man, that, calling an Aflembly of the
States together, he declared to them, that he was ready to lay
down and refign the r^al Scepter; adding alfo many Words
in Commendation of the young Man ; as for hfmielf, he
had rather freely and willingly refign up the Kingdom, with
which he was but intruded, which his Death, now near at
hand, would deprive him of, that fo his Fidelity towards
his Nephews might appear to be more the EfieSs of Good-
Will, than of Neccffity. But fuch was the Rcfpeft and
Love that all bore to Ferhbansj that they utterly difliked
this over hafty Defire of the Kingdom, InFerUgus^ and they
maaifefted it, not only by their Countenances and Frowns,
but by the loud Acclamations of the whole Convention and
Aflembly. And having difcovered. by Spies, the Confpiracy
againft the Uncle, though they judged the Author of u> de*
tdlable a Defign to be worthy of JDeath ; yet the Memory
of his Father Fergus^ and the prelent Favour and Defires of
his Uncle, prevailed fo far, that they did not inflid ft on
him for his defigned Wickednefi ; only they fet Guards and
Spies upon hfm, who were to watch over, and pry into, all
bis Words and Adions. But he, impatient prelently to obr
tain what he hoped for in his Mind, though the Delay
would have proved but (hort, deceiving his Keepers, with a
few others privy to his Defign, made his Efcape ; flying firft
to the Pi&s ; and finding there no Encouragement for hfs
defired Innovation, afterwards to theSr/>o»/, where helivaj
an obfcure, and confequently an ignoble Life. But Feritha^
rss^ a few Months after, was taken off; 'tis doubtful whe-
ther by Difeafe, or Treachery. The former Ambition of
FerUgusy the Detefiion of his Confpiracy, and his late Flight,
raifed fuch Sufpicions of his being guilty of his Death, that
he was unanimoufly condemned in his Abience, about the
fifteenth Year after his Father's Death,

Mai K us,

114 77fe VL I ST OKY of Book IV.

M A I M U S, tie third King,

FERLEGUS bring condemned, Mainus^ his Brother^
was created third King of the Seots^ a Man more like
to his Father and Uncle, than his Brother /Vr/rjw : He con-
firmed and fettled Peace with his Neighbours abroad, puhlfli-
ed the Wicked and Profligate. at home, and conftantly per-
formed religious Exerctfes ; whereby he procured to himfelf
fuch an Opinion of luftice and Piety^ that as well Foreigners^
as his own Subjects, thought it a nefarious Thing to hurt
fuch a Perfon. He was better guarded by this Opinion of
his Sanctity, than by his Military Forces; after he had reigned
twenty nine Years, he departed this Life, being much la-
mented by all good Men.

DoKNADiLLA, the fourth King.

HE left t Son behind him, czWtd DornadUlay the Sac-
ceflTor of his Kingdom; in point of Equity, Jflce his
Father, but very unlike him in the other Pans of his Lift.
F(>r he fpent much of his time in Hunting, as judging that
Exercifc to be proper enough in a time of Peace, and health-
ful ; and what was ftill more, very beneficial to harden the
Body for War. And befidcs, it is by that Exercifc, the Mind
receives the pureft Pleafures,and is mightily ftrengthened againft
Covetoufnefs, Luxury, and other Vices, which fpringfrom
Idlenefs. Report fays, That the Laws about Hunting, which
the ancient Scots obferve to this Day, were made by him.
He deceafcd in the twenty eighth Year of his Reign.

NoTHATUS, the fifth King.

AFTER his Death, the People placed Nothatut^ his Bro*
ther, on the Throne, his own Son Reutherus being yet
immature in point of Age for the Government. Thi$ jfc-
thatks changed the Form of k, which till then had been
moderate, and bounded with Laws, into an Arbteary Do-
mination ; and, as if hisSubjeSs had been given him to prey
npon, not fo defend, he puaifhed High and Low, promiicu-
oufly, with Forfeiture of Goods, Biini(hment, Deatti, and
all fort of Miferies, fo that fcarcc any Addition could be
made to his Cruelty. By thefe Severities, moft of the Peo-
ple were cowed out, only one Dovalus of Galway^ an am*
titious Man, thinking it a feafonable Opportunity tor him to
advance himfelf, by reafon of the Peoples Haired againfl
4 ^cir

Book IV- S C O T L A N <i>. 125

their King; and knowing alfo that his own Life was infi-
dioufly aimed at by the King, he refolves to prevent hini.
And accordingly, all things being in areadiricft, ^nd being
accompanied with a great Number of Hii ValTals and Friend!?,
away|;oes he to the King, and openly upbraids him with the
Slau^ter of the Nobility, with the Seizure of their Goods
and Inflates, and with his enflavfng the Commonalty ; afi<f
demand's 6f him to reftore the Kingdom; which' hfe was nor
able to manage, i(> the right Heir. Nothatus^ being thus
bearded and' affronted, cbntrary to hfs ExpeQation, yet re-
mitied nbthing of hi^ fbrmer Stoutnefs, but atifwered peremp-
torily, that he v^oold mairttafin what he Kad done, by his'
kingly Prerogative, and, if he had carried it fOmewhat de-
Ipdtically, it was to be fTni^utcd riot to his owri Difpofitiori,
but to the Contvimacy of the Subj'eas, who had eiiforced
him iheiietd. Thdfe 1'atofs inereafed rhe Animofities be-
rwe^n thfeiri, to that at laft ft cafifie ro Blows, ^nd Nothatus
V(ii3s flfairi hi Dovaiai and hft P^nfiiis', after h« had reigned,
crucji]^ <ria avdriciotfly, ii^imy Yeatf^.

RfiUTHEkUS, th€ ftxth King.

*1I^'HIS dohe, Riiutherus Was made fcirig by the Dova/im
^JtFafiion,' Without the Suffrages of the People: 1 he
Nobles, hcafiiig of it^- thobgh fhey Jud'ged Notbutus worthy
6f me Woftt of PiiriiQim^ms, yet did riot approve fo bad an
ExanSple; alid they tbcffeit ifi greater DiTdairi, becaufc a pob-
Ifck CbtiVeritibn was hbi CofifuUed. Mi the Choice of the
chief Magiftrate dei^olved On the Pleafure and Arbitrement
of oli^ Mtili: Bcfidcs, thit \t Was not to be thought an ob-
liging AQ in hirfi, thiiis to advance the young Man to the
chief Power, ^fio was, as yet, unfit to rule. For fuch as
Ipokfed narrowly ihto tfie Matter, would find, that only the
Natfie bf King would be given to Remherus^ but the whole
Pdwfef" Would rejfjdie lii Dovatns,^ HoWever, it did not much
Cplibetn the publick, whether Nothatus^ or Do'valus were
King, linlefs perhaps they hoped for a more/tolerable Life
under him, who being a private Man, durft adventure to mur-
der his. King; and foto deliver over the Scepter to another in
^ private manner, than under one^ who was not (b extream
or criiel in his Government, until, by the Permiflion of the
People^ he was backed with Power and With the Terror of
'an Army. The Kindred of Nothatus^ hearing fuch things •
to be reported abroad, infinuating themfelves into the Com-
pany of thofe Who did regret fuch High Mifdoings, at
laft gained this Point, that War (hould be declared againft

Duialus ^

126 The U I ^TOKY of BooicVI.

Dovalm ; and that FerebsrJ^ Notb^tushis Son*in-Law, fhould
be General of their Army, Neither did Dovalus refufe to
give Battle : They fought twice in one and the fame Day ;
the Dovaliant^ though fuperior in Number, yet were beaten
and put to Flight, more of them being flafn in the Purfuit,
than in the Battle. For, beiides Povalus himfelf, and the
chief of his Fafiion, there fell alCo Gttus^ the King of the
JP'<5F/, with many of his Men^ Reutherus^ the new King^
was taken Prilbner, and pardoned, out of refpcS to bis ten-
der Age, to the Memory of his Father, and to the Royal
Blood which ran in his Veins. Neither was the Vidory ua»
bloody, even to the Conquerors themfelves, almod all the
chief of the Clans being; (lain, with many common Soldiers
into tl^e Bargain. This Conflifi brought the Iniercfts of the
Scots and Piiis to that low Ebb in Britam^ that they who
furvived fled into defert and mountainous Places, and evea
into the neigbouring Iflands, left they ftiould become a Prey
to the Britons; who having now got that Opportunity,
which they long thirfted after, penetrated into the Country,
as far as Bodotria^ (now called Forth) without any Refi-
fiance. Afterwards^ having made a little Settlement of things
there, they went forward againft the Caledomams^ and, having
difperfcrd thofe who were gathered together to oppole them^
they fcized upon the Champian Countries of the Pi&s^
and, placing ^artifons there, thinking the War to be at an
End, they returned home with their Army. In the meao
time, the Remainders of the Scots and P/(?/, which had re-
tired to the Mountains, Woods, and other inaccefliblc Places, .
vexed the Governors and Caftles and Garrifbns, they rob*
bing them of their Cattle, upon which ihey lived^ and, be-
ing increafed by the Acceffion of greater Forced from the
Ifiands, they fometimes burnt Villages, and plundered far
and near, fo that the Ground was left without Tillage
Jn many places. The Britons^ either being detained by
home-bred Diffeniions, or not thinking it advisable or faf<^
to lead their Army into fuch difficult and almoft inaccefliblc
Places, where they could meet their Enemies with no Forces
more numerous than they had to oppofe them, did by their
flow AQings, increafe the Boldnefs of their Oppofirs. The
Scots and Pi^s being thus miferably afBided for twelve
Years, at length a new Fry of lufty warlike Youths grew
up, (whp, in fo great Streights that they had undergone,
were inured to Hard/hip) thofe fent Meffengers all about,
and, mutually exhorting one another, they refolved to try
^their Fortunes. Whereupon Reutherus fails out of Ireland
ipp the Mbuda^ and froi^i \-\\^\y^^ miQMmm. and landing
4 hi*

Book IV. SCOTLAli't>. uj

fas Forces at tbe Bay now called Lough Bri^ and there
joining with young Getbus^ the Son of old Getbus who
was his Wife's Brother, they confulted together con-
cerning the Management of the War. The mae of thenr
Confolt was, that it was beft to draw towards the Enemy
unawares, whilfi he was unprepared. As foon as they met,
fhe Service was fo hot, and the Fight fo (harp, that nei-
ther Army had reafon to boaft ; fo that both of them being
wearied with Slaughter, made Peace for fome Years : Rem'
tb^Ty or ^as Bede calls him) Reuda^ returned to his ancient
Seat o( Ariylei and the Scots were, a long time after, from
bim cHUa^Dakeudinsi for Daal in old Scosijb fignifieth a
Part, as fome (ay, or a Meadow or Plasn^ as others affirm.
From whence he made a farther Progrell, and in a Ihort
time enlarged his Dominions even to their ancient Bounds.
After he had reigned twenty fix Years he died, leaving a
Son behind him, named Tbereusy begot upon tbe Daughter
of GetbMs.

ReutHA, the Seventh King.

BECAUSE Thereus was yet fcarce ten Years old, and to
too young to undertake the Kingdom, according to tbe
Law long before made and obferved, conceruiin; the Sue*
ceffion of Kings; therefore his Father's "Rtaihet Reutba was
declared King; who being free from Wars abroad, endea-
voured to reduce the People, who were grown almoft wild
by their former Suflerings, and alfo iniblent upon their late
Vidory, (tho' a bloody one) into a milder Carriage and De-
portment ; and accordingly he enaded many publick and pro-
fitable Laws, of which not^ few yet remain amongft the«»^
stent Seots. Having reigned leventeen Years, with u> good a
ConduSy being reverenced and beloved of all ; either for want
of Health, (to which he himftlf imputed it) or elfe fearing
the ambitious Nature of his Kinfman Thereus^ he reigned op
the Government, the People being hardly brought to give
their Confent to it ; and at his Refignation there was a large
Panegyrick made in his Praife.

TvLlS,%ZVS^the Eighth King.

TH£REUS was fubftituted in his (lead; in the firft fix
Years of his Reign, he fo managed the Government,
that Reutba\ Predidions concerning him feemed to be true.
But after that time was expired he ran headlong into alt
jBanner of Vice, infoniucb that putting the Inobles to

Death

tiS The History of Bp o K IV-

pcath by &lfe ladiQuients, fome lewd Fellows thereupon
di4, without Fear, i;3nge over all the Kingdora, afting JECa-
pincs and Robberies at their Pleafure. The Phylarcbi^ (/.. ^.-
Chicf of the Qlans) bewailing thie deplorable State of the
JPublick, deteriDined to proceed judicially againft him; which
he having notice of, fled to the Britons \ where, defpajr-
ing.of his Return, he ended his Pays in great Contempt
and Ignominy. In the mean time^ df^af^usj a prudent and
regular Perfop, was elefted Vice-)^py; be refjiored and
ftrengtbped what the. other had r impaired and weak^ed ;
he reflraincd Rob^^epes, and. haying Compofed Matters as
well as he cpuld, he received .News of the Death of TXir-
reus; whereupon, in a publick Aflembly, or Coaveodon,
of xhQEfiates^ he abdicated the Magiftracy, about the twilfib
Year after Thcrcas began his reigq.

• J osiHAj the Niiftb Ki^fg.

JO S I NJ, Brother of the late King, was raifed to thfe'
Helm of Government ; he did nothing memorable one
way or other, only he held Phyficiahs in very high E-
fieem ;. becaufe, whea he was baniflied with his Father inta
^/r</W,,they had,,6>e€a.bisi great J[ntiinate$. Whereupon the
reft of the Nobility complying with the Humour of the King,
, it came to p^fs,, that for. many Ages there , was fcarce a No-
bleman otCieniici^zninScosla^d, which had not the.Skill to
cureW.oundsr.F.pr , there, Was thealittleuie of other Partjpf
Phyfick a,mQngft fiich jMcn, ,who/were educated parfimopi-
,Qufly, and .inured to much labour and Toil* He died in
,,a good old' Ag,e, haKiiig reigned four and tw^nfy Y^s.

. F, I N N A N u S, fbe Tismh'Kmg*

,. JVT I S Son Fiimafms fuccceded him, , who walking in his

oJLpL. Fathe^p's Steps, .epdefvoured nothing more than to ac-

.^pftgm'his Subji^^s. to a juft and. moderate Qpyernrntent;

J^bouring to maintain his kingly Authority inore by good

Will than Arms: And that he might jcut up the Root of

Tyranny, he made a Decree, That Kings Jhould determine^

or commandy mthing of greaP C^nurn »rj^lmportance^ with'

out the Authority of thetr great CounciL He was beloved

.both by his- Sub^s apd by ppreigws. JHp<}qcesifed, l>av-

ing^f igoed :thirty^>^ Ye^r^.

DtJKStVS,

B o o K; IV. SCOTLAND, 129

D U R S T U S, the EUvemb Kimg.

"^^ O T H I NG did fo much «ggrayate the Lofs ofFinna*
I x^ nus^ as the profligate and debauched Life of his Son
Dwrfims^ who filcoeeded'* him. For £rft of ail he baniflied
from his Pre&noeim Father's. Friends, as troublelbme A-
bridgers of his Pleafufes: Then he niade the cornipteft
Yoonii^ets :his famih'ar and bofom Friends, giving himfelf
wboilly Hrp to Wiae and Women. He drove away his Wifc^
the Ihttigkijer of the King of che Rriuns^ who was profit-
tuted to his Nobles. At length when he perceived that che
Nobalky were confpirmg againft him, as if he had been >«ft
then fwakened out of a deep Sleep ; fbrefeeing that he was
not fiifeat home, and knew not wJsere tofindafeciwePlaoe
abroad, M* he were baniihed, ki regard he was fo hated both
by his Subjeifts and Strangers too ; he therefore thought it his
beft Cour& to pretend a Repentance for his former evil
Life, by that means thinking he might retain the regal Go«-
vernment, and in time be revenged of iiis Enemies too. And
thereupon, in the firft Place, he recalled his Wife, and by
that means endeaYoured to make im Weather with the Bri^
torn. He aflemblies the Heads of his Sabje£ts, and under a
Iblemn Oath to do fo no more, he enafis an Amnedy for
what was paft. He commits notorious Criminals to Priibn,
as if he tad refenred them for farther Punithment : And te-
ligioQifly promi&d that for the future he would a6l nothing
without the Counfelof his Nobles. When by theie Arts he
had made others believe that he was a true Convert, he cele-
brates this Reconciliation and Concord with Plays, Feafiings,
and other Entertainments proper for publick Rejoicings.
Thus all Mens Minds being tilled with Jollity, he invites
the Nobility to Supper; and then (hutting them up in one
Place being unarmed, and fearing nothing, he fent in Ruf*
fians amongil them, who deftroyed them all to a Man. That
Calamity did not fb much abate and quell the Minds of the
left with Fear, as it raifed and blew up their languiihing An-
ger into new Flames ; wherefore gathering a great Army to-
gether, they all Qonf})ired to rid the Earth of lb foul a Mon-
ger. Dmrfitis perceiving that all other Hope failed him, re-
vived to try his Fortune in a Battle, with a few others,
whom the like Fear of Puaifliment for the Wickednefs of
thcar former Lives, had drawn in, to join with him; in
wiiich Fight he was ilain after he had reigned nine Years.
Tbo'all Orders and Eflateswere juftly incens'd againfihim;
yet they jjaye So great Deference to the Name of Kimg^ and

•to

ijo ThHiiroKY of Book IV'*

to the Memory of his Anceftors^ that he was buried amongft
his Royal Predecefibrs.

EVEKUS, the Twelfth King*

AFteh his Death, in poblick AfTetnbly of the Koblet^
there was a very great Conteft; fome alledging, thatac^
cording to their Oath made to King Fergus^ the ancient Co*
liom was to be obferVed ; others fearing that if they made
any one of the Kindred of Durftus King, either the Similitude
of Manners would incline him to the lame Wickednefs ; or
elfe the Propinquity of Blood would make him ftudy Re-
venge. Atlaft, Evemusy Coufin^'German by the Father's fide
to Durftusy being conmiended for his former Life, and for
his extreme Hatred againft the Tyrant, whilft he was alive,
was lent for from amongfi the Pi3s^ (whither he had volunta-
rily baniflied himfelf out of Hatred to Durftus^) and unani^
moufly created King. He is reported to be the firft who
made bis^ Subjeds take an Oath of Alleffiance to him, which
Cuftoni is yet retained by the Heads of the Clams. Evenus^
that he might redify^the Manners of his Subjeds, which were
depraved by the former King, did firft reduce Youth to the
ancient Parfimony in Diet, Apparel, and in the daily Conver-^
lation. For by that means he judged^ they would be more
vaUpt in War, and lefs feditious {n Peace. He diligently
yiyfKA all the Parts of his Kingdpqi, adminiftring Juftice
v|^ith great Moderation, and puniihing Offenders according
to their Demerits. He aflifted the King of the Pi^s with
Aids againft the Britons^ betwixt whom there was fought
a long and cruel Battle till Night parted them ; the Viftotjr
being fo uncertain, that both Armies departed with equal
Slaughter, and as equal Fear. The Brhons went home, the
Scots ^nd Pias retired into the next adjacent Mountains;
>ut the Day after, from the high Grounds, perceiving the
Departure or Flight of their Enemies, they came ana gathered
up the Spoils, as if they had been Conquerors, and fb re-
turned home with their Army. Evemus having repelled hij
Enemies, again betook himfelf to the Arts of Peace. And
that Kings might not have the Trouble to travel over the
Countries fo oft for the adminiftring Juftice, (which was
then their Caftom to do) he divided the Kingdom into Cir*
cuits, and fettled ordinary Judges to do that Work. He aN
fa appointed Informers to bring in Accufetions againft the
Guilty. Which Ofiice beitig foiind inconvenient, was ci-
ther abrogated by a Law , or elfe grew obfolete by Cuftom.
He died in the nineteenth Year of bis Reign, leavhig ^ Bafe*

bora

iKooKlV. SCOTLAND. i|T

t>orn Son, called Gillus^ a crafty Mao, and defirous of tix^
iCingdom.

(iittv^ythe ibirteenth Rifig.

•*T* Mere were yet living of the Blood-royal, icgJtiriiiiiei*

^X two Twins, Dochamus and Dorgallus^ Sons of Dur^

Jius. Though their Age ^ai? not the C^tife of the Difference^

J* et there arbfe a deadly Feud betweeh them concerning the
lingdom ; which was alfd farther iricreaftd by the Fraud of
alius. The Matter being referred to the Arbitration Of theic
Kindred, fuch was the Obdinacjr of the Fa£tions, that do-^,
thing could be determined. G/7/«x, ^hd advifed eich of
thetn to kill one aiibther, i^hen his ftcret Cdunfel tdok ii6
Effta, gathered together the chief of the Kobles, * arid his
Kindred, (on preterice to end the Contf-oVerfy,) into one
place, where he fuborned Men, fit for his purpofe^ to rai(e
a Tuiiiult, and to deffroy them both. And then, ^s If he
himfelf had been aflaulted by Treachery, he implored <he
Aid of all that were prefent, and fled to Evomum^ d place
fortified by K\n^EveHus. Having garrifondd that Fort with
Jpai-t dfthe Nobility and other Perfons cbnfcious to his Crimea
out of dn high place in the Caftle he made a long Oration c6
the People, who in great Multitude^ were ^tnered about
him, concerning the Rafiinefs and Obftinacy of the two
Brothers ; he declaimed alfo againft thofe AfiTafEns 'who
killed them.; but at lad be told them, that he was left' by
Rvenus'^ the Guardian of the Kingdom^ as vt^ell as of hid
domeftick Affairs, till a new King cCftild be chofen. When
the People heatd this, though thejr believed it to be falfe, yet
tvheri they faw him fortified in a ftrdrig Garrifon, for fear
bf a greater Mifchief, they inftantly fwore Fealty to him^
^nd declared him Kirig. He, though he hald ftrengthencd
himfelf in thfe Kingdom by the Confent of the People, (ob-
tained as you have heard,) yet, not thinking himfelf fife
from the Pofterity of Durftu5^z% long as any of therfi were
alivei . f efolved to( deftroy his Nephews.

TiiEkE remained .alive of them Lifntorus:i Gormhhtii
and Ederus^ the Sons of Dochamus^ Son of Durftus ; they
were educated in the IJle of Man. Thither G/7/«j went, oii
pretence to bring them home; and to the two elder he be-
haved himfelf \vitb great Reverence and Refpefl, and carried
them with him into Albium^ cunningly pretendirig,- that they
being of a Royal Stock, ihould be educated in his Courty
fiiitable to their Princely Quality. As for Ederus^ the younger,*
he left Soldier*; on pretence of ^ Guard to attend his? ret-
\&U U l4 &n^

132 The Hi%r anY 0f Book IV.

ibti, to ^hom he gave Jpotmnand on a certain appointed
Day, to kill him. but iIPDifpofition of Gillus being well
known lo all, the Nurfe, fufpefiing Treachery to be hatch-
ing againft the Child, conveyed him fecretly by Night into
the Country of ArgyU, and.fo Ihe eluded Gillus^ who fought
in vain to find him out to deftroy him ; for (he bred him up
fot fome Years privately in a Cave under Ground ; whereupon
Gillus, in a Fury, put the two elder Brothers oiEderus, and
alfb their Guard, to Death: But it being publickly reported,
x\\:x E'derus was conveyed into Ireland, he made no farther
^Enquiry after him. And yet his Cruelty refted not here,
though he had flain the Nephews of Durjius ; for not judg-
ing himfelf fufficiently fecorc, as long as any one ot the
.Royal Progeny was left alive, he caufed all thofe who bore
an Aliiance or Friendfhip to them to be alfo put to Death.
The Nobles, who were grieved at'the prefent Stale of Affair*,
which iv as bad at preient, and fearing that it would beworfc,
ciitred into a Corhbination againd him ; and carried the Matter
;*'vvith fo much'Secrccy, that a War was begun againft G/V/ir/,
' before he had Notice that any Prepariations were making to-
wards it. But in levying an Army againft his Oppofers, he
*ii)on perceived, how ihconftant the Fealty of Man is towards
^wicked and 'flagitious Princes. For there were very few
fhat came in to him at his Summons; and ihofc that did were
' jDcbauchcts, fuch as were afraid of Peace in regard of the
.Wickednefs qf their, former Lives. And therefore diftruft-
ing his Forces, he left his Army, and in a Filher-boat was
fcarried over into Ireland. In the mean time the Scots, that
xheymighr not be without a legal Government, made CadvaU
lus^ chief of thofe who combined againft GiUus, their Vice^
jRoy, to whom, upon a. Treaty, the Forces of his Enemies
iubmitted, and were upon their Submiflion received into his
Proiefiion. When Cadi alius und^rftood that Gillms was
about to renew the War, and in order to it, was railing as
'many debauched Perfons as he could, he refolved to prevent
him before he could gather a juft Army, and fo to purfuc
him wherefoevcr he fled. Eirit, he failed into the JEbud^,
ov'Hebrides; there he caused Eder us,' the only Branch of the
; family o£ Durjius yet alive, to be brought to him, andgave
Order for his liberal and Royal Education. When (jUIms
Jieard of his March, 'he retired again mo IrtlanJ ; there he
engaged the Clans of that Nation, with great Promifes of
iRew.-ird, to endeavour his Rcftoration to his Kingdom;
tvhfch if they could elfefi, th^n he would give them the Mhud^
Iflapds for their Reward. By thefe Promifes he gathered
"together a great Army; C^^z^^i/Zw having prepared'all things

for

Book IV. SCOTL^N'D. m-

for his Tranlportatipn, was fuddenly called back, to clear him-
^^^f ftom a falfe Sulpicion of afieding, or alpiriiig to, the

Kingly Governmcm,

to

£ V £ H U S II. The fourU<ntb King,

THIS being the Cafe, the firft thing he did, was to take
care that jKi/tfiw/, an eminent Perfon, the Son of i>a-
vMhs JBrother to King Finnanus^ might by the Suffrages of
the People be created King; who, having accepted the Gc-
vernment, caufed all Places which were commodious for
his Enemies, and eflJccially the Maritime ones, to be filled
with ftrong Garrifons, that fo his Enemies might not make
a fudden Delcent into his Kingdom, without Oppofitton;
G///«j, hearing of this, did alfo alter his Refolution, and failed
to the Ifle of /At, and there, having wafted the Country far
and near with Fire and Sword, he returned back xwio Ireland.
Evenus fends a great Army thither, under the Command of
Cadvatlus^ that fo he might exhauft the Spring-head of the
War. Neither did GUJhs refufe to fight him, but being de-
^ feried by his Men, who followed him for Booty, rather than
for Love, he changed his Apparel, and with i fmall Com-
pany, fled into a neighbouring Wood : The reft of his Army
being thu$ deferted by their Gccneral, and their fellow Sol-
diers too, yielded to Cadvallus. After the Battle was ended,
they fought a long time for Gtllus^ and at laft found him
in a bhnd Cave, where he was flain, the third Year after he
began his Reigri, and his Head was brought to Cadvallus.
Matters being thus happily fettled in Ireland by Cadvallui^
as he was returning home he met not with the fame Feli-
city ; for being tofled up and down fn a grievous Tempeft,
he loft the greateft part gf his Army, and all the Prey ihey
had gotten; which ftruck him into fuch a Damp, that noc
long after he died of Grief; The King indeed comforted
him, (but all in vain,) and, praifing his Valour and Succefs
in the War, he caft all his Miferies upon the Croffnefs of
Fortune. The new Kin^ lifted up with this Succefs, re-
newed a Peace wi^h the P/V?/ ; and, in Confirmation of it,
he took to Wife the Daughter of Getusj the third King of
the Pii^s. But the fudden Arrival and Landing of the
Orkttcy-Men in Albium^ quickly difturbed this publicfc Joy.
However the King falling fuddenly upon them, drove them
out of the Field to tfee Mountains, and from thence to the
Sea; and there being in a Fright and Hurry^ whilft they crowd-^
ed and hindred one another in endeavouring to ftiip them-
felves oft* again, they were all fl^in to a Man. Belus th^ir
^ ' ' La King,

134 The Hi sr OKY of Book iV*

King, defpairing to obtain Quarter, flew himfelfg Evenms^
having finiflied the War, returns to the Work of Peace, and.
c:6tlftiCutes two Mart-Tawns for Trade inconvenient Places^ ~^
i, e» Ennerhchy and Ennernefs^ each of them receiving their
Name fron? Rivers, gliding by them. For Ettncr^ amongft
the ancient Scots^ fignifies a Place where Ships may come
to Land. He fubdued the Inhabitants of the ALbuda^ wh6»
by realbn of their long Wars, were grown very licentious
and quarrelfome. He reconciled the»T Animofities, and apr
peafed their Didurbances, and foon after died, having reigo.-*
cd feventcen Years.

E D E R u S, TZ^ fifteenth King.

EDER t/S, the Son of Docbamm^ was made King m his
place; who, whilft he was reaping the fweet Fruits of
Peace eftabliflied 5oth at home and abroad, and giving hlm-
felf to the Sport of Hunting, (according to the ancient Cu-
ftom of the Nation,) had News fuddenly brought him, thaC
one Bredins an Iflander, of Kin to the Tyrant GHlmsj was
landed with a great Navy of Soldiers, and plundered the
Country : He prefently gathered together a powerful Army
againit him, and marching as iilently as he could in the
Night, he paffed by the Camp of his Enemies, and fet upont
their Ships in the Road, which by this fudden Surprise, he
cafily maftered, and, killing the Guard, he burnt the Navy,
In the Morning he led his Army againft the Camp, which'he
eafily took, finding the Soldiers negligent, and in no Order
at all ; many were flain on the Spot, whilft they delayed
cither to fight or fly : The reft having their Flight by Sea
prevented, by the burning of their Ships, were there taken
and hanged. The Booty was reftored to the Owners, that
could make their proper Claims. A few Years after, another
of the Kindred of G/7/«x, and out of the fame Ifland tod,
raifed the like Commotion, which had the fame Event and
Saccefs ; for his Army was overthrown, his Fleet burnt, the
Booty recovered back, and .reftored to the right Owners,
Thus having fettled a firm Peace, being very old, befell fick,
and died in the forty eighth Year of his Reign.

E V E N u S III. The fixteentb Kit^.

E VENUS the Third fiicceeded hiA), a Son unworthy of
fo good a Father ; for, not being contented with aa
hundred Concubines of the nobleft Families, he publifhed
his Impurities and his Shame (o the World by eftablifhed

Book IV. S C OT L.J N'T). isy

X^a ws. For he enafied, that every Man might marry as many
'^AT'ives as be was able to maintain: And alio, that before the
1^/larriage of Noble Virgins, the King (hould have one Night's
JxKjging with them; and the Nobles the like, before the
l»Aarriage of plebeians: That the Wives of PW««»xfl50uld
be common to the Nobility, Luxury, Crueltv aiid Covc-
loufhefi did, (as they ordinarily do) attend and follow this
his flagitious Wickedncfs. For his Incomes and Revenues
not anfwering his Expcnce, upon pretended Caufes, the weal-
thier fort were put to Death; and the King going Shares with
the Robbers, by that means Thieves were never puniflied.
And thus the Favour, which his permitting pfomifcoous Lulls
had obtained him from the corrupted Youth, was again lolf
hy his Cruelty and Rapacioufncfs. For, a Confpiracy of tne
Nobles being formed againft him, he foon perceived, that
the Friendfliip, and feeming Union of wicked Men, was
not to be relied upon. For, as foon as they came to fight,
he was deferted by his Soldiers, and lived to fell into his
Enemies Rands, by whom he was thrown into the cominoa
Gaol. Cadallanus, who fucceeded him as Regent, demandr
ine Sentence to be pronounced againft hitn, he was coii-
demned to perpetwaj Imprifonment. But there, one of ht$
Enemies, either out of fome old Grudge for Injuries received
from him; or elfe hoping for Favour, or at leaft Impunity,
for the Murder of the King, Arangled him by Night ra the
PrffoD, when he had reigned feveo Years. However, thf
Murderer came to be hanged for his wicked Pams.

M E T E L L A N u S, Titf fcventeentb King.

MET ELL ANUS, KinfroantoE^*r«/, fucceeded hfm
in the Throne; a Prince no Icfs dear to all for hif
excellent Virtues, than Evenus was hated by them tor hi*,
abominable Vices. «e was mightily oriied and efteetnecUor
•this, that during his Reign there was Peace both at homeand
abroad. ' But it was fome Allay to bis Happmefs, that he could
not abrogate the filthy Laws oi Evcnus, being hmdred by
his Nobility, who were too much addiSed to Luxury, m?
Pemjfe was iq the thirtieth Year of his Reign.

CaRATAPOS, The eighteenth King.

MET ELL ANUS dying without Iffae, the Kingdom
was conferred on Caratacm, Soil or CadalUmus,*
young Man of the Royal Blood, Soon after his Acceffion
Jp the Throoe, he <iuieted the People ot the Al^ndx Iflands.

'ijtf The His T CRY of Book IVJ

(who had raifed Commotions upon the Death of their lad
KingO but not without great Trouble. Yet here I cannot
eafily believe what our Writers, followine Orofius^ Eutrd-
pius^ and Bede^ do fay, viz. That the Orcades were fub-
dued by Clfiudtus C^far^ in his Rei^n. Not that I think ft
a very hard thing for him to attempt a few Iflands, one by
one, that lay fcattered up and down in the ftotihy Sea, and
having but a few, and thofe too unarmed. Inhabitants to de«
fend them; and feeing they could not mptually help one an*
other, to take them all in; nor that I think it incredible,
that a Navy might be fent by Claudius on that Expedition,
he being a Maa (as Orofius affirms) that fought for War and
Viflorytall the World over : But becaufe Tacitus affirms,
that, before the coming of Julius Agricola into Britaiuy that
part of it was utterly unknown to the Romans. CdratacMS
reigned twenty Years.

CORBREDUS, Tbe nineteenth King.

C RB RE DUS, his Brother, fpceceded him . He aMb
ftibdued the IJlanders in many Expeditions, a People,
that almoll in every Uter-Regnuw^ affeSed Innovation, and
excited new Tumults. He alfo quite fuppreffed the Banditti^
"Which mod infefted the Commonalty. Having fettled Peace,
he returned to Albittm^ apd making his Progrels over all Scot-
tand^ he repaired the Places injured by War, and departed
this Life in the eighteenth Year of his Reign,

Dardanus, The twentieth King.

TH E Convention of Eftates fct op Dardanus^ the N<-
phew of Meiellanusy in his Itead, paffing by the Son of
Corbredus^ becaufe of his young and tender Years. No Man,
before him, ever came to the Crown, of whom greater Ex-
pirations were conceived, and no Man dM ever more egre-.
gioully deceive the Peoples Hopes. Before he undertook
the chief Magiftracy, he gave great Proof of his Liberality,
Temperance and Fortitude: So that in the Beginnii^gof his
Reign he was an InditTerent good, and a tolerable King; but he
had fcarce fat three Years on the Throne, before he ran head-
long into all forts of Wickednefs. He baniflied thofe who had
been the fober and prudent Counfellors of his Father, becaufe
they were againft tiis Ipwd Praflices. Only Flatterers, and
fuchaS could invent new Pleafures, were hisBofom Friends.
He C2i\xif:dCardorHs^ his own Kinfman, to be put to Death,
becaufe he reproved him for his Extravagance in lawlels

Pleafures;

Book IV. SCOTLAND). tj7

Pleafurcs; and yet he had been Lord Chief Juftice and Chan-
cellor too, under the former King. And a while after, many
other Perfons, as they did excel in Virtue, or in Wealth, were
circumvented by him, by one Wile or other, and fo unjuftly
broagbt to their Ends. At laft, to free himfclf from the
Fears of a Succeflbr, he took a Refolution to deftroy Cor-
hredus Galdus^ his Kinfinan, with his Brothers, who were
royally educated In View of the Kingdom. The Charge of
this Affaffination was committed to Cormoracus^ one of his'
iatimate Friends. He beiug prevailed with by many Gifiis,^'
but more Promifes, was fent to perpetrate the Villany ; buif
attempting it with lefs Caution than fuch a Butchery required^
he was taken in the very Fafi, by fome of G^A/i// his. Train;
with a naked Fauchion in his Haod; being arraigned and put-
to the* Torture, he confcfled the Author, and the dcfignei.
Order of the Conlbiracy, and fo was executed immediately.'
When this wicked Plot was oKvulged abroad, th^re was a
general Combination of almoft all forts of People agatnft:
the King; infomuch that having (lain many of thofe who
•were Panders to his Luft, as faft as they could be met with,
they endeavoured at laft to make their Way to the King him--
ielf^ the Source and Fountain of all Mifcbief. In the m^ean
time, Conaniis^ one of the King's Parafitcs, a Man meanly
<lefcended, but highly refpefied and entruded by bis Madef^
levied fome Troops, and had the Confidence to fend them
forth againft the Nobles, but being deferred by them, hewaf
taken and hanged. The Commons, having now got Gajdnt
for their General, found out Dardanus^ who was looking
out for a lurking Place to (ccure himfelf ; while they wct^
apprehending of him, he endeavoured to lay violent H^nds
on himfelf; but being prevented, he was brought loGafd^^
and immediately put to Death : His Head was carried up aqjt
down in Mockery, and his Body thrown iuto a Jakej^ after
fae bad reigned four Years«

p
C o R B R E D li. T'he twenty firjl King.

C ORB RED the Second, furnajned Galduf^ fucccc4e4
him; a Prince equally dear to Lords and CQininons;
as well upon the Account, and early Ptoofi of his own perr
foiial Virtue, and'promifin^ Ingenuity, as for the AlemOry
of his worthy Father, Some imagine, that he was that Gdr
gacui^ who is mentioned by 7'acttus^ and t(iat he was furr
named Galdus by the ^cots^ becaufe he had been educated
amongit the Brttom. For the *Sro//, according to their an-
dent Cuftom, call all Strangers G^/ir, ot Galls i as the Grr*

L 4 minf

"jii The History f?/ Book IV,

mam call them U^aU^ as I (hewed more at large above. Aftefi
lie had taken the Governmeiu upon him, he increafed the great
Hopes, which had bcenpre-conceivedof him: For, making
flQ Expedition into the Iflands of Sky and Lewis^ he quelled
the Seditions which had been lately railed there, ^nd fufFered
to come to an Head, by the Negligence of Dardanus; and
quelled them too like a good Prince, with a due and prudent
Mixture of Mercy and Severity. He flew the Captain^ pf
tho&Bandittiy and enforced the reO, for fear of Punifliment,
cither to be their own Banifliers, and iy, or elfe to return
tp their former rural Employments : He, as I believe, was
the firft of the Scotijh Kings, that ever advanced his En-:
iign^ againft the Rqmans^ who bad, by little and little, pro^
pagated their Empire even to his very Borders. Fpr Petilius
flerealis firft broke the Forces ofthQErigafttcs^ ^nd hfs Suc-
ceflbr Julius Froutiuus conquered the Sslures, *Tis very
probable, that the Scots and Pt^s fent Aid tp thofe Nations,
Who were fituate not far from their Borders. Julius Jgrii
fpWfvLCcceded the former Generals, who haying overcome
(he OrJoviceSf and reduced the Ifland Mau^ when he was
pome to the narrowed Part of Britaiu, thinking that it was
^ot far to the end pf the Ifland, he was encouraged to the
Conqueft of it all. And therefore in the third Year of hi$
Generallhip, he overcame and plundered the neighbouring
Countries of the Scots and P/VSf/, until he came to the River
tfay ^ and though his Army was much diflrefled by the Ri-
gour of the Seafon, yet he had time to buiJd Forts in all
places convenient for Defence ; by which meaqs be defeated
ihe jpefigns of his Enemies, and withal broke their Force.
For till that time thfs ddverie Party, being Men iqured to
Hardfliip, ' would, though they loft Ground every Summer,
yery frequently recover it back again in Winter, when the
Roman Legions were difperfed into Winter Quarters : An4
;|x)metjmes they would afTault and take their Enemies Caflle$
and GarrifPns^ being not fufficicntly fqrtified. But at tha|
time, by the Skill of Jgripfa in building his Forts, and by
his Diligence in making them defenfible; atid withal, by rev
Jieving them ^yith his Forces every Year, their Attempts
■were eluded. In the fourth Year pf his Government, per^;
f eiving that the Firth/ of Forth and of Chd were only di«^
yided by « fmall Trafl of Land, having fortified that Place
with Garrifons, he fppiled the Countries that rati towards
the Iri/b Sea. In his fifth Year, he feqt a Fleet to Sea, an4
inade Defcents in many Places, and plundered the maritime
Coafts, fortifying thofe that looked tovf^nis Jrciapd Ayith
paciifons^ not pnl^ fpi: tt^at grefeat Qccafion, but al(b that
• i' '" " " - ^'' ^ ". ^ ^

& 6 OK IV- SCOT L J N p. 139

hjB might ftom thence more eafily tranfport an Army to that
Coantry. By this Prudence of Agricola^ the Scou and Piat
being fliut up in a narrow Corner, and fecluded from any
CortMncrce with the5r/Vo»/, prepared tibmrelvcs for the laft
g.reat Shock, the dcckive Blow: neither w^s Jgruola left
careful J >ut commanding his Navy tb fetch a Gompaf$
^out, to difcovcr the utmoft Parts of the Ifland, he led his
Army hcjqni the Forti^ and drew towards the CaUdomama
There thepqemfcs being ready (as jn a defperate Cafe) to rua
Acir laft Hazard, aflaulted fome of the Roman Garrifons-
which flruck fuch a Terror into them, that fome of the>2(?!
wdns^ as fearing either the Number of their Enemies, or their
Obftinacy, by rcafon of the la(f degree of jbelperatenefs to
which they were driven, were of Opinion, that it would be
beft for them to retreat with their Army into a Place pf
greater Safety. But their General, being refolved to fight
w,hen he was informed that the Enemy approaching him la
three diftinS Brigaded \ he drew towards them, having di-
vided his Afmy into three Squadrons alfo ; which Projea .
almoft proved his utt^r ^uin. For his Enemies underftand-
ing his Dcfignj did with their whole Army aflault one of his
Legions by Night, apd having killed the Centipels, went nigh
to have taken his whole Cahip : But being prevented by m€
coming in pf the pther Legions, after they had fought defoc .
ratcly till Day-light, they were at length put to Flight; and*
retreated into the Mountains and Woods. Thefe Anions
happened about the eighth Year of his Expeditions, 5o(h Par-
ties prepared themfelyes, as for the tinifliiqg Stroke, againft
the enfuing Spring: The Romans yxxAgmg^ that the Viaory
would puj an end to the War; and their Enemies look in?
upon their ^// tq be ^t Stake ; and, that they were to fight
for their Liberty, Live?, and for whatfpever is to be account-
ed dear and facred ^nionglt Men : Hereupon judging that
}n former Battles they were overcome by Stratagem rather
jhan by Valqur, they betook themfelves to the higher Grounds •
find, at the Fqot of Mount Crampius, waited the Approach
pf the Romans. There a bloody Fight was begun betwixt
them : The ViSory was a great while vvavering and uncer-
tain; at laft, all the valiant Men of the C^/f^;^/*tf»x beinff
flain, the reft having their Courage cooled, were forced i%
retreat to their Faftnefles. ^fter this Battle, there was no
doubt at all, but that A^ricola \yould have fubdued ail Bri-
fai»^ by the Force of his copquering Arms, if he had not
been callf4 home by Dofhitian j not for the Honour of his
Viaories, ast was pretended, but for his Deftrudion and
Pf^h, Afte? hl$ Pepaifure, Sedition grew to a great Hea4

140 7he History of Book IV.

in ihe R(mAn(Z^rc^\ and ikitZcou ^ndPiSs very glad of the^
Occafion, and pretty much encouraged fay it, began to creep
out of the Places where they lay lurking before^ and per-
ceiving that the Ront^ had not a General, nor the fame Can^.—
difcipline as before, "hey fent Envoys up and down, to try
the Inclination, not only of their own Countrymen, but
likewife of the Britons, Thus, in the firft Place, being tin-
boldened by having Succefs in fome fmajl SkirmiOies, they;
began more and more to take Heart, and to aflaultGarrifonii
and at laft» with a formed Army, they refolved to venture
the Hazard of a pitched Battle. By this means the Romans
were expelled out of their Territories, and vvcre forced,
iR^ith doubtful Succefs, to contend with the Britons for their
ancient Province. Galdrts having obtained a Relpite from
Arms, made his Progrefsall over thefeveral Countries of the
Land, and rcfettled the old Owners in their Habitations, which
had been almoft deftroyed by the War: As for the Places
vhich were wholly unpeopled, he fent, his Soldiers to in-
babk them* And having retrained the frequent Robberies
'which were wont to be committed, he compofed the Diffe-
rences which began to arife betwixt him and the Pi^s. At
length, in great Glory and Eftecm, both with Friends and
JToes, he deceafed, in the thirty fifth Year of his J^Leign.

LuCTACUS^ Th^ twenty fecofsd King.

SO good a Father was fucceeded by LuBacus^ .as bad a
Son ; who defpifing the Counfel of Ms Nobles, gave
hfmfelf wholly up to Wine and Women. No Nearnefsof
Alliance, no Reverence of the Layvs, no RefpeS of Nobility,
or of conjugal Relation, could reftrain him from commit-
ting the vilell Lewdaefs with the fair unhappy Creatures
that he j;kad a Mind to. Add to this, that he was inhumanly
cruel, and alfo infatiably covetous. All the young Fry^
who are evermore inclinable to the worfe, too foon and
too eafily degenerated into the Manners of their King. Sa
that 'at laft» when he had defiled all, with Whoredom, Ra-
pines and Slaughters, and no one Man durft oppofe his ex-
(OTbitant Powers an Affembly of the States being called tp-

S ether, and fpeaking freely concertjing the State of the King-
om, he cc^inmanded the Nobles, asfeditious Perfons, to be
led out to $xecution; but by thcConcourfe of the interven-
ing Multitude, both he, arid alfo the loathed Miriifters of
his Luft and Lewdnefs were (lain, when he had fcarce fir
iii&ed the third Year of his Reign. Out of Honour to his
Father, his Body was allowed to be interred amongft the
4 • Sepulchres

liooKiv. scotlan'd: 141

Sepulchres of his Anceftors ; but the Bodies of his Aflbciatcf
^were thrown up and down, and had not the Privilege of"
crommon Burial.

M06ALDUS, The twenty third King,

AFTER him, il%tfW/y/ was elefled King, Grandfbnto
Galdus^ and Nephew to LuSacus by the Mother's fide:
In the beginning of his Reign he equalled the beft of Kings;
but, growing older, he was tainted with Vices, and ealiljr
degenerated into the Manners of his Uncle. When he firlt
entred on tt^e Government, that he might with the greater
Eafe reform the vitious PraQices of the former King, which
had even corrupted the pubh'ck Manners, he made Peace
with his Neighbours ; he reftored the ancient Ceremonies in
Religion, which had been carelefly negleSed : He baniOied
all Pimps and all the Indruments of Luft and Debauchery
from Court, and did every thing b^ the Advice of the
Edates, according to the ancient Cufiom ; by which De«^
portment he procured to himlclf Love at home, and Re-
verence abroad. Having fettled Matters at home, he turned
bis Mind to warlike Affairs, and drove out thtRomam from
the Borders of his Kingdom; and, by his Auxiliaries, affil-
ed the l^/iS/ againft the injuries o(tht Romans: Nay, and in,
fome profperous Battles, he fo weakned the Roman Power
amongft the Brstom^ that they alfo were put in fome Hopes
of recovering their Liberty ; and to compafs fo good an end
took up Arms in many places. Thefe Hopes of theirs en-
€reafed, becaufe the Emperor Adrian had recalled JuUsu Se-
verusj a fierce and skilful Warrior, out of Britain into^Syn'a^
to quell the Seditions of the 7^w/ ; and the Tumults more
and more'encreafing, it came to that pafs at laft that Adrian
himfelf was forced to go over from Galiia into Britain:
But he, being a greater Lover of Peace ihan War, defired rather
to maintain the Bounds of his Empire^ than to enlarge them.
Whereupon, when he came tol^r^, and found the Country
beyond it to be haraiTed by the War, he refolved to take a
particular View of the Devallation, and fo marched his Army
to the River TiVr; where being informed by the old Soldiers
who had followed Agricola^ almoft to the utmoft Bounds
ofBritainy that there would be more Pains than Profit i^
conquering the reft of thelfland, he built a Wall and Trench
for the Space of eighty Miles, between the Firth of the Ri*
vctsTine and Esi; and fo excluded the Scots and P/<5/ from
their Provincials ; and having fettled , the State of the Pro •
vince, he returned back from whence became. Here I can-

aot

%4^ The Ui sroKY of Bock IVJ

•not but take Notice^ that, fince there yet remain feveral
S/larks of this Wall, fn many places, ft is a Wonder to mc,
that Bede (hould ^holly omit to mention it; cfpeciafly^
fince jEiius SparttJ^us hath taken Notice of it, in the Life
of Adrian ; and alfo Herodian^ in the Life of Severus, I
cannot perfuade my felf, that Bede could be fo miftaken, ta
thfnk, as many yet do, that that Wall was not made Jby
Adrian^ but by Severus. This by the by.

Hereupon the Roman Province was quieted, the Excurfi-
pns of their Neighbours were prevented, and Peace was kept
np between them, for a great while. The Britons cafily cm-
braced it, and the Scots 2^ Pids had got an Opportunity by it
to divide the i^eighbouring Lands, as a Prey, amongft them"
felves. But that Peace, befidesthe Prejudice it did to the Bo-
fly, by weakening its Vigour, through Sloth and Idlenefs, did
alfo enervate the Mind, by the Baits of Pleafiire, wfiich iheii
|>6gan to tickle it : For by that means JMhgaldus^ till then
unconquered in War, forgetting the Glory of his Anceftors,
r^n headlong into all kind of Vice; and, befides other per«^
picious and foul Mifcarriages, prejudicial to the Publick, he
made a moft unjuft lyaw, Thft the Eftates offucb as were
fondemmd pould be forfeited tv bis Exchequer^ no fart there*
cf being allot ed to their Wives cr Children^ This I^aw \% yet
pbferved and pleaded for, by Jhe Ogicers of the King's Re-
Femie, whparje willing to grntifyhisLuft, tho* they then did,
Ifind yet do, know^ ^hat it is an unjuft and inhuman Itiftitu*
p'on. Mogaldus having thus made himfelf obnoxious and
hateful to the Nobles and Commons, beiiig unable to refift
their Combinations^ with one or two of his Companions h^
fought to run and hi^e himfelf from their Fury ; but before
he co^ld e|ecu^e his Projed, he was taken, and put to Death,
jifterhehad reigned thirty fix Years. This wj^s done about th^
fixth Ycaf of the Reign of the Emperor Anponinps Pius,

C o jf ^ R. U S, 7%e tive/tty fourth King.

CO NA RUS hjs Son fucceeded him, who beginning
very ill, concluded his wicked Reign as unhappily as
be began ft. For he was not only confcious and privy to,
hut alfo a Partner in, the Confpiracy agalnft his Father. How-
ever, to cover his Faults, in the beginning of his Reigri
there happened to break out a War very opportunely fop
}}\m: For the Britons^ having paffed A^rian*s Wall, toolf
away great (}ore of Mei) and Cattle. Vpon that Co-
^aru'^ by the x\dvic^ of his Council, joining his Army
^ith th^ ^/V//, palfecj Qver A4rm'% yf^W in many Places.

:Book IV* SCOTLAND. i^f

Places, and mad^ great Havook in i\it Britons Country j
snd at laft, encountring their Enemy, a great and bloody
Satcle was fought betwixt them, the Romans and Bntvns4
*rhe Slaughter was almoftcoual ojiboth fides, which occa*^
Honed Peace betwixt them till the next Year: Yet the^o^
9M^u^s, becaufethey were not Conquerors, looked upon them^
lelves OS in a manner conquered. Their own Forces be^
ing much leflened, and A^ian putting no great Confidence
in the Britons^ who, as he found, conceived fome Hopes
of Liberty frdm his Misfortunes, he ftnt to Antoninns Pisis
for Aids ; laying the Blame of the Violation of the Peace '
upon the Scots zwi PitSis^ and of the Lofs and Slaughter of
his Men, upon the Britons. Lollius tJrbicus was ient over
Liientenant-General by the Emperor, who overcame his E-
nemv in a bloody Battle, and drove them beyond the \V[aU
of Adrian^ Which he again repaired. Afterwards there was.
a Ceflation of Arms ror many Years, as if a fiient Truce
had been made : For the Rontons thought it enough to keep
the Enemy from ravaging and plundering, and for that end
their Camp was pitched on the Borders : And Conarus^ who
loved nothing in War, but the Licentioufnefs that was. the
Confequenceof it, made hade to return home, that he might
employ that Vacancy wholly to immerge himfelf in Plea-
fures: And now thofe Vices, which he had before ,conce^-
^t on Defign to gain the Love of others, began to appear
bare-faced. And when, by his Art of Diflimulation, he
judged the Kingdom fure to him ; he was jud as profule ia
Ipending immenfe Treafures on his own Lufis and Plea*
fures, as his Anceftors had been diligent and indudrious ia
procuring them ; infomuch that in a very fhort time, he
was reduced to great Want. At length convening an Aflcm-
bly of the Eftates, he made a long and piaufible Oration of
the Grandeur and Magnificence which was necefifary for
Kings ; and complained of the Lowne(s of his Exchequer ; -
thus coverinc his Vices under the fpecious Name of Gal-
lantry and Magnificence: He became al(b an earned Suitor,
that a Valuation of every Man's Edate'lhould be made, and
a proportionable Tax impofed on each individual* This
Speech was unacceptable to all that heard it, whofe Anfwei:
was, That the Matter was of more Moment than to be de-
termined on a fudden: Upon this account the Efiates,
having obtained a ihort time for Confultation, upon asking
every particular Man's Opinion, foon/ound, that this new-
Device of demanding fuch a vaft Sum of Money, did not pro-
ceed from the Nobles, but from fome Court Parafites; and
wcordingly they voted, that the Iving ftiouU be kept Prifoner,
-•---■- as

144 TheUisronY of Book I\r;

ts unfit to teign ; until upon his Abjuration of the Govern-
ment, they fubftltuted another. When they met the next
Day, he who was firft demanded to give his Vote, made
a Iharjx Speech and Invcfiive agiinft the former part of the
King's Life; faying. That Bawds, Parafites, Minftrcls, and
Troops of Harlots, were not fit fnftroments for Kings and
Kingdom?, as being ufelefs in War, and troublefome ia
peace; befides, they were coftlyand full of Infamy and DiC-

gace. He added. The Complaint was falfe, that the King's
evenue and Income was not fufficient for his Expence ;
fince it had fufficed a great many of their former Kings, to
make them formidable to their Enemies in War, and to live
nobly and fplendidly upon it in time of Peace. But if any
he of Opinion, that the publick Revenue is too fliort,
then, faid he, let a Supplement be made, not out of the
Subjeft's Purfe, but out of the Prince's own domeftick
Pariimony. He farther added, that the Meafure of Expence
vras not to be taken from the Luft and exorbaitnt Defires
of Men, which were infinite, but from the Ability of the
People, and the real Neceffities of Nature'. And therefore
it was his Opinion, that thofe Villains, upon whom the
publick Patrimony was conferred, and for whofe fake
the King had undone fo many worthy Perfons of good
Rank and Quality, by defpoiling them of their Eftates, and
putting them to Death, Ihould be compelled, by Law and
Torture too, to refund that to the lawful Owners, which they
had unjoltly got as thp Reward of their Flattery. In the
mean time he advifed, that the King ihould be kept a Pr^«
foner, till they could fubftitute another, that would not
only inure himfelf to Thrift, but alfo teach others, by his
Example, to live hardly and parlimonioufly, as his Forefa-
thers had done ; that fo the dvlSt Difcipline, received from
iheir Auceftors, might be tranfiriitted to Pofterity.

This Speech, as it was (harp enough of it felf, lb it
leemed more cutting to thofe, who had Velvet Ears,
. and were unaccuftomed to bear fuch free and bold Dif-
cqarfcs. Neifher did the King endeavour to allay the
Hearts of his People by fair and gentle Words, but rather,
by fierce and menacing Expreflions, did the more vehe-
mently inflame and provoke them; fo that amidft thefe
Difputcs and Bickerings, a Tumuli ariling, fome that were
neKt the King laid Hands on him, and conveyM him, with
forpe few others, into a Cave under Ground, where they im-
-priibned them. Thofe Courtiers, who had been the Authors
uf fucb wicked Coualels, were prefemly put to Death ;

aud

IBooKlV. SCOTLAN'D. 145

^nd liefl any Tomolt of Ae Mobile (hould arife upon this
Diflblution of the Bonds of Government, one Argadus^ s
N'oWeman, was made Vice-Roy, 'till the People could con-
veniently meet, to fet up a new King. Argadus^ tho* in rlie
beginning of his Adminiflration he fettled ail things wkh great
Equity, and thereby procured much Commendation by hts mo-
derate Deportment ; yet his Mind being corrupted by Profpcrity^
he fboQ loft all the Credit of his« former praife* worthy Life»
For he cherifhed home-bred Seditions, and ftrengthncd hfii
Authority by foreign Aids, having fuch great Familiarity with
the chief of the P/VSf/, that he took a Wife from amongft
them, atid gave his Daughters to them in Marriage ; by wMcb
PraSice it foon appeared, that he afpired to the Crowm
Thele Things being laid to his Charge in a publick AfieoMy^
wherein he was much blamed for hisfofudden Degener^on
and Apoftacy, he was altogether afliamed, and knowing
them to be true, he burft out into Tears ; and as foon as fais
weeping gave him Liberty to fpeak, being unable to purge
bimfelf from the objeSed Crimes, he craved Mercy, and
humbly deprecated the Punifliment of hisOflfences;7iP*/Vi,
laid he, if I can obtainy I will recomfenct and make amenJg
for my Errors in Government^ hy my future Care ^ Induftry
and valour. Thefe things he humbly fupplicatcd upon faif
Knees, fo that the Anger of the Nobles being now turned
into Pity, they lifted him up from the Ground, and ordered
him to continue in the Government, remitting his ownPn-
nilhment to himfelf. hi for them, they were well enough
fatisfied, if he did now truly and heartily repent of what he
had done amifs heretofore. From that Day forward Argadut
affembled the wifeft Men of the whole Kingdom about him^
and aSed nothing but by their Advice; nay, during the Re-
mainder of his Magfftracy, he enaSed many Laws for the
Good of the Publick ; of which this was the Chief \ That he
rcflrained the Arbitrarinefs of Provincial Judges, and
forbad them to give Sentence againft all Offenders alihe\
but to have reffeU to alleviating Clrettmjhincesy where any
fuch were. He either reftrained, or put to Death, flagitious
Perfons, and aniehded the publick Manners, which had
been corruped by a long Courfe of Lidcntioufnefs, not on-
ly by infliSing legal Punilhments on Tranfgreflbrs of the
Laws, bur byatfbrding them the leading Example of his own
regular Life. Whilft thefe things were aSing, Conarus^ partly
araided with grief, and partly worn out by Difeafes, ended
' iiis loathfome and ignominious Life in PnTon, in the four-
•twnth Yfearof hi$ Reijgn.

Ex Ad-

\^6 TAeHistoKY of BookIV-J

ZtVLO-DiVSyThe twenty fifth King.

£THO D IV S was fet up in his itead, Mogaldiish Sifters
Son ; he immediatejy convened the Eftates;, and there-
upon highly extolled^r^<?i«/, and after hehadbeftow'donhira
great Honours, and large Rewards^ he made him Plenipo-i-
tentiary under him, for the Adminiftratioh 6f the Govera-
njent; when he had made his Progrefs to view all the
Counties and Parts of his Dominions, according to Cuftoni^
he failed over to the MhucU IJlands\ Argadks was fent By
htm to queil the Difturbers of the publick Peace; who fpon
jRjpprefled them, and brought them Prifoners to the King;.
Thef^ Combuftions thus appeafed, he returned into Albium %
but the Idanders being freed by his Abfence from their pre-
fent feat; and farther being perfuaded by felfe Reports
Tpread abroad^ that he was engaged in a foreign War; and
. belides, being provoked, rather than fupprefled, by the Pii-
Jiifliment of their Affociates, began to raife nevi^ Tumults.
Argadus was again fent to fupprefs them^ but they, being aP
fitted both by the'P/^j and Ir'tjh^ gave him Battle, without
any Delay, in which Fight, lArgadus himfelf, being circum-
vented by Treachery, was (lain : That Blow made the King
lay afide all other Bufinefs, and to march thither himfelf;
where he fo wafted them, with foiiie light occafiorial Skir-
iniflies, and by his frequent Alarms and Inrdads upon them,-
that being inferior to him in Force, they retired into ^ Val-
ley, encompaffed on all fides with, craggy Rocks, having oh-,
ly one Paflage leading to it, that fo the Conveniency of.
the^ Place, as they thought, might fomewhat contribute to'
their Safety. Etjfodiusi perceiving the Difadvantage of the
Place for his Encrny, difpofed of his Guards in fit Avenuesj
and alfo made a Wall and a Graft at the Mouth of the Paf-
fage; by which means they ^ere brought to that extreme
Penurj of all things, that they were forced to yield up theni-
felves to the King at Difcretion. They were willing to ac-
cept of any Conditions, but the King gave theni only thefe;
That tw^-hundr^d of them^ fucb as the King pould €hII out^
luith their General^ Jhould be furrendred up to him\ the refi
pould every Man return to his own home. The Punifliment
of thofe who were thus given up^ behig ptefently inflified
on them, had almoft raifed up anew Sedition; for the com-
moii Soldiers were fo enraged at 1k\ terrible a Spe(^acle, that^
for want of Arms, they threw Stcfnes at the King's Officers i ,
jkcither w^s their tumultuous Fury allayed without much
Bteodfli«d. Tt)i\iiEth0diHSj having ftttledFeace every where,'

feddiclV. SCOTLAND. i4f

111 order to the Adminiftration of Joflice, made his Pxogttti
over all hfs Kingdom, much delighting himfelf in Hunting
by the way^ (b that httnzAtmtny HunthgLaivs^ of which^
% great Part are obferved to this very Day. He had ah trip
Mufician or Harper, lying all Night in hts Bed-chambef,
(according to the Cuftom of the Scotifr Nobility) by whoih
he was ilain in the Night, in Revenge of a Kinlman df hi^^
Wholly he faid, the King had put to Death. Thi$ Fellow^
Ivhen he was led forth to Execution, was lb uriconeerned
At his Torture, that he feemed to be very glad, as if he had
done but his Duty^ and afied his Part withApj^laule^

S A T R A E Li The iwcntjjijcth KtHg.

ETHO DIUS Being thus flai'n^ when he had refened thf ^1
and thirty Yeats, and his Son being not of Age fit td
frovern^ his Brother iSatraelwzs clefled King. This Mart Be-
&g of a depraved, yet cunning Dilpofitiod, endeavoured t5
eftablifh the Kingdom in his own Family, and fd to deftrof
the Sons of Ethodius : In order whefeuntp, thofe Nobles
tvho were mod dear to Ethodsus^ Were, by Calumnies pu^-
pofely devlfed, fuppreiled and flain by him. Afterwards^ be**
caufe the Commons vety much regreted the Slaughter of their
Nobles, he began to opdrefs them alfo ; which fnatter^ }n a
little time^ fo cncreafed the Hatred conceived againft him^
and fo diihiniOied his Authority, that Tumults and Sedition^
l^ere its immediate Confequence^. He duril not appear ta
fopptefs them, becaufe, he knew, he lay under a publick
Odium i fo that while he was playing at hide and feek af
home, he was piit to Death by his own Men, in the Nighty
Wh^n he had reigned four Years*

DoiiALBUSl. 7%e iivekiy fe^etiii kihgi

eOKALbVS, another Brother of £;i&W/«/, was ^ef
lip in his Room, who eqUalliid, nay etceedcd, th^
S of Bairaely by as great, ihd as riiafty dohtrafy Virtues^
This Princess Clemency, joined with hi5 Loire of Equity,
did very much enhaunce the Price of his other Excellencies.
He, by the Terror' and Weight of his Authority, and alfo by
prefent Punifliments infliflcd, quelled all inteffirie Commo-
tions ; and rightljr conceiving, that the Soldiety,^ Who werei
before wanton and Idle, and fpoiled by Luxury, might be made
more ready lo refift ari Enemy, he caufed a Multcr to bd
made of them, atid fo accuttomed them to training arid exer*
tifiitg their Atmi/'^nxl Military Dtfcrplitiej thatj irt ^ ffiori
V0t. I. M time,

.148 Th$ His ro n r, ^ 5o OK IV.

time, the-new-lifled Novice? in War eauaHe4 tb^VaJoj^rQf
the Veterans^ and old Soldiers. The Peace Avhicb he b^vd
abroad, did much forward this his Defign, For the /^^«f4|w
Jjegions, fome ftw Ye^rs before, made a Mutin| in J?r?#-
t^i«^ as defiring any other General rather thaaCAiw^W«j^ and
•qfpecialiy MUm^Pertina^^ who was fern to.fup^efs theory;
fo that leaving the ^c^ts svnd.P/^/, they turned tb^ whoie
Strefs.of the vVar upon themfdves. It was alfo a ^arcb^r
Advantage to him, in ord^r to a Peace, that t^QftddUsh^ii^
firft of all the Scotijb K\ng%^ embraced th^ ChriflJan ReU;
gion ; yet, neither he, nor ionie other of the fucceedis^gKin^i
though a great Part of the Nobih'ty favoured the X)efign,
could wholly extirpate the old beaiheniih .Rites and Cere-
monies. But the Expedition of Severus the Emperor fall-
.ingout. in his time, mighcilydifturbcd a^ll hi^Meafores^ boiHi

fmblick and private. Fo^ Sevems^ being very skilful in Mi-
itary Affairs^ brought fa maq^y Forces into Brmin^ 'm \^Qi§is

to conquer the whok Ifland, as never any SiQmM^ General
had. done before himfelf. .There was alfo other Caufes fey
this lExpedition of his, as, the corrupt Life of his Sons, by
yeafon of the Vices reigning in Rome\ and the Effeminaoy
of his Army, Occafiooed, by Sloth and lyiflg ftiU : To re-
medy theft Mifchieft, h^ thought it beft to put them upoii
Aftion^ Upon his Arrival, the private Tumults, which wene

"about tp break forth,, were fopprefled,. and thfs Scots ^nd Pi&s^
leaving :the Counties neaj" the Enemy, retreated tp Places of
greater Safety, and more difiScult Accefs, Severusj^ th^ he
mig;hr, once for all, put m end to the Brhijh War?, led bis
Ariiiy through all the wafte. Places, deferted by thefr Ihte^-
bitants, againft th^Qal^^omnf, Though bi« En^my did not
xlare to give Mm Battle in the Field, be was. much incoji^
modcd by the Coldnefs of the Country, and underwent a
great deal of Trouble,, to cut down Wogds,^ tp l^el Hills,
and to throw vaft Heaps of Earth into the Marfli-Grounds,
amd alfo to ertjft Bridges ova: Rivers, to make. a PnOagC f^
his Ar/ny; lo the mean time, the Enemy, defpairiqg qf^uc-
cefs, if they, flioqld fight To. great a Multitude..io a pitched
Battle, did here and 'tbex:e leaive Herds of tbejr. Cattle, op
purpofe as a Prey to tliem^ that fo .they.m\ghn flop the Air
tnans^ who, in hopes of fqdi Booties, we,re, imiced to ftraj
fir from their Camp : Ai>d ludeed the JR^iw^isijr, befides tftofe
that being thus difperfed were takep. in. the Ambulhes laid
for them, were alfo much prejudiced by continual Rains j
aqd being wearied with long Marches, and fo not able tp
follow, were in many Places, flain by their own. Fellows,
Ih^t fo they might im U\ alive i»to ,th^ W|ipd$ of their

^,^o« IV: SCO r L A N D. i^

EaciHjes. Y.«t flotwfthftanding, though they had loft fiftr
tboufaad of theJf Soldiers, {^^Dion writes) they did not de^
fi^ from fhtir Enterptize, till they had penetrated even to
cbe end and excfome Bounds of the Ifland. As for Severus
Jiimfelfthoi^ he wts fick duriog this whole Expedition, and
cberenpon was fain «> be carried m a covered Hocle-Litter:
yet, by his incredible Obftfnacy and Perfeverance, he made
Iks Enemies to accqDt of Conditions of Peace, and to yield
«p to him no fmall Part of their Country. He built a Wall^
« a Mound to the R^man Empire, between the Firths of
forth and Clyd; vs^here ^^r/Vo/^, before him, had alfo deter*
mined to bound their Province. That Wall, where it toucheth
the River Carrm^ had a Garrifon on it^ fo fituate, and the
VVays and Paffages fo laid out, that \t was like a fmall City;
wiiicb fome of ow: Couattymen, though by a Miftake, do
think to be Msldm. But it is more probable, that this was
the City which Bede calls Guidi. A few Years before thij
^as written, f<an€ Footfteps of Trenches, Walls, and
Streets appeared; neither yet are all the Walls fo demolifh-
cd, but that they difcover themfelves vifibly in many Places;
and when the Earth is a Ifttle digged up, fquare Stones are
quarried oat, which the Owners of the neighbourfr^ Coun-*
tries ufe in Building iheir Houfcs. Nay, fomctimes Stones
with Infcriptions on them are fotod, which fliew, that it
was a R^^man Pile of Building. Thofe Words of JElius
Spams»us demonftrate the noble Grandeur of this Struc*
tiare. He JireffgthenedBnmfi (fays he) with a fVall drawn
frofs-ways over the IJlandy fnun Sea to S^ ; wfeVA is thegreatefi
Ornament of the Empire. By which Words he feems to in*^
timate, that it was not a Trench, as Bede would have it,
but a WaH; efpecially fince he gfves fiich a Commenda-
tion to a Work, which is fliorter byhalf than ifirw»'s Wall.
Nay, this Fortidcatbn, where it is leaft dJftant, yet is Eighty
Miles off from the Wall of Adrim. There are alfo other
IndiGations of that Peace, if I miftake not. For, a little
oelowthat Garrifon, of which I have Ipoken, there is around
£difice on the oppofite Skle of the River Carron^ made of
£}uare Stones, heaped on one another, without Lime or
Monar. 'Tis no bigger ths^ a fmall Pigeon-houfe ; the
Top of it is open, but the other Parts are whole, favc that
the uji^er Lintel of the Door, wherein the Name of the Builder
and Work is thought to have been infciibed, was' taken
away by Edward the Firft, King of England^ who did ahb
iavidioufly deface all the reft of the old Scotip Monuments,
as much as ever he could. Some think, and have written,
ihott^ trcotteoufiy, thtf thatStrudure was the Temple of
',..] Ml Glaudins

lyo The Hi sroti^ of toom IV:

Claudius Cafar. Bat my Conicaure is rather, That it was
the Temple of the Heathen God Termitius. There were
alfo, on the left Banl^ of the fame River, two Hillocks, or
Barrows of Earth, raifed (as it fufEciently appears,) by the
Handsof MeninafmallPlain. A great Part of the lefs, which
inchnes more to the fFiefti is fwept away by the Wafliing^
and Overflowings of the KiVer ; the neighbouring Inhabitants
call them yet Duni Pacts, So that Peace being again pro-
cured by this Divifion of the Ifland, and all Matters being
in a fort accommodated, Donddus departed this Life, having
reigned one and twenty Years.

£ T H o D I u s II. Tb€ ttijenty eighth Ki/9g*

ETHODIUS the Second, Son of the toxxost Etbodius^
was fubAituted in his Room, a Man almoft ftupid. Thii
is certain, he was of a more languid and loft DifpoGtion,
than was fit for the Government of fuch a fierce and warlike
People; which being taken notice of, the Nobles, in a Con-
vention, bore that Reverence to the Progeny of King Fer-
gus^ that they left the Name of King to Ethodiusy as floth-^
lul as he was ; but yet hot guilty of a notorious Wicked-
nefs ; but they fet Deputies over all the Provinces, to admi-
nifter Jufticc there; whofe Moderation and Equity did fi>
regulate Matters, that Scotland was never in a quieter State.
For they did not onlv punifh Ofl^enders, but alfo made thd
immoderate Covetouinefs of the King be no Burden to the
People. This King in the twenty tirft Year of bis Reign
was llain in a Tumult of his own Officers.

A T H I R c o, The twenty ninth •King.

ATHIRCO his Son, manifcfting greater Ingenuity than
is ufually found in fuch an youthful Age, was there-
fore made King: For, by his manly Ezercifes in Riding,
throwing the Dart, and vying with his young Couniers iti
Feats of Arms ; as alio by his Bounty and courteous De-
meanor, he won to himfelf the Love of all. But his Vicea
increafing with his Age, by his profound Avarice, Pcevifh-
nefs. Luxury and Sloth, he fo alienated the Minds of good
Men from him, that the more the Sons were delighted
with his nefarious Prafiices, the more their Fathers were
offended at them. At laft, a Confpiracy of the Nobles was
formed againft him, occafioned by one Nathalocus^ a No-
bleman, whofe Daughters, being firft deflowered by him,
and then ignominioufly beaten with Rods, he proftituted to

the

TBookW. SCOTLAND. isi

^he Luft of thofe Ruffians that were aboot him. He en*
deavoored to defend himiielf againft them, but perceiving h^
liad not Force enough fo to do, being alfo for&ken by hi^
Domefticks, who detcfted his lewd Praflices, he laid vio-
lent Hands on himfelf, in the twelfth Year of his Reign.
After his Death Dorus^ either becaufe he was his Brother,
or elfe had been a Pander to his Loft, fearing left the Nob-
bles, in the Heat of their Provocation, Ihould exercifc their
Rage upon all the King's Lineage, faved himfelf by Flight,
^witn his Brother's three fmall Children, Findocbms^ Caranuut
and Donaldus. Neither was he miftaken in his Opinion ;
for Nathalocus^ who had received fo fignal an Injury, not
contented with Doras his Exile, fuborned Emif&ries to kill
him, and his Brother's Children too ; who, coming to the
P/<5?/, (for the Royal Youths had chofen the Place of their
Banilhment amongft them) and lighting upon one very like
Dorus^ in Stature and Phyfiognomy, they flew himi inftead
of Di^rus himfelf.

Nathalocus, The tblrtietb King.

NAT HALO C US, thinking that he had flain him who
flood moll in his way, was the firft that canvafl^ (oj^
the Kingdom of Scotland. 'Tis true, a great Part of the
Nobility were againft him ; yet, by means of thofe whom
he had corrupted by Proniifes and Bribes, he carried th^
Point, and was made King. Neither did he manage the
Kingdom any better than he got it. For fufpefiing the No-
bility, which, in the Parliaments of the Kingdom, he had
found to be adverfe to him, he governed all by the Miniftry
cif fuch Plebeiaus^ whom Audacioufhefs and Penury (he
knew) would eafily incline to any Wickednels. Befides thofe
Sufpicions I have mentioned, he was encountred with a far
more grievous one; for, intercepting Letters direfted to
Ibme of the chief Nobles, he underftood by them, Tha|
Dorm^ and the Children of Athirco^ were yet alive, and
were brought up amongft the P/<5F/, in hopes of the |C^'"g-
dom. To avoid this Danger, he fent for thofe Nobles,
whom he mod fufpeded, to come to him, pretending he
had need of their Advice in the publick Affairs of the King-*
doip. When they were affembled, h^ (hut; them all up in
Priibn, and the very next Night caufed tl^cm all to be ftran§-
led. But that which he hoped would be a Remedy to his
Fear^, was but as a Firebrand tp raife up another Confpi-
rjacy . For the Friends of thole who were flain being afraid
pf tbemftlyes, j^s wpll as grieving for thetofi gf their Rel^*
* M 3 tions

1J3 The H 1 s T d a y of Book IW

fions^and Kindred, unanitnoufty take up Arms agaiaA him.
Whilil he was raifing an Army taoppofe thero-, Ke wasOafn
by one of his own Domefticks about the twelfth Year of
his Rergn. Some of our Cojimrynien do add a Tale \n
the Caie, which is more handfomly cotitrhrtd, than Nkely
to be true: That the very Man who flew the King^ had
been before fc»it by him to Soothfayers^ to etwiirire^ concern-
ing tiie King's Vidories, his Life, and Kingdom; and that
^n old Wiaard fliould anfwer him, Ttat th$ Kmg p^ld
m»t live long^ km his Danger wonid arifi^ mt fi^m bis Eh€*-
mi€s^ but fri^mrhis Dontefikks\ and when ho prcfftd the Wo-
man, From which of thefn'i She replied, Bvenfhm tbyfttp^
Mm. Whereupon he cwfed the Wottia^; yet ret-uenlng'
home in a great Qaandary, he thougirt wi<»h himfetf, thaftth^-
Woman^s Aqftver could not be concealed'; ani yet it wa^
»oi fafe for Mm to declare \i^ left he (howM rendtep Wmfclf
iWpeflfed' to the King, who was a depraved P€^ftn^, ancf
guided wholly by his own Fears : And therefore it ftcme*
to him the fafeft Courfe to kill the Tyrant with the Favour
of many, tbaii to prcferve hkn alive, wfth the extreme Ha-
zard pf his ovy-n Life. Prefently after be returned home^
having obtained Leave for a private Aecefi, to declare the
fecret Anfwer of the Oracle, or Conjurer, he flew the King^
juft theft entring upon the twelfth Year of Ws Reig»; aHd
fo fr«ed his Country from Bondage, and himfelf ftom
I)aDger.

w

F I N D o C H U S, The thirty firft King,^

H E N the laft King's Death was paWicklT known,
the Sons of Athirco were recalled home; Fi^d^chuf^
beffdes his being of the Royal Family, was aMb happy in fe-
yeral rich Gifts of Nature; he was exceedingly beautiful,
tall of Stature, and in the Flower of his Age ; and baring,^'
bcfides all there Accompli(hment», the liecommendation of
bavrng fufFered marfy Affliftions very herorcally. he vtz^
chofcn King. Neither did he deceive Men's Expeftations;
for in his ordinary Deportment he was very courteous ; in
irfmfniftring of Jfuftice equal, and impartial ; andaconfden-
tious Performer Of all his Pf omifes. But Donaldus the Iflander,
Ibeing weary of Peace, failed over with a numerous Army into
jjlbium- and making Havock of the Villages where he came,
returned home with a great Booty. His Pretence for the
War was, the Revenge of the Death of King Nathalocus.
Finiochus fpeedily lifted an Army againft him, and tranfport-
!ng them into (he Wand, be overthfcw Lhrnaldns in Battle, amf

forced

^A o K m S C Q T L A N 2). ^5,

iforctd htm to fly fot Refuge to his Sbi>s ; tnaoff Were Qzin
in the Fight, and many were drowned, whil(l.lhey cndca*
irpured in \a Hurry to get a Shipboard. Donaidas himlelf be^
m% taken ipto the Boat^ endeavouring to efcaps^^ the Boat
Sink, by re^n of the MuUitode of thofe who overloaded
kj and fo. be w^. drowned* However^ the I/landerg not
diflieartned with this Overthrow^ aflet the Departure of the
Kin^ fern- for Fopce^out of Ireland, and rettewed the War^
making EhmalduifS^xs Son] their (^eneraU in the ro^m of his
Father ; under whom they^again made a Defcent into the Con^
tinent, and droVe away much JoQiy. Up^n. this Findochus
again convoyed his Forces into the Mbud^e lUts^ and march-
ing pver all the Iflands, execijted ftv^e Punifhment on the
ftunderer^ ; and overthrowing the.Forts, into which they
"were woijt to flyi he made Iudi\a Slaughter of rhc Mei1|
and carried atvay fo much Booty^ that he left many of the
Iflands alpDOft defolate. Upon F$i$dochus his Return^ D^ual^
dms^ who had jBed for Safety into /r^/tf»^ retufned from
thence, and endeavouring to recruit his Armfes, he found
his Forc|;8 ft) weakened, that he left off the Thoughts of
mani^ing an open War, and refolved to betake, himfelf to
Guile and Stratagem. And in Profecutk)n of that Defign^
not daring to truft the King, though he had giv^ him the

?ublick Faith for his Security ; hfe feflt two of his Friends^
erfons both bold and crafcy^ as tvith a fecret Me0age, to
him. They coming to Frnd^chus^ ,and boafting of their Li*
Qeage and Defcent, and withal,/ gri^oufly complaining of
the Wrongs they bad received (rmn Op»aldusj yet could not
induce the King to believe them: They therefore applied
themfelves to Carafttims his Brother^ a (hallow and ambi'*^
tious Perfon. Seing admitted huti^ an intimate Familiarity '
with hiip, they were, by his mean^, made acquainted with ,
the fecret Aftairs of the State aad Commonwealth; an4
after feeling his Pulfe, and finding: out his Difpofijcion, they
had the Boldnefs at laft, as to tell him, they were fcnt over
to kill the Ki&g. He hearing thil, looked upon the King-
dom as gotten by other Mens Wickednefs and Danger, now
ijire to himfelf, and therefore Qm^cd them all the Coimt&*
nance and Favour imaginable. Well, all things bei>^ pre*
pared for the Perpetration of the defigned Murder ; whtlft th9
King was heariHg one of them relating the various Adven-
tures of his Life, and the reft Were bufy in running to fee n
wild Beaft of an extraordinrry Bigneft, the other thruft him
through the Breail with an hutititig^ Spear^ and fo iciurdered
him. Upon the committing of thi$ black Cnme,^ this exer
§ff^\e Deed, therip W99 fk great Cl^nour and ajnigli^yCoi^r

M 4 ' courfe

f54 Ti)e Uisr OKY of Book IV;

courfe of People} fome take up tlieir dying Kfng ; othert
purfue the Murderers, who were luckily catch«d, and ex*
ecuted according to their impious Deferts ; yet they were not
put to Death before they had been racked ; and by that means
they confeft theDeiign of Domaldus^ and the Wickednefs of
Carstffius^ who had withdrawn him(elf to diilemble the Mat*
fer. This Carantius firft fled to the Briions; but they hear*
{ng of the Caulie of his Banifhment, d^tefted fo execrable H
Q^efi^ and therefore he went to the Romam Camp.

PpNALpusIL The thirty ficomd Kittg.

THE bcft of Men, as well as of Kings, being thus flata,
by the deteftable Treachery of his Brother, in the eleventh
Year of his Reign; Donaldus^ the youngeft of his thr^Bro^
thers, was fet up King in his ftead. He, whilft he was pre-
,paring to revenge his Brother^s Death, had word brought to
him, that Donaldus the I Dander had entred Murray^ not now
carrying himfelf as a Robber, but as a King. Immediately
upon tbefe Advices, he, with a few of his Soldiers, which
were near at Hand (having left a Command for the reft to
follow) marches diredlly towards the£nemy. Donaldus be-*
ing informed by his Spies, that the King had but a fmall
iporce with him, continued his March Day and Nighty and
|>y that means prevented the News of his Approach. The
King being thus furpriaed, and feeing that he could not avoid
a Battle, performed more than could have been expelled from
^ch a Handful of Men, but at length was pvercome by hi$
Jineipy's Numbers ; and being grievoufly lyounded, with
thirty more of the Prime of his Nobility, was takeQ PrUbner ;
about three thousand Men were (lain in the Fight, and two
thoufand taken.- The King died within three Days; either
of his Wounds, or of Grief for the Qverthrpw,, having fca|:c§
jr^igned one year compkte, .

Donaldus III. The thirty third King,

UPON his Death, Denaldus the Iflander, whobefo^e,
without any Authority, had afluiDed the Name of
JCing, now took upon him to manage all things as a legitimate
Prince} taking his Advantage from the Fear of the Nobles, .
who (left their Kinfinen, who were Prlfoners with him,
(hould be (lain, which he daily threatned to do) durft not
make ai^y Infurredions againft him. He was a very Tyrant
Jn his Government^ and cruel to all his Subjefts ; for he
yiras not cogent} bv an £di^| tq fpr^j<| anv otliefs to bear

Book IV: S cor LA N "D. 15?

JfixmSj but bis own Servants and Officers too; and what it
snore, he hurried away feveral of the Nobility to violenc
Deaths, whofe De/IruSion he efteemed to be the EfiabUfi-
ment of his Government : Nay, he proceeded to fow Seeds
of Difcord amongd thofe who furvived his Barbarity; net*
thcr did he think any Sight more lovely, than the mutual
Slaughter of his SubjeSs. For he counted their Ruim was
bis Gain^ and judged himfelf to be freed of y^ mamy Ememiet
as were ilain, out of b^th Armies. Neither was he afraid
of any thing more, than the Union of his SubjeAs againft
him. Hereupon he kept himfelf commonly within the^
Verge of his own Palace, and beingconfciousof the Wrong
he bad done to all, as fearful of them, as he was formidable
to them, he leldom went abroad. Thefe Miferies continue
ing twelve Years, at length, Cratkilinthus^ the Son of King
Fiffdocbus^ with much ado, was found out, to revenge the
publick Wrongs and Calamities : He had been bred up pri*
yately with his Fofter-Fath^r, and was thought to have beea
dead. But, havinjg few about him, equal to him in Strengtii
or Cunning, diflembling his Name and his Lineage; he nrft
applied himfelf to Court, and being received into near Far
miliarity by the King, through the Dexterity of his Wit, he
became his mod intimate and greateA Favourite. At laft,
when all things fucceeded according to his Defire; he dis-
covered to a few of his Confidents who he was, and what he
defigned ; and gathering a fmali Party about him, having got
a con^^enient Opportunity, he flew Donaldfts^ and departed
privately with his AfTociates.

CuATHiLiNtHUS, The thirty fourtb Ki9fg.

WHEN the Death of the Tyrant was divulged, both the
Fafl itfelf, and the Authors of it too» were cried up to
the Skies with one general Acclamation ; fo that Crathilinthus^
upon the Difcovery and legal Proof of his Defcent, was made
King, with more Unanimity and Applaufe, than ever any
King had been before him ; in regard he had been the Au-
thor, not only of their Liberty^ but of their Safety too. At
the Beginning of his Reign, by publick Confent, he caufcd
the Children and Kindred of the Tyrant to be put to Death,
as if he would extirpate Tyranny from the very Root. He
afterwards made a Progrefs over all his Kingdom, to ad-
minifter Juftice, as had been ufual ; and he repaired, as care-
fully as he could, the Damages done by DanaUus, Thus
Mving eltabliflied Peace at home and abroad, he (pent his
r99antHo^r;m Hunting, according to (h^ Cuftom of the

Country,

I5« T^HiSTORYO/ Book IV.

Country, Being on Mount Gr0mpim$^ at this Royal Sporty
Bear the Borders of the P/V?/, he very nobly entertained the
Gallant Pi^tijh Youths that came to vifit him ; nay, fafc wat
»ot content with that FriendOiipi which had been anciently
betwixt them, grounded On old Acquaintance, and (hengthen-^
ed by a mutual Peace, but be took them alfo into a nearer
Acquaintance and a defer Famih'arity : But that Familiarity
had like to have proved his Ruin. For theP/V?/ having
ftoln a Dog of the &cotyh King's, in which he took great
Delight, and the Keeper having difcovered the Place where
h^ was^^ Concealed, was killed as be Was going to it, and en-*
deavouring to bring him back :. Prefently a great Outcry was
made, and a Multitude of both Parties were gatheucd togc*
thcr, i>etween whom there was a fliarp Combat, and many
were i\mx on both Sides ; amongft whom there were not
a few of the young Nobility of each Nation ; by which
means were fown the Seeds of a moft cruel War betwixt
theni. For, from that Day forward, each Nation infcftcd
tJKJ other with hoftile Incurfions^ and never g^ve over liJl
they met together with complete Armies, Neither eou^d
Peace be made up between them upon ^ny Terms, though
both Kiijrgs defired it. For though they were not ignorant,
}\0W dangerous it was for them to be at war with one an**
other^ th^ Rowans aiKl Britons being their perpetual Enemies
and AliaHants; yet they were, fo madded by, and fo fct
iipon, the Dcfire of Revenge," that, whilft they were ca^ei;
qi) that Account, they negle&ed the publick Calam^y im*'
pendiiig on them both : And truly unlefs CaranfiMSj a Ro^
man Exile, one of mean Defcent, but a good Soldier, hacf
interposed, they* bad fought it out to the lad Man, even till
both Nations had been deflroyed. TK\s Caraujius^ being fent
to the Sea-Coa(U of Bohgife by Ditwletiatt^ to defend Betgick
Armoriea from the Incurfions of thePr^w/ and Saxons^ after
he bad taken many of the Barbarians^ yet would neither refiore
the Prey to the Provincials, the right Owners, nor yet fend
11 to the Emperor ; this gave an Umbrage, that he purpofely
allowed i^Barhariam to plunder^ that fohe might robtjhena
at their Return, and enrich himfelf with the Spoil. For
t^$ Reafon Maximianus commanded- him to be ilain ; bu$
he^ taking imperial Authority upon him,feized VifonBrJtain^
and toftcengthen his Party againft Stf^tf»»/, ihtRomanlAtxi^
tenaiH-Qmeral, he reconciled the Difcords betwixt the Scott
and PiSsy and entred into a firm League and Alliance wftb
them both. Th^Romam made many Attempts agarnft him;
but, by his SkiU in Military Affairs^ be defeated all their De*
figo^: When fee bad ye^lored tte Sicots md PiSs into thiqr
■ - • -^ PpOeffiofl

2evodic IV; S C or L AN 2). hsr

Pofleffion of thofe Lands which they formerly held, he was
Jlain by his Companion AlleiiMs^ after he had rc%ned feven
Years. AlleSusy having reigned three Years, was flain by
Afflefhdoms ; and thus Britain was reftored to the Romans^
in the twelfth Year after its Revolt. But aefkhec Afclepit^
dotttSy nor the Perfoh who fncceeded him, one Coff/iamtim
Cilorusj did any memorable thing in Brifaim; but that thft
latter be^at Canftantine^ afterwards Emperor, on Hehna his
Concubine. Amidft theft TranfaSions, died Crafhihmkur^
after a Reign of twenty and four Years.

FiNCORMACHXJS; The thiffy fifth Ki$$g.

FINCORMACHUS, his Coufin-German faccceded
him, who performed many excellent Exploits againft the
Romansy by the Aid of the Britom and Piiis ; Nay, he
fought fome Battles with them without any Auxiliaries at all.
At length, when the Romans were weakned by their Civil
Wars at home, and perpetual Molefiatiods abroad. Matters
being a little quieted, the Scots were alio glad to embrace, a
Peace: Who, being thus freed from external Cares, did
principally endeavour to promote the Chriflian Religion;
they took this occafion to do it^ becauliemany of theSn'^
Chnftians, being afraid of the Cruelty of Dio^letian^ had fled
to theni : Amongft which fondry, eminent for Learning and
Integrity of Life, made thetr abode fn ScHland, where they
led a folitary Life, with fiich an unlverfal Opinion of their
Sanftity, that, when theydied^ their Cells were changed into
Temples or Kirks, From hence the Cuftom arofe after-
wards, amongft the ancient \yro//, to call Temples, Cells,
This fort of Monks were ctXki Cmldees, whofe Name and
Order continued, till a later fort of Menks^ divided Into
many SeQs, expelled them: Yet theft laft wei^e as far infe-
rior to the former in Learning and Piety, as they exceeded
them in Wealth, tn Ceremonies, and in Pomp of outvrard
Worfliip; by all which they pleaftd the Eye, but infatuated
the Mind.

FINCORMJCHUS, having fettled AfFairs in JVt?/.
land with great Equity, and reduced his SubjeSs to a more'
civil kind of Life, left the yiTorld m the forty fevemh Year
of his Reijgn^

^9MACHUS,

iS» TheVli^r OKY of Book IV^

R OKI AC H U S, The thirty fixth King.

AFTER his Death there was a great Gontcft about the
Kingdom^ between three Coufin-Germansi begot by the
three Brothers of Cratbilsnthusy whofe Names were Rama^
dhmsy Fethelmachusj and AuguJianuSy pr rather Mneanus^
JComachus\ Plea was» that his Father was the eldeft of the
fhree Brothers otCrathslinthun^ and that his Mother was de-
fccnded from the Blood-Royal of the P/VSf; ; as alfo, that h^
hfm&lf was of a ftirring and adive Difpoiition, and h'kely
to procure Friends and Allies.

That which made for Jngujianus^ was his Age and Ex-
perience in the World, as alfo his admirable Deportment, to
which was added the Favour of the People ; and that which
was the principal of all, Fethelmachus^ who was before hrs
Competitor, now voted for him . By reafon of this Sedition^
the Matter being like to be decided by Arms, nothing could
be concluded in the firft Convention of the Eltates, and
when that wki diflblved, the whole Kingdom was divided
into two Faftions ; and ij'>w<i^i«/, who waslcaft in the Fa-
vour of the People, called in the Pids Militia for his AffiC-
tance, that fo he might ftrengrhen himfelf by foreign Aids.

4NGUSIANUS being informed that Ambulbes were
Uid fof him, judged it better, once for all, to try the Shock
of a Battle, than to live in perpetual Solicitude and Fev; for
that end gathering his Party into a Body, he fought with
Romachus ; but being overcome by hiip, \x^2iTiiiFetbelmaehHS
fled together into the JEhuda Iflands*

But perceiving that he could not be (afe there, becaufe
bis Pro\ye(s rendered him formidable to the Heads of the
Faiftions^ and that he was alfo amongft a People naturally
roercenary and venal, and corrupted by the Promifes of Rq-^
matbusj he fled into Irelaxd with his Friends. Romacbus
having thus removed his Rival, and obtained the Kingdom^
K3th^r by Force thap the good Will of the People, excrcifcd ««
his Power with a tyrannical 5wav over his Enemies; and^
to pnt a Colour of I^aw on the Matter, when he went about
the Country to keep Aflri2es, he askc noCounfel of others,
ajs was ufual, |:>ut took ^11 capital Caufes into his own Cog-
nizance ; fo that he made great Execution amongft the P^q-
pie, and ftrook a panick Fear into the Hearts of all good
Men. At length, when every Soul was wearied wicn the
prefent State of Affairs, the Nobility made a fudden Combi-
nation againft him ; and before he could gather his Forces
together^ he was Uken in bis Flight p ihci'i(fs^ and put to

Pcath

BbcitlV. SCOT LA M^. 159

Death in the thwd Year of his Reign. His Head was carried
up and down, fattened to the Top of a Pole, and the Pcopk
counted it a joyful SpeQaclc.

AngusiakuS, The thirty feventb Kiw^.

THIS done, Angufianus was recalled, b^ general Con-
fen t, to rule the Kingdom. In the Begiriiiingofhtt
Rcign, they which were the Minifters ofCrtfeUyand Co-
Vetoufnefs under Romathus^ being afraid to live under io
good a King, flirred up NeSamus, King of the Piiis^ . to
make War upon him, in Revenge of his Kinfman. Angufia-
nus^ beftig a Lover of Peace, fent Embafladors to them verjr
often, to advife them^ that both Nations would be ihach
prejudiced by thofe Divifions, in regard the Br ho ft $ did but
Tiratch an Opportunity to deftroy them both. But they heark*
ned not, either out of Coqfidence of their Strength, or out
of Anger and Vexation of Spirit. So that, perceiving them
to be averfefrom Peace, he led forth his Army agiiinft them;
and, after a very (harp Conflift, obtained the Viaory. The
King of the Ps&s made his Efcape, with a few in his Com**
pany ; and, after he had a little maftered his Fe^r, bein^ in-
flamed with Rage and Fury, he obtained of his Subjeds«
but with great Difficulty, to raife him a new Army : And
when it was levied, he marched into Caledonsa. JngMjianm
once more propounded Terms of Peace, but no Ear being

{iven to them, he drew his Forces towards the Enemy. The
jght was maintained with equal Obflinacy on both fides, one
firtving to retain their acquired Glory; and the other endea-
vouring to wipe away the Ignominy and Dilgrace which
Ihey had formerly received. At length the »y^<?^/, Angufianus
being flain, broke their Ranks and ran away. Neither was
the Day unbloody to thc'P/V5F/; their King likewife and all
his valiant Warriors being flain in that Battle: The Lofi be-
ing in a Manner equal on. both fides, occafioned a Peace
between them for fomefhort time. Angufianus reigned little
above one Year.

FetHELM ACHUS, The thirty eighth King.

FE THE L MA C HUS was made King, in the room of
Angnfianus\ when he had fcarce reigned two Years he
levied an Army, and made foul Havock of the Pir5/ Coun-
try : As fooii as the Enemy could meet him, they fought
with a great Slaughter on either fide. For the main Battle
of theP/W/, they having loft both their Wings, wgi'almort

all

j6q Thf His^T^itY of frooK IVj;.

#11 encoroHfed roand andtakeih yet thejr died not unrevaw-
ed. The King of the PiSs, three Days after, died oFl^s
Wounds. The Scots, mdiing, ufc of their Viaory, havine
no Army at all to withfland them, made a great Spoil all
over the i>,<?/ Country; for the Pi^/, having received fo
great a Blow, never durft oppofe them with their whole
t°"^%.°^^Y they appointed fome fmall Parties ©ftheM-Mcn,
in fit Time and Place, to withftand the ftraggfing Troops of
their Enemy; that fo they might not plunder far from home,
in the mean time, one Herguftus, a crafty Man, having un-
derta*en the Command of the PiSs, inafmuch as he was
JntCTfor in Force, he applied himfelf to Fraud; forhefcnttwo
ria^vrbo, pretending themfelves to be 5m/, where to kill
we King. They, according to their Inftruaions, treated
with a certain Mufician about the Murder of the King: F»r
tnole fort of Crratures are wont to lodge in the Chambers
-I/"r?*^" ^^ Noblemen, to relieve them wbilft awake,
fn / p'° ^r?^" ^'"P- Which Cuftom ftill continues iij
an the fir/^jA Ifles, amongft the old S«*/ .- So that on a
Kv!k- Y/H "f°" '>ftw«nthem, the PiSs were introduced
by this Minftrel, and fo murdered the King as privately as
they could; yet they could not carry it fo recretly, but that
Slm^!^ ' Attendants were awakened at the Hearing of his
^Ia^uu^'* ^^ ^ P"'^""^ 'he Authors of the Villaay;
fhi^ rt ^^^ ?°"''* ^y no farther, the King's OflScers to6k
««m, (though they threw Stones at them to defend themfelves
worn a fteep Rock) and hurried them back to Execution.

EUGENius, cr E VEHUS I. TSfi tbirty mintb Ki^.

F^fiS p^-^'^^^^>"'"g '^"* ^' in^e tbirdYear
^■„, i P°' i«5?^«»«/, ot rather £w«ax, the Son of

lihnA tA^'^'^fb r.^""^ "^ "°P« t° con<l«er the whole
Ifland If hecoulddeftroythe^.<,/.andP;&b3th, firft ofall
he pretends many favourable Refpefls to thePi^s who werl
thentheweakerkrty; and therefore, by confeSuiS^,ZI

s:?^•f°thTw^^'/''"f Thephefin^wrtRSiiSg?

«!«. te ^°^^ P"**"^" '" ^«^ Alliance with the Rol
Ke'thi^?/! °*«f'«n"m«able Advantages, they Ihould

A^/ were catched with this Bait, being bSidedS^ AngcT
ofZr. K ^'^'°Se, allured by .PromTfes/aS rLvSfS
of future Events: Hereupon they joined their Fore *wS
the^»4»/, and fpoiied the ^«/x 6ountry. Thek firft FTgS
WrththemwasatC«.,aRiverofG*/Lj,; thci^J/b^

' ing

1^ o o K IV. S C r L A N^. i(f I

iog few in Niwbcr, were eafily overcome by a more fi^-
inef pus Army, and beiBgthus put to Plight, ihQ Romafss pur-
iued thf HI every way without any Order, as being fure of the
Vidory^ In the mean time the ArgyU Men and fomc
other Forces of the remote Parts, who were coming up to
join with their vanquiflhed Friends, fell in good Order upoa
the fcattered Troops of the ^o w^wi /, and made a great Slaugh^
ter amongft their Enemies. Eugemus gathered up thofc
whom he could recal from Flight, and, calling a Coancil
of War, wa^advifed, that fin,ce his Forces were not fufficient
tp qarry ou the War, he (huuld return back w C^rr/V^t. Bot
9S jyia:tfimHi was purfuing his Victory, word was brougiit
him, that all was in a Flame in the inner Parts of Britain.
The Scats were glad of his Departure, as being eafed of a
great Part of their Enemies : And though they were fcarcB
able to defend their own, yet, between Anger and Hope,
they refolved^ before the Summer waspaft, to perform fom©
^feaf Exploit agauid their adjacent Enemies ; and accordingly
they poured in the Remainders of their Forces upon the Pi^s.
As they marched, they (lew all they met, without Diftii\c-
tioa, and put all about them to Fire and Sword., Maxintus^^
though he threatned and ipoke coutumelioufly of the Scots^
yet being equally joyful at the Deftruclion of both Nations^
as foon as he found ant Opportunity, marched againtt the-
ScQts^ upon pretence to revenge the Wrongs done by them
to the Pf^s. The Scots^ on the other fide, being now to
fjght, not for Glory, Empire, or Booty, but for their Coun*
try. Fortune, Lives, and whatfoever elfe is near and dear
to Men, drew forth all that were able to bear Arms ; and
not the Men only, but Women alfo, (according to the Cu-
Ibm of the Nation) prepared themfelves for their laft En-
counter, and pitched their Tents not far from the River
Dovjfty and near their Enemies Camp. Both Armies being
ftt in Order of Baule, firft of all, the Auxiliaries fet upon
the Scots^ where, fome fighting in Hope, others incited by
Delpair, there was a very iharp, though (hort. Encounter ;
theP/^/ znABritons were repulfed with great iLofs, and had
been certainly wholly routed and put to Flight, if feafonable
Relief had not come to them from the Romans. But Maxi^
mus, bringing on his Legions, iht Scots being inferior in Num-
ber, in the Nature of Arms, and in their Military Difciplinc,
were driven back and almoft quae ruined. King Eu^emHs
himleif fell in this Fight, as not being willing to furvive hi$
Soldiers ; and the greateft part of his Nobles fell with him,
as loth to forfake their King. Maximus^ having obtained
thi^ great Victory fooner than he hoped, and fcarce finding

any

idA tAetii^tO^-^ of l&oBklVJ

Uny dn whom he might wreak his Hatred, rftercifiilljrrctdrnf—
cd to his former Clemency ; for marching over many Pro^-*
vmccs of the ScotSy he took thdfe that yielded thetnfelvcs tO>
Mercy^ and caufed them to till the Land ; withal adding hi%
Commands, that they (hould be contented with their owit^
and not be ofFenfive to their Neighbours. The PiSstikiag
this his Clemency in evil Part, alledged, tbsit the Rontams ^na,
their Allies woiild never obtain a firm, folid peade^ as long-
as the Nation o{ the Scots^ which were always unquiet, ana
took all Opportunities to plunder, remained aliVe; adding
farther j That Britain would never be fccure, whllft any of
the Scotifr Blood remained in it: That they were like wild
Beads, who would be fweetaed by no OflSces of Love^ nor
would they be quiet, thoifgh they received neVcr fo many
Lofles; fo that there would be no end of War, till th^
whole Nation was extinguiflied* Maximus replied many
things^ in bar to fuch Severities, as^ that 'twas the ancient
Cuitom of the Romans, if they overcame any Nation, to ht
fo far from extirpating them, that they made many of theni
Denizons of their City ! That though they had almoft con-
quered the whole World, yet never any People or Natioil
were wholly eradicated by them*. That he himfelf^ having
ilain their King, With the Flower of hi^ Army, had fo quelled
them, that now they were no longer to be feared, but rathet
pitied by their Enemies. He farther urged, that his Hatred
againft the Scou was as gfeatas theirs; but if they confidercd
the Matter well, it would be a much more joyful SpeSacle^
to behold theMiferiesof them living, than the bloody Graves
of the flain; nay, that it was a more grievous Punifliment td
live a dying Life, than, by once dying, to put an end to'all
Miferies. 1 his was the Sum of the Difcourfe tvhich he
made, not fo much out of any AfFeSion to the Scots, as out
of an Abomination of the Pi^ts Cruelty. Moreover, he had
an Eye to the Future, as judging it extremely hazardous to
the Roman Province, if the Forces of the P/5x, upon the
Extirpation of the Scots, fliould be doubled. But the P/V?/
did fo ply him with Complaints, Supplications and Gifts, that
jit length they obtained an Edift from him, that all the Scots
fhould depart out of Britain by a certain Day, and the Mart
that was found there after the time limited, fliould be put to
Death. Their Country Was divided betwixt the Pidis and
Britains. Thus the furvivingS'^o//, as every Man's Fonund
led him, were fcattered over If^lmd, the JEbuda IflandJ,
through Scandta, and the Cimbrick CherfonefusyHni Were in
all Places kindly received by the Inhabitants. Bat the P/5/,
though they made publick Profcffioa of the Cbrijlran Rcli-
4 g!on,

ScJoKlV. SCOTLAND. i6i

fipn, jret could not forbear committing Injuries agtinft the
tk&smiM9wksi which, in that Age, were held in great Ve<-
neration. So that thofe poor Ecclefiafticks were dirpcrfed
mto all the Coontfies roand about, and many of them came
into IfvlMmiiiU, one of the Mbud^ Ifles, where, being ga-
thered together in a Monaftery, rtiey tranfmitted an high Oft*
nion of their Piety and Holinefs to Poilericy. The reft of
Che SioU bcrogtfaus afflided by Wars, exiled from their Conn-
tries, and in Deipair of returning thither again ; the Inha-
t)itaQCs of the Mknd* Ifles, being of a fierce and unquiet Na*
tnre, idle, poor, abounding in Men, yet wanting Necel&ries^
fhoos^ that they ought to attea>pt ibmething of themlelv.es ;
and lo gathering ahaivy q( Biriins^ and ihianShips together^
under GiUo their Commander, they landed in the County of
Argylc. Having made their Defcent there, and di^erling and
Icatterinf tbemielves, amongft a Country almoft wholly de-
dilute of Inhabitants, to fetch in Booty, they were ciccum^
seated by the Pids^ who were lent to affift the Inhabitants^
and placed in Garrifon there; and their Retreat to their Ships
being cut off, were all flain to a Man. Their whole Navy
was taken and relerved for Service againft the IJlam^Urs.
And not iong after, diey who fled to IreUmi^ partly out of
Remembrance kA their ancient Alliance, and partly out of
Cummiferation of their Fortune, eafily incited a Nation, na«
toraliy inchned to War and Plunder, to aflTord them Aid to
recover their Country and ancient Patrimony. Ten thoufiind
Auxiliaries were allowed thein, vvhq landing in that Part
of Sctaismd^ which is oppofite to >elamjj ftruck a great Ter-^
rot into the People all the Country over. Being encouraged
by their firft happy Succefs, when they were confulting how
to- carry on the War, the Miom Scots^ well knowing the
Strength of the Romans^ and how much they exceeded othec
Nations intheir Skill as to Military Aftairs, perfuadcd them to
be contented with their prefcnt ViSory, and to return home
with their Booty, and not ftay till the whole of Britain was
gathered together, to aflault them. And fince the Forces of
all Ireland^ if they had been there, could not withftand the
Roman Kivay^ which, by its Condudk and Valour, had almoft
fubdued the Univerfe ; therefore, they were to deal with them.,
not by open Force, but by Subtilty. That they were to
watch Opportunities, and x fince they could not match theii:
Enemies iu Number, Force, or Military Skill, that therefore
they ftipuld tire them out with Toil and Labour. And that
this was the cmly Method of rigKtly managing the War witl^
them. The trtfe Scots on the other fide, blamed thofe o(Al^
htum^ whofe former Valour was now lb languid, thaCvtbougli
Vol. I. N they

itf4 Tf^6 HigtoftY'^/ Book \^

they were the OfF-fpring of thofe, who had almofi ovcrthrowH
whole Armies of the RomaHs^ yet could not now look them ia
the Face ; nay, there were fome of the Alb'tne-Scots them*-
felves of the fame Opinion, alledging, that this Method of
War, propounded by their Countrymen, was very vain and
frivolous, fervingonly to gall the Enemy, but not to recover
their own Country ; and that therefore they ought to follow
their good Fortune, and not to think of returning, till Ihe
made way for them* And, if they would ad thus, then no
doubt but God (who had bleiTed them with fuch profperous
Beginnings) would blefs their Arms, fo as to leffen the Power
of the Enemy, either by raifing up new Tumults amongft
the Br itatfgs, or by calling off the Roman Legions to a War
nearer home. That theOccafion, now offered, was not to
be negleded, led hereafter it might be foughr for in vain.
This Opinion prevailed, and(p they joyfully returned to their
Prey. Thus, vrtiilft in hopes to recover what they bad loft,
they indulged their own Wili, father rafhly than prudently,
being immediately over^powered by greater Forces, they loft
the bed Part of their Men. This Slaughter being made known
in Ireland^ cut off all Hopes of return from the Scots^ atrd
made the Irijh fear, left they alfo fhould not retain their Li-
berty long ; fo that, after many Confultations, they could
find no way more advileable, than that tht In fif Scots ^oiild
lend Ambafladors into Britain^ to make Peace with the Ro*
mans^ upon the beft Conditions they could procure. Upon
their Arrival, Maximus firft ofallfeverely rebuked them, for
that, without any Provocation, they had caufelcfly exdted the
Roman Arms againft them. The AmbaiFadors, in Excufe,
laid the Blame on the rude Rabble, and fo they obtained Pardon.
The Peace was made on thefe Conditions, that the Hikernians^
after that Day, fliould never entertain, orihelter, any Enemies
9f the Romans ; that they fliould forbear to offer any Injury
to their Alh'es ; and that they (hould manage their Government
with a friendly Refpcft to the Romans. The Hibernians^ ha-
ying thus obtained better Terms than they eipeSed, returned
joyfully home. That which inclined Maximus to makethts
cafy Pacification, was, not his Fear of the Hibernians^ (for.
he did not much value all the Difturbance they could give
him) but becaufe his Mind being intent upon Hopes of greater
. Matters, he was willing to leave all Britain not only quiet
. and free from War, but alfoaffedionate and under an Obll-

fation to him, For, when he perceived, after the Defeat and
laughter of fo many of their Armies, thai the Forces of the
^ Roman Empire were Chattered and weakened by their Civil
Wars; and that the Emperors were not made by the Senate

. and

Bboriv: Scotland. »5|

and People, but by Military EleSion and Favour; coftfider-
ing aJfo, that he had conquered Britain^ (which none etret
did before him) and thereby had got great Fame by his Mi1h
tary Exploits, and had an Army (forihe Number of it) ftrong
enough ; in this Pofture of Affairs he determined, if t'ortune
offered him dn Opportunity to feiieon the Empire, not to be
wanting to fo glorious an Occafion. Prompted by this Hope^
he treated his Soldiers with great Affability, and bcftowed oa
Ihcm many Gifts; he took Advice in all his important Affairs,
of the nobleft of the Britains^ he recruited his Army with
Pids Soldiers, and committed feveral Garrifons, in divers
Places, to be kept by them* The Lands of the Scots he di-
vided betwixt them and the Britons. To the Piiis he left
their ancient Pofleflions free ; only he exaSed a fmall Tribute
from the remoteft Corner of the Scot tjb Kingdom, which he
bad given to them as a Teftimony, (for fo he gave it out him-
fclf,) that all Britain was partly overcome, and partly fetled
on Conditions of Peace, by him. And by thefe Artifices, he
ftrangely won the Affedions of the common Soldiers : So that
all things being in readinefs, according to his conceived
Hope, he affumed the imperial Dignity^ as if he had beea
compelled foto do by his Soldiers. After him, Conftantinc
was chofcn General by the Britains^ being recommended only
upon the Accompt of his Name, for otherwife he was but n
common Soldier at firft. He being alfo flain, Gratian^ t
Perfon defccnded of Britijb Blood, ruled over the Ifland*
But Maximus being killed in Italy^ and Gratian in Britain^
Vidorinus was fent from Rome to rule Britain^ as Lieu*
tenant. He pretending to inlargc the Empire during his Ad-^
miniftration, commanded the Piiisj who were reduced into
the Form of a Province, to ufe the Roman Laws, denouncing
« great Penalty to thofe who (hould dare to do otherwife z
And whereas kergufius their King died whilft thefe things were
in Agitation ; he forbad them to chufe another King, or fet
up any other Magiftrate, but what was fent them from Rome^
This the PiSs looked upon as a mere Slavery. Whereupon
ihcy begun, though too late, and to no purpofe, to refent it.
and complain they had been bafely and unworthily betrayed
by a Nation allied to them, and in Amity with them ; and
though fometimes they were at odds, yet thg were Partakers
with them of all Hazards, againfta foreign Enemy : So that
How they fuffered according to their Demerirs, who had de*

f rived themfelves not only of all Aids, but of all Mercy and
iiy alfo. For now who would be forry for their Calamity,^
tvho called to Mind, to what Miferies and Neceffities they
liad reduced (heir ancient Friends i x\nd that the Oracle was

N 2. applicable

i6# TheVLtsront cf So©* IVJ

applicable hdrc, which foretold, Thai fh?i&s in timeJtfomUf
ke extirpated by the Scots. So that now they were puniOiecIf
for betraying the Scots: Nay, their own PumQicnent was the
greater of the two, in regard Banijhment h more tolerable
than Servitude. For banilhed Men are free, let their Fortune
be what it will *f but they themfelves were loaded with the
bittereft of all Evils, which were fo much more tntolcrablie^
becaufe they fell into them by their own Demerit. But that
rhey might have one to refort to, and procure apublick Con*
lultation, for the remedying of thefe Calamitiesy they create
Durftusy the Son of Herguftus^ Kling. The Nobles beiBg^
aflembled about him^ to provide a Remedy for their Miferies ^
their Complaints exprefled the Severity of their Bondage.
They alledged, that they were now not in a?n imaginary, raC^
a real Slavery : That they were fliut up within the WaU of
Severusy as wild Beads, feparated from all hmnan Commerce ^
and that all their Soldiery, under the fplendid Name of War^
were indeed drawn out for the Shambles. That, befides t;he
Hatred of their neighbouring Nations, they were bitterly Re-
proached by the Monks too who cryed out that God juft^
ly defpifed and reje&ed their Prayers, wlio had lb cruelly
perfecQted his Minifiers, though they were their Brethren,
and of the lame Religion with themfelves, in that they Would
not futfer them, by whom God might have been appeafed or
iiipplicated, to live in the fame Country with them : Thefe
things did grievoufly pinch their Gonfciences ; fi> that^ Ad-
▼eruty infcfing feme Sparks of Religion into their Minds,
and alfo fome Eale from their Miferies being obtained, they
at lad pitched upon this, as the only way to recover their Li«
berty: That after they had reconciled themfelves to the &ffir/,/
Ihey would alfo endeavour to appeafe the Wrath of God, who
was an Enemy tathem for their Perfidioulfaels. In purfjance
of this good Refolution, underftanding that young Fergmjius^
of the Dlood Royal, was aa Exile mScandiai they thought,-
If he were recalled, that the refl alfo might be induced, by
his Authority, to return. To effeft which they fcnt an Em*'
baffy to him, but fecretly, for fear of ihtRomansy to found
his Inclination^ as to his Return into his own Country.

tHE

< r<57 )

I -■

'^.^}%ei^m[

mmimmMiMwmm

THE

H IS TOR Y

or

SCOTLAND.

BOOK V.

m^^mim

FTER Eugemuswas flain by the Romafff, a$
hath been related before, and all the Scots ba?
nilhed from thew- Country, the King's Broth.er,
whether Echadius^ or Etbodius^ is uncertain,
for fear of the Treachery of the P/V//, and
alfo diffident of his own Affairs, hired Ship-
ping, and committed himfclf to the Winds, and to Fortune;
and Hq failed into Scandia^ together with his Son Erthus^ and
his Nephew Fergujius. As foon as he arrived there, and
came to Court, the King of the Country, being informed who
he was, from whence he came, and what adverfe Fortune he
had met withal ; his Language, and alfo his Habit and Meiti
foon procuring Credit to his Allegation, he was admitted into
near Familiarity with him. Fergujius living there, till he
grew up to be a Man, (his Father and Grandfather beiug

N 3 dead)

168 The His r on.Y of BookV.

dead) he addifted hmfelf wholly to Military Stadies; at
vhich time Hdany Expeditions were made by th^ united Foroes
qf the Nor^A, aeainlt'the Roman Empire. Some of the
Forces fell upon r/«»^/ary, fome uponGa///Vi; ^AFergmfiuSy
both put of his Love to Arms, and his Hatred to the Romans^
followed the Francs^ in their War againft the Gauls : But that
Expedition proved not very profperous, fo that he returned
into Scandia with greater Glory, than Succels: And when
his Name began to be famous, not only there, but alfo
amongft the neighbouring Nations, his Renown reaching
to the Scots and PsSts^ the Scots were in mighty Hopes of
recovering their own Country again, and the Pids in full
ExpeQation of obtaining their ancient; Liberty; if, laying
afide their old Grudges, they (hould ch^fe him General, and
try their Fortune againft the Romans. And* indeed at that
time the Affairs of the Romans were brought to fo low an
^bb, by reafon of the Succejles of the neighbouring Nations
againft them, that their Condition was Bait enough to ex-
cite old Enemies to revenge the former Injuries they had
received from theni« For, their Emperors, befides thejr
being weakncd by ^ivil Wars, were fo vexed on every ^de
ty the Gauh\ Vandalsy Francs and. jlfricans^ who did feve*
rally make Inroads upon them, each from his own Coaft,
that, omitting the Care of foreign Affairs, they called back
their Armies into Ita/y^ to defend Rome itfelf, the Seat pf
their Empire. In the midft of thefc Commotions, they, who
commanded the Britifi Legions, cfteeming the Roman Af-
£iirs as defperate, (ludied eacli their own Advantages, and
(cverally to eftabliih their diftindl: Tyrannies. Neither ^er?
they cohtent to vex the iflanders with all kind of Cruelty
lind Avarice, but they alfo harrafled one another hy mutual

Jncurfions. Thus the Npmb^r of the Legionary Soldier*
arly decre^fed, and the Hatred of the Provincials againft
them iricreafed : So that all Britain would have certainly
rebelled, if their Power had been bqt equal to their Will.
Put that, above ^11 their other Mifcries, was moft prejudif
cial to the Britaips. which the Emperor Confiantihe^ the
|aft General of the Roman Ariny there, caufed thepi to en-
flure; fpr, ^hen he wa$ made Emperor, he withdrew not
pnly the Roman Army, but eve^thie Britifif Soldiery tdo^
and fp left the whole Ifland difarmed, and e^pofed to all Vio-
lence, if they had had any foreign Enemy to invade them,
"1 his was the chief Occafipn which mightily hastened the Copi-
t)ination of^ the §cots. When Affairs ftpod in this Pciftgre^
.fccret MeiTengers were difpatched between t|ic iSV©^/and ih^
^ifisi and they ftrac|c up af?ace Immediately, Thep ^hey

BockV. SCOTLAND. 169

both feat Ambafladors to call home Fergufiajy to take upon
Aim the kingly Government, as defcending to him from his
Anceftors. Fergufius^ being a military Man, defirous of
Honour, and bcfides, not fb well pleafed with his prcfent
State of Life, but encouraged with the Hqpes of a belter,
eafily accepted the Terms. When his Return was noifal
abroad^ many of the exiled Scots^ nay ieveral of the Danesi
too, his Acquaintance and Fellow-foldiers, being animated
with the fame Hopes, accompanied him home; they all
landed in Jirgyle. Thither all thofe Exiles who were in/r<-
land^ 2XiA the circumjacent Iflands, having had notice given
them beforehand of his coming, reforted (peedily to him;
and they alfo drew along with them ^ confiderable Number
of their Clans and Relations, and feveral young Soldiers too^
who were defirous of Innovation.

FergcsiusII. The firtietb King.

FERGUSIUS having got thefe Forces together, was
created the fortieth King of Scotland^ being Inaugurated
according to the manner of the Country. The black Book
o( Pajley cafts his Return on the fixth Year of Honorins smd
Jrcadfus^ Emperors; Others, upontheeighthof their Reign,
that is, according to the Account of Marianus Scotus^ 403,
according to Funccius^ 404 Years, after the Incarnation of
Chrift ; and about 27 Years after the Death of tis Grand*
father Engemus. They who contend out ofBede^ that this
was the firfl coming of the Scots into Britain^ may be con-
vinced of a manifeft Untruth, by his very Hiftory. When
the Aflcmbly of the Eftates was diffolved, Fergufius being
born and bred to Feats of War and Arms, judging it con-
venient to make ufe of the Favourablenefs of Fortune, and
the Forwardnefi of bis Men; and withal defigning to pre-
vent the Report of his coming, demolifhed all the neigh-
bouring Garirifons, having not doldiers enough to keep them ;
and having recovered his own Kingdom, as foon asiheSea-
fon of the Year would permit, he prepared for an Ea^pedition
againft his Enemy. In the mean time the Britons were di-
vided into Two Faflions, fome of them defirous of Liberty^
and weary of a foreign Yoke, were glad of their Arrival ;
others preferred their prefent Settlement, though attended with
fo maijy and great Inconveniencies, before an uncertain Li-
berty, and a certain War. And therefore, out of fear of
the Danger hanging over their Heads ; and withal, being
confcious of their own Weaknefs, they agreed upon a double
EmbaflTy, one to iheP/<S/, another to the Romans: That to

N 4 th<;

170 The Hi sroKY of Book W

tfae PiSts w^s to advtfe them not to defot their old AYKes
the RoMms and Briton .^ nor to take part with Acir ancient
Enemies ; who Were i Company of poor, hopdefs, and dc-
l|>icablc Creatures. They farther fent them Admonitions^
Promises, and, in cafc of Non-compliance, gricvonsThreat-
nings from the Hamansj whom with their whole united
Forces they could never withftand ; much Icfs could thejr
4ow cope with them, fince one of them was exhaufied by
Draughts and Detachments of Sotdiers, and the other worn
out with all manner of Miferies.

The Minutes of their Inftruaions to their Ambafladors
jjt Itome, were theft, that they fhouM ftmrilfh them with
Aids in time, whilft there was any thing left to defend aganift
the Rage of a cruel Enemy; which it they would do, then
Britain would ftill remain firm Under therr (Jbedfence; if not^
it were better for them to leave their Country, than to endure
a Serv icude worfe than Death,under (avage Nations. Accord-
ingly the Romans^ though prefled clofe by Wars on every
fide, yet fent one Legion out of Gaul to defend their Pro-
vince, but with a Command to return asfoon as they had fet*
tied Matters, The Britons having received tbafeAoxiKaries,
did fuddenly affault thfe plundring Troops of rhetr Enemies^
wFfo were carelefly draggling up and down, and repulfed
them with great Slaughter.

The Confederate Kings having a well difciplined ind re-»

fular Army, came to the Wall ofSeverus^ and meeting thdr
Inemles by the River Carron^ a bloody Battle was fought
betwicn them. Great Slaughter was made on both fides^
hut the Vifiory fell to the Komans; who being in a little
frme to return Into Galliaj were content only to have driven
back their Enemies, and to repair the Wall of S^rr»/, which
in many Places was demoliflied : When they i. 1 done this,
and had garrifoned it with Britons^ they depuited. The
Confederate Kings, though they were fuperior to their Ene-
mies,^ in making fwift Marches, and enduring of Hardfhips ;
yet, being inferior in Number and Force, refolved not to
fight any more pitched Battles, but rather to weary, their
Enefriies, by frequent Inroads, and not to put all to a ven-
ture in one Fight, fince they had not as yet fuflScient Forces
for fuch a general Engagement. But when they heard that
Xh(i Romans were returned out of Britain^ they altered their
Rcfolutions, and gathering all their Troops together, they
demolilhed the Wall o? Se vents y which was High tfy repaired,
only by the Hands of Soldiers, and but negligently guarded
by the Britons. Having gen by this Means a larger Space to
forage in, they made the Country beyond the Wall (which
4 they

BookV: scot la N:D. t7r

they were not able to keep, for want of Men) ufelefs to
the BrifoMSy for many Miles. It is reported that one Graham
viras the principle Man in demoliihing that Fortification-
who, tranfporting his Soldiers in Ships, landed beyond the
Wal/^ and flew the Guards upon a fiirprixe, and fo made a
Paflage for his Men. *T is not certain among Writers
whether this Graham was a Scot or Britom ; but moft think
Ihat he was a Briton^ defcended of the Fulgemtiam Line a
Prime and Noble Family m that Nation; as alfo that 'he
was the Fathcr-in-Law of King Feriufius: I am moft in-
clined to be of this laft Opinion. The Wall then being thus
raxed, the Scotsm^ P/VIj committed moft inhuman Cruel tie$
and Outrages upon the Britons^ without diftinflion of Age or
Sex : For (as Matters then ftood) the Britons were weak,
and unaccuftomcd to War; fo that they fent a Umentabla
Embafly to Rome^ complaining of the unfpeakablc Calamf-
ties they endured, and with great Humilky and Earneftnefs
fipplicating for Aid; farther alledging, that if they were
not moved at the DeftraSton of the Britomf^ and the Lofs
of a Province (lately fo Iplendid) yet it became the Ro-
ptams to maintain then* own Dignity, left their Name (hould
grow contemptible amongft thofe barbarous Nations. Ac^
cordingly another Legion was again fent for their Reliefs
who coming {2s Bede fays) in Autumw^ afeafon of the Year
when they were unexpefted, made great Slaughter of their
Enemies. The confederate Kings gathered what Force they
could together, to beat them back ; and, being encouraged
by their Succcfs in former Times, and alfo by the Fritndlhrj^
and Alliance of Dionethus^ a Briton^ they made Approaches
toward the Enemy. This Dionefhus was well defcended
in his own Country^ but always an Advifer of his Country*
men to fliake off the Roman Yoke ; and then efpecially,
when fo fair an Opportunity was offered, and the whole
Stra)gth of the Empire was engaged in other Wars, which
made him fufpeSed by his own Men as an AffeSor of No-
velty, was hated by the Romans^ but a Friend to the Scots
and P/V?/; who underftanding that the Defign of the Ro^
mam wtfs firft to deftroy Dionethns^ as an Enemy tihiv at
Hand, and in their very Bowels ; to obviate their Purpofe^
they made great Marches towards them ; and joining their
Forces with thofe of Dionethus^ began a fharp Encounter
with the Romans ; who, furrounded by Numbers, both m
Front and Rear, were put to Flight. When the Ranks of
the Legionary Soldiers were thus broken, and gave Ground,
the Confederate Kings being too eager in the Purfuit, fell
amongft a Refirve of the Romans^ w^ho flood in good

Order,

17^ TAeHi ST OKY of Book V!-

Order, and were repulfed by them with great Slaughter :
So that if the Romans^ confcious of the Weaknefs of
ttierr Numbers, had not forborn any farther Purfuit, theix
Enemies had doubtlefs received a mighty Overthrow that
Day ; but becaufs the Lofs fome Soldiers in but a fmall
Army was too fenfibly felt, therefore they rejoiced the lelf
on account of the Viflory.

M4XJMIANUS (fo our Writers call him, who com-
manded the Roman Legion) being dismayed at this Check,
retired into the midft of his Province,' and the Kings retura-
ed each to his own Dominion. Then ic was that Dioney
thus took the fupreme Authority upon him, he cloathed
himfelf in Purple after the manner of the Romans^ and
carried himfelf us King of the Britons. When the Romans
wnderftood that their Enemies were difperfcd, they gathered
"What Force they could together, and encreafed them with
'Brhijb Auxiliaries, and fo marched againft Dionethus^ who
infefted the Provinces adjoining to him ; for they thought to
fubduc him, from whom their Danger was neareft, before
his Allies could come to his Relief: But the three Kings
united their Forces fooner than the Roman imagined, and
joining all their Forces together, they encouraged their Soli-
diersas well as they could, and without Delay drew out thefr
Armies in a Line of Battle. The Roman General placed the
Britons in the Front,, and the Romans in the Referves: It
was a very fliarp Fight, and the Front giving Ground, Max^
imianus brought on his Legion, and flopt the Britons juft
ready to run ; and then fenaing about fome Troops to fall
on the Rear, fome Brigades ofScotSy beiag encompafled by
them, drew themfelves into a Circle, were they bravely de-
fended themfelves till the greateft Part of their Enemy*s Ar-
my falling upon them, they were every Man llain; yet their
Lofs gave Opportunity to the reft to efcape. There fell in
that Fight Ffrgus King of the Stots^ and Durftus King of
the Pi<3/; Dtonethus being wounded, was with great Dif-
ficulty carried off to the Sea, and in a Skitf returned home»'
This Viilory ftruck fuch a Terror into all the Conquered,
that It refreihed the Memory. of ancient Times, infomuch that
poany cpnfulted whither to betake themfelves for their Place
of Exile. FergufiHs died when he had reigned fix teen Years,
a Man of anheroick Spirit, and who may deftrvedly be called
the fecond Founder of the ij^o//^ Kingdom; nay (perhaps)
be may be faid to exceed the former Fergufim in this, that he
came into a Country almod naked and empty, by the Con^
cefl5on oftheP/c^/; neither had he the unconquered Forces of
the Romans, 19 ^^m^\ \isy\\\i^Br'mns \ who,tho'fomewbat
4 '^ tbut

B ocK V. SCO TL A N 7T: iff

Cl>ut not much) faperior to the Scots in Accoutrements and Pro*
V Hions tor War, were however far inferior to them in enduring
the Hardihips of the Field. But this later Fergufius^ whea
almud all the Scots were flain who were able to bear Arms,
being brought up in a foreign Country ; and after the twen*
ty ftventh Year of his Banifliment from his own, being fent
for as an unknown King, by thofe Subjeds who were as un*-
known to him, marched with a mixed Army ct)UeSed out
of feveral Nations, againft the Britmsy who were at that
time affiled by the Forces of the Romans \ fo that if the di«
vine Providence had not manifefily favoured his Defigns, h^
might feem to have undertaken a very temerarious Attempt,
auid bordering upon Madnefs it felf. He left three Sons be-
hind bim, very young GtA^itxx^ Eugemus^ Dongardus^ and
Cotfftantiusi Graham^ their Grandfather by the Mother'!
fide, was by univcrfal Confent appointed Guardian over
them, and in the mean time, till they came to be of Age,
he was to manage the Government as Regent. He was a
Perfon of that virtuous Temper, that even in the moft tur-
bulent Times, and amidft a moft fierce Nation, who were
pot always obedient, no not to Kings of their own Nation,
yet there happened no Civil Diflcntions at borne ia Ws Time,
fhoughhe bimfelfwas a Fpreigqer.

EUGENIUS, cjrEvENUS II. The forty firft Kitig.

EUG E NIUS, or Evenms II, the eldeft Son of Fergufinr^
had |he Name of King, but the Power was in the Hands
pfGraiam; he caufed a Mufter to be made of the Soldiers
all over the Land ; and when he found that his MHitia was
Tvcakned by former Fights, beyond what he thought, he faw
$hat nothing then was to be done, and fo ceafed from mak-
ing any Levies. But the Rowan Legion having relieved
their Allies, and, as they were commanded, being about to
return into the Contipent, fpoiled all their Enemies Couut
try within the Wall of Severns^ and flew the Iphabitants;
•tis true, they reftored ^he Lands to the Britons^ but they
kept the Plunder ^n4 Booty for' themfelves. . So that the
remaining $cots and P/VSf/, who furvived their late Lofs,
were ajgain (hut up between thp two Firths of the Sea. Mat-^
fers being brought to this pafs, the Romans declared to the
pritonsy veith hovv great and ftrong Armies they were bcfet^
who had cpnfpir^ to deftroy the Roman Name and Empire;
fo that they were not aWq to take fo much Pains, nor to be at
ib great Expence tp maintain Places fo far oft'j and therefore
they advifed the Britons not to expeS any more Aids from

i!i\^m.(<y^ t))e fumn* fiat {\^^^ ^y'M tb«^m mhg: to take

HP

174 Tli^HisroKY of Bodir V^J

«pAriiis themfelves, and to inure themfelves to uiKief|;o mf *
'litar]r Pains and Hazards; and, if they had offended before^
thro* Slothfuln^fs, to begin and make Amends now by Iii->
dofiry and Hardinels, and not permit them&Ives to grow lo
contemptiUe to thetr Enemies, (to whom they were Gipc^
nor in Nomber and Forces) as to fuflfer them to drive awajr
yearly Booties from their Country, as if they had only gone
sbroi^ like t pack of Hunters for their Prey. And the Romams
Ibemielves, that they might do them a lading Good that mighr
be of great Service to them in future Times, did undertake a
great and memorable Work for them. For they gathered toge-
ther a huge Company of Workmen out of their whole Pro-
irinc^, (the iioifftftfx and £r//^/ both vying who (hould be for «-
iwardcft) and juft in that Place where the Trench or Graft was
drawn by Severusy thirty Miles long, there they built a Wall of
iStone eight Foot broad, and twelve high; they diflinguifhed
it by Cafties, fome of which repre(ented fmall Towns. It was
fintfhed and bounded on the freft by a Place now called iC/ri(
P^arifi^ said on the £ii/f it began from the Monaftery of ^-
ierhrmck^ as Bede affirms ; in which Country, about one
hundred and twenty Years (ince, there was a firong Cafile
of the Douglases called Abercorns but no fign of any Mona-
fiery at alL Moreover, left their En^nies fhould make a
Defcent by Ships into Places beyond the Wall, (as, in their
Mepiory, they had fomerly done) they fet up many Bea*
cons or Watch Towers on the higher Grounds along the
$hore, from whence there was a large ProlpeS into the Sea:
And, where it was convenient, they appointed Garrifons^
but confiding of fuch cowardly and elTeminate Fellows, that
they could aot endure fomuch as to fee the Face of an arm*
ed £nemy» The Roman Legion did this beneficial and ob-
liging Work for their Provincials, before their Departure.
Wkhal, vehemently exhorting them to defend their own
Country, with their own Arms; for they muft never more
hope for Affifiance from the Romans^ whofe Affairs were
now brought to that Exigence, that they could no longer
help their Afltcs, efpecially tbofe .that were fo far remote.
When the Scots and PiBs underflood for certain, by their
Spies, that the Romans were departed, and would return no
more; they affaulted the Wall with all their Might, and
much vbQtt eagerly than before; and did tK>t only caft down
their Oppofers, by hurling Darts at them, but alfo pulled
them down headlong from the top of the Wall with Cramp-
Jrous; as Bede calls them ; which were, as I underftand,.
crooked Iron Iiiilrun^ents, or Hooks, faftned on the tops of
long Poles; fo that the upper Fortification being thus made
defiitute of its Defender v they affiled their Engines, and de-

ftroyed

Book V. S C 6 T L A N "D. ijf

ftroyedthe Foundations roo; and thns an Entrance aifd PaF>
iage being made, they enforced their afirighted Enemies to
leave their Habitations and D welh'ngs, and to fly away for
Safety where-ever they could find it. For the S^ots and
piffj were fo eagerly bent on Revenge, that their Enecniea
had good Reafon to think all their former Calamities to*
lerable^ in refped to thofe they were now forced to en*
dare. Afterwards the Aflailants, rather wearfed than GtiB^
fiedwith the Miferies of their Eneniies, returned home^ and
began at lalt to bethink themfelves, that they had not fir
flinch taken away the- Goods of their Enemies, as they had
waited and ipoiled what would have been the Rewards of
lijcir Vifiory. They coni^ncd an Affembly of the Eftatej^
Irbere it was debated amongft them, how fo great a Vidorf
might be improved ; and their iirft Refolatk>n was, to fill
fho& Lands which they had taken from the Enemy, widr
frefli Colonies, for the Procreation of a new Progeny* Tlaa
Coonlel&emedthe more wholefi>me and advi(eable, becaufb
of the abundance of valiant, but indigent Officers and Sol*
dierS) who had not room enough to live in their old Habi*
tations. This. Turn of Profperity being fignified lo ttitt
Be%hbotiring Nations, encouraged not only the Scotijb Ex^
lies, but a great Company of Strangers too, who lived hfoi
jpoorly at home, to flock in, as to a Prey ; for they fuppofei,
that a Man of that Spirit and Condud as Graham was^
would never lay down Arms 'till he had brought the whole
Ifland of Britain under bis SubjeSion ; but there they wert
iniftaken; for he, having run fo many Hazards, was more
inclinable to Peace, with Honour and Glory, than to riiquc
his present certain Felicity, by throwing himfelf into uncer-*
tain Dangers. And therefore he made Peace with the Bri^
/»»/, who were not only willing to, but alfo very earncftly
defirous of the fame. The Terms were, that each Pcopte
ihould be dohtented with their own Bounds, and abftain from
Wrong and Violraice towards one another; j14rian*s Wall
was the Barrier. After this Peace was made, Graham dU
vided the Lands not only among the ScotSy but alfo among'
thole outlandiih Men who had followed his Eniigns. By this
Means almoft all the Provinces were called by new Names,-
becaufe the Perfons that peopled them were Men, for the
moft part, born in Baniihment abroad, and the reft perfefi:
Foreigners. Galway^ a County next to Ireland^ falling by
Lot to the Irijhj is thought to have got its Name, fo famed in
Iheir own Country, from them. Caithnefs was fo caH^
ikcaufe it was mountainous. Rofs^ becaufe it was a Penim^
fifk. Bmhan^ bi^caufe it paid gresit Tribute out of Oxen.

Stra$b*

YfiB The KisrbViit of Book VT

StratB-Boggy^ Nairm^ StrathnMvern^ Loeh-Spey^ Strath-Ean^^
and Monteatbj took their refpeftive Names from feveral Ri-
vers of the fame Appellation. Locb-Ahyr was fo called froiix
a Lough, or rather Bay of the Sea. Many of the Prcvinced
fituate on this fide the Farth^ as Lenox ^ ClydfdaU^ Twedale^
ttcvtJaUy Liddifdaky Eskdale^ Eufdahy Niihifdale^ Annam^^
dale^ and Dowglaf-daU^ had their Sirnames from Rivers*
Many Places retained their ancient Names^ and ibme had
theirs only a little changed. Afterwards, to the end that ha
might b) juft Laws bridle Licentioufhefs, which was grown
to a great height by the long continuance of Wars : He
firft recalled the Monks and Teachers of the Chriftian Re-
ligion, out of Banifhment to their own Homes ; and, left
they might be burthenfome to an indigent People, he ordain-
cd, that they (hould have an yearly Income out of the Fruits
of the Earth ;'Which^ tho^ic was (malL (as thofe times were)
was however deemed a handfome Competency, fuch was
the Modedyand Temperance of the Men. He placed Gar-*
itfbns in the moll convenient PalTages, to prevent all fudden
Incurfions of the Enemy ; he repaired Places that were d€-*
molilhed, and erefled new. The Fury of War being thns
cxtinguiflied through the whole Ifland, though- the jSr/V^sj be-
ing laved,, as it were, out of a dangerous T empeft, did en-*
joy the Sweets of publick Peace; yet it vas doubtful whe*
ther War or Peace did them mod Mifchief. For when their
Ciiie* were razed, their Villages burnt< their Cattle driven
away,^ and all their Inflruments of Husbandry loft; they
who lurvived this Cruelty of their Enemies, were forced to
keep themfclves from ftarving by Huniing ; or el(e to turn
their courfe of Plunder from their Enemies upon their own
Countrymen: So that a War at home was almoft like to be
the Confequencc of their having made Peace abroad. Neither
were they the only perpetual Enemies of Foreigners: For.
tho' they abftained from open Wars, yet ever now and thett
they fpoiled the Countries coiitiguous to them; particularly
a Party of the /r/^, encouraged wjth the hopes of Booty^
vexed the poor People, who were ^ready miferably enough
diftreffed with their Inyafions by Sea. Their laft Calamity^
ancj the worft of all, was a Famine; which did fo break the
Spirit of that fierce People, tftat many of them voluntari-
ly furrendred thcmfelves into their Enemies Hands. At laft|
thofe few of them that remained, lurking in Caves and Dens^
were necelficated to come abroad, and to fcatter the wan-
dring Troops of the Plunderers ; they alfo drm'e the Irip
back to Sea, and forced them to depart from Alkium. That
Mifchief was no fuoner removed, but a CaUflotity nearer

Hao4,

IBookV. SCOTLAND). 177

liCand, began to prcfs upon them. The Scots and P/<J/, their
eternal Enemies, were not contented to drive Preys from
them by Stealth, but watched an Opportunity to attempt Wgh«r
Matters. For Eugenius the Son of Fergus j who 'till that
time had lain itill, under the Tutorage of another; his
Strength being increafed by a long Peace, ai>d much aog*
xnented by a young Lift of Soldiers flocking in to him, de-
fircd to ihe,w hfinfelf; and befides the Weaknefs of the Sr/-
tons^ there happened h'kewife a private Caufe of War: Grj-
bam^ being his Grandfather by the Mother*s-fide, and noMf
defccnded (as I Ipokc before) in his own Couatry, was of
that FaSion which were defirous to free tbemfelves from
jRomam Slavery. This was the Caufe he was banifhcd bj
the contrary Faftion, who were then more powerful, and(o
he fled to the 5^0//, his old Allies, between whom n^anyCf**
▼ilities had formerly paflTed. After his Death Eug^nius^ by
his Ambaffadprs, demanded a Reftitution of thofe fruitful
Xiands which were his Anceftors, fituate within the Wall of
Adrian ; intimating plainly to them, that unleis they dM re*
ftore them, he would make War upon them. When the
Ambafladors had declared their MeiTage in an Aflembly of
the Britons^ there were fiich Heats amongft them, that ihejr
came almoft to Blows. They who were the fierceft of
them cryed out, that the Scots did not feek for Lands fi>
much, (of which they had enough) as for Warj and that
they did not only infult over their Calamities, but al£b were
refblved to try their Patience; if the Lands were dented, thai
a War would prefently follow; if they were reftored, then
a cruel Enemy was to be received Into their own Bowels;
and yet they fliould not have Peace even tben^ unlefi thejr
imagined that their Covetoufnefs would be iatisfied with the
Conceffion of a few Lands, who were aot contented with
large Provinces, which were parted with in the laft War.
And that therefore it was good to obviate their immoderate
and utifatiable Defires, in the very beginning, and to reprefi
their Licentioilfnefs by Arms; left, by the Grant of Cnall
• things, their Deftres might be enlarged, and their Boldnefi
cncreafed to ask more. There was in that Affembly 6neC««
nanus^ a Br// /^j Nobleman, and eminent amongft his. Coun-
trymen on the account of his Prudence, who difcourfcd
many things gravely, concerning thcCruelty of their Enemies:,
and of the prefent State of the Britons^ and that almoft all
their young Sojdiers were drawn out for foreign Service;
adding withal, that War abroad. Seditions at home, and
Hunger occafioned by Want, would confume, at lead
weaken, the miferable Remainders of his Countrymen:

As

tys T&e HisTOKY 0/ Book VJ

As for the Roman Legions, they were gone home to quell dieir
own civil Wars, without any hopes of Return; and there-
fore he gave his Advice, that they (hould make Peace With their
^ formidable Enemies, if not an advantageous one, yet the beS

^ they could procure. This Counfei he gave, as he alleged,-

not out of any Refped to his own private Intereft, tmt
merely for the Neceffities of the Publick; which :^>ears
<faid he) by this^ that as long as there Was any Proba*
bility to defend our felves againft the Cruelty of our Enc-
fnieSy he never made any noention of Peace at all ; he added^^
; that he was not ignoranr, that this Peace, which he now per-

fuaded them to, would not be a lafting one, but only prove
a ftnall Refpite from War, till the Force of the Britams^
weakned by fo many Lofles, and almoft ruined, might bt
/ ' irefreihed, and gather Strength by a little Intermiffion. Whilft

i' .^ he was thus Tpeaking, a great Clamour run thro' the whole

• Affcmbly, which put him into fome Gonfternation: For the
Seditious cryed out, that be did not refped the puUick Good,
but only endeavoured to pl;>tain the Kingdom for Hm&\f^ by

N mc^s of forekn Aid, Upon that hedq>arted Aom theCouii*

lei, ' and called God to witnefi, that he h^^po private End
of his own, in perluading them to a Pea^ but a Tumult
arifiug amongft the Multitude, he was thetie flain. His un*
happy LfOt made the wifer Sort refrain from fpeakiQg their
Mfnd, and giving their yotes freely, tho* they evidently law
that the DeftruSion of their Country was at hand. The An^-
baifadors returning home without their Errand, the Seots and
Pi^s left off all other Buiinefi, and prepared wholly for
War; the Brmm ibrcfecing the fame, after their Fit of Paf-
fioQ was fomewhat over, fend Amba0adors to S€9$l<mdi
who upon Pretence of making Peace^ were to put Ibme
flop CO the War, and to offer them Money; giving the S^^^ts
Hopes, that they might get naore from them, by way of an
amicable Treaty, than they pretended to feek for by War;
that the Chances of War were doubtful, and the Ifliie un- .
certain ; that it was not the part of Wife Men, to negleS the
Benefit which was in their View ; and, upon uncertain Hopea^
to run tbemfelves into mod certain and allnred Dangers.
Nothing was obtained by this Embafly, for Eugenius was
Informed by his Spies, that the Britons d\A but jdiffemble the
obtaining of a» Peace abroad, whilft they were highly intent
upon making mighty warlike Preparations at home ; the &€Qts
and Pt&$ being Inflamed, for that very Rcafon, with their

• old Harred, and invited by the Calamities of the Britons \ or
cife, litted up with Succefs, would give.them no Conditi-
<)ns, but to yield tip their AUi fothac both Armies prepared

for

Book V. S C T L J JSt *D. in

for the laft Encounter. The Confederate Kings having been
Conqoi^rors for fome YeaH, grew high in their Expedations^
snd hoped for a greater Victdry ; and the Britons^ on the d^
thet fide, fet before their Eyes illl the Miferies, that a fierce
alid conquering Enemy could infliS upt>n theiti. In thispu*
fiure of Affairs, and temper of Spirit, when both Parties came
In fight of one another, fuch a (harp Fight comnienCdd be-^
tween them, as the Itihabitants of BriUn had never leetl
before. It was fo obdinately maintained, that, after very
long and hot Service, the right Wing of the S^ott w* , tho*
with Difficulty, forced to give ground ; which Eugenius ptt-
cievine;, having before brought all his other Refirves into
^lay, heat laft commanded the very Squadrons, left to guard
the Baggage, into the Fight : They being intire and frefli Mcn^
routed the BrstoMs which flood againft them; fo that the
Viflory began on that fide, from whence the fear of atotal
Overthrow proceeded. The reft of the Br/Va»x following tbA
Fortune of the other Brigade^ ran away too, and flying into
the Woods and Marfliesnear the Place where theKittelwas
fought; as they were thus ftragglidg, difperfed, aiid unarmed,
their Enemy^sBaggage-men and Attendants flew abundance
of them. Thete fell of the Bntows in this Fight 14000, o^
their Eneitites 4000. After this Fight^ theBr/Vo»x having loft
almoft all their Infantry^ fend Ambafladors to the Scots and
PiSs^ cortimiffioning them to refafe no Conditions of Peace
whatfoever : The Confederate Kings feeing they had all fn
their Power, were fomewhat inclined to Mercy, and there-
fore Terms of Peace were offered, which were hard indeed,
bat not the fevereft which (in fuch their afiliSed State) they
inight have propounded: The Conditions were, ThattbeBtU
tout Jjould not find for any Roman, or other foreign Army^
to ajfift them; T'hat they foould not admit them^ if they cams
ef their own accord, nor give them Liberty to march throngb
their Country; That the Friends and the Enemies of tie
Scots and PiSs Jbonid be theirs intbe fante manner; and
tbat^ without their Permijfion^ they fiiould not makePeac^ or
IFftry nor fend Aid to any^ who defiredit; That the Limits
vf their Kingdom pould be the River Humber; That thef
fookld alfo make frefent Payment of a certain Sum of Mone^
by way of Fiue^ to be divided amongfi the Soldiers^ which aljb
wat to be paid yearly by them; That they fhould give anhun^
dred Hoftages^ fuch as the Confederate Kmgs fpould ap^rovi
of

These Conditions of Peace were taken by fome of the
Brttons with a very ill Will, and it was out of rhere NcceP*
fity they were all oblig'd no accept them 2 The feme NtceC*

fity

ISO The Hi ^tov^Y of Boo* V^r

fity which procured it, made them keep the Peace for foia^
Years: The BritJns being left weak, and quite forfeken hly
the Forefgners, that they might have an Head to refort to^
for publick Advice, made Conftantine^ their Countryman, jai
Kobleman of high Defcent, and of great Repute, (whoocm
they fent for out of GaWsk Brhaftny) their King. He per— ^
ceiving that the Forces of the Britons were broken, both
abroad by Wars, and at home by Feuds, Robberies andDifV
cords, thought fit to attempt nothing by Arms ; but, durir^
the ten Years he reigned, he maintained Peace with hi»
Neighbours; till at laft he was maffacred by the Treachery
of Vort'tgern^ a potent and ambitious Man r He left three?
Sons behind him, of which two were under Age ; the third
and eldeft, as unfit for Government, wasfpirited into a Mo-
naftery, and there confined : However he got to be created
King by the Afliftance of Vortigern^ who fought to obtaia
Wealth and Power to himfelf, under the Envy of another
Man's Name. Peace affording large Opportunities of cul-
tivating and tilling Lands, after a mod grievous Famine^
fuch a plentiful Crop of Grain was produced that the like
Ivas never before heard of m Britain. From hence arole
thofc Vices which ufually accompany Peace; as Luxury^
Cruelty, Whoredom, Drunkennefs, which arc far more per-
nicious than all theMifchiefs of War. Truth and Sinceritf
were fo far from being any where to be found, that Equity^
Performance of Promifes, and conftant good Difcipline, were
not only Subjeds of Scoin and Laughter among the Rabble^
but among the Monks^ and ihofe who profefled a religious
Life; of which Bede^ the Anglo-Saxon^ and Gildas the Bri^
ton^ do make an heavy Complaint. In the mean time the
Ambailadors, who returned from Mtius^ brought word.
That no Relief coulcj beexpefiedfrom bhn: for iht Britons
had fent JLfetters to JEtins, fomc Claufes of which I (hall hers
recite as they are delivered by Bede; both becaufethey area
fuccinS Hiftoryof theMiferies of that Nation, and alfo be-
caufe they demonflratc how much many Writers are mif'
taken in their Chronology. The Words are thefe, To JEm$y
the third ttme Conjuly the Complaints of the Britons. And a
little after. The Barbarians drive us to the Sea^ the Sea beats
fii back again upon the Barbarians ; we have no Choice but one
of thefe two kinds of Deaths ^ either to' be killed or drowned*
Now Mtius in his third Confulftip had Symmachus for his
CoUegue, in the 45-0''' Year after Chrift. Neither could there
any Aid be obtained from him, who was then principally in-
tent upon obfervingtbc Motions ofAtt/la: The rcll of the
Britom being driven to this desperate Pointy V^rtigern alone

was

*o6itV; SCdtLJN'3. tit

^as- glad of the publick Calamity ; and in fiich a general
Confufion he thought he mi^ht, with greater Impunity, per*
petrate that Wickednefs which he had long before deljgncd
in his Mind ; which was,- to caqft the King to be flain by
thofe Guards whom he had appointed to be placed about his
Perfon ; and afterwards, to avert the Sufpicion of fo foul a,
Parricide from himfelf, in a ptetcnded Fit of Anger, as ff
he were impatient of Delay in executing Revenge, he caufed
the Guards alfo to be put to Death, without fuftering them to
plead for themfelves. Thus having obtained the JCingdom
by the higheft degree of Villany, he maintained it in no b'et-
ier. a manner than he ufurpcrf it. For, fufpeding tha
Faith of the People towards him, and not confiding in his
own Strength^ which was but fmall, he engaged the Saxotis
to take his part, who were then turned Pirates at Sea, and
Infefted all the Shores far and hear. He procured their Cap»
tein Hengift^ with a ftrorig Band of Soldiers, to come to
him. with three Galleys, and he affigned over Lands to hiai
in Brit4i» ; fo that now Hengift was to fight,^ not as for a (Irangd
Country, but as for his own Demefneand Eftate, artd. there-
fore was likely to do it with the more good Will. Whcti
Ihii was noifed abroad, fuch large Numbers of three Nations^
the jMfes;^ the SaJicons^ and the J»gles are reported to have
flocked out of Germany into Brhaif$i that they became for-
midable even to the Inhabitants of the Ifland. Firft of all>
about the Year of our Lord 449, Vortigern htxng ftrengthen*
ed by thofe Auxiliaries, joined Battle with the Scots and
PtSs^ whom he conquered, and drove beyond Jdrian^t
Wall. As for what relates to Eugemasi the King of the
Scots^ there goes a double Report of him; fome fay he was
flain ill Fight beyond the River //«i«^^r ; others, that he died
a natural Death. However he came by his End, this \& cer-
tain, he governed the Scots with fuch Equity, that he maf
defervedly.be reckoned amongft theBeft of their Kings. For
though he (pent the firft part of his Life, almoll from his
Childhood, in War, yet he made fuch a Proficiency under
the Difcipllne of his Grandfather, from whom he learnt fuch
^n Evennefs of Mind and Temper, that neither the Licence
of Camps (as it ufually doth) could draw him to Vice;
lior make him more, negligent in conforming his Manners
to the ftriS Rules of Piety ; nor could his profpcrous Suceels
hiake him more arrogant. And on the ocher.lide, the Pe^cc
tad Calm he enjoyed, abated not at all the Sharpnefs of his
Underftanding, nor did it break hiS; martial Spirit; but he
led his Life with fuch an Equality of Behaviour, that merely
by the Advantage of his natural Difpofition, he equalled, or

O 2 ramer

1%% Tke Vlis roHY of B06K V^

rather exceeded, thofe Princes who are inftruQed in the If—
beral Arts, and from thence come to the Helm of Govcnr—
ment^

DoNGARDOS, The forty fecond King.

TH E fame Year that Ettgeniui died, which was m thr«
45*2^ OTear of out Lotd^ his Brothet, D9nfardus^ fuc*
ceeded him in the Throtie. He was of a Difpofition flk&
his Brother; for, as he was wiUing to embrace Pcacie upoCK
good Conditions ; fo, when Occafiofi reqtilred, he was nort
afraid of War. And therefote^ in reference both to Peace
and War, he not only prepared all things neceflafy to tcfift
the Invafion of an Enemy, but he likewife trained up. the
Youth and Soldiery of his Country to Pains and Parfimony ;
that fo they might be rellrained from Y\ct^ and their Minds
not grow feeble and languid by long Quiet, and too much
Profperity. But the Seditions at home, raifed by xht Britons^
were the Caufe that his Arms were not much famed abroad.
But being freed from that Incumbrance, he gave himfelf
wholly up to the Reformation of Religion ; for the Rellcks
of the Pelagian Herefy did as yet trouble the Churches. To
confute them Pope Ctf/^/?/»^ km PalJadius over, (in the Life
of his Father Eugenius) who inftruacd many, that grew af»-
terwards famous for Learning and Sandlity of Life; and
cfpecially P/?/r/V/«/, Servanus^Ninianus^KentigcrnuSn The
fame PaUadius is reported to have firft of all appointed Hi*
fhops in Scotland. Whereas 'jfill then, the Churches were go-
verned only by Monks^ without Bifhops, with lefsPomp and
external Ceremony, but with greater Integrity and Sandi-
mony of Life* The Scots being thus Intent about purging
and fetling Religion and divine Worfhip, efcaped free from
that Tempeft of War which (battered almoft all the World.
In the fecond Year of the Reign of Eugentus^ Fortigern yfz,%
depofed, and his Son, Vorilmer^ chofen King ofthe5r//d»/.
He renewed the ancient League with the Scots and PiBs
that fo he might more eafily break the Power of the Saxons^
which was a triple Alliancef that the three Nations had en-
tered into againft the Romans in the Days of Caranjius.
Dongardus did not longfurvivc this League, for he died after
he had reigned five Yca«.

COK«

BoyOK V. SCOT L J NT). tii

GOK8TA.TINE L The firty third Kiiig.

CO NS TA NTlNUSy his youngeft Brother, fuccced-
ed him ki the Government ; who, in his private Con<*
dition hved temperately enough, but as foon as he mount-
ed the Throne, he gave a loo(e to Debauchery. He was
l^vetous and cruel to the Nobih'ty, but familiar with Men
of an inferior Rank. He gave himfelf wholly up to the
ilebauching both of Virgins and Matrons, and to riotous
Feafts; having always Muficians and Stage^players about
him, and all other Parafites that would adminider to his
JUufts and Pleafures. The Scotfb Nobility, being offended
atthefeMifcarriages, catne often to him, to put him in mind
of his Duty. He received their Admonitions very haughtily,
bidding them to look after their own Affairs ; atrd Sying,
That he h^d fufficient Advice from others: He told them
too. That they were much miftaken if they thought to pre-^
icribe to their King, on Pretence of advifing him. And as he
was thus arrogant towards his SubjeSs, fo he was abje£k
and fubmiffive to his JEnemjes. For he granted them Peac^
at firft asking, and forgave them the Injuries they had com^
nittted ; nay, he demoh'fhed fome Cadles, and delivered up
others to them. This Carriage of his did fq far incenle the
Scots and P/V9x, that the Scots were ready to rebel ; and the
P/V?/, who before had dealt underhand with the Saxons^ fet
up for themfelves, and at lad made a publick League with
them. But amonglt the Scots there was one Dugai of Gal^
7i;ay^ of great Authority amongft the Commons. He, for
the prefent, reftrained the Multitude by an infinuating Ora-
tion, in which he acknowledged, That many of thofe things
which they complained of were true, and that what they de»
fired was juft. But yet if a War (hould happen to break out, *

as an Addition to their other P^ iferies, the Kingdom would
be endangered, nay, hardly to be faved from Deftruflion ;
cfpecjally fqr that the piffs were alienated from them ; the
Britons^ (ince Mortimer's Death, but their uncertain Friends;
and the Saxopts (who were very ftrong and potent, and who
managed tjieir Victories with great Cruellies, and in whofe '
Commerce there was no Faith to be repofed) were always
infepf upon the Deftruftion of all their Neighbours.

The People being thus appeafed by theWifdpn^ and Pru*^
dence of fpme of their grave Elders, the King continued to
reign, though with the Hatred and Contempt of all ; but was
at length fmote by a Nobleman of tht Mifud4e^ for ravifliing
bfs Daughter, in ihe fifteenth Year qf his Reigq. This isth^

O 3 ' coamiott

J 84. The H 1 s T o R Y I?/ Book W

jcominDn Report concerning his Death ; but I rather incline
to the Opinion of Johannes Fcrdonui^ wHio fays in his Scotia
fhronuon^ that he reigned twenty two Years, and at laft die<^
pf a hngering Diftemper. In his Reign Aureltus AmhrofiuM-
jcame into this hritain^ out Df the Lefs- Britknny beyptid Sea jf
ihe wasiheSon oi Conjiantine^ who held the Kingdoms fomer
Years before; but he being treacheroUfly (lain, and his Bro-
ther, who reigned after his Father, being alfo maflacred by
yortigern^ through the like Treachery, the two other remaiihf
tng Sons of Conftanune were conveyed by their Father's
Friends mto French Bretagne. I think this Original of Jnr^-^
fins Arhhtofius^ is truer than that which others deliver, (among
Twhom is Bede) for they fay, that he was the laft of the Ro^
man Stock who reigned In Britain: Thefe two Brdther^^
when Vonimer was murdered by the Fraud of his Stepmother \
* and V<jrtigern had made himfelf King without Autuority o|:
Power, being pow grown up and fit to govern, returned^
with the great Favour and Expefiation of all Men, into the
Illand, to recover their Father's Kingdom ; and withal, they
brought no inconfiderable Number -of Britons out of Gaul
^long with them. After their Arrival, before they would
alarm the* Strangers, they fubdued Vortigem in Wales^ and
then fent MefTengers ^o the Scats and irtBi^ defiring " their
AUiiince, and craving the Afliftance of their Arms again^
the Saxonsy the moft bitter Enemies of the Chriftian Name.
Their Embaffy was kiridly' received by the Scots^ and the
League before made with C^onftantine^ was again renewed,
iw'hich from that Day remained aimoft inviolate, till the King?
doiti of Britain was opprefled by the Angles^ and the Kingdom
of the PiUs by the ^scots. But \\iifiBs anfwered the Bri-f
tip Arpbaffadors, That they had already made a League
With the Saxons^ and that they faw lip Cauft to break itj
but they were refdlved to run all Hazards with them for the
, future^ and to be partakers of 'their good or bad Succefs,
iThus the whole Ifland was divided into two Fafiions, the
&cots and Briton^ waging cpntinual War agaijift the Bi^if
lind Saxons* *x i. , ^

CoNGA^LU^ I. The forty fisfffh I^ing,

TO C^nJlaKtint fuccceded Congalluf, the Soil of /Joaf
gardus^ Cvr,JiantJnf*s Brother: He was inclinable tq
Arms, but durft not then attempt any thing, becaufe the Peo?
pk were effeminated and weakened by Lafcivioufnefs and
Luxury, durfrg the Reign of his Pncle. And though many iii
ippmpliunce >viUi his Pllpofitjonj (as ufually Kfeg« hav« many

Book V. SCO T L A N "D: is/

fcLch Parafites) often perfuaded him to take up Arms, yet
he would never be brought to hearken to it. Firft then he
applied himfelf to correfl: the pubh'ck Manners, neither did
he attempt to reduce the ancient Difciplinc, 'till he had creat-
ed new Magiftrates; and by their Means had cut ofF ma-
ny Sfcits and Controverfies, and rcftrained Thefts and Rob-
|>erfes. Peace being fctled at home, he endeavoured to re-
claim others to a more civil Courfe of Life; firft of all by
his own Example, and feco;idly by gently chaftifing, or clft
coQtemning thofe as infamous who took no Copy from
him, bat perfifted obftinately in their evil Courfes ; and thi^$
he quickly brought all things to their former Condition. See-
ing (as I faid before) at the beginning of his Reign he gave
him&lf wholly up to the Study of Peace, the Britons began
to perfuade Aunlius Amhrofiui to recover fFeftmorelaitdfxom
the Scots^ which they had poflcffed many Years. Upon thi>
fdveral Embaffies being fent to and fro betwixt them, the
Matter was like to be decided by the Sword, if fear of the
common Enemy had not put an end to the Difpute; fb that
the League made by Conftantwe was renewed, and no Al-
teration made in reference to Weflmoreland. Congallus had
War with the Saxons all the time of his Reign ; but it was
a flow and intermitting one, as Parties met by Chance whea
out upon Plunder, and carrying off their feveral Booties ; in
which kind of fighting, the Scots being nimble, light, and
moft Horfemen, accounted themfelves fuperior to their Ene-
mies, but they never came to a pitched Battle : For Congal"
1ms was of opinion. That it was beft to truft as few things
as poffible to the Dedfion of Fortune, and therefore he fent
part of his Forces to help AnreUus Ambrofius\ and wkh the
reft he wearied his Enemy, and never fuffered them to reft
Night or Day. Merlin and Gildas lived in the Days of thefe
and the next Kings: they were both Britons, and fettled a
great Fame amongft Pofterity, who conceived a vaft Opini-
on of their Prophecies and Divinations. Jl/<rr//» was a little
the more ancient of the two, a Che^t and Impoftor, rather
than a Prophet. His Vaticinations are fcattered up and down,
but they are obfcure, and contain no Certainty at all, to en-
courage any Hopes before their fulfilling; or to fatisfy Men
when they are fulfilled; fo that there is no Truth in them on
either account. And befides, ihey are fo framed, that you
may accommodate or apply them to different or contrary E-
vents, as yim will your felf. Yet, tho' they are daily fur-
biihed up, and alio augmented by new Additions, fuch is
the Folly of cr^^ljlous Men, that what they under (land not,
Ihey grey^:b0ld {o affirm to be as true as Gufpel j and tho'
P 4 they

186 The UisroKY of BooicVll

they be taken in a notorious Lye, yet tbey will not bear to bo
convinced of it.

GILD AS was later than he, a learned and j^ood Man^
and one who was held in great Veneration both in his Life-»-
time and after his Death, becaufe he was excellent in Learn-*-
ing, and eminent for Sanflity. The Prophecies which go
under his Name are fach ridiculous Sentences, and lb coarle
and fb ill-framed in the wording of them, and alfoin the
whole Series of their Compofure, that no wife Man can
efieem them to be his. Each Prophet had a Patron fafc-
able to his own Difpofition. Merlin had Fortigcrm for his
Patron, and after him liter ^ to whom he was a Seer and Pan-
der in his Luft. Gildas had Aurelius Ambrofius, a Perfbn
no lefs admirable for the Probity of his Life, than for his
Viflorics in War; after whofe Death Gildas retired into
Glafienhury in Somerfetjhire^ where he lived and died very
devoutly. Our Books of the Life of Aurelius Amkr^fins
niake mention of him: To which >f«rf/i«r/, Uttr^ theyoang'^
eft of Conftamineh three Sons, fucceeded, in the Year of
our Lord 5*00. And the next Year zh^t Congallusy King of
Scotlafid^ departed this Life, in the twenty fecpnd Year of
})is Reign. " . ^ ^

G o R A N 8, The forty fifth King,

GORANUSy his Brother, fucceeded him; and, after
bis Example, governed Scotland with great Piety and
Tuftice, as far as forfcign Wars would permit him to do fo; for
)ie not only travelled all over the Kingdom (as the good Kings
pf old vTQtQ wont to do) to puniih Offenders, but alfo to
prevent the Injuries lyhich great Men offered to the Poor;
Who, in fuch Cafes, dared not to complain; and to curb
their oppreffive way of Lording it over them, he appointed
fTgformers; who were to find out fuch Mifcarriages, writ^
them down, and bring them to him: A Remedy neceifary,
perhaps, fof thole Times, but a very haiardous one in thefe
pur Days. He was the chief Means and Occalipn, that the
Pr^/, deferting th? Saxons^ made a joint League with the
Scots and, BritonSf At that time Lothus was King pf the
pt£ls^ a Perfon who excelled the Princes of |iis time in all
Accomplifliments, both pf Body and Mind^ Goranus dealt
rarneftly with him, to break his Alliance with thofe barbof^
rous Nations j alledging, That he ought to re[nember his
pwn Country, in which they were all born, and cfpecially
their common Religion. That he was mach deceived if he
Imagined, chat the P^ace betvyixt \m ^4 (be Saxony wpul^

«6oic V: S COT LA N^D. tti

l>e feithfullYkq>t, when oxxcttYieBritons^n^ Seats were ovcr^
Chrown; feeing he had to do with Men of inhuman Crur
elty, and infatiable Avarice : That they had given fufficicnt
Proofs how little they efteemed Leagues, or any other
thing, when they wickedly flew the Nobility of the Britont^
who had fo well deferved of them, upon Pretence of calling
them out to a Conference. That the Son-in-Law was fav
cd alive by the Father-in-Law, not for any alleviation of his
Calamity, but for upbraiding him as an Enemy. He added^
That the facred Tie of Leagues, which amongft other Na-
tions are accounted the firmeB Bonds of Union, wasamoogft
theni as a Snare or Bait, to catch the fimple and unwary in.
To what purpofe was it to run fo many Hazards, to free
then^lves from the Tyranny of the Romans^ if they muft
pf their own accord give themfelves up to the much harder
and bafer Servitude of the Saxons^, This was not to make a
Change of their Condition^ but of their Mafier only : Nay^
it was to prefer a blood- thirfty and bar bar om one, before
we that was mild and gentle. What a foolifl), and wild
Ihing was it, to take away Lands from the Scots and Brir
t(ms^ and to deliver them (o the Germans ? And fo to de<f
fpoil thofe. who were but lately their Friends, and endeared
to them b^ many ancient Courtefies and Relpeds, that they
might enrich Pir^tef^ the common Enemies of Mankina,
even to their own DeftrpSion. That it ought to be eiteemed
the moft grievous thing of all, by one who was a true ChriV
ftian, to coofenjt to |hat JLeague, whereby Chriftian Re-
ligion muft be extinguifbed, profane Rites renewed, and
wicked Tyrants, the Enemies of piety and Humanity, arm-
ed with Power againft Gpd and his Law.

LOTHUS knew all this to be true, which he had
fpoken, and therefori^ hp comniitted the whole Affair to Go^
roMMs his Management; he ea^ly perfuades Uter^ not only
to m^e an Alliance, but to contra^ an Affinity too with
the PiSs\ giving him Jlnna^ who was either his Sifter, or
clfc his Daughter, h^otten in lawful Wedlock, to Wife;
I am rather of their Opiniop, who think (he was his Sifter,
a$ judging that the M!(lakc arofe from hence; ThztUter
had another natural Daughter, called Anna^ by a Concubine,
After this J-icague between thefe three Kings, many Vido^
ties were obtained over the $axonf^ fo that the Name ofUter
)>egan to be great and formidable all ov^r Britain, Al ter all the
Commanders of the Saxons were flain, and the Power of thoft
that remained broken, and fo things made almoft hopelefsand
idelperate among them, Vter might have been accounted oq^
pf f|j|5 greatcQ Kings of \a% A)je, ha^ he not by one foul and

impiouf

\tt The H I s T b R r <^/ Book V;

ims^ofctt Fa6l, brought a Cloud over tU his other great Vir*
meK. There was one Gerlois^ a NohU Briton^ of great Va*
lour and Power, whofe Wife hfrney a beautiful Lady,
Vtcr whfle yet in a private Condkfon, doated upon; but
lier Chaftity being a long time a Guard agatnft bis Luft,
at laft her Continency was conquered by Merlin^ a Man
aodackxiily wicked^ and m this adulterous Commerce he
begat a Son on her, named Arthur. Vttr^ his own law-
^1 Wife being dead, himfelf now freed from nuptial
Bonds, and m^e a King, and io (as he thought) free from
Ijaw too^ not being able to bear the Abfence of Igernr^
out of Love to her, attempted a very rafli Projed. He
fiamed an Accufation againft Gorlms^ befieged his Caftle^
look it, flew him, married Igernt^ and owned Anhir for
bf« own Son, educating him nobly, in hopes of leaving
fcim Heir to the Kingdom. And feeing hfs Wife*s In-
lamy could not l>e concealed, that he might Ibmewhat
txtenoate ft, they forged a Tale, not much unlike that
irhich had been often aSed in Theatres, about Jmpiter
jtnd Alcmena^ viz- That Uter^ by the Art of Merlin^ was
changed into the Shape of Gorhh, and fo had his firft
Ki^ht*s Lodging with Iger»e ; and indeed this Merlin waa
a Man of that Kidney, that he had rather be famous for a wick*
kA DoG^y than none at all. Arthury thus begot by a (loin
Copulation, as loon as he grew up, appeared fo amiable in
the Lineaments of hrs Body, and in the Inch'nations of hi;
^Ifi>d, that the Eyes of his Parents, and of all the People too,
were iixed upon him, and gave many Okiens of his future
Creatnefi, fo that after his Father's Death, all agreed tipon
|iim to be their King. And his Father was fo much pleafed
tvfth ihfs Humour of the People, that he chcrJflied \t by
all the Arts he could ; C) that now it was the common Op5-
Utoa, that none but Arthur (hould be Heir to the Crown.
Vier died when he had reigned 17 Years, ftnd prefcntly i#r-
tbnr was fet up in his (lead ; tho' Lothus^ King of the Pfdty
idld much oppdfe \t^ grtevoufly complaining, that his Chil-
€lren (for he had two, begotten on Anna^ Arthur* s Aunt,
whp were now of Years) were deprived of their Kingdom;
and that a 3aftard, begotten in Adultery, was preferred be-
fore them On the other fide, all the Britaffs flood for Ar-
fhnr and denied that h^ was to be accounted fpurious, be-
Icaufe Uur m^rric^ his Mother at laft, tho* }t were after his
Birth ; and by that Marriage had treated him as bis legitimate
iSon, and had always accounted him fo to be: But although
^hcy pretended this CplQur Pf Right, yet that which flood
. * 4r4bur

^ob«V. SCOtLAN*D: itj

^rtknr 15 moft ftead^ was his great Ingenuity, and thoCb
Specimens of his Virtue which he often (hewed; nay, thert
^vas a tacit Impreffion (as it were) pn the Minds of all
^eh,, prefagihg his future Greatnefs. So that all ran la
thick and threefold (as we fay) to his Party, infotnuch that
lothus^ being borne down not only by that Pretence of Right,
i^which, after that time, was always dbferved in Britain)
but by the Affcttions of the People running another way,
defined. from hij> Enrcrpriie in demanding the Kingdom;
vhich he did fo much the rather do, becaufe he was loth to
truft his Children, foir whom that Kingdom was defired, tq
the Britons^ Who had Diewn themfelves fo averfe to them,
Befides, the Intreatie« of his Friends prevailed with him, who
all alledged, That no Kingdom ought to be lb dear to him,
as to make him iperelv^ tor the fake Of a Throne, join la
Affinity with InfJdds (to the Overthrow of the Chrifiiam
Religion) who would np more inviolably keep their Lcagj^e
and Alliance with him, jhan they had done before with the.
hrttons. Moreover, the liberal and promtfing Difpofition
of Arthur^ and the Greatnefs of his Mind, even above his
Age, very much afteSed hfm. Inlbmuch thai the League
made by former Kings, betwixt the Scots^ PiUs^ and Britons^
was again renewed, and upon that fo great a Fanifliarity en*
fued, that Lothui promifed to fend Gahinusy the youngeft of
his two Sons, to the Brltifa Court, as foon as he was old
jcnough to bear the Fatigue of the Journey, Arthur entred upon
the Regal Government before he wa$ quite 18 Years old :
But as his Courage was above his Age, foSuccefs was not
wanting to his daring Spitit ; for whereas his Father had di^
yided the Kingdom by certain Boundaries, with the Saxons^
and had made Peace with them on Conditions \ the fairOp*
portunity offered them, by reafon of the youthful Age of
the King, toore prevailed with them tp break the Peaee,
than the SanQity of the League could prevail with them to
obferve it, Arthur^ that he might quench the Fire in the
beginning, gathered an Army together fooner fhan ^ny Man
could' imagine, and, being affifted with Auxiliaries from the
Scots and r/<5f/, he overthrew the Enemy in two great Bat-
tels, compelling them to pay Tribute, and to receive Law^
from hin>'. With the fame Eagerneis and Speed he took
London^ the Metropolis of the Saxon^s Kingdom ; and, hav^
ing fettled thing? tjiere, he marched his Army diredly to-
wards Tori. Bu^ the Report of Auxiliary Forces coming ouf
pf GermoKv^ and the Approach of Winter, compelled him to
raife his Siege from thence. But the next Summer after, a^
ifbooas evi^r he cam? before Jl^r/(, he had if immediately ixxx*

rendre^

t90 TiftUisr OKY of Book V7

fcijidr^ to him ; fach ^d fo great was the Fear^ that Ins
npexpefied Succefi the Year before had ftrack into the
Minds of Men. He took op his Wimer-Quarters there,
whitber reforted to him the prime Perfons of the Neigh*
boarhood, and of his SobjeSs, where they fpent the latter
end of Dtcemher in Mirth^ Jolh'ty, Drinking, and the Vices
whfch are too often the Conlequences of them ; fo that the
Rtprefentatioos of the old heatheniOi Feafts, dedicated to
:$,asf$rM^ were here again revived ; but the Number of Days
they laded were doubled^^and amongft the wealthier Sort
trebled, during which time they counted it almofi a Sin to
treat oi any (erfoos Matter. Gifts are fent mutually from
pid to one another ; frequent Invitations and Feaftings pafis
between Friends, and the Faults of Servants are not puni&-
icd. Our CouDCrymen call this Feaft Juletide^ fubttituting
the Name of JhUi^s C^far for that ot Saturn. The VuC
gar are yet perfuaded, th^t the Nativity of Chrift is chea
cffebr^ted, but it is plain, that they eshibif the LafciviouP
ne& of the BMchan4lia^ rather than the Memory o( Chrift's
Nativity.

I N the mean time, the Saxons were reported to have pitched
Ibeir Tents by the River Humbert and, whether it was fbor
nor, Arthur marched towards them : But in as much as the
Brit(mi were effeminated by Pleafures, by that Means they
were leOfit for military Services; infomuch that they did not
fetm the fame Men, who bad overthrown the Saxons in
£> many Battles heretofore; for, by their luxurious Idlenefs,
they bad added fo much to their RaOinefi, as they had loft of
their ancient Severity of Difcipline, They being fo, Advice
was given by the wifer Sort, to fend for Aid from the $c9ts
and Pt&s. Apcordingly Ambaffadors were ftnt, and Ai4
cafily obtained; fo that thofe who bad been gimoft disjoinect
by Ambition, were fo reconciled by a mutual Care of RehV
l^ion, and animated by If mulation, th^t Forces were fent
from eithfr King) fooner than could well have been imagined.
I^bms iillb, that be might give a publick Teflimony of
1^^ Reconciliation, brought his Sons, Modredus and GM'^
muiy Vith Mm into the Camp ; GaUinus he gave to /Irtbur^
^ his Cpmpaijion, whom ,be received with fo great Courtefie^
tfi^t frpp that P^y forward they lived and died together.
The Artpy of the three Kings being thus ready, and their
Camps joined, it was ananimoufly agreed between them,
Xhat as the Danger wascommpn to them alt, and the Caufe
of it was alfo tbe fame^ fo they would drive out the Sax-
on$y and rcftor^ tbeChri(lian Rites and Religion, which were
pro^ned by them. The Armies drawing near the one to th«
pfhcr^ Qua^ Soa of a former 0^(a^ then General of the

Saxm

%ohk V. scbttAH 'd: m

iaxoMSy made hafte to join Batcle. In the Confederate Ar-
ttiy^ the two Wings were allpued to the S^ofi and PiSs^
the iiiain Battle to Arthur. The Scofs^ at the firft Qnfet,
wounded C^V^r/Vi,. Commander of that Wing of the Ene-
my, that foaght ag^inft tbeni: He falling, by reaibn of hk
Wouiids. fo terrified the Keft,. that the whole Wing was
broken. Iti the other Wing, C^lgernus the Sax9n^ after hav-
ing cried otit Shame upon the Perfidioufneis crf'the PUs^aP
fiolted Lotbus^ whom he knen^ by his Habit and his Arms^
:with great Violence, and difinounted him ; but he himlea
being hernmM in among the midft of his Enemies, was roa
thro' by two Pi3s^ with Spears on both fides of his Body.
The main Battle, where the Fight was the ibarpeQ, haying
loft both Wings, did at length give Ground; Occa bdn^
wounded, was carried to the Sea-fide, with as many as could
get on Shipboard with him, and tran^rted mtoGermawyi
thofe of the remaining Saxms who were moft obftinate ia
their Error, were put to Death ; the reft, pretending to torn
to the Chriftlan Religion, were laved.

There were other great Forces of the Saxons yet contw
Sluing in the Eaftern part of Emgland^ and in Kemt. The
Summer after Arthur marched againfi them, having loooo
Scots and PiSs for his Afiiftance; Cougallus^ the Son of^ar-

5euius^ commanded the Scots; and modredus^ the Son of
Mhus^ the PiSs ; both vouug Men of great Hope, and who
bad often given good Teftimontes of theirValour andConduft.
This Army of three Kings being about five Miles from the
Enemy, and their Camps being diftant one from another;
The Saxons being informed by their Spies, that the PiUs (who
were farthcil diftant from the other Forces) were very care*
lefs and fecure, they made a fudden and unexpeded Afifault
on them in the Night. Modredus made a gallant Refiftance
for a time; at la(l, when things were almoft deiperate on
his Side, he mounted on an Horfe with Gallanusy his Father-
in-Law, and fo fled to King Arthur. Arthur was nothing
difmayed at the Lofs of the P/V9/, but ipent that Day in fet-
iing things which were diCcompoled ; after that, his Army
being commanded to march in the third Watch, he came up-
on the Enemy with a treble Army, and was at the Saxons
Camp before they knew what the Matter was: The Saxons^
all in a terrible Difmay, ran up and down, having no time to
take Coanfel, or to arm themfelves ; thus their Camp being
entered, they were flain by the Britons^ but more efpeciallf
the enraged PiV7/ were cruel to all without DifiinSion.

Some Writers of EngUfr Antiquities fiy, That Arthstr
ibughc twelve pitched Battles lyith the S^xousi but becaufe
" - * ' ^ thcj

1 s * <> ik 1r

he wholly fabdued the Forced of the Saxo»Sy and reftored
Peace to Britain; and when he went over to fettle Things
In Lefs Britain in France^ he trdfted the Kingdom to A^o^
dredus his 'Kmftnan; who Was td manage the Qovern-
inent as King till his Return. I have riior Certainty 0f thd
Exploits be performed in Gaul: As id what Geoff ry at
Monmouth attributes to him there, it hath nO 'Shadowy
much lefs Likelihood of Truth. iii it; fo that I pafs Jt alf
by as impudently forged, and as caufekfly believed. But to
return to the Matter. . ..

Whilst Arthur was abfent, and ihtetit on fetliiog tte
Gallick Affairs, her^ were fown the .S&ds of a \^ar, moft
pernicious to Britain. There Was a certain Mian in yfr-
tbur^% Retinue, named Conli&ntine^ the Son of Cador;
who^ for the excellent Endowments both of his Bpdy an^
Mind^ was highly in all Mens Favour. He fecretfy aimed
at the Kingdom^ and to make tjie Peopld his own ; where-if
upon the Nobles, at a conveiiieftt time, virhen the Iving was
ffee from BufinefSi call in Words concerning his SucQeilpr :
befecching him to add this alfo to' the other innumerablci
Blcffings he had procured for his Country; that if he died
childiefs he would not leave Britain deftitute of a King,^
clpecially when fo great Wars Were like to be waged againft
them. Hereupon when fbme named Modredus as neateft of
Kin, and already accuftolned to the Government, both in
Peace and War; and one too who had given good proof of
hlmfelf in his Viceroy^Shipi who was alfo likely to make
no Imall Addition to the Britijh Affairs : This faid, the'
Multitude who favoured Conjiantine^ cried out, That they
would not have a Stranger to be their King ; and that iSr/-
ta'tn was not fo bare of Great Men, but that it would af-
ford a King within its own Territories: They. added alfo,
That it was a foolifh thing to feek for thtft abroad^ whic}i
they could have at home, Arthurkwtw before the jLove of
the People to Conftantinf; and therefote, tho' being a Man
otherwife ambitious, yet he eafily took part With the Peo-
ple; and, from that Day, (hewed him openly^ and cheriihed
in hirii the Hopes of the Kingdom. Modredus his Friends
took this ill, and looked upon it as a great Wrong to himj
They alledgcd, That by the League made by Arthur Iviih
hothusy it was exprefly cautioned^ that none ihould be pfe^
fered to the Succeffion of the Kingdom before the Sons of
Lotbnu To which the Gomrary Pa^ty aafwer«d^ That that
j{ league'

BdaK V- SCOTLAND. lyj

LfCagae was extorted by the Neceffity of the Times agaioil the
conuBoo Good of the whole Nation, and that they were
not obliged to keep it, noiffLotbus, with whom it was mad<^
was dead. And that therefore the PiSs would do well to be
tonteoted with their own Bounds, and not to invade other
Mens, That the Kingdom of Britain, by God's Bleffiiif,
was now in that State, that it could not onlv defend it l^tf
againft new Injuries, but alio revenge the old^

Th£S£ things being brought to Modre Jus's £ar, quite alie-
nated his Mind from Artbur, and inclined him to fet up for him-
felf by maintaittlt^ his own Dignity, only be a little (itP
pended the War till he had tried the Minds of the Seotsi
When they were brought over to his Party, an Army was lift-
ed qonfiAing of many PiSs^ StotSy and fbme Britons, wto
were induced tp (ide with Modredus, either for the Equity of
his Caufe, the Love of his Perfon, or their private Hatred of
Arthur. Nay, Fanora the Wife of Arthur, was thougbt
not to be ignorant of thefe new Cabals, as having been toa
familiat wtti; Modredus. Both Armies pitched their TeiMs
by Huwber, and being ready to engage, Propofals were made
by the BiflK^s on both Sides, in order to a Peace, but im
vain; for Conflantine^s Friends obflru£led all, affirming^
that the Felicity of Arthnr^s Fortune would bear down m.
Oppo&tion. Hereupon a ddperate Fight began on both Stde%.
but two t^ngs efpecfally turned to the Advant^e of Jli!^-
dredns and his Confederates^ one was a Marih in the midil
between them^ which the Britons could not eafily pafs ; the
other was this ; in the heat of the Fight there was one fub-
orned to i|H-ead a Report among the Britoins, that Artbut
was flain, and therefore all being loft^ every one ftould flaift
for himfelf. The Rumour f}>r€ad pre&ntly, they all fled, y«c
there was a great Slaughter on both Sides, neither was the
Vidory joyous to either Party; for on the one M^Modre*
dus was flain, and on the other his Brother Gtf/W««/ ; Arthur
famifelf mortally wounded, and a great Booty taken.

I very well know what fabulous Matters are reported bj
many, concerning the Life and Death of Arthur, but they
are not fit to be related, left they caufe a Mift to be cnS
over his other famous AQions ; for 'when Men confidently
affirm Lyes, they caufe the Truth it felf many times to be
calloi in queftion. This is certain, he was a great Man, and
very valiant, bearing an in tire Love to bis Country, in free-
ing th«n from Servitude : in rcftoring the true WorfliJp of
God, and in reforming it when it was corrupted. I have
fpoken thele things concerning his Line^e, Life and Death
more prolixly than the Nature of my DeJSgn required ; for

I never

154 J^/&f History ^ Book Vj

i never meint to record all the Exploits of the Britons^ birt
lo free and prfcferve the Affairs of our own Nation from the
tDblivion of Tihie, and the fabulous Tales of fome lewd
and lU-difpofed Writers. I have infifted longer on the Ex-
ploits of Arthur^ t^ftly becaufe Ibme curtail them ddc of
£nvy, and others heighten them vtrith oftentatious,Hyper-
t)oles. He died in the Year of our Lord five hundred and
forty two, after he had reigned twenty four Years.

But to return to the Affairs of Scotland i GoroHus the
King now grown old, departed this Life, dfterhehadgoverd*
ed Scotland thirty four Years; 'tis thought he was treache-
f oufly flain by his SubjeSs. There was one i'oncetus^ Chief
Juflice in criminal Matters, a Man no left cruel than covcf*
tous; who played many foul Pranks againft the richer Sort,
and thought he might eafily get pardon of all from the King,
becaufe by this Means he had augmented his Tfeafury. The
People could not eafily obtain Admittance to the King, now
^own weak with Age and Sicktiefs, to make their Coin*
plaints; and, if they had Accefs, they judged their Allegati-
ons' woQld not have been believed sigainft fuch a principU
Officer, and fo high a Favourite, fo that they fit upon Tonte*^
tns and murdered him. But after the Heat of their Anger Wa$
over, when they began to think with themfelves how foul ^
TzSt they had committed^ and that there was no pardon t6
be ezpe£ted by them, they turned their Wrath and Fury up*
ton the King himfelf; and, by the Infiigation of Donald of
Jtiol^ they entred into his Palace and flew him alfi><

£ u G E K I u s III. The forty Jixtb King.

EUGENIUS, the Son of Congdllnt^ foccecded him;
when he was advifed by fome of the Nobility to revenge
the Death of his Uncle Goranus^ he entertained the Moti-
on fo coldly, that he himfelf was not without Sufpicion
in the Cate, and the Sufpicion was encreafed, becaufe ht
took Donald of Athol into his Grace and Favour. So that
the Wife of Goranus^ for fear, fled with her fmall Children
into Ireland, But Eugenius^ to purge his Life and Manners
from fo foul an Imputation, fb managed the Kingdom, that
none of the former Kings could be juftly preferred before
him; he afllfted Modrtdus^ and alfo Arthur^ againft the
Saxons. He fent feveral Captains to make daily Incurfions
into the Englifh Borders ; but he never fought a pitched Bat*
tel with them. He died in the Year of Chrid five hundred
and fifty eight, having reigned twenty three Years.

4 CoK-*

Book V. SCOTLAND. 19$

C o K G A L L U S II. 7%e forty fevemb King.

HI S Brother Congallus next governed the Kingdom, and
governed it ten Years with the greatcft Peace and Tran-
qniUity; a Man v^rhofe excellent Virtueg rendered hioi wor-
thy of eternal Memory; for befides his Equity in Matters
of Lavir, and an Averfion which he had from his very Soul
to all Covetoufneft, he vyed with the very ilfo^ifx themfcl ves,
in point of Sobriety of Life; though they, atthattime, were
under a moft fevere Difcipline. He enriched Priefts with
Lands and other Revenues, more out of a pious Intention,
than with any good Succefs. He reftrained the Soldiers,
"Who were declining to Effeminacy and Luxury (and abufed
the Blefling of Peace) rather by the Example and Authority
of his own Life, than by the Severity of Laws. He called
home the Sons of Goranus^ who fpr fear of Eugenius had
fled into Ireland; but before their Return he died, in the
Year five hundred and fixty eight. He never fought a Battle .
himfelf, but only aflifted the Britons with Auxiliary F'orces
againft the Saxons^ with whom they had frequent Combats,
the Succefles of which were very ditierent.

KiNNATELLUS, The forty eighth King^

WH E N he was dead, and the Throne devolved upon hfJ
Brother Kinnatellusy Jidanus the Son of Goranus c^ma
into Scotland, by the Perfuafions of Columba a holy Man,
who, two Years before, had come out of Ireland. This
Perfbn introduced him to the King : who beyond his own,,
and the ExpeSation of all other Men, received htm very gra-
cioufly, and defired him to be of eood Cheer, for it would
ftortly be his turn to reign. For Kinnatellus^ worn out with
Age and Sjcknefs, and not capable of going through with
the Adminiftratipn himfelf, placed Aidanus at the Helm of
Affairs, and fo died, having reigned fourteen (fome fay fif-
teen) Months. Some Writers leave him out, and will have
it, that /f/^»ivx immediately fucceeded Congallus; but there
are more who give Kinnatellus a Place betwixt them*

Aidanus, The fwty ninth King.

AIDANUS being nominated King by Kinnatellus, and
confirmed by the People, was Inftalled by Columba:
For the Authority of that Man was fo great, in thofe Djys,
that neither Prince nor People would undertake any thing

P without

^p< : The H 1 s TOR Y of B 6 ok V.

without his Advice. And at that time, after he had in a long
Speech exhorted the King to rule equitably over his People,
and the People to be loyal to their King, he earnefty prefleci
them both to pcrfevcre in thepureWorihipof God, for that
then both of them would prbfper; but if they made any De-
iefltion ifrom ft, they muft expefi DeftruSion as the Reward
-of their Apoftacy; Having performed this Service, he re-
turned into his own Country.

The firft Expedition of Aidanus was againft the Robbers
who infefted Gatway, Amongft whom when he came, he put
their Ringleaders to Death, and Fear reftrained the reft ;^ but
he met with a greater Storm at his Return. For, after he had
held three Conventions of theEftates in Galway^ Abrya or
Lachabyry and Caithnefs^ and thought all things were fettled,
tharc was a Tumult arofc amongft them as they were a Hunt-
ing, where much Blood was fpilt, and the King's OflScers,
whocame topunilh the Offenders, were repulfed and beaten;
The Authors, for fear of Punilhment, fled into Lothian^ to
. Brt/deus King of theP/^/; when Ambafladors were fent
to him, to deliver them up according to the League betwixt
,them, they were refufed; whereupon a fierce War com-
menced betwixt the Scots and PA^;, but it was quickly put
an end to by the Means otColumbau, who was highly cfteem-
cd by both Nations, according to his diftinguiihed Merits.

In the mean t\mQE«j^land was again divided into feveii
Kingdoms, and the Brstom were driven into the Pemnfuta
of fFales\ but the Saxons^ not contented with fuch large
Dctoinions, kindled a new War betwixt the Scots and Pids.
The chfef Author and Incendiary in this Point was Ethel^
jrid^ King of Northumberllindy a covetous Man, and who
was vf cary of Peace, out of a mere craving Appetite of en-
larging his Dominions. He perfuaded the P/^j, (but with
very much ado, for Brudeus would hardly be brought to con-
fent to it) to drive away Preys out of the Scots Territories,
and that would be a Handle for a new War. Aidanus being
perfcfiiy well apprized of the Treachery of the Saxonsy that
he might alfo ftrengihen himfelf with foreign Aid, renewed
the ancient League with Malgo the Briton. He fent his Son
Grifinusy and his Sifter's Son, 5y^»irfV»«/, a petty King of
Eubonia, now called the IJle of Man^ . a military Perlon,
with Forces; Who, joining with the Britons^ cntred iVir-
thumbtrlandy and after three Days march came to the Ene-
my ; but the EfigUp declined an Engagement, bccaufe they
cxpefied new Succours, which were reported to be near at
hand: For indeed CeuliniiSy King of the £<3/f-»Srf^«»/, a
very warlike Man, was coming to them with great Forces^

but

BookV. S C O T L a N^D. 197

but the Scots miBrhons intercepted, and fell upon him in
his March, and wholly deftroyed the Van of his Artny^
which was a long way before the reft, together with his Son
Cutha ; bat they were afraid to attack thofe behind, left they
Ihould be circumvented and furrounded by Ethelfrid:^ who
was at no great diftance. The two Kings of the Saxotrs be-
ing joined together, renewed the Fight, with much Slaugh-
ter on both Sides, a^d the Scots and the Britons were vad-
quiihed and put to flight. There were (lain of the Scotrlio^
bles, Grifinm and Brendi/fus; in the oppofiteArmy Ethel--
frid loft one of his Eyes, and Brudeus was carried wounded
out of the Field, to the great Aftonifliment and Difmay of
his Party.

The next Summer z,fttxEthelfnd uniting his Forces with
thofe of the Pi&s^ marched into Galway^ fuppofing ho
Ihould find all things there in great Confternation,' by rea-
(on of their ill Succefs the laft Year: But Aidanus coming
with his Forces thither fooner than his Enemies thought, fee
upon the ftraggling Plunderers, and drove them full of fear
and trembling to their Camp. Thus having chaftized their
Ralhnefs, and fuppofing they would then be more quiet, the
Night after he paffed by their Camp, and joined the Br Hans..
Both Armies having thus united their Forces, pitched their
Tents in a narrow W dXley of AnnaniaU -^ and their Eneniies^
as now fure of their Deftruflion, befet the Paffages entring
into it. Bui they having fortified their Camp, as \f they in-
tended to keep that Ground, took the Opportunity at Night-
time, when the Tide was oat, to pafs through a Ford,
which was dangeroufly full oF Quick-Sands ; but that they
knew every Part of it, and fo march into Cumberland^ and
afterward into Northumberland^ making great Havock in
every Place they came at. The Enemy followed them at
their Heels, and when they came in fight of one another,
both Armies prepared themfelves for the Fight. The Scott
and Britons made four Commanders more than they had be-
fore; who were noble Perfons, of great Experience in mih'-
tary Affairs, that fo the Headftrbng common Soldiers
might have the Direfiion of a greater Number of Captains,
to guide their Fury right. The Officers fuperadded were
Conftantine and Mencrinus^ Britons \ Calenus and Murda^
€usy Scot/men. By their Condud and Encouragement the
Soldiers fell upon the Enemy, with fo great Violence, that
they were prelently broken and put to flight. There goes
a Report that Columba^ beini; then in the Ifle Icolumbkil^
told his Companions of this Viflory, the very fime Hour
in which it was obtained. Of the Saxm Nobles there vf ere

P % liain,

I9S The History of Book V-

flaio, io this Fight, Cialinus and VitelUus^ both great War-
riors, and highly defcended. About eleven Years after this
Vifiory, the Saxons and Pi^s infefted the adjacent Coun-
try ; whereupon a Day was appointed, on which the Bri-
tons and Scots (hould meet, and, with their united Forces,
fet upon the Saxons. Aidanus^ though very old, came to
the Place at the appointed time, and (laid for the Britons^
but in vain, for they canie not, yet he drove Preys out of
his Enemies Country : Ethelfrid having now got a fair Op-
portunity of putting himfelf upon Afiion, fet upon the dif^
perfed Scots^ and made a great Slaughter amongft them*
Atdanus having loft many of his Men, fled for his Life ; yet
the Vidory was not unbloody to the Saxons^ for they loft
Theobald^ Ethelfrid^s Brother, and fome of thofe Squadrons
that followed him were almoft wholly cut off. Aidanur
having met with this fad Overthrow, and being alfo inform-
ed of the Death of Cohmba^ that holy Man, whom he fo
highly honoured, and plainly forefeeing to what Cruelty the
Remnant of Ctonfiians was likely to be expofed, Grief and
Age fo wore him out, that he did not long furvive ; he reign-
ed thirty four Years, and died in the Year of our Lord 604.
In his Reign it was, That a certain Monk^ named Aujiin^ came
into Birhatny being fent by Pope Gr^^ory ; who, by his Am-
bition, in leaching a new Form of Religion, mightily di-
fturbed the old^ for he did not fo much inftrud Men in the
Difcipline of Chriftianity, as in the Ceremonies of the Ro^
man Church. Nay the Britons^ before his coming, were
taught the Principles of the Chriftian Religion, by the Difci-
ples of John the Evangetift^ and were inftiiuted in the feme
by the Monks^ who were in that Age learned and pious Men.
As for Afiftiny he laboured to reduce all things to the Domi-
nion of the Biihop of Rome only, and gave himfelf out to
be the only Archbilhop of the Ifle of Britain; and withal
introduced a Difpute, neither neceffary nor ufeful concern-
ing the Day on which EaJierwsLS to be kept; and did by
this Means mightily trouble the Churches : Nay, he fo load-
ed the Chriftian Diicipline, which was then inclining towards
Superftition, with fuch new Ceremonies and Figments of
Mjracles, that he fcarce left any Mark or Footftep of true
Piety behind him.

KennethusI. The fiftieth King.

AFTER Aidanusy Kennetbnt was ele&cd King ; he did
nothing memorable in his time. He died the fourth, (or,
as fume lay; the twelfth Month, after he began to reign.

EUGEMIUS

B o o K V- SCOTLjiNT). 199

EuGENIUSlV. The fifty firfl Kiffg.

NEXT after him, Eugenlus^ the Son of Aidanur^ was
proclaimed King, in the Year of our Lord 60^. He
was brought up (as tht Black Book of Pa/ley hath it; pioufly
and carefully under Columbay being very well educated in
human Learning; .yet in this he fwerved from the Inftitution
of his Mafter, that he was more addiSed to War than
Peace; for he exercifed the Saxons and Pids with daily In-
curfions. His Government was very fevere and rough;
thofe who were proud and contumacious, fooner felt the
point of his Sword than they received from him any Condi-
tions of Peace; but to thofe who asked Pardon for their
Offences, and voluntarily furrendred themfelves, he was
very merciful and eafy to forgive, and not at all infolent in
his Viflories. This is what that Book reports concerning .
Eugemius. But Boetius lays, on the contrary, That he lived
in great Peace; which happened not £0 much from his fo-
reign Leagues, as from the Difcords of his Enemies, who
kept up a Civil War among themfelves. For the En^UJh^
who inhabited the 5<>«/i6 Parts, andprofefled the facred Name
of Jefus Chrift, whilft they were endeavouring to revenge
tbe Injuries offered to them, deprived Etheljridy the then
moft potent King of Northumberland^ both of his Life and
Kingdom together, Edviuus fticceeded him, and EtieJfnd*s
Relations fled into Scotland^ amotigft whom were feven of
his Sons, and one Daughter. This came to pals in the
tenth Year of the Reign of Eugenius^ As thefe Saxons flew
to him for Refuge, fo he (though he knew them to be Ene-
mies both to him and the whole Chriftian Name) entertained
and protedled.them with great Courtefy and Humaniry as
long as he lived : He gave 'them no lefs than Royal Recep-
tion, and took mighty Care to have them pioully educated
in the Chriftian Religion. He died in the fixteenth Year of
his Reign, and was much lamented by all Men, who had
every one a Loft, .and found every one a want of him,

FerchardusI. The, fifty fecond King.

HIS Son, Ferchardus^ was fubftituted in his room, in the
Year of Chrift 622, and in the thirteenth Year of //«-
Taclsus the Emperor. He being a politick Man, and very
vyickedly guiletul, endeavoured to change the lawful Govern^
ment of the Land into Tyranny ; in order to which he nou-
rlflied Fadions amoogft the Nobility, fuppoiin^ by that Meant

P 3 CO

400 Tke History of Book V*

to effeQ what wickedly he defigned with Impunity. But

the Nobles, uriderftanding his malicious Aim,, fecretljr

made up the Breach amongft thcmfelves ; and, calling an

AfTen^bly of the Eftates, fummoned him to appear; which

rhe refufing to do, they ftormed the Caftle where he was, and

fo drew him, per Fotce^ to Judgment. Many and grievous

Crimes were objeQed againft him, and particularly the P^-

lagtan Herefy, the Contempt of Baptifm, and other facred

Rites. Then, as he was not able to purge himfelf from

any one of them, he was committed to Prifon ; where, that

.he might not live to be a publick Spefiacle of Difgrace^

he put an. end to his own Life in the fourteenth Year of his

Reign.

Do^ ALDUS IV. The fifty third Ki»g^

HI S Brother Donaldus^ or Dottevaldtu^ mounted the
Throne in his ftead ; who, calling to mind the Elogy
of his Father, and the miferable End or his Brother, made it
his Bufinefs to maintain the true Worlhip of God ; and that
pot only at home, but he fought by all lawful Means to
Jpropagate it abroad. For when Edwin was dead, he fur-
nifliea the Relations and the Children of Ethelfrid^ who had
remained Exiles in Scotland for ijiany Years, with Accom-
modations to return home ; he beftowed upon them Gifts,
he fent Forces to accompany them, and gave them free Li-
berty to pals and repafs, as Occafion Ihould require. Thi$
Edwin^ fpoken of above, was (lain by Ktdvalla^ as Bede
calls him. King of the £r/Vo»y, and by Penda^ King of the
Mercians ; one of which was his Enemy, out of an old
Pique to the Nation itfelf : The other out of a new one
for his having embraced Chriftianity ; but both, ftill more
out of an Emulation of his Power. The Viflory is report-
ed to have been more cruel than any in the Monuments of
Hiftory ; for v^hW&Penda endeavoured to root out theChri-
ftians, and Kjedvalla the Saxons^ their Fury was' fo great,
that it (pared neither Sex nor Age. After the Death of £i-
vjin^ ^t/r^i«»i*tfr/^;yrfwas divided into two Kingdoms. Ofii-
cus^ Coufin - German to Bdwin^ was m^ade King of the
Deiri\ and Eanfridy as 5^^^ calls him, but our Writers
name hitn Jndefhduj^ Ethelfrid^s cldeft Son, King of the
Bernici. They renounced the Chriftian Religion, in which
they had been diligently educated ; one by the Monksy the
other by PauUnus the Biihop, and revolted to their ancient
Superftition; but were both, ftortly after, deprived both of
their Kingdoms, and their Lives, by PenJa. Ofwaldj the

Son

[

looK V. S C.Q T L A N'D. zoi

Son of EtbelfriJj fuccecded them both, a ftudious Promoter
of the Chriftian Religion, He did but defire Donaldus by
Jiis Ambaftlidors, to fend him fomeDofiors of the Chrfftiaa
Church, and he presently feat himfome, and tboie truly Men
of great Sanflity and Learning ; who were accordingly re-
ceived by him with great Humanity, and moft bountifully
rewarded Neither did he think it below his Kingly Dig-i
nity, to interpret the Meaning of their Sermons preached to
the people, who did not fo well underftand the. Scotip Lan-
guage, and he would often gather them together for that
Purpofc; all which is clearly exprefled by Bede. Donaldus
died in the fourteenth Year of his Reign, leaving a precious
Memorjr of his Virtues behind him.

FerCHARDUSII. The fifiy fourth Kiftg.

FERCHJRDUS, his Brother's Son of that Name,
fucceeded him, a Perfon the moft flagitious in Nature*
He had every Vice ftampt upon his Heart, inJ&tiable were
his Defires of Wine, and Wealth. His Cruelty towards
Men was perfeftly inhuman, his Impiety towards God
thoroughly diabolical. When his Cruelty and Rapine had
raged among other Folks, he converted his Fury at laft
upon his own Domefticks. He killed his own Wife,,.Wl
he ravifted his own Daughters. For thele crying Sins he
was excommunicated from the Society of Chriftians. And
as the Nobles were juft going to affemble, by way of Con-
fultation, about his Punimment; Coleman^ that holy Bifliop,
(topped them; for he openly told him before feveral of them,
Tha$ divine Vengeance would fpeedHy overtake hint. And truly
the Event verified his PrediSion ; for a few Days after, as he
was a Hunting, . he was hurt by a Wolf, and fell into a
Fever; and yet after that, not being able to abftain from his:
former Intemperance, at laft his Body was eaten up with the*
Lowfy Difea/e; and then he is faid to have cried out. That
he was defervedly punilhed, becaufe he had not hearkened to
the wholfom Warning given him by Coleman. Thus at laft,
feeing his Error, and Voleman comforting him with Hopes
of Pardon, in cafe he truly repented, he caufed himfelf to
be carried abroad in a Litter, meanly apparelled, and there
he madeapublickConfeffion of his Wickednefs, and fodied^
in the Year of our Redemption 668. Scotland groaned under
this Monfter eighteen Years.

P 4 Mald-

loz T^^ History^ Book V.

Maldvinus, The fifty fifth King,

MAL D VINUS, the Son of Donald, faccecded him ;
who, that he might ftrengthen thofe Parts of the King-
dom which w^re weakened by the Tyranny of the former
King, made Peace with all his Neighbours : But having
made all things quiet abroad, he was diiturbed by a Sedition
at home, arifing between the Argyle and Lennox Men.
MaUvtnus went in Perfon againft the Authors of this Tumult,
that fo he might punifli them without prejudicing the com-
mon People. They, to avoid the King's Wrath, compofed
their private Jars, and fled into the JEbuJa Ifles. The King
fent for them to have them puniflied, and the Iflanders not
daring to retain them, delivered them up ; their Punilhmen^
kept the reft in their Duties. About this time it was, that
Wnen tht ScottJ? Monks had propagated theDodrineofChrift
almoft all over England, and had fo inftrufied the Engli/b
Youth, that now they fet:med able of themfelves to preach
the Gofpe) in a proper manner to their own Countryn^en,
their Envy againft their very Matters grew in proportion to
their Learning; and this Prejudice went fo far, that the »Sro//-
jMonks^ were forced to return into their own Country. As
this Contumely cut off' the Cqncord between the two King-
doms, fo theModeily of thofe who had received the Wrong,
kept both Nations from an open formal War ; but frequent
Incurfions were made, and Skirmiflies happened in divers
Places. There broke out at this time a teprible Plague
over all Eurppe, fuch as was never recorded by any Wri-
ter before, only the Scots zMPi^s were free from the Con-
tagion.

By reafon pf (he frequent Injuries mutually offered, and
Preys driven away on both fides, each Nation was like to
break out into an open War, if the Death of Maldvlnushzii
not prevented it. After he had reigned twenty Years, his
Wife, fufpeaingthat he had to dp with an Harlot, ftranglcd
him, and four Days ^fter ihe fuffcred for the FaS, and was
burnt alive.

EuGENius V. The fifty Jixth King.

EUGENIUS next, the fifth Son of King Dongardns,
began his Reign. Egfrid, the King of Northumberland
(with whom he chiefly defired to be at Peace) endeavouring
to deceive him by feiraed Truces ; he played the fame Game
of State, zM turqed Egfridi'^ Artifices upon himfelf. Thus

Book V. SCOTLAND. abj

ivhile both made a Ihcw of Peace in Words, they each fe-
cretly prepared for War ; when the Truce was ended. Eg-
fridy though his Friends difTuaded him from it, joined Forces
with the Pi£is^ and entring into Scotland he fent out his Fo-
ragers all over Gahvay ; but he was overthrown by E$^e-
niusj the PtSs giving Ground in the Fight, and loQ almoft
all his Army, fo that he hardly efcaped ; but at laft wounded,
and with but a few Followers, he made ihift to get home.
The next Year, his Friends fhtt 4»^ diflbading him, be drew
forth his Army a^ainft the PiSs ; who, pretending to rua
away» enfiiared him into an Ambuflh, and cut him off^ with
all his Men. The Pids laying bold of this fo fair an Oppor-
tunity, recovered thofe large Territories which had been
taken from them in former Wars ; and the Britons who
freed themfclves from the Government of the Jnglf^ or En-
glijb^ together with the Scots^ entred Nortbumberlaifd^ and
made fuch an Havock there, that it never recovered itfelf
fince. Soon after Eugenius died, in the fourth Year of his
Reign.

E U G E N I U S VI. The fifty feventb King.

EV GENIUS the VrS the Son of Fercbard, fuccccd-
cd Eu^enius the V'^'^ as did jllfirid, Brother to Egfrid^
iiicceed him in Nortbumberland: Both Kings were very
learned, efpecially in Theology^ as Learning went at that time
of Day ; and alfo friendly one to the other, on the Account
of their common Studies, fo that the Peace was faithfully
maintained betwixt them. Alfrid made ufe of this Trapquil-
lity to fettle his Kingdom, though in narrower Limits than
before ; but the Scots had neither ah edabliflied Peace, nor
yet a declared War, with the Pids : Excurfions were fre-
quently made, with very various Succefles, though Cntkerec-
tusy zn Engli fiBiOiopy znA Adamannus^ 2^ Scotijh Bxikof^ la*
boured in vam to reconcile them ; yet they ordered Matters
fo well, that they neverfought a pitched Battle, In the mean
t|me, Eitgentus being inflamed with an inexpiable Hatred
againft the Perfidioulncfs of the P/i5F/, was flopped in the
midft of his Career to Revenge, for he died having reigned
ten Years. In his Reign it is reported that it rained Blood
^11 over Britain for feven Days, and that the Milk, Checle,
ynd Butter w^e alfo turned into Blood*

Ambev

%o6 The Hist OKY of Book V.

FeRGUSiUS III. Tie Jlxty third Kimg.

FERGUSIUS III, rhe Son of Etfinus, fuccecdcdhim;
who, under a like counterfeit pretence of Virtue, being
horribly vicious at the bottom, died alfo after the like vio-
lent manner, having reigned the fame Number of Years,
«ii. three. He was poifoned by his Wife; others write.
That when his Wife had often upbriMed him with living in
Contempt of Matrimony, and following whole Flocks of
Harlots, and found no amendment from her Reproofs, (he
ftrangled him at Ni^ht, as be was ileeping in his Bed : When
Enquiry was made mto his Death, and many of his Friends
were accufed, yet, though feverely tortnred, would confefs
nothing : The Queen, tho* otherwifc of a fierce Nature, and
impetuous, yet pitying the fuffering of fo many innocent
Perfons, appeared, and from a lofty Stand that (he had cho-
fen on fome high Place, told the Affembl)', That foe was the
'Author of the murder ; and prefently, left (he ihould be made
a living Spe£lacle of Reproach^ (he (tabbed her felf in the
Breaft with a Knife; which Fa£l of hers was varioufly fpoken
of, and difcanted upon, according to the feveral Humours
and Difpoficions of the Men of thofe Days.

SOLVATHIUS, The Jixty fourth King.

KI N G Sohathius^ the Son of Eugenius the eighth, is the
^ext in order; who if he had not contraded the Gout,
by being in Damps and Colds, in the third year of bis Reign,
might well be reckoned-for his Per(bnal Valour amongft
the beft of Kings; yet notwithftanding his Difeale, he
(hewed his great Wifdom and Prudence in the Choice of his
Generals, by whom he appeafcd all Tumults. Firft of all
Donaldus Banus (i. e,) White^ Handing in no fear of being
attacked by a lame and gouty Prince, had the Boldnefs to
feixeupon all the Wefteru Iflands, and to call himfelf King
of the Mbudie. Afterwards, making a Defcent on the Con-
tinenr, and carrying away much Prey, he was forced by C/y/-
lanus^ General of the ArgyU<^inen^ and by Ducalus^ Captain
of the Athol'tnen^ into a Wood, out of which there was
but one PafTage ; fo that their Endeavours to efcape were
fruitlefs, but he and his P^n^y were there (lain to a Man. One
CUcolumhs^ out of the fame Hopes, and with the fame Auda-
city, aflfaultcd Gtf/wtfj^, which his Father hadoppreflfed before;
biit he alfo waj overthrown by the fame Generals, and (har*
«1 th9 felfrl^me Fate. In the mean tiwe th4Cjre was no Dif-

turbance

Book V. SCOTLAND. ior

turbance from the Bnzl^Jb and PiSs, but the continuance of
Peace was occafioned by their Combuftions at home. 5aA
tfathims reigned 20 Years, it being the Year of Chrifl 787,
he <iled, and ha4 the general Applaufe of Mankind.

ACHAIUS, The Jixty fifth King.

AC HAWS, theSo;i qf Etfittms, fuccecded him; he had
made Peace with the jfftg/es and P/V5F/, but undcrftand-
ing that War was threatncd from Ireland, compofed the
Seditions that were like to happen at Home; and this he did
not only by his Induftry, but by his LargefTes and Bounty.
The Caufe of the Irijb War was this. In the Reign of the
former King, who was unfit to make any Expedition, the
Irifif and the IJlanders, out of hope of Prey and Impunity,
bad made a Defcent upon Caniire, the adjoining Peninfula
-with great Armies, both at one and the fime time. But a
Feud arifing between the Plunderers, many of iKe Iflanden^
and all the Irifo, were flain. To revenge this Slaughter, the
Irijh rigged out a great Navy, to fail into the Mbuaa. Acha^ >
#«x Tent Embafladors to them, to acquaint them, that they
had no jufl Caufe for a War, in regard that Thieves, fight-
ing for their Prey, had flain one another; That the Lofi
was not, that fo many were flain, but rather that any of
them had efcaped . They farther alledged, that the King and his
National Councils were fo far from offering any Injury to tl^
Irifij, that they had put all the Authors of the late Slaughter
to death. The EmbaflTadors difcourfing many things to this
purpofe, all they could fay was fo coarfly and barbaroufly
rejeSed by the Irijb^ that they fent out their Fleet againft
the Aibine Scots, even before the Departure of thofe Embaf-
ladors ; when their Fleet was on the Main, a Tempeft
arofe, in which they univerlally periflied. This Mifchance
occalioned fome Sentiments of Remorfe and Pity in the
Iri/b, fo that now they humbly fued for that Peace, which
they had before difflainfully refulcd.

But firft of all, Jehaius made Peace between the Scots
and the French chiefly for this Realon, becaufe not only the
Saxons who inhabited Germany, but even thofe who had
fixed in Britain^ infefted Gaul with Piratical Invafions.
And befides, Charles the Great, whofe Defire was to ennoble "*
France, not only by Arms, but Literature, had fent for fome
learned Men out of Scotland^ to read Philofophy in Greek and
Latin at Paris. For there were yet many Monks in Scotland,
eminent for Learhing and Piety, the ancient Difcipline being
then not quite, cxtinguiflied; amougft whom was Johannes^

furnamed

^o« T^eUisroTLYof Book VI

fbrnanied Scotms, or, which is all one, Albinus^ fovtht Scots itk
their own Language call themfeWes Albini: He was the Pre-
frcptor of Charles the Great^ and left very many Monuments
of his Learning behind him, and In particular Ibme Rules of
Rietorickj which I have feen, with the Name Johannes Albinus
infcrtbed, as Author of the Book. There are alfo fome Writ-
jnesof Clement a Scot remaining, who was a great Profeflbr
of Learning at the lame time in P#r/x. There were mahjr
other SeotiOj Monks, who went over into trance^ out of
their Zeal for God and Godlinefs, who preached the Dodrine
of Chriftianity to the People inhabiting about Khtne^ and that
with fo great Succcfs, that the People built Monc^eries in
many Places. The Germans pay this to their Memory, that
even to our Days, Scots are made the Governors over thofe
Monafteries. Though Achams was defirous of Peace, yet
thtPidifr Affairs drew him on to a War. For when Athel--
ftan the Englijb-Man had wafted the neighbouring Lands of the
PiSs^ Hungus their King obtained the Aid of ten thoufand
Scots {romAciasuTj who before was diigullcd with the EngUfi^
He placed his Son ^^/;y«/ Commander over them, who was
born to him by the Sifter of Hungus ; by the Affiftanee of thofe
Auxiliaries, he carried a great deal of Plunder out ofNorth'^
mmherland. Athelfhan^ a fierce Warrior, was almoft at h\%
Heels and overtook him not far from Hadington. The PiSs
difinayed at the fudden Approach of their Enemies, flood im-
niediately to their Arms, and kept themfelves in their Stati*
ons, *till very late ; having let their Watches for the Night,
Httngus being Inferior in other things, defired Aid of God,
and gave himfelf wholly up to Prayer. At laft, when his
Body was wearied with Labobr, and his Mind opprefled with
Care, he fccmed to behold Andrew the Apoftle ftandiiig by
him in his Sleep, and promifing him the Vidory. This Vilioii
being declared to theP/<Sf/, filled them full of Hope, fo that
they prepare themfirlves with great Alacrity for a Combat,
which it was in vain to think of avoiding. The next Day be-
ing (pent in light SkirmiflieSi on the third they came to a
S'tched Battle. Some add, that another Prodigy was feen in
e Heavens, a Crofs like the Letter X at the time of the
Engagement, which did fo terrify the Englifo^ that they
could hardly fuftain the firft Onfet of the PiSis. Athelftan
was flain there, who gave Name to the Place of Battle, which
is yet called Atbelftan's Ford,^ Hungus afcribed theViSory to
St. Andre^v, to whom, befides other Gifts, he offered the
Tithes of his royal Demefnes. I am of Opinion, that this was
the Ahelftan^ Commander of the iXf^r^z, to whom thcJEarf-
lifii affiriQ that Nwrthumb^rland was granted by Alfred.

iobK V. S CO TL A N'D. aoij

Achaius died the thirty fecond Year of his Reign, and in the
Year ofCbrifl eight hundred and nine.

CoNGALLUS III. Thjixtyjixth Ki^^.

CONGALLVS, his Coufin German, fuccecded him,
who reigned five Years in profound Peace bo(h at home
and abroad.

DoNGALtus, The fixtyftvemb Kingl

DONGALLUS, theSonofSofotf/Afjsrx, was next King
to him. The young Soldiers, not able to endure the Sc^
verily of his Government, went in a Body to Ahinus the
Son of A chains \ and becaufe the^ could not perluade him
by fair means to undertake the Government of the King-
dom, they compelled him by Force and Menaces tobefeem-
ingly on their Side. He having raifed and formed an Army,
and pretending to do as they would have him, difappointed
them, and fled to Dongallus. His coming was acceptable to
the King, but a great difmay to the Rebels ; and therefore
they accufe him to the King, as \f Alptnus himfelf had per-
luaded them to rebel. The King well perceiving their Ca-
lumny, prepared an Army fo fuddenly, that he was upon
them before there could be the lead Rumour of his coming.
Thofe of them whom he took, he punifhed.

In the mean time i/«»j^»/dicd, and his eldeft Son Dot"
ftohgus was liain by the Treachery of his Brother Eganus^
neither did the Murtherer long fiirvive his Brother. So that
the Male-ftock of Hungus being extinS, his Sifter's Son i//-
/)/»«/, as next Heir, both by the ancient Law, and in Right
of Blood, claimed the Kingdom. The PiSis difdained hin^
as a Foreigner, whereupon Dongallas fent Meffengers to
them to expoftulate the Matter, but they refufcd to give
tliem Audience, and even commanded them -to depart ij|
four Days. Dongallus intended to make War upon them
with all his might : But in the midft of his Preparation, as
be was paffiiig over the Spey^ whofe Current was very vio-
lent, the Velkl in which he was, funk, and he was drown-
ed after he had reigned fix Years, fome fay fevcn.

A L P I N U S, The Jixty eighth King,

AL P INUS, the Son oiAchaim^ led the Army raifed by
Dongallus^ againft Feredethns^ who had fcized upcMi,
and arrogated the Kingdom of theP/V/j to himfelf. The
" * ' . ** Armies

2t6 The IfisTORY of Book V^

Armies met at Reftenot^ a Village of Jngus; the Fight wa«
maintained with great Obftinkcy and cruel Bloodflied, even
Until Night ; the Viflory was uncertain, tho' the Death of
Feredethus made it incline to the Side of the Scots. For when
he law his Men fly in the Fight, with a Troop of young No-
blemen be broke through the main Body of the Scots^ and
being thus feparated from his Men, was there ilain, with the
Flower of his Nobility. Bruins was fubftituted in his Place,
a flothful Perfon, and unfit for military Afl^airs. In his
Reign, the Scott drove Preys out of their Enemies Country,
without Refiftarice ; and the P/^j taifing up a Tumult on
purpofe amongft themfelves, flew Brudus^ before he had
reigned one Year. Then they fet up Keunethus^ another of
Feredethus his Sons, in his (lead; one neither more valiant,
nor more fuccefsful, than Kis Brother : For when he had
levied an Army, and came in Sight of his Enemies, he flole
privately away, and fo was killed by a Countryman, who
upbraided him as a Fugitive, not knowing who he was.
The PiUs having loft their King, before their Enemies
were fenfible of it, returned home and made another Bru-
dus King, one of high Defcent and noble Atchievments.
He, as foon as he entred upon the Government, fet upon
the flraggling Plunderers, and curbed their Raflinefs, mak->
ing a great Slaughter amongft them; after that,, that he
might ftrengthen his weak Forces by forejgn Ai3s, he
fent Ambafladors, with great Gifts, to the Englijb^ who
were the neareft to him. They received the Gifts, and were
. large enough in their Promifes of Afllflance ; but, though
theP/VSFj earneftly preffed them, yet they put them ofl', lay-
ing the Fault on their own Combuliious at home. The
PiSt being difappointed of their Hope there, levied every
Man of theif own, that were able to bear Arms, and refolv-
cd to venture their All ; with this Refolution they marched
direfily towards the Enemy, who were encamped not far
from Dundee. As foon as they met, the Battle was fo
much the more (harp, by reafon of the old Hatred, and the
recent and frefli Difguft, the many mutual Slaughters, and
the frequent Injuries and -Wrongs, committed on both Sides.
The Conflia was a long time doubtful, when at laft, an
hundred PiSip Horfc rofe out of an Ambufli; who, that
Ithey might feem to be a greater Number, had alfo mounted
their Baggage Men and Attendants, upon their Baggage
Horfes, and fo, fliewing themfelves upon the tops of the
Hills, they wheeled about, as if they would have fet upon
the Rear of their Enemies Army. That Apprehenfioa
(truck fuch Terror into the Scots^ that they prefently feat-
X ' tered

:BookVL SCOTLAND. 2ir\

rered, and fled mto the neighboaring Woods;, by which
Jifiany of them laved their Lives, only Ibme few were flaia
in the Fight, but more in Flight, by the nimble Baggagers,
'X^ho were fet on horfeback. King Alpinus^ and many of
Ills Nobles were taken Prilbners, and inhumanly put to
Death. The King's Head was fattened to a Pole, and car-
ried up and down the Army ; *till at laft they fet it up for
a Speflacle in the mod eminent Place of the greateft Towa
they had, (which then was Abernetby.) The Place where he
i^vas flain, as yet retains his Name, being called, Bas Alfin^
1. e. The Death of A If iff,

Kennethus II- The Jixty ninth King.

AL P INUS being flain, after he had refened three Years.
his^Son Kennethus fucceeded him. The next Summer
the Pi(Ss having fome Hopes, that if they did but endeavour
it, the Scots might eafily be driven out of Britain^ as they
hadT)een heretofore; they hired fome Troops of the Eng^
lijhj and joined them with whatever Forces of their own
they could raife. Butafudden Sedition ariflng amongft them*
lelves, and that fo outragious, that Kin^ Brudus him*
felf could not compofe it, the Army disbanded upon,
it ; and Brudus died about three Months after, rather of a
broken Heart, than of any Difeafe. His Brother Druskenus
"was declared King in his room, who in vain attempted to
compofe things at home; but in the interim, fome young
Scots fetcht off by Night the Head of Alpinus^ from the
Place where the PiUs had fet it up, and brought it to Ken^ '
nethus; he not only commended them for their noble Ex-
ploit, but alfo rewarded them with a Grant of fome Lands.
Kennethus fummoned together an Affembly to confult about
a War with the PiSs ; and though the King himfelf, and tho
forwardeftof the Soldiers, were for revenging the Treachery
of fuch a perfidious People; yet the major Part, and efpecially
the graver Sort, thought it more adviieable to ftay, 'till their
Forces which had been weakened in former Wars, had reco-t
vcred themfelvcs afreft : in the mean time, they would nei-
ther feek Peace, nor yet make War with the P/^/, 'till a
better Opportunity for either Ihould offer it felf. This O-
pinion prevailed, fo that there was Peace betwixt the two
Nations for three Years, as if it had been by common Con-
fent. But in the fourth Year, Kennethus^ eager p renew
the War, and yet finding few of the Nobles of his Mind,
invited them to a Banquet : The Entertainment continued
'till late at Night, fo that they were all obliged of Neceflity
Q M

iia Ti&^ Hi s Ton Y ^ B06K V*

to lodge af the King's Houfe, which they might the more
cafily do, in Regard every Man, according to the Cuftom of
their Anceftors, lay on the Ground, and fo they difpoled of
themfelves in that large Houfe, having nothing under them
but Leaves and Grafs. When they were gone to fleep, the
King fuborned a Youth, one of his Kinfmen, coflinianding
him to clothe himfelf with the Skins of Fiflies, efpecially of
the Stockfift, dried fn the Wind, and fo to enter by Night ;-
and to fpeak thro' a longTube, that the Voice might better reach^
their Ears at a diftance, and thus to exhort them to War ; as if a
MefTagehad been fent them from Heaven to that Purpoife. The
Nobles were fuddcnly awakened at this Voice, which at thair
time feemed to them to be greater and more auguft than a
Man's ; many alfp were laden with Wine, and the Tudden
fliilhing of tight frcm theFifliesSkins,daning upon their drowfy
Eyef,and dailing themrf)ut them into a very great Aftopifiiment ;-
in fine, an unwonted Apparition affefled the Eyes of them all,
and a kind of religious Confternation feized upon their Minds.
And that which increafed the Admiration was^ that the Mef^'
finger, dripping himfelf of his dilguiftd Habit, and by afecret
Paffage, conveying himfelf away, as in an Inftant, feemed
to have vanlfhed out of Sight. When the News of it was
brought to the King in the Morning, and many added to the
Story, as is ufual in fuch Cafes, he was pleafed to affirm
too that he faw the like Apparition in his Sleep. Immediate-
ly a War was concluded upon by the general Confent of
them all, as If they had received the Word of Command
from God himfelf. When the Armies were led forth to
Battle, as foon as ever they came in Sight one of another^
every one ran upon the Enemy, which ftood next to him, with-
out fo much as flaying for the Command of their Captains.
The Fight was as fiercely continued, as it was eagerly begun.
At laft the Vifiory inclined to the Scots. Thofe, in whom
tht Pt^spui moft Confidence, proved their Ruin. For the
Evgli/h TroopSy feeing that all things were managed without"
Order, and by tumultuary Force, retreated to the next Hill,
as if they had only been SpeQators of other Mens Dangers.
There was a mighty Slaughter made of the Pias. For the
Scofs were highly provoked againft them, not only by their
ancfcnt Hatred, but by the Remembrance of their late Cru-
elty againft Jipinus^ and againft the reft whom they had taken
Prifoners withrthat King : But that wbiqh chiefly inflamed their
Winds, was a Watch-Word, fpread abroad among thcScots^
That they pnuld remember A)^\ti\is ; The Moment that Word
was given, they fparcd neither Age, nor any Rank of Men.
The ttillscpyerea the Retitut of the £*j///b^ and the Scots [

were'

JSookV- SCOTLAN'D. zii

ivere fo vehemently intent upon revenging themfclves on the
PiSsy that they could not purfue them. This Vid^ory reduced
the Pf^s to fo low an Ebb, and rendred their Condition lb'
deplorable, that, though they endeavoured to make Peace;
yet all was in vain, for the Scots y^oxxXi, hearken to no Con-'
djtions, but the full and entire Surrenderor their whole King*
doiti. The next Year, when all Places- were furrendred up »
beyond Fortby Northwards, and Qarrifons placed in them,
%k^ Kenuetbus was marching his Army againft thofe on this
Side of it, word was brought him, that lome of the Garri-'
ions which be had left behind, were taken, and the Soldiers^^'
fiain. Upon thefe Advices he marched his Arm^ back againfl
the rebellious P/^/, of whom he fparcd neither Man, VVo*
man, nor Child ; but put the whole Country jto Fire and ^
Sword. Druskemus^ feeing the Pi<5/ wcreinragcd, alraoftlikd
Madmen, at the Cruelty exercifed over them, and knotving
now that they miift fight, not for their Kingdom, but for their
vpry Lives, and the Lives of their Wives and Children, ga-'
roered together all the Foct^e that ever he could make; and, ^
ib paffing the Ffirtb^ came to S^owe, a Town fituate on the '
Bank of the River Tiy, where he waited for the coming of
iht' Scots. There they again endeavoured lO make a Pacifi* '
cation, offering to furrcnder afl the Country beyond the Fortb^ *
)bat the Scots would have all, or none. The Fight, as mull '
be in fuch Circumftances of Neceflity, was very fierce. Ac -
laft, ihtPids after an obllinate Refiftance were broken, and -
Che River Tiy, gutting a Slop to their Flight, was the Caufii '
of their DeftruQion. For Pruskenus^ 'and almoft all his No- '
bility, being not able to pafs it, were there flain : And the '
common Soldiers had no better Fortune; for as they crowds'
ed to the River in feveral Places to fave themfelves^ they '•
laboured alfo under the famjc Incapacity of paffing it; and fo
they every one of them lolt their Livesw Hence it is, (as I *
jiidgc,) that our Writers fay, we fought with the Pidfs feven
times in one Day. The Force or the Pi^s was wholly ^
broken by this Overthrow, and Kenn^thus laid Kofhsanmi *
the adjacent Country wade, together with thofe beyond the ^
Fortb^ that they might never be able to recover themfelveg'
again. The Garriions, for Fear, furrendred thfemfeivcs; '
Thofe few Plds who were left alive, fied into England^ itk
fthd mdigenc and neceffitous Condition*

("4)

KcyT^t^i

T HE

HIST OR Y

OF

SCOTLAND.

BOOK VI.

S I formerly called Fergufius the firft, and af-
ter him, Fergufius the fccond, the Founders
of the 3cotiJh Kingdom, an<i that with very
great Reafon; fo I may juftly reckon iCr»»^-
thusy the Son ofjlpinus^ a third Founder of
It. Fergus the firft, from a mean Beginning
advanced the Affaifs of the Scots to fuch an height, that they
were envied by their Neighbours. Fergus the ucond, Wbca
they were baniflied and difp^rfed into remote Countries, and
in the Judgment of their En.mies, quite extirpated, did aj
it were recal them to Lite, and in a few Years reftored
ihem to their ancient Splendor. Bat Kemnethtis was fa
coura^usy as to accept oi the King4o0H at a time wheti
3 " ' Affaiw

M o OK VI. SCOT LA N T>. tis

Affairs were dmoft 'become tdelperate; .naf, at a fime when
'Others thought, that (be fmall Remainder of Scots could
fiardly have been defended) or kept together; snd not only fo,
'but he confounded tfte Power dif the Enemy, {thoughafflfted
•with foreign Aids and Kg with a late triumphant Vidory) ia
many (harp, yet profpercus Fights ; and, when he had thu$
iveakned them, he drovethem out of Britain^ jUid took from
their King the Royal Name, which to this Day he could
-never recover again. Though ehefe were^rwf Atchicvcments,
yet they were not the greatefi he performed : f or^ as he en-
larged his Kingdom, and made it the double of what it was
*efore; fo 4ie governed it in fuch a manner, both by making
new Laws, and alfo by reviving the old ones; that neither
Iwicentioufuefs, the Child of War, nor Pride, the Produft
x>f Vifiory, nor any footfteps of thofe Evils, whicharewbut
*to accompany Luxury and Eaft, did appear, during his* Life,
l^ay, the Affairs o{ Scotlandi^tm^ii tobefupported-formany
Years aftei;, by his Laws, called by Poftcrity the Mmcalfin
Laws, as much as they were by Arms. But 40 \qi thefe
things paft.; I (hall proceed to relate his noble A-fls, as I have
iegua. iCe»»^/i&«/, having driven out the PiV?x, diftributed
their Lands amongft hfs Soldiers, according to each Man's
Valour and Merits Who out of an Ambition g^ve many
yiaqes and -Countries new Names^ and abrogated the old
t)nes. He parted Hor^ftia betwixt two Brothers, Mneas and
Merff,; one part of which, in old Scotijhj is yet called y£'»W<f,
<they who more afifeft the E»glijh Speech, call it J»gus: )
the ethec, iM>r«. The Country adjoining, from Toy to the
Forth^ was called by the Ancients, Rofs^ $. ^. a Peahfulai
there are fome Signs of the Name yet remaining, as Culrofs^
a Town, which is, as it were, the back or hinder Part ot*
Ro[s ; and Kinrofs^ which fignifies the Head of Rofs. Now
at this Day, all that County is called Ftfe^ from an eminent
Pcrfon, called F//«x, whofe Surname, they lay, vrasDufffts;
Barodfinum^ ^T own \n Lothian^ or^ as fome call it, Dunbar^
was fo called (as it is thought) from a great Man, named,
Bar. Loiifian had its Name, not Ibng ago, from Lotkus
King of Ae PiUs. Cuningham is wholly a Danijh Word^
ufed, as I think, by thcDanes^ after the Death oiKennefhus^
Who pofleffed that Country for fome Years, having drivoo
tkit ^co^/ beyond ^he Wall of Sevtrus ; for Cunhgham figni-
fies in the Danip Language, the King's Houfe or Palace.
^Tisalfo probable. That Jk&r^A was fo called by the Danes
l)ccaufe it fixed the Limits between both Kingdomf . As for
Edinburgh^ either by the grofs Ignorance, onperverfelli-wiH
«f fonae^ it is fometimes csLlloay FalJis DtJorofii^ $. C The

Q3 DoUfum

ti6 The Hi ST oRj of Book V;

"^Pdlefom Falley'j atid fometimes, Cajlrum Puellarunt, Maiden^
£ajile; the I^ame in itfelf is not very obfcure, though it «
made lb by ill Management. For they borrowed thofe
Names from French Roniances, which were deviled within.
the Space of three hundred Years lail paft. This is certaio^
;that the aQcient Scots called it Dun(idifmm\ the latter JE^/ia^
hurgunt^ fn which they follow their Country Curtom in Im-
poling of Names; whereas that Caftlein a middle Appella-
tion between both, I think may be better named, Edi»uHr.
iBut enough in this Place concermng the #W and the fgeu^
Names of the Countries, of which I havefpoken more largetjr
l^efore; To rttmn ihtnto Kc»»ethus ; Having enlarged his
Kingdom, as I faid before, atid fettled wholfome Laws for
the good Adminiftration of the Government; heendeavour-
|Cd tarther to confirm Ws Royal Authority by mean and trj-
,vial Things, even bordering cpon Superltitidn itfelf. T here
was a Marble- ftone, which Simon Breccus is reported to
have brought into /rf/tfW out of »i^4?fV, Vih\c\\ Fergus^ theSptt
of Fer char d^ is alfo faid to have brought over mto Scotijh Ah
[hioHy and to have placed it xnArgyie. -This Stone Kennetbus
removed out of A^gyj^t to Scone by the River Tay^ and
placed \t there, incloled in aCh)air of Wood. The Kings of
Scotland were wont to receive both the Kingly Name and the
Hoyal Robes, fitting in that Chair, 'till the Days of £^w^»rrf
ihe/'/r/?, King of Evgland, of whom in his Place. Kenni^
. thus tranfiated the Epifcopal See, which i\\t PiSis had placed
ztAherncthy^ xo Fdnttm Kegftli^ which the After- Ages called
pi, Andrews. But the ancient Scots^Biftiops, being chofeii
out of Monafteries, not then contending for Plac^ or Ho-
pour, but for Sanctity and Learning, performed their Func*
^ions ev^ry , where, occaiionally, as Opportunity offered,
without Envy or Emulation ; no certain Diocefes beiflg al-
lotted to him, in regard the Ecclefiaflical Funflion was not
jet made a Poft of Gain and worldly Lucre. After this fort,
Hennethus reigned twenty Ye^rs. In the Beginning of his
fifth Year lie overthrew the P/V?/, as the Black Book^ of Pa?
Jley hath it. The other fixteen Years, after he had deftroyed
the Government of the P/<f/j, he lived in great Tranquillity,
having maintained Peace at home, by reafon of his juft Go*
vernment ; and Peace abroad, by the Power of his Arnw.
He enlarged his Dominions from the Orcades lo the Wjtfl
Oi Adrian. A. C. 85-4. , \ .^ ■

PONALJDCS

Book V. SCOTLAND. zir

DONALDUSV. 316^ feventietb King.

DONALD US, his Brother, was chofen King next, wha
quite altered the whole puWick Difcipline, together
Vfith his own Demeanour. For whereas, in the Life-time
of Alpinus^ he made a flicw of Temperance, and by that
xncans had obtained the Love of the better fort; When his
Brother was dead, as if he had been freed from all Fear and
Reftraint, he gave himfelf up wholly to Pleafure. And as
if there had been no danger from any Enemy without, he
negleSed all military Study, and kept almod none about him,
but Hunters, Hawkers and Inventers of new Pleafures.
Upon thefe he fpent the publick Revenue. The younger Sort,
iwho were prone to Pleafures, extolled the King to the Skies,
ds a noble and generous Prince; and fcoffed at the Parfimony
of former Times, as rude and illiberal. The ancient Coun-
ftllors, feeing all things likely to run to Ruin in a veryfliort
time, came to the King, and put him in mind of his Duty^
of his prefent Evil Ways and Mifcarriages ; and of the Dati-
gers imfiending upon him. He neverthelefs perfifted in his
flothfiil kind of Life, which gave Opportunity to the Re-
xpainders of the Pi£ts (as if an hopeful Alarm had been given
them, even from the very Bottom of Deipair) to addreft
themfelves to Osbreth and Elh, two of the moft potent and
j>revalent|Kings of the Engli/h^ (fovth^nEftgiaf/dwas divided
into many Kingdoms.) They bewailed their Misfortune to
them, and craved ear neftly their Afliftance; promiiing, that
they and all their Pofterity would become Feudataries to the
Englijbj in cafe they obtained the ViSory over the Scofs^
which they prejudged would be an eafy one, by reafonofthe
flothful Nature of Donald. The Engl'tjh were eafily perfuad-
cd, and having fettled things at home, they led out their Army
Into Merch^ from whence they fent Heralds to Dtttaldus^ re-
quiring, that the Lauds which the Scots had forcibly taken away
from the P/(^/, their Friends and Allies, might be reftored ;
^hich, unlefs he would do, they would not neglccl their old
Confederates, who had liewly folicited their Afliftance.
DonaidMi^ by the Advice of the Eftates, which, in this time
of imminent Danger, he had (thpngh unwillingly) convened,
levied an Army, and met with the Enemy at Jfdd^ a River
oiTiviotdaU^ where he joined Battle, and overthrew Ox^r^/^J,
forcing him to fly to the next Mountains : From thence he
inarched on by Tvieed to the Sea-fide, recovered Berwick^
■which had been taken by the EngUJh^ and was again de-
fated by them, upon the ill News' of thcSuccefs of the Bat-
' ^ Q 4 tie;

2iS T&e U IS r OKY of BookVL

tie; where he took all the Ships riding in the Mouth of the-
River, andfeized upon all the Enemies Provifipns there. He
got there an Opportunity to renew his* interrupted PJeafures ;
and, as if his Enemies had been wholly Overthrown, he in-
dulged himfelf in all kind of Voluptuoufnefs. The Eftgisjbj
who in the laft Fight were rather fcattered than fubdued, un*
derftanding by their Spies, theCarelefnefsand Security of the
Scots, gathered together what Fgrce they could out of the
Neighbourhood, an4 fet upon the Scots by Night, who were
drowned in Wine, and faft afleep, making a great Slaughter
amongft them ; but they took the King who was betweea
flceping and waking, Prifoner. From thence they followed
theCourfe of their Viftory, and to make their Revenge more
complete, they divided their Army into two Parts, and fa
marched into the Enemies Country ;• part of them whqn they
come to the Forth^ got Veffels, and endeavoured topafsover
by Water into Fife, but a great Number of them were (hip-
wrackt, and drowned; and the reft, by the Violence of the
Storm, were forced back to the Shore where they embarked ;
from whence, marching xoSterliffg^ and joiningwith the reft
of their Army, they pals over the Forth, on a Bridge. The
Scots, after their flight, gathered themfelve$ into a Body there-»
abouts, having the bare (hew, rather than the Strength, of an
Army; and fentAmbafladors to the £»f/jf^ for Peace; which
they did not refufe, bccaufc their Strength was weakncd by
the unfuccefsful Battle of Jedd, and a! lb by the late Shipwrack*
The E97gliJh propounded hard Conditions, yet fiich as the
prefcnt State of Affairs made to feem tolerable. As that, The
Scots Jhould yield up all the Land, which was within the Wall
of Stv cms-. That their Bounds ftjould be beneath SitxWng, the
Forth ; beneath Dunbarton, the Clyd ; and between the twa
Rivers, the IVall of Severus. Amidft fuch hard Terms of
Peace, yet this happened, as welcome as it was unexpeded,
to the Scots, that no mention was made concerning the Rc-»
duSion of the Fids. For the Englijb and Britains divided
the Lands, furrendred up, betwixt them ; the River being a
13oundary betwixt them both. There are fome, who think
the Money yet called Sterling was then coined there. The
Lands being thus divided, the P/V^j, who thought to recover
their own, being eluded of their Hopes, pafled over to the
Cimbrians and Scandians^ (^i, <r.) (as we moderns fpeak) to
Dennjarkmd Norway. Thofe few of them that ftaid in £»f-
land, werfi all put to death, upon pretence that they would
attempt Innovations by their foiiciting of foreign Aids. Do^
naldus, after he had made Peace, upon his Return was ho-
nourably received, partly out of Refpe£l to his Anceftors,

and

Book VI. SCOTLAN*D. iif

and partly in Hopes of his Repentance and Amendment.
But he/perfevering in his wonted Slothfalnefs, the Nobles
fearing that fo lluggifli a Perfon, who would neither hearken
to theCounfels of his Friends, nor be reclaimed by his own
Calamities, would lofe that,-part bf the Kingdom which re-
mained, confined him to a Prifon ; where,, either out of
Grief and Angui(h of Heart, as having his Pleafure reflrain-
cd ; or out of Fear of being made a publick Spefiacle of
Scorn, he laid violent Hands on himfelf, in the fixth Yearof
his Reign. Others report, that this Donaldus performed manjr
noble Exploits, both at home and abroad; and that he died si
natural Death at Scont^ in the Year of our Lord SfS.

CONSTAHTIKUS II. Thefeventyfirft Klng.j

CONSTANTINUS, the Son of Kennethus, ^zs
crowned afrer himy ^t Scone \ he was a Prince of a greac
JSpirit, and highly valiant. He was defirous to wipe away
Ihe Ignominy received under Donaldus^ and to enlarge his
Kingdom to the Bounds his Father had left; but he was
Otherwifeadvifed by his Nobles, becauie the greated part of
the Soldiery were ilain under Donaldus ; and the Remainder
were grown fo corrupt, that it was not fit to put Arms into
their Haiids. This bein^ fo, the King firft bent his Care to
amend the publick Difcipline; and accordingly he reduced
the Order of Priefts to their ancient Parfimony, by feverc
Laws, in regard they had left off preaching, and had given
themfelves up to Luxury, Hunting, Hawking, andtoCoiTrt-
ly-Pomp. He caufcd the young Soldiers who were grown
effeminate withVoIuptuoufnefs and £a(e, to lie on the Ground,
and to eat but once a Day. Drunkards were puniflied with
Death. He forbid all Sports, but thofe which Icrved to make
the Body hardy, and inure the Mind to War. By thcfc
Laws, the Soldiery of the Kingdom were brought to a better
pafs ; when prefenily a certain Illander, named Evenusy whom
the King himfelf had made Governor of LoehAhyr^ a Man
of im unquiet Spirit, and ambitious of Dominion, role up in
Arms; he knowing that the military Youth could not well
flomach the Severity of thefe new Ltiws, firft gathered to-
gether a fmall Number, and then a greater, complaining bf
the prefent State of things. And when he found his DiP
courfe was acceptable to them, he eafily perfuaded them to
confpire about the taking off of Confiantine, Hut being more
^^ive than cautious in gathering Strength to their Fadion^
they were betrayed by fome of their own Confederates, and
Ilain, before they knew any Forces were coming s^ainft them.

EvCMHSy

120 T&eH isr ORT of Book VL

Emmtf^ tfte Head of the Confpiraqr, was hanged* About
fttisR cme ft was, that the Dams^ then the mo/f pofent and
ftusShing. Natron amongft the Germaxt^ were £)Iicited bjr
like P'iSs ag^infl: the &ro^j,,and alfo by one Bucrnus^ (or as
fldkers write, Ferua^ whofe Wife had been ravfihed by Os^
tm^tjp} whfch they, being over (locked with young People at
iDsmnev. ea(!ly aflented to, and fo they came over in numerous
TiraufportSv and with a great Navy, into Brhah. Their firft
Defcent was fn Fife-^ there they flew all they met, without
IXSSadSoUiy out of Hatred to the Cbrijiian Keligion; and
finidiiig. thefr Army^ they fpoiled tJie Country two feverai
wafSw. Conftantine made head againft them, and firft he fee
ipcai that Brigade which Hubba^ Brother to the Danifo King^
conamandcd; which being hfndred from joining the other
Bbdiy of Troops, by the fudden fweHing of the River Levin^
w«re there eafily overcome and fJain, except a few of his
Menv, wha could fwrm over the River, and they fled to
•fteiff other Comniandery called Humber. Conftantine pur*^
fiisdl chcmv and marched as if he went to a Prey, not to a
BtttUe,, and oveitook them not far from theTownofC^rtf/7^
tan not bcfofe they had well fortified their Camp. For the
iX0nrr„ beJng very fwovident after their late unhappy Fight,
fcad Baadle a khid of defenfive Fortification, upoti fomefmall
mod&Tg Rocks,^ near the Shore^ by heaping up a Parcel of
Sooms together, which lay thereabouts. In that Poflure^
Comftamtint aflfautted them ; where, by realbn of the Incom-
stodfottfiieS of the Place, and the Defpair of the Danes^ he
fandi dear for his Rafhnefs ; for he loft a great Part of hts
iteny; hehfrnfelf wastakcfvPrifoner, haled into a little Cave,
liatd by,, and there flain. There are fome Monuments of
iMf Ffgbt remaining to this Day, as the Cave, the Circum-
faence of their Camp, which was not cutout regularly, or
hf eqtial Spaces^ but turning and winding accorcKng to the
SSendlhg cf the Rocks. Some hy the Blame of this unlucky
Acddent upon the Piilsy who, being admitted into Conftan*
fiw's Fealty and Army, were the firft that ran away, and
Acw the greateft Part of the Army after them. The Danes
prtrered up the Spoils, and departed to their* Ships. The
Kri:^> Body was found the Day after, and carried to the Se*
polchres of his Anceftors in the Ifland Icolumb^kiL He poft
Icfled the Kingdom iiicteen Years, and died in the Year of
Loffd874*

ExHU^ji^

SooK v. S C O T LA N ©. zti

p T H U S, The fevcKty feeond Kwg.

HI S Brother Etbus fucceeded him ; from the Swiftneft
of his Feet, firnamcd Jlipes; he was clefled King up-
on no higher, or other, Account, but becaufe he gathered
together the Rellqucs of the Army, which were fcattered by the
Danes. AnrK)nglt the Prodigies of his Time, they reckoa
thofe Sea-Filhes then appearing, which are feldom leen, and
'^fter long Intervals of Time, but they never appear but
•in«Sholes, nor without fome unlucky Prefege. The Com*
mon People call them Monach't-tnarini^ i. e. Sea Monks i
Others give them the name of Bajfineti^ i. e, hooded, or hel-
meted Fifb. Etbus^ quite unmii>dful both of his Brother
Md of his Anceflors, giving himfelf up to all manner of Vi-
ces, and drawing the young Soldiers, who were by Nature
very eafily feduced, along with him, was taken Prifoner by a
Combination of the Nobles; and, after all the flagitious Afts
of his Life had been declared to the People, in a long Speech,
he was forced co abjure the Government, in the feeond Year
of his Reign. Three Days after he died in Prifon, for
Grief. That which chiefly offended the Men of military
Genius, was, his flothful Inadivity, becaufe when the
J>anes were at War with i\it EngUp^ and many bloody Bat-
tels had been fought between them, yet he never bethought
himfelf of the recovering the Country he had loft ; nor
i«rould he foffer himfelf to be fo much as put in mind of it,
by otheris. Some write, that he was not forced to rclinquiOi
his Kingdom, but that be was wounded in a Combat by
Gregoriusj who was defirous of getting the Reins of the Em-
pire into his own hands, and that he died two Months after,
UnnoChrifli^JS'

GitEGORiUS, The feventy third King.^

GREGORIUS, theSonof DongaUus, was fet up King
in his ftead ; a Perfon of a truly Royal Spirit, in whom
lio Virtue v(fas wanting, that was requifite to compleat a
Monarch. Fir ft, he reconciled all thofe to him, who were
againft him when he endeavoured to gain the Throne ; and
then he proceeded to compofe the Difcords of the Nobles
amongft thcmfelves ; He fo tempered the Severities of his
Government with Affability, that he got the Command of
his SubjeSs more by Love, than by Fear : He reftored the
€/d Laws concerning the Immunity of the Minifters of the
Church, (who were almoft in the oaiure of Slaves, under the

nasi

i:2a The Uisr OKY 0f Book VIZ

3Piils) or elfc he made Nevj^ to the fame purpofe. His firft
Expedition was into Fife againft the P/V?/, left there by the
Dines^ whilft they were employing their Arms againft the
EngUJh. He drove them not eut of Fife only, but out of
Xcthian^ and Merch too. Tht Danes ^ when he came to
Servjick^ fearing, if they flK)uld have any Misfortune, the £«jr-
Ji/h -would be upon theifBacks too, durftnotjolnia a Field-
Fight with Gregorys but foot 4>a9t x)f their forces over the
River into Northumberland^ commanding them to join with
J9L fmall Brigade of their Ceuntrymeni who had igathered
together, and' were newly landed, there; thercftof *them
entered jB^rwirito Areagthen that Garrifon. But the Engltfi^
who were, "but unwillingly, under the Command of the DantSy^
•{as being Men of a different ReUgion from them) gave Ad-
iniirK)n to the Sc(^u in the Night-time, by which means all
^he Dan€i were ^put to the Sword, from thence Gregory
marched into Northumberland^ »id fought a ipro(pefous oat-
itel againft //^ri^RMr^e^ ^here he made fo great a Slaughter of
ihem, that their Numbers;, which were lately formidable to
4il] Britaift^ were mightily diariniflied, 4)artly by Gregory of
^cotland^ and partly by A^rid of England* Gregory took fa
nil Northumberland^ and gave free Leave to thofe Englifo
that had a mind, to depart; andheverycourteoufly-diftributed
Lands among the.reft, who chofe to remain there. The greateft
fart of the Englifio ftaid behind; partly out of Love to
•cheir native Soil ; partly by reafon of the Kkig*s Bounty t©
ihem, and partly alfo for Fear of dieir Enemies. For, as
4hey had, for fcveral Years then part, entred into feveral cruel
Engagements with the Danes^ the Viflory being many times
-uncertain, many of the Engli/b chofe rather to be under the
3Dt)mi«ion of the ^cots^ "who, though fiarmerly Enemies;,
were yctChrliJiians^ than either to fall into the Power of the
bloody Danes, or to hope for uncertain Aids from their own
Countrymen ; efpecially fince things were in fuch a general
Confufion over all Britain, that the EngUJh knew not which
Parry to fucoour fidl. After Gregory had chaftifed the Danes, to
fo fmart a JDtegree, that he expefted no more Trouble from
them/ he turned his Arms upon the Britons, who as yet
held fome of the SeQtiJh Dominions ; But' he made Peace
T^ith them too, upon their reftoririg the (aid Lands, and pro*
mifing to afTift him againft the Danes, if they ibould return;
and upon that, he disbanded his Army. But the Britons, after
their Return home, repented of the Peace they had made ; and
entring Scotland again in an hoftile manner, they were driv-
ing away a great Booty; but Gregory met them at Loch-Ma^
ian, and after a bloody Fight overthrew them, ^nd C^u^

Jl^ntine^

Book VL SCO TL A N ©. zrj

Jlanttne their Kmg fell in the Field. The Brhom^ having:
rccehred this Fruit of their ill Counfel, made Herbert^^ rhe^
Brother of Conflantitte^ Krtig ; and then began to thmk fnr
x^hat a dangeroos Cafe they were, having both the Scots and
X^oMcs their Enemies \ and then: Alliance with rhe Englip
feldom long-lived. Upon this Confideranon', they lent Am^
bailadors to the Scots for Peace, who would not hearken ta
amy fuch thing, xsjAs&CuwhtrUndzvA Weft mor land vr^tt re<»
fiored to them, which was accordingly done, and the Peace
made on thole Conditions. About the fame tune, there
came alfo Ambailadors from Alured of England^ partly
to congratulale the Vi6tory over the Danes^ whfch ought
((aid they) to be judly acceptable to 2X\C6riJIiansy and partly
to enter imo a new League againft all the Enemfes of the
CbrtftUn Faith ^ Peace was coHcluded on thefc Conditions ;:
*' That they fliould oppofe foreign Enemies with their joynr
•* Forces, if they made a Defcent on the Borders of either
*' People; and that the &cots (houM quietly enjoy for ever
•* the land which they had got from the Uaftet.^^ Peace being;
thus obtained by Arms on every Side, and a League made andf
cftablifli'd, word was brought Gregory upon his Return, that the
Irijh had made an Irruption into Galway. The Caufeof the
War was pretended to be, becaufe the Men of Galtaay had in a
bofiile manner leized upon, and plundered fome Galleys^
driven on their Coafts, belonging to the Inhabitants of Z)W-
liffj a City in Ireland. The Irijbj hearing of Gregory*^ com^
ing, in great Confternation retired prefently with their Prey
to their Ships; and Gregory^ with a goo^ Navy, and ftrong;
Army, as loon as he could with conventency, tranfported
htmfelf into Ireland alfi). Duncan^ or Donatus^ or rather
Dunaehasy was at that time their King \ but betn^ under
Age, BrienusvcACornehuSy twoof the moftpowerraVof the
Nobility neit to him, bad divided the whole Land into tw«>
Fafiions. But patching up a Truce at the Arrival of a fiD»»
reign Enemy, they pitched and fortified their Camps aparr^
near the River Bann^ a Place which ftcmcd convenieht
enough for^hat Purpofe. Their End in fo doing was, to
take off the Edge of Grf^or/s Valour by delay, and to force
him to withdraw his Army from a fore^n haraffed Country,
for want of Provifion. Gregory fmeh out their Defign, and
therefore very fecretly in the Night, he fent part of his Ar-
my to feize upon an Hill, which was, as it were, over Bri»
enus\ Head. The Day after, when the Battel was joyned,
in the Heat of rhe Fight, they threw down mighty Stones
into his Camo, which cruftied many of his^en to Pieces,
and fo ccrrify'd the reft, thac their Ranks were broken; and

they

22+ The H IS t o RT of Book V.

they fled away in great Diforder and Confufion. C^rncKtn^
hearing of the Event of this Fight, withdrew his Army, with*
out ftriking a Blow, into Places of greater Safety. Brienui
was flain in his Camp ; the refl had as mucn Quarter given/
them aspoflible, by Gregory* % Command. He then marched,
over the Country without any Depopulation at all, which
Lenity occafioned many rather to fubmic themfelves to the
Mercy of the King, than to try it out by Force. The forti*
fied Towns were ftreogthehed With Garrifons. Gregory redu-^
ced Duffdalk^ndDrogheJa^ two ftrong Places, made fobothr-
by Art and Nature ;atld then determined to march diredly
to DubltH. But hearing that Comeliuf^ General of all th«;
Irip Forces, was coming againft him with a great Army, hc/
turned afide, fought with him, and overthrew him, follow-,
ing the Chafe as far as Dublin^ which he befieged. But there
was not Provifion enough in the City for lo many People.
a$ had fled thither; fo that in a (hort lime it was furrendred:
to him by Cormachus^ the Bifhop of the City. . Gregory^ at his
Entrance into it, did no Prejudice at all to any of the Inhabi-^
tants ; but vifited King Duncan^ his Kinfman, and protefled^
that he came not thichei; out of an ambitious Defire to take,
away the Kingdom from him, ortoamafsup Riches for him*"
felf, but only to revenge the Injuries he had received. Ac- .
cordingly he committed the Care of the young King to fuch
of his old Counfellors, as he judged moft faithful to him;
and himfelf bore the Name of his Tutqr or Guardian, till
he came to be of Age : He alfo put Garrifons into theForts^ ^
and exaded an Oath from the Nobility, that they (hould ad-
mit Vktxth^x BnglUb^ Dane^ vlox Briton into thellland, with-
out his Permiffion : Reappointed Judges in cpnvenient Pla-
tes, who were to judge betwixt Man and Man in Matters ,
of Controverfy, according to the Laws gf the Country ;
auj^ receiving fixty Hoftages for the Performance of thofc
Conditions, he returned home in Triumph. The Fame of
his Juftice made the Peace firmer for the future, than any
Terror of Arms could have done. Having thus managed *
Matters both at home and abroad, he departed this Life in
the eighteenth Year of his Reign, being no left eminent foe
his Juftice and Temperance, than for his Vi^lour and Mag- -
nanimity. So that he was juftly firnamed, by his Country-
men, Gregory the Greaf. He died Anf$o Chrijii 89a.

D o N A L D U S VI> The fiventy fourtb Khg.

DONALD^ the fixth of that Name, theSonof Cowjfiw-
tifte the iecoad| wa« made Kia|; um$&ts Qregory^bvf^ f;

BookV. SC O T la M'D. zts

tng been recommended by that his great Predcce(S»,

his Death, to the Nobility. He deceived not theOpimoo, ^

Men had.conceived of him, i. e, that be was a very jn

Prince ; for he fb maintahied Peace, as to be always futqfmxii

for War. And when for a long time he had no finemy itocnH

counter with, yet he took Care that the.Soldiery ihoald aunt

grow too luxurious^ or by being corrupted- by Eaiean^iBbsBn^

grow inclinable to run, as it had often happened, iinitoaiDl

manner of evil PraSices. When a new Army <of iJbner

drew near to the Coafls of Northumberland^ and lay :at An*

«hor there for fome Days, without prejudicing any lho%,

Jionaldus gathered an Army together, and being watchfifl oof

all Opportunities, went to guard that Province. Bat heaa^

ihg that the Danes had made a Defcent upon the Comuiiy dP

the Ewgltjh^ he fent Aid to King Jifredt wbofoughtaibtoai%

Battel with the Danes. Yet, though he got the Victory,lbe was

content to admit them into Parr of his Dominions, provSdfil

they wouW turn Chriftians. Peace wasniadeon tho&TtennK^

the Army disbanded, and a new homebred CcEmmotSoB cud*

tertained Donaldus at his Return, There happened fo ^noc

a Feud betwixt the Rojfians and the Mercb linen, oo^GbI

by fome fmall Robberies at firfi, that more W€re ^laiii hg

occafional Combats, than if they had met m a pitched Sat-

tel. Donald marched thither, and having Hain the Heads of

the Fafiions, reftored Peace to the reft, Jahannes ParJhmif

a Scotfib Chronologer, fays, that in this £3^peditl<m 'he a&l

at Forejsy not without the Suspicion of Poifon; Sc^ S&ettaMs

affirms, that he returned to NorthumherUnd, to fee intat

hccaftie of the Peace he had made with the Danes^ <af ^ivibiiai

be was always fufpicious ; and that he died there, raififir ibe

had reigned eleven Years. His Memory was pxecious f

^ Rich and Poor* His Death was A. C. 903,

CONSXAKTIKE IIL the fevtniy fifth Ko^.

CONSTANTINE the third, the Son i^E^hm^
fubftituted King in his room ; a Man of isoall Di^
lion, "S^t could he not be truly faid to be firmly smdcomi
ly good. The Danes^ 'who could by no Proxnifes, by sao Pcr-
fuafions whatfoever, incline Gr^^c^ry zni Dcmatd^ tbetwoUl
Kings of the Scot j^ to take up Arms aga»nfit<he£>^.//;/^, wha
were thea Chrifiians^ eafily wrought upon Cf^amms htf
Gifts, and by the vain Hope of enlarging his Doja^tMOsn, so
xnake a League with them ; whfch iafted fcarce two Ycjus^
b^t the Danes^ deferting the Scots ^ firuck up a Le^gw niriii.
likEnghJk, This I««(gae had &arc^ cominci^l foar YacKp

bdfow

i%6 The History ^ Book VTJ

before EJward of England gathered an Army fpeedily toge-
ther, add fpoiled the Country of the Da»es; by which they
were reduced to fuch Streights, that they were foit'd to re-
torn to the ScofSy whom they had lately deferted •. To whom
they fwore moft religioufly, that they would for ever after
obferve the Amity, moft inviolably, terwixt them. This fe-
cond League is reported to have been entred into, with great
Ceremony, in the tenth Year of Conltantine's Reign. He
gave, the lame Year, Cumberland to Malcolm^ Son of th«
laft King, which was an honourable Omen to him, that
the next Reign (hould be his own. And afterwards the fame
Cuftom was obfcrved, by fome fiicccedlng Kin^s, to therna-
nifeft difannuHing of the old way of convening the Efiates,
ivhofe free Suffrages ought not to have been thus abridged ; but
this was like the Deiignation of the Confuls, by theCafars^
which put an End to the Roman Liberty. A War being now
commenced between Edward the Son of Alfred^ and the
Danes \ Conftantine fent Aids to the Danes^ under the Con-
duSof Malcolm. He joined his Army with the Danef^ and
being fuperior in Number, theyharafled the adjoyning Coun-
trfes of the Englt/h^ and made great Devaftation, wherefo-
cver they came; 'to the End that they might force the £»-
gltflj^ who had a far lefs numerous Army, to fight : Nay^
they were fo arrogantly confident of their Numbers, that
they thought their Enemy would never fo much as look
them in the Face; fo that now, as fecure ef the Viaory,
they began to talk of dividing the Spoil. But, as Profperi'
ty doth blind the Eyes of the Ivife \ fo Adverfity^ and the for e^
fif^ht of Danger^ is agoodSch^olmaJler^ even to the weaker Jide\
What the Englip wanted in Strength, they fupplied with
Art, Skill and Stratagem. Their Army was well feconded with
Referves, and fo they began the Fight; the firft Ranks being
commanded fo to do, gave ground, and under the Pretence
of being difcomfited, tiiade a feint as if they vvere flying, that
fo, their Enemies purfuing them in Diforder, they might again
return upon them in that ftraggling Pofturc: Atheljlan^ the
bafe-born Son of Edward^ was General pf all the E^igUfo
Forces, as our Writers affirm ; ahdGr<f/irc/»alfo (aystheiame
thing. They make this yf/^f^/tf» guilty of Parricide, in kill-
ing his Father, and his two Brothers Edred and Edwin^
whofe Right it was immediately to fucceed their Father in
the Kingdom : Fan*e increafes the Sufpicion, that Bdvjard
was violently put to Death, becaufe it attributes to him ,
the Title of a Martyr. For that Faft Athelftan being ha-
ted, to recover the Favour of the People, he refolved upon
fome eminent Enterprize, and accordingly determined at laft

t#

Book VI. SCOT LA N ©. izj

to expiate the Blood of his Ktndted, by (hedding that of his
Enemies : In purfuance of this Refolution, when he had fought
iloutly for a time, he gave Ground by h'ttle and h'ttle ; but after-
ward retreated with more Precipitation, and in greater Fear and
Confufion, as if he intended abfolutely to run away. The
Danes and Scots^ fuppofing ihemfelves Conquerors, were un-
wilh'ng to make any brisk Purfuit, left the cowardh'eftofthe
Soldiers fliould enjoy all the Booty, and therefore they re-
turned to plunder their Camp. Upon i\\2X Atheiflan gvft a
fiignal, and the Engltfh returning to their Colours, fet upoa
them as they were fcattered and laden with Spoil, and killed
them like Dogs. The gteateft part of the Scottp Nobility was
loft in this Fight, who chofe rather to die on the Spot, thaa
to undergo the Ignominy of deferring their Companions. of
the War. Malcolm being much wounded, was carryM off
the Field by his own Men, and fent the doleful Tidings of
the Lofs of his Army to King Conftantine ; neither was the
face of things more pleafant amongft the Danes. Athelflan^
during this Aftonifliment of his Enemies, took Cumberland
and Weftmorelafid {torn the Scots^ and Northumberland (xova
the Danes, Conftantine having not Force enough either to
wage War, or to carry on Matters* in Peace, called a Con-
vention of the Eftates at Abernethy^ and willingly refigned the
Kingdom, and betook himfelf to the Culdei^ Worfliippers of
God, (for fo the Monks of that Age were called) as to a Sane-,
tuary, amongft whom he fpent the remaining five years of his
LjfeatSt. i/if^^r^iy/, in theYearofChrift943, and the fortieth
Yiear from the beginning of his Reign. Here the EngUp
Writers, who are profufe in their own Praifes, do affirm. That
Atbelftan was the fole Monarch of all Britain^ and that
the reft, who had the Names of Kings in Albium^ were but
preqarioufly (q, and his Feudataries only, as taking an Oath
of Fidelity to him, as the fupreme Lord. And they intro-
duce many ignoble Englip Authors as favourers of that O-
pinion ; and to procure them a greater Credit, they add alio
Marianus Scotus^ who was indeed an illuftrious Writer*
But here I defire the Reader to take Notice, that there is not
the leaft mention of any (iich thing in that Edition o*f Ma--
rmnusj which was printed in Germany; but if they have an-
other Marianus^ different from him who is publickly read,
and interpolated or forged by themlelveSy let them produce
him if they can. Befides, they being Men generally unlearned,
do not in fomeiPlaces fufficiently underftand their own Wri-
ters, neither do they take Notice, that Bede^ William of Malmf-
tury^ waAGeoffry oi Monmouthy do commonly call that part
SriiaiM oyer which Ithe Britains ruled, /'. c. that within the

R Wall

^

^28 The HisroKY of Book VI.

Wall of JJriaft ; or, when they ftretched their Dominions
fartheft, within the Wall of Severus ; fo that the Scots and
Pi^s are oftentimes reckoned by them to be out of Britam^
and are accounted as Tranfmarine People. And therefore,
when they read, that the jB»^//^ fometime reigned over all
Britain^ they underftand the Authors fo, as if they included
Jlbium 01 Albion ; whereas they do often circumfcribeBr/-
ta'tn within narrower Limits, as I have faid before: But of
this I have fpoken more largely in another Place. To re-
turn then to the Affairs of Scotland. ^

MALCOLM I. T'he fiventy fixti King.

CONSTANTINE h^vm^ retired himfelf itito the
Cloyfter of the Monks, Malcolm^ the Son of Donald^
was declared King. Athelftan being dead, and his Brother
Edward reigning, Cumberland and IVeJlmorelafid revolted
from the EngUjb^ and returned to their old Mafters. More-
over the Danes^ who remained in Northumberland^ fent for
Avalajfus^ their Countryman, of the Royal Progeny, who
was baniflied into /r^/W, toinake him King ; Edmund^ fore-
feeing vifrhat Clouds of War were gathering over his Head,
yielded up Cumberland and Weftmorelund to Malcolm^ upon>
this Condition, That he who fhould next fucceed in the
Bcotip Kingdom, fliould take an Oath to the King of Eng--
land^ as the Lord Paramount of that Country. Afterwards^
he eafily reduced the Danes^ who had been affliSed with va-
rious Calamities ; neither did he long furvive his Vifiory*
The Englijh chofe his Brother £</r^i King after him; againft
whom the/) ^»^/, who ^oUkff^i Northumberland^ and never
cordially obferved any Peace made with the Englifi^ rebell'd,
and whiift he was encumber'd with other Affairs at a Diftance,
they took from him many ftrong and well fortified Places,
particularly York ; but he overcame them by the Affiftance of
loooo Scots. Malcolm returning home, gave himfelf wholly
up [Q thie Arts of Peace ; and, to cure the Diftempers oc-
cafioned by the Wars, elpecially Luxury and laWlefs Living,
he himielf ufually vifited all the Scots Courts of Judicature
once in two Years, and adminiftred Juftice with great Equity.
At length, whiift he was bufy in puniftiing Robbers, and ia
reftraining the lewd Manners of the younger Sort, he was
flain by Ibme Confpirators of Murray-L^nd, in the Night,

n the fifteenth Year of his Reign. 'The Perpetrators of that
Villany were, with great Diligence, fought alter, and found
out by theNoblts;.and, being apprehended, were put to fc-
vcral exquilite Deaths, according to every one's fliafe of Guilty

in committing the Parricide. li<»gL-

Book VI. $ C O T L A N "D. ii^

I N D U L E U S, The fevemy feventb King.

IND UL FUS reigned after hliiif who having fettled thitfgt
in Peace at home, pafTed the next fcven Years in great
TranquiUity ; but in the eighth Year of his Reign the Danes^
taking it amifs that the Aniince with the Effgii/k was pre-
ferred before theirs, and that a perpetual League was made
between the two Kings againft them, came with a Navy of
fifty Ships Into the Firth of Forth^ • when the Scots JittJecxpea*^
cd any fuch thing; infomuch that the'y hadliketo have given
them an univerfal Overthrow by way of Surprize. In fuch
a fudden Invaiion all vvere fullof Fear and Amazement;
fome carried their Goods into the midland Country, as a
Place of more Safety ; others ran to the Sea-fide, to hinder '
the Enemies landing. Hago and Heiricus were the two Ad-
mirals of the Damp Fleet; They endeavoured firft to land
in Lotb'tan^ and afterwards in Fife^ but m vain ; they then ei^
fayed to enter the Firth of the River 7"^^', but there alfo they
were hindred from making any Defceni on Land ; fo that
they coafted alpout the Shores of JEneia oiAngus^ of Mern^
Marr^ 3nd Bnchan y but in ail Places being hindred from
landing, they hoifted thefr Sails and went into the main O-
cean, as if they ifitended to return home. But within a few
Days, when all was fecure, they came back again, and hav-
ing gotten a convenient place in 5«y», at the Mouth of the
River C«///», they there landed their Men without Oppofiti-
on, before the Country People could give any Alarm of their
Arrival.. When Indulfm heard of their landing, he march-
ed towards them before they could well have any Notice
of his coming ; and firft he fet upon the ftraggling Plan*
dcrers, and drove them to the reft of their Army, but madeno^
great Slaughter of them, becaufe the Camp of the Dams
was near, to which they might make their Retreat. When
the Armies came in fight of each other, they both drevv" up
in Battle array, and fell to it with equal Force and Courage:
Whilft they were thus fiercely fighting, Gr^me and Dumbarf
with fome Troops of Lotbiaa-Meiij appeared on the Rear ot*
the Danes ; which put them in fuch a Con ft er nation,- that fhcf
all run away, fome to their Ships,* others tounknownPlaces^
whitherfoever the Fear of the Enemy drove them r But thai
greater part of them drew up in a round clofc Body, in ^
tvoody Vale, and thei'e waited an occafion oflitSking wittt
Valour, or dying with the laft^ Refoktion. , Indulfusf as if
his. Enemies had been wholly pvercotn'c^' rode up and downt
tvith a fevT Atceada^s^ anc^ (fafui^}^ Mghtb^ imor their'

ISC' T5&i? History^ B o o k VL\

Hands, was flain, at the beginniog of the tenth Year of his
Reign. Soihe fay that he was killed by an Arrow (hot bat
of a Ship, having put off his Armour, that he might be more
nimble m thePurluit, and prefs the more eagerly upon them,
as they were going a Shipboard.

D 17 F F U S, Tie 'fsventy eighth King.

AF T E R his Death, Duffus^ the Son of Malcolm obtained
the Kingdom ; in the b^inning of his Reign he made Cu-'
lenus^ ionoiKXnglndulfus^ Gowttnox of Cumberland^ and
fent him into the Mbftda^ which were then in War and Dit-
order, to reftrain the frequent Robberies committed there.
For the young Soldiers of the Nobility, having got a great
many Companions about them, made the common Peo-
ple tributary to them, impofing a pecuniary Mvl\& on every
Family, befides Free-quarter: and yet Culenus dealt not
more harlhly with them, than with the very Governors
themfelves of the Ifland, who ought to have reftrained fuch
Outrages. He commanded that, for the future, they by
whofe Negligence theft Diforders fliould happen, (hould
make Saiistaflion to the Commonalty, and alfo pay a Fine
to the King. This InjunSion ftruck fuch a Terror into theft
idle paultry Fellows, that many of them went over into /rr-
land^ and there got their Living by their daily Labour. As
this Matter was acceptable to the Commons, fo it was as
offenfive to the Noble Allies of thofe who were bantihed,
and to many of the younger Sort, who were in love with
that idle kind of Life. Theft Men, in all their Meetings
and Aflemblies, did firft fecretly, and afterwards in the Pre-
fence of a Multitude of fuch as applaudfed them, begin openly
to revile their King; alledging. That he defpifed the No-
bility, and was drawn away and feduced by the Counfel of
forry Priefts : That he degraded and put Men of gentile Ex-
traflion to fervileOflSees: That he advanced the nioft.abjedl:
<of the People to the higheft Honours : That, in fine, he
made fuch Medleys, as to turn every thing upfide down.
They added farther. That if things (hould continue at that
Pafi, either the Nobility muft transport themfelves into other
Countries ; or elft muft make them a new King, who might
govern the People by thofe ancient Laws, by which the
Kingdom had arrived to the hejghth of Grandeur from fucit
a fmall Beginning, Amidft thcfe Confufions the King was
feized with a new and unufual Difeafe, and no evident Caufe
of it, appearing, when all Remedies had been tried in vain^
a Rumour was fpread abroad, by Iknow not whom, that

he

Book VL S € O T L A N "D. ajr

he w^ bewftched : The Sulpicion of this Witchcraft arofo
cither from fome Indications of his Difeafe, or clfc becaufe
his Body wafted and pined away by continual Sweating, and
his Strength was fo much dccay'd, that the Phyficians, who
were fent for far and near, not knowing what to apply for
hisReUef; when no common Caufts of the Difcafe diicoVer-
ing themfelves, they ie'en laid it to the Charge of a fecref
one. And whilft all ^ere intent on the King's Malady, at
laft News was brought, That nightly Afiemblies and Con-
Ipirapies were made againft him at Forefsy a Town in ^«r-
ray : The Report was taken fpr Truth, there being nothing
to contradifl it ; therefore fome . faithful Meffengers were
lent to Donald^ Governor of the Gaftle, in whom the King
confided much, even in his. greateS Affairs, to find out the
Truth of the Matter He, from a Difcovery made by a cer-^
tain Harlot, whofe Mother was noted for a Witch, detedl-
cd the whole Confpiracy. For the young Girl having blab-
bed out, a few Days before, fome Words concerning the
Sicknefs and Death of the King ; being apprehended and
brought to the Rack to be torture, at, the very firft fight of
It (heprefently declared what was defighedagainQ the Life of
the Kin^. Upon this fome Soldiers were fent, who found
the Maid's Mother, and fome other Goffips, roafting the
King's PiSure, made in Wax, by a foft Fire ; their Defign
■was, thiat as the Wax did leifurely melt, fo the King, being
diffolved into a Sweat, fhould pine away by degrees ; and
when the Wax was quite confumed, then, his Breath failing
him, he thould prefently die. When this PiQure of Wax was
broken, and the Witches puniflied, in the fame Month (as
fome lay) the King was freed from his Difeafe. Thefe things
I deliver as I have heard them from our Anceftors ; what to
think of this fort of Witchcraft, I leave to the Judgment of
the Reader, only minding him. That this Story was not
found amongft our ancient Records. Amidft thefe things,
the Fear of the' King being laid afide, becaufe they hoped
he would fliortly die, many Robberies and Murders were
committed every where. Duffus^ having recovered his
Strength, purfued the Robbers through Murray^ Rofi and
Caithness and killed many of them at feveral Skirmiflics, as
occafion would permit ; but he brought the Chief of them
to Forefs^ that their Punifhment might be the more confpi-
cuous in that Town. There Donaldus^ Governor of the
Town and Caftle, petitioned. the King to pardon fonie of
his Relations, who were of the Gang; but, being denied, he
fell into a mighty Indignation, as if he had been highly
wronged: Hi§ whole Mind was taken up with the thoughts

R 3 of

^3^ 2T&^ History^/ Book VIJ

of Rcveoge; for he judged that his Services done to the King
were fo gfeat, that he ought, let him have asked v^rhat he
would, not to be denied : And beiidcs, the Wife of Donald
finding that fome of her Kindred too were like to fufFer,
did. further inflame the already difafFefied Heart of her HuC-
band, by artful and bitter Expreflioijis, moreover exciting
him to contrive the King's Death, affirming; That fincc he
was Governor of theCaftle, the King's Life and Death were
in his Power ; and, having that Power, he might not only per-
petrate the FaQ, but conceal it, after it vvas committed, Ac-* .
cordingly, when the King, fatigued and wearied out with
Bafinei's, was founder afleep than ordinary, and his Atten-
dants, made drunk by Donald^ were laid faft in a dead Sleep
alfo; he itwixnAJfaJfins^ of which no Soul was aware, and
after they had murthered the King, they carried him out To
cunningly a back way, that not fo much as a drop of Blood
appeared ; and fo^ he was buried two Miles from the Abby
. of Kinlofs^ under a little Bridge, in a blind Place, having *
the green Turf laid over him fo, that there might be no
iign of any Ground which was digg'd up. This feems s
more likely Story to me, than what others write, that the
courfe of the River being turned, his Body was caft into a hole
at bottom: but when the Waters were returned again to their
own Channel, then his Grave, fuch as it was, was cover'd:
Belides, theExecutioncrsofthatbloody Fad were fent out of
the way by Donald^ becaufe there is an Opinion, receiv'd
from our Anceftors, which as yet obtains ^mongft the Vulgar,
Thaf BU$d ujill ijfue from a dead Body many Days after the
"Party* 5 heivg murder* d^ if the Murderer he frefent^ juji as if
the Fad had been hut newl^ committed. The Day after,
when the Report was fpread abroad that the King was mif-
fing, and that his Bed was all fprinkled over wich Blood ;
Donald^ as if he had been furprized at the Atrocity of the
Faft, flies into the King's Bed-Chamber, and, as if he had
been mad with Anger and Revenge, he flew theOfficers ap-
pointed to attend him; after that, he prefently made diligent
Enquiry every where, if any Difcovcry of the dead^Body
could be made. The Reft being amazed at the heinous .Vil-
lany, and afraid too of their own lives, return'd every one
to his own Houfe. Thus this good King was moft inhu-
manly and improufly murder'd in the Flower of bis Agc^
after he had reigntd .our Years and fix Months ; and as loon
as they conveniently could, the Ellates affembled to create
anew King.

Gyj;.E»u$;

SookVL scot la N^D: 235

CuLENUS, The feventy ninth King^

CUL E NUS, the Son of Indulfus, being made King
by the Aflembly of the Eftates, the next thing that was
done, was to enquire into the Murder of KmgDuffus ; and
they made the more hafte to examine that Affair, becaufe of
ibmc Prodigies that had happen'd, one of which feem'd par-
ticularly to regard the Murder. An Hawk \v^s/lain, trufs'd
by an Owl, and his Throat cut by him. The other Prodigy
vras alfo referr'd to the fame thing, by .the Interpretation of
the Vulgar* For fix whole Months after the Murder was
cpnimitted, extraordinary Fires appeared in the E^^lement ; the
Air was agitated with extraordinary Winds; nay, the Hea-
vens were fo colour'd and dcfac'd with Clouds, that neither
Sun nor Moon could be fecn in Scotland all that time. This
made all Mankind intent upon revenging the D^ath of the
good King ; and to that purpofe, Culenus went into Mur^
r<s|y, hoping to find fome furer Difcoveries of tjie Murder
upon the Spot where it was committed. Donald hearing of
his coming, and confciousto himfelf of his nefarious Cruel-
ty and Parricide, of which alfo his over-curious, and feem-
ingly wild Inquifittvenefs, made in Search after the Authors-
thereof, render'd him ftill more fufpeSed, procured a Ship
at the Mouth of the River Spey \ where, with fome others,
lie embarked himfelf, unknown even to his Wife and Chil-
dren. This he did out of Fear, left the Truth ihould have
teen extorted from him by the Rack. His hafty flight, his
dejefted Countenance (as it was obferved) his few Atten-
dants, his trembh'ng at his Entrance into the Ship, wtuch
was but cafually riding there, without any Preparation for
his Voyage, rais'd fo great a Sufpicion of him in the Minds
of all who were prefent, that they forbore not to vent all
manner of Contumelies againft him, calling him an impi-
ous, facrilegious Fellow, and a Parricide, and what other
black terms of Reproach their enflamed Anger could fuggeft.
They added alfo. That tho* he had prevented the coming of
the King, yet he could never avoid the vindiflive Providence,
and the avenging 'Judgment of Almighty God. In a word,
they purfued him with all the Execrations which the higheft
indignation could excite in Minds thoroughly provoked,
even till the Ship was quite out of fight. When Culenus
heard of his hafty Flight, he march*d to the Caftle of Fo-
refs with, all fpeed, where he apprehended the Wife of I>«»<a/-
dus^ and his three Children; and, by (hewing them the Rack,
compelled them to difcover the whole Series of the Confpi^

R 4 , racy;

354 TheUiSTOKY^f BookVTJ

racy ; as alfo how, by whom, and where the Body was bury'd ;
and that (he herfelf was not only privy to the Murder, nor
merely acceffary to it, but the Perfon who perfuaded her
Husband to the bloody Deed. When the People heard this-
(for flje was publickly try'd) the Magiftrates could hardly
keep them from tearing her to pieces. The Day after* Dtn
naldus^ having been tofs'd fome Days with contrary Winds
at Sea, wasfhipwrack'dandcaftaftiore, and being brought to
theKiug, he and all bis underwent the Punilliraents they fo rich*
ly deferv'd. They who brought him to the King were liberally
rewarded, his Caftle was burnt, and all that were in it were
kiird upon the Spot. The Body of Duffus was honourably in—
terr'd amongft his Anceftors. As thei'e things very /highly in-
gratiated Culejtus to thofe who were good, lb the reniaining
part of his Life accumulated fo much Odium upon him, as ne-
ver any King before him ever labourM undej : For, whether
induc'd by his own Nature, or urged for fear of Danger, (as
he would have it thought) hefuffer'dtheSeverity of the DiC-
cipline, ufed under Indulfus and Duffus^ to grow cold and
remifs ; and permitted the younger Tribe, being given up to
nnfeafonable Debauchery, and foreign Delights, to run into
thofe licentious PraSices which were forbid by the Laws ;
till at lad they broke forth into open Violence and Robbery.
And when he faw the greateft part of the young Nobility.
addiSed to thefe Vices, he plunged himfelf in the like wicked
Courfes ; fo that he abftained not from corrupting noble
Matrons, and even debauching religious Nuns, (which, in
that Age, on the Account of their fpecial Garq to prcferve
thek^ Chaftity, were had in great Veneration) no, nor from
his own Sifters or Daughters neither ; nay, he kept whole
Coveys of other Harlots, hired by 'his Panders, and kept
them too in his own Court, and turned his Palace into
Stews. When he was admonifhed and put in mind of
thefe things, by Perfons of Prudence and Wifdom ; on the
behalf of the young Nobility he anfwer'd. That fomething
vras to be allowed to their Age ; and as for himfelf, though
he confefs'd, that fome things were. amifs, yet he was forc'd
out of Fear to tolerate them : For I v remember, fiid he,
what great Calamity the unfeafonable Severity of the former
King brought, not only on himfelf, but on the whole King*^
dom : That the Nobility were the Stay and Prop of the
Throne : That it was not true, that the martial Spirits of
Men were always broken by this free kind of Life, or made
low and abjeS; nor, that the Thoughts of Arms were fo
neglefted by them in Peace, as if they expefled that there '
would never more be a return of War. 'Tis true, (proceed-
ed

BookVI. SCOTLAND). ajy

«dhe) the Luxury of youthful Age is fo far to be rcftrain'd,
that it may not proceed too far, for fear the good Seed of
Ingenuity be choaked (as it were) in the very Bud, and loft
in too much Licentioufnefs ; yet, it is not wbolfy to be a-
biidg'd, or taken away, left the Seeds of Virtue fliould fuf-
fer in common with the Vices^ and be both pluck*d up to-
gether. When the Nobles heard this Plea, which he urg'd
in his own Defence, and perceiv'd they could do no good
■with him, by their Perfuafions ; but that they ftould more
probably create Trouble to thcmfelves, if they us*d the fame

* liberty of Speech to him in their Rejoinders, they withdrew
from Courts fearing left they (hould be compelled to beWit-
nefles ; nay, and not only that, but even Partakers of theft
facinorous Pradices, the very fight and hearing of which
they detefled and abhon'd. The King, freed from fuch trou-
blefome Impofcrs, gave himfelf wholly up to Wine and
Women. He propofed Rewards to thofe who could invent
any new kind of Pleafure, tho* never fo filthy, never lb
deteftable; His whole Court rung all the Night, and all the
Day, with the lewd Songs of Debauchees, and the Huiza's
of Drunkards. Thus Intemperance and Impudence were
as much applauded by him, ^ Modefty and Chaftity are

• -wont to be efteem'd by good ai# pious Princes. Thole
Vices which, tho' allowed or conniv'd at by the Law, in
other Men, are, notwithftanding the Impunity, a£led by them
iafecret, were here ofettly cotnmitxed without Shame. The
young Nobility, thus grown effeminate with Pleafure, and
a multitude of Parafites and Flatterers with them, extol the
King to the Skies, as if he were the very firft of their Kings,
who had joinM Splendor and Magnificence with Authority ;
as tempering the Severity of his Government with Lenity,
and eafing the Burdens of Care and Labour with fome Re-
laxation of Spirits and Allowance of Delight.

Now, to continue thefe luxuriant Cpurfes, there was nted
of great Expence, and therefore the wealthiiilSort were fined
upon feigned Accufations; and ihcPleheiaitiyvete fuffer'd to
be made a perfe£l Prey, and harrafsM with all Sorts of ftr*
vile Offices. He that was not pleas'd with the prefent State
of things, was accounted no better than a ruftick Clown, or
a mere Savage ; or, if he feemed to be of an higher Spirit
than ordinary, he was piefently^ accused by a pack of Infor-
mers, as if he fludied Innovation in the State. After three
Years fpent in this flagitious Licence; when Men were fir
lent, out of Fear or Sloth, Luxury began to grow its own
' PuniOiment : For when the King's Strength was exhaufted by
immoderate venereal Luft, and bts Body had <:ontraSed De-
formity

ij5 2^^ H I ST OR Y ^/ IookVT*

formity by the Excellcs of riotous luxurious Feafts, thofe
Difeafes followed which $ire the ufual and almoft the con-
ftant Companions of fuch Vices ; fo that there only remain'd
z rotten Carcafs, fit for nothbg but to bear the Punifliment
of its former mifpent Time. The King thus difibled for all
the Duties and FunQlons of Life, the Strength both of hi5
Body and N^ind being enervated and weakened by Intempe^
ranee; and his Coartiers alfo following the lame PraSices^
fame audacious Fellows, being encourag'd by hopes of Prey
and Impunity, committed publick Robberies and Murders,
regarding neither the Plebeians^ as being Men of poor fervilc
Spirits; nor the Courtiers, as Pcrfons -enfeebled by n all kind^
:of Debauchery.

The founder of the Nobility finding themfelves furroundecl
rf\t\\ thefe manifold Mifchiefs, and now at the very brink
of Deftrudion, calPd an Affembly of the States at Scone.
The King alfo was defir'd to beprefent, That he might con-
fuk in common with the Reft, in fuch a dangerous Junc^-
tureof Artairs, for the publick Safety. He, inwardly (truck
at this Summons, and awaken'd, as it were, from his
drowfy Sloth, began to advife with his Confederates, What
a Man, in luch Streight|; |pd beft to do? And, tho* he
knew not either how to mift, or how to fly ; and his Mind
prefag'd no good to him, yet he refolv'd to go to the AC-
ftjTibly. And, as miferable Men are wont to flatter them-
felves in Adverfity, fo he did not altogether Defpair, that
he, either out of Pity, or out of Re(pe6l to his Father's
Memory, (hould procure fome Favour, and not be fuddenly
hurl'd down from fo high a Dignity, to the loweft Abyfs
of MKery and Wretchednefs. In his Journey to Scone^ ha-
ving a Train big enough, but unarmed and difpirited, a^
bout him, he was (lain at a neighbouring Village callecj
M^tbvin^ by the Thane^ or Sheriff^ of that Country^ for hav-
\\\f^ ravKh'd his Daughter. When his Death came to be
publickly known, tho' all Men were heartily pleased at be-
fng got free from fuch a Monfter, with lefs Trouble thaa
th(^ fuppoVd they fhould, yet the Perpetration of the FaQ:
\iy Rijh.irdus^ ov RadarduSj the Thane^ was very much dip
Jik'd by all People. He reigned, as the former King did,
four Years and fix Months.

Ken*

^poK VI. S C QT L AN 7). 217,

K E N N E T H U S III. ^e eightieth King.

KENNETHUS, the Brother of Duffus, and third
of that Name, fucceeded Culenus : He being contra-
|-y to the foregoing King, iii his Difpofition, Manners, and the
whole courfe of his Life, us'd as much Diligence in reform*
ing the Lives of the younger Sort, as the other had done in
corrupting them ; tho' in this, his Task was the greater, that
Men are carry'd down headlong ' into Vice, with a great
Propenfity of Mind; but the way to Virtue is by afteepAC-
cent. And indeed this was the thing that gave the chief oc*
cafion to the Opinions of fome Philofophcrs, who contendr
cd, That Man vjas naturally made to enjoy Pleafure^ but
that he was haled to Virtue^ as it were, violently^ and tf-
gainft his own Inclination. I grant both parts of this aflcr-
tiofi are'falfe; byt perhaps the Original of the Miftake was*
from hence, That feeing there is a double Power of Nature
in Man, one of his Body, the other of his Mind ; the Vi-
gour of the Body feems to exert it felf fooner and quicker
than. that of th« Mind; And, as Plants do firil' fend forth
Stalks, Leaves and Flowers, pleafant to behold, before the
Seed begins to be form'd in its proper Pod and Receptacle j
but when the Seed ripens, all thofe other things fade away,
and at laft qu"te wither and decay ; fo do our Bodies grow
youthful betimes, and before the Virtue of our Mind (which is
• then but weak and tender) can exert its Force ; but as the Mem-
bers grow old by degrees, fo the Strength of the Mind and
of the Judgment expands and difclofes it felf more and
more : And therefore, as in Corn, we reftrain the luxuriant
Growth of it either by cauling it to.be eaten up, or by cat-
ting its over-rank Blade down ; fo in young Men the Law
fuppofes. That the Forwardnefs of Wit, which ovcr-hsftens
to fliew it felf, fliould be reftrainM by careful Culture, until
growing Reafon may be able, of it felf, to reprefs the Vio-
lence of the yet infirm Body. J3ut to return to Kenne-
thus.

He well knowing. That the Commonalty do ufaalfy com^
fly with, the Humour of the Prince^ and diligently imitate:^
what he loves \ firft form'd a good Difcipline in his own
Court and Family, that fo he might exprefs in Deeds i^^hat
he commanded in Words ; and, as he propounded his own
Life to be an Example to his Houfhold, fo he would have *
.the Manners of his Domefticks be the Patterns for other
People, He firft purgM his Court from all the vile Mini-
ilers of Luft ^4 Wickednefs, that he might be the bette^r

juftify'd

^jS TbeHisioKt df Book Vli'

iuftifV'd when he undertook to do the lame in other Parts of
Ilk Kingdom : For this good End he refolv'd to travel over
the whole Country, to call together Aflemblies, for the pre-
veming and punifliing of ThSfts, Murders and Robberies'^
for the encouraging of Men to Labour by Rewards, and for
exhorting them to Concord by winning Speeches, that fo
the ancient Difcipiine might be reftor'd. But^ in the Exe-
cution of this his Purpofe, he found greater Difficulty than
he imagined ; fbr the major Part of the Nobility either had
guilty Confciences themfelves, and fo fear'd their own per-
fonal Punifliments ; or elfe were aUy'd in Blood to thofe who
were guilty : and therefore the firft Aflembly being calPd at
Lanericky a Town o( 'Clydfdule^ they who were fum-
mon'd to appear, being forewarn'd of their Danger by their
Relations, fome of them fled intb the JEbudce^ Ides ; others
fo other Parts, infamoufly famous for Robberies. The.
King underftanding theCheat, and being not ignorant of the
Authors of it, diflembled his Anger, and diflblved the Aflem-
bly; and fo pafsM with a few oi his familiar Attendants into
Gallwayy as if he were to perform a Vow he had made to
St. Nt«id9f, Being come thither, he confulted with thofe .
whom he judg'dmoft faithful to him, What was to be done
£n fuch a Cafe. TheRefult was. That a Convention of all
the NobiHty fliould, the next Year, be held at Scone^ upon
Pretence, of fome confiderable Matters to be advis'd upon,
concernine; theGodd of the whole Nation in general; That
there the Heads of the Fafiions might be apprehended with- .
out any Tumult; and when (hey were imprifon'd, their Clans
and Tenants might be made to bring in the Malefafiors to
the King. This ProjeQ was judg*d moft advifeable, but it
was kept fecret, and communicated but to few, until the
meeting at Scone came. There the King had causM his Ser-
vants to prepare Soldiers, and to keep them privately in the
next Houfe to his Palace, the Day before the States aflem-
bled; and at the opening of it the Nobility, being very nu-.
uierous, came, where they were courteoufly treated by the
King; biit upon a Sign given, they were immediately be-,
fet with arm'd Men. They were all in a Surprize, and over-
wheimM with Fear, at this fudden face of things, but the King
eucourag'd them by a' gentle Speech, telling them, That
they need not Se afraid^ for ht intended no hurt to any good or
innocent Man^ and thofe Arms were not provided for their
Dejirndion but for their Defence. He farther alledg^d^ how
they could not he ignorant^ That all his Endeavours^ Jince he
jirfi came to the Crown, tended to this^ That wicked and de*
hauch^d Perfons might be funift^dy and the Good enjoy the
3 • fij^^'^^^

3B 66k VI. S C T L A N "D: tt^

Ejiates, either left, them by their jlnceflors^ or acquired by their
€>vjn Indujlry \ andbejides^ mivhthave the quiet Eujoyment of
thofe Rewards^ which the Kinghount'^ully hadbejlowedor mighc
hrfiQW upon them^ according to every one*s Worth and Merit ;
and that thefe things might eajily f^e. brought to Pafsy if they
would lend their helping Hands. The laji Tear (laid he) whem
I fummon*d fome of the Offenders to appear on a certain D ay ^
none at all came \ that Failure (as he under ftood by common
report) was not made^ fo much out of Confidence of their own
Strength^ as of the AJfiftance of fome oj their Relations and
Friends; which^ if true ^ was both dangerous to the Publick^
and a great Reflexion upon fuch Families. Now was the time
when they might redeem both themfe Ives from Imputations^
4Ped the Kingdom from being molefted by Robberies. This
was eafy to be done^ if thofe who were moji powerful in
every County^ would caufe the MatefaSors to be apprehended
and brought to condign Punijhmeni\ and who thofe Mate-
foBors were^ was vifible to all : But if thes made Excufer^
and having fo fair Opportunity to deferve welt of their Country^
were deficient in improving it, the King^ to wbofe Care the
Safety of the whole People was committed^ could not be ex"
€us^d^ if he fet them at Liberty before the Offenders were
brought to Puni/bment; and that this was the End why he
bad taken them into Cujiody : And if any one thought his
lon2 Confinement would be a trouble to bim^ be might thank him-'
felj<t feeing it was in bisownpower^ not only to procure bis Li-
ierty, but alfo to obtain Honour^ Reward^ and the Praife of
all good Men into the Bargain. The Nobles having heard this
Harangue, after Advice had one with another, anfwcr'd, That
they bad rather affert their Innocency by Deeds than Words.,
Accordingly they promised him their Afliftance, and defir'd
him to. lay afide all Sufpicion, if he had conceived a finifter
Opinion of any of them. Upon this their folemn Engage-
ment, the King told them the Names of the Offenders.
The Nobles, by their Friends, made diligent Search after them,
and in a Ihort time they were brought to the King, and pu-
nifliM according to Law. After that the Nobles were diCnifs'd,
haviiig rcceiv'd fome Gifts, and many large Promifes,. from
the King; and the Commonalty alfo pray'd heartily for his
Majefty and the Nobility.

Matters being thus composM at Home, he faithful-
ly obferv'd the League made by fome former Kings with the
Englijb. But this great Tranquillity of all Britain was fooa
difturb'd by the Danes^ who appeared with a great Fleet, and
anchored near the Red-Promontory ^ or Red-Head, a Place
in Mneia^ or Angus. There they ftaid fome Days in Con-

fultation,

i4<> 5^^^ History^ Book VL}

fnltatidn, Whether they fhould land in tliat Place, or di-
. reft their Courfe towards England^ as they intended at firft :
Many of them were of Opinion, That it was moft advifc-
able to make for England^ an opulent Country, where they
nrfght have both Prpvifion enough for their Army, and alfo*
Ibmc hopes of Auxiliaries and Recruits, in regard that many
who were deriv'd from Danijh Anceftors, were yet alive a-
mongft them, and many others Hood obligM to them for
old Courtefics and Friendlhips ; and that thefe, upon the
firft Notice of their Arrival, would prefently flock in ta
them, as they had ufually done in times before. But, as for
theSfo//, they were a fierce Nation, and very hardy, as thofo
life to be who are bred in barren and hungry Soils ; That
they never attempted them, without fome great and remark-
able Lofs ; and, in the prefent Cafe, if they overcame then?
it would hardly be worth their Labour: But if they were
overcome by them, they muft endure the utmoft Extremity
and Rigour. Others were of a different Opinion, alledg-
fng. That if they made their Defcent on the Coafts of £»^-
land^ then they fhould be oblig'd to fight both Nations at
once; but if the Scots were firft overcome, the War againft
thtE»glipvfo\x\i beeafy, when they were bereft of forelga
Aids, and alfo terrify'd with the Lofs of their Friends. They
farther urg'd, That it was not the part of great andmagnani-
mous Spirits, to be intent on Prey and Booty only, they
fhould rather call to mind the Blood of their Kindred and
Anceftors, who had been fo often cruelly flain in Scotland --
and that now efpecially, having a great Army, and bein^
furnilh'd alfo 'with things necelfary for War, they ought to-
take that Revenge, which might punilh the favage Cruelty of
the Ssots, according to their Deferts^ and might alfo carry
the Terror of the Da»i/h Nsunc to all the neighbouring Na-^
lions. °

This laft Opinion prevailed, and they failed with
. their Navy to the Mouth of the River Esie^ and there
landed their Forces. They plunder'd the Town next to
them, deftroying all with Fire and Sword; as for theCaftle
they iGvell'd it to the Ground. They flaughter'd all the In-
habitants of the Town, without diftinSion of Age or Sei^
They made the like Defolation too all over J»gui^ even to
the Firth of the Rivet Tay. The News of it was brought
to the King, then refiding at Sterlmg. Thofe who had e- '
fcap'd the Fury of. the Enemy, made things worfe in their'
Relations, than they were in reality. He, by the Advice of ^
thofc Nobles that were prefent, propounded a (hort Day ta
fuch a« dwelt near, to conw ia to him^ Thofe who dweM;
3' faftb«r

Book VI. SCOTLAN'D. 241

farther off, he charg'd by Letters to haften np with their
Forces; but with fuch Force as he had at prefent about
him, he drew towards the Enemy, both to make whatDif-
covcry he could of their Pofture, and h'kewife to prevjent
their plundering. In a (hort time, a great Multitude came
in to his Camp, which was pitch'd at the Confluence of
the Rivers Tay jmi Earn. Ashe was there ordering hi$
Forces, News was brought him, That ^ the Enemy had
pafsM over the Tay^ and were befieging Perth, The King,
concerned at the Danger of a Town fo near him, marches
direfily to it. As foon as the Danes wer^ in fight, the
Scots^ eager of Revenge, made hafte to fight them, and
pitching upon a very convenient Place for their Army^
they approach'd the Enemy. But the Danes having feated
themfelves on an oppofite Hill, where they could not,
without much Hazard, be attacked; the Archers and
Darts-men compelled them to come down, infomuch
that a mod cruel Fight began at the bottom of the Hill ;
much Blood was Ipilt, and the ViSory uncertain, when
the Danes gave forth a Word thro* their whole Army,.
yhat no Man muft ever hope to return again to their Camp^
mnlefs as a Conqueror. Then after a great and upiverfal
Shput, they made fuch a brisk Charge and Aflault upon the
Scots y that they routed both their Wingis, and eagerly foN
low'd the Purfuit.' That Day had been certainly moft
ruinous to the Scots,^ unlefs Aid had been afforded by one
Man, fent, as it were, from Heaven, in fo defperate a Po-
llute of Affairs ! There was a certain Commoner whofe
Name was Hay,^ who was cafually plowing in the Field,
over which the Scots Fugitives were making the beft of
their way, and his two Sons with him ; they were able-
bodied Men, flout and couragious, and alfo great Lovers of
theft Country. The Father took a Yoke, the Sons what
Inftruments they could catch, and Hood in a narrow Pafs,
where \htScots flew the thickeft; there,, firft by Reproaches,
then by Menaces, they endeavoured to flop them, but not
prevailing by either, they fell upon thofe that prefs'd on
them, faying, That they would be as fo many Danes to them who
thus ran away. Hereupon thofe who were of moredaftafdly
Spirits, made an halt, and the ftouter who were rather carried
away by the Rout, than fled for Fear, join'd with them, crying
out, Help was at Hand ; fo that the whole Company tiim'd
back again on the Enemy, and forced the Danes to as dreadful
and as precipitate aFlight as they themfelves liad been lately guiU
ty of. This Trepidation of the Danes occafion'd a great 5hout
among the Baggage-men^ and Coumrey People, as if %

new

i4i The UisTOKY of Book VK

new Army had been coming. This Accident gave fb great
Encouragement to the Scots^ and flnick fach a Terror into
the Danes, that it rais'd the Spirits of the former, who were
almoil upon the Point of Delperation ; and occafion'd to
the other a certain Overthrow, inftcad of an hop*d-for Vifto-
ry. • This is the ViSory, obtained at the Village of Loncarty^
celebrated for that and fome Days after, and tranfmitted
down to Pofterity with great Rejoicings. When the Con-
querors were dividing the Spoils, the Name of Hay was ia
all their Mouths ; many creditable Perfons aflRrm'd, that
they faw, whcre-ever he or his Sons made an Onfet, there
our Ranks were reftor'd, and the Danes broken : In fine,
they all unanimoufly afcrib'd the Prey ^ the Vifiory, the Ho-
nour of the Day, and their own Lives, to him. WhtnHay
Vras brought to the King, he fpoke very modeftly of him-
^If, and having rich and fplendid Garments offerM him and
his Sons, that he and they might be the more taken Notice
of, at their entrance into Perth ; he refused them, only he
wip'd away theDuft off his Coat which he wore every Day,
«nd carry'd the Yoke, which he us'd in the Fight, and fo he
cntredthe City; a great Train being commanded bytheJCing
to follow him at a diftance, as well as Ibme to go before
him : fuch a Confluence of People there was at this new
SpeSacle, that he alone took up alinoft the whole Solem-
nity of the Day. After the Departure of the Danes, and fo
fudden and unexpeded a Calm, in an Ailembly of the £-
flates, fliortly after held at Scone, the firft Debate they went
upon was. What Honours and Rewards fliould bebeftow'd
on Hay and his Sons. Lands were allotted him, almoft the
fruitfulleft in al] Scotland, which his Pofterity enjoy to this
Day, and their Family is happily incr^as'd into many opu-
lent Branches, and they were then promoted from the Rank
of the Plebeians to the Order of the Nobility: And a Coat
of Arms was afSgn'd them according to the Cuftom of No-
ble Houfes, viz. Argent ^EfcHtcbeons Gules', which Bearing
fliews (in my Opinion) that the publick Safety was procur-
ed by the eminent Fortitude of thofe; three Perfons in that
Fight.

After this Battel, Peace fcemM to have been fettlM for
many Years, when, behold, fome troublefome' Matters at
Home difturbM this Calm: As for the Commotion of the
IJlanderSy who, in a plundering way, ranged all over Rofs^
that was quickly fupprefs'd ; fome of the Robbers being,
flain in Fight, fome taken in Purfuit, and after executed.
But CrathilinthHs, the Son of Fenella, or (as fome call her)
Fin'abellay gave far greater Difturbance: He was then the

Chief

BookVL SCOTLAND. 24,3

Chief of all Ment^ both in Dcfccnt and Wealth. Crutbhu^
thus^ bis Graodfather by xhe Mother-fide, was made G<h
vernor by the King over that Part of Angus which ifes be*
tween the two Rivers, each of them having the Name of
E^ke^ where he gathered the King's Taxes and Revenues ;
his Grandfon coming with a great Train tp vifit him, a fud-
den Qaarrel arofe amongft their Servants, fb that two of
Crathil'tuthui^% Attendants were llain : He complained.of ic to
Tiis Grandfather, who laid the blame of the Tumult upon.
his Grandfbn's rude Retinue and Company; and after a (harp
Reproof he was difiniTs'd by him, but not Vithout Contu*
xnelies from his Servants and Domefticks: So that returning
home, he in great Wrath complain'd of the -Affront to his
Mother ; who was fo far from endeavonring to allay his
Rage, and quiet the Mind of the incensM Youth* by grave
and wholfome Counfel, that (he provoked hini with Ex*
cUmations even to commit Parricide upon her own Father
and his Grandfather. Not long after, Crathilmbus^ hav-
ing gathered an arm*d Company together, fit for his Pur-
pofe, comes by Night into Angus^ to his Grandfather's
Cafile : He, with fume few Followers, were admitted in
-without Sulpicion ; and being once entered, he gave the
Word to the re[l, who lay in AtnbuOi, and lettheminaifo;
fb that he flew his Grandfather with his whole Family,
plundered the Caitle, depopulated the Country adjacent ;
and, as rf he had done a famous Exploit, he returnM pom*
poufiy with a great Booty into Msrn, But the AMgufians did
not fufl^r this Injury to pafs long unrevenged; for foon af-
ter gathering a great many of their Fadion together, they
made great Havock in the Difirid of Mern. From that
time forward Slaughters and Rapines were occafionaliy com-
mitted on both fides. Keunethus hearing of it, publiflied a
Proclamation, That the Chief$ of either Fadionihould ap-
pear at Scone^ within fifteen Days, to anfwer what Ihould be
objeSed againfl: them; for he fear'd, that if a greater Num-
ber (hould refort together, farther Tumults might arife :
Some i^vT being terriiyM by this threaming Edid, made
their Appearance accordingly ; but the greateft Part, of whom
CratbUinthHs was Chief, being confcious of their own De- .
merits,^ made the moft convenient Efcape they could* The
Xiqg made diligent Search after them, and the greatefi part
of them were taken in Loeb-Abyr^ and (bme elfewhere.
CrathHimtbus^ and the Chief of the Fafiion, were punifli'd
with Death ; others, according to the Degree of their Crimes,
bad lels Punifhments; and thofe who were but a little Guilty,
had none at all infli&ed on them.

S This

f

t44 T3&^ Hi s TORY ^/ Book VL

This Moderation and Temperament procured to the King
Fear A'om the Bad, but great Love from the Good ; and fet«>
tied Peace in all his Kingdom, 'till the twenty fecond Year
of his Reign. From whence, if he had perfifted in that
conrfe of Life which he had begun, he might well have
been reckoned ariiongft the bcft ot Princes ; for he fo per-
formed all the Offices both of Peace and War, that he got
great Renown upon the account of his .Equity, Conftancy,
and Valour. But the Excellency of his former Life was
blemiOi'd by one wicked A& that he committed, ivhich
feemM to be of a more heinous Nature in him, in re-
ard it was incredible and unexpeSed to proceed from
is Difpofition, who had before fo fevcrely puniftied grand
Offenders. The Occafion of it was this ; the King being
now groiyn fomovhac ancient, hJid a Son named Malcolm^
a Prince of great Ingenuity ; but in point of Age, not
yet mature to govern fo fierce a People, if his Father ftould
die. Farther, theCuftom of our Anceftors was then againft
it, that he fhould reign next after his Father ; for they were
wont to chufe, not the next, but the fitteft, of the deceased
King's Relations, provided he were defcended from FergMs
the firft King of the Scots. Befides, the Favour of the No-
bility was inclin'd to another Malcolm y the Son of Kine
Dufftis, the moft Praife-worthy Prince of all the Scottjb
Royal Race : He was then Governor of Cumberl^nJ^
which County the Scots held as Feudataries of the Kings
of England^ on fuch Terms, That the Government of
Cumberland was always look'd upon as previous to the
Throne of Scotland ; for it had been fo obferv'd for fome
Ages paft. The King, perceiving that this Malcolm^ for
the Reafons aforementioned, would be an hindrance to his
Son*s Succeffion, not daring to deftroy him openly, causM
him privately to be made away by Poifgn. Thus died that ex-
cellent young Man, much lamented, and near to: his great-
eft Hope; fome Signs of Poifon appeared in his Body, but
it entred into no Man's Heart to fufped the King. Nay, his
Deportment was fuch, as to avert all Sufpicion^; for he
mourned and wept for his Death, and made an honourable
mention of his Name, whenever occafion offer'd : He
caufed him magnificently to be interred, no Ceremony
being omitted, which could be invented for the Honour
of the Deceased. But this fuperlattve Diligence of the
King to remove the Sufpicion from himfelf, gave a flirewd
Jealoufy to the more Sagacious. Yet they forbore to
Ipeak our, for the Reverence all bore to, and had con-
ceit td of the King's Sandity. But foon after, the King

himfelf

Book VI. SCOtLAND. 14^

himfelf fcattcrM Ibme Words abroadi to try the Mtods of
l^en, hovtr they would bear the abrogating of an old Iaw^
and the enading a hcvj^ concerning the Succeilion of their
Kings, viz^ That according to the Ctijiom of n^any Nations^
if a King died^ his SoH Jbould fu^eed him ; and if he were
under Age^ then to have a Protedor or Tutor ajjign^d to him^ Jo
that the Kingly Name m^ht refl in the Child; hut the Power
(^ Government in the Tutors or GuarMaus^ till he came of
jage. Though a great part of thcMtobles jraisM his Speech^
as being willing to gratify hioi; yet theSuipicion cohceintng
the Death of Malcolm prevailM upoti the major part, and
efpecially upon the Nobility, and thofe of the Blood-Royal^
who were afraid of the King.

Mens Minds being thus affefted, AmbafTadors came
from Englandj to comfort the King upon the Lofs of hia
tCinfman ; and withal defifing, That in fubftituting anotheif
Governor, he would remember^ That Cumberland being
the Bond of Concord betwixt the two 'Nations, he woula.
fei (uch a Perfon over it, who might be an indifferent Arbi-
ter of Peace, and that would maintain the ancient Alliance
betwixt the two Nations, for the Good of them both ; and
who, if anynewSufpicionsorJealoufiesfliouid arife, would
labour to extinguifli them. The King judged this Embafly
fit for his Purpofe; fo that having convened the Nobih'ty at
Scone^ he made a grave Harangue to them, a^ainfi the an^
cient Cuftom of the Affembhes of Eftates in this Point ;
wherein he recited all the Seditions which had happened on that
Account, * and with how great Impiety fome of the fur-
viving Kindred had treated the Children of former Kings :
and what Wars, Rapines, Slaughters, and Banifliments, had
been the fatal Confequenccs. On the other fide, he put
them in Mind, how much more peaceable, and lefi tur-
bulent, the Parliamentary AffemWies of other Countries
were; and what great Reverence was borne to the Blood^
Royal; when without canvafflng for Succeffion, Children
fucceeded their Parents in the Throne. Having thus fpoken,
he referred the Matter to that great Council, to determine
fomething in this Cafe : He acquainted then! alfo with
the Demands of the Englijb Ambaflador ; atid, to give a
greater and more manifeft Proof of his Condefcenfion and
Civility, whereas it was in the King's Power alone to ap*
point a Governor of Cumberland^ he left it to them to no*
minate one ; fiippofing, that by this his Moderation he
might the more eafily obtain his Defire concerning the Suc-
ceffion to the Crown : For if he himfelf had nominated
his Son for a Governor, he thought he Ihoold have preju-*

14^ ^^^ History^/ B o o k VI.

dicM his other Requeft; becaufe, as I faid before, the Go-
vernment or PrcfeSure ovtr Cuikberland'^zs look'duponas
theE^fignaiion of thePerfon to be the next facciBcding King
of Scotland. • Cotijlanttne^ the Son ot Culenusj and Grsmus^
the Son of Mogal^ Brother to King Duffus^ who were
thotight mod h'kely to oppofeboth Reqoefts, werefirft asked
their Opinions fn this Cafe ; who, partly for fear of Dan-
ger, and partly that they might not run counter to the ma-
jor part of the Nobility, who had been prepoffcfs'd and in-
flaencM by the King, gave their Vote, nat It was in the
King^s Poiver to correct and amend Laws^ witch were in^
convenient to the Publick ; and alfo to af point what Governor
be fleafed over Cumberland. The reft, though they knew
that they had fpoken contrary to their own Senfe, yet con*
fented to what they faid. And by this means M^icolm^ the
King's Son, tho* not of Age, but immature for Govern-
ment, was . declared Governor of Cumberland^ and alfo
Prince of Scotland; which Title fignifies in Scotland's much
as Datiphin doth in France ; ^iudCafar amongft the old
Ronian Emperors ; and the King of the Romans amongft
the modern Germans ; whereby the SucceflTor to the preced-
ing Magiftrate is underftood. Other Laws were alfo made,
^Z* That as the Kin^s eldejl Soti pould fucceed his Father^
fo^ if the Son died before the Father^ the Grandfon foouldfuc--
ceed the Grandfather : That when the King was under /fge^
aTutor or Prote£ior Jhould be chofen ; fome eminent Man for
Inter eji and Power ^ to govern in the King^s Name and Steady
till he came to fourteen Tears of Age ^ and then he had liberty
to choofe Guardians for bimfelf And befides, many other
Things were enaSed concerning the legitimate Succeffion
of Heirs, w^ich ran in common to the whole Nobility, as
well as to the King. The King having thus, by indirea and
evil PraSices, fettled the Kingdom on iiis Pofterity, as he
thought, yet his Mind was not at reft : For, tho* he wa«
very courteous to all, and highly beneficial and obliging
to a great many, and managed the Kingdom, that no one
Pan of a good King was wanting in him; yet his Mind be-
ing difquieted vuith the Guilt of his Offence, fuffcr'd him to
enjoy no fincere or folid Mirth ; but fn the Day he was vex-
ed with the corroding Thoughts of that foul Wickedne($|
which would always force themfelves into his Mind, and hi
the Night terrible Apparitions difturb'd his Reft. At laft, a
Voice was heard, from Heaven, either a true one, as fome
think ; px elfe fuch an one, as his difquieted Mind fuggcft-
ed, (as it commonly happens to guilty Confciences) fpeak-
ing to ' him in his Bed to this Effeft. Dofi thou tbtnk^

tb4t

Book VI. SCOTLAND. Mr

that the Murdftr of Malcolm, an inmcem Mm^ ficntly and
tnojl impioujly committed by thecy is either uniuoivn t9 me^ or
tbfit thou Jh alt longer go unpuniped fur the fame ? *Tbere are
already Plots laid agamft thy Life^ whichihoucanfl not avoid \
neither Jhalt thou, leave a firm apd ftabt^ Kingdom to ,thy
Pojlerity^ asthoutbiniefttodoj hut atumultttousone^ and full
ef Storms and Tempefis. The King terrifyM by this dreadful
Appai Ition, haften'd betimes in the Morning to the Bi(hops and
Monks,, to whom he declared the Confufion of hi^ Mind,
md his Repentance for his Impiety. They, inidead of prefcrib*
ing hiin a/r«tf Remedy, according to theDoftrine of Chrijl^
(being then degenerated themfelves from the Piety and Sim*
plicity of their AnceftorO enjoin'd him thole abfurd and fal-
lacious ones, which evil and feljfifli Men had deyis'd for
their own Gain, and unwary People had as- greedily received;
whfch were/ To beftow Gifts on Temples and Holy Places,
to vifit the Sepulchres of holy Men, to kifs their Reliques,
and to expiate his Sin by Mafks and Alms ; and withal, they
enjoin'd him to refpeS and reverence Monks and Priefts,
more than be had done before. Neither did the l^ing ojnic
to perform all that they enjoined him, thinking tQ be healed
in his Confciience by thefe Expiations. At let^gth, when
he caiT)e to Mem to do reverence to the Bones of Pah
ladtHSy a very hojy Perfon, he turn'd a little out of his
way to go and take a view of a neighbouring Caftle, caird
¥etbercar9t\ which was then, as 'tis reported, very pleafaiit
with fliady Groves, and Pil^ of curious Buildings, of
which there rcniain almoft no Footfteps at this Day. The
Lady of that Caftle was called FeneMa^ of whoni mention
is made before ; who bore the King a n;ior^al Grudge, not
only for the Punilhraent of her Son CrathilinthHs^ but alfo
upon the account of her fCinfmen, Co^ftantinus and Gr/-
mus ; who by his tiew Law were excluded from the Suc-
ceffion to the Crown. But, diilembh'ng her Anger, flie en-
tertainM the King very fplendidly, and wirh great Magni-
ficence; iuid after Dinner (he carried him out to view the
Picafanrnefe of the Place, and the Strafiture pf thp'Caftle ;
and amongft the reft, (he led him into a privy Parlour, to fee
a Brafs Statue, molt cunoufiy aftd artificially caft, which
was made with fo much Ingenuity, as they fay,' th.at
when a String or Cord, which was fecretly bent therein, vvas
remitted and let go, it wpuld (hpot out Arrows of its own
accord; and whillt the King was Intent in viewin|; this En-
gine, an Arrow darted out from it, and flew \\\m, Jo-
hannes Major^ and HeSlor Boetins^ do both fay, th^t tlie
King came ihusio liis End; tho', in my Judgment, it feems

S 3 not

24* The Hi ^ T OKY of Book VI,'

not at all probable. F'or it is not credible, that after the
(decay of noble Arts amongft other Nations, fp curious a
Statue (hould be then made, and that in the remoteft part
of Britain too; tho* JoAm Major writes. That Edmondy the
Son of Eldfed^ was (lain by the fame Artifice; but I can't
bring my felf to think any otherwife than that both Sto<r
ries are fabulous: Neither can I eafily perfuade my felf,
that all Scotland together had fo many Jewels in Pofleffion
as Boftius affirms that one Lady was Owner of. And there-
fbre I rather incline to the Opinion of fome others, (a*
mongft whom is Winton) who write. That the King wa$
dain by fome Uorfemen, placed in Ambufli at the Coni-
mand of Fanelia. He died in the twenty fifth Year of his
Reign ; a Prince eminent for all other things, if the Mur-
der of Malcolm^ -znd his two great Affefiion to his Kindred;
had not made fuch a foul Blot in his Escutcheon. He reign-
ed twenty five Years^ and deceafed in the Year of Chrift

Const ANTlNE IV. The eigbty firft King.

AFTER Kenneth his Death, Conjtantine^ the Son of C«-
knus^ firnam'd The Bald^ ufed fo much Diligence in
c^pvaiTing to get the Kingdom, as never any Man did before
him. For be infinuated himielf into all Sorts of People,
complaining, That he and others of the Royal Blood, were
circumvented by the Fraud of Kennethus^ and fo excluded
from the Hope§ of the Kingdom, upon the Pretence of a
moft unjuft Law ; to Which he, with others of the Blood,
were forced by Fear to cpnfent. He farther alledg'd, That
thclnconvenience of the Law was very manifeft and vifible
in it i(elf. For, What, iaid he, can be more imprudent and
loolifli, than to take away one of the greateft Concerns in
Government, frpni the Suffrage of the Wife, and to leave
it to the Liberty of Fortune? And to bind themfelves to
pbey a Child, becaufe cafually born of a King; who per-
haps might be ruled by fome Woman \ and in the mean
time, to eiclnde brave and virtuous Men from fitting at
the HelmB He added farther. What if the Children of the
Kinjg ftould have fome Dcfeft, either of Mind or Body,
■which made them unfit for Gpvefrnment? What if Children
(proceeded he) had enjoy'd the Kingdom in thofe Days, wheii
we fought fo manv JBattles with the Romans^ Briton^
PiSs^ Englfjhy^ and Danes^ not fo much for Dominion,
^% for a meer Being and Snbflftence in the World? Nay
■what can border more upon Madnefs^ than tp bring tha
' ' ' ' ' upon

Book VI. S C T L A JSt "D. 249

upon our felves by a Lavir, which God threatens as the fe-
vered Judgment to the Rebellious ; and by this means^
cither to defpife the Threatnings and Predidions of the
Almighty, or to run into them of our own accord ? Nei-
ther (faid he) is that true, which the Flatterers of Kenne'^
thus pleafe themfelves with urging, /. r. That the Slaugh-
ters and Avarice of the King's Kindred may by this means
be avoided ; for the King's Children, whilft under Age, have
as much Reafon to fear the Frauds of their Guardians, as
before they did the Plots of their Kindred. And therefore,
now the Tyrant is removed, (laid he) let us valiantly reco-
ver the Liberty he took away ; and, abrogating that Law,
which was enafied by Force, and fubmltted to out of Fear,
(if it may be callM a Law, and not rather a publick enflav-
ing of us, and a Proftitution of our Liberties:) Let us, I
lay, return to the ancient Inflitutions and Cudoms, by
which this Kingdom arofe almoft out of nothing ; and
which, from fmall Beginnings, have advanced it to that
Splendor, that it is in tier lor to none of its Neighbours :
Nay, arid which have ereSed it again to a frefli high Tide of
Glory, when it Was at a low Ebb. Therefore, let us not
negleft, or flip over this prefent Opportunity, which offers
itfclf, left hereafter we feek it in vain. By thefe, .and the
like Harangues, with diligent Applications to the great
ones, he drew a great Multitude to his Party, who affcm-
bled at Scone^ twelve Days after the Fuiieral of Kennethm^
and declared him King.

In the mean time Mukolm^ who was buQr about his
Fathcr*s Funeral, hearing that Conftantine was ma8e King,
called his Friends together, to deliberate what was proper
to be done.' Some were of Opinion, that before he pro-
ceeded any farther, he fliould found how the Minds of
Ae Nobles ftood afteSed, fo that he might know what
Strength he was able to raile %ainft a^popular Man, fup«
ported by fo many Fadions and Alliances ; and then, to
form a Refolution according to the Number of his Forces.
But thofe who were young an<l headftrong, delpi&d this
Courfe^ as flow and dilatory; alledging, That it was belt
to obviate the Danger at its firft Rife, and to proceed a-
gainft the Enemy before he was fettled in his new King-
dom. The King being young, embraced the latter Qpi-
nion, as the more Ipecious of the two ; and having gather'd
an Army of about ten thoufand Men together, marches
towards the Enemy. Neither was Conftantimt defedive
in his Preparations ; for in a Ibort time he levy'd to
great an Army, that Malcolm^ at the News of his Ap-

S 4 proach,

250 The UisroKYof B ook VL

proach, disbanded his Soldiers, and retired himfelf into
Cumberland. But Keunethus^ his natural Brother, begot
on a Concubine, Judging that Coarfe to be very difto-
iiourablCj pcrfuadcd fome of the mod* valiant Troops to
ilay behind, and fo to (lop the Enemy at the Kiver
Forth near Sterlings which was the Boundary to both Armies.
There both Camps lay idle on the high Banks of the River,
which was fordable but in few Places ; by which means
they were fo afflified with Peftilence and Famine, (both
which Calamities raged very much that Year) that each
Army was forced to disband. Thus the Kingdom being
divided into two FaSions, the Commonalty was mife-
rably afflified with Hunger, Peflilencc, and frequent Rob-
beries. - In the mean time, during the Abfence of Mah
colm^ who according tp his League was aflifting the Effj^-
tijh againft theP^wj, Conjiantsne^ thinking he had now got
a convenient Opportunity to fubdue: the adverfe Fadtion,
inarches with great Forces mio Lothiaff, Kennethus^ who was
left by his Brother to obferveall ConJlantine*%yioi\ov{S^ gave
him an halt at the Mouth of the River Almon. And becaule
he was inferior in Number, he fupply'd that Defeft by Stra-
tagem; for he fo managed his Arniy, that he got the Ad-
vantage both of the Sun and Wind ; and befides, his Army
was flank'd, as much as it could, with the River, which
was the chief Caufe of his ViSory. For thofe on the fide
of Conjiantiney trufting to their Numbers, rufliM violently
into the Battle, having the Sun-beams darting into their ve-
ry Faces; and befides, a Storm fuddenly arifing, drove fo
xnuchDuft into their Eyes, that they could fcarce lift up their
Heads againd their Enemies. A great Slaughter was made
in both Armies, and both the Generals themfelves, upon a
Charge, wounded and flew one another ; after Conftantine
had invaded the Kingdom a Year and fix Months.

G R 1 M U s, Thi eighty fecond King*

GRIMUSy the Son of King Duffus; or, as others
fay, of his Brother ^(^ftf/Z/y/, after C«»/l<j»^/»e*s Death,
was brought to Scotte; and there, by the Men of his own
FaSion, was made King. He, perceiving that fome No-
bles of his Party were already corrupted by Mefiengers fent
from Malcolm^ and more of them were folicited by him, to.
a Defeftion ; took fume of thofe Mefiengers and commit-
ted them to Prifon : Malcolm^ being much incens'd at the
Imprifonment of his Ambaffadors, as being done againft the
Law of Nations, breaks forth into open War. As Grimus

was

B ooK VI. S COT LA N'D. 251

was making Head againft him, a fadden Rumour was di(^
pers'd thro' all Jfcfo/fo/w^s Army, of the vaft and prodigious
Strength of the Army coming againft them ; fp that all Mal^
€olm*s Meafures were broken, many of his Soldiers deterr-
ed by Stealth, and many others making frivolous Pretences,
publtckly defirM to bedifmifs'd. This Fear firft arofc from
the Merchants, who, preferring their private Concerns be*
fore the publick Good, (cattcr*d the Report throughouf the
whole Army. And befides, there were fome among them.
Who privately favoured Grimns his Party ; for indeed, there
were many things ni him very attraSive of the Vulgar, as the
Tallnefs of his Stature, his great Beauty, accompany'd with a
lingular Courtefy, andacomelyMein inallhis ASions: Be-
fides, as there was occafion, he was levere in punifhing Of-
fenders, and he managed Matters with great Prudence and
Difpatch ; fo that many promised themfelves an happy and ho*
nourable Calm under his Government. In this Diverfity and
Combuftipn of Men's Spirits, Malcolm^ not daring to truft
any thing to the Hazard of a Battel, by the Advice of his
Friends difinifs'd the greateft part of his Army ; and, with (bme
fclefl Troops, rcfolv'd to ftop the Enemies Paffage over the
Forth,

I N the mean time, the Bi(hop of that Diocefe, Fortbadus
by Name, of whom all had an high Opinion for his Sanfiitf,
endeavour'd to compofe Matters by his Authority ; and inter*
pofing betwixt both Parties, he at length brought Matters ta
this pafs. That a Truce was made for three Months; Gri-^
mus being to go into /I uj^us^ zvA Malcolm into CumherUnd:
And Arbitrators were likewife to be chofcn by both Parties,
by Confent, who were to determine the main Controverfy
in Di(pute. Neither did Fortbadus give over his Endeavours,
till they concluded a Peace on thefe Conditions : " That
" Grimus Oiould retain the Name of King, as long as he
** liv'd : And that after his Deceafc, the Kingdom ihould
** return to Malcolm: And for the future, the Law of
** Kennetbusj for eflablilhing the Succcffion- in the -King's
" Children, (hould be obferv'd as facred and inviolable. Jn
" the meantime, the Wall of Severus was to be the Bonn-
" dary to them both. That which was within the Wall was
" to belong to Malcolm^ and that without to Grimus. Both
** of them were to be contented with thofe Limits, neither
*' being to invade each other, or tor affift the Enemies of one
" another." Thus Peace ivas made, to the great Joy of all
Men, which was religioufly obferv'd for almuft eight Years*
Grimus was the firft Occafion of the Breach ; for whereas,
face the beginning of his Reign, in turbulent Times he had
3 carry'd

t5X T3&^ H I S T.OR Y ^ BoQKVt

csrryM himfelf as a good Prince, his Indojtlry being ilacken'd
by the Quiet he enjoy'd, he wholly plung'd himftlf in vo-
lopiuoos Courfes; and that kind of Life being, as ufually
it iSj a Life of Expence, he was reduced to fome Neceffity,
and to was forc'd to pretend Crimes againft the richer Sort,
that he might latisfy his own Avarice, and enjoy their E-
ftates. Being told of the Danger of this Courfe by his grave
Coanfellors, he was fo far from reforming it, or from abating
any thing of his former Injuftice, that he refolv'd to put his
Monitors in Prifbn, and terrify'd others by their Punilhment,
from ufing the like Freedom in reproving Kings. In order to
this he invited them. kindly to his Court, but they^ having
Notice of his Defign by their Friends, thought fit to retire;
at which Grimus was fo enrag'd, that he gather'd a Band of
Men together, and purfu'd them, wafting their Lands hiore
than any foreign Enemy could have done; he fpar'd neither
Men, Houfes, Cattle nor Corn ; and that which he could
not carry away, he fpoil'd, that fo it might be rendered ufelefs
to the Owners. Thus he 'made a promifcuous Havock of
all things (whether facred or prophane) by Fire and
Sword. Complaint of this being^made to Malcolm^ who
was then bufy in helping the £»g//^ againft the Danes^ he
prefently returned home ; for he was incens'd, not only at
the undeferv'd Sufferings of fo many brave and innocent
Perfons, but much more at the Indignity offerM him by
Grimus ; who knowing tHat the Lands were (hqrtly to pais
over to another, without any Refpeft to future Times, had
ravag'd and fwept away the Fruits, as \f it had been an
Enemy's Country.- t'here was a great Refort to Malcolm
at his Return, infomuch that tho' Grinius had for a time
been dear. to, and belov'd by the People; yet now the
greateft part of the Nobles forfook and abandoned him.
However, he got what Forces he could, and with thofe he
made Head againft his Enemy. When their Camps were
near one another, Grimus^ kjiowiug that A&/r<?/w would re-
HgiQufly obferve Ajcenfion-diy^ refolv'd then to attack him,
hoping to find htm unprepared. MaUolm^ having Notice of his
Ddign, kept his Men in Ar^s; and tho* he did hope well, as
tothe Vidtory, in fo good aCaufe; yet he fent to Griwjw, to
advifehim to defer fighting for that Day, that fo they, being
Chriftia»s^ might not pollute fo holy a Day with (hedding
the Blood of their Countryrnen : Yet he was nevcrthelels
refolv'd to fight, alledgingto his Soldiers, That the Fear the
Enemy was in, tho' pretended to be out of Reverence to fo
holy a Feaft, was a good Omen of their Victory. Then a
fierce and eager Fight began ; jiipd Grimus^ deferred by his

Men,

Book VI. S C O T L A N1D. 251

m en, was wounded in (he Head, taken Prifoner, and Ibcm
after had his Eyes put out; and in a fliort time, partly oat
of Grief, partly through the Anguifh of his Wounds, he died
in the tenth Year of his Reign. * Malcolm carry 'd it nobly to-
i?7ards the conquered, and cans'd Grimns to he tnterrM in the
Sepulchres of his Ancefiors: He received the Fadion that
ibilow'd him into his Grace and Favour, 4ind blotted our
^he Memory of all pad Offences; then goins to the Aflem-
bly of Eilates at Sfn»e^ before he would take the Govern,
inent upon him he caus*d the Law, made by his Father,
concerning the Succeilion to the Crown, to be publickty
ratify'd by the Votes of the whole Parliament.

M ii L C O L M II. The iighty third Ki»g.

AT the entrance into his Government, he laboured .to re-
(lore the State of the Kingdom, which was ibrely
ihaken byFadfons. And as he forgave all former Offences
to himfelf, fo he took care that rhe Seeds of Faclion and
Dilbord amongft all different Parties might be rootieid out.
After this, he fent Governors, chofen out of the Nobility,
into all Provinces (juft and pious Men) to reftrain the Li-
-centioufnefs of Robbers; who, in former Times, had taken
great Liberty to then^felves to ileal and plunder. By them
alfo the common People were encourag'd to Tillage and
Husbandry ; fo that Provifions grew cheaper. Commerce
between Man and Man (afer, and the publick Peace better
Iccur'd. Amidft thefe Tranfafiions, Suena^ the Son of Ha-
raldy King of the Danes ^ being baniih'd from home, came
into Scotland. He was oftentimes overcome, made Prilb^
ner by, and ranfom'd from, iht Fandah; and having fought
for Aid in vain from Olavus^ King of the Scandtans^ and
Edward King of England^ at lafi he came into Scotland^
and being converted to ehfiftianity, of which before he
was a moft bitter Enemy, he received fome fmall Forces
there, and fo returned into his own Country; from
whence foon after he pafsM over with a great Army into
England* Firft, he overthrew the Englijb alone, and after-
wards he had the fame Succefs againft them, when the Scots
affifled them, whom he grievpufly threatened, becaufe they
would not forfake the En^lijh^ and return into their owa
Country. Neither were his Menaces in vain ; for OLvns of
Scandsaj and fLnecns^ General of the DaneSy were fent by
him with a great Aripy into Scotland ; they rang'd over all
Murray^ kill'd whomfoever they met, took away all they
could catch, whether lacred or prc^hane.; at lail, gather-
ing

a54 3n&^ Hisr.o KY of Book VI.

ing mco a Body, they aflfattlted Caftles, and other ftrong
Places. While they were befieging th^fe Fortreiles, Mah'
49lm had rais'd an Army oat of &e neighbouring Countries,
and fwtch'd ht^ Camp not far from them. The Day after
rhe Sc6n^ perceivtng the Muhiiode of the Daites^ and their
warlike Preparations, were (Iruck with great Terror : The
KingendeavoarM to enconrage them, bat to little Parpafe;
at lall,\ a Clamour was raisM in the Caofip, by thofe who
were willing to feem more vattaot than the red; and
.when k was rais*d, others receivM, and (ecooded it; ib
that prefently, as if they had been wild,' they ran in upon
the Danesy without the Command of their Leaders, and
rufh*d upon the points of their Swords, who were ready to
receive them. . After the forwardeft were flain, the reft fled
•back, fafter than ever they came on. The King was wound*
cd ia the Head, and had much ado to be catry'd off the
Field into an adjacecit Wood, where he was put on Horfe-
back, and fo efcap'd with his Lffe. After this ViSory the
Caftleof Nairm was (urrender'd to ihe DoMes^ the Garrifon
being difmay'd at the Event of the unhappy Fight; yet they
put them to Death after the Surrender. They urongly forti-
fy 'd the Caflie, becanfe it was feated in a convenient Pafs;
miy of a Peninfiila^ made it an Ifle, by cutting thro* a
narrow Neck of Land, for the Sea to furroundit; and then
they call'd it by a Danijh Name, Burgas: The other Caftles,
which were £/^/iii and Furefs^ were deferted; for fear of the
Cruelty of the Dav^s. The Danes^ upon this good Succefi,
refolvM to inx their Habitations in Murray^ and fent home
their Ships to bring ower their Wives and Children," in the
mean time exercifing all manner of cruel Hardihips over the
captive Scofs. Malcolm^ in order to prevent their 'farther
Progrefs, gat a ftronger and more compafl Army toge-
ther ; and when they were gone into Marr^ he met them
at a Place call'd Morthch^ both Armies being in great Fear;
tht Scoti being afraid of the Cruelty of the Danes^ and the
Danes fearing the Places, which they did not know, (as be-
ing tar from the Sea, and fit for Amboflies) more than their
Eaemitfs. In the beginning of the Fight^ the Scots were
much dilcourag'd at the Siaughtcr of three of their valiant
\Worthies, viz^ of Ktnnithus^ Thane of the Iflands; of
iGrimnSy Thane of Strathearn ; and of Dumbar^ Thane of
Lf^hia^^ Yiho all foil prcfemly one after another; fo that
ihey were forc*d to retreat, and to retire into their old Faft-
nefs, which was behind their Backs : There, fencing their
Ciunp with a Trench, Dicch, and large Trees, which they
cut down in a narrosfv Place, they fronted and ftopped the

Enemy;

BookVI. SCOTLAM'D. 2j$

Enemy ; nay, they flew feme, who, as if they had fully
carry'd the Vfflory, did carelcfly aflault them, amongft
"Whom EntcMs^ one of their Generals, fell. His Loft, a$
, It made the Danes lefs forward to fight, fo it gave new Con*
rage to the Scots^ who were intimidated before. So thar^
almoft in a Moment of time, the Scene was quite altered;
the Danes were put to Flight, and the Stots purfo'd them;
Olavus^ the other* of their Generals, got fome to guide him,
and bent'his Courfe that Night towards Mirrrtfy. Though
Malcolm knew it, yet, having flain the forwardeft of his E-
tiemies, and wounded many more, he defiOed from follow-
ing the Chafe. When News of this Overthrow was brought
to Swain^ in England^ he bore it with undaunted Bravery,
and fent fome of his old Soldiers, and fome that were new-
ly come to him from his own Country, under Camnsj their
6cneral, to recruit his old and ihatter'd Army in Scotland.
He firft catne into the Firtb of Fortb^ but being hindered by
the Country People (who obferv'd all his^ Motions) from
landing, he fet fail, and made for the Red- Promontory of
j/ngtts. There he landed his Men, and attempted ro take
'fotne Places, but being difiippointed, he fell to plundering.
Having pitch'd his Tents at Balbridum^ i. e. the Village of
St. Bride^ word was brought him by his Spies, that the Scots
Forces were fcarce two miles diftant from him ; upon that
both Generals, according to the Exigence of the Time, ex-
horted their Men to fight; and the next Day they were all
ready at thfeir Arms, almoft at one time. The third Day they
fought with fo great Eagernefs and Fury, as either new
Hopes, or old Animoikies, could occafion and fuggeft ; at
Jaft (he Scots prevaiPd, and Camus^ endeavouring to fcciire
the Remainder of. his Army, by flying to the Mountains to-
wards Murray^ before he had gone two Miles, was over-
taken by the Purfuers, and he and all his Men were cut olf.
There ate ftill extant fome Monuments of this ViQory, fu
an Obelisk, and a neighbouring Village, which as yet re-
tains the memorable Name of Camns. Another Band of
them were cut off not far from the Town of Breichiny
where alio another Obelisk was ereSed ; the Remainder,
being few in Number, under the Covert of the Night, made
to their Ships ; thefe laft were tofled up and down feveral
Days in the raging Sea by crofs Winds; at length coming
to the*inhofpitable Shore of Bucban^ ,they rode there fo long
at Anchor, till they were neceffitated, for Want, to fend.a-
bout 5-00 of their Men a(hore, to get fome Relief out of
the n^ghbouring Country ; Mernapus^ the Thane of the Place,
flopped them from recurning to their Ships, and compel I'd

them

zs6 ThHiST OKY of Book Vi;

them CO retire ta a fleep tHill, where, being affifted by the
CoQveniency of the Place, they defended themfblves with
Stones, and flew many of the Scots^ who raibly attempted
them. At lad the Scots encouragM one another, and in fe^
veral Parties, in great Numbers, got ud the Hill, and put *
every Man of the Danes to the Sword. There alfo, as well
as at Brambreid^ when the Wind blows up the Sand, there
are Bones difcoverM of a greater Magnitude than* can well
fuit with the Stature of the Men of our Times.

Yet Smeuo was not difcourag'd, no not even with this
new Overthrow, but fent his Son Canutus with new Le-
vies into Scotland. He landed his Soldiers in Bucban^ and
£> plundered the Country round. Malcolmy though he had
bardly recoverM his Lofs fuflain'd in former Battles, yet
made Head againfthim; and being not willing to hazard al>
by fighting a pitched Battle, bethought it bed to weary the £-<
nem^ with light Skirmishes, and to keep him from plundering ;i
for by this means he hop'd, in a fliort time, to reduce himu
to a great want of Provifions^ as being in an Enemy's
Country, almoft quite wafted and defolated by the Miferies
of War before. He followM this Deiign for fome Days,-
but at laft, when the Scots had got a full underftanding of
their Enemy's Strength, they lefi diffided in their own ; and
both Armies, being equally pre{sM withWant^ unanimoufly
delir'd a Signal to the Battle; pretending, unlels it was given,
they would fall to it, even without the Confent of their
generals. Upon thzt Malcolm drew up his Army in Battle
array, and the Fight wascarry'don with fuch delperate Rage
and Fury, that neither Party came off jn Triumph. And cho*
the mere Name of the Vifiory fell to the Scots fide, yet a
great part of the Nobility being flain, the reft, weary 'd
and deprefs'd in their Spirits, teturnM to their Camp, giving
the Danes liberty to retreat, without any Purfuit : The next
Day, when both Parties mafter'd their Men, they found fo
great a Slaughter to have been made, that they willingly ad-
' n>itted fome Priefts to be Interceflbrs of Peace between
them. Accordingly Peace was made on thefe Conditions^
T'iat the Danes Jhould leave Murray and Buchan, and de*
fart ; and that as long as Malcolm and Sueno liv*d^ neither
of thtm Jhould wage War with one another any more^ nor
help one another'* s Enemies ; That the Field in which theBat*
tel was fought^ Jhould be fst apart and confecrated fitr the
Burial of the Dead. Upon this, the Danes withdrew^ and
Malcolm gave Orders for the Interment of the flain.

A while after he call'd an Aflembly of the Eft^es at
Scone ^ and that he might reward thofe who had delerv'd well

of

Book VL SCOTLAN'D. 2s7

of their Country, he divided all the King's Lands between
them: On the other fide, the Nobility granted to the King,
^^ That when any of them died, their Children (hoald be un*'
" der the Wardfliip of the King, till they arrived at the Age
*^ of 21 Years; and that the King (hould receive all their
*' Revenoe, except what was expended for the Education of
•* the Ward ; and befides, that he ihould have the Power to
^* give them in Marriage; or, otherwife to difpolbof them,
'* when they were grown up, and ihould alfo receive their
^^ Dowry.*^ IjudgethisCa(tomcameratherfromthe£irWf;2r
and Danes ; becaafe it yet continues throughout all Ew^^xr^
and in part of Normandy. Afterwards the King turn'd his
Thoughts to repair the Damages fuftained by the War ; he
rebuilt many Churches and Places apply*d to facred Ufes,
that had been <]emoliOi*d by the Enemy ; he built ne«v Caflles,
or repaired the old, in every Town. Having thus reftor^d
Peace to the Kingdom by his great Valour, he endeavoured
farther to adorn it with Laws and Ordinances ; and annexed
new Titles to certain Magit)racies (I believe, fuch as he
borrowed from his Neighbours) which ferv*d rather for vain
Ambition, than .for any real Ufe. For, in former Times,
there was no Name fuperior in Honour to that of ^ Knight^
except that o( Thane^ i. e. Governor, or Sheriff, of a Pro-
vince or County, which Cuftom, as I hear, is yet obferv*d
amongd the Danes, But now a-days Princes obferve no
Medium in inftituting ' new Names, or Titles of Honour ;
tho* there be no ufe at all of thofe Names, but the bare
Sound. Thus Malcolm^ having finifllM his toilfom Wars, .
reign'd fome Years in great Splendor and Glory. But in
the Progrefs of his Age, he fally'd the Beauty of his former
Life with the Deformity of Avarice. That Vice, being in-
cident to old Men, partly grew up in him with his Age, and
partly arofe from that Want, which his exorbitant Grants
had driven him to. So that thofe Lands which he had un-
advifedly di(}ributed amongd the Nobility, he did as unjuA-
ly and wickedly labour to rcfume; aivl by exorbitant Fines
laid upon the Pofleflbrs; he broke the Hearts of fome, and
reduc'd others to great Penury. The prefcnt Senfe of Suf-
fering, tho* fometimes juft, blotted out the Memory of all
former Favours; lb Ihat the Injury reaching to a few, but
the Fear to many, the Friends and Kindred of thofe who
were flain and .impoverilh'd, bent all their Thoughts, to
revenge their Relations, and to fecure tbemfelves. And at
laft, bribing the King's Domefticks at Glammes in ylngus^
they were admitted at Night into the King's Bed-Chamber,
Where they murder'd him. When they had committed the

bloody

25» ' T/Je Hist OKYy ice. Book VL-

Woody Deed, thofe brib'd Domefticks^ together with the
Parricides, took Horfe, which tbey had ready bridled and
iaddlcd for all Events ; and, being not able to find the
Way, for that a deep Snow hjwi oovcrMall the Tracks, they
were confounded, and wander'd in the Fields, till they ar-
rivM at a Lake by the Town of F0rfar ; where endeavouring
to pafs over, the Ice beir^ not very firm, their own Weight
funk them, and they were every Soul of them drowned*
Their Bodies lay undifcoverM for a time, by reafon the Ice
closed again; but when z Thaw came, they were found,
and taken up, and being difcovered who they were, their
Bodies were hung upon Gibbets in the High-ways, there to
rot for a Terror to the Living ; and in Reproach to them,
after they were Dead. This is the common Report about
M'lcobn\ End ; tho' fbme write, that he was flain by aa
Ambuifa, which was laid by the Relations of Grimus and
Conflaminw^ the former Kings, after a bloody Battle joynM
and fought betwixt them. Others fay, that he was killM
by the Friends of a-Noble Virgin, whom he had ravifliM ;
but all agree, that he came to a violent Death. MaUo/m
reign'd fo juftly above thirty Years, that, . if Avarice had
not corrupted his Mind in his old Age, he might well have
been number^ amongft the Beft of Princes. The Year in
which he died was a Year of Prodigies ; for in the Winter
the K\9tt$ did mightily overflow ; and in Spring there were
great Inundations of the Sea. And moreover, a few Days
after the Sunutter Solftice, there were very fevere Frofts,
and deep Snows, which quite fpoil'd the Fruits of the Earthy
and thereupon followed a grievous; Famine.

THE

( 2-59 )

-'--r^-^^m^^mi

mmmmMmmmmmmmmmi

THE

H I ST O- R Y

O F

SCOTLAND:

BOOK VII.

8&:^a

Have declared in the former Book, how eager-
ly Kennethus^ and his Son Malcolm^ ftrove to
fettle the Succeffiori to the Crown in their Fa-
milies^ That the eldeft Son might fucceed the
Father: But what theSuccefsof it was, will

appear in the Sequel. This is certain, That

neither the publick Benefit which was promifed to the whole
Kingdom, nor yet the private Advantage, alledged to arife
to our Kings from it, were at all obtained by this new I^aw.
An univerfal Good to all was pretended, in thus fetth'ng the
Succeffibnj that Seditions, Murders^ and Treacheries, might
be prevented amongft thofe of the Blood-Royal ; and alfo^
that Ambition, with the other Mifchiefs accompanying it,

T might

260 The UisroKY of Book VII.

might be rooted out from amongft the Nobles. But, on the
contrary, when I enquired into the Caufes of pubUck Griev-
ances, and compare the Old with the Modern^ it feems to
me, That all thpfe Mifchiefs, which we would have avoid-
ed, are fo far from being extinguiftied by the aboliihing of
the old, that they rather receive a great increafe from this
new Law. For, not to fpeak of the Plots'of^i&Wr Kin-
dred againft thofe who are aSually in the Throne ; nor of
a prefent King's evil Sufpicions of thofe, whom Nature
and the Law would have accounted as mod dear to him : I
^y, omitting thefe Things, which in the Series of our Hiflo-
ry will be farther explain'd, all the Miferies of former Ages
may feem light and tolerable, if compared with thofe Cala-
mities, which follovv'd upon the Death of Alexander the
Third. Neither will I inlift upon the Particulars following,
viz* that this Law doth enervate the Force of all publick
^Counfels, without which no lawful Government can fub-
lift: That by it we do willingly, and by confent, create
thofe Evils to our felves, which others who have Intereft
in publick Governments, do chiefly deprecate, viz. To
have Kings, over whom other Governors muft be appoint-
ed ; and fo the People are to be committed to their Power
who have no Pow^r over themfelvcs ; infomuch that
thofe who are hardly brought eb obey wife, prudent, and
experienced Kings, are now required to yield Obedience^
as it were, to the very Shadow of a Prince : By which
means we willingly precipitate our felves -into thofe Punifh^
ments, which God threatens to thofe who defpife and con- .
temnhis holy Majefty; namely, That we (hould be in Sub-
jeflion to Children, Male or Female, whom the Law of Na-
tions, and even Nature itfclf, (the Mother of all Laws) hath
fubjefied to the Rule of others. As for the private Benefit that
Kings aim at by this Law, /. e. That they may perpetuate their
Name and Family, how vain and fallacious this Pretence is^
the Examples of the Ancients, nay, even Nature it felf,
might inform them, if they had but confider*d by how many
Laws and Rewards the Romans endeavoured to perpetuate
the fplendid Names of their Families ; of which yet no one
Footftep remains at this Day, no not in any Part of the
World, which they had conquer'd. This Difappoiniment
mod defervedly attends thofe who fight againft Nature
it felf, by endeavouring to clothe a fading, frail thing,
lubjeS to momentary Alterations, and blafts of Fortune,
with a fort of Perpetuity ; and to endow it with a kind of
Eternity which they themfelves neither are Partakers of, nor
can be; nay, they drive to effect it by i\iok Med'twns which

are

Book VII. SQOtLAN'D. z6i

are moft drofs to their Purpofc : For what is lefs condacivc
to PerfJetuity .than Tyranny ? Yet this new Law makes a
great ftep towards it ; for a Tyrant is, as it were, the White^
or Mari^ expofedto the Hatred of all Men, infomuchthatAff
Cannot long fubfift, and when A^ falls, all Wj fall with hicn.
It fcems to me that God doth fometimes gently chaftife acid
difappoint this Endeavour of foolift Men ; and fometimes
he doth expofe it cfven to publick Scorn, as if it were let up
in. Emulation of his own Power. Of which Divine Will I
know not any fitter or plainer Inftance, than that which
we have now under our Hands. For Malcolm, who fo
much laboured to confirm the Law, which was almoft forci-
bly enaSed by his Father, by common Suffrage andConfent,
That the Kin^s Children fhouU he fuhft'ttuted in the room
%f their deceafed Parents^ even he left no Male-child behind
^him ; but he had two Daughters, one called Beatrix^ whom
he marry'd to a Nobleman named Grimus] ihtThane of the
Weftern Ifl^nds, and the Chief Of the other "Thanes, and
therefore rfned in that Age Abthane ; the other named Doaca^
married to the Thane of Angus, was Mother of Macbeth^
or Macheda, of whom in his Place.

DoNALDUS VII. The eighty fourth King.

MALCOLM htmg flain, as hath been related, Da-
naldas, h\s Grandfon by his Daughter Beatrix, fuc-
Ceeded him. A Prince of great Courtefy, and of more In-
dulgence to his own Kindred than became a King; for he
was of a mild Dilpofition, and from his Youth gave no-
table Tokens of his JPopularity : For in the moft difficult
Times, when he was made Governor of Cumberland iby
his Grandfather, and-*©uld not come to the King (by
reafon of the Dani^ TxoppSy which fwarmcd over the
Country, and flopped all Paffages) to fwear to the Laws,
yet he faithfully took part with the Englijh, till Canutus,
having the reft of England furrendered to him, made an Ex-
pedition againft him ; and then he fubmitted himfelf to the
Danes, on the fame Conditions under which he obeyed the
Englijh before. This alfo was popular in him, .that he ad-
miniftred Juftice with great Equity, and €very Year he vifit-
ed the Provinces, to hear the Complaints ,of the Poor, and
as much as lay in his Power, he hindred the great Men
from opprefling ttie little ones. But as thefe Virtues en-
deared him to the Good, fo they lelTened his Authority
amongft the Lovers of Sedition ; and his Clemency to the
former encouraged the latter to grow audacious. The

T 2 beginning

%6t The History^/ Book WVL

beginning of the leflening and contempt of his Government
happened in Locb-Abyr^ upon the account of one Bantbo^ Tbant
of that Country, a ftrifi Lover of impartial Juftice ; fome ill
Men not enduring his Severity in Punifhments, made a
Confpirady againft him, plundered him of his Goods, and
drove him away, wounded and almoft dead. As loon as
ever his Wounds permitted him to endure the jogging of his
Body, he took a Journey and complained to the King ; the
King fent a publick OflScer to do Juftice upon* the Offen-
ders; but he was grievoufly affronted, and afterwards mur-
dered by them ; lb great Security did they fancy to them-
felves, by reafon of the Lenity (but as they interpreted it.
Sloth) of a good King. The chief of the FaSion, which
raifed this Dilturbance, was named Macduald'^ who, defpair-
ing of Pardon, prepares himfelf for open War. He cal-
led in the i^W^r/ to his Affiftance, (who were always prone
to Sedition) and alfo the forwardeft of the Irijh^ in hopes
of Booty. He told them that under an effeminate and floth-
ful King,, who was fitter to rule Monks thalr Warriors^
there was no fear of Punifliment, but there might be great
hopes of Advantage; and that he did not doubt but the Scou^
who were in a manner fetter'd with the Chains of a long
Peace under the former King, when an Alarm was found-
ed to War, would come in to recover their antient Li-
berty. Thcfe Exhortations were feconded with a fucceft-
ful beginning, which much heartned the Party. There was
oneMaUolm, of the prime Nobility, fent by the King againft
them with fome Forces ; but his Army was prefently over-
thrown by them, and he himfelf, being taken Prifonet, had
his Head cut off. The King, troubled at this Overthrow,
called a Council to confult of what was fit to be done.
Some were very flow in delivering their Opinions, but
Macbeth, the King's Mother's Sifter's Son, laid the blame
of the Misfortune on the decay of Military Virtue ; pro-
mifing withal, that if the Command or Generalfhip were
beftowed on himzndBancbo,^ who was well acquainted with
that Country, he would quickly fubdue all of them, and
bring things into a State of Tranquillity. This Macbeth
was of a (harp Wit, and a very lofty Spirit ; and if Mo-
deration hid accompanyed it, he had been worthy of a Com-
mand, though never fo eminent ; but in puniihing Offen-
ders of that Severity, which without legal Reftraints feemed
likely to degenijrate very foon into Cruelty. When th«
chief Command' of the Army was conferred upon him,
many were fo terrified, that laving alide their Hopes, which
they had conceived by realbn oi the King's flothful Tem-
per,

Book VII. SCOTLAN'D. isi

per, they hid themfelves in Holes and Corners. The Ifl'tmi'
ers and the Irijh^ their Flight being flopped, were driven to
the laft Delpair, and ftoutly fighting were every one of
them flain ; Macduald himfelf, with a few others, flying into
•a neighbouring Caftle, being paft all hopes of Pardon, re-
deemed himfelf and his^from the Infults of his Enemies by
a voluntary Death. Macbeth^ not content with that Punifti-
ment, cut off his Head, and lent it to the King at Perth^
and hung up the reft of his Body in a confpicaous Place, for
Show. Thofe of the Redjhanks which he tbok, he caufed
to be hanged.

This domeftick Sedition being appealed, a far greater
Terror fucceedcd, occafioned by the Danes: For Sueno^
their moft powerful King, dying, left three Kingdoms to
his three Sons ; England to Harold; Norway to Sucno ;
and Denmark to Canutus. Harold dying loon after, Canu-
tus fucceeded him in the Kingdom of England. Sueno (or
Sufain) King of Norway, emulous of his Brother's Glory,
crofled the Seas with a great Navy, and landed in Fife;
upon the News of his coming, Macbeth was fent to levy
an Army ; Bancio, the other General, fta^ing with the
King. Duncanusj or Donald, as if juft roufed from a
Slumber of Indolence, was forced to go meet the Enemy.
They fought near Culrofs with fuch ^ obftinate Courage,
that as one Party was fcarce able to fly, fo the other had
no Heart to purfue. The Scots, who looked upon them-
felves as overcome, rather by the Incommodioufnefs of
the Place, than by the Valour of their Enemies, retreated
to Pefth^ and there ftaid with the Remains of their con-
quered Forces, wailing for the Motions of the Enemy.
Swain thinking that if he preiTed eagerly on them, all Scot--
land would fpeedily be his own, marched towards Perth with
all his Forces to befiege Duncan; his Ships he fent about by
the Tay, to meet him there : Duncan, tho' he much confi-
ded in the prefent pofture of Aflairs^becaufe Macbeth was-
very near him with a new fupply of Force; yet being coun-
fclled by Bancho to piece out his Force by Stratagem, he
lent Meflengers, one to Macbeth, to defire him to flop
where he was, and ^mothtvio Swain, to treat a^put the Sur-
render of the Town. The Scots defired. That upon the Sur-i^
render they and theirs might have liberty to depart in farety ;
Smain fuppofing their Requeft proceeded from the very hot*
torn of Defpair, would hear of nothing but furrendring at
Mercy ; upon this he Tent other Meffengers with unlimited
Inftru6lions, and a Command to delay time in making Con-
^litlons; who, to ingratiate themfelves the more, told the

T 3 mrvi-

264 The H I s T o R y I?/ Book VII,

NprvegianSy That whilft the Conditions of Peace were pro*
pounding and fettling, their King would fend abundance of
Provifions into their Camp, as Knowing that they were not
over-ftocked with Vifiualling for the Army. That Gift was
acceptable to the Norvegians; not fo much on the account,
of the Scots Boonty, or their own Penury, as that they
thought it was a Sign their Spirits were cowed, quite fpent
and broken. Whereupon a great deal of Bre^ and Wide
was fent them, both Wine prefled out of the Grape, and alfo
ftrong Drink made of Barley-Malt, miied with the Juice of-
a poyfonous Herb, abundance of which grows in Scotland^
called Sleepy Nigbt-Jbade. The Stalk pf it is above two
Foot long, and in its upper part fpreads into Branches ; the
Leaves are broadifh, acuminated at the Extremities^ an^
faintly green. The Berries are great, and of a black Co-
lour when they are ripe, which proceed out of the Stalk un-
der the bottom of the Leaves ; their Tafte is fweetifli, and
almoft infipid ; it hath a very fmall Seed, as little as the
Grains of a Fig. The Vertue of the Fruk, Root, and efpe-
cially of the Seed, is Soponferous^ and will make Men mad
if they be taken in too great Quantities, With Chis Herb all
theProvifion was infeSed, and they tha.t carry cd it, to pre-
vent all Sufpicion of Fraud, taftcd of it before, and invited
the Danes to drink huge Draughts of it, Swain himielf, in
token of goodwill, did the fame, according to theCuftom
pf his Nation. But Duncan knowing that the Force of the
Potion would reach to their very Vitals, whilft they were
afleep, had in great Silence admitted Macbeth with bis
Forces into the City, by a Gate which was fartheftoff from
the Enemy's Camp; and under ftanding by his Spies that the
Enemy was faft afleep and full of Wine, he fent Bancho
before, who well knew all the Avenues both of that Place
and of the Enemy's Camp, with the greateft part of the
Army, placing the reft in Ambufli. He entting their Catnp,
and making a great Shout, found all things more neglected
than he imagined. Some few roufed at the Shout, run-
ning up and down like Madmen, were flain as they wa:e
met, the others were killed fleepiiig. The King, who
was dead drunk, wanting not only Strength, but Scnlb
alfo, was fnatched up by fome few, who wece not fo
much overcome with Wine as the reft, and laid like a
Log ot Beaft upon an Horfe which they cafually l^hted
on, and fo canied to the Ships. There the Cafe was ai-
moft as bad as in the Camp, for afmoft all the Seamea
were flain afliore ; fo that there could fcarce be got toge-
ther fo many of them as yrerc fufficient to guide one Ship;

BookVIL SCOTLAN'D. 26^

yet by this means the King efcaped to his Country. The
reft of the Ships, by ftrefs of Weather, fell foul upon one
another, and were funk ; and by the Hills and Mountains
of Sand, and other Slime and Weeds which the Water
carries, meeting together in one great Heap, thence grew a
Place of great Danger toSailorsj which is commonly called
DrMmilaw Sands,

While the Scots were rejoicing for this Viftory obtained
without Blood, News was brought that a Fleet of Danes rode
at KinghoTH^ which was fent by Canntus to help Swain. The
Soldiers and Paffengers landing, feiz'd upon and carry'd a-
way the Goods of the People of Fife without any Refift-
ance. Ba/jcho was fent with Forces againft them, who aP-
faulting the foremoft, made a great Slaughter amongft them.
Thefe were the principal Men of the Nation, the reft were
eafily driven back tp their Ships. Bancho is reported to have
fold the burying Places for the flain for a great deal of Mo-
ney. Their Sepulchres, they fay, are yet to be feen in the
Ifle Mmona,

'T I s reported that the Danes^ having made to many un-
lucky Expeditions into Scotland^ bound themfelves by a fo-
lemn Oath never to return as Enemies thither any more*
When Matters thus profperoufly fucceeded with the Scots
.both at home and abroad, and all things flourilhed in Peace,
ilf<ar^tf/^, *who had always aDiJguft at the unaSive Slothful-
nefs of his Coufin-german, and had from thence conceived
a fecret Hope of the Kingdom in his Mind, Was farther en-
couraged in his ambitious Thoughts by a Dream which he
had-. For one Night, when he was far dlftant from the King,
he feemed to fee three Women, of a more majeftick Sta-
ture than Mortals ufually are ; of which one faluted him,
Tbans of j^ngtds ; another, Thane of Murray ; and a third.
King of Scotland. His Mind, which was before afFeSed
with Hope and Defire, was mightily encouraged by this
Dream; fo that he contrived all poffible ways by which
he might obtain the Kingdom; in order to which a jult
Occafion was offered him, as he thought. Duncan had
two Sons by the Daughter of Sibert^ a petty King of
Northumberland; Malcolm^ firnamed Cammorus^ (which is
as much a$ Jolt-head) and Donaldur^ firnamed Bonus , L e.
White. Of thefe he made Malcolm^ fcarce yet out of his
Childhood, Governor of Cumberland. Macbeth took this
matter incredible hefnoufly, in regard he looked upon it as
}n Obftacle to him,* in his obtaining the Kingdom ; for
having arrived at the Enjoyment of hts other Honours pro- j
mis'd him byhis Pream, he thought this wouW prove the '

T 4 weai^

t6<S . Tke Hi ^r OKY of Book VIL

means that either he ihould be fecloded altogether from the
ICingdom, orelfe ihould be mach retarded in the Enjoyment
of it ; for that the Government of Cumberland was always .
looked upon as the firft Step to the Kingdom of Scotland.
J3efides, his Mind, which was fietce enough of itfelf, was
furred on by the daily Importunities pf his Wife, who was

Srivy to all his Counfeh. At length communicating the
/latter to his mod intimate Friends, amongft whomBawba^
■was one, he got a fit Opportunity at hnernefs to way-lay the
King, and fo flew him, in the feventh Year of his Reign ;
and gathering a Company together went to Scon^, and by
the favour of the People made himfelf King. Duncsn^
Children were a(loni(hed at this fudden Dilafter; they faw
their Father was flain, the Author of the Murder m the
*Throne, and Snares laid for them to take away their Lives,
that fo by their Deaths the Kingdom might be confirmed tQ
Macbeth, They therefore Ihifted up and down, and hid
jhemfelves, and fofor a timeefcaped his Fury; 6ut perceiv-
ing that no Place could long lecure them from his Rage,
and that being of a fierce and unforgiving Nature, there
was no hope of Clemency to be expeQed from him, they
|led feveral ways ; Malcolm into Cumberland^ and Donald to
his Father's Relations in they£^«^«f Iflands.

Macbeth, The eighty fifth King. •

"XJTACBETH^ to confirm the ill-gotten Throne to
iYX himfelf, won the Favour of the Nobles by great
Gifts, being fecure of the King's Children becaufe of their
Age; and of his neighbouring Princes, in regard of their
mutual Animpfities and Difcords. Thus having engaged
the great Men, he determined to procure the Favour of the
Vulgar by Juftice and Equity, and to retain it by Severity,
}f nothing elfe would do. Accordingly he determined with
himfelf to punifti the Free-booters or Thieve's, who had
taken Courage from the Lenity of Duncan ; but forefeeipg
that this could npt bedoqe without great Tumults and much
ado, he devifed this ProjeS, which was to fow the Seeds of
Difcord amongft them by fome fit Men for that Purpofe,
that they might be put upon challenging one another; and
fo fon^e of them might fight in equa(^and divided Numbers
pne with another. All this was to be 4pne on one and the
lame Day, and that tn the moft remote Parts of Scotland,
"^Vhen they all met at the time appointed; they were taken by the
King's Men which he had polled conveniently for that Purpofc.
Their Punilhment ftruck a Terror Into the reft; befides, h?

put

Book VII. S C T L A N "D. 267

pur to Death the Thanes of Cahbnes^ Rojs^ Sutherland mi,
Nair»y and fome other Chiefs of the Clans, by wh0fe Feuds
the Commonalty were miferably harrafs'd. After ward$
he went into the ^A»rf<e Iflands, and exercis'd fevere Juftice
there. After his Return from thence, he once or twice fum-
mon'd Macgil or Macgsld^ the moft powerful Man in all
Calway, to appear; but he refusM fo to do, rather out of
fear for being of MalcoMs Fadion, than for the Guilt of '
the Crimes objeSed to him ; upon his refufalhe feni Forces
againft him, who overthrew him in Battle, and cut off hi^
•Head. «

The publick Peace being thus reftor'd, he apply'd his
Mind to make Laws, (a thing almoft wholly ncgleSed by
former Kings) and indeed he enaSed many good and u(eful
ones, which now are cither wholly unknown, or clfe lie
unobferv'd, to the great Damage of the Publick. In a word,
he lb manag'd the Government for ten Years, that if he had
not obtained it by Violence, he might have been accounted
inferior to none of the former Kings. But when he had
thus ftrengthen'd himfelf with the Aid and Favour of the
Multitude, that he fcar'd no Force to diflurb him ; the Mur-
der of the King (as 'tis very probable) hurry*d his Mind in-
to dangepous Precipices, fp that he converted his Govern-
ment, got by 'Treachery i into a cruel Tyranny. He vented
the firft Shock of his Inhumanity upon Banchp^ who was his
Accomplice in the King's Parricide. Some ill Men had
fpread a kind of Prophecy abroad among the Vulgar, That
Bancho'/ Poftarity Jbould enjoy the Kingdom \ whereupon
fraring left he being a powerful and adive Man, aijid having
dipt his Hands in the Blood Royal, ihould imitate the Exam-
ple that had been lately fet him, he play'd the fmiling AfFaflin,
and very courteoufly ^nd humanely inviteid him and his Son
to Supper ; but in his return he caus*d him to be flain, as in a
cafoal Fray or Rencounter. His Son Fleanchus happening
. not to be known in the dark efcap'd the Ambufh, and t>e-
Jng inform'd bj his Friends how his Father was treache-
loufly flain by the King, and that his Life was alfo fought
after, he fled fecrctly into ff^ales. Upon that Murder, fo
cruelly and perfidioufly committed, the Nobles were afraid
of themfelves, infomuch that they ajl departed to their own
Hoines, and came but few of them, andthofe v^ry feldom,
fo Court : fo that the King's Cruelty being on the one Hand
plainly difcover*d by fome, and pn the other vehemently
fufpcQcd by all Son% of Perfons, mutual Fear and Hatred
Iprung up betwixt him and the Nobih'ty ; which being im-
ppffible to be concealed any longer, b^greuv an open, a pro--
^ /' ' ■'' ' "■ • ■ fcft

268 T/je Hi ST OKY of BookVIL

feU and compleat Tyrant, and the rich and powerful were
for light, frivolous, nay many times but mere pretended
Caufes, publickly executed. Their confifcated Goods belp'd
to maintain a Band of Debauchees^ which he had about him
under the Name of a Guard. And yet he thought that his
Life was not fufficiently fecut'd by them neither, fb that he
refolv'd to build a Caftle on the top of the Hill Dunfinnaftj
"whejc there was a large Profpefl: all over the Country;
which* Work proceeding but flowly, by reafon of the diffi*
culty of theCarriageof Materials thither, he laid it upon all
the Thanes of the Kingdom, and fo dividing* the Task. a-
mongftthem, they were to find Workmen and Carriages, and
to fee that the Labourers did their Duty. At that time Macduff
was i)\tTha»e of Fife^ a very powerful Man in his Country ;
Hey loth to venture his Life in the King's Haids, went not in
Perfon, but fent thither many Workmen, and fome of them
his intimate Friends, to prefs on the Work. The King, either
out of a Defire (as was pretended) to fee how the Building
proceeded, or elfe to apprehend Macduff^ (as he himfelf fear'd)
came to view the Strudure, and by chance fpying a Yoke
of Macduff*s Oxen not able to draw up their Load againft
a deep Hill, he willingly laid hold of that occafion to
rent his Paffion againft the Thane^ faying, That he knew well
tnough before his difobedient Temper^ and therefore was re--
plv*d to punijb it ; and to make him an Example^ he threat*
fsed to lay the Take upon his own Neck inftead of, his Oxen.
Macduff hearing of it, commended the Care of his Family
to his W\fty and without any Delay fitted up a fmall Veffcl,
as well as the fliort Time would permit, and fo pafsM
over into Lothian^ and from thence into England, The
King hearing that he intended to fly, made hafte into F^e
with a ftrong Band df Men to prevent htm ; but he being
d'^^parted before, the King was prefently admitted into his
Caftle, where he pour*d out all his Fury upon the Thane^s Wife
and Children, who were there prefent. His Goods were
confifcated, he himfelf was proclaim'd a Traytor; and a
grievous Punifliment was threatened to any whodar'd to con-
verfe with, or entertain him. He cxercis'd alfo great Cruelty
againft others, if they were either Noble or Rich, without
DiftinSidti. And from henceforth negleSing the Nobility,
he manag'd the Government by his own Counfels. In the
mean time Macduff arriving in England found Malcolm there,
royally treated by King Edward: For Edward^ when thq
panes Power was broken in England^ being reeall'd from
Banifhment, favoured Malcolm^ who was brought to him by
^iberi^ (his Grandfather by ;he Motheir's fide) for many Rea-

fonsj

BookVII. SCO T L a N'D. zng

fons ; as either bccauii his Father and Grandfather, when
Gavcrflors of Cumherlavd^ had always favoui:^ the in-
tcreft of Edwards Anccftor s as much as the Times would per-
mit tbem to do; or clfebccaufe theS/w«//f>«^ of Events ^ snd
tie Remembrance of Dangers js^ave them a Likenefs of Difpofiti-
cm in their Minds^ for each King had been unjuftly banlfli'd
by Tyrants ; or, laftly, becau^ the Afflidkn of Kings doth
conciliate and move the Minds ^ even of the greatefi Strangers^
to phy and favour them. Whereupon the Thane^ as foon as
he had Opportunity to fpeak wkh Malcolm^ in a long DiT-
courie declared* to him. tlic unhappy Neccffity of his Flight,
the Cruelty of Macbeth acainft all Ranks of Men, with, the
univerfal Hatred conceived againft him ; he sidvis^d Malcolm^
in a^ accurate Harangue, to endeavour the Recovery of hi?
Father's Kingdom ; especially feeing he could not, without in*
curring a great deal of Guilt, kt the Murder of his Father
paft uiireveng'd ; nor negleft the Miferies of the People
which God had committed to his Charge ; nor finally, ought
. he ta (hut his Ears againft the juft Petitions of his Friends.
Besides, he told him that King Edward was lb gracious a
Prfoce, that he would not be wanting to him, his Friend
and Suppliant ; That the People did alfo favour him, and
hated the Tyrant : In fine, That God*s Fammr would attend
the good againfi the impious^ if he WQuld not-ie wanting to
bimfelf But Malcolm^ who had often before been (blicited
to return, byMeilengers infidioufly fent to him ftomMac^
heth ; that he might not be enfnar'd, before he committed
lb great a Concern to Fortune, refolv'd to try the Faith-
fulnefi of Macduff^ and therefore he fram'd his Anfwcr
thus: "I know (fays he) that all you have faid is true;
" bat 1 am afraid that you, who invite me to undertake the
^* Regal Government, do not at all know my Difpofitton ;
*' for thofc Vices which have already deftroy'd many Kings,
^ viz* Luft and Avarice, do almoft rdgn even in me too ;
" and tho* now my private Fortune may hWe and difguife
*' them, yet the Liberty of a Kingdom will let loofe the
*' Reins of them both : And therefore, laid he, pray have
" a care that you invite me not rather to my Ruin than a
^ Throne." When Macduff had reply'd to this, ^' That
** the Luft and Define of many Concubines might be pre-
" vented by a lawful Marriage, and that Avarice might be
" alfo bounded and forborne, when the fear of Penury is
" remov'd.'* Malcolm fubjpin'd, " That he had rather
'^ now make an ingenuous Confelllon to him, as his
" Friend^ than to be found guilty hereafter, to the great Da-
f ma^ of them bpth : For my fclf, to deal plainly with

" • ; ?.^you.

^7® ^^^ History cf Book VTL

** you, faid he, there is no Troth nor Sincerity in me; I
^ confide in no Body living, but I change my De/igns and
*' Counfels upon every Waft of Sulpicion; arid thus, from
*' the Inconftancy of my own Dilpofition, I ufe to make a
** Judgment of other Mens." Then Macduff reply*d,
*' Avaunt, fays he, thou Di(grace and Prodigy of thy Royal
•' Name and Stock, worthier to be fent into theremoteft
" Defert than to be caiPd to a Throne $" and in a great
Anger he was about to fling away. Then Malcolm took
him by the Hand, and declat'd the Caufe of this his Diffi-
mulation to him, teUing him. That he had been lb often af-
feulted by the Wiles of Macbeth^ that he did not dare h'ghtly
to truft every Body ; but now he faw no Caufe to liifpeS
any Fraud in Macduff^ in refpe^i either of his Lineage, his
Manners, Fame, or Fortune.

Thus they ph'ghting their Faith to one another, confulted
how to compafs the Deftrufijon of the Tyrant, and advis'd
their Friends of it by fecret Mefl&ges. King Edwardz&Hcd
them with ten thoufind Men, over whom Sihert^ Malcolm's
Grandfather by the Mother's fide, was made General. At the
Report of this Army's march, there was a great Combuftion
in Scotland^ and many flock'd in daily to the new King;
Macheth being defertea by almoft all his Men in fb fudden
a Revolt, and not knowing what better Courfe to take,
ihut himfelf up .in the Caftle of Dunfinnan^ and Tent his
Friends into the JEhuda^ and into Ireland^ with Money to
hire Soldiers. Malcolm underftanding his Delign, makes up
direflly towards him, the People praying for him all along
as he went, and with joyful Acclamations wifhing him good
Succefs. His Soldiers took this as an 0»2^» of Victory, and
prcfently ftuck green Boughs in their Helmets, reprefent-
ing an Army coming back in Triumph, rather than going
to the Battle. Macbeth terrify'd at the Confidence of bts
Enemy, immediately fled, and his Soldiers foriaken by their
Leader furrepder'd themfelves to Malcolm. Some of our
Writers do here record many Fables which are like Mile-
fian Tales, and fitter for the Stage than an Hiftory, and
therefore I omit them. Macbeth reigned feventeen Years.
1x1 the firft ten he performed the Duty of a very good Kmg,
in the laft feven he equalled the Cruelty of the worft of Ty-
rants.

Malcolm

Book VII. S C O T L AN "Dl 271

Malcolm III. The eighty fixtb Kittg.

MALC0LMh2iV\x\g thus recover^ hfs Father's Kmg-
dom, was dcclar'd King at Scone the 2f '*• Day of J^
pril^ in the Year of our Redemption loyy. At the very be-
ginning of his Reign he convened an Aflembly of the Eftates
at Forfar ; where the firft thing he did was to reftore to the
Children their Father's Eftates, who*had been put to Death
by Macbeth : he is thought by fome to have been the firfi
that introduced new and foreign Names, as DiftinSions of
Degrees in Honour, which he borrowed from neighbour-
ing Nations, and no lefs barbarous than the former were;
fuch as are Dukes^ Marquejfesy Earls^ Barons^ Riders or
Knights, Macduff^ the Thane of Fife^ was the firft who
had the Title of Earl conferr'd upon him, and many others
afterwards, according to their rcfpe6Kve Merits, were ho-
noured with new Titles. Some write, That ac that time
Noblemen began to be firnam'd by their Lands, which I
think is falfe, for that Cuftom is not yet receiv'd amongft
the ancient Scots-, and befides, then all Scotland ufed their
ancient Languap and Cuftoms, but inflead of a Sirnamr,
they added their Father's Name after their own, like the
Greeks of old; or elfe adjoin'd a Word taken from fome
Event, or from'" fome Mark of Body or Mind; and that
this Cuftom did then obtain amongft the French is plain, by
thofe Royal firnames of le Gros, the Fat, le Chauve^ the
Bald, le Begfte^ the Stammerer; and alfo by the Sirnames
of many noble Families in England^ efpecially fuch as fol-
low'd William the Conqueror, and fix'd their Habitations
there: For the Cuftom of taking Sirnames from Lands was
receiv'd but lately amongft the other French^ as appears by
the Hiftory of Froijfard^ no mean Author. *' Macduff
** had three Requefts granted him as a Reward for his
*' Service; one. That his Pofterity ftiould place the King,
" who was to be crown'd, in the Chair of State. Another,
" that they (hould lead the Van of the King's Armies: And
" a third, That if any of his Family were guilty of the un-
" premeditated Slaughter of a Gentleman, he fliould pay
" four and twenty Marks of Silver as a Fine; if of a
" Plebeian^ twelve Marks : " Which laft Law was obferv'd
till the Days of our Fathers, as long as any Man of that
Family was in being.

Whilst thefe things were tranfaSedat Forfar^ they who
remain'd of theFaQion o( Macbeth^ catry'dh'is Son Luthla^
to Scone (who was iim^m'd Fat^us from his want of Wit)

and

^jz The His T o KY of Book VII.

and there he was falated King. Malcolm aflaulted him inf
the Valley Begianj where he was flain, three Months after he
had ufurp'd the Name of King ; yet out of Relpeft to his
kingly Race, his and his Father's Bodies were bury'd in the
Royal Sepulchres in Jonia. After this he reignM four Years in
perfeS Peace ; then Word was brought him that a great Troop
of Robbers were nefted in Co^^^«r»-Foreft,and that they infeft-
.cd Lotbia» and Mercb^ to the great Damage of the Husband-
men. Fatric Dunbar^ with fomc Trouble, overcame them,
lofing forty of bis own MenintheOi>fer, and killing fix hun-
dred of them; forty more of them were taken Prifoners and
htng'd. Patric for this Exploit was made Earl of Mercb.

The Kingdom was now fo fettled, that no open Force
could hurt the King ; but he was attempted by private Confpi-.
racy. The whole Plot was difcover'd tohim, whereupon he
fcnt for the Head of theFadion, who fufpeSed nothing of the
Bulincfs, and after much familiar Difcourfe he led hinriafide
into a lone Valley, commanding his Followers to (lay behind.
There he upbraided him with the former Benefits beftOw*d on
him, and declared to him the Plot he had contriv'd agamft his
Life ; adding further, " If thou haft Courage en6ugh, why doft
" thou not mw fet upon me, feeing that we are both arm'd, that
" fo thou may'ft obtain *thy Defire by Valour, not by Trea-
*' cbery ?" The Plotter being amaz'd at this fudden Difcovery,
fell down on his Knees, and ask'd Pardon of the King, who
being a merdfulas well as valiant Prince, eafijy forgave him.
Matthew Paris makes mention of this Pafl&ge.

I N the mean time Edgar ^ to whom, after Edward^ the
Crown of £«f A«»^belong'd, being driven by contrary Winds,
came into Scotland with his whole Family. That which I
am to fpcak concerning this Perfon, may not be well under-
ftood, except I fetch things a little higher.

^Edmoni^ King of England^ being flain by the Treachery
of his Siibjeds, Cafitttui the Dane^ who reigned over Part
of the. Ifland, prefently feia*d upon the whole. At firft he
nobly treated Edward and Edmond^ the Sons of the De-^
ceafed Edmond^ when they were brought to him. After-
wardsipftigated by wicked Ambition, and defirous to confirm
the Kingdom to his own Pofterity by their Deftruflion, he
fent them away privately toValgar^ Governor oi Swedeland^
to be mur4er'd there. Falgar underftanding their noble
Birth, arid \confidering their Age and Innocence, and
taking withal \C0mp3fli0n of their Condition and Fortune,
fent them to Hungary to King Salomon^ pretending to Canu-
tfts that he had put them to Death. There they were roy-
ally educated, and fo much grateful Towardlinefs ap-
peared

BookVII/ SCOTLAND). 273

pearM in Edward^ that Salomga chofe him out from among
all the young Nobles, to give him his Daughter Aga/ha
to Wife. By her he had Edgar ^ Margaret^ and Chrtftian,
In the mean time Canutus dying, Hurdicanute fucceed-
ed him. When he was flain, Edward was recalled from
Normandy^ whither he was before banifli'd, together with
his Brother Jlured; Earl Goduyn^ a powerful Man of
Englijb Blood, but who had marry'd the Daughter of C^-
nutus^ was fent to fetch them home. He, defirous to tranf*
fcr the Kingdom into his own Family, caused Alund to be
poyfon'd : as for Edward^ he was preferv'd rather by God*$
Providence than by any human Forefight, and reign'd moft
devoutly in England: But wanting Children, his chief Care
was to recal his Kinfmen out of Hungary to undertake
the Government, affitming. That when Edgar return'd, he
would willingly furrender up all to him ; but his Modefty.
out-did the King's Piety, for he refused to accept of the
Kingdom as long as he was alive.

At length, upon £^«;tfr</'s Deaths Harold^ Godwyn^s Son,
invaded the Throne, yet he dealt kindly with Agatha the
Hungarian and her Children: But he being alfo overthrown
by Wtlllatn the Norman^ Edgar ^ to avoid ff^lliam'% Cruelty,
rcfolv'd with his Mother and Sifters to return vaxo Hungary^
but by a Tempeft he was driven into Scotland; there he was
courteoufly entertained by Malcolnt^ who iriade him his Kinf-
man alfo by the Marriage of his Sifter Margaret. fyHliam
then reigning in England, upon every ligbt Occafion was
very cruel againft the Nobles either of Engli/b or Danijb
Eztradion ; but underftanding what was sj doing in Scotland^
and fearing that a Tempeft might arife from thence, he fent
an Herald to demand Edgar, denouncing War againft Sent^
landxmltis he were furrender*d up. Malcolm look'd upon it
as a cruel and faithlefs thing to deliver up his Suppliant,
Gueft and Kinfman (and one againft whom his very Ene-
mies could objeQ no Crime) to his capital Foe to be
put to Death, -and therefore refolv*d to fufter any thing ra-
ther than do it; and accordingly he not only detain'd and
harbour'd Edgar, but alfo gaveadmiffion to his Friendk, who
in great Numbers were banlfli'd from their own homes,
and gave them Lands to live upon; whofe Pofteriiies were
there propagated imp many rich and opulent Families. Up-
on this Occafion a War enfu'd betwixt the Scots and £»-
glip, where Siitrt King of Northumberland favouring Edgar,
join'd his Forces with the Scot$, The Norman, pufF'd up
wich the good Succefs of his Affairs, made light of the
Scotijh War, and thinking to end it in a Ihort time, he lent
2 oiic

274- Thi Yii^r oar of Book VII.

one Ragefy a Nobleman of his own Country, with Forces
into NortbumberlaffJ ; but he being overcome and put to
Flight, was at laft flain by his own Men.

Then Richard^ Earl of Ghucefter, was fent with a
greater Army^ but he could do but Iktle good neither; for
Patrick Dunbar weary*d him out with light Skirmiflies, lb
that his Men could not fo much as draggle abroad for Booty ;
at laft Oda^ lUliiam's Brother, and Bifliop of Bayo», being
made Earl of Kefft, came down with a much greater
Strength ; he made great Spoil in Northumberland^ and flew
fome who thought to ftop him from plundering ; but as he
was returning with a great Booty, Malcolm and S/^er/fet up-
on him, flew and took many of his Army, and recovered
the Prey. When his Army was recruited, Robert^ fVillianPs
Son, was fent down thither, bur he nwdc no great Earnings
. of it neither, only he pitch'd his Gamp at the River 21rW,
and rather defended himfclf than carried on the War. la
the mean time he repaired Newcaflle^ which was almoft de^
€ay*d by rea(pn of its Antiquity. IVilliam being thus wea-
ry'd withaWar more tedious than proiitable, his Courage
being fomewhat cooiy, apply'd himfelf to thoughts of
Peace; which was made on thefc Conditions, Thalt in Stan*
more^ i, e. a Stony Heathy (a Nanre given it for that very
Caufe) lying between Richmondpire and Cumberland^ the
Bounds of both* Kingdoms fliould be flxM ; and in the
Boundary a Crofi of Stone fliould be ereSed, which fliouId
contain the Staples and Arms of the Kings of both fides:'
That Crofs!, as long as it flood, was calrd King^s Crofs ;
That Malcolm flioijld enjoy Cumberland M^on the fame Terms
as his Anceftors h*ad held it. Edgar was alfo received into
William's Favour^ and' endow'd with large Revenues ; and
that he might prevent all occafion of Sufpicion of his inno*
vating things, he never departed from the Court. Voldiofus
alfo, the Son of Sibert^ was to have his Father*s Eftate re-
ftdrM to him; and befides, he was admitted into Affinity
with the King by- marrying a Niece of his, born of his
Daughter.

Tumults at home fuccecded Peace abroad; for the Men
of .Galway^ and of the 'Mbuda^ did ravage and. commit
Murders overall their neighbouring- Parts; and the ^^rr^y-
Men, with thofe of Rojs^ Caithnefs^ and their Allies, made a
Confpiracy, and taking in their neighbouring Iflanders to their
Aid, threatned the Government with a dangerdusWar. Walter
the Nephew of Bancho^ by his Son Fleanchus^ who wasbefore
receiv'd into Favour wifh. the King, was fent againft the Gal-
Wrfy-Men, and Macduff againft the other Rebels, whilft the

King

Book VII. S C O t L J H T>. 27^

King bimfelf was gathering greater Forces. PFalurUcvf the
Head of thatFaftion, and fo quell'd the common Soldiers,
that the King at his Return made him Lord Steward of all
Scotland for his good Service.

This OflBcer was to gather in all. the King's Revenues j
alfo he had a Jurildidion, fuch as thd Sheriffs of Counties
have, and he is altogether the fame with that which our An-
ceftors c^Wiii, Thane, But now a-days^hei?»j///i Speech
getting the better of onr Country Languagej the Th mes of
Counties are in many Places call'd Stewards ; and he which
was anciently call'd Ahthane^ is now the Lord High Steward
of Scotland ; tho' in fome few Places the Name of Thane
doth yet remain. From this IValter the Family of the
Stuarts^ who have fo long reiga'd over Scotland^ took its
beginning.

Macduff warring in the other Province, when be
Came to the Borders of Marr, the M^rrian promis'd him a
Sum of Money if he would not enter into their Lands ;
and he fearing the Multitude of the Enemy, protraSed the
time in PropoCils and Terms of a pretended <Peace, till the
King arriv*d with greater Forces. When they came to the
Village Monimufs they joined Camps, and the King being
troubled at the report of the Enemy's Numbers, promised to
devote the Village, whither he was goings to St. Andrew the
Apoftle, the tutelary Saint of Scotland^ if he return'd Vic-
tor from that Expedition. After a few Removes he came ta
the River Spey^ the moft violent Current in all Scotland ;
where he beheld a greater Number of Soldiers than he
thought could have been levy'd out of thofe Countries,
.ftanding on the other fide of the River, to hinder his PaC-
fage. Upon that the Standard-Bearer making an Halt, and
delaying to enter the River, he fnatch'd the Standard out of
his Hand, and gave it to one Alexander Carron^ a Knight of
known Valour, whofe Pofterityhai ever afterwards the Ho-
nour of carrying the King's Standard in the Wars ; and inftead
of Carron the Name of Scrimger was afterwards given him,
becaufe he, fall of true Valour, though ignorant of the
Modes and Niceties of Fencing, had conquer'd one who
was a Matter in handling of Arms, and who valu'd bim-
felf highly upon that Account. As the King was en-
tring the River, the Priefts, with the Mitres on their
Heads, prevented him ; who, by his Permiirion, paffing
over to the Enemy before, ended the War without
Blood. The Nobles furrender'd themfelves upon Quarter
for Life; thofe who were the moft feditious, and the
Authors of the Rifing, w^e try*d, had ?heir Goods

U confifcatcd^

2^6 The H 1 s t o R t of Book Vlt

confifcated, and themfelvcs condemn'd to perpetual Im-
prifonment.

Peace being thus by his great Induftry obtamM both at
home and abroad, he turned his Pains and Induftry towards
the Reformation of the publick Manners; for he lived de-
voutly and pioufly himfelf, and invited others^ by his Ex-
ample, to a modefl, juft, and fober Life. It is thought that
he was affifted in this by the Counfel and Monitions of his
Wife, a Angular good Woman, and eminent for Piety-
She omitted no Office of HumanJty towards the Poor, or
the Priefts ; neither did Agatha the Mother, or Chrijiiana
the Sifter, come behind the Queen in any religious Duty :
For becaufe a Nun's Life was then accounted the great Nou-
rither and Maintainer of Piety, both of ihem leaving the
toilfome Cares of the World, ftiut themfelves up in Mo*
tiafteries appointed for Vircins. The King to the four for-
mer Bifliops of St. Afiareiv^ Glajgow, JVhitkfirn and
Murthlack^ (where the old Difcipline, by the Bi(hop*s Sloth
and Default, was either remitted or laid quite afide) added
that .of Murihy and Cahhnefs^ procuring Men. pious and .
learned, as times went then, to fill the Sets. And where-
as Luxury began likewife to abound in thofe Days, in re-
gard many Englifr came in, and great Commerce was car-
ry'd on with foreign Nations ; and alfo many Englsjh Ex-
iles were entertained and fcattcred almoft all over the King-
dom, belaboured, tho' to little purpofe, to reftrain it. But
he had the hardeftTask of all with the Nobles, whom he
endeavoured to reclaim to the Pradrce of their ancient Par-
fimony: for they having once fwallowed the Bait of Plea-
fure, did not only grow worfe,and worfe, but even ran
fceadlong into Debauchery : nay, they laboured to cover that
foul Vice under the falfe Name of Neatnefs, Bravery and
Gallantry. Malcolm forefeeing that fuch Courfes would be
. the Ruin not only of Religion, but alfo of military Difd^
pline, did firft of all reform his own Family very exafily ;
afterwards he made moft fevere fumptuary Laws, denounc-
ing great Punilhment againft the Violators of theme Yet by
thofe Remedies he rather ftopped than cured theDifeafe, ne-
verthelefs as long as he lived he employed all his Endeavours
to work a thorough Reformation. It is alfo reported that
his Wife obtained of him, that whereas certain Degrees and
Ranks of the Nobility had obtained a Privilege to lie the firft
Night with a new married Bride, by the Law o^Eugcnlus ; that
Cuftom (hould be altered, and the Husband have liberty to
redeem itbypayjrig half a Mark of Silver, which Payment is
yet called Marcheta MnfUrum^

WuiLsr

BdoicVIL S C Ot L A ii^J^. zyt

Whilst Malcolm was thus bufy'd in reforming the pub-
lick Manners, U^iiliam^ King oVEnghudi dies: His Son^
Witliam Rufusy fucceeded him. Peace could not long be
continued between 'two Kings of fuch different Difpofitions ;
for the King of Scots chofe that time to build two Temples
or Cathedrals, one at Durham in EnglaKd^ the other at
Dumfermling in Scotland \ upon both which Piles he be*
flowed great Coft, fo that he endeavoured to retrieve Church*
Affairs, which then began to flag and decay : And withal he
tranflated Turgot^ Abbot of the Monks at Durham^ to the
Biffioprick of St. Andrew's, This he did, wh\\(lR»fus was
plucking down Towns and Monafteries^ and planting and
making Forefts, that he might have the more room to hunt
in. And when Aafebne the Norman^ then Archbifliop of
Ca9fterbury^ did with Freedom rebuke him for the fame, he
baniflied him the Land: He'alfo fought for an Occafionqf
War againft the Scots^ and fo furprized the Caftle of /^/«-
vjsck in Northumberland^ and flew the Garrifon there : Mal^
colm having demanded Reftitution, but in vain, belieged the
Caftle with a great Army : They within being reduced to
great Extremity and Want, talked of furrendring it, and d^^
il^ed^ the King to come, and receive the Keys with his owti
Hand ; which as he was a doing, being tendered to him oti
the point of a Spear, the Soldier run him mto the Eye and
killed him. And his Son Edward alfo being very forward
to revenge his Father's Death, and accordingly the more neglK

fent of his own Safety, made an unwary Affault upon the
Inemy, wherein he received a Wound, of which he dyed
foon after. The Scots bei\ig affli61:ed and troubled at this
double Slaughter of Two of their Kings, broke up the Siege,
and returned home. Margaret did not long furvive her Huf*
band and Son, but died of Grief. The Bodies of thefe Kings
which at fitft were buried at Ti»mouth^ (aMonaftery at the
Mouth of Tine) were afterwards brought back to Duin§^rm^ ^
ling: Malcolm held the Kingdom thirty and fix Years, be- J"
ing noted for no Vice, but famous to Pofterity for his great
and many Virtues ; he had fix Sons by his Wife Margaret^
of whom Edward was. flain by the Englijh irt the Siege of
Alnwick Caftle : Edmond and Ethtldred were baniflied into
England by their Uncle Donald^ where they died; the other
three, Edgar ^ Atheldted and David fucceeded in the King*
dom one after another: He alfo had two Daughters, the
elder Maud, firnamed the Good, marry'd Henry^ King of
England I the younger named Mary^ had Euftace^ Earl of
hoiogH for her Husband. Several Prodigies happened in thofe
Days, and in particular there was fuchaattnufcalInun*itioii

U a of

27* TheHisroB^Y of Book Vltj

of the German Ocean, that it did not only drown the Fields
and Country, and choaked them up with Sand, but al((>
. overthrew Villages, Towns and Caftles< And befides, there
vrere ereat and terrible Thunders, antd more were killed
•with Thunderbolts than were ever recorded to haveperilhed
by that Death in Brh^m before.

DoNAtDUS V\\. firnamed SanuS, The eighty
feventb King,

UPOK the Death of Malcolm^ Donaldus (Banus) i. i.
the White, his Brother, who for fear of Macbeth
had fled into the Mbud^^ was without meeting with theleaft
Difficulty or Oppofition, at firft declared King ; for he had
promifed all the Iflands to Magnus King of Norway^ if by
4^ his Affiftance he might enjoy the Kingdom of Scotland. And
^- in this his obtaining of the Kingdom thofe were moft aflill-
^ V ^ ant to him, who did falfely accufe the former King for cor-
rupting the Difcipline of his Anceftors ; and withal, who
^t ftomachM it that the baniflied EngUJh fliould enjoy the Eftates

^V" of Scots in Scotland. Edgar^ in fuch a fudden Change of

) 1 Affairs, being afraid and folicitous for his Sifter's Children^

which were yet but young, caufedthemtobe brought over to
him into England. But this Piety of the good Man was ca*
lumniated by fome ; for Orgarusy an EngUJhman^ feeking
to win Favour with King Rufus^ accufed him that he had (e-
cretly boafted, That he and his Kindredwere Lawful Heirs of
' the Crown. The Acculer was •not able to make good his
Allegation by any Witneflcs, and therefore the Matter was
adjudged to be dedded by a Duel ; wherein the Accufer was
overcome by another £iirg//y&w/<i», who offered him the Com-
bate inftead of Ed^ar^ who was now grown old and alfo
fickly. All good Men who had a Veneration for the ^1^-
tnoty , of Malcolm and Margaret, hated Donald; who by fo-
reign Aid, in conjundtion with thofe of his own Fadion,
had feized on the Kingdom : And he, by his Raflinefs, did
much increafe the Hatred conceived agatnft him, and by fe-
vere Threats which he uttered amongft his Familiars ag^inft
the Nobles who would not fwear Allegiance to him. And
therefore they fent for Duncan^ a b;ile-born Son of Mai-
Aolm*Sj who had fcrved long with Credit in the Wars \m-
AetlVilliam Rufns, to oppofe Donald. At his coming ma-
ny revolted from Donald^ fo that he was dfffident of his
own State, and therefore fled into the /Ebudne about fix
IMcjpths alter he had ufurped the Throne.

j^ooK Va S COTLA N 7). Iji

D o N c A>r, The i^ghty eighth King,

NE I T H E R did Duncan reign long, for he being a mi-
litary Man, and not Tq skilful in the Arts of Peace,
carry*d it more impcrioufly than a peaceable and civil Go-
vernment required ; (b that he quickly got the Hatred of the
majority of his Subjefis. When DonaUns, who obierved
dU his Motions, heard of it in his Banifliment, he corrupt-
ed Macfendir^ Earl of Mern^ and by him caufed Dnncan to
be flain in the Night at MonUatb^ a Year and fix Months
after he began to reign. As for Donaldj he governed a trou-
blefbme Kingdom tor abput three Years; good Men rather
tolerating him, (for want of a better) than approving him*
ThQEn^Up on the one fide, and the Iflandcrs on the other,
in his time much molelted Scotland. The Envy alfo againft
him was heightened, in that Magnus^ King o( Norwayy had
feized on thefFeJfern Iflands; which though he leemed to
have done by Force, yet all Men fmel| out tne Cheat, in re*
gard Donald did not lb much as fiir at fo great an Af-
front. And at lad the publick Indignatioo grew warmer
and warmer againft him, when the Vulgar underftood that
it was done by a fecret Agreement betwixt him and M^
nui.

Edgar, The eighty ninth King.

UPON thefeDifgufts (ecret Meflengers weredifpatched
to Edgar^ Malcolm^s Son, That he would come over
and be General, in order to obtain the Kingdom ; and a$
foon as he appeared upon the Bordefs theypromifed to flock
in to him. And they were as good as their Word; for
Edgar being affilled with a fmall Force by Rnfnsy at the in-
ftance of Edgar his Uncle, had fcarce entered Scotland be-
fore Donald^ being abandoned by his Men, fled away ; but
he was purfued, taken, and brought back to Edgar^ who
committed him to PrifoQ, where he died foon after. Ed*
gar having recovered the Kingdom by the general Suffrage
of ail theEdates, he in the firft place made Peace with Wil'^
ttam^ King of England^ and whenhedyM without Children
he renewed it vrkh Henry his Brother. He gave him Afaud^
his Sifter, to Wife, firnamed the Good^ from her virtuous
Manners (as I faid before.) By whom he had WiUiam^
Richard^ EufemiazniiMaud. £^iir reigned nine Years and
fix Months in great Peace, reverenced and beloved hygopd
M^Oi and fo tormidable to ihe bad^ that in all bis keign

Us rheti

x%o The History^/ Book VII.

there were no civil Tumults or Seditions, nor any fear of* a
foreign Enemy. One Monument of his publick Works, was
theMonaftery of Coidi»gham^ dedicated to &t.Ebb the Vir-
gin, which he built in the fcventh Year of his Reign; though
^terwards it was changed into the Name of Cuthhert^

Alexander L The ninetieth King.

EDGAR dying without IflTue, his Brother AUxmder^
firnamed Acer^ or the Fierce^ fucceeded him. in the
very beginning of nis Reign, fome young Men that loved to
be fiihing in troubled Waters, imagining that he would be
% peaceable (or as they interpreted it ^Jli^ggifn) King, as his
Brother was, confpired to take away his Lift* , • that they
might rob and plunder with the greater Freedom : But the
Matter was difcovered to him, and "he purfued the Confpira-
tors to the fartheft part of Rofi ; when they came to the
Rivet .S>^^, they thought to flop the King's Purfuit, byreafon
of the Rapidity of the River; and befides, the King's Fri'^nds
-would not fiitfer him to attempt the River, becaufc the Tide
•coming in, they judged it unpaflable, yet he fet fpurs to his
Horfeand was about to pafsover. The reft, left they might
feem to forfake their King in a Danger fo great, were his
Followers ; but his own Men (as I (aid) drew him back,
fo that he fent over part of his Army, under ihe Command
oi Alexander Carron^ theSonof that yf/^x^W^r I mentioned
before, whofe miraculous Boldnefs in pafling the River with
his Forces, ftruck fuch a Terror into the Enemy, that they
prefcmly betook themfelves to Flight. Many were flain in
the Purfuit,. their Leaders were then taken, or elfe after-
wards brought to the King^ and were all executed at a GaN
lows.

This Expedition procured him Peace, even to the end of
his Life. As he was returning through Mern^ a poor Wo-
man met him, grievoufly complaining that her Husband had
beenfcourged with a Whip of Thongs, by the Earl of Afrr«'s
Son, becaufc he had fued him for a Debt. The King hear-
ing it, prefently in great Difdain leapt from his Horfe, and
•would not ftir from the Place till the Offender had received
condign Punifliment. And fo he returned to Envergoury^
or as fome write, to Balleggary^ Edgar* s Town. Some write,
that the firname of Acer was given him for thofe Exploits ;
bqt others iay it had a more tragick Original, vtz» That
fome Thieves having corrupted one of his Bed-Chamber,
were; privately admitted in whilft he was afleep ; and that
awakened by their jfudden rulhin|^ in, he i5rfi flew his trca-

^heioHS.

Book VII. SCOTLAN'D. iti

cherous Servant, and afterwards fix of the Thieves. This*
railed a great Clamour in tbe Court, and the re(t fled, but
Alexander purfued them fo fiercely that moft of them were
flain. Afterwards he turned his Thoughts to the Works o£
Peace; he built St. Michaei\ Church in Scone from the
very Ground : The College of Priefts which was there he
turned into a Monaftery for Monks. Being once (urprixed in a
Tempeft, and driven into the X^zJEmona^ he was there re-
duced to great Want and Hunger ; for neither he nor his Com-
panions could procure any Food for fome Days, but what
they got from one of thofe.that lived folitary Lives, commonly
called Hermits, He built alfo a Church there, in Membry of
St. Columby fupplying it with Canons, as they call them, and
Lands to maintain them. He alfo gave great Gifts and Lat-
geffes, and fettled Lands on St. Andrevj\ which was rich e-
nough before. He finilhed the Church at Dumfermlingy which
his Father had begun, and endowed it with Revenues.

After theie Tranfaftions in Peace and War, when he
had reigned feventeen Years, he departed this Life, leaving
no Children by Sibyl his. Wife, Daughter of tVslliam the
Norman.

David L The ninety firfi King.

HI S Brother David fucceeded him in the Kingdom, in
the Year of Chrift 1124. He feeing that hii» Brothers
reigned fucceflivcly, one after another in Scotland^ ftayed
with his Sifter Maud in England, There he marry'd his Cou-
(mMaud^ a Woman of great Beauty, Wealth and Nobility;
for yoldiofus Earl of Northumberland was her Father, and
•her Mother vfVLS Judith^ Niece to l^tlliam the Norman. He
had a Son by her named Henry^ in whom both his Father*s
and Mother's Difpofition did prefently appear. Upon this
Marriage his Revenues were much encreafed by the AcceA
fion of Northumberland znd Huntington jfjtre to the Lands he
enjoyed before. Thus with the univerfal Gratulaiioo of his
SubjeQs, he came into Scotland to poflfefs the Kingdom.
'Tis true, the Memory of his Parents was of great Force to
procure him the Favour of the People ; yet his oWn Virtue
was fuch, that he flood in no need of any adventidous Help :
For as in other Virtues he equalled other good Kings, fo in
his Condefcenfion to hear the Caiifes of the Poor, he wa$
much fuperior to the^. As for the Complaints of the Ricb^
he heard them himfelf, and If a falfe Judgment had been
given he would not fet it afide, but cfompelled the Judge
himfelf to pay the Damages awarded. He reftrained Luxu^

U 4 ^f

xtz The Hi STORY of Book VII.

ry, which then begun to Ipread^ according to the Example
of nis Fainc^r. He baniftied Epicures^ and fuch as (ludied
Arts to provoke the Appetite, out of the Kingdom. He
far exceeded the Beneficence of his Parents and Kindred,
(which were worthy rather of Pardon, than Praife) 4n in-
creafing the Revenues of the Church. He repaired MonaC-
teries, whether decayed by Age, or ruin'd by the Wars, and he
alfo built new ones from the Ground: To the fix Biihopricks
•which he found, he added four more, Rofs^ Brechwy Du»*
kelden^ and Dunblain, He almoft impoverifhed the fucceed-
ing Kings to endow them, for he beQowed upon them a great
part of the Crown Lands. Johannes Major^ who when I
was but a Youth, was fen^ous for his Theological Studies,
having highly praifed this King for his other Aaions; yet he
blames his profufe Lavillinefs in endowing Monaderies in
a folemn (and I wiih it had been an undeferved) Oration.
And I the more wonder at this immoderate Protufionof the
publick Money and Patrimony ; becaufe in thofe very Times
St. Barnard (harply reproves the Priefts and Mi*nh in his
ievere Sermons for their exceflive Luxury and Expence ;
which yet, if compared with that of our Age, feems but
moderate. The Fruits which followed theie Donations^
ihew that the Defign was not well grounded : For as in
Bodies too corpulent, the ufe of all the Mc(nbers ceafes ;
To the Sparks of Wit; opprcffcd by Luxury, languifted
in the Abbies* The Study of Learning was quite left off.
Piety de-generated into Superftition, and the Seeds of all
Vices fprungup in them, as in an uncultivated Field. All
the time of his Reign he had but one domeftick Commo-
iicn, and that was rather a Tumult than a Civil War; and
it was quickly ended in x\\q Slaughter of Mneas^ Earl of
Murray^ with a great Number of "his Followers. Maleol>n
Macbeth endeavouring toraife a new Sedition, w^as commit-
f ed Prifoner to the Caftle of RoichurgL Other Matters
fucceeded according to his Delire, hut yet a double Gala-
jnity feU upon him. One from the untimely Peath of his
Wife, the other of his Son. As for his Wife Maud^ flie
was a Woman of high Defcent, of exquifite Beauty, and
nioft accompliflxed Manners : He loved her paffionately whilft
Ihc lived, and the lofs of her in the Flower of her Age did
fo affefl him, that for twenty Years after he lived a Widower,
neither did he touch any other Woman all that while; and
yet the greatnefs of his Sorrow wa^ no hindrance to him
from managing the Publick Offices ^nd Concerns both of
Peace and War. Concerning hi^ Son I will fpeak in <lue
:pla€e.

BookVII. SCOTLAN'D. 2S3

• DAVID thus addiSed himfelf to the Arts of Peaces
but foiTie troublefome Matters in England drew him unwil-
lingly into tfWar. The Occafion was this : All the OfFfpring
of King Henry of England^ except his Daughter Maud^
were drowned in their Paffage from France into England'^
which Misfortune fo grieved him, that (it is reported) he was
never leen to laugh after that time. Maud, who only fur*
viyed and efcaped that Calamity, married the Emperor
Henry the Fourth* Her Husband dying without Children,
flie returned into England to her Father. He was willing
to fettle the Succeflion an her, and in order to it, becaule
Ihe was a Widow and childlefs, and confidering his owo
Mortality, he caufed all the Nobility to fwear an Oath of
Fealty to her ; and in hopes that (he might have Children, he
marry'd her to Geoff ry Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou, Five
Years after, that Marriage, Robert Duke of Normandy and
King Henry died, and Geoffry of Anjou falling into a dange*
rous Difeafe lay bedrid.

I K the mean time Stephen^ Earl of Bologne, in this want
of Royal Ifliie, took Heart to affume the Crown of Eng-
land: Neither did he look upon it as aDefign of any great
Difficulty, both by reafori of the Weaknefi of the adverfe
Party, and alfo becaufe he himfelf had fome Royal Blood
running in his Veins : For he was born of a Daughter of
JVillfam the Norman, which had married the Earl of Bloys.
He himfelf had alfo married Maud^ Daughter of the former
Earl oi^Bologne, and Coufip- German toAf^^^the Emprefs,
and born of Mary, Sifter t(\ David, King o( Scotland. Up-
on the Confidence of fo great AUi^jnces, by reafon of the
Abfence of Maud the Queen, and the Sicknefs of Geoffry,
he ihought he might eaiily obtain the Crown of England.
And to make his way clearer, without any Confcience or
Regard of his Oath which he and the other Kindred had
taken to Queen Maud, he drew in, by great Promifes, the
BiOiops of England, who bad alfo taken the fame Oath, in-
to his unlawful Defign ; and efpecially WUl'tam, Archbifliop
of Tork, who was the firft that fwore Allegiance to Queen
Maud; and Roger, Bi(hop of Salisbury, who had not only
taken the Oath himfelf, but had alfo read the Words of it
to the other Nobles when they took it.

Upon this Confidence, even before his Uncle Henry
was buried, he ftept into the Throne, and the two firft Years
reigned peaceably enough ; whereupon growing infolent, he
began to ncgledt his Agreement made with the Engli/b, and
alfo to deal arrogantly with his Neighbours. After he had
compelled all the EngHJh^ partly by Fear, and partly by fair
3 Promifoi)

i$4v The History of BookVII.

Promffes, to take an Oath 'of Allegiance to him, he fent
Ambafladors to Damid^ King of 5^'>/ , to put him in mind
to take the fame Oath, for the Counties of Cumberlhnd^
Northumberland and Huntingdon^ which he held of him.
David retarned Anfwer, That he, together with Stephens
himfelf, and the other Nobles of En^lmd^ had^ not long
iince, bound themfelves by an Oath to obey Maud^ their
lawftil Queen ; and that he ought not, nor would acknow-
ledge any other Monarch as long as (he was alive. Wheii
this Anfwer was brought to Suphen^ preCently a War began.
The Englijh entred upon the adjacent Scois w'ith Fire "and
Sword, the Scots doing as much lor thcra. The next Year an
Army of 5^©/', under the Condud of the Earls of Merch^ of
Menuithy and of Angus ^ cntred England^ and met the Englijh
at the Town oX Ailerton^ whofc General was the Earl of G^«-
€e{ttr. A (harp Battle was there fought with equal Slaughter
on both Sidies, as long as both Armies (lood to it; at lalt, the
Engljb being overthrown, many perifliedin the Flight, and
many of theNobilicy were taken Prifoners, amongit whom
was the Earl of Gloucejier himfelf. Stephen^ very much con-
cerned at this Overthrow, and fearing it might otherwife
alienate from him the AfFeSions of the Friends and Kindred
of the captive Nobles, refufed no Conditions of Peace.
The Terms were theie, ** That the Englip Prifoners ftiould
*' be releafed without Ranfom; That S/f/?i&r» fliould quit the
" Claim which as chief Lord he pretended to have over
•' Cumberland.'*^ But Stephen obferved thofe Conditions no
better than' he did the Oath formerly taken to Maud^ his
Kinfwoman ; for before the Armies were quire disbanded,
and the Prifoners releafed, he privately furpri^ed fomeCaftles
In Northumberland^ and by driving away Booties from-the
Scots Countries renewed the War. The Scots gathering a
fudden Army together of the neighbouring Provinces, and
defpifing the Engltp^ whom they had overthrown in Battle
the felf fame Year, run ra(hly on to the Cohflfa at the
River Tees ; where they paid for their Folly of undervaluing the
Enemy, and received a lignal Overthrow ; they were likewife
compelled to quit Northumberland, ' David^ to retrieve this
Lofs and Ignominy, gathered as great an Army as ever he
could together, and came to Roxburgh; thither Turjlan^
Archbifliop of ITork^ or (as fVilUam of Newberry calls him}
Truftinus was fent by the Englijh to treat concerning a Pa-/
cification, and there being fome hope of Agreement, a Truce
was made for three Months upon Condition, **That Nor^
** tbumberUnd fhould be prefently reftored to the Scots.**
But this Promifc, which was made by Stephen^ only to hav6

the

B60KVIL SCOTLAN'D. z%s

the Army disbanded, was not performed; fo that David
drove eway' a great Booty out of that part of Northumher*
land which obeyed Stephen ; and Stephen gathering a grea(
Force together pierced as far 2ls Roxhorough ; but underfrand*.
in^ that the Nobility were averfe, and complained that they
were Involved in an unjuA and unneceilary War, without
performing any memorable Exploit, he retired into the Heart
9i his Kingdom: And the next Year, fearing (bme inteftine
SedFtion, he lent his Wife Maud to 2)4t;//^ her Uncle, to
treat of Peace. Upon her Mediation it was accorded. That
Diivsd from Newcaftle^ where he commonly refided, and
Stephen from Durham^ (hould fend Arbitrators for compo-
fing of Matters to the Town of Chefter in the Street^ fituate
in the midway, equally diftant from J)0th Places. David
fent the Archbifhops of St.Jndrew^s and Glajgoe; Stephen^
the Archbifhops of Canterbury and Tork. Both Parties were
the more inclinable to Peace, becaufe Stephen feared War
from abroad, and Seditions at home ; and the Scots com-
plained that they were forced to bear the Shock of a
War made in the behalf of another ; whereas Mandj for
whole fake it was commenced, did nothing at all in it.
The Peace was -made on thefe Conditions, " That Cum*
^' herlandy as by ancient Right, fliould bepolfcfledbyZ)tfWi/,
** and that Northumberland unto the River Tees^ (as Wtlliam
*' of Newberry the Englijhman writes) and Huntingtonjhire^
*' fhould be enjoyed by /]fc»ry^ D^v/VTsSon, as hisMother's
*' Inheritance ; and that he (hould do Homage to Stephen
*• for the fame.'' When things were thus compofcd, Da^
'Did retired into Cumberland^ and Stephen into Kent. This
Peace was made in the Year of our Lord 1139 in which
Y tar Maud being returned to England^ fent her Son Henry^
afterward King oi England^ ioCarliJle^to David his Great
Uncle, that he might be inftrufied in reats of Arms, and
likewife advanced by him to the Dignity of Knighthood;
who, without doubt, was the mod excellent Knight of his
time; and that Dignity was in thofe Days conferred vi^ith. a
great deal of Ceremony.

A T that time there was^^ fo great Difturbance in England^
by realbn of domefiick DiTcords, that bo part of it was
free from Civil War, but that which was in the Hands of
David King of Scots I and that he alone might not plead
Exemption from the publick Calamity, within three Years
^fter his Son, the only Heir (in hope) of fo much Power
and Felicity, died in the Flower of his Age, leaving three
Sons and as many Daughters. He died fo greatly in the
t^QVe and A&e^tion both of the Scats^ zni:Engfrlb^ that be-

fides

286 Tlbe Hist okY of BcokVIIJ

fides the publick Lofi every one lamented his Death as his
own private Misfortune ; for fo great Smcerity and Mo-
deration of Mind ihone forth in him, even in that Age
when Youth is accuftomed to play theW.anton, that every
body expeded moft rare and fingular Fruits from his Dit
pofition *vj^hen it was rip^iied by Age. His Father's Grief
was «I(b farther increafed, by realbn of the tender Age of his
Grandchildren, and the ambicicns and reQiefs Difpofition of
Stephen ; and if he died, he was concerned for the Fierceneft
of Henry's Spirit, then in the Fervor of his Youth ; who be-
ing the Son of Maud^ was to fuccecd in the Kingdom.
When the Thoughts of fo many forefeen Mifchiefs ailault*
ed his di(ea(ed and feeble Mind^ infomuch that all Men
imagined he would have funk under them, yet he bore up
fo ftoutly that he invited fome of the Prime Nobility (who
■were foJidtous for him, left he (hould be too much affliS-
€d, as well they might) to Supper, and there he entertain-
ed them with a Difcourfe rather like a Camfwter than a
Mourner. He told them, " That no new thing had hap-
" pened to him or to his Son. That he had long fince
^* learned from the Sermons of holy and learned Men, thaj:
*' the World was governed by the Providence of Almighty
*' God> whom it was a fooliih and impious thing to endear
** vour to refift: That he was not ignorant his Son was
*^' born on no other Terms to live, but that he muft as
^* certainly die, and fo pay that Debt to Nature which he
" owed even at his very Birth ; and if Men were but air
" ways ready to pay thatDebr, *twas no great matter whea
*' God, their great Creditor, called upon them for it: That
*' if only wicked Men were fubje6l to Dtath, then a Maa
" might juflly .grievt at the Deceafe of his Kindred ; but
^ when we tcQgood Men alfo die, all Chfiftians (faid he)
.^ ought to be thoroughly fettled in this Petfuafion, That
^' no Evil can happen to the Goody iehher alive or deai) ancj
*' therefore why (hould we be fo fnuch troubled at a (hort
** Separation, efpecially from pur Kindred, who h^ve not
** fo much left us, as they are gone before us, to our com-
*^ mon Country; whither we tpo, tho' we (hould live never
" fo long, muft yet at laft follow? As for my Son, if he
*' hath taken this Voyage before us, that fo fee might vifit
^ and enjoy the Fellowfcip of my Parents and Brethren^
" thofe precious Men, fo'mewhat earlier than our felvesj
*' if v/e are troubled at it, let us take heed that W€t feem
*' not rather to envy his Happinefi than to mourn for our
*' own Lofs. As for you, worthy Lords, as I am behold-
^* ing to you for many Offices of RefpeS, fo both I and my

!*So;^

IfeoolcVn. SCOTLAU'D: 187

** Son (for I (hall undertake alfo for him) are much obliged
•* for your Love to me, and your grgteful and pious Mo
** moryof hm"

This Greatneft of Mind in the King, as ft added much
to the Veneration th«t was paid to hi« Rojial Perfbn, to
ft increafed the Senfe of the Lofs of his Son in the Minds
of all, when they confidered what a Prince th^y and their
Children were deprived of. And David^ that he might
make ofe of the only way of Confolation which was
left h!m, caufed his Scxn's Chtldren to be brought to
film, and to be trained up in Coua-difcfpline, which was
ihen moft pious. In fine, he provided for their Security a$
far as the Wit of Man, or human Forefight could pro-
Vide. He commended AWri>/»7, the eldeft of the three, to
the Care of the whole Nobility, and particularly of Mac^
duff^ Earl of /V/>, a very powerful and prudent Man, and
he caufed him to carry jfiim all over the Land, that fo he
might be received as the undoubted Heir of the Kingdom :
WilliaMy the next Son, he conftituted Earl of Nonhumber^
land^ and put him into the immediate PofTefiion of that
County : He created David, the third Son, Earl of Hun-
tington in England^ and of Gaa^iocb in Scotland, He made
the more hafte to prefer them, becaufe lingering under a
Difeafethat was judged to be mortal, he forefaw hrs Time
could not be long in this World. He died m the Year of
Chrift'i 15-3, the 24'** Day of May. He was fo well beloved,
that all Men thought in him they had loft rather a Fa-
ther, nay, rather the beft of Fathers than a King : For
though his whole Life was fo devout, as no Hiftory records
the like, yetj fbme kvr Years before his Death he devoted
himfelf particularly to the Preparation for his latter End ;
fo that his Deportment then very much encreafed^Mens
Veneration for the former part of his Life. For tho' he
equalled his Royal Predeceflbrs, who were moft Praife-
■worthy in the Art of War, and excelled - them in the
Study of Peace; yet now leaving off contending with others
for Superiority in Virtue, he maintained a Combat with him-
felf alone, wherein he advanced fo much, that if the higheft
and moft learned Wits fhould endeavour to give the Idea or
pattern of a good King, they could never comprehend in
their Thoughts fuch an exemplary Prince as Davtd (hewed
himfelf in his whole Lite to be He reigned twenty nine
Years, WO Months, and three Days*

Malcolm

28S The Hist o KY of BooK-VlI.

M A L C o L M IV. The ninety feeond King.

HI S Grandfon Malcolm focceeded him, who tho' then un«
der Age, gave great hopes of his future Ingenuity. Fof
he was fo educated by his Father and Grandfather, that he fcem*
ed to refemble them as much in the Virtues of his Mind, as
in the Lineaments of his Body. In the beginning of his
Reign a great Famine raged MovttScotlandy by which great
Numbers of Men and Cattle were deftroyed. Atthattimey
one Sonterled was Thane of Argyle^ whofe Fortune was
above his Family, and his Mind above his Fortune. He con-
ceiving fome hopes to enjoy the Kingdom, byreafon of the
King^s Non-age, and the prefeat Calamity, gathered a Band
of his Confidents together, and invaded the adjacent Coun«
tries. The mighty Havock he made was fpoken of far and near^
and the fear of him (preading it felf farther, many bad Men
coming in to him, and fome^W being forced to join with
him too, in a ihort time he made up a vaft Army. Upon
the Report of this Tumult, D(»»rfWalfo, the Son of Malcolm
Macbeth^ made another Commotion ; but being taken ac
Whithorn in Galwavy and fent to the King, he was commit-^
ted to the fame Pnfon with his Father : but foon after the
King was reconciled to them^ and they were both releafed.
Gilchrijij Earl of Angus^ was fent with an Army againft
Somcrledy who defeated and killed many of his M^n, and
caufed him, with fome few more, to fly into Ireland. This
Vidory, thus unexpededly and fuddenly obtained, produced
Tranquillity at home, but Envy abroad : For Henry^ King
of £»£/^i/^« an ambitious Prince, and defirous to inlarge his
own Dominions, refblved with himfelf to curb the grow-
ing Qreatnefs and Power of Malcolm \ but he could not
well ftiake open War upon him, out of Confcience of that
Covenant and Oath which he had fworn to him : For when ho
received the Military Girdle (as the Cuftom is) from King
David, Malcolm's Grandfather, at Carlijle, heprbmisM and
took his Oath on it, (as fyHUam of Ncvjberry^ befides our
own Writers, fay) That he would never go about either to
deprive David hiwfelfj or any of his Pofterity, of any part
of thofe Pojfejfions which David then held in England^
He being bound up by this Oath^ that he might find out
fome Colour for his Calumnies, he refblved to try the King's
Patience in a lefs Affair. When John Biihop of Glajgov/
was dedicating Churches, (having Priefts, a^d perfbrming
the other Parts of his Epifcopal Office^ (as then they were
judged to be) MovQi Cumberland', Henry ^ by TmrJlaUf Arch-

biihop

BookVII. SCOTLAND. 189

btihop of York^ fent a new Bifliop into that Country, called
the Bifhop of Carlifle. Joha was fo moved at the Injury,
that feeing no fufficient Safeguard, neither in the King nor
in the Law, he left his Biflioprick and retired into the Mo-
naftery of Toun in France ; whence he returned not until the
Pope, at Malcolm\ Requeft, drew him unwillingly put of
his Cell, and made him return to his own Cpuntry. Mal^
colm bore the Wrong better than fome hoped; fo that not
thinking it a fufficient Caufe for a War, he went to Cbefter
in the Street^ there to quiet Sufpicions, and to cut off occa-
fions of Diicord. Being arrived there, by the Fraud of
Henry he was circumvented, and made to take an Oath of
Fidelity to him; whereas it was not the King himfelf, but his
Brothers, who had Lands in England^ according to an old
Agreement, who were to take that Oath: But this^was craftily
and malicioufly devifed by the EngUJh King, 'to low the
Seed of Difcord amongft Brethren ; which the following
Year did more fully appear, when he decoyed J^^/^oAw out
of Northumberland^ which was his Brother IVilliam's Pa-
trimony. For he fent for him to London^ that according to
the Examples of his Anceftors, he in a publick Aflembly
might acknowledge himfelf his Feudatary for the Lands which
he held in England. He, under Covert of the publick Faith,
came fpeedily thither, but without doing any thing of that
for which his Journey was pretended, he was forced againft
his Will, with that little Retinue which he had, to accom-
pany /irirry into France : Henry*s Defign in this was partly
that the Scots might not attempt any thing againft him during
his Abfence, and partly to alienate the Mind of Lewis King
of France from them. Thus Malcolm was compelled for fear
of a greater Mifchief, to go againft his old Friend, and was
not fufFered to come back to his own Country; till King
Henry having made no great Advantages of the French War,
did likewife return home. Then Malcolm obtained Leave
to return to Scothndy where in a Convention of the Nobili^
ty he declared to them the Adventure of his Travels ; but
he found a great Part of them very much incenfed, that he
had joyned with a certain Enemy againft an old and trufty
Friend, and did not forefee the Artifices by which Hesry
had gulled him.. The King on the other fide alledged, that
he was haled unwillingly into France^ by a King in whole
Power he was, and to whom he dared to deny nothing at
that time; and therefore he did not defpair but the French
would' be fatisfied and appeafed when ihcy underftood he
was hurried thither by Force, and carried none of his Coun-
try Forces along, with him.. This ttorangne, w1^h much
3 ' -a^^i

190 TbeHi&r otLTt of BooK VH.

Ado, quieted the Sedition for the pteCsat^ which was a!morft
ready to break otit.

But Affryj \^ho had Spies every wher^, knew that the
Tumult was rather fufpendcd, than that the Minds bf the Peo-
ple were reconciled to Malcolm^ and therefore h'efummoned
him to copie to a Convention at Tork. There he was ac-
cufed of a pretended Crime, that the Engli/h had been word-
ed in France principally by his Means ; and therefore it walT
referred to the Aflembly, Whether he ought not to lofe all
the Countries which he held in England. Though he an-»
fwered all the obje6led Crimes, and fully cleared himfilf^
yet he found all their Ears (hut againd him, as being prepof>
fcffed by the Fears or Favour of the King, fo that a Decree
was made in Favour of Henry ; neither was he contented
with this Injury, but he alfo (uborncd fome Perfons fit for
•his Purpofe, to report it abroad, " That Malcolm had freely^
*^ and of his own accord, quitted his Intercft in thofe Coun-
" tries." At which his Subjefis the Scots were fo incenfed,
that at his Return home they befieged him m Perth, and had
almoft taken him j but by the Intervention of fome great
Men their Anger was a little abated, when he had informed
the Nobility how unjuftly and fraudulently Henry had de^oil-
ed hfm of his ancient Patrimony. This made them unani-
moufly agree upon a War, that fo he might recover by juft
Arms what was unlawfully taken from him by Force. Ac-
cordingly a War was refolved upon, declared, and adually
begun, not without great Inconveniencies to both Nations.
At laft both Kings came to a Conference not far from Car»
lijle, and after much DifputePr^ and Co^ir, ii^»ry took away
Northumberland from Malcolm, leaving him Cnmherlamd and
Huntingtonjhsre : Henry had no other Pretence for his am-
bitious Avarice but this, that he could notfiiffhr fo great a
Diminution to be made of his Kingdom: But feeing no re-
fpeS to Juftice and Right, no Agreements, no Covenants, no
nor the Religion of an Qath, could reftrain the unfatiable Ava-
rice of Henry, Malcolm being a Man of low Spirit, and
too deiirous of Fleace, tipon any Conditions whatever, ac-
cepted of his Terms, tho' it went forcly againft the Grain
among the Scots Nobility, and cut them to the Quick ; They
denying that the King could alienate any part of his Dominions
without the general Confent ,of the Ejiates.

After this the King began to be dcfpifed by hisSubjefis,
as not having Fortitude or Prudence enough to weild the
Scepter ; neither did any thing bridle their fierce Minds from
riling in Arms, but a greater Fear from Henry 'y who (they
knewj aimed at theConqueft of the whole Ifland, being en->

couraged

Boo K VII. 3 COT LA N'D: i^i^

cburaged thereunto by the Simplicity of Malcolm^ and tha
hopes of foreign Aid. .This general Difaffefiion to the.
King did much leffen the Reverence of his Government. A -
Rebellion was firft begun by J»gufius, or rather JEntas^ of
, Galwa% a potent Man,- but yet who promifed himfelf more,
from the King's Sloth than his own Power. Gilcbn'/l was ftnt
againfthim, who overthrew him in three Fights, and compel*
ledhimtotakeSan^uaryin theMonaftery o( fVhit'horny out
of which it was not cpunted lawful to take him by Force ;
and therefore after a long Siege, being driven to the want of
all Neceflaries, he was forced to capitulate : He was to lofc
part of his Eftate for his PuniOiment, and his Son was to be

gVen as an Hoftage for his ^ood Behaviour for the future :
ut he being of a lofty Spirit, and not able to endure this
Abatement of his former Greatnefs, turned Monk^ fliaved him*
felf, and ihut himfelf up in a Monaftery near Edinburgh to
avoid the Shame and Scorn of Men. Neither was there
Peace in other Parts of the Realm ; for the Murray-Men^ '
being always given to mutinying, rofe in Arms undccGiUo^
Gt vvihtt Gildominick^ their Captain; and did not only fpoil
all the Countries round about, but when Heraldsof Arms were
lent from the King they moft barbaroufly flew them. G/7-
cbrifl was fent out againft them alfo, with a -greater Army,
but with unlike Succefs; for the Valour of an Adverfark'
which \s wont to be a Terror to other Rebels, drove thofe •
wicked Perfons, confcious of their own Demerits, to Dep'
peration; and therefore endeavouring to fell their Lives a$
ilear as they could, they routed the oppofite Army and be-
came Conquerors. Malcolm upon this Overthrow recruited •
his old Army, and marched into Murray^ and met the
Murray-Mtn at the Mouth of the River Spey\ who, tho* '
they knew that the King's Forces were encreafed, and theirs
diminiflied in the late Fight; yet being encouraged by th^
Advantage of the Place, and their newly obtained Vidoryi,
they refolved to adventure a Battle. The Fight was carry*d
on with great Refolution, and no lefs Slaughter ; for the Mo^
ravians gave not back till the King's Forces being weary'd
had new Relief from Referves fent them : Then the Mora*
vians were broken, and there was no more fighting but kil-
ling. The Fury of the Soldiers fpared no Age nor Rank of
Men. In this Fight the old Moravians were almoft all
flain, which Punifliment, tho' cruel, feemed not to be un-
deferved ; and the greatnels of the Revenge was allayed and
made excu&ble by the favageCrueltylof that perfidious Peo-
ple againd others; hereupon new Cojionies were fent into
the Lands o( th« ilain«

' X • NlXTHIR

2p^ . TheUisroKYof Book VII.

Nfi I T HE n did Sumerled in this Storm of GovernmeQt
think fit to fit ftill ; he (as I faid before) after his Overthrow
fled into Ireland^ and from that time forward exerciledPiraq^
upon the Coafts of Scotland ; but now judging that a great
part of themih'tary Men being flain in Battle, he might either
get a rich Bootv from thofe who would <hun the Hazard of
fighting, or cllc a cheap and eafy Vifiory from them who
would ftand to it, gathered a great Band of Royjiers toge-
ther, and arriving at the Firth or Bay of the River Clyde^
there made a Defcent on the left Side of it ; and Fortune at
firft favouring his Defign, he penetrated as far as Renfrett z
But there, whilfthewas more intent on Plunder than on the
Safety of his Men, he was fiirprixed by a far lefs Number
than his own, and loft all his Soldiers, he himfelf being (aved
and brought alive to the King for farther Scorn and Funilh-
ment; though fome (ay that both he and his Son were flain
in the Battle. Thcfe things were afted about the Year of
Chrift 1 163.

The Kingdom being thus freed from all Tumults, an
Affembly of all the Eftates'was fummoned at Scone^ where
many things were decreed for the Confirmation of the State
of the Kingdom; and amongft the reft the whole Affembly
unanimoufly made it their Requeft to the King, That he would
think of Marriage^ in regard he was now fit for itj as being
above twenty two Years 0/ Age^ that by that Means he might
have Children tofucceed him. They told him it was apttb"
lick Debt due to the Kingdom^ as well as a private one to hit
family ; and that he ought to mind not only the prefent time^
hut to bave^a Profpe^ to the Tranquillity cf future Ages too.
His Anfwer was, That ever fince he had^ been capable to
§rder and dired his own Life, he had folemnly vowed to God
to live a Continent^ and a Batchelor^s Life ; which Vow, laid
he, / think, was the more acceptable to God, both becaufe be
gave me the Strength to perform it, and alfo, becaufe he hatb
prepared Heirs already to fucceed me ; fo that I am not com^
pelled to break my Vow, neither by any IVeaknefs of my owm
Spirit^ nor by any other publ/ck Necejfuy. Thus difmifBng
the Parliament, having Peace abroad, he apply'd his Mind to
the Arts of his Forefathers, i. e. Building of Churches, and
Donations to Monks, wherein he feemed likely to have far
exceeded his Anceftors, if God had given him a longer
Life : For he died not long after on the ninth Day of De-^
cemher, in the twenty fifth Year, of his Age, and a little more
than the twelfth Year of his Reign, and in the Year of our
Redemption 116^.

WlLWAM,

Book VII, SCOTLAND. i$|

William, Tie ninety third King.

HI S Brother William facceeded htnii who entred upotf the
Kingdom fifteen Days after ^d/^o/i»'s Death. He would
tranfafl no poblick or private Buiinefs of any Weight, till h«
had craved of Henry of England the Reditotion of Ngrthnm -
berland. Henry commanded him to come to London to dd
him Homage for the Counties of Cumberland and Huntings
ton^ according to Cuftom ; which he did not unwillingljr^
yet deiifted not from prefling to have Northumberland re-
flored. Henry gave him an ambiguous Anfwer, layings
That in w^r^ Northumberland was taken aw^ from Mal-
colm, and given to him. by the States of the Kingdom^ be
could not fart from it without their Confent ; but he JbouU
come to the next Parliament^ and there expe^ J»ftice to be
done. William^ though he expedled no good from the Par-
liament, yet to cut oft' all Occafions of Califmny from hf«
Adver&ry, refolved to waft in England for the convening
and opening of it ; and in the mean time, tho' with no veryr
goodwill, he accompany'd Henry to the War in France. Theroi
he profited nothing by his daily Solicitations, and forefeeing
that the King would not fpeedily return into England^ with
much ado he obtained a Convoy and returned into Scotland.
After his Return, the firft thing he did was to reprefs the Iq^
fblencies of Thieves and Robbers, by punifliing and clear-^
ing the Country of thofe Offenders; then heereSed Caftles^
and placed Garrifons in convenient Places, to prevent fud-
den Invafions : At laft he fent Ambafladors into England^
to demand Northumberland^ denouncing War in cafe of Re^
fufal. Henry being entangled in the French War^ yielded
up to him ihztpSLVt of Northumberland which ff^illiam's great
Grandfather held. IVilliam took it, but on this Conditi*
on, that he would not remit his Right in, or Claim to, the
reft. The Englifib King took this very heinoufly, and be*
ing forry he had parted with any of Northumberland beforo
the Controverfy was decided, he made Incurfions into the
Scots Borders, and thus fowed the Seeds of a new War;
and by this means he hoped to have taken away alio the
other Lands, which he would have brought into Difpute*
When Rig^t was claimed by the Wardens of the Marches,
according to Cuftom, the Englifo complained that their
Borders were moleftcd by Scotijfo Robbers; fo that the Am--
baffadors were fent away without obtaining the thing thef
came for, nay almoft without an Anfwer: The Scots^ to ob-
tain that by Force which they could not do i>y fgir Means,

X z leviWl

»94 The His TOKY of Book VIIJ

levied ^ti Army, and cntrcd upon and wafted the bordering
Lands of the Emglip with Fire and Sword. This being
about Harvefi, i\i^ Englifo in the Abfence of their King were
content only toftandupon Che defenfive what they could, bat
then kviedno Army ; yet the Winter following fomeAaioa
paffed, and many Incurfions were made. The next Summer
IVilliam lifted a great Army, and marched into the Enemy's
Country; t\\tEngiiJh having few or no Forces ready to with*
ftand them, lend Ambailadors to their Camp, proffering a
great Sum of Money for a Truce ; which if they could ob-
tain, they gave Hopes that all things would be accorded to
Content. fTilUam being a plain hearted Man, and willing
to preferve Peace, (if obtainable upon reafonable Conditi-
ons) before a War, though a juft one, gave Credit to their
fallacious Promifts. The Bnglijb fpent all the time of the
Ceflation in Preparations for War ; but in the mean time
they plied the Scots with AmbalTadOrs who made large Pro-
, inife$, though their trae Errand was to difcover their Ene-
my's Camp ; and finding the Scots ^ on Confidence of the
Truce, remifs and negligent, and the greateft part of their
Army fcattered to get in Forage; they returned and gave
their Army notice, that now was a fair Opportunity for
Aaion, which they urged them not to omit; whereupon
placing the greateft part of their Army in Ambuft, about
four hundred nimble Horfemen in the third Watch, a few
Hours before Sun-rifing, marched diredly to i^/wzy/Vi, where
th^Scots Camp was pitched ; there finding greater Opportunity
for Aflion than they expeSed, theyTet upon the King who
was riding up and down (with fixty Horfe only, as if there had
been a fettled Peace) and before it could well be difcenied
whether they were Friends or Enemies (for they di/guiied
themfelves with S<:o/x Arms andEnfigns, that they might pafs
for Scots) they took him Prifoner in the ninth Year of his
Reign ; ibme feW were rouz^d up at the Report, and pur-
liied in a fcattered manner; dbers of them rnflied amongft
their Enemies, as not being willing to forfake their King
and lb were made Prifoners themfelves. TVili'tam was car-
ry 'd to Henry ^ then warring \n France, ThtEngliJh, elated
with this unexpefied Succefs, invaded Cumberland^ think-
ing to carry it without Blows ; but Gilchrifi and Rotland^
two Scots Commanders, did fo entertain them, that being
repuU'ed they made a Truce, and were content to enjoy
Northumberland only, as long as the Scots King was aPri-
loiier, and to leave Cumberland and Hmtingtonjhirt to the
liee Poiieflion of the Scots.

In

Book VII. S C O T L A N 7). io?

In the mean time Dj^iV, the Brother of WiUiaw^ Ear)
of Huntington in England^ and Gariocb in Scotland^ who
then fought under the Englijk Banners, received a Convoy
and returned imo Scotland \ virhere having fettled things fo^
the prefent, he fent Ambaffadors into £flr^/ifjii about the Re-
demption of his Brother, who was then kept Prifoner at fk-
iife., a Town in Normandy. The King gave fifteen Hofta*
ges to the Englifo^ and furrendered up four Caftles, viz.
the Caflle of Roxburgh^ of Berwick^ of Edinturgh^ and of
Sterlings and then he was permitted to return hom^ on the
firft of Februarys but then he was called upon by the Eng'-
li/h to appear at Tork^ with his Nobles and Bifhops, on the
fifteenth Day of Augufi : Being arrived there he and all his Fol-
lowers (who were the chief Nobility) took an Oath of O-
bedience to King Henry^ and gave up the Kii^dom of Scot^
land into his Guardianfliip and Patronage. Thefe Conditi-
ons, though very hard, yet the Scots were willing to accept
of, that io they might have the beft of Kings reftored to
them, as the Englijh Writers fay. Thomas Walfingham ofEng^
land writes, that this Surrender was not made at Tork^ but
at Conjiance; yet fome fay that this Interview of both Kings
was not in order to the Surrender of the Kingdom, but for
the Payment of certain pecuniary Peniions ; and ^ that the
Caftles were put into the Hands of the£»^/ij^ as Cautiona-
ries only, till the Money was paid. This Opinion feems
to me moft probable, as appears by the League renewed with
Richard^ Henry*% Son, of which in its due place.

K^ILLIAMzx his Return, in a few Months, by Gi7-
cbrsji his General, quelled the InfurreSions made m his
Abfenccin Galway. On the twenty eighth of January there
was an Affembly fummoned at Norbam by Tweedy thither
Wtll'tam came ; where the Englifr laboured extremely, that
^11 the Scots Bifliops fliould acknowledge the Bilhop of Tork
for their Metropolitan ; the Pope's Legate alfo concurred with
them in their Defire, and earneftly pre/Ted that it might be
£> enaded. After a long Difpute the Scots anfwered. That
at prefent few of their Countrymen were there, and that
they could not bind the abfent to obey their Decree, if they
fliould confent to any. Upon this the Matter was deferred
to another time, and fliortly after the Scots Bifliops fent A-
gents to Rome^ to juftify their Caufe before Jtexander the
Third, by whofc Decree the Bifliops of Scotland were freed
from the Yoke of the Englsjb^ and fo theMeflengers return-
ed joyfully home. Not long after GUchrift^ whom I have
often mentioned before, flew his.Wife, who was the King's
Sifler, becaufe (be bad commictod Adultery. He was futxi-.

2^6 The History of Book VIL

mooed to appear on a certain Day^ but not cooling was ba-

niihed for ever ; his Houfes were demoliflied, and his Goods

confifcated. About the fame time the Callle of EMmburgb

W9S reftored to the S€9ts^ one of the Penfions having been

paid ; and to make the Concord between both Kings more

firm, a Law was paffed, That neither King Jhould harbour

the other'^s Enemy. Upon this Law Gilchriftj who lived

banifhed in England^ was forced to return, and ihifiing

from Place to Place, as a Stranger, amongft Strangers, ana

unknown, he paifed his miferable Life in great Penury and

Want. In the interim William prepared for an Expedition

into Murray^ to fupprefs the Thieves of the Mbuda^ whole

Captain was DonaldBane^ i. e. the fFhite, who derived his

Pedigree from the Kings, and had alfo aflumed the Name

of King: He made his Defcent from his Ships in many

Places, and fpoiled not only the maritime Parts, but, his

Boldnefs encreafing, by reafon of Impunity, thole Places

alfo which were very remote from the Sea. The King fent

oat Ships to fail about and burn his Fleet, whilft he with a

Land Army attacked them ; and fo doing, he put them al*

mod all to the Sword. In his Return, as he was near Perth^

he found three Countrymen, which yet (eemed to be more

than fo, had it not been for their fltabby and nncouth Habit,

who looked as if they had a mind to avoid meeting any

Company; but the King caufed them to be brought to him,

and viewing them intently, was very earned to know what

manner of Creatures they were. Gilchrift being the elder of

them fell ^own at the King's Feet, and making a miferable

Complaint of his Misfortunes, tells who he was ; upon

which the Memory of his former Life, which he had paf^

fed with fo much Splendor, did fo pafllonately affe6b all

that were prefent, that they could not chufe but fall a

weeping: Whereupon the King commanded him to rife

from the Ground, and reftored him to his former Dignity,

and the fame degree of Favour he had before. -

These things fell out about the Year 1190, at which time
Jtichardy who the Year before had fucceeded /fo»ry his Fa*
ther in the Throne of England^ prepared for an Expedition
into Syria. He redored the Cafiles to the King of Scots^
and fent back the Hoftages, freeing him and his Poderity
from all Covenants, either extorted by Force, or obtained
by Fraud, made with the Englijh^ and fuifered htm to enjoy
the Realm of Scotland by the fame Right, and within the
Ijmit Limits as Malcolm^ or any former Kings had held it,
Jdaitthew Paris makes mention of thefe Conditions. Wil--
iiam^ o« the QChei fide, that bd. might ^Qt be upgrateful to
.3 Rffbard^

Book VII. S C O T L A N "D: 297

Richard^ upon his going to War into a ftrange Country,
gave him loooo Marks of Silver, and commanded David
his Brother, who was declared Earl of Huntineton^ to fol-
low him into Syria. This Davidm his Return from thence,
bad his Navy icattered by a Temped, was taken Prifoner by
the Mgyptians^ redeemed by the Fenetsans ; and at laft, be-
ing known at Conjidutinofle by an Englsjh Merchant, after
four Years time he returneid into SeotlaHdy and was received
with the general Gratulation of all Men, eipecially of his
Brother. Boetius thinks that the Town where this David wsls
landed in Safety, before-named Ale^lum^ was now called
Defdonum\ batbecaufe the Name of AUSutn is found in no
Author but only in Me^or Boetius j I rather think it was call-
ed TaoduMUMj a Word compounded of Tay and Du»^ i. e.
Dundee^

' Not long after Richard^ after many Hazards and Mit
fortunes, returned alfo from the fame Voyage. William and
his Brother came to congratulate him upon his Return, and
gave him 2000 Marks or Silver, as a Largefs, being moved
thereunto either oat of Remembrance of his formier Bounty
to him, orontheConfiderationof his prefent Want. Neither
were ever the Scots zvAEngUJh more gracious to each other
than at that time, as many judge : There IVtlliam fell very fick,
and a Rumour of his Death being noifed abroad, caufed
iiew Combuftions in Scotland Harold^ Earl of the Or-
cades^ and of Caithnes^ hated the Bifliop of CaithneSy be-
caufe (as he alledged) he was the Obftacle, that he could
not obtain what he defired of the King ; and therefore he
took him Prifoner, cut out his Tongue, and alfo put out
his Eyes. The King returning home overthrew Harald in
feveral Skirmiflies, and deftroyed moft of his Forces. /&•
raid himfelf was fakenin his Flight, and brought back to th«
King; who when his .Eyes alfo were fir ft put out, by way
of Retaliation, was afterwards hanged ; his whole Ma'e-
Stock were guelded, the reft of his Kin, and Compani-
ons of his Wickednefs, were deeply fined. Thefe things
are thus Ttl^i^dhy He^or Boetius^ and common Report con-
firms them; yea, the Hill receiving its Name from 31?/?/^/^/,
gives Credit to the Relation, fo that it feems truer than
what others write in this Matter. Thefe things happened in
the Year of our Salvation 1198, in which Year the King
had a Son named Alexander born to him, and Richard of
England dying, his Brother John fucceeded him.

Hereupon the King of Scots went into Enilandy to tak«
his Oath to him for the Lands which he held in England^
fSid in the beginning of John's new R^ign bis comipg was

X 4 ^^

'»?* ^^ Hist or y af Book VH.

not more acceptable than his Departure dtfpleafing ; becaufe
he refufed to (oUowJcbn in his Expedition into France
againft Philip his old Friend. So that as foon as Jobjf re*
turned out of France^ he fought Occafion for a War with
t^ Scats J and began to build a Fort over againit Berwick.
H^lliam having in vain complained of the Injiiry by his
AmbaiTadors, gathered a Company together, and demo*
lifted as much as was built of it. Upon which Armies
were levied on both fides, but when their Camps were near
one another, Peace was made by the Intervention of the No-
bles on thefe Terms, " That IVUliatn^ two Daughters
" fliould be given in Matrimony to y©A»'s two Sons, as foon
*' as ever they were marriageable. A great Dowry was
promifed, and Caution made, that no Fort Ihould be built,
and Hoftagcs alfo were given in the Cafe. William at his
Return fell into an unexpeded Danger ; the greatell part of
the Town of Berth was fwept away in the Night, by an
Inundation of the River Tay; neither was the King's Pa-
lace exempted from the Calamity ; but his Son, an Infant,
with his Nurfc and fourteen more, were drowned, the reft
hardly efcaping; many alfo of the promifcuous Multitude
loft their Lives. The King perceiving that the Water had
overwhelmed the grcateft part of the Ground on which the
City flood, and that almoft every- Houfe in the Town had
fuftered by it, caufed a new City to be built a little below
in a more commodious Place, on the fame River; and
making fome fmall variation of the Name, called it Pertb^
in Memory (as fome fay) of one Perthj a Nobleman,
who gave the King the Land on which the City was built.
About the fame time the King took* Gotbred Makul^ Cap*
tain of the Rebels in the Thrth^ who was betrayed to him
by his own Men. When he was Prifoner he conftantly ab-
ilained from all Food, to' prevent, as 'tis thought, a more
heavy Puniihment. This was in a manner the laft memora*
blc Faft of WslHam\ which yet, in regard of his unweildy
Age, was a£led by his Captains ; for he died foon after in
the 74'^ Year of his Age, and the 49*^ Year of his Rcign,
'A. D, 1214.

Not long before his Death, Leagues were renewed with
Join King of Eff^laud almoft every Year; for he being a
Man defirous to enlarge his Dominions, tho* he had War
with the Fre»ch abroad, with the Romanifts at home, and
moreover was never on fure Terms of Peace with the Irifr
or TVelJh ; yet did not break off his Inclination to Invade
;Scotland^ which had then an old Man for their King, and
the next Heir to him a Child. Freqoem Conferences hap*

pend*

BookVIL SCOTLAND. zqp

pened oq thisOccafion, rather to try what might be obtained,
than in hopes of any good IfTue ; at length the Matter broke out
into open Sulpicion ; and after manyXeagues made bet ween
them, at laft TVilliam was called to Newcaftle upon Tmei
whither he came, but there falling into a dangerous Difea:fe,
he returned without doing any thing. In fine, a little be-
fore his Death he was invited to Norbam on the Tweedy
and when hisSicknels would not permit him to go, hisSoa
was defired to come in his ftead, which yet by the Advice
of the Council was refufed: the Leagues eftabliflied in thofe
Interviews I (hall not particularly mention, for they almoft all
contain the (ame things, having in them nothing new, lav«
that in one of them it was articled, that not the ^V()//^ Kin|Sy
but only their Children, fliould fwear, or be Feudatanes
to the Kings of England^ (ox the Englljb hz\xi% they held.
The mention of thefe things is wholly omitted by the £1^^/^
Writers, I believe, for this very Caufe.

Alexander II. I'be ninety fourth King,

WILL IJMwas fucceeded by Alexander his Son, be-
got on Emergard^ who was Kinfwoman to the King
of England, and Daughter tb the Earl of Beaumont. He
was but iixteen Years of Age when he began to reign ; en*
tering upon the Government in troublelbme Times, he
compofed and fettled things more prudently than could be
expedled from one of his Years. Firfl: of all he called 4
publick Convention pf the Eftates, and there by a Decree
he confirmed all the Ads of his Father, that good and pro*
dent Prince. His firft Expedition was into Emland^ not
out of any private Ambition, but to bridle the Tyranny of
yohn ; and it was then faid that he was invited by the £r*
clejiajiicks of that Kingdom. Having laid fiege to Norham^
he left it upon certain. Conditions, and penetrating farther
into the Kingdom, he carry'd it very leverely againft all
the Royalifts. Upon his Return home, John invaded Scot^
land quickly after: He made a mighty Devaftation aa
Dunbar^ HaeUngton, and all the neighbouring Parts of Lo^
thion ; and to fpread the War and Ruin farther, .he deter*
mined to return another Way. Alexander being very dc-
iirous to decide it by a Battle, pitched his Tents between
Pent land Hills and the River Eske^ which way, as it
was reported, Jobn would return ; but he, to avoid fighting,
marched along by theSea-Coaft, and burnt the Monaftery of
Coldingham: He alfo took and burnt Berwick^ which was
then but meanly fgnified. As be thus marched haflily back,

Altxunder

goo T^e HisroKY of BookVII.

Alexander followed him as faft as he could, and making
great Havock all over Northumberland, came as far as ^/V/^
mond: Bvxjohn by fpeedy Marches having retreated into the
lAt^iXot England, Alexander xtiVLxntih^tVeflmoreland, and
laid all Walte to the very Gates of Carlijfle; the City it
ielf he took by Force, and fortified it. The next Year
Lewis, the Son of Philip King of France, was fent for by
tho(e who favoured the Ecelejiafiieal Fadion, to London ;
that fo he, upon the Depofition of John, might poflcfs the
Kingdom. At the fame time Alexander likewife came
thither to aid his old Friend : But John being deferred by his
Subjeds, and invaded by foreign Arms, upon the Payment
of a great Sum of Money at prefeat, and the Promife of a
perpetual Penfion ; and moreover, transferring the Right of
the Kingdom of England to the Pope, fo that the Kings of
England^ for the future, were to be his Feudataries, was
received into Favour : Hereupon he obtained Letters from
Rome by Cardinal Galo, a Man of known Avarice, where-
in the Scots and French were, iwith great Threats, forbid
to meddle with a People which were Tributaries to the
Holy See.

Upon this fudden Change of things Lewis returned into
France, and Alexander into Scotland \ but his Return home
was not fo quiet as his Entrance into England : For
the EngliJ? preffing upon the Rear of his retiring Army,
took many of the Stragglers Prifoners ; and befides, John
had broken down all the Bridges on the Trent, and had
faftcncd (harp Pikes, or Paliladoes in -all its Fords, remov-
ing away all Ships and Boats, which feemed fuch Obdacles
to his Retreaf, as muft needs end in his Deftrudion. In
the mean time John was poyfoncd by an Englifo Monk at
Newark, a Town fcated on the Trent, and being carried in
a Litter died in two Days. That Cafualty opened the way
for Alexander's March; then blaming and punifliing his
Men for their former Careleflhefs, he marched on more
cirdnmfpedly, but not without the great Damage of thofe
thro' whofe Countries he pafled : For whatfoevcr c6uld be
driven away, or carried, he took with him, and fo. re-
turned home with a great Booty. 6alo, the Pope's Le-
gate, when he had fettled Henry, the Son of John^ in the
Throne, fined the Nobles of En^and in a great Sum of
Money, and then received them into Favour. And to give
them fome Recompence for their Lofs, by the like Calami-
ty of their Enemies, he excommunicates Lewis of France^
and Alexander of Scotland^ in hopes to obtain fome Booty

from tbem loto the S^rg^a. The &ms were iaterdided all

Book VII. SCOTLAND). tot

divine Offices; for he imagined that his thundering ife^/i^^.
nrn^s would prevail more anoongft the fimple Vulgar than
with the Kings : But at laft Peace was made between the
two Monarchs ; the Scots were to teftore Curlijle^ and the
Englijh Bermck; and the ancient Bounds ^iKings-Crofs
were to be obferved by them both. Alexander and his Sub-
jeSs were releafed from their Cenfures by th« EngUfi Bi-
Ihops, who were authorixed for that Purpofe. Gaio wa$
much enraged that fo great aPreyfhould be taken out of hfs
Hands, fo that he turned his Anger on the Bifliops, and tha
reft of the Clergy of Scotland^ as his own Peculiar, with
whom Kings had nothing to do. He fummoned them to
appear at Alnwick^ whither when they came, the more fear-
ful appeafed his Wrath with Money, the more refolute were
cxt^d to Rome. But they* having alfo received many Let-
ters from fome of the Englip Bifhops and Abbats^ direSed
to the Pope concerning the fordid Spirit of the Legate,
made grievous Complaints againft him, calling him the
Firebrand of all M'tfihief^ beeaufe be fludied not the Publick
Goodj but hh own Avarke^ and did chaffer for and fell
Peace and War among ft Princes at his own Pleafure. Gah
not being able to acquit himfelf of the Crimes laid to his
Charge, was fined by the Pope in the Lofs of the Money
he had got, which was to be divided amongft his Accu-
fers, who upon this returned home, with a whole Load
of large Promiles, but with empty Purfes. A few Yeats
after Henry of England being now grown ripe both in Vciars
and Judgment, came to York: there he agreed with Alexitk^
der^ in the Prefence of Pandulphus^ the Pope's Legate, to
take Joan^ Henry's Sifter, to Wife, by whom, becaufe of
her untimely Death, he had no Children.

From that time there was Peace between both Kidgs as
long as they lived: There Henry 2lKo folemnly promifed and
fwore before the fame Pandnlpbus^ That he would beftow
the two Sifters of Alexander in honourable Marriages ac-
cording to their Dignity, as his Father had promifed before ;
but one of them returned home unmarried, one only being
beftowed in Marriage. The next Year, viz. 12261, Car-
dinal Giles came into England to filh for Money for
the Holy War ; and accordingly having fcraped together a

treat Sum in both Kingdoms, which by his tmpoffures he
ad gulled Perfons of that were too credulous, he luxuri-
oufly ipent it in his Journey ;'K> that he came empty to
Kome^ falfely allcdging that he was robbed by Thieves in the
way. Another Legate prefently fucceedcd him, but Men
iinvi^g beea twi^e cheated by Italian fraud, forbad him fn i

publick

icz TbeHirrt^KT if BookVH

pd>1kkDecrec^cofohisFootiq)oa£iiSi^Gfoiiiid. Jkx--
Mfder was bofied to Jopprefi Vices Jt bomc^ which ipimg
vpbjthe Liceocioiiibds of War, and he tnnrelled orer Ae
whole Ki^dom wicb his Qpeen to do Joflice; whilfl Gile-
fp^ a Rojfau^ ffckloSi Rrfs^ and theoe^bbooriiigCoiimrtes;
for paffing over the Rirer Nefs^ he tocdc and Uvnt the
Town of Emfcrmefs; and audi j flew all thofb that reftiCed
to (wear obedience to him. Jobm Cmmim^ Earl of BjuioB^wss
fkm s^ainft him, who took him and his two Sons as thej
wereftifciDg np and down, and changing thek Quarters to
iecure then&ives, he cat off their Heads, and lent them for a
Token to the Kine. About this time the CMbmefiami entered
.by Night into the JSedchamber of >fid^tbrirBifliop, andthere
killed a Monk, who was his nfnal Companion, (for he had
been before Abbatof Mulrcfs) and one of his Bedchamber;
as for the Bifliop himfelf they grieironfly wonnded him, and
dragging him ia.to the Kitchen, there they burnt hun and the
Hoofe be was in. The Caofe of their great Cruelty was,
(as 'cis reported) becaafe the Btlbop was m<M:e fevere than
nfual in esading his Tithes. The Offenders were dili-
gently ioBght our, and moft leverely puni(hed; the Earl
of Caithness though he was not prefent at the Fafi, yet
was fomewhat fufpeded; but afterwards being brought
privately to the King in the Cbrijlmas Holy-days, which
are the Scots SatHrnalia^ he humbly begged his Pardon, and
obtained it.

About this time Alan of Gdlw^^j the moS powerful
Man in Siotland^ departed this Life. He left three Daugh-
ters behind him, of whom I fliall fpeak hereafter. Tbomasy
bis Badard Son, defpifing their Age and Sex, iets up for
himlelf as Lord of the ramify, and not contented with
that, he gathers loooo Men together, kills all that oppofe
him^ and drives Booties far and near from all the neighbour*
ing Countries. At laft the King fent an Army againd him,
who flew 5'0O0 of the Rebels with their General. The
fame Year Alexander^ with his Wife, went for England to
allay the 7'umults as much as he could, railed againS //ir^ry,
and to reconcile him to the Nobility. Whilft he was buly
about this at Yurk^ his Wife went with the Queen of Eng-
land a Pilgrimage to Canterbury ; but at her return (he fell
fick, died, and was buried at London. Not long after her
Death, the King being childlefs, married Mary, the Daugh-
ter of Ingelram^ Earl of Chucy in France, in the Year of
Chrift 1239, by whom he had Alexander, who fucceeded
his Father in the Throne, Two Years after, viz. in 1241^
whilft the King was hailetling xo England to vific thatKing^

newly

Book VU. SCOTLA N 'D: S6i

newly returned from Fr<awr, and. refrefflied himftlf a while *
vxHadingfon in Lothian with Horfe-Races ; the Lodging oi:
Inn of Patrick of Gall way ^ Earl of Athol, was fet on Fire,
where JPtf^r/Vi and two of , his Servants were burnt, the Fire
Reading it felf a great way farther : It was not thought to
l^ve calually happened, becaule of the noted Feuds between
Patrick and the Family of the Bizets. And tho* fFilliam^
the Chief of that Family, was at F9rfar^ above fixty Miles
bom Hadington the fame Night that the Fire happened, as the
Queen could teftify in his behalf; yet becaufe the advcrfe
Party, the Kindred of Patricky pleaded that many of his
Servants and Tenants were feen at Hadington at that
time, William was fummoned to appear : He came to Edin-^
hur^b at the Day prefixed, but not daring to fland to his
Trial, becaufe of the Power of his Adverfiries, which
were the Cumi»s\ he would have tried the Matter in a '
Duel ; but that being not accepted, he and fome of his Friends
banifhed themfelves into Ireiandy where he left a Noble Fa-
mily of his Name and Houfe. There was al(b another fe-
ditious Tumult in ytrgyle^ railed by SumerUdy Son of the
fotmtrSunterled; but he being conquered in a few Days by
Patrick Dunbar^ arid fubmitting to the King's Mercy, obtained
Pardon for all his paft Offences. The King not long after fell
fick, and died in the fifty firft Year of his Age, the thirtj
fifth of his Reign, and of our Lord 1249.

Alexander III. iTje ninety fifth King.

ALEXANDER the Third, his Son, was crowned
King at Scone the fime Year, a Child not paft eight
Years old. The Power of all things was moftly in the Fac-
tion of the Cumins'*: ; for they turned the publick Revenue
to the Enrichment of themi&lves, opprefled the Poor, and
by falfe Accufations cut off fome of the Nobles who vrctQ
averfe Ito their Humours and Defires, and dared to ipeak
freely of the State of the King; and being condemned,
their Goods were confifcated, and brought into the King's
Exchequer; from whence they (who rather commanded
than obeyed the King) received them back again for their
private Emolument. A Convention of the Eftates being held,
the chief Matter in Agitation was to keep Peace with the King
of England^ left in fuch a troublefome time he fliould make
any Attempt upon them, and to do it moreeafily an Affinity
was propofed. This Way feemed more commodious to
the Anti-Cuminian Party to undermine their Power, than
openly to oppugn it, Apcordingly Arabafladors were fent

to

J04 The His TO KY of Book Vn:

to England^ who were kindlf receired^ and mnnificentlj
rewarded by that King, who granted them all their Defires.
The next Year, which was iifi, both Kings met at ]^ri on
the twenty fourth of November. There on Cbrijhuas Day
Alexander was made Knight by the King ot England \
and the Day after the Match was concluded betwixt him
and Margarite^ Henrfs Daughter. A Peace was alio re*
newed betwixt them, which as long as Henry lived was in^
violabiy obferved. And becaufe Alexander was yet but a
Child, and under Age, it was decreied by the Advice of his
Friends, Tbat.hefrouldconfult bis Fa^ber-tn-LaWy as a Guar"
dsan^ in all Matters rf Weigbt ; fome of the prime Men
being accufed by vertue of this Decree, lecretly withdrew
themfelves. When the King returned home, Robert^ Ab-
bat of Dumferlingy Chancellor of the Kingdom, was ac-
cufed, becaufe he had legitimated the Wife of Alan Dur^
wardy who was but the natural or bafe-born Daughter of
Alexander the Second; that fb, if the King died without
Ifliie, fte might come in as Heirefs: Upon this Fear the
Chancellor, as (bon as ever he returned home, furrendfed
np the Seal to the Nobles. Gamelin^ afterwards Archbifliop
of St. Andrews^ fucceeded him in his Office.

The three next Years, they who were the King's Coun-
cil, did almoft every one of them carry themfelves as Kings,
whatever tbey catched was their own ; fo that the poor
Commonalty was left deftitute, and miferably opprefled.
The King of England being made acquainted with it, out
of his paternal AneSion to his Son-in-Law, came to Werk-
Caftle, (ituate on the Borders of Scotland^ and fent for his
Son-in-Law Alexander and his Nobles thither. There, by
his Advice, many advantageous Alterations were made, efpe-
cially of thofe. Magiftrates by whofe Defaults Infurredions
had been caufed at home, and alfo many profitable Statutes
were enafted for the future. The Kine returned to Scot-'
/^»^wich his Wife, and havine an Enrg-Zj/iS Guard to convey
him home, he refolved to refidc in the Cattle of Edinburgh.
Walter Cumins^ Earl of Monteatb^ kept the Cattle, who
was difafTeded becaufe of the Change of the Publick State,
made by the King of England ; yet he was compelled to
furrender it by Patrick Dunbar^ with the Affiftance of
the £»f///& Forces. The grcateft part of the Nobility, and
of the Ecclefiatticks were offended, in regard their Power
was fomewhat abridged by thofe new Statutes, which they
looked upon as a Yoke impofed upon them by the Englifa^
and a beginning of their Servitude : Nay they proceeded to
that heigt\c of Contumacy, that being fummoned to give a

legaj

Book VII. S C O t L A N "D. 305

l^al Account of their Management of Affairs in former
Times, they made light of the Summons ; the fime Pcr-
fons, who were the principal Afitors in diAurbing things be*
fore,, were noW the chief Encouragers to Difobedience.
They were generally the Clans of the Cumins^s^ Walter^
Earl of Monteatb ; Alexander^ Earl of Buchan ; Jahn^ Earl.
of Athol; WiUianiy Earl of Marr^ and other confiderable
Men of the fame Fadion. They did not dare to put their
Caufe on a legal Trial, as being confcious to themfelves of
the many»Wrongs done to the poor and meaner Sort, nay
to the King himfelf ; and therefore they refolved to out*
face Judice by their Impudence and Audacity : For being
informed that the King^ was but lightly guarded, and lived
fecurely at Kinrofs^ as in a time of Peace, they immediate-
ly gathered a Band of their Vaffals about them, feized him
as he was afleep, and carried him to Sterling ; and as if there
had been no Force in the Cafe, but they had been rightfully
dcSed, they difcharged and expelled his old Servants, took
new, and managed ajl things at their own Vlf ill and Pleafure ;
fo that now the Terror and Confiernation was turned upon the
former Counfellors.

But this Sedition was allayed by the Death of Walter
Cumim^ who was poyfoned, as it is thought, by his Wife,
an EngliJbV7oTmxi\ the Suipicion of its being done by her
was increa&d, becaufe though (he was courted by many No*
bleipen, yet flie marry'd John Ruffel^ her Gallant, a young
Engls/h Spark : She wasaccufed of Poyfoning, and throwa
into Prifon, but (he bought her Liberty. Kuffel and his
Wife obtained Letters from the Pope, permitting them to
commence an Adion of the Cafe againft their Adverfirfes,
for the Wrong done them, before the Pope's Legate; but it
was to no Piirpofe, becaufe ih^ Scots urged an ancient Privi-
lege, exempting them from going out of the Kingdom when
they were to plead their Caufes.

When the King was of Age, upon the humble Petition
of the Cumins^s^ he pardoned them as if all their Offences
had been expiated by the Death of Walter. He was induced
fo to do, (as fome lay) by reafon of the Greatnefs of their
Family; and.alfo, becaufe he was apprehenfivc of foreign
Wars, when Matters lay fo unfettled at home; but that
War began not fo foon as Men thought it would.

In the Year of Chrift 1263, on the firft of Attguji^ Acba
King of Norzxiayj with a Fleet of 160 Sail, came to Air, a
maritime Town of Co/7, where he landed zocoo Men.
The Caufe of the War, as he pret«ided, was, that fome
Ifiands which were promifed to his Anccitors by Macbeth^

were

io6 The History I?/ Book VII.

iRTcre not yet put into his Hands, viz.Bote^ Aran^ and both
the Cumhrn$U^ which were pever reckoned amongft the iE-
lui<e\ but it was enough for him who fought a Pre-
tence for a War, that they were IJlauds. Acbo took two
of the greateft of them, and reduced their Caftles before
he met with any Oppofition. Being puffed up with this
Succefs, he makes aDefcent xnxx^Cuningham^ the next Con-
tinent over againft Bote^ in that part of it which they call
the Lurgs. I'here he met with two Misfortunes, almoft at
one and the fame time; one was, that he was overcome in
Fight by Alexander Stuart^ the Great Grandfather of him
who firft of that Name was King of Scotland^ and being
almoft taken by the Multitude of his Enemies, he hardly
efcapcd in great Fear to his Ships. The other was, that his
Ships being toffed in a mighty Tempcft,, co\ild hardly carry
bim with a few of his Followers who efcaped into the Or-
cades. There were flain in that Battle (ixteen thou&nd of '
the Norwegians^ and five thoufand of the Scots; fome Wri-
ters fay that King Alexander himfelf w^s in this Fight; yet
they alfo n^ke honourable mention of the 'Name of this
Alexander Stuart. Acbo died of Grief for the Lofs of his
Army, and of his Kinfman, a. valiant Youth, whofeName
19 not mentioned by Writers.

His Son Magnus^ who was lately come to him, perceiv-
ing things in a more defperate Pofture than he ever thought
they would be brought to ; efpecially having no hopes of
Recruits from home before the Spring, and alfo finding the
Minds of the IJlanders alienated from him, and that he was
foriaken by the Scots too, in confidence of whofeAid his
Father had undertaken that War ; thefe things confidered,
he eafily inclined to Terms of Peace : The Spirit of the
young Man was deprefled both by the unlucky Fight, and
alfo by his Fear of the IJlanders ; for Alexander by fending
about (bme Ships had then recovered thelileof Jlfii^, fituate
almoft in the midft btVNttxiScQtland^LXi^Irelandy upon thefe
Conditions, That the King of itfhould fend in ten Gallies ta
the Scots as often as there was occaiion, and that the Scott
fliould defend him from a foreign Enemy. When Magnus
faw that the red of the Iflands inclined to follow the Ex*
ample of the Manks-Men^ he fent Ambaffadors to treat of
Peace, which Alexander reftifed to make, unlefs the Mbud<t
were reflored ; at laft, by the Diligence of the Commiffi-
oners, it was agreed that the Scots ^.ovM, have the^^iv^;
for which at prdfent they were to pay 4000 Marks of Silver^
and 100 Marks a Year. And moreover, tJiat Margarite^
Alcxand€r'%D%M%\Att^ being then but four Years old, Ibould

nvrj

Book VIL SCOT LA N T>. 307

mary Hangonan^ the Son of Magnus^ as foon as (he was fit
for Marriage.

Afout this time the King of England being infefted
with Civil War, had Five thoufand Scots fent him for his
Affiftance, under the Command of Robert Bruce and Alex-
ander Cumins^ whom the Englip Writers call John\ the
greateft part of them were flain in Fight, and Cumins^ with
the Engli/h King himfelf and his Son, and a great part of
the Englijh Nobility, of the King's Party, were taken Prl-*
foners.

Moreover the Scots King was much troubled at the Ar-
rogance of the Priefts and Monks in his Kingdom ; who
being enriched by former Kings, began to grow wanton in
a continued Peace; nay, they endeavoured to be equal, if
notfupcrior, to the Nobility, whom they excelled in Wealth:
The young Nobility repining at it^ and taking it in great
Difflain, ufed them pretty roughly ; Complaints were made
by them to the King, who imagining cither that their Wrongs
were not fo great as they reprefented them, or elfe, that
they fufFered them defervedly, negleQed their pretended
Grievances : What do they do next truly but excommuni-
cate every- Soul except the King, and in great Wrath de-
termined to go to Rome. But the. King remembring what
freat Commotions Thomas Becket^ the prime Promoter of
xclefiaftical Ambition bad lately made in England^ called
them back from their Journey, and caufed the Nobility to
latisfy not only their Avarice, but even their Arrogance
too ; And indeed they were the more inclinable to an Ac-
cord with the King, becaufe he had lately undertaken the
Patronage of the Ecclefiaftical Orders againft the Avarice of
the Romanics ; for a little before Ottohon, the Pope's Le- '
gate, was comri into England to appeafe the Civil Difcords ;
but not being able to efFeflithe thing became for, he omitted
tho publick Care, and ftudied his own private Gain and
Lucre : He called an Ecclefiaftical Affembly of the Englijh^
Prodors from Scotland being alfb fummoned to it. In th«
mean time he end/eavoured to exadl four Marks of- Silver:
from every Parifh in Scotland^ and fix from all Cathedrals^
by way of Procuration-Money. This Contribution, or Tafx,
was fcarce refufed, when News was brought that another
Liegate was arrived in England^ intending alio for Scotland^
on Pretence to colled Money for xht Holy IFar \ and be^
fides that procurable by Indulgences, and orher Lime-twigs
to catch Money, he. endeavoured to wreft from all Bifliops,
Abbots and Parilh Priefts (as judging them to be immediate-
ly under Papal Jurifdiftion) the tenth part of their yearly

y Revenues;

jos The U IS r OKY of Book VII.

Reveones ; that fi> Edward and Edmund^ Sons to the King
of England^ might go more nobly and nomeronfly attend-
ed to the War in Syrta. The Scqu judged this Tax to be
very grievous and unjuft, efpecially becaufe the Euglip
jeemed to be fo forward to have it granted, as if Scotland
were noifuijuris^ or an abfolute Kingdom, but dependent
on England. Moreover, they were afraid left the I^ate
ihouid riotoufly miipend the Money defigned for the War,
as was done feme Years before. Upon this they forbad
him to enter their Borders, but fcnt him Word that they
themfclves, without his Prefeoce, would gather Money for,
ond fend Soldiers to the Syrian Vf^Lt ; and indeed they fcnt
Soldiers, under the Command of the Earls of CarUk and
Jthol^ two of the Chief Nobility, to L^^/ King or ^r^urrr ;
and to the Pope, left he might think himfelf altogether dif*
efieemed, they fent looo Marks of Silver.

The Year after Henry ^ King of England^ died, and his
Son Edward the Firft fucceeded him ; at whofe Corona-
tion Alexander and his Wife were prcfent ; (he returning
died foon after ; nay, David the King's Son, and alft> if-
lexander^ being nevfrly married to the Daughter of the
Earl of Flanders^ followed her a little time after, and
made a continuation of Mourning and Funerals ; Marga-^
rite alfo, the King's Daughter, departed this Life, who
left a Daughter behind her, that (he had by Hangonanns
King of Norway. Alexander being thus in a few Years
deprived both of his Wiii and Children, took to Wife
Joletaj the Daughter of thee Count de Drenx ; and within
a Year he fell from his Horfe and broke his Neck, not
far from Kinghom^ in the Year of our Lord 1285', on the
' nineteenth of March ; he lived forty five Years, and reigned
thirty feven.

He was more miffed than any King of Scotland had been
before him ; not fo much for the eminent Virtues of his
Mind, and the Accompli(bnients of his Body, as that Peo-
ple forefaw what great Calamities would befal the Kingdom
upon his Deceafc. Thofe wholfome Laws which he made
are grown obfolete and out of ufe through the Negligence
of Men, and the length of Time, and their Utility is ra-
ther celebrated by RepQrt than felt by Trial and Experience.
He divided the Kingdom into four Parts, and alinoft every
Year he travelled them all over, ftaying about three Months
in each of them to do Juftice, and to hear the Complaints
of the Poor, who had free Accefs to him during that whole
time. Whenever he went to an AflSzeor Seflions, he com-
manded the PrefeS or Sheriff of that Precinct to meet him

wit*

Book VII. SCOTLANT>. 309

with a felefl Number of Men, and to accompany him at his
departure to the Bounds of his Jurifdid^'on, where he was
received hy the next Sheriff. By this means he got a thorough
Knowledge of all the Nobility, and was himfelf as well
^nown to them ; and the People, as he vvent, were not
burthene^ with a Troop of Courtiers, who are commonly
imperious, and given to play the Game of Avarice wherefoever
they come. He commanded the Magiftrates to punifh all idle
Perfons who followed no Trade, nor had any Eftates to
maintain them ; for his Opinion was, That Idlenefs was the
Source and Fountain of all IVickednefs, He reduced the Train
of Horfemen that attended the Nobles when they travelled,
"to a certain Number; becaufe he thought that the Multitude
of Horfes which were unfit for War, would fpend too
much Provifion: And whereas, by reafonof Unskilfulneft
in Navigation, or elfe by^Men's Avarice, in venturing out
ralhly to Sea, many Shipwracks had happened; and the
Violence of Pyrates making an addition to the Misfortunes,
the Company of Merchants were almoft undone, he com-
matided they fhould maffick no more by Sea. That Order
lafted about a-Year, but being complained of by many as a
publick Prejudice, at length fo great a Quantity of foreign
Commodities was imported, that they were never' cheaper
in Scotland within the Memory of Man. In this Cafe, that
he might confult the good of the Merchants-Company, he
forbad that any but Merchants fliould buy of Foreigners
what they imported by Wholefale ; but what every Man
wanted, he was to buy it of the Merchant at fecond Hand, or
by Retail.

Y X

THE

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THE

HISTORY

OF

SCOTLAND,

COQQ<OCQOQQQ0 QQ£?Q^)G QG)Q9QQ0Q Q

BOOK VIII.

[ L E XAND E jfj, and his whole Lineage (be-
fides one Grand- daughter by his Daughter) be-
ing extinS, a Convention of the Eftates was
held at Scofge^ to treat about creating a newKing^
and fetthng the State of the Kingdom; where,
when mod of the Nobility were come, in the
firft place they appointed fix Vicegerents to govern Matters at
prefent ; fo dividing the Provinces, That Duncan Macduff
fhould prefide over\Kff, of which he was Earl; John Cu-
mins^ Earl of Bucban^ov^xBucban; ff^tlliam Fraz^er^ Arch-
biftiop of St. dndrews^ oyer that part of the Kingdom which
lay Northward: And that Robert^ Bifliop of Glafgow^ ano*
thtx 'John Cumins^ mi Job^ Stuart-^ fliould govern the 5<?»^i&-
'■••■■■■ ■ ' cm

fibbkVIlf. S C OT LA Rti. Hi

em Countries, and that the Boundary iri the midft fliould be
the K\vtT Forth, Edward^ YSmgoi England^ knowing that
his Sirter*s Grandchild, Daughter of the King of Norway^
tvas the only fiirviving Perfon of all the Pofterity 6? Alex-^
dnder ; and that (he was the lavVful Heirefs of the Kingdoni
of Scotland^ fent Ambafladors into Scotlafgd^ to delite hera^
a Wife for his Son.

The Ambafladors in the Seffidn difcourfed much of the
publick Utility like to aiccrueto both Kingdoms by this Mar-
riage, neither did they find the Scots averfe to h ; fot Ed^
ward was a Man of great Courage and Power, yet he de-
fir^d to encreafe it ; and his Valour highly appeared \\\ the
Holy War in his Father's Life-tme, and after his Death ini
his fubduing of Wales \ neither were there ever more Endear-
ments pafled betwixt the S^^^^jand the EfggH/b than under the
laft Kings ; nay, the ancient Hatred fecmed no way more
likely to beaboliflied than if both Nations,* on juft and equal
Terms, might be united into one.

For thefe Reafons the Marriage was eafily aflenfed to ;
dnd thefe Conditions were alfo added by the Confcnt of both
Parties ; as that the Scots (hould ufe their own Laws and
Magiftrates 'till Children ihould come by that Marriage,
who might govern the Kingdom ; or if no fuch (hould bel
born, or being born (hould die before they came to the
Crown, then the Kingdom of Scotland was to pafs to the
next a Kin of the Blood-Royal. Matters being thus fettled^
Ambafladors were fent into Norway^ Michael^ or as others^ .
call him, Ddvid Weems and Michael Scot^ two eminent
Knights of Ftfe^ and much famed for their Prudence in
thofe Days: But Margarite^ (for that was the Name of the
young Princefs) died before they came thither, fo that they
returned home with forrowful Hearts, without doing their
£rrand.

By reafon of the untimely Death of this young Lady a(
Controvcrfy arofe concerning the Kingdom, which gave a '
mighty Shock to England^ but almott quite ruined Scotland.
The Competitors were Men of great Power, John^ Baliol
and Robert Bruce ; Baliol had Lands in France^ Bruce \n
Englandi but both of them great Pofleifions and Allies iri
Scotland. But before I enter upon their Difputes, that all
things may be more clear to the Reader, 1 mull begin with
them a little higher.

The three laft Kings of Scotland^ IVilliam^ and the two
Alexanders^ the Second and the Third^ and their whole OflT-
fpriug being extinft,- there remained tione who* could law-
fully QUim the Kingdom but the Pofterity of David^ Earl

Y 3 ^ of

312 Ti&r H I STORY b/ Book VIII.

of Hunttni^ton. This David was Brother to King William^
and great Uncle to Alexander the Third • He married Maud
in E»gland^ Daughter to the Earl of Cbefter^ by whom he
had three Daughters ; the eldeft named Adargarite^ married
Alan of Galwayy a Man very powerful amongft the Scots :
The fecond was matched to Robert Bruce^ firnamcd the
Noble^ of high Englip Defcent, and of a large Eftate ; the
third was married to Henry Hajlings^ an EngUpman alfo,
whofe Pofterity moft dclervedly enjoy the Earldom of Hum-
tingtoH to ihis very Day. But to let bim pafs, (becaufe he
never put in for the Kingdom) Mhall confine my Difcourfe
to the Stock, Caufe, and Anceftry of Baliol and Bruce on-
ly. Whilft li'illiam was King of Scotland^ Fergus^ Prince
of Galwi^^ left two Sons, Gilbert and Et bred; WilUam^lo
prevent the Seeds of Difcoid betwixt the two Brothers, di-
vided their Father's Inheritance equally betwixt them : G/'A
hert the eldeit took this bigl^ly amifs, and conceived an Ha-
tred againft his Brother, as his Rival, and againft the King
too, for his unequal Diflcibution. Afterwards, when the
King was Prifoner in England^ Gilbert being then freed
from the Fear of the Law, difcovcred his long concealed
Hatred againft them both. As for his Brother, he feized
him unawares, pulled out his Eyes, cut out his Tongue,
and lb, (not contented with putting him to a iimple Death)
he put him to grievous and exceflive Tortures before he
dy'd ; and he himfelf joined with the Engltjh^ and preyed
upon his Neighbours and Countrymen, as if they had been
in an Enemy's Country, for he wafted all with Fire and
Sword. And unlefs Rolland^ the Son of Ethred^ had ga*
thered a Band of Countrymen, who remained firm to
the King, together, to refift his Attempts, he had either
wafted the neighbouring Countries, or drawn them all over
to his Party. This Rolland was a forward yourig Man, of
great Abilities both of Body and Mind; he not only abated
the Fury of his Uncle, but always fought valiantly, and
often fucccfsfully with the ETigUJh^ as he met them, whilft
he reprefled their Plunderings, or as hehirnfelf fpoiled their
Lands. At laft, when the King was reftored, Gilbert^ by
the Mediation of his Friends, got a Pardon upon Promife
of a Sum of Money for theViTrongs be had done, and gi-
ving Pledges to that Purpofe: but Gilbert dying a few Days
after, thofe who were accuftomed to Blood and Plunder
under him, and who had given themfelves up to the Pro-
teftion ot the King of England^ either out of the Incon'^
ftancy of their Difpofitions, or for fear of Puniflimenijjmd
being ftung by the Remorfe of an accufing Confcience,

whic^
I

Book VIII. S C OT LA N'D. 313

which pricked them for what they had formerly done, took
up Arms again under the Command of Kilpatrick^ Henry
Kennedy and Samuel^ who before had been Affiflants and
Companions to Gilbert in his Wickednefs. Rolland was
fent with an Army againft them, and after a great Fight
he flew their chief Leaders, and a great part of the com-
mon Soldiers. They who efcaped fled to one Gilcolumb^
a Captain of the Freebooters and Robbers, who had made
great Spoil in Lothian^ and much damaged the Nobles and
richer Sort, fome of whom he killed. Thence marching
into Galway he undertook Gilbert*^ Caufe, when every Body
clfe looked upon it as defperate. ^ He not only claimed his
Lands as his own, but carry*d himfelf high, and as if ha
was the Lord of all Galway. At laft Rolland fought with
him on the firft of Odober^ about three Months after G/7-
terf^s Forces were defeated, and flew him and the great-
eft part of his Army, with very few flain of his own fide;
amongft whom was found his own Brother, a young Maa
of experienced Bravery. ^

The Englijh King being troubled at the Overthrow of
thefeMen, who had put themfelves under hisProtefiion the
Year before, marched with an Army to Carlijle ; thither al-
io came Rolland^ being reconciled to the King by the Me-
diation of tFilliaw^ where he refuted the Calumnies of his
Enemies, and ihewed that he had done nothing malicioufly
or caufelefly againft his own and the publick*s Enemy, up*
on which he was honourably difmifted by the King. IVtlUam
the Scots King returned home, and calling to mind the
Conftancy ofRolland's Father Etbred^ and how many noble
. Exploits he had performed for the Good of the Publick, he
gave him all Galway : And befides, he beftowed C^irr/V^ oa
the Son of Gilbert^ tho'hfs Father had notdeferved fo well
of him. William of Newberry^ the Englijh Writer, records
thefe things as done Anno 1183. Rolland took to Wife the
Sifter of ffllliam Morvi/l, who was Lord High Conftable. .
in Scotland; who dying without Iflue, Rolland enjoyed that
great Station as Hereditary ta him and his Family. He had
a Son called Alan^ who for his Afliftance atForded to Jobn^
King of England^ in his Iri/b War, was rewarded by him
with large PoflefOons ; on which account, by the permiflion
of William of Scotland^ he was a Feudatary to the EnwUfo
King, and fwore Fealty to him. This Alan took to Wife
Margarite^ the eldeft Daughter of David, Earl of Hnnting^
ton; by her he had ^MlK Daughters; the eldeft, DomagUla,.
he marry'd to John Baliol^ who was King of Scotland for
fomc Years. But Robert Bruce marry*d IfabeUa^ David\

Y 4 fecondl

J 14 The Hi sr OR Y of Book VIIL

fccond Daughter, and came to be Earl of Carrick by that
means. Marth^^ Countefs of Carrickj being marriageable,
and the .only Heirefs of her Father, who died in the Holy
fVar^ turned her Eyes upon Robert Bruce^ the moft beau-
tiful young Man of his time, as he was Hunting ; (he
courteoufly invited him, and in a manner compelled him
into her Cattle, which was near at Hand : Being come thi-
ther, their Age, Beauty, Kindred and Manners, eaiily procur-
ing mutual Love; they were quickly marry'd in a private
way. When the King was informed of the Matter, he was
much offended with them both, becaufe the Right of be-
ftowine the Lady in Marriage lay in him ; yet by the Media-*
tion of Friends be was afterwards reconciled to them: of
this Marriage Robert Bruce was bornp who afterwards was
King of Scotland.

But enough by way of Preface. I come now to the
Matter in Hand, and the Competitors of the Kingdom :
They were DomagHla^ the Grandchild of David of Hun*
tington^ by his eldefl Daughter ; and Robert Bruce^ Earl of
Carrick^ great Grandfon of the laid David^ by his fecond
Daughter. Dornagilia^s Pretenfions were grounded on the
, Cuftom of the Country, whereby he or (he that was nearer
in Degree had a better Right r Robert Bruce infifted on the*
Sex, that in a like degree of Propinquity M^les ought to
be preferred before Females ; fo that he denied it to be
juft, that as long as a Grandfon was alive, a Grand-
daughter ttiould inherit her Anceftor's Eflate ; and the*
fomctimes the contrary may be praflifed in the Inheri-
tances of private Men, yet the Matter is far otherwifc in
thofe Eftates which arc called Feuds^ and in the Succefli-
on of Kingdoms. And of this there was urged a late Ex-
ample in the Controverfy concerning the Dutchy of J5«r-
gundy ; which the Earl of Never s^ who married the Grand-
daughter of the laft Duke by his eldeft Son, claimed, yet the
Inheritance was adjudged to a younger Son of the Duke^s
Brother ; fo that Robert contended that he was nearer in De-
gree, as being a Grandfon, thzn John Baliol, who was but a
great Grandfon: As for DomagiUa^ with whom he flood in
equal Degree, he was to be preferred before her, as ^Male
before a Female.

•The Scots Nobles could not decide this Controverfy at
home, for by reafon of the Power of both Parties, the Land
was aivided into two FaSions : For Baliol^ by his Mother,
held all Gal way ^ a very large Country ; and befides, he was
allied to the Cumifii^s Family, which* was the moft power-
ful next the King's; for Mary^ the Sifter oiDon^agUla^ had

married

BookVIII. SCOtLANO). 31s

married John Cumins, Robert on the other fide In England
pofleiled Cleveland; in Scotland^ Annandalc and Garinbi
and by his Son, Earl of Carrick^ (who was afterwards
King) was related to many Noble Families, and he was
alfo very gracious with his own People ; fo that for
thefe Reafons the Controverfy could not be decided at
home ; nay, if it (hould have been equitably determined, yet
there was not a (ufficient Party in Scotland to compel both
Sides to ftandto the Award; and therefore Edward q{ Eng*
land was almoft unanimoufly chofen to be the Decider of
this important Point: Neither was there any Doubt made of
his Fidelity, as being born of fuch a Father, as the late King of
Scotland had experienced to be, both a loving Father-in-Law
to him, and a juft Guardian too; and on the contrary the
^^i^iP King had received a late and memorable Teftimony
of the Sects good Will towards him, in that they fo readily
confented to the Marriage of his Son with their Queen.

£ D WA R jD, as foon as he arrived at Berwick^ fcnt Let-
ters to the Peers and Governors of Scotland to come to hiui,
protefling that he fummoned them to appear before him, not
as SubjeSs before their Lord or fupreme Magiftrate, but as
Friends before an Arbitrator, chofen by ihemfelves. Firll:
of all he required an Oath of the Cdmpetitors to ftand to.
his Award ; in the' next Place he required the fame Oath of
the Nobles and Commiffioners to obey him as King whom
he upon, his Oath fhould declare fo to be; and for this he
defired there (hould be given to him a publicic Scroll, or
Record,- figned by all iheEQates, and eachone's Seal affixed
to it. This being done, he chofe, of the moft prudent of
all the Eftates, twelve Scots^ and adjoined twelve En^lifo^
men to them ; he enjoined them all upon Oath, to judge
rightly and truly, according to their Confciences^ in the Cafe.
Thefe things were managed openly and above-board, which,
in appearance, Were honeft and taking with the People, but
his private Defign wascarry'd on very fecretly, and amongft
but a few, how he might bring Sra^/^«^ under hisSubjedtion;
the thing was thought fealible enough, for that the Kiogdona
was divided into two FaQions; but to make the Way more
intricate, and to cover the Fraud the deeper from every Eye,
he railed up eight other Competitors, befides Bruce and Baliol^
that he might more eafily bring over one, or more, to his Party,
when fo great a Number were contending.

And, left fo great a Matter might feem to be determined

unadvifedly, he confulied with thofe who were moft eminent

in France for Piety and Prudence, and moft learned in the

Law. Neithet did he doubt, but th^t (as that Clafs oSMea

4 are

|i6 T£fe HisTOKY of BookVIIL

tfe oerer always of one Opinion) he flioald fifli fbmedung
oar of dieir Anfwers, which might make for his porpofe :
The new Competitors, ieeing no Grounds for their Preten-
fions, qnickly defified of their own accord ; hot as he go*
¥emed and infiaenced the Lawyers as he plealcd, a falie, or
made Cafe was thus ilated and propounded to them: /§ cer-
tain Kimg^ that was never tuont U be crowned^ mvir ttnoiuted^
htt only to he placed in a kind of Seaty and declared King by
his Subje^Sy yet not a King fo free^ but that be was mndcr
the Patronage of another King^ wbofe Homager or Beneficiary
be prefejfed himfelf to be ; fuch a King died without Children :
Two of his Kin/men begat by Sempronius, Great Uncle of the
deceafed King^ claim the Inheritance ^ to wit^ Titins Great
Grandfon by the eideft Daughter of Sempronius, and Seins,
Grandfon by hisyonwer Daughter \ now which of thefe is to
be prrferredf inanEftatey whofe Nature and EJfence it is that
it cam never be divided^. The Cafe being propounded in a]-
moft thefe va7 Words, they all generally anfwered, nat if
any LifW or Cnftom obtain^ din the Kingdom^ which wasfned
foTy they were to be guided by y andflandtoit^ if not ^ then they
muft be guided by himj under whofe Patronage they were, be*
caufty in judging of Freehold j Cnftom doth not afcend; i. e.
the Ufage and Award of the Superior ^ is to, be a Law to the In--
ferior^ but not on the contrary. It would be too prolix a
Task, to reckon up particularly all the Opinions, but, in
brief, almoft all of them anfwered very doubtfully and un-
certainly, as to the Right of the Competitors ; but, as the
Cafe was falfly ftated, they all gave the fupreme Power of
Judgment in the Controverfy, to Edward. Thus the Mat-
ter was made more intricate and involved than before; fo that
the next Year they met again at Norham. There Edward^
by Agents fit for hispurpofe, gently tried the Minds of the
Scots^ whether they would willingly put tbemfelves under
the Power and JurifdiSion of the Englip^ which (as was
alledged) their Ancefiors had frequently done : But when
they all unanimoufly refufed fo to do, he called to him the
Competitors whom he himfelf had fet up ; and, by great
Promifes, extorted from them to (wear Homage- to him ;
and next he perfuadcs the refi to remove the AfTembly to
Berwick^ as a more convenient Place. There he (hut up
the twenty four Judges, elefted as before, in a Church, with-
out any body elfe amongft them, commanding them to give
their Judgments inrthe Cafe, and no Man was to have Ac^
cefs to them, 'till they had unanimoufly come to a Concla-
fion. But they being flow in their Proceedings, he ever now
and then went in alone to them, and by difcourfing fomc-

timea

BookVIII. SCO^TLAN'D. u7

tinies one, and fometimes another, found a great Majoritf
of this Opinion, That the Right lay on BalioPs fide, tho'
he was inferior in Favour and r opularity : And finding this*
he went to Bruce^ whom, becaufe he was legally caft by their
Vote's, he thought he might more eafily perfuade to clofe
in with his Defign, and promifed him the Crown of Scof^
land, if he would put himfelf under the Patronage of the
King of England, and be fubjed to his Authority. Bruce
anfwered him ingenuoufly. That be was not fo eager of a
Crown, as to accept of it, by abridging the Liberty his Ancef--
tors had left him: Upon that Reply he was diunifiied, and
fent for John Baliol, who, being more defirous of a King-^
dom, than of honeft Methods to come by it, greedily ac-
cepted the Condition offered him by Edward*

John Baliol, The ninety Jixtb King.

ACCORDINGLY John Baliol w^s declared King of Scotland,
fix Years and nine Months after the Death of Alexander^
The reft of the Scots, ftudlous of tjie publick Tranquillity,
led him to Scone, and there crowned him, according to Cuf-
tom, and all fwore Fealty to him, except Sr^^r. He being
thus made^King by the Englijb, and accepted by the Scots^
and ftanding now in full Security of the Kingdom, came to
Edward, who was at Newcaftle upon Tine, and, according
to his Promife, fwore Fealty to him, and the Noblemea
who were his Attendants, not daring to contradid two Kings,
efpecially being fo far from home, did the fame: Asfoon as
the reft of the Nobility heard of it, they were extremely of-
fended, but confcious of their want of Power, they diflcm-
bled their Anger for the prefent.

However foon after an Occafion was offered them to
(hew it. Macduff, Earl of Fife, (who in the time of the
Interregnum was one of the fix Governors of the Land) was
murdered by the Abernethians, which was then a rich and po*
tent Family in Scotland; and the Earl's Brother being accufed
by them, and brought to his Anfwer before the AfTembly
of the States, the King gave Sentence in Favour of the Aber^
nethians. So that Macduff was difpofleffed of the Land
which was in Controvcrfy betwixt them. This made him
doubly difpleafed at the King; firft, on the account of his
own Wrong; and fecondly, becauTe he had not fevere-
Ij puniflied the Murderers of his Brother. Upon this he
appealed to the King of England; and defired that Baliol
might anfwer the Matter before him. Accordingly the Caufe
was removed to London; and as Baliol was cafually fitting

by

5i8 The Hist (PKY of BooKVIlt

hy EJujarJ'mtht Parliament Houfe, and when he was called
-would have anfwered by a ProSor, it was denied him ; fo
that he was forced to rife from his Seat, and to plead hii
Caufe from a lower Place. He bore the Affront filently for
the prefent, not daring to dootherwife; but as foon as ever
he was difpatched from thence, fuch Flames of Anger burnt
in his Breaft, that his Thoughts were wholly taken up, how
to reconcile his own Subjefts, and how to be even with
Edward. While his Mind was taken up with thefe Medita-
tions^ it happened commodioully for him, that a new Dif^
cord arofe betwixt the French and EngHJh^ which prefently.
after broke out into a War. AmbafladorS were fent to the
AfTembly of Eftates in Scotland^ from both Kings. The Er-
rand from France was, to renew the old League with their
new King. That from England wzs^ upon the Account of
their late Oath to Edward^ to receive Aids from them in the;
War that was commenced : Both .Embaflies were referred to
the Council of the Eftates, where the Nobles^ prone to Re-
bellion, gave it as their Opinion, that the Requeft of the
French was juft, and the Demand of the Englsjh unjuA : For
the League made by univerfal Confent with the French more
than 5*00 Years before, had been kept facred and inviolable
to that very Day, in regard of the Juftice and Utility it car-
ried along With it ; but this late SubjeSion and furrecfdring
themfelves to the Engiip was extorted from the King againft
his Will ; and tho' (as they proceeded to alledge) he had
been willing^ yet it did oblige neither King nor Kingdom, it
being made by the Kfng alone, without the Confent of the
Eftates ; whereas the King might not ad any thing relating to
thepublick State of the Kingdom without^ much iefs againft ^
the Advice of the Spates. Therefore a Decree was made, that
Ambafladors Ihould be fent into France to renew the ancient
League ; and that a Wife fhould be defired for Edward Balio/^
Son to Johny out of the King's Royal Iffae. Another Em-
batly was alfo fent into England^ to fignify that the King of
Scots revoked the Rendition of the Kingdom and himfelf,
which he had been forc'd unjuftly to make;and that renouncing
Edward^s Friendlhip for that Caufe, and alfo for the many
and innumerable other Wrongs which that King had done to-
him and his, he was refolved to affert his ancient Liberty.
No Man of any Eminence wouid carry this Meffage to £^*
vj^rdj becaufe he was by Nature fierce, and rendred more fa
by the Indulgence of Fortune, which made him almoft for-
get himfelf: At laft a certain Monk, or, as fome fay, the Ab-
batof Aherhrothoc carried Letters of that Import to Edmardj'
but was forced to undergo a great many Affronts for bis Painty

an^

BpoKVllI. S C O T LA N^D. 319

and had much ado to efcape home, proteaed more by his
being of liule DiftindHon, and fo undervalued, than by the
Reverence that is due to an Ambaflador.

In the mean time Edwardh^i made aTruce with the Fnnch
for forne IVlonths, hoping that before it was at an end he might
fiibdue the Scots^ by taking them unprovided ; and therefore
Jie fent his Fleet defigned for France againft Scotland^ com-
manding them toftopall Provifions from being carried into
Berwick^ where. he heard there was a very ftrong Garrifon*
The Scots fought with this Fleet in the Mouth of the River,
they deftroyed and took eighteen of their Ships, and put the reft
to Flight. Edward^ who was naturally of an impetuous and
fierce Difpofition, fired by this Lofs, breathed nothing but
Fury and Revenge. He fummons Baliol once and again to
appear ; and he himfelf levies a great Army, and comes to
Newcafile upon Tine, There again likewife he puts forth aa
Edifl; tovjohn to appear, in order to clear himfelf from the
Crimes objected againfthim in a legal way. But neither he,
nor any for him, appearing at the Day appointed, he added
Policy to Force,, and fent for Bruce^ and promifed him the
Kingdom, if he would do his Endeavour faithfully to depofe
^nd drive out Baliol To do which, faidhe, you need beat
little Labour or Colt, only write Letters to your Friends,
that either they would defert the King's Party, or not be
hearty or forward if it came to a Battle. He by long Marches
came to Berwick^ but not being able to carry it, by reafon of
the Strength of the Garrifon, he pretended to quit the Siege,
^nd caufed a Rumour to be fpread abroad, by fome Scots of
^r«^r<? his Party, that he defpaired of taking it; and that i?/a//d/
was coming with a great Army to raife the Siege, and was
now near at h^nd ; upon which all the chief Men of the Gar-
rifon making hafteout to reqeive hjm honourably, in promiC'
cuous Multitudes, Horfe and Foot together ; Edward lent
in fome Horfe upon them, who trod dowq and killed fome,
others they divided from their Conipany, and feixing on the
Deareft Gate, they entred the Town. Edward followed
with his Foot, and made a iniferable Slaughter of all forts
of People. Above 700P of the Scots are. reported to have
^en there IJain^ amopgft them vfcre the Flower of the No?
bility of Lothian and Fife.

THOUGH I had refplve^ from the beginning not to
interrupt the Series of my Hiftory with any unneceffary
Digreffion, yet I cannot forbear to expofe that unbridled
Liberty of EviLfpe^king, Vi\\\Qh Richard Grafton^ who late-
ly compile^ the tJiftory oi England^ afiumes to himfelf ;
f^iat fo they Tyhq re«<} yylj^i I b^re w<:it?, may judge what

J20 Xhe History^/ Book VIIL

Credit is to be given to him. For he fays that He^or Boetmr
writes in his 14*** Book, Chap. 11. That fo much Blood was
fpilt upon this occafion, that Rivers of it running through the
City, might have driven a Water-Mill for two Days.To which
I fay, That Bof^/«j never divided his Book into Chapters ; and
befides, what Grafton aflSrms is no where found in his Writings.
But to leave this unlearned and (hamelefs Relator, I return to
Edward; who, big with the exorbitant Power and Numbers
of his Army, fent part of it to befiege Dunbar; and a fevir
Days after the Caftle of Berwick^ delpairing of any Relief,
was furrendred to him. Afterwards he joined all his Forces
together at Dunbar^ to fight the Scots Army, who came to

relieve it : It was a very fierce Engagement ; and the ViSory
inclining to the EngUpt the chief of the Nobility fled iiito
the Caftle, but the Caftle was foon taken, either by the Trea-

chery of Richard Seward the Governor, jot elfe becaufe he had
not Provilions for fo great a Multitude as were (hut up in fo
narrow a Compafs Edward was very cruel to all the Prifo-
ners. Some caft the Blame of this Overthrow upon Robert
Bruce the elder, in that his Friends giving back in the Battle, it
ilruck a Terror into the reft. Our Writers do farther unani-
moufly agree in affirming, That when Bruce demanded of Ed-
wardxhe Kingdom of Scotland^ according to his Promife, (as a
Reward of his Pains that Day) that Edward fhould anfwer
in French^ of which Language he was aperfeft Matter, ^aty
have Inothlkg elfe to do but to win Kingdoms for you ? When
Dunbar and fome other Caftles near the Borders of England
were taken, the Surrender of Edinburgh and Sterling followed
foon after. Next Edward paffing over the Forth^ direfled
his March to Forfar^ where Baliol was at that time. When he
was come as far as Montr ofs without any Oppofition, Baliol^ hj
the Perfuafion o^ John Cumins oi Stragoby^ came to him and
furrendred to him himself and the Kingdom. Baliol wis fent
into England by Sea, and Edward returning to Berwick^
iflfued out a ftrift and fevere Summons to all the Sr(>/j Nobi-
lity to attend him there; after they came, he compelled them
to fwear Fealty to him. But fTtlliam Douglas, an eminent
Man, both on the account of his Family, and alfo his own
famous Exploits, obftinately refufing to do it, was thrown
into Prifon, where, in a few Years, he died.

Thus Edward, having fucceeded in his Expedition ac-
cording to his Mind, left John IVarren^ Earl of Surrey, as
Viceroy behind hirti ; and Hugh Creffingham, Lord Chief Jut
tice, or Treafurer, and fo returned to London. There he
committed John Baliol to Prifon, in the fourth Year of his
Reign ; but a nvhile after, at the Entreaty of the Pope, and

upon

Book VIII. SCOTLAN'D. i%i

upon his Promife that he would raife no farther Tumults in
Scotland^ he was fent into France^ his Son Edward being re-
tained as an Hoftage. King Edward hav ing prepared all thing»
forthe/V^»^i»War, (which byreafon of the Commotions in
Scotlamd he had deferred) now faiU thither with great Forces,
The Scots ^ by reafon of his Abfence, being raifed to fome
Hopes pf their Liberty, chofe twelve Men to govern the State*
By the unanimous* Confent of thefe, John Cumins^ Earl of
Buchan^ was fent into £»^/rfW, with a good Force; and in
regard the Englip^ who were fcattered in Garrifbns over
Scotland^ dared not (lir, htxvf2i%ti Northumberland VfithoWi
Cdntroul, and laid Siege to Ctfr//j7tf, but to no purpofe : Tho*
this Expedition did fomewhat encourage the before creft-feil«n
Scots ^ and hindred ihtEngltJh from doing them farther Mif-
chief, yet it contributed little or nothing to the main Chance,
in regai:d that all the Places of Strength were pofleffcd by the
Enemy's Garrifons ; but when theNobility had neitherStrength
nor Courage to undertake great Matters, there prefently ftaried
up one ff^sIJiamff'allace^ a Man of an ancient and noble Fa-
mily, but one that had lived poorly and meanly, as having little
or no Eftate ; yet this Man performed in this War, not only
beyond the ExpeSation, but even the Belief, of all the common
People ; for be was bold of Spirit, and ftrong of Body ; and,
when he was but a Youth, hadflain a young A »^///6 Noble-
man, who proudly domineered over him. For this FaS he
was forced to run away, and to skulk up and down in feveral
Places for fome Years, to favehis Life; and by this Courfe
of living his Body was hardned againft Wind and Weather,
and his Mind was likewife fortined to undergo greater Ha«
2ards, when time fliould ferve. • At length, growing weary
of fuch a wandring onfettled way of living, he relolved to
attempt fomething, tho' never fo hazardous ; and therefore
gathered a Band of Men together, of like Fortune with him-<
u\(, and did not only afTault finglePerfons, but even greater
Companies, tho' with an inferior Number, and accordingly
flew feveral Perfons in divers Places. He^plaid his Pranks
with asmuchDifpatchas Boldnefs, and never gave his Ene*
my any Advantage to fight him, fo that in a fhort time his Famcf
was fpread over both Nations, by which means many came
in to him, moved by the likenefs of their Caufe, or with the
like Love of their Country ; thus he made up a considerable
Army. And feeing the Nobles were fluggiih in their Ma^
nagement of Affairs, either out of Fear or Dulnefs, this
Irallacews^pTOcUitned Regent by the tumultuous Band that
followed him, and fo he managed things as a lawful Ma^
giftrate, and the Subfiitute of BaihL He accepted of this
I Name,

^/&]

3Zi The History^/ Book VIIL

Name, not out of any Ambition, or Defireto rule, but bfe-
caufe it was a Title given him fay his Countrymen out of
pure Love and Good-will. The firft remarkable Exploit he
performed with this Army was 2XLanerick^ where he fl^wthe
Major-General of that PrecinS, being an Englifbman of good
Defcent. Afterwards he took and demoliOied many Caftles,
which were cither flenderly fortified, or meanly garrifoned ;
or elfe guarded negligently ; which petty Attempts fo encou-
raged his Soldiers, that they (hunned no Service, no not the
moft hazardous, under his ConduS, as having experienced,
that his Boldnefs was guided by Counfel ; and that his Coun-
fel was feconded by Succefs.

Wh E N the Report of thefe things was fpread abroad, and
perhaps fomewhat enlarged beyond the Bounds of Truth,
out of Mens RefpeS and Favour to him ; all that wiftied
well to their Country, or were afraid of their own particular
Conditions, flocked in to him, as judging it fit to take Op-
portunity by the Forelock ; fo that in a fhort time he reduced
all the Caftles which the Englip held on the other fide of
the Forib^ though well fortified, and more carefully guard-
cd, for fear of his Attacks. He took and demolifhed the
Caftles of Dundee^ Forfar^ Brechin^ 2nd Moiftrofs; hefeized
on Dfinoter by furpriie, and garrifoned it ; he entred Abgr-
dee-a, (which the Enemy, for fear of his coming, had plun-
dered and burnt) even whilft it was in Flames ; but a Ru-
mour being fcattered abroad, concerning the coming of the
EKgliJh Army, prevented his taking the Caftle ; for he deter-
mined 10 meet them at the Forth^ not being willing to ha-
zard a Battle but in a Place that he himfelf ihould pitch up^
on. Etiward o^ England, When he went imo France^ (as I
faid before) put Englip Garrifons into all the ftrong Holds
of Scetlandy andbefides, having many of the S<:o/x/tf//A/«/ to
Wm, and unfaithful 10 their Country^ he baniihed and fent the
Scots Nobility, whom he moft fufpeded, iiito the Heart of
England till his Return, Amongft thefe was John Cumins^
Lord, or petty King, of Badenach ; and Alan Logam^ a Maa
fit both for the Cabinet and the Field; and having fettled
Matters aftet this fort, he was fofar from fearing any Infur-
reftion in Scotland, that he carried all his Army over along
with hi^i. But hearing of the many Exploits of Wallace, he
thought there was need of a greater Force to fupprefs him ;
yet that the Expedition was not worthy of a King neither, (as
being only againft a roving Thief, for fo the KngUfr called
Wallace) and therefore he writes to Henry Piercy, Earl of
Northumberland, vtnd IFilliam Latimer, that th^y ihould fpee-
^ily levy what Forces they could out of the neighbouring.
; . parts

Book VIIL S C O T LA N 5D. ni

Parts, and join themfelves with Crejfmgbam^ who as yet re-*
mained in Scotland^ to fubdue the rebellious Scots » Thomai
tFalfinghain writes^ that the Earl of Watren was (general in
this Expedition. But Wallace^ who was then be/iegtng the
Caftle of Cowp^r fn Fife^ left bis Army, which he had in-
creafed again ft the Approach of the Engli^^ (hould be idle^
(he Englijh being near at hand, marched ditedliy to Sterlings
The River Forth^ no where almoft fordable^ may be there
pafled over by a Bridge of Wood, though, it be increaftd by
f he Addition of other Rivers, and by the coming in of the
Tide. ThQxtCreJJingham pafled over with the gre^teft parf
of his Army, but the Bridge, either having its Beams loofencd
and disjointed on purpofe, by the SkiTl of the Architefti
(as our Writers fay it was) that £b it might not be able to
bear any great Weight ; or elfe, being overladen with the
heavy Burden df fo many Horfe, Foot, and Carriages as
palled over, was broken, and £b the March of the reft of the
Engli/h y72LS obftru^ed : The Scots fet upon thofe, who were
paftd over, before they could put themfclves into a Pofturej
and having flain their Captain, drove the reft back into theRi-^
yer; the Slaughter was fo great, that they were almoft all either
killed or drowned. JVallace returned from this Fight to the
befieging of Caftles ; and in a (hort time he lb changed the
Semi of Affairs, that he left none of the En^Jh in Scot*
faffdy but fuch as were made Prifoners. This ViStoty
(wherein none of any Difthiaion among the Scots fell^ fave
Andrew Murray, whofeSjjp, fome Years after, was Regent
of Scotland) was obtained on thle thirteenth of September^ in the
Year of Chrift 1297. Some fay, ihdxtFallace was called off ,^
to this Fight, not frqm the Sieg€ of Cowpar, but of />««-
dee^ whither he alfo reftrned after the Fight; to^obnMa^
jor, and fome Books f«und in Monafteries, do relate.

By means of thefe Cpmibuftions the Fields lay untille(}^
inlbmuch that after th»t Overthrow a Famine enfued^ and at
Peftilence after the Famine ; ftom whence a greater Dcftruc-
tion was apprehended* than from the War: fFallace, to pte^
vent this Milchief as much as he could, called together
all thole who were fit for Service, to appear at a. certain
Day, with whom he marched into England ; thinking witli
htmfelf) that their Bodies, befng exercifed with Labouri
would be more healthy ;. a^d, that wintfing in an Enemy^s
Country, Proviilons might be fj&red at hope; and the Sol-*
diers, who were m much Want, might reap fome Fruit of
fheir Labours in a richCountry^ and flourilhing by reafbn of
Its continued Peace. When he was emtcd into England, |io
tAm dared to aittack hisav &> (hat he ftaid there from the fixOt

52.4 The HisroKY ^f Book VUL

of November to the firft of February; and having rcfrelhcd
and enriched the Soldiers with the Frnits and Spoils of the
Enemy, he returned home with great Renown. This Ex-
pedition, as it increafcd the Fame and Authority of JVallace
amongft the Vulgar, fo it hcightned the Envy of the Nobles
again!? him in a great degree. For his Praife feemed a ta-
cu Reproaching of them, who being Men of great Po\jrer
and Wealth, either out of Slothfulnefs durft not, or out of
Treachery would not attempt, what he that was a meaa
Man, and deflitute of all the Advantages of Fortune, had
not only valiantly undertook, but alfo fuccefsfully perform-
ed. Moreover, the King of Englafid^ finding the Bafinefs
to be greater than could well be managed by his Deputies^
made fome Settlement of things in France^ and returned
home; and gathering together a great Army, but haftily le-
vied, (for he brought not back his veteran Soldiers from
beyond Sea) and, for the moft part, raw and unexperienced
Men, he marches toward Scotland; fiippofing he had only
to do with a diforderly Band of Robbers. But when htfkvr
both Armies in Battle array, about five hundred Paces one
from another, in the Plains of Stanmore^ he admired the Dii?-
cipline, Order, and Confidence of his Enemies. So that,
though he himfelf had much the greatjgr Force, yet he ^rft
not put it to the Hazard of a Battle, againj^.luch a veteran
and fo e)[perienced a Captain, and agakift S^^ers inured to
all Hardships, but turned ITis Enfign^ and xti^fched flowly
back: JVallace on the other h|ti#dt«l not follow him, for
fear of Ambufcades, but ]^^p, hij-Army wtthih th^ir Trench-
es. Having thus got the ViSory, though.fifoodlefs, over fo
puiflant a Kin^, his Enemies wer^ff much the more en-
raged againft him, and caufed Rumours .to be fcattered up
and doWn, 7%^/ Wallace did openlf affeSt afapream or /y-
tannital Power; which theNoWes, efbecially 5r«rtf and the
Cumins* s^ of the Royal Stocky fcok m mighty Difdain ; for
they faid. ffius Within thcmfelvcs^ That if they muji he Slaves^
they had rather befoy under a great and fotent King^ than
nnder an Upflart^ whofe Domination v/as like to he not only
hafe^ but a§v dangerous : And therefore they determined, by
all means," to undermine the Authority of fVallace. Ed'&ard
was not ignorant of thefe Dilgufts, and therefore the next
Summer he levies a great Ajm^ confitling partly of £«;f///&,
partly of Scot^^ who had remained faithful to him, and came
to Falkirk, which is a Village built in the very Trafl: of the
Wall of Severusy and is diitant from Sterling little more
than fix Miles. The Scots Army were, not far from them
pf fufficient Strength, for they were thirty thoufend, if the
^a ^.. ,. • Generals

BooKVm. SC0TLJK7). ns

Generals and Leaders had agreed' atnongft themfelvcs ; Their
Generals were JohHCumiHs^ John Stuart^ and William IVal'^
lact^ themoft flourifliingPerfons amongft iht Scots; the two
former, for their hIgh^ Defcent and Opulency ; the latter for
ihe Glory of his former Exploits.

W H E N the Army in three Squadrons was ready to fight^
% new Difpute arofe^ befides their former Envy, who fhould
lead the Van of the Army; and when all three flood upon
their Terms, the Etfglijh decided the Controverfy, who, with
Banners difplayed, marched with a fwift Pace towards them j
Cumins and his Forces retreated, without ftriking a Stroke;
Stuart^ being befet before and behind, was flain, with al! that
followed him. Wallace was forely prefled upon in the Fronts
ahd Bruce had fetched a Compafs about an Hill, and fell on
his Rear; yet he was as' little difturbcd, as in fuch Circum-
ftances he could pdffibly be, but retreated beyond the Rl*
ver Carront^ where, by the Interpofition of the River, h^e
had got an Opportunity to defend bimfelf, and alfo to ga-
ther up the ftragghng Fugitives ; ^vABruce defiring to fpeak
with him, he agreed to it. They two alone flood over a-
gainft one another, wher« the River hath the narroweft Chan-
nel, and the higheft Banks: And firft Brua began, and told
Wallace^ Hewondredwhatwas inbisMindy thaty heing hur"
tied on by the uncertain Favour of ihe Vulgar y he Jbould expofe
bimfelf to fuch ajfiduous and imminent Danger again ft a Kingy
the mofi potent of that Timey and Viho was alfo affifted by a
great Number of the Scots ; and that to no purpoje neither y
for if be overcame Edward, the Scots would never grant him
the Kingdom; and if bimfelf were overcomey be had no Re^
fuge but in the Mercy of bis Enemy. To whom Wallace repl y *d,
/ never propofed dny fuch End of my Labour Sy as to obtain
the Kingdomy • of which my Fortune is not capabUy neither
doth my Mind afpire fo high: But when I faw my Country^
meuy by your Slothfulnefs {to whom the Kingdom ^tth right*
fully appertain) dejiitute of Governors y and expofed not to the
Slavery onlyy but even to the Butchery of a cruel Enemy y I had
pity on themy and undertook the Caufe which you deferted; nei^x
tber will I forfake the Liberty y,Goody and Safety of iey Country*
meUy till Life forfake me : fbUy who badrather chuje bafe Ser^
vitude with Security^ than honeft Liberty with Hazardy fol'^
loWy and hug the Fortune which you fo highly ejieem: As for
tne, I will die free in my Country y which I have often de*
fended ; and my Love fo itjball remaiuy as long as my L ife conti^
*«^/.Thus the Conference was broken off, and each of them
retired to their Forces. This Battle was fought on the twenty
fccond of Julyy where there fell of the Sc^ts above t^it
^ • Z a thoufaud.

326 The H 1 s t^lb ^ y of Book VIII,

thoafand, amongft whom, of the Nobles, -^ettJohnSiuarfy
Macdujf Earl o? Fife ; and of Wallace his Army, John Grame^
the molt valiant Perfonof the Scots ^ next to Wallace himfelf.
Of ih^'EngliJh were flain Frere Brsaifgyj highly fam'd and
iiotic'd for Skill in. Arms and military Exploits^ After this
unhappy Fight, IValUs came to Perth, anddifmifled his Ar-
my, giving place to that Envy, which he knew he could
not refift; and from that Day forward, be never aded as a
General ; yet he ceafcd not, with a few of his Friends, who
ilill (luck to him, tho' he renounced the Name of a General^
as often as a convenient Opportunity was offered, to preft
upon the EngUJh,

E D WA R D likewife after he had wafted all the Country
beyond the Forth^cYcn unto Ptfr/i&,receiving into his Obedience
all thofewhodurft npt, as long as he was prefcnt, make any
Infurrcdion, drew back his Army. Tbofe of ihcScots, who,
after the Enemies Departure, did moft ftudy the Liberty of
their Country, being a little heartned, made Jobi Cumins
Junior their Regent. He, according to the Advice of the
Council, fentEmbafladors to PilUpVahis^ King of France^
to defire him, that, by the Mediation of his Sifter, who was

* then betrothed to Edward^ tht^ niight obtain at leaft a Truce*
By her Endeavours, a Truce was obtained for feven Months,
which yet was not faithfully obferved: For the£»^/j^ de-
tained the Embafladors, which were fent tp Boniface VIII.
and committed them to Prifon, In the mean time the Scots^
who could neither bear the Tyranny of the Engltfify nor fa-
tisfy the cruel Mind of Edward by their Punifliments, nor
yet obtain an equal Peace from him, with obftinate Minds,
and in defpair of Pardon, refolved to fight it out to the laft.
Firft of all, they expel all Edward^s Governors, who were
Englijbj from all Towns and Caftles; next,^hey affliS the
Scots of their Faflion, as much as ever they could. Things
remained inthisPofturealmoft two Years^^and then Edward
ftnt Ralph Confray with great Forces to fubdtae the Robbers,
(as he called them) and to make an end of the War. They
met with no Oppofition, but preyed far and near, till they
came to iJi/7/», (a. Place in Lothian^ about £ve Miles diftant
ixom Edinburgh) andtherethey divided their Army into three
Parts, to make the greater Havock, and fo pitched their
Tents. John Cumins^ with the Affiftance of John Frater^
the moft potent Man in all* 7rVrf4/r,- gathered eight thou-
fand Men together, and marched towards the Enemy, think-
ing to abridge the Bounds of their * plundering Excurfions,
or othcrwile, if an happy Opportunity offered itfelf for
Adlion, not to be wanting to Fortune. And iQdeed, he {net
.4 • •' ' wfA^

^ookVIII. SCOTLAND). 327

wfth a fairer Occafion than he hoped for : For the Englijb^
little expeSing an Aflault from an Enemy that they had fo
often conquered, and brought fo low, lived after a more
ftragglfng manner than they ought to have done fn an Ene-
my's Country ; fo that their firft Camp was foon taken, by
the fuddain Approach of the Stots^ and with a great Slaughter :
They who efcaped, carried the Noife into the next Camp :
Thofe again, in a great Fear, cried out, Arm^ Arm^ and
they all exhorted one another to faccour their Fellow-Sol-
diers; but perceiving that the defigned Succour was too late,
they prepared for Revenge. A fierce Fight was commenced
betwixt them, as Men eager and defirous of ViSory and
Revenge; at laft, the Englifo were routed, and put to flighty
and the Viftory,. tho* a bloody one, remained to the Scots :
In the mean time, the third Camp, which was farther oft^
came, and occafioneS fome Terror to \ht Scots. For, in re-
gard many of them were wounded, and the greateft part
wearied with the Toil of a double Fight, they faw that
there was imminent Danger in fighting, and affured De-
ftrudion in flying away. At length, by the Command of
the Leaders, they flew all the Prifoners, left while they ,
were bufied with their Enemies, they ibould rife up and (et
upon them in the Rear ; and arming their Servants with the
Spoils of the Slain, they made a Shew of a greater Army
than indeed they were. Upon this, the Battle was begun, and
fiercely carried on by both Parties. The Fight being a long
time doubtful, the 5rd// by the Encouragement of their- Lead* -
ers, putting them in mind of their double ViSory, took
ftefli Courage, and charged the Enemy with fuch Violence,
that they* broke their R^nks, and put them to flight. This
Fight was at RoJUn^ on the twenty fourth of February^ in the
Year 1302 ^

. A s the Viflory was the more famous, being obtained by but
one Army over three, in one and the fame Day, fo it mightily
incenfed the Mind of Edward, To blot out the Igno»
miny, and to put an end, at length, to a long and tedious
War, he therefore levies an Army bigger than ever he had
before, and ailaulted Scotland both by Sea and Land, and
made ipoil of it, even unto the uttecwioft Borders of Rofs^
no Man daring to oppofe fo greS ^ Torce. Only Waiiace
and his Men, lometimesinth^^f'rj&prfometimesintheRear,
fometimes in the Flanks, wduld-ftap, either thofe thatralh-
ly went before, or that loitereJbehind ; or that, in plunder-
ing, ftraggled too far from the main Body ; neither did he fuf-
fer them toftray far from their Colours- £^a?/jri fought, by
great Promifes to bring jiim over to his Party ^ but his con-
u ' 23- ftant

528 The Hist OKY of Book VIIL

(lantTone was. That be bad devoted bis Life to bis Coun-
try^ to vjhlch it ivas due ; and if be could do it no other Service^
set he would die in pious Effdeavours for its Defence. There
were lomeCaftles yet remaining, not furrendred to the £»-
glifii asUrchar tin Murray J wWch was taken by Storm, and
all the Defendants put to. the Sword; upon which the reft fur-
rendred fhemfelves out of mere Fear. After thefe Exploits
the EKglip King joined his SonEdward^ whom he had left
^t Perth \ andby the Addition of his Forces, he befieged S^^f
iing^ which, after a Month's Siege, he took ; the Gai;ri(bn
in it being reduced to the Want of all Things ; the Condi-
tions were only Life and Liberty. And jct fFtWam Oliver^
the Governor, agajnft the Tenor of his Articles of Surrender,
was detained, and fent Prifoner to London, When all Scotland
was reduced, an Aflembly of the States was called by Edward
to be held at St. Andrews^ where all, out of fear, took an
Oath of Allegiance to him, except Wallace alone; and fear-
jpg he fliould be givei} up by the Nobility (who were much
diigufted at him) to Edward his mortal Enemy, he retired
with a few Men into his old Places of abfconding.

E D IV A R £),having appointed Governors and Magiftratcs
over all Scotland^ returnee) into England \ but at his Depar^
ture he (hewed an evident Demonftration of his great Hatred
^gainft all the ^y^e^W/jt Race; forhewas not content only with
the taking away all thofe, whom he feared would raife new
Sedinons, but he endeavoured, as much as he could, toabo-
. lifli the. very Memory of the Nation. Fdr he repealed their
old Laws, add modelled the ecclefiaftical State and Cere-
monies, according to the Manner of £aif/4»i: Hecaufedall
Hiftories, jLeagucs, and ancient Monuments, either left by
the Romans^ or ereded by the ScotSy to be deftroyed : He
carried all the Books, and all that were Teachers, of Learn-
ing, *into England: He fent alfo to London an unpoliihed
Jkl'jrhle Sione^ wherein it was vulgarly reported and believ-
ed, that the Fate of the Kingdom was contained ; neither
did he leave any thing behind him, which, either upon the
Account of its Memory, might excite generous Spirits to
the Remembrance of their ancient Fortune and Condition ;
or indeed, which could excite them to any trueGreatiiefs of
Mind; fo that, having broken their Spirits, (as he thought)
as well as their Forces, and caft them into a fervile Dejec-
tion ; he promifed himfelf perpetual Peace from Scotland.
At his Return, he left Ailmer of Valence as Vx^Fiegenty or
Vice-Roy^ who was to nip all feditious Attempts, if any did
break forth, in the very Bud. Yet, a new War/PFung up a-
gainft him, from a part he little thought Of*

1 HER?

BookVIII. S C or la N'D. 329

There werelbme of the prime Nobility in Scotland with
Bdwardy as Rqbert Bruce^ the Son of him who contended
•with Baliol for the Kingdom, and John Cumins^ firnamed
Redy from the Colour of his Face, Coufin German to 7«^»
Balsol the laft King of Scotland. Edward called them often
to him a-part, and put them feverally in a vain Hope of the
Kingdom, and fo he made ufe of their Afliftance in the
conquering of Scotland. But, at the laft, they difcovered
the Mockery and Cheat, ib that each of them defired nothing
more than a fit Occafion to revenge the Unfaithfulnefs of
that King. But, in regard they were Corrivals, their n)U-
tual Su(ptcion kq>t them- back from communicating their
Counfels one to another. At laft, Cumins^ perceiving that
Matters, as managed by Edward^ were diftafteful toBrtice^
he fpake to him, and taking the Rife of his Difcourfe from
the Beginning of their Miferies, deplored much the lamenta-
ble Condition of their Country, and greatly inveighed againfl:
the Falfeneft of Edward; withal grievoufly accufing him-
felf and Bruce too^ that they had, by their Labour and Af-
wftance, helped to plunge their Countrymen into this Abyfs
of Mifery. After this firft Difcourfe, they proceeded far-
ther, and each of them promifing Silence, they agreed, that
Brnce fiiould enjoy the Kingdom, and Cnmhs fiiould wave
Ws Righi to it; but, in lieu of it, fliould enjoy all thofe
large and fruitful Poffcflions, which Bruce had in Scotland i
and, in a word, that he (hould be the Second Man in the
Kingdom: Thofe Covenants were writ down, fealed and
fworn, betwixt themfelves. Upon this, Bruce^ watching
an Oppormnity to rife in Arms, left his Wife and Children
in Scotland^ and went to the Court of England. After his
Departure, Cum'ms^ (as 'tis reported) either repenting him-
fclf of his Agreement, or elfe endeavouring fraudulently to
remove his Corrival, and fo obtain an eafier Way to the
Kingdom, betrayed their fecret Combination to £«/zy<jr<^;
dnd in Evidence of it, he fent him the Covenants figned by
them both. Upon that, Bruce was impleaded as guilty of
High Treafin^ he was forbid to depart the Court, and a
privy Guard fet over him, to infpect his Words and Adions.
The King's Delay to punifli him for a Crime fo manifeft, pro-
ceeded from a Defire he had to take his Brethren too, before
they had heard any Noife of his Execution. In the meaa
time, Bruce was informed by the Earl of Montgomery^ his
Family's old Friend, of his initninent Danger, who dared
not to commit his Advice for hi$ Flight to writing, being
difcouraged by Bruce his Example, but he fent him a Pair ot^
gilt Spurs, aad &me pieces of Gold, as if he had borrowecl

Z 4 tbe^Q.

J JO Th,e Hist ovLY cf Book VIIL

ihem of him the Day before. Robert^ upon the Receipt of
that Gift, as Dangers make Men fagacious^ loon finelt out
what his Meaning was, fo that he fent for a Smith in the
Night, and commanded him to fet on Shoe? on three HotUs
, the backward way, that fo his Flight might not be traced by
the Mark of the Hprfes Feet in the Snow ; and, the feme
Night, he and two Companions began their Journey, and, Man
and Horfe being extreamly tired, in leven Days he came to his
Caftle fituate by Loch-Maban. There he found David his
Brother, and Robert Fleming ; to whom he had fcarcc de-
clared the Caufe of his Flight, before he lighted upon a Fly-
ing Pofl) who was conveying ]Li£tters from Cumins %o Ed^
ward: The Contents were, Thap Robert Jbould JpeedHy
\e put to Death \ that there was Danger in Delays left a Matt
fo nobh deffended^ i^pd fo popular as he^ addiug Boldnefs to
his Jf^ifdom^ Ihould raife new Commotions. The perfidious
Treachery of Cumins being thus (as well as otherwifc) plain-
ly detejSed, Robert was inflamed with Anger, and rode pre-
fently to Pumfreiz^ where his Adverfary Join Cumins was
m the Francifcans Church, whom he confronted with bis
own Letters which he then Ihewed him; he very impu-
dently denied them to be his ; but Robert^ no longer able
to bridle his Wrath, run^him into the Belly with his Dag-

fcr, and fo left him for dead. As he was mounting his
lorfe, James Lindfaymi Roger ^irkfatricky onchisKinf-
man, ^he other his old Friend, perceiving by his Counte*
nance that he was troubled, asked him the Caufe; he told
them in brief the whole Bufinefs, adding withal, that he
thought he had killed Cumins* What, feys Lindfajy, will
youTeave a Matter of that Confequenceupon w, I thought i
And as foon as he had fpoke the Word, he ran into the Church
and difpatched him quite, and alfo his Kinfman, Robert
Cuminsy who endeavoured to fave him. This Murder was
committed in the Year 1305-, on the tenth of February. A-
' bout the fame time 2X^0 Wallace yfzs betrayed in the County
of Glafcow (where he then hid himfelf) by his own fami'
Jiar Fvkndjohn Menteithj whom the Engltjb had corrupted
with Money, and fo was fent to tonjdQtt ; where, by £4^'-
ward's Command, he was wofully butchered, and his
Jiimbs. for the Terror of others, hangM up in the mod
noted Places of London and Scotland, Such an End had this
Perfon, the mod famous Man of the Age in which he lived,
who deferved to be compared with the mod renov^n^d
Captains of ancient Times, both for his Greatnefs of Mind
in undertaking Dangers, and for his Wifdom and Valour in
overcoming them. For Love to his Cpumry, he was S^-

Gon'4

BookVIIL S C O T LJ N^. 3it

conci tonone; who, when others were Slaves, wzt alone
free, neither could he be induced by Rewards, or moved
by Threats, to forfake the publick Caufe, which he had once
undertaken : His Death was the more to be lamented, be-
catrfe he was not conquered by his Enemy, but betrayed by
his Friend, who had little Reafon to be guilty of fo trear
cherous an Adit>n*

B R U e s, The ninety feventb King.

BRUCE fiayed fo long, till he had obtained Pardon
from the Pope, for killing > Man in Holy Churchy and
then in April following. Anno Domini 1306, he went to
Scone^ and was crowned Kipg.

The firft Thing he did, knowing that he had to do with
fl powerful Enemy, was to levy all the Force he could
make ; but, m regard the whole . Family of the Qmmins^s
(whofe Greatnefs was never equalled by any in Scotland^
ddier before or (ince) was againft him^ and alfo the Minds
of many were oflfiaided with him, for his former afllfting
of the Englifr ; and moreover, moft of the Scots were, out
of Fear, willing to be quiet under the EngUJh Power; yet
he adventured with a fmall Army to try ' his Fortune at
Metlmen^ where he was overthrown by Ailmerj EdwMrd*%
General, but with little Slaughter, becaufe his Men feeing
their own Weaknefs, fled away entire, almoft at the firft .
Charge ; this was done on the twentieth of July. And not
long after, coming to Athol^ and defigning for Argyle^ his
Intent was difcovered by the Cumins*s^ and he was forced
in his very March, at a Place called Dalree^ u e, KingJ^
land^ to try his Fortune in a Battle, where he was over-
thrown again, but loft few, in regard every one fled feverai
Ways as they thought fit : After that time, he had but two
or three in his Company ; for he thought himfelf more fer
cure with a few, and thus he wandred up and down in
fecret Places, lining moftly a Forefter's Life, and in Deipafr
of any Aid, if he had a Mind again to try his Fortuiie. For
the Vulgar, upon his double Difcomfiture, drew thence
difcouraging Omens^ and fo they all left him, only two of
bis old Friends, Malcolm^ Earl of Lennox ^ and Gilbert Hay ^
never forfook him, but remained conftant to hith in all
Misfortunes. The Englip^ not yet fatiated with his Mif©-
rics, fend about through all Parts of the Kingdom, to ap-
prehend his Allies and Kindred ; and befides, they com-
manded all the Wives and Children of thofe who were ba-
BiQied, to depart the Kingdom, at a time pteSied* The Wife

of

jjt Tie History cf BookVIIL

of R0ier0 himCdf was takcD hf William, Earl oeiUfs, aad
icnc into EttgUmd; and Miilf, Ins Bfochcr, with hts Wife
and QiildieOf came into the Haodf and Power of the £«gf/r^;
hit C^le of KUdrionmj beiog bettajcd bf che Governor
of k, CO than. Moreover^ htsBrocben, Tianuu and J&jt-
a$$der^ endearoorinc to pafi oot of Gahisy to Caruk, were
taken at the Locb-Kyam (which Pulemy cafls the Bay Jl^^

ioaiut) and (ent into EmglamJ. Thdfe three were pat to
)eath in ftvcral Places ; the reft of ibeBrmciam Party were
4i]%ently ibaght after, and pot alfo to Death, and their Efiates
coofiibued. The King biinfelf, with one or two, and fomt-
times alone, wandred up and down throogb nncomb Places
daily, navhoorly, chang^ hisRecefies; and yet, even thus,
not thinking himfelf iafe enowh from the Cmeity of bis
Enemies, and the Perfidtonfnas of his Sotjeds, he pafled
over to another Friend of his into the Mkmda^ whoe be
lorked for feme Months : And (in r^ard) he did nowhere
appear, he was choo^t to be dead, and fo they gave over
fearchiog for him. This Report, as it made for his Safetr^ib
if it had continoed long, it would have taken away all hopes
from his Friends, of his ever obtaining and recoverii^ the
Kingdom. Upon that account, he judged It fit to attempt
fomething, and receiving a final! Force from his Friends where
he had hid himfelf, he failed overhnto Carici; and by means
of bis fadden comii^, he there furprized a Caftle, which
was his own Inheritance, but garrifoned by a firong Party
of Emglijh^ whom he put all to the Sword ; and left his
Failage might be flopped by the Enemy, he pafted over by
the Bay of Clyde^ and came to the flrong Caftle o( Ennet'^
mefs^ iicuate on a pretty high Hill by the Kiver Nefs^ which,
' as being in a remote Country, and negligently guarded, he
alfo happily took.

The Report of thefe things being divulged, occafioned
great Thoughts and couragious Sentiments all over Scotland ^
For, befide^ his oA/ Friends, who came to him from all Places
out of their lurking Holes, the Pride of *the Englip had
raifed htm up many mw ones; for they, thinking that he
had been dead, began to lord it more imperioufly and cruel-
ly than ever they bad done before. So that his Forces be*
ing confiderably encreafed, and that with very good Soldiers,
whom either Labour had hardned, or Defpair urged to the moft
defperate Attempts, he took all the Caftles in the North of
^€otland^ and demoiifhed them as they were taken ; partly,
that he might hot weaken his Forces by dividing them int<>
Garrifons, and partly, that the Enemy might have no Har-
bour there. Thus, OTercomingallas be went^ he came in*

BookVIIL SCOTLAND. jjt

to the very Heart of the Kingdom : Jokm Cumins^ Earl oi
Bucbaw^ being informed of it, gathered together a fuddaiii
Company of Scots and Englijb, even as many as were able
to bear Arms; when iSri^f^ was come to the Foreft, through
which the River Esi falls down into the Plains of Mertr^
he overtook him at a Place czlled GlenesL Bruee^ perceiv-
ing that the Narrownefs of the Paflages was advantageous iot
bis Men, being few in Number, flood ready to fight, expeaing
his Enemy. Cumins drew out his Army in length, imagining
that Bruce would beaflonifiiedat the fight of fach a Multitude:
But when he faw that he flirred not from the Place, and being
alfo confci ous of the Wcaknefs of his Men, he durft not
draw them forth into a Place of greater DiCidvantage. But
firft fent ah Herald to Bruce for a Truce ; wherein they
xn^ht treat of Terms of Peace^ The Truce being obtained.
Cumins made no more mention of Peace, but encreafed his
. Forces as much as ever he could; neither would he trufl the
^cpts that were with him, (the Favour of many of them inclin*
tnglo Robert) but craved Aid from England. In the mean
time, Bruce^ to remove the contemptible Opinion which
the Englijh mi^ht conceive of him, and to encourage the
Spirits of his Iiriends, was. always at his Enemies Heels ;
here takmg fime^ there ethers^ and furprizing their weakeS
Garrifons ; he never flaid long in a Place, neither gave he
Opportunity to the Enemy to fight Mm.

But about this time, Simon Frazer and Waher Lo^
gsn^ brave Soldiers both, and Lovers of their Country, were
tidien by fbme of the Cmminian FaSion, delivered over ta
the Englip^jmnAjpA to Death at London, And almofl about
tfie lame ^me, jMrnes Douglas joined himfclf with Brute
his Party. ^He was the Son of IVilliam^ a young Man cr-
treamly well infiruficd in all the liberal Arts, who when
he was fludying atP^m, hearing that his Father was caft in-
to Prifon by ihtEngi^Jk^ where he foon after dy'd, return-
ed home to receive the Advice of Ws Friends, how he mi^ht
order his future Condufi: : But being deprived of his Pa^
trimony, and all his Friends varionuy diiperied, in great
Want he repaired to William Lambert^ Bifbop of St. An-*
drevss ; by whom he was admitted as one of hfs Family,
and kindly entertained, until King Edward came to befiege
Sterlings after he bad conquered almofl all Scotland befides.
Lambert going thither to lalute the King, carried Douglat'
along with him, and having got a proper Opportunity, he
l^ake to the King to reftore his Patrimony, to take him in^*
to bis ProteSioR, and to make ofe of his faithful Endea*
VQiMTS in hi$ S^ice; Ua» other Tilings he alio added, is

^ Praife

^3^4 'TAi Hist OKY of BooKVIfL

TrasTe of the yooag Man ; the King bearing of his Name
mad Family^ fpoke very roughly concerning die Stabbom-
ne& of tVtUiam hts Father ; adding withal, that he intended
not to make any Uft of Ms Son, nor of any Affiftance of
liis, and as for his paternal Eftate, he could not reflore k
M he would, becaufe he had gratified his Friends with it,
who had merited well of hhn. james being thus difmifled by
the King, flayed with Lambert^ till Bruce carae to Merne s
And then, that he might omit no Occafion to prejndice Ed^
wardj (whofe Mmd, he found, was implacably bent againft
bim) he took away Lantber^s Horfes, and tome Money,
not without his Privity, and came to Bruce ; and his Ser*
vice was of great Ufe to him afterwards in many ihatp
Storms.

Not long after, both Kings, almofl in the iame Mo*
meat of Time, fell gricvoufly fick ; Edward^ being bulSr in
Preparations for War againft Scotland^ 6fd within a few Days
at Lancafier^ leaving his fecond Son Edward for his Heir,
who was called Edward of Caruarvon^ from the Place where
he was bcMrn ; he, marching into his Enemy's Country with
the Army which his Father had recruited, lent a Proclama*
tion before to Dumfreiz^ That all the Scots JhouU meet him
then ; but there came in but a few, and thofe out of the ne^h-
fcouring Parts, and very flowly too. He being informed, that
fcis Matters beyond Seadid not go on well, left a Force, ftcb
as he thought fufficient to quell any InfurreSion in Scotland^
and fettling Things as foon as he could, he went over into
France. In the interim, Robert^ hearing of Edward*s Death,
was fomewhat relieved, and began to hopoibetiN: of fifs Af-
fairs ; and lb the Strength of his Mind Hlfporte^ his weak
Body : But not being ignorant, how much thrftle ConduS
Qf a General might contribute to aViSory, he fo prepared
himfelf for the extream Pu(h of Fortune, that he expeSed
bis Enemy and a Battle. On the other fide, the Englijh
King coming back more flowly than his Friends hoped ; Johf^
Cumins^ greedy of the Glory that the War (hould be ended
by him, hoping alfo that Robert was dead, by reafon of his
I)ifeafe joined to his other Hardfliips; or at leafl that his
Sicknefs would hinder him from being prefent in the Army,,
gathered together all the Forces he could make, and march-^
ed dircQly towards his Enemy. On the other fide, Robert^
to encoura|^e his Men, caufed himfelf to be fet on Horfeback :
His very Sight, tho' he was fupported by two Men, and
could not ftay long, yet gave fuch Heart to his Men, that
they never began any Fight more courageoufly than they
did (hat. Cnmim^ whQ had placed the hope of his Vic>'

tory

B 00 K vni. SCO T L AH^. sj j

Cory in the Sicknefs of his Enemy, being not able to ke^
his Men together, neither by Perfaafions nor Puaifliments^
was forced to fly away in their Company ; many were taken
in thePurfuit, and all courteoufly ufed. This Viflory got-.
ten at Ennerury, as it recovered the King from bis Difeafe, &
it was the Omcft of his future pro(perous Proceedings ; for^
from that Day forward, h<e fucceeded in all that he attempted*
A while after he marched into the Country of Argylt^
which he pillaged, and forced Alexander the Lord of it,
to a Surrender, who retiring into England^ in a little time
there ended his miferabler Life in great Want. The fame;
Year, on the thirtieth Day of Juncy Edward Bruce a1(b had
profperous Succe& in a Battle fought txDie^ aRiverof G<9/-
way ; RoUaHd^z noble Knight of Galway^was Hain in the Fight ;
X)0«4A/ the ^W^r was taken Prifoner as he was flying away^
and the whole Country of Galy/ay was wafled far and neac
Thefe Tumults rouz'd up Edward of £9^/^^ (who was ra-
ther defirous to live in Peace) to a War, even againft his Will ;
for perceiving that his Affairs were iil managed, he the nex(
Year, with a great Army of Englijh^ entred Scotland^ and
there joined a numerous Body of Scots^ who had not yet
revolted from the Engltp. With thofe Forces he pierced
as far as Renfroy^ and then retreated, having performed 00
memorable AQ, in his Expedition; either becaufe he him-
felf was of a dull and una£tive; Nature, or elfe becaufe
Robert (befides the Scarcity which did then generally afflid
all Scotland) had caufed all the Proviiions to be carried a-
way from thofe Places, thro* which his Army was tomarch^
and had laid jJifimj|)D more out of the Way. After his De-
parture, SBbertfymit the reft of the Year in recovering
thofe CaftriB^^3«*fci the Engtip yet held, of which many
furrendred before they were befieged, as defpairing of any
helpcfrd^i England.

TH^ next Year, which was 131*, Brnce^ to be evea
with ihtEn^liJh for the Damage they had done in Scotland^
tnarched twice into Englandwith his Army, and returned back
laden with Spoils, without coming to any Engagement.
The two next Years, be recovered almoft all ;he flrong
Garrifons, which yet remained in the Hands of the Englijh.
He took Perth by Storm,and put all the Garrifon Soldiers, both
Engl'tjh and Scots^ without Diftindion, to the Sword ; and
that others might be deterred from the like Obflinacy by
their Example, he razed the Walls, and filled up their
Trenches. The Terror of that Example caufed DumfreU^
Lanenciy Air and Bote^ and many other weaker Forts, to
furrender. J)X thebeginniDgof the Spring, R^xbHrgh was

taken

336 The HisroKY of Book VIIL

taken by James Douglas^ when the Garrifon was intent
upon their Sports and raftimes, in thofe Revels which were
wont to be celebrated about the beginning of Lent, And
not long after, Thomas Randolph recovered the ftrong Cadle
of Ediuhwrgh : The Ifle of Man was alfo furrendred, and
the Cafiles thereof demoltfhed, that they might not againf
be a Receptacle to the Enemy. In the mean time, Edward
Bruce laid clofis Siege to the Caftle of Sterlings (ituate on
a Rock, which was deep every Way but that one, where
the PafTage lay up to it. It was defended by Philip Mow*
hray^ a vigilant Commander, who perceiving the Succefi
of ihtBrnciansxTiScofldud^ and forefeeing a Siege, had taken
great Care to (lore and fortify it before-hand with Provi*
fions and Arms. And therefore when Edward had frnit-
lefly fpent many Days in befieging it, and had m> Hopes
of carrying it by Force, that he might not feem to be re-
pulfed without doing any thing, he enters into Conditions
with Mowbray^ That if be was not relieved in a Tear^ f
€ommencefrom that very D ay ^ by fi&e£ngli(h, then the CaftU
was to be furrendred, and the Garrifon Jhould have Liberty^
Bag andBaggage, to march whither they pleafed. Theft
Conditions much drfpleafed the King ; yet, that he might
noj detraft from his Brother's Credit, he refolved to ob-
icrve them. However, in regard he did not doubt but the
Efsglijh would come at the Time ^(ppointed, he prepares as
much as in fo great a Scarcity of Things he was able, to
manage his laft Encounter with his potent Enemy. And in-
deed Edward, conliderin^ that he was not only di^ffeffed of
Scotland, whofe People his Father had lciHb>4HaL conquered
and broken, but that he was alfo forded 1% fight ^c England^
bad aDefiretorootout a People often rebeilkmr,' always diP
obedient, and unquiet. In order to it he levied an Arnvfy nmt
only of En^lifh, and fach Scots who adhered to them*; but
he increafea it by Supplies from his tranfmarine Dcfi»mi9|;is
(which fi&tf» were many, great and opulent) fo that his Army
was bigger than ever any King of England had raifed be-
fore. Nay, he received additional Forces too from his Al-
lies beyond the Seas, efpecially from Flanders and Holland^
whom his Father had ftrenuoufly aiSftedagainftPA////^, King
of France, They fay, ir confitted of above one hundred
thoufand fighting Men. There followed alfo his Army a
multitude of Baggagers, Attendants, and Sutlers, Who car-
ried Provilion toth by Sea and Land, becaale they were
to come into a Country not very fruitful of it felf ;
and befides which had fo many Years been haraiT^i with
all the Miferies of War. Moreover^ there was a multi-
tude

Book VUL SCOTLAND.' uf

fade of foch as were to fet out, or defcribe CoIonfeSi and
to receive Dividends of Land, who brought their Wives aa4
Children along with them ; fo that the Force of fo rich, pow-
erful, and flonriOiing a Kingdom as Emgland was, being that
as it were abridged and epitomized into one Army, the
Confideration of it produced fuch a Confidence in them
all) that now all theDifcourfe was not of fighting, bot ra*
ther of dividing the Spoil. Bruce^ hearing of this great Pre*
paration of the Enemy, prepares alio his Forces, far in«
feriour in Number to fo great a Multitude, as being thirty
choufand only, but fuch as were inured to Hardfliips, ^xA
Che Toils of War ; and who now carried the Hopes of
their Lives, Fortunes^ and of all that is dear to Men, as it
were, on the Point of their Swords. With this Army he
pitched on the left Bank of the River Bannock. This River
hath deep Banks on both fides, and it had but a few, mi,
thofetoo, narrow Paflages or Fords; it is about two Miles
fvom Sterling: Below the Hills, before [it makes its influx
into the Fortb^ it pafleth thro* a little leveller Ground, yet
here and there it is marfliy. In the Winter it ufually runi^
with a rapid Torrent ; bot in that hot Time of the Year
the WiUer was but low and fordable in many Places. Brmce^,
by how much the weaker in Force, was fo much the more
circumfpeS;; and thcrefofe he ufed Art and Policy to
make the Paffage over the River more difiicult to the JB«rf-
///!&, who pofleffed the right hand Bank of it. In order
whereunto, he caufed deep Trenches to be dug in level
Places, where he faftned (harp Stakes, or Spikes, and co-
vered them with fome Hght TurfFs a top, that fo his Stra-
tagem might not be difcovered ; and moreover, he caufed
** Cahhrops of Iron to be thrown up and down on the Ground
in Places mod convenient.

Wherefore, when Camp was almoft joined to Camp,
as being on oppofite Hills, only a fmall River between them,
Edward fent eight hundred Horfe a little before to Sperlings
who. marched a little off from the Camp; Robert^ imagin-
ing that they were fent to plunder in the Neighbourhood,
gave Command to Thomas Randolph to follow them with
five hundred Horfe, either to prevent the Stragglers in waft«
ing the Country, or if a fit Occafion were offered, to fight
them. The Englijb feeing them, defifted from their in-
tended March to Sterling^^ and faced about. The Fight vi^as

^ Small Etmnes, trdinarifyrMttJ, voitb Jhdrp Inm Spikes, Jiandtng out tmeaeh
^ •f them, ]o tbatf tbrtwtbem which wayfoeveryou will upon the Ground, one Spike
tfr otbtrtumi u^ard, and wounds or pienei the Horfe s Fo9t tboi tnadi upon it, and
thus makii bim km and unfit for Service*

fliarp,

<53« Tbe HiSfoktif BdeK VIII.

Iharp, and comiflned lopg, theVidory inclioiog for a time
la neither Party ; fo that James Douglas bcuig concerned for
ihtScots^ who were the fewer in hlumber, carneftly defired
Bruce^ that he might go and relieve them. Bruce perempto-
rily denied him, remaining at prefent, a SpeSator only
from an Hill ; yet he refolved, if his Scots were farther
iliftreffed, tofuccour them; bat perceiving the ^jsg//^ to give
J»ck^ and the Scots to get Ground j he ftoppcd his Marcb^
that fo he might detrad nothing from another Man's Praife*
'thcEngliJby haying loft but thofe few out of fo numerous
an Army, were not difoouraged in their Spirits^ and alfo
the Scots prepared themfelves for the Encounter thd next
Day, as if they had already received an Omeu of a coinpleat
Viaory.

The Night, tho' very fliort, (for the Battle was fought
on the twenty third of June) yet feemed long to both Par-
ties for the Eagernefs they had to fight. All the Scots were
divided into three Brigades, the King led the middle, or main
Battle: His Brother commanded the Right Wing; andil^*-
Jolf the Left» The Englijh^ befides a multimde of Ar-
chers, which they placed on theoutfide of both their Wings,
Jiad alfo Cuiraffiers out of France. They fpeeding towards
Raudolf, who flood on the] lower Ground, and endeavour-
ing to wheel about and take hhrfon his Flank, fell fuddenly
into the Ditches made by Bruce^ where they tumbled one
vpon another with great Slaughter, both of Man and Horfe.
They that firft fell in, were flain by the PrefTure of thofe
that fell upon them, and the laft Ranks being difcouraged
at the Lofsi of the firfl, retreated back. This Terror in
fome Meafure retarded the Foot, for they were afraid of
falling into the like Snares, There happened likewiTe ano-
ther Accident, which, tho* little in it felf, yet contributed
very much (as fuch Niceties are wont to do in War) to the
;main Chance. Robert rode up and down before his' Army,
to keep them in their Ranks, having a Batoon in his Hand ; a
certain Englt/bmau knew him, and ran at him with his Spear.
The King avoided the Blow, and as his Enemy's Horfe, in
his Carrier, ran a little behind him, he (bruck his Rider dead
with his batoon, and down he tumbled to the Ground*
The common Soldiers highly commended the brave and
perilous Exploit of their King ^ and could no longer be kept
in by their Commanders, but would rufli headlong upon the
Enemy, with fuch an eagernefs of Mind, that they were like*
]y to break their Enemy's Ranks, but that the £»^//^ Archers,
who were placed in their Wings, repuifetf them, though
with great Lofs to themfelres^ miiBrmc iklfo fent in fome

Troops

fiooK Vill. S C O f LJ NT>. i^g

Troops of Horfe, who drdve them back: Yet, in this Ac*
tion, a Miftak6did more Prejudice to the E»glijb than (heir
JEnemy did. The Rabble-Rout, which followed the Camp^
cailfed the Baggage-Men to mount their Draught- Heir fes^
^nd to hang out fome Lirien-Cloth inft^ad of Eiifigns;
thus they flood on an Hill where they might eafily befien^
and made an Appearance of a new Army. The E^gliJB
"Who flood neareft^ were furprized with a double Fear, and
betook themfelves to their Heels : Their Fear difordered thei
reft of the Army. A multitude of common Soldiers were
flain in the Purfuit ; fome of our Writers fay, That fifty
thoufand Englifll/f// at that Fight. Caxton^ ^LwEngliJhmaff^
doth not let down the precife Number, but he fays it Was
a mighty Overthrow, an innumerable Multitude being flain;
and he did well in not being pofitive in the Number^
for it was hard to compute it, in regard the Flight was fo
fcattered, wherein more perifted than in the Battel. Thf^
is certain, the Slaughter was fo great, that the Englijhy tho'
they had many Provocations from the Scots ^ yet did riot ftrif
for two or three Years after. Of the EngUJh Nobility
there fell about two hundred, arid almofl an equal Num-»'
ber were taken Prifoners. The Prifoners related^ that the
King himftif began to fly Srft ; and if he had not bee^i re-
ceived into the Caflle of Dunbar by the Earl of Marcbi
and fo fent in a Skiff by Water to Berwick, he had «6f
efcapcd the Hands of Douglafs, who with four hundred Horfe
purfued him forty Miles. Amongfl the Prifoners there was
taken a Monk, one of thofc who are called Carmelitesi
from Mount Carntel in Syrsa ; he was accounted a good
Poet for that Age, and was brought into the Army to ce*
lebrate the ViSory of the E^gltjh in a Poem ; but they
being beaten, he fung their cJverthrow in a Cdnto^ (for
which he had his Liberty) His Verfe was rude and barbae '
rous, yet it did not altogether dilpleafc theEar^ of the Men
Of that Age. Neither was the Viftory unbloody to the Scots j
they loft four thoufand Men, amongft whom there were
but two Knights : Upon this, Sterlhg Caflle was furrendred
according to CompaS, and the Garriiofn fent away.

About this time there happened a Paflcige not uriviror-
thy to be related, ia regard of the Variety of Providences in a
narrow Compafs of Time. John Mcntehh^ who betrayed hiS
Friend Wallace to the EngUJh ^^Xi^ Was therefore defcrvcdly ha-
ted by the 5<r(?/j^received, amongft other Rewards^ fhe Govern*^
ment of the Caflle of DuYnbmton from the EngUjh, WheiX
other Forts Wefe recovered, that only, or but very few with it^
held out for the Errglilh : And becaufe it was naturally im-'

A a pregnabl*^

340 Tke History <>/ Book VIIL

pregnable, the King dealt with the Governor, by his Friends
and Kindred, to furrender it. He denfanded the County
or Earldom of Lemtox^ as the Price of his Treachery and
Surrender : Neither would he ever fo much as hear of any
other Terms. In this Cafe the King wavered and fludlua-
ted in his Mind what to do; on the one fide, he earneftly
defired to have the Caftle ; yet on the other, he did not fo
much prize it, as for its fake to difoblige the Earl of Lei^-^
noxj who had been his fall and ^Imod his only Friend in
all his Calamities. But the Earl of Lennox hearing of it,
and coming in, foon decided the Controverfy, and perfuaded
the King, by all means, to accept the Condition. Accord*
ingly the Bargain was made as JobnMenteith would have
it, and folemnly confirmed : But when the King was going
to take Pofleffion of the Cattle, a Carpenter, one Kolland^ met
him in the Wood of CoUhon^ about a Mile from it^ and having
obtained Liberty to fpeak with the King, concerning a Mat-
ter of great Importance; he told him, what Treachery the
Governor intended againft him, nay, and had prepared to exe-
cute it : It was this ; in a Wine-Cellar concealed and un-
der Ground, a fufficient Number ^f EngUJhmen were hid,
who, when the reft of the Caftle (houldbcgivenup, and the
King fecure, were to iflue forth upon him as he was at Din-
ner, and cither to kill or take him Prifoner. This being
thus related, the King, upon the Surrender of the other Parts
of the Caftle by John^ being kindly invited to a Feaft, re-
futed to eat; till, as he had fearched all other Parts of the
Caftle, fo-he had viewed that Wine-Cellar alfo. The Go-
vernor excufed it, pretending that the Smith, who had the
Key, was out of the Way, but that he would come agaia •
anon ; the King, not fatisfy'd therewith, caufed the Door
CO be broke open, and lb the Plot was difcovered : The
Engltjh were brought forth in their Armour, and being le-
/verally examined, confefled' the whole Matter; and they
added alfo another Difcovery, viz. that a Ship rode ready
in the next Bay to carry the King into Epgland. The Com-^
plices in this wicked Defign were put to Death ; but JobH
was kept in Prifun, becaufe the King was loth to offend his
Kindred, and efpecially his Sons-in-Liaw, in fo dangerous a
lime : For he had many Daughters, all of them verybeau-
dful, and married to Men rich enough, but fafiious. There-
fore, in a time of fuch imminbnt Danger, the Battle draw-
ing near, wherein all was at Stake, left the Mind of any
powerful Man might berendredaverle from him, and there-
by inclined to pradtife againft him, Jobnjw^^ftXesSeA out
of Frifon upon this Condition, (for the Ferformiiace where-
of

Book Vfit S C O t L J N T>. 341

of his Sons-in-Law undertook) that he ihould be placed in
the Front of the Battle, and there, by his Valour, (hoold
wait the Decifion of Providence. And indeed the Man^
otherwile fraudulent, was in this faithful to the King ; for
he behaved himfelf fo valiantly, that that Day's Work pro*
cured him not only Pardon for what was paft^ but large
Rewards for the future.

The Fame of this ViSory being divulged over all BrhaiMf^ .
did not only abate the Fiercenefs of the Englsjh^ but raifed
up the Scots even from an Extremity of Delpair ; fupplying
them not only with Money but with Glory, with Arms
and other Furniture for War. Neither did they only releafe
their own Men, who were made Prifoners, either in Fight
or upon Surrenders, but they raifed likewife great Sums by
the Ranfom of the EngUp they had taken. And out of
the Spoils, many fecompenfed and made up theLofles they
had received in former Timesj nay, and got great Effates
too for the future : For thtEnglip came with alt their pre*
cious Things a])out.them, not as to a War, but as to an
affured Vidory. The King having thus profperoufly fuc*
ceeded in the War, fpent the following Winter in fettling
the State of the Kingdom, which was much weakened by
fo long a War, and alfo in beftowing Rewards on the well*
defervmg. The next Spring, Berwick was taken from the
EngUfr after they had enjoyed it twenty Years. In the
next place, he convened an Ailembiyofthe Eftates at Atr^
a Town of Kyle. There ^ in afullAJfembly^ by the Suffrages
of all the Orders^ the Kingdom was confirmed toBvxxct \ and
afterwards^ becaufe the King had but one only Daughter^ left,
hy bis former Wife^ the States^ remembrinj^ what publick.
Mifchiefs had happened by the Diffute^ which tn former Times
had been managed concerning the Right of Succejfion^ made a
Decree^ That if the King left no IJfue Male^ his Brother
'Edvr^xi Jhouldfucceed him in the Kingdom^ and his Sons in
order after him. But if he alfojhould deceafe without IJfue
Male^ then the Crown was to defcend to Mzvy^ the Daughter
0/ Robert, and to her Pojierity; yet fo^ that the Nobility
were to provide her an Husband fit for her Royal Eftate^ and
for the Succejfion in the.Kingdom : For it was looked upon as
far more juft^ that an Husbandjbould be cbofen for the young
Lady^ than that Jhe Jhould chufe an Husband for herfelf and
a Kingfor the whole Land. It was alfo decreed, That in the
Minority of the Kingy Thomas Randolfe, or if he Jhould
fail J James Douglas, Ihould be Tutors to the King^ and Go-^
vernors of the Ktngdom. The Fame of Robert^ noble Ex-
ploits both at home and abroad, excited th« Irifa to fend

A a 1 Am*

j4:i 3n&^ Hist o r y of Book VIIL

Atnbafladors to him, to put themfelves and their Kingdom un-
der hisProteaion. And if his domeftick Affairs fhould not
fuffer him. to accept of the Kingdom himfelf, yet that he
would permit his Brother Edward to take it, that fo aNation
allied »o him, might no longer fuffer under the cruel, !n-
fulting, and intolerable Domination and Servitude of the
Engltp. The Irip wrote alfo to the "Pofe to the fame pur-
pofe; and he, by his Miffioners, defired the iifg-//^ to for-
bear wronging andoppreffing the Irifo^ but in vain; fo that
Edward Bruce went thither with a great Army, and, by uni-
Verfal Confent, was faluted King. In the firft Year of his
Arrival he drove the Englijh out of all Ulfter^ and reduced
it to his Obedience; nay, he palfcd over all the reft of the
Ifland with his vifiorious Army. The next Year, a nevir
Army was fent over ixom England \ Robert perceiving that
the War would grow hotter, levied new Forces, and made
hafteover to his Brother. He fuffered much in that: Expe-
dition, by his Want of Provifion, and when, he was about
one Day's March from him, he heard, that he and all his
Men were defeated on the fifth of Oihober. The Report
is, Hmx Edward^ fpurred onby too much defire of Glory, did
precipitate the Fight, left his Brother fliould (hare with him
in the Merit of the Viftory.

The King of England being informed, that the Flower
of the Militia of Scotland 'dxttxidit^ Bruce in a foreign Coun-
try, and thinking this a fit Opportunity offered him to re*
venge the Lolles of former Times, fent a great Army un-
der felecl Commanders into Scotland. Douglas^ Governor
of the Borders, fought with them thrice in feveral Places,
and flew almoft all their Commanders, and the greater part of
the Soldiers. The £«§;///& having fped ill with their Land
Army, came into the Forth with a Nayal Force, and in-
fefted all the Sea Coafts by their Excurfions : The Earl of
Fife fent five hundred Horfe to reftrain the Plunderers ; but
they not daring to encounter fo great a Multitude, in their
Retreat met with William Sinclare^ Bifliop of the Caledo-
niansy accompanied with about fixty Horfe, who perceiving
the Caufe of their Retreat, reproached them very feverely
for their Cowardife, and cried out, jIU you that wifr well
to Scotland, follow me ; and thereupon catching up a Lance^
they all cheerfully followed him, and he made fo brisk an
AfTault on the fcattered Plunderers, that they fled haftily to
their Ships; and whilft they all endeavoured to get aboard,
one Ship overladen with Paffengcrs was funk, and all that
were in it periflied. This Adion of Sinclare*s was fo
grateful to the King, that ever after he called him his Bi-

Jhof.

BookVIIL S C OT la NT>. 341

Jhop. That Summer, when all the Englijh Counties bor-
dering on the Scots^ lay defolate, by reafon of want of
Provifions, (Difeafes alio abounding amongft all forts of
tame Cattle) as alfo by reafon of the frequent Invafions ;
To remedy this Evil, Edward came to Tork^ but there
he was not able to compleat an Army by reafon of the
Thinnefs of the Inhabitants; fo that the Londoners^ $ind
the Parts adjoining, were fain to fupply him with Sol-
diers, though many of them had their Pafles and Dif^
charges from all military Services before. At length, he
makes up an Army, and marches to befiege Benpici. He
was fcarce arrived there, when Thomas Randolfe pafled the
River Solway^ and marched another Way into England ;
where he wafted all with Fire and Sword without any Re-
fiftance; nay, in fome Places, he could hardly meet v^ith
any Man at all. For a Plague, which reigned the former
Year, had madefuchaDevaftation, that the Face of Things
fecmed very piteous, even to their Enemies. When the
Scots had marched above one hundred Miles, and had' fired
all Places, efpecially about yir^, theArchbilhop of thatSee^
moved rather by the Indignity of the Thing, than any Confi*
dence in his Forces, took up Arms. He gathered together
an Army numerous enough, but unwarlike, confifting of
a promifcuons Company ot Priefts, Artificers, and Country*
Labourers, whom he led with more Boldnefs than Con*
AmSl againft his Invaders ; but being overcome by them, he
loft many of his Men, and he, with fome few, faved them-
felves by Flight. There was fo great a Slaughter of Priefts
made there, that the Englijh^ for a long time after, called
that Battle, ThefFbite Battle.

EDIVARD hearing of this Overthrow, left his con-
quering Enemy (hould make farther and greater Attempts,
raifes^is Siege, and retreats to T^rk^ {th^ Scots having with*
drawn themielves) and from thence into the Heart of his
Kingdom. The Englijh were bufied with domeftick Tu-
mults, fo that a ihort Truce was made, rather becaufe both
Kings were tired with the War, thandefirous of a Pacifica*
tion. In this Calm, Robert calls a Convention of all the
Eftates and Nobility : And becaufe the Changes, happening
in fo long a War, had confounded the Right of Mens PoC
fcffions, he commanded every one to produce and (hew,
by what Title he held his Eftate. This Matter was equally
grievous to the old Poffeffors, and to the new. Valiant Men
thought they enjoyed that by a good Right, which they had ta-
ken from theirEnemies ; and they took it much amifs,that what
they bad got as the Priceof their militaryToil, nay, of their very

A a 3 Blood,

344- The His r 6 r y of Book VIIL

Blood, (hould be rent from them In Times of PeacQ.
As for the old Owners of Edates, feeing there was no one
Houfealmoft bat had fuftcred in the War, they had loft their
Deeds, (by which they held their Lands) as well as their
other Goods. Therefore they all entred upon a Projeft that
had a brave Appearance, but proved too bold and rafii in
the Event. For when the King, in the Parliament, com-
manded them to produce their Titles, every one drew his
Sword, and cry'd out, ff^e carry our Titles in our Right
Hands. The King, amaied at this fudden and furprizing Spec-*
tacle, tbo* he took the Matter very heinoufly, yet he ftiflcd
his Indignation for the prefent, and deferred it to a proper
Time of Revenge. ^And it was not long before an Occa-
iion was offered him to (hew it; divers of the Nobles being
confcious to themfelves of the Boldnefs of their: late»Al-
tempt, and fearing to be puniflied for it, confpire together
to betray the Kingdom to the EngUjh, The Plot was dif-
covered to the King, and that fo plainly, that the Letters
declaring the Manner, Time, and Place were intercepted^
and their Crime made evident. They were all taken and
brought to the King, without any Tumult at all raifed at
their being apprehended. And becaufe it was much feared,
that William Souls, Governor of Berwick, would deliver
up bothTown and Caftle tp the Englijh, before the Confpiracy
was publickly divulged, the King made a Journey thither
as ft were by the by. A Convention was held at Perfi^
to tty the Prifoners, where the Letters were produced, and
• every one's Seal known ; and being convifled of Higb-Trea"
fin^ by their own Confeffion, they were put to Death. The
Chief were David Brechin, and William Lord Souls of the
Nobility ; ialfo Qilberi Mayler, Richard Brown^ and John
Logie ; befides, there were many others of all Ranks and De-
grees accufed, but there being only Matter of Sufpiciotfagaind
them, they wrfe difmiffed. Thfe Death of David Brechin only,
diverflyaffeaed Mens Minds; for befides that he was the Son
of the King^s Sifter, he was accounted the prime young Maa
of his Age for all Arts both of Peace and War. He had

fiven evident Proofs of his Valour in Syria in the Holy War.
le being drawn, in by the.. popular Confpirators, never
gave his Gonfent totheTreafon, only his Crime was, that
, bemg made acquainted With ifo foul a Machination, he did
not difcover it. ' The Body ofRSger M&wbray^ who dy'd be-
' fore ConviSion, was condemned to all kind of Ignominy, \m
the King remitted that Puniflimcnt, andcaufedittobeburtcd.
^. Some few Months before this Procefs was made, the
f ope*s Legates, who at the Requeft of the EngUJi ^ame

Book VIII. S C OT LA NT>. 3+5

to compofethe DifTenfions betwixt the KingdomSi not be*
ing able to do any thing in the Matter, led they might feem
to have done nothing for the Englip in their Legatefliip, ex-
commanicated the Sro/r, and forbad them the Ufe of pub-
lick Divine Service,, (the Pope's Thunderbolts being terri-
ble in thofe Days.) Bruce^ to (hevv how little he valued
the Pope's Curies in an unjud Caufe, gathered an Army
and invaded England^ following the Legate at his Depar-
ture almoft at his very Heels. There he made a foul Ha-
vock with Fire and Sword, and came as far as the Crofi at
Stanmore. The Englijh, not to fiifFer fo great Ignominy to
pafs unrevenged, levied fo numerous an Army, that they pro-
mifcd themfelves an eafy Vidory even without Blood. Koben
thought it dangerous to run the Hazard of all in a Battle
againd the mighty Army of fo great a King, but he refolved
to help out the Matter with Policy rather than by Force. He
drove all the Cattle into the Mountains whither the Armies
could not, but with great Difficulty, afcend ; and all other
things of Ufe for an Army, he caufed either to be repofited
In fortify'd Places, or to be wholly Ipoilcd.

The Englib^ who came thither in hopes of a fpeedjr
Battle, and had notProvifions for alon^ March, when they
perceived what Devaftation was made in their own Coun*
try, were inflamed with Anger, Hatred, and Defire of Re-
venge, and relblved to pierce into the midft of Scotland^
and to ferret the King out of his Boroughs; nay, and force
him to fight whether he would or no. For the Greatnels
of Edward^ Forces encouraged him to hope, that either be
Ihould blot out his former Ignomiinr by an eminent Vic-
tory, or elfe fliould recompenfe hisLofs lately received by
an enlarged Depopulation: With this Refolucion he came
in all hafte to Edinburgh \ he fpared Churches only in his
March ; but the farther he was to eo, the more Scarcity he
was like to find ; fo that, in five Days time, he was forced
to retreat. At his Return, he fpoiled all Things both facred
and prophane. He burnt the Monafteries of Driburgb and
Mutrofs^ and killed thofe old Monks, whom either Weakneft
or Confidence in their old Age had caufed to (lay there.
As foon as Bruce was informed that Edward was returned
for Want of Provifioh, and that Difeafcs raged In his Army»
fo that he had lod more Men than if he had been overcome
in Battle, he almoft trod upon his Heels with an Army, noted
more for the Goodnefs than the Number of Soldiers, and
came as far as Tf^rk^ making grievous Havock as he went.
He had almoft taken the Kinghimfelf by an unexpefted AP»
fault at the Monaftery of Btland^ where Edward^ In a tu*

A a 4 m«Uaary

j4<J The History/?/ Book VIII,

multuary Battle, was put to Flight, all his Houjhold-ftuff,
Money, Bag and Baggage being taken. To wipe away
|he Shame of this infamous Flight, Andrew Berkley^ Earl
of Carlijle. was a while after accufed, as if he had been
bribed to betray the Englip ; and fo he loft his Life, in
Punifliment for the Cowardife of another Man,

The next Year, a double Embafly was fept, one to
jhe Pope, to reconcile him to the Scots^ from whom he
had been alienated by the Calumnies of the. Evglifr ; and
^mother to renew the ancient League with the French.
Both AmbafTadors eafily obtained what they defired : For
when the Pope underftood, that the late Contrpverfy arofe
. by the injurious Dealings of ^^w^r^/theFirft, who affirmed.
That the King of Scots oughty as a Feudatary^ to obey the
Khg of England ; and that the EngliHi had nothing to de*
fend their Claim^ but old Fables^ and late Injuries ; and
befides that^ in Profperity^ being fummoned by the Pofe^
they always avoided an equal Decijion of Things^ though in
their jf^verjity they were always humble Suitors to him for hi^
jdid: whereas the Scqts/ir their parts were always willing
to have their Caufe, heard, and never Jbunned the Determi*
nation of an equal Judge^ nor the Arbitration of any Good
Men • and moreover^ when they produced many Grants and
Writings of former Popes, which made for them^ and againjl
their Enemies, hecaufe the Scots were always pre fent at the Day
appointed^ ^»i /A^ EngliDi, tho^ they had Notice given, never
came : Upon this Remonflrapce the Pope was eafily recon-
ciled to theSro//; and the French as eafily induced to renew
the ancient League, only one Article was added to the
pld Conditions, That if any Controverfy Jhould hereafter
arife amongft the Scotj>, concerning him who was to fucceed
f> the Kingdom, the fame fisouldbe decided by the Council
pf the States ; and the French King, if need flsould he, was
^0 affifi him by his Authority, and with his Arms, who, by
^awful Suffrages, was by them declared King. Our Writers
caft the Rife of the Hamiltons, ppw a powerful Family in
Scotland, upon thefe Times,

There was a certain Nobleman in the Court of England^
ivho fpoke honourably of the Fortune and Valour of
Bruce-, whereupon one of the Spencers, Bed-Chamber-
Man to the Kmg, either thinking that his Speech was
reproachful to the Englijb ; or elfe to gain Favour
with the loofer fort of the Nobility, drew his Faur
f heo^, and, making a( him, gave him a flight Wound \t\
the Body, The Man being of a great Spirit, was more
concerned at th? Contumely, than at the Damage; and,

J)eJn^

JookVIII. SCOTLyiNp. 347

being hindered by the commg in of many to part the
iFray, from taking prefent Revenge ; the Day after, find-
ing his Enemy very opportunely in the fame Place, he ran
him thorough j and fearing the PuniOiment of the LaWt
and the great Pfitwer of the .Spencers at Court, he fled pre-
fently into Scotland^ to ]Sjng Robert^ by whom he was very
gr^cioufly received ; and fome Lands, near the River C/y^^,
were bellowed upon htm. His Pofterity, not long after,
were advanced to the Degree of Noblemen ; and the opu-
lentj Family of the Hamihons was firnamed from him;
and alfo the Name of Hamilton was iippofed oii the Lands,
which the King gave him.

Not ^long after, Edward had great Combuftions at
home, infomuch that he put many of the Nobles to Death,
and advanced the Spencers^ the Authors of all evil Coun-
f^ls, higher than his own Kindred could bear; fo that he
was apprehended by his Sop, and by his Wife, (who had
received a fmall Force from beyond the Seas} and kept
clofe Prifoner ; and not long after he was put to a cruel fort
of Death, an hot Iron was thrud into his Fundament,
through a Pipe of Horn, by which his Bowels were burnt
up, and yet no Sign of fo terrible a Faft appeared on the
outfideof his Body. His Wife and Spn were thought privy
to the Parricide, eithe^ becaufe his Keepers would never hav^
jdared to commit fuch a Deed fo openly, unlefs' they had had
great Authority ; or elfe becaufe they were never called in
Queftion forfo inhuman a Butchery.

These Difturbances mEn^land^ which were followed
by that King's Death, Bruce alfp growing old and weak in
Body, were the Occalions that a Peace was kept on Foot
ifor fome Years between the two neighbouring Nations.
For Bruce^ being freed from the Fear of the EngUJh^ and
being alfo called upon by his Age, converted his Thought$
to fettle his domeftick Affairs. And firft, he made hafte
to confirm the Kingdom, (which was not yet quite recor
yered, nor fully fettled, from the Commotions of former
Times) to bis only Son, yet but a Child, by the Confeht
land Decree of the Ellates. And, if he died without lifue,
ithen he appointed Robert Stuart^ his Grandfon by his
Daughter, to be his SucceflTor : And he caufed the Nobles
^o take an Oath, for the Performance of this Decree. But
afterwards fearing that, after his Death, Balhl would
renew his old Difpute ^bout the Kingdom; efpecially fee-
ing his Heirs, becaufe of their Minority, might be liable
to be injured by others ; he fent James Douglas to John
Saliol^ tb^n in France^ with large Gifta and Promifes, that
* he

34^ Ti&^ History I?/ BookVIIL

he would C€a(e his Claim to the Kingdom: This he did^
not lb moeh to acquire a new Right, (becaufe, according
to the Scoiijh Cuftom, the King is made by the Decree of
the Eftatesi who have thefupream Power m their tiands;}
bat that he might cut off all Occafion from wicked Men,
to calumniate his Pofterity ; and alfb that he might root
out all Seeds of Sedition. Douglas found Baliol far more
compilable than he, or others, thought he would be ;
for he was now furrounded with the Miferics of ex-
tream old Age. He ingenuoufly confefled, " That hit
•^ peccant Exorbitance was juftly reftraincd, and that he
♦* was defrtrvcdly driven out of the Kingdom, as unwor-
•* rhy to reign. And therefore he was very eafjr, that
^ his Kinfman Rokert enjoy'd the Crowp, by whofe high
^ Valour, fingular Felicity, and unwearied Induftry, ft was
•* reftored to its ancient Splendor : Moreover, in this he
•* rejoyced, that they by whom he was deceived, did not
^ enjoy the Rewards they promifed themfelves for their
^ Treachery.*'

Whek Rekert had fettled thefe Matters according to
bis Heart's Defire, the fame Year, which was 1327, our Wri-
ters (ay, that Ambafladors were fent into Scotland^ by
Edward the Third, for a Pacification ; in which Affair
ftcming to aft treacheroufly, inftead of Peace, they car-
ried home War; but what the particular Fraud was, is not
cxprefled, and the Englijb fay, that the War was openhr
declared by Robert^ but they defcribe not the Caufe
of it. Surely it mud needs be (bme great and juft
one; or elfe a fickly infirm old Man, when Peace was
fcarce fettled at home, and who might have been fated
with his former ViSories, rather than with War, would
not fa foon have been provoked to have had freih recourfe
to Arms. This is certain, that the King, by reafon of his
Age, did not manage the War himfelt in Perfon ; fo
that Thomas Randolfe^ and James Douglas^ the mod va-
liant and the wifed Men of all that Age, were fent by
him into England^ with twenty thoufand gallant light
Horfe, but no Foot at all. The Reafon was, that they
ihight fly up and down fwiftly, and not abide in one
Place, nor be forced to fight the Englifij^ unlefs when
they had a mind themfelves tor the Engagement. For they
knew, that the Englifo would make Head againft them in
their firft Expedition, with afar more numerous Army:
Neither were they deceived in their Opinion; for the
JCing of England^ befides his domeftick Forces, had pro-
cured great Aflifi^ce of Horfe from Flanders ; but they
t aud

Book VIII. SCOTLAND. 349

and xh^Englifr happening to fall outatWri, fome Englijb
Writers fay, that they returned home again. Bnt Froi£arJ^
a French WiitcT of the fame Age fays, that they accom-
panied the Englip during the whole Expedition; and that^
not only for Honour's fake,' but alfo for Fear of Sedi-
tion, they had the next Place to the Kine's Regiment al-
ways afiigned to them in the Camp. The King, having
made a Conjundlipn of all his Forces, (which were clearly
above (ixty thoufand Men) marched againft the Scoti^
who had already paffed over the Tsne: Now, there were
two fortified Towns on the Bordfers, one nearer IFales^
which was Carlijle; and the other about fifty Miles
lower, called Newcaftle. The Englijh had ftrongly gar-
rifoned both of them, to hinder the Enemy's Pafl%e over
the River; but the S^(?^/, knowing where the River was
fordable, paflcd over without any Noife, and fo deceived
both the Garrlfons. When the Englip were come intQ
the Biflioprick of Durham^ from the Tops of the Hills
they might fee Fires from afar, and then beginning to un-
derftand how near their Enemy was, they tumultuoufly
eryed, Arm^ Arm^ as if they were prefently to come to an
Engagement.

They drew forth their Army In a threefold Order of
Battle, and marched dire&Iy to the Place where Uiey law
Che Smoak of the Fire; the General denouncing a great
Penalty on him that, without his Leave, fhould flir from
his Colours. Thus they' wearied themfelves till the Eve-
ning, and then marked out a Place for their Camp, in a
Wood, near a certain River, and there they placed their
Baggage and Carriages, which could not fo fwiftly follow
the tlying Army.

The next Day they marched in the ftme Order, and
towards Evening they were forced to abide in their Tents,
which they had pitched as conveniently as the Place
would afford, that fo the Draught-Horfes and the Foot
might receive a little Refreflimcnt. There the Nobles came
to the King, and deliberated how they fliould bring the
Scots to a Battle. The mod Part were of Opinion, that
the Englsjh Foot would never be able to overtake the
flying Horfe of the Scots^ and if they did, yet they could
not compel them to fight, but in thofe Places which they
themfelves judged mod convenient: But becau^ there
was fuch a general Devaftation, that they could not ftay
long in an Enemy's Country, they judged it bcft to pai^
over the Tyne with all their Forces, and Ho intercept th^
Ciieiny on their Return home. And befideS| the Country
i - beyond

350 The Hisr OKY of Book VIII*

beyond the Tyi^e was plainer and fitter to draw np an Army
in, that fo the whole Body of the Army might be put upoa
Service. This Opinion was approved, and a Command
given to refrefli themfelves, and to do it as (rlently as ever
ihey could, that they might more eafily hear the Word of
Command^ and the Sound of the Trumpets ; that leaving
the Baggage behind^ every one (hould carry a Loaf apiece;
and, as if the next Day they were to fight the Enemy,
they were to wait the Event of Fortune. So that their Bo-
dies being refreihed from the Wearinefs of the foregoing
Day, a little after Midnight they took up their Arms, and
in good Order begun their March ; but the Marflies and
Hills, by which they were to pafs, quickly made them
break their Ranks, and be that could, led the Van ; the
reft followed their Steps, and their March was in fuch
Dilbrder, that many Horfes and Carriage-Beafts cither
ftuck in the S/^ud, or elfe tumbled down from deep Pla-
ces ; and oftentimes they cryed, To your Arms ; and then
all of them, in great Trepidation, ran to the Place ftom
whence the Noife and Cry came, without any Order at
all. But when they came to thofe that led the Van, they
nnderftood that the Tumult was occafioned by a Multi*
tude of Stags ; which being routed out of the Heath by
the Noife of Men, and afraid to fee them, ran up and
down in great Confufion, amongft the Brigades. At laft
about Evening, theHorfe, but without the Foot, came to
the Fords of Tyne^ over which the Scots had pafled, and /
by which they would return, (as the lE^ngliJh hoped) and at
Sun-fet they forded over ; the round and flippery Stones,
which the River rolls up and down, much incommoding
their Horfc. And befides, they were afflifled with auo-»
ther Inconvenienqe, they had few or none of them any
Iron Tools to cut down Wood with ; fo that after thejr
bad marched tv^renty eight Miles, they were fafn to lie in
their Arms that Night on the bare Ground, holding their
Horfes Bridles In one of their Hands ; for they had no
Tents, (having brought none with them) nor Huts, noF
fo much as Stakes to tye their Horfes to. Early in the
Morning, as foon as it was Light, there fell fuch mighty
Showers of Rain, that even fmall Brooks were hardly

E affable by Man or Horfe ; and befides, they were inform*d
y fome Countrymen, whom they took, that the neigh*
jbouring Country was fo barren and defolate, that no
Provifion was to be had nearer than Newcajlle end Car-^
iijle; one of which was twenty four, the other thirty Miles
gff. They fe^ {heii* Pjraught-Horfes mi Servants thi-
ther;

SookVIII. SCOTLAND. ysf

ther ; in the mean time, they made uft of their Swords;
to cut down Stakes to tye their Horfes to ; and fbme
Shrubs and fmall Trees to build them Huts, with the Leaves
of which they fed their Horfes, and fo that Night they wero
*faintofa(i.

Three Days after, they that were fent to the Towns,
returned with fome fmall Provifions, which they brought
along with them ; and fome Sutlers came along with them
with Bread and Wine, to make a Gain of ^ but it was
but little, and that not good; yet, fuch as it was, the
Soldiers were ready to fail out who (hould have it firft.
Having thus pafled feven Days in great Want, and being
alfo much molefled with continual Showers, fo that their
Horfe-furniture was wet, and their Horfes Backs were alt
ulcerated, and they themfelves flood (many of them)
armed. Day and Night, in their wet Cloaths ; neither could
they mal^e any Fire, by reafon that the Wood was
green; and befides, it was wetted by the Rain Water;
the eighth Day they refolved to repafs the River at a
more commodious Ford, feven Miles above the Place
where they were; but there alfo the River was fwelled by
reafon of the Showers, fo that they were much incommo-
ded, and fome were drowned in their Paflage. As foon as
they had landed their Army on the other fide, a great Re-^
/^^ ward was proposed to him who could bring the firft cer-
tain Tidings where the Scots were. The two next Days,
their March lying through defolate Places, and ruined by
late Fires, they had Forage enough for their Horfes, but
little Provifion for themfelves. On the fourth Day, one
of the fifteen young Men, who fcouted out to bring News
where the Scots lay, returned back, and informed them,
that the Scots Army was about three Miles diftancc from
theirs ; and that, for eight Da;s laft paft, they had been
as uncertain what became of the Englijj^ as the E^tgltfi
had been what became of them. This he affirmed for
Truth, as having been taken Prifoner by the Sc9ts^ and
freed without Ranfom, upon Condition he would go teii
his King, That they would wait for his coming in tbaf
Place ; and that they were as willing to fight as he.

U P o N the Receipt of this MeflTage, the King commanded
the Army to make an Halt, that Man and Horfe mi^ht
take fome Refrefliment, and fo be ready for a ^decihve
Battle; and thus, in three Brigades he marched (lowly to-
wards the Enemy. As foon as they came in fight one
of another, the Scots had fo divided their Men into three
Batulions tipon an Hill^ that the Rocks and Ptecipice$
4 ^ belonging

3ii The Hist Q tilt of Book VIIL

belonging to it fecored them on the Right and Left, from
whence they oiight hurl down Stones npon the Heads of
the Enemy, if they endeavoured to come up to them. Ae
the Foot of the Hill the EngUp had a rapid Torrent to
pafs, fo full of great and round Stones, that they could
not ford over to their Enemy ; or, if they bad fo done,
they could not retreat without certain Ruin. The Engltjh^
perceiving that they could not come at the Enemy, but
with great Difadvantage, pitched their Tents; and fent an
Herald at Attns to the Scots^ adviling them to come dowm
into the Chamfain Country^ to fight for Glory and Empire
hy true Valour^ in an open PJaiu: The Scots anfwered, Thai
they would fight for no body*s Pleafure^ but their own;
That they marched into England to 'revenge the Injuries
they had received; if they had done any thing which offended
them^ they had free Liberty to take their own Revenge. As
for themfelvesy thev refolved to abide tbere^ as loni as they
f leafed^ and if their Enemy attacked them^ it fr&ld be at
their Peril. The next three Days, their Camps being
n^r, and Parties placed at the Fords, fome light Skir-
mffhes paflcd betwixt them ; the fourth Day, as ^on as it
was light, the Watch brought Word, that the Scots had
forfaken the Hill on which they were ; whereupon Scouts
were fent out to bring certain Nevirs, and to follow them,
if they had retreated ; who brought Word, that the Scots
had pitched their Tents on another Hill by the fame River,
much more convenient for them than the firft, where they
had a Wood which fecured their ingrefs and egrefs. The
Englijhy who hoped that they fiiould famiih the Scots^ (who
avoided fiehting) in a foreign Soil, being fruftrated in
their Expectation, followed them, and pitched their Tents
on an oppofite Hill. After they had remained there fome
Days, it was obferved, that they grew more negligent than
formerly in their Night- Watches ; cither becaufe they under-
valued theS^^o//, by reafon of their fmall Numbers, or elfe
becaufe they imagined they were meditating Fl ight. Douglas
took hold of the Opportunity to attempt fomething^
and palling over the River with 200 choien Horfe, he
entred the Enemy's Camp, where he faw it was but flen-
derly guarded. Hrhad almoft' penetrated into the King's
own Tent, where cutting off two Cords, the Alarm be*
tng taken, he killed near 300 Englifls in his Retreat, and
brought his Men fafcly otf. After this, no memorable
Adion happened, fave that the Englijh^ inftru£ted by their
own Lofs, placed more careful Watches in convenient
Places. At laft it was toM them by a Sm^ whom they

had

BookVUL SCOTLAND. 35,

had taken PriToner, that there was a Proclamatioa in their
Camp, that at the third Watch all (bould be ready ta
follow Douglas^ wherefoever he (hould lead them* This
Relation (truck fuch a Terror into the Emglifij^ that, divi*
ding their Army into three Battalions, at a moderate Di(^
tance one frbm another, they ftood all that Nieht to their
Arms; and their Servants held their Horfes, bridled, fiklled^
and* ready prepared^ for whatever ihould happen in their
Camp. And moreover, they placed flrong Guards at all
the Fords of the River. At lafl, towards break of Day^
two Scots Trumpeters were brought to the King^ who
cold him, Thai the Scots were commanded to resmrm home ;
and if the Engliih had a mind to revenge the Lofs they had
fufiainedy they muft follow, them. Upon that tbc Engiijb
called a Council of War, where it was refolved. That ir
was better to match back with the Army at prefoit, than
to follcrw fuch ftraeling Pillagers, to the immenfe Fatigue
both of Horfe and Man ; confidering, they had loft more
Men in this Expedition by Famine and Sicknefi^ than
commonly fall in a Set Battle. When their Retreat was
refolved upon, many of the* Englijb^ either in hopes of
Booty, which might be left behind in the Scots haftv Re-
treat ; or elfe, defirous to underftand fomething or their
Enemy's Affairs, went into their Camp, where they found
about five hundred Deer, and efpecially Stags, already
killed, (of which fort, not only the EngliJblLinf^s^ but
even many private Perfons, keep great ftore) and great Budg*
cts, made of raw Skins, in which they boiled their Meat, and
about ten thoufand high Shoes of the fame Skins. More*
over, there were twoEngliJbmen^ whole Legs were broken,
but they were yet alive. All thefe things being Evidences of
great Patience in bearing Hardlhip and Poverty, confirmed
the Goodnefs of the Advice, given by thofe who were for
marching the Army back.

This Year Walter Stuart and Queen Elizabeth dy*d,
one the Son-in-Law, the other Wife to the King : Befides,
the Caftles of Alnwick and Norham were befieged by the
Scots^ but without Succefs : Preys were alfo driven out of
Northumberland. In March Ambafladors came from Eng-
land to treat of a perpetual P(&ce, and a Truqfi yras made
for three Years. The next Year, which ^w^j|^j2S, the
Englijb held a Parliament at Nortbamftoit hn the twenty
fourth of June^ where all the Ordersof fiftates agreed to
a Peace with the Scots upon «thefe Terms ; That the Bnglilh
King fifould renounce aH^'^Jtigfy'^wiich he or his.Anceftors
fretended to have to the CrovM^ of Scotland ^ and that he

Jbould

-^ *

^54 The HisroKY€f Book VIIT.

gfemlJ leave that Kingdom as fret as H was at the Death of
Alexander the Third i and that ttponld he folded to no rx-
temal Servitude ^ or foreign Toie; and on the ether fide ^ Ae
Scots were to furrender up all the Lands they held in Eng-
land as Pendataries : That Cumberland and Northnmberland^
as far as Stanmore, Jbonldhe Boundaries to the Scots; that
David, the Son of Robert, fifonld tate to Wife Joan, the
Bijler of Henrjr ; that the Englifll fifould faithfully return all
Pads^ Bonds and Writings^ or any other Monuments^ which
teftiffd the SuHeSion of the Scots, into their Hands^ and
Jboutddifannul them for the future ; that the Scots, for the Da-^
mage which they had lately done the Englifll King^ and for
the Lands which bis Father andGran^ather bad given totbest
Favourites in Scotland, pouldfafbim thirty tboufandHf/rks
of Silver.

Both Kings had their f>roper Realbns why they'coiH
iented £> eafilj to thefe Conditions. The EngMfls King,
having vrafted his Treafure, and haviftg been pat to an ^*
nominioas Retreat, and thereby leflened in the Eyes of his
own Subjeds, as well as of his Enemies, was afraid that
ibme domeftick Sedition might arife, and then a warlike
Enemy, pnffed up with his late Saccefs,^fliould come on
his Flank, and mightily endamage his Kingdom. And JEo-
herty broken with old Age, with Toil, and with Diftafes^
(for a little before his Death he fell into a Leprofy) and
long exercifed with the Events of both Fortunes, good and
bad, refolved, if he cou'd, to give himlelf up to hisEafej
and not only fo, but to provide for the Tranquillity of his
Heirs, in regard of their infirm and tender Age. And
therefore, having made Peace abroad, he turned himlelf
wholly to fettle Affairs at home. After the Marriage of his
Son was magnificently celebrated, he, perceiving the End
of his Life to be near at hand, ,went almoft in the Habft
of a private Man, (for, fome Years before, all the grand
Affairs of State had been managed by Thomas Randolfe^
and James Douglas) and lived in a fmall Houfc at Car*'
drofs^ (a Place divided from Dnmbritton by the River
Levin) ^and kept himfelf from all Company, unleft
where :fonMi»Cafe of Angular Necefllty demanded his Pre-
fence. 9u^^^ ^^ called fome of his Friends a little!
before IjIFiQPRiIpi^ and made his Will. He confirmed thofe
to be His H^wwMkv'^ere fo declared by the Convention of
Eftatcs. FIrtrapJjW?BKs fton, being eight Years old ; next^
Rfj.^efi a Grandfoif*f Pl^j^*JJMS Daughter ; he commend-
.ed to his Nobles, and^^KiP^piCo Thomas Rand^lfe his
Sifter's Son, and James DW;^itSf Afterward he fettled his

Houfliold

BooicVnt. S C pT LA NT>. 355

Houfliold AfFairs, and exhorted them all to keep up Concord
and Unanimity amongft themfelves, and to preferve their Al*
legiance to their King; and if they did fo, he would afTure
them to be unconquerable by any foreign Power* More*
over, he is reported to have added three Commands, or, if
you will, Gounfels; Firft, That they /hould neve f make, any
one Man Lord of the -Sbud& Iflands ; Next, That theyjloouid
ff ever fight the EngWQl with all their Force, at one time -, And,
Thirdly, That they frould never make vjith them a very
long League. In explicating his firft Advice, he difcourfed
much concerning the Number, Extent, and Power of the
Iflands, and concerning the Multitude, Fiercenefs, and
"* Uardinefs of their Inhabitants : They with Ships, fuch
as they were, yet not inconvenient for thofe Coafts,
copiri|: With Men unskilled in maritim Affairs, might do a
great deal of Mifchief to others, but receive little Damage
themfelves : And therefore. Governors were yearly to be
lent thither, lo adminifter J uftice amongft them, by Officers "
ho ihould fiot.be continued long in their Places neither.
B fecopd Advice concerning the Englijh flood upon this
Rt, becaufe the Englip^ as inhabiting a better Country,
exceeded the ScQts in Number of Men, Money, and all
Other warHke Preparations ; and by reafon of thefe Conve-
riientes, tney were more accuftomed to their Eafe, and not
lb patient of Labour or Hardfliip : On the other fide, tr^e
Scots were bred in an hardier Soil, and were, by reafon of
their Pai^mony and continual Exercife, of a more healthy
Cdnftitution of Body ; and by the very manner of their
Education, made more capable to endure all military Toil,
and therefore that they were fitter for fudden and occasional
Aflaults, fo to weaken and weary out their Enemy by de-'
grees, than to venture all at once in a pitched Battle. Hi*
third Advice was grounded upon this Reafon, becaufe, ff
the Scots (hould have a long Peace with the Englijh^ (havings
no other Enenay befides them to exercife their Arms upon) ^
they would grow lazy, luxurious, and fo eafily bec6me
llothful, voluptuous, effeminate and weak. As for th©-'
Englip, tho* they had Peace v^ith the Scots, yet France was
near them, which kept their Arms in ufe: If then, thoft
who are skilful in warlike Affairs ftiould cope with the ^y^o^x,
thus grown unskilful and fluggifti, they might promife to
tbemlelves an affured ViQory. Moreover, he commended
to James Douglas the Performance of the Vow which h^ad
made, which was, to go over into Syria^ and to undertake the
facred Caufe in the HolyfVar, againft the common Enemy
•f Chriftianity, - And ^b^caufe he himfelf, by reafon of hjs
" * B b boiii*^

r

3 56 I'he History <?/ Book VIIL

homebred Seditions, or elfe being broken with Age and
Difeafes, could not perform the Vow himfelf, he earneftly
defired, That Douglas would carry his Hearty tfter be was
deceafed^ to] erufalepfl, that it might be interred there. Doug^
las looked upon this as an honourable Employment, and as
an eminejit Teftitiiony of the King's Favour towards him ;
and therefore the next Year after the King's Death, with a
brave and fine Brigade of young Noblemen, he prepared
for his Voyage. But when he wa;f upon the Coafts of Spatn^
he heard thai the King of Arra^on was engaged in a very
tiercqWar againft the fame Enemy, with which he was to
fight in ^yria\ and thinking with himfelf, that it mattered
not in what Place he affifted in the Caufe of Chriftianitjr,
he landed his Men, and joined himfelf with the Spaniard^
\There, after man,y profperous Fights, at laft defj^g the
Enemy as weak and fugitive, he thought to atteiin|» fome-
thing againft him with his own Men, and fo rufliing unad-
vifedly on the Army of the Saracens^ he was by them drawn
into an Ambufh, where he and moft part of his Men were
loft. His chief Friends that periflied with him, were fFil^
Ham Sinclare^ and Robert Logan, This happened the uAxt
Year after the King's Death, which was 1330.

T o be fhort, Robert Bruce was certainly every Way a
great Man, and can hardly be paralleled for his Virtues and
Valour, by any fince the moft heroick Times ; for as he was
• very valiant in War, fo was he moft jnft and temperate in
Peace; and tho' his unhoped for Succeffes, and (after For-
tune was once fatiated, or rather wearied with his Miferfes)
a continued Courfe of Victory rendred him remarkably illuftri-
ous ; yet to me he feemed to have been much more glo-
rious in his Adverfitics. For, what a great Spirit was that
which was not broken, nor even weakened byfomanyMi-
feries as ruflied in upon him all at once ? Whofe Conftancy
■would it not have tried to havehisWifeaPrifoner, his four
valiant Brothers cruelly put to Death, and his Friends, at
the fame time, cruftied with all imaginable Calamities; and
they who efcaped with their Lives were exiled, and loft all
their ElUtes ? ,As for himfelf, he was outed not only of a
large Patrimony, but of a Kingdom too, by thepowerfalleft
King of thofe Times, and one who had thegreateftPreftnce
of Mind both in Advice and ASion. Tho' he was thus
furrounded with all thefe Evils at one time, and even brought
iiitb the* extreameft Exigence, yet he never doubted of re-
cotlfcing the Kingdom. Nor did he ever do, or fay any thing,
which was unbecoming a Royal Soul. He did not do as
Cato the youngtri* and Mm us BrntHs^ who laid violent

Hands

Book VIII. S C OT LA N'D: 357

Hands on themfelves ; neither like Marius^ who incenfed
by his Sufferings, let loofe the Reins of Hatred and Paffioa
againft his Enemies ; but when he had recovered his ancienc
State and Kingdom, he fo carried it to thofe who had put hioi
to fo much Hardlhip and Trouble, that hefeemed rather to
remember that he was now their King, than that he had been
Ibmetimes their Enemy. And even, a little before his
Death, tho' a terrible Diftemper made an Addition to the
Troubles of his old Age, yet was he fo much himfelf, as
to confirm the prefent State of jthe Kingdom, and to confult
the Peace and Quiet of his Pofterity. So that when ho
dy'd, all Men bewailed him, as being deprived not only of
a juft King, but of a loving Father. He departed this Life
the ninth of July^ in the Year of Chrift 1329, and the twenty
fourth of his Reigri.

B b X

Trti;

( JS8 )

:c*i:?

THE

HI ST O R .Y

O F

SCOTLAND.

m^

BOOK DC.

HE Nobles of Scotland having performed
the Funeral Obfequies for the late ^ing, as
foon as they could conveniently, fummoned
a Convention of the Eftates for the eleft-
ing of a Regent, where the Inclinations of
the Publick foon pitched upon Thomas Ram*
dotfe^ Earl of Murray; and the rather, be*
caufe even in the King's Life-time he had fbr fome Years
managed that Office, and the King at his Death had like-
wifik recommended him to the People, by his laft Will
anc^edament.

AVZ2>

BooKlX- S C OT LA NIX 359

David II. The ninety e$gb$b King.

TH E Coronation of the King was deferred till Novemigr
the 24'^the next Year following ; that fo, by the PeroiiC-
Hon of the Pope^ he might be anointed, and that new Cere-
mony might appear with greater Pomp and Splendor than ufual
afnongft the Scots. As foon as the Regent was cho&n, he
fir ft or all ratify 'd the Peace made with the EngHftt ; afterward
heapply^d himfelf to fettle Peace ac home, and fupprei^pufa*
lick Robberies. In order to which, he kept a ftrong Gaar4
about him which was ready on all Qccalions; fo that whea
News was brought him as he was going to Wigton^ (which is
a Tqwn in Galway) that there was a powerful Gang of
Thieves who infefted the Highways, and robbed Travellers in
that Country ; be fent out his Guard againfl; theth^.^ven as he
was in his Progrefs, who took them every Man, whom hatraa*
fed to be put to Death. He was inexorable againft all Mur-
derers, fo that he caufed a certain Man to be apprehended, who
was lately returned from Rcnte^ and had obtained the Po/^A
Bull of Pardon for his Offence, and thereupon ihcyight Um^
felf fecure; but* the Regent told him, Tiat tie Pope might
par dan the Guilt of the Sou/y butthatPbePiiniJhmentoftht
Body belonged to the King.

T o prevent Robberi^, which were yet too frequently com-
mitted, by reafon of the remaining Contagion of the Wars,
he inade a Law, That the Countrymen Jbomd leave their Iran
7W//, and Plough-Gear^ in the Fieldy and that they Jbouli
notjbut their Itoufesy nor Stalls at Night. If any fiing was
ftolen^ the Lofs was to-be repaired by the Sheriff of tie
Counts ; and the Sheriff was to be re-imburfed by tie King;
and the King was to befatisfied out of the Efiates of the Rob^
bers^ when they were taken. There was one Countryman,
whp either over-greedy of Gain, or elfe judging that Cau-
tion to be vain and frivolous, hid his Plough-Irons in the
Field, and came to the Sheriff to demand Satisfa&ion, as
if they had been ilolen ; the Sberi6^* paid him pre&ntly, but
enquiring farther into the Matter, and finding that be was the
Author of the Theft himfelf, he caufed faim to be hanged, and
bi$ GoQds to be forfeited. He retrained Players and Mufid-
ans from wandring up and dow'n the Country, under levere
Penalties. If any one aflaulted a Traveller, or any publick
OfHc^r in performing his Office, be made it lawful for any
body to kill him. So that when thirty Aflailants had been (lain
);>y the Companions of a certain publick Minifter at a Village
f allecl Halydon^ b« fvonooikge^ the Fad jutt} and mdemnificd

|6o . The HisrovLY rf Book DC

tbcAAort. This domeflkkScrcritj made ban as fixinidible
to Villains at home, as his Valour cSd to his Enemies abroad.
And therefore the Et^lifi^ who upon King Ralert^$ Death
watched all OccaBons to Tcveogc tbemfelres, perceiving Otat
they could attempt nothingbj open Force as UtoffasR^fJ^^c
was Uving, tomed their Thooghts to lecret Frmd andStm*

The fpeedieftWay to be rid of their Enemy, feemed to
be by Poifim; nor wanted therea proper Wretch to attempt
it ; and this was a certain Monk of that Cbds, who are
brooghtnp inldlenefs, and for want of fit Matters to teach
them better, do too often pervert a good Genius to wicked
AruandPradices. There were two Profeffions joined in tbk
Man, viz. Monkery znd Pbjifick; the Ftrft feemtd proper to
gain him Admitta nee ; the Sr^Mr J rendred him fit to perpetrate
his Villany. Hereupon he comes into ScotUmdy giving out
in all Places, that as he had Skill in all other Parts of Pby^
ficky lb efpecia]]y in curing the Stone ; by which means he
obtained an eafy Accefs to the R^enr, and being employed
to cure him, he mixed a flow-working Poifon with his Me-
dicines ; aiid then taking a few Days Provifion with him,
he returned again imoEttglduJ, as if he had gone only to get
and prepare more Drugs and Medicines. There he makes
a folemn Aifeveration before King Edv;arJ^ Tiai Ran-
dolfe would die by fucb a Day. In hopes of this, Edward
levies a great Army, and marching to the Borders, found
there as great an Army of Scots ready to receive him not
far from his Camp ; upon which, he fent a Trumpet to
them on Pretence of demanding Reparation for Dam^es,
but he was enjoined to enquire, who commanded the Scots
Forces ? Randolfe^ his Difeafc encrcafing, and the Monk
not returning at the Day appointed, fufpcSed all things for
the worfe; however, diflcmbling his Grief as much as he
could, he fate in a Chair before his Tent royally anmrellcd,
and gave Anfwcr to the Demands Of the Herald of Arms,
as if be had been a Man in perfefi Health. The Herald,
at his Return, acquainted the King with what he had feen
and heard, fo that the Monk was puniOied as a lying Cheat;
and EdwardmzicYiti back his Army, only leaving a Guard
on the Borders to prevent Incurfions. Randolfe alfo was
hindred from marching forward by the Violence of his
Difeafe, but returning home he disbanded his Army, and

at Mufeleborough^ about four Miles from Ediftburgb, de-
parted this Life, in the Year of our Lord 1331, and the

twentieth of July, having been Regent two Years after King

Ao^w's Death, tjc was a Man nothing inferior to any of

0^

^ooK IX. SCO TLA NT>. 351

aux Seotjfi Kings in Valour and Skill in military Afflifrs,
but far fuperior to them in the Arts of Peace. He left two
Sons behind him, Thomas and Joh»^ both worthy fo great
a Father.

When Randolfe^ Guardian of the Kingdom (for fo they
^i&^» called him) was dead, Duncan^ Earl of Mar^ was cho-
len in his Place the fecond of Auguft^ the King being then
ten Years old : on which very Day a fad Meffage was
brought to Court, that the thirty firft of Juk then laft paii,
Edward Baliol was feen in the Firfb of Forth^ with a Navy
very numerous. To make all things more plain concerning
his coming, I muft go a little back. When King Roh^n dy'd,
•there was owt Lawrence Twine ^ znEngliJhman^ of the Num-
ber of thofe who having received Lands in Scotland^ as a
Reward of their military Service, dwelt there. He was of
5 good Family, but of a very wicked Life: He conceiving
hopes of greater Liberty, upon the Death of one King,
and the immature Age of another^ gave himfelf up more li-
centioufly to unlawful Pleafures ; lb that being often taken
in Adultery, and admonifhed by the Judge of the eccleiiafti-
cal Court, yet not defifting, he was at laft excommunica-
ted by the OfBcial (as they call him) of theBifhopof Glaf-
gow. Upon which, as if he had received a great deal of
Wrong, he way-laid the Judge as he was going to Jlr^ and
kept him fo long a Prifoner, till, upon the Payment of a
Sum of Money, he had abfolved him. Twine being inform-
ed, that James Douglas was extremely angry with him for
this Fadl, and that h'e fought for him to have him puniftied;
for Fear of his Power he fled into France^ and there ad-
drefled himfelf to Edward Baiiolj Son to Join^ (who had
been King of Scotland Hbmc few Years) informing him • of
the State of Affairs in Scotland^ and withal advifing him
by no means to omit fo fair an Opportunity of recovering
his Father's Kingdom. For (faid he) their King is now
but a Childj and hath more Enemies than Friends about him^
ready to revenge, the Injuries dgne them by his Father: That
the Fathers of fome were Jlain in a publick Convention at
Perth, others werebaniped^ and loft their Eftates ; others were
punijhedwitb theLofs of a great part of their Lands ^ and be^
Ifides agreatmanyofEu^WihExtradion^ who were deprive d of
the Lands given them by his Father^ would be hii Companio>?s in
the Expedition'^ nay^ there were Men enough of both King-
doms needy md criminal^ who^ either for Hope of Caany or
to avoid the Punipment of the Laws, being defirous of Change
and Innovation^ wanted nothing but a Leader to begin a Dtp-
tHrbance. Andmorepver^ James Douglas being killed in Spain,

B b 4 and

362 Ti^ Hist OKY of Book IX*

andK^Laiolfc^yreafou of hisSicinefs^ ^^i^g mmfit frr the G0*
vernment^ there 'vjos not a Man befiJLes^ to wb^fe Asithoritj
the giddy and d'tf agreeing Multitude v/omid fo foon fahmis as
to b:s.

BALIOL knew, thatiirhat he had Ipoken was, for the
mod part, true, and heariog alfb that Edward of EngLnd
was fending great Forces into Scotland-, the craft, Im»
podor cafily perfcsded him, who of himfelf was defiroos
of Empire and Glory, to get what Ships he could toge-
ther, and fo to bear a Part in that Expedition- But be-
fore the comiog of Baliol into England^ Edvjord had dtp-
banded his Army. Neverthelefs the exiled Scots^ and thole
Englip^yiYiO had been difpoflelfed of their Lands in Scot^ ^
land^ flocked in to him, and fo he made up no inconfidcra*
ble Atmy. Some (ay, that he had but fix hundred Men ac-
companying him in fo great an Enterprize, which feems not
very probable. I rather think their Opinion more agrees*
able to Truth, who fay, that the Englijh affifted him with
fix thouiand Foot. And they were all more encouraged
in their defigned Expedition, when they heard that Randolfe
was dead, whilft they were making their Preparations; for
that gave them great Encouragement, as a good Ofnen of
I heir future Succefs. With this Navy he came to King-
horn^ and there landed his Naval Forces onthefirft Day of
jlugufl. The Land Forces were commanded by David
Cumins^ formerly Earl of Athol^ as alfo by Motu-bray and
Beaumont ; and the Forces of the EngUJh by Talbot. At
the News of the Arrival of this Fleet, Alexander Seaton.^ a
Ncbleman, who happened to be in thoft Parts at that time,
ftrove to oppofe them, thinking that, upon their diforderly
landing, fome Opportunity of Ser\ice might be oflTered;
but in regard few of the Country came in to him, he and
xnoft of his Men were cut ofl. 5/?//o/allowed fome few Day$
to his Soldiers to refrefli themfelves after' their troublefome
Voyage; and then marched direftly towards ferth^ and
pitched his Tents by the Water-Mills, not far from the Wa-
ter of Earn, The Regent was beyond, and Patrick Dttm-
bar on this fide the River, each of them with great Forces,
their Camps being five Miles diflant one from another. 54-
//W, tho' upon the coming in of many to him on the Re-
port of his good Succefs, he made up an Army of abov^
ten thoufand Men ; yet being between two Armies of hi$
. ^Enemies, and fearing to be crufhed between them, bethought
it beft to attack them feverally, and on a fudden, when they
leaft expefied it> and refolved to attack Mar^ the Regent,
firfl ; becaufe it was likely that he being qioft remote fron^

^ him,

Book IX. SCOTLAND. i6%

him, would be lefs vigilant, and fo more liable to a Sur-
prize. He ' got Andrew Murray of Tullibardin to be hif
Guide, who aot daring to join himfelf openly with the
Englijh^ in the Night faftned and (luck up a Pole, or Stake
jn the River where it was fordable, to (hew BalioPs Men
the way over: They being covered with the Woods, which
grew on the other fide the River, came near the Enemy
before they were aware ; when they underftood that they
kept but a thin Watch and flender Guard, and paffed the
Night as in no expcdation of an Enemy at all ; upon th^
aca>unt of this their Negh*gence, they marched by theij^
Camp in great (ilence, thinking to make an AflTault on th^
fartheft part of it, where they fuppofed they fliould find
them wholly fecure. But it happened, that in that pari
where they prefiimcd the greateft Negligence was, Thomas
Rafidolfcj Earl of Murray; Robert Bruce ^ Earl of Carrick^
Murdo^ Ear) of Monteith ; and Alexander Frazer kept
Guard. Thefe getting a ftrong Company of their Friends
together, received the firft Charge and Onfet of the Enemy
very valiantly upon the edge of a Ditch, fo made by the
falling down of the Rain- Water. In the mean time, s^
great Noife and Tumult was made in the Camp, each one
haftening to his Arms, and running into the Battle ; hnt
ruihing in rafhly in no Order, and wkhout their Colours,
they firft broke the Ranks of their own Men, who b©re
the brunt pf the BalioUans^ and fo the laft pufliing on th^
firft, fell both miferably into the Ditch; many were ther^
killed by the Enemy,* but more both of Horfe and Men
prefled to Death by their Fall ; and the ipoft part were fo
weakened, that they had hardly Strength etiough left eithqp
to fight or fly. There fell of the Scots 3000, fevcral of
thofe that efcaped fled to Perth^ but they being few, wA
generally without Arms or Guides, were ea(ily taken by
the purfuiug Englijh^ together with the City it felf.

The next Day, Dumbar^ hearing of the Overthrow of
the other Army, and that Perth was taken, and being in-r
formed alfo of the fmall Number of the Engl^Jb Forces,
marched direfiily towards the Town, with intent to bc-r^
fiege it, apd deftroy the Enemy whilft they were yet in
^reat watit of all things ; but the Matter bein^ debated
amongft his chief Officers, each one excuf^ bimfelf, ana
fo they depart^ without eflfeSing anything. Salhl^ ha<^
ying done fuch great Things iij 10 Ihort ^ time, even bp?
yond his Expedation, was contriving how to gain the reft of
the Scots^ either by Favour, or force. And in a (hort time
fuch a mighty Concourfe of People g?ithered ?bou|

364 The Hi sr on Tfff Book IX.

him, thit he now thocght it a proper Opportnnfsy todecbre
hinifelf King. Thii De£gn was the more feanble, in as mocii
js the greardl part of rhe blacghter had fallen npoa the Fami-
lies 2£i}o:n:n^ to Pert i. For there woe killed m the Field
befides the Regent^ Robert Kehb^ wiA a great Ncnaber of
bis Tenants and Relations. There fell eighty of ftx Fa-
milj of the Lindjey:^ and amongfl theni^ Alexander tfaetr
Chief. The Name of the Hays would have been qnkc cx-
tinS by this Battle, had not ll^iillam^ the Chief of 'the Fa-
mily, left his Wife b-g with Child behind him. And be-
fides, Thomas Ramdotfe^ Robert Brmce^ and Mmrdo^ Earl of
Montehh^ William Sinclare^ Bifliop of the CaledemsoMs^ and
Duncan Macduff^ Earl of fife^ were taken Prifoners, who
being in fbcb a delperate Condition, were forced to take
an Oath of All^iance to him.

•
Baliol, Hie ninety ninth King.

UPON this Baliol^ trafiing to bis prefeiit Fortnne,
went to the neighboaring Abby of Scone^ and there
cntred upon the Kingdom the ifih of At^nft in the Year
of our Lord 1332. By this Wonnd the Power of David
Bruce was mnch weakened in Scotla^td; yet his Friends, not
broken in their Spirits by this Calamity, took care to iecore
biiti from the Dangers of War, he not being yetfit to under-
take the Government^ for which Reafon they fent him and
his Wife to his Father's Friend, Philip King of France^ to
be there oat of Harms way ; in the mean time, they pre-
pare themfclves for all Events, being refolved to dye ho«
noarably, or elfe refiore their Country to its former State.
In purfuancc of which they firft of all fet np Andrew Mmr*
ray, a Perfon of illuftrioas Quality, Son of the Sifter of
Robert Br uce^ as Regent, in the place of Duncan-^ then they
fent Melfengers into all Parts of the Kingdom, partly to con-
firm and fix their old Friends, and partly to fpur up the more
remift to Thoughts of revenging their Wrongs. The firft
^who took Arms, as being excited by their Grief for the lofi
of their Parents and Relations ziDnflin^ vfete Robert Keith^
James znd Simon Frazer^ who, about the middle of ly^-^/tfiw-
*ifr, befieged Perth ; the Siege lafted longer than they ex-
peded, however in three Months time they took it. Mac^
dtiffy Earl of Fife ^ who held the Town for Baliol^ was fent
Prifoner with his Wife and Children to Kildrum^ a Caftle ia
Mar ; Andrew Murray^ of Tullibardiny who difcovcred the
Ford over the River jB^r» tothe£»W/^, was put to Death,
The black Book of Pa/ley fays, that thcWails of the Town were

demo-

BooKlX. SCOTLAN'D. 365

demoHflied, which feems more probable to me, than that it
ihould be made a Garrifon, as others write, efpecially iu fo
great a want of faithful Friends and Soldiers.

At the fame time Baliol was at Attfjandale^ »very boly
in receiving the Homage of the Nobih'ty, who were fo
much Cirprized and aftonilhed at the fudden Change of
Things, that even Alexander Bruce, Lord of Carrsci and
Galway^ defpairing of retrieving his Kinfman DavioTs Af-
fairs, came in to him. After this profperons Succefi, he
defpifed his Enemy, and grew more negligent and regard left
of him. ^ When the Regent heard of this by his Spies, he fent
Archibald Douglas; Brother to James^ who was loft in Spa'sn^
that if there were any Opportunity for AQion, he (hould lay
hold of it. He took with him Wtlliam Douglas y Earl of XiV-
dif dale y John Randolfe^ the Son oil'homas^^xidi Simon Frazer^
with a thoufand Horfe, an^ fo came to Maufet \ where having
lent out Scouts, to fee thk theCoaft was clear, he marched
in the Night, and attacked Baliol as he was afleep, and put
his Army into fo great a Fright and Confternation, that
Baliol himfelf, half na}ced, was fain to get upon an Horfe,
neither bridled nor faddled, and fb fled away ; many of his
intimate Friends were killed : Alexander Bruce was taken
Prifoner, and obtained his Pardon, by the means of his
Kinfman, John Randolfe, Henry Baliol got great Credit
that Day, by his Valour, amongft both Parties, who, in fo
confufed a Flight, defcndiug his Men, whom their Pur-
fuers prefled clofe upon ; he wounded a great many, and
killed fome of his Enemies, and was afterwards killed,
fighting bravely to the laft Gafp. There fell alfo the chief
of the Englijb FaSion, John Mowbray^^TValter Cumins],
and Richard Kirke. This Adion was on the 25-th Day of
December, in the Year 1332.

The Brucian Party were fbmewhat raifed by tbefe
Succelfes, lb that they came in great Numbers to Andrew
Jidurray, the Regent, to confult what was to be done.
They made no doubt, but that Baliol fought the Kingdom^
not for himfelf, but for the Englijh \ by whom he was
guided and influenced in every thing. For which rea-
lon they reckoned the King of England their Enemy;
and accordingly prepared all things neceffary for War, with
great Diligence, as ^ainft a very powerful Foe. They
Srongly fortified the Garrifon of Berwick, for they thought
the Englip would attack that Place firft. They made Alex--
anderSeton, a very worthy Knight, Governor of the Town,
and Patrick Dunbar, of the Caftle, and the adjoyning Pre*
cinds. IFillim Dou^lasy Earl of Liddifdale, whofe Va-

lOUf

^66 The Hi^roYiY of Book DCJ

lour and Prudence was highly commended in tbolib Times^
iras fenc into AnnandaU^ to defend the Weftem Coafts z
JnJrcvj Murray Yf cat to Roxburgh^ where BaJiol kept hin^
&lf. Thus their feveral Governments being difiribated at
bome, Joim Ramdoifc was fent into Framce to vifit David^
and to make an Addrefs to Philip of Framct^ infi>aniDg
Mm of the State of Scotlamdj and defiring of him ibme Aid
againft the common Enemy- Mmrray^ at his coming to
Roxhurgb^ had a fliarp Eacoanter with Baliol^ at a Bndge
without the City ; and whilft he prefled coo eagerly after
the Englip^ who were retreating over the Bridge into the
Town, lie was leparated from his Men and taken Prifb-
ncr ; by which means he loft entirely a ViSory, which be
was almoft fare of.

Ax the lame time in another psfft of tfaeConntry, IVilUam
J)Mglas of Uddifdsle^ io a mttle with the EmgUjb^ was
wounded and madePrifoner, which Dilafter fb tronbled Us
Men, that they were put to Flight. This Inconftancy of For*
tune divided Scotland again into two FaSions, as Love^
Hatred, Hope, Fear, or each Man*s private Concerns, in-
clined him. The King of Ewgldmd preiiiming, that 67
reafon of theie Diifenfions, he had a fit Opportunity to
IHze upon ScaflanJ^ received Baliol ioto his Procedioo, (for
be was too weak to fiipport him&lf by bis own Strength)
^d took an Oath of Obedience from him ; and nothii^
r^arding "his Bond of Affinity with Bruce^ nor reverencing
the Sanaity of Leagues, nor the Religion of an Oath, fb
that he might fatisfy his boundlds Ambition ; he at once
denounced and waged War with the Scafs, at that time
defiitute of a King, and at Variance amongft themfelves.
And to ^ivc a cBlourable Pretence of luftice to this War,
lie fent Embafludors to demand Berwick^ which Towti
^is Father and Grandfather bad held many Years, and he
prelently followed with an Army. The Scots anfwere^
the AmbrifiTadors, " That Berwck always belonged xoSfot-
*^ laud^ till his Grandfather j^dward had injuriouily feizod
*' upon it. At length, when Robert Bruce their laft King
" had recovered the reft of Scotland^ be took away th^
** Town from Edward^ (his Father) aod reduced it to its
•* ancient rightful Poffeflbr and Form of Government ; and
" that not long ago, Edward himHelf, by the Advice of bi^
^' Parliament, had renounced all Right, which he or b|g
" Anceftors might pretend to have over ^\\ Scotland in g^
" neral, or any of its Towns and Places in particular.
" From that time, they were not cpnfciqiji^ 10 themftlves,
^* that they had ^^cd any ihing againft the trcague & &y-

•<* lemnly

Book IX. S C O T L A N "D. i6f

" Icmnly fworn to, and confirmed by Alliance of a Marriage ;
** why then within the Compaft of a few Years, were
" they twice aflaulted by fecret Fraud and open War ? Thclb
** things being fo, they defired the Embafladors to inclin*
« the Mind of their King to Equity, and that he would
** not watch his Opportunity to injure and prejudice a young
** King in his abfeiice, who was both innocent, and alfi>
" his own Sifter's Husband ; as for themfelves they wouM
** refufe no Conditions of Peace, provided they were ho-
** nourable ; but if he threatned thenj vt^ith an unjuft Forces
« then, according to the Tutelage of the Kingcommittecf
** to them, they refolved rather to dye a noble Death, thaa
** confent to a Peace prejudicial to themlelves or the
" Kingdom.'* This was the Anfwer of the Council of
Scotland,

But the King o^ England fought not Peace but
Ccnqueft ; arid therefore having encrcafed his great Axxttf
with foreign Troops, he befieged Bertvuk by Sea and LancL
omitting nothing which might contribute to the taking or
it; for having a vaft Number of Forces, he gave his Enemy
no reft Night nor Day : Nor were tl\e befieged behind
hand with therh, (allying out upon them every Day with
Boldnefs and Intrepidity. They threw Fire into their Ships
that lay in the River, and burnt a great many of them, m
which Skirmifli, IVilliam Season the Governor's Baftard-Soni
Was loft, /much lamented by all for his fingular Valour.
For wTiUft he endeavoured to leap into an Englip Ship,
hSs own being driven too far off by the Waves, he fell into
thb Sea^ it being impofible in that Exigency that any Ke^
lief could come to him. Another Son of ^/^jr^jir^fcr's, but
lawfully begotten, who out of too great an eagerneft
groceeded too far' in a Sally, was taken by the EHgUjb.
Bot the Siege which was begun the 13'** Day of 2pril^
had now lafted three Months ; and the Defendants, beiides
their Toil and continual Watchings^ were in great want of
Pt^ovifions ; t[^ that the Town unable longer to hold oat,
made an Agreeihent with the Ekgllpiy thai unlefi they vj£fre
relieved by the 30^** of July, they wonld furrender ft ip \.
for performance of which, Thomas^ Alexander's cldcft Son,
viras given in Hoftage.

Whilst thefe things \yere afting zt Berwick j the Seost
caHed an Affembly to confult about their Aflairsj and
fihce the Regent was Prifoner at Roxburgh^ that they
might, not be without a (general, they chofe Afchibald
£)o*jf/<^j Captain^General ; they alfo voted, that he ftoukt
Kave an Army' to march^ into England-^ that by focaging the

neigh-

36$ 7>&^ Hi ST OR Y ^/ Book IX*

neighbouring Counties, he might draw ofF the King of
England from the Siege. Douglas, according to this Or-
der, marched towards England^ but hearing of the A-
greement which Alexander had made, he chaneed his
Mind; and, though againft the Advice of his wifeft OflScers,
he marched diredly towards the Englijb, and on Mary
Magdalen's Eve came in fight of them; and was feen both
by Friends and Enemies. The King of England^ tho' the
Day was not come wherein it was agreed that the Town
Ihould be furreudred, yet when he faw the Scots Forces fb
near, he fent a Herald into the Town, to acquaint the
Governor, TbattinUfs he prefently furrendred up bis Garri*
fon^ be would put his So» Thomas to Death ^^ the Governor
alledging, that the Day appointed for the Surrender was not
yet come, and that he had given his Faith to flay till the
time allowed by their Agreement was expired, but all was
in vainl Hereupon Love, Piety, Fear, and Duty towards
his Country, variouCy exercifed his paternal and afBiSed
Soul; and the jE»^//^, to drive the Terror more home, had
&t up a Gallows in a Place, eafily vifible to the befieged,
whither the King caufed the Governor's two Sons, one an
Hoftage, *thc other a Prifoner of War, to be brought forth co
Execution. At thismiferableSpeaacle the Governor was in
the greatcft Perplexity in the World ; but in this Flufiuation of
his Mind, his Wife, the Mother of the young Gentlemen, a
Woman of amafculineSoul, came to him, and put him in
mind of his Fidelity towards his King, his Love to his Coun-
try, and the Dignity of his noble Family; upon all which
Grounds (he endeavoured to fettle his wavering Mind. Ifthefe
Children be put to Deatbj (laid (he) you have others r^-
ntaining alive; and befides^ we are neither of us fo old but
we may have more. If they efeape Deaths yit it will not be
hng^ but that byfomefudden Cafualty^ or elfe through Age
they mufi yield to Fate ; hut if any Blot of Infamy pould ftiek
npon the Family oftbeSt^ton^^ it would remain to aliPofle^
rtty^ and be an indelible Blemifo even to their innocent Uff^
Spring z She farther told him, that pe had often heard tbofe
Men much commended^ in the Dsfcourfes of the Wife^ who
bad given up themfelves and their Children^ as a Sacrifice
for the Safety of their Country; but if hejhould give up the
Town committed to hit Trufi^ be would betray his Country^
and yet be never the more cettakt if hisChildrens Lives nei*^
tber;for bow could he hope^ that a Tyrant who violated his
Faith now^ would fiand to his Word for the future 'i And
therefore pe entreated him not to prefer an Uncertainty^ and
(JfitfionUhybtmwtd) a motmnidry Advantage^ to accrtaifg
' " ' ' and

Book IX. SCOTLAR'D. 369

and perpetnal Ignominy. By this Difcourfe (he Ibmewhat
fettled his Mind, and that he might not be Ihocked by fo
diimal a SpeSacle, (he carried him to another Place, from
whence it could not poffibly be feen. The Englijh King
after this Punifhment infliaed, which .was not very accep-
table neither to fome of his own People, removed his.
Camp to Halidon-Yi\\\^ near Berwick^ and there waits his
Enemy's coming.

DOUGLAS^ vjho before would not hearken to the
Advice of his grave Counfellors, as to the foraging of the
Englijh Counties, and fo averting the Siege, now was in-
flamed with an implacable Rage ; and withal prefuming, that if
after the Perpetration of fo horrible a Wickednefs almoft be-
fore his Eyes, he Ihould draw off without fighting, it might
be faid that he was afraid of his Enemy, he therefore .was re-
folved to fight at any rate, and fo marched diredly towards the
Enemy. When he had flood a good while in Battle Array, and
the Engltp kept their Ground and would not come dgwn into
the Plain, he placed all the »yfo/j Army below them on the fide
of the fame Hill. This his raft Projefl had a fuitable Event ;
for as with great Difficulty they were getting up the Hill, the
Enemy with their Darts, and rowling down of Stones,
wounded them terribly before they came to Blows; and
when they came up with them, they rufhed upon them in fuch
clofe Bodies, that they tumbled them headlong down pvef the
ftecp Precipices. There fell that Day about ten, fome fay four-
teen thoufand of the Scots ; almoft all fuch of the fuperior Or-
der, who efcaped out of the unhappy Battle of Duplin^ were
loft here.* The Chief of them, whofe Names are recorded,
were the General Archibald himfelf, James^ John and Alan
Stuarts^ Uncles io Robert^ who reigned next after the Bra-
cians: Hugh^ Kenneth^ and Alexander Brnce^ who were the
feveral and relpeSive Earls of Rofs^ Sutherland^ and Carrick ;
Andrew^ John^ and Simon^ three Brothers of the Frazers^
This Overthrow of the »y^o/j happened on Si. Mary Magda--
len^s Day, in the Year 1333.

After this Fijght.all Relief was defpaired of; fo that
Alexander Seatou furrendred up the Town to the Englijh^
and Patrick Diintar the Caftle, upon Condition to march
oat with all their Goods; both of them were forced to
fwear Fealty to the Englijh ; and Patrick Dunbar was far-
ther enjoined to rebuild the Caftle of Dunbar at his own
Charge, which he had demoliihed that it might not be a
Receptacle to the Englip. Edward having ftaid (here a
few Days, committed the Town and the reft of the War to
BalioW Care, and he himfelf retired into bis own Kingdom^
I leaving

J70 T^eVLis'TOKtof BookJK:;

IqAvin^^Edward Tdlbot in Scotland^ a Man of great Quality
and Prudence, with a few Englijh Forces,, to aflift Baliol
in fubduing the reft of Scotland : And indeed it feemed no
great Matter fo to do, fince almoft all the Nobility were
enina ; and of thofe few that remained, fome came in to
the Conqueror, others retired cither into defert, or elfe
fortified Places. The Garrifons which remained faithful
to jd^id were very few ; as on this fide the Forth^ an
Ifland in a Lough, whence the River Down flows, fcarce
big enjbugh to bear a moderate Caftle ; and Dumbntton be-
yqiad the Forth^ a Caftle fituate in Lough Levin \ and alio
Kildrummy and Urchart.

The next Year Embafladors came from the Pope^ and
ftnm Philip King of France^ to end thtf Difput^s between
the i^Mgs of Britain, The EngUJjj were fo puft up with
the profperous Courfe of their Affairs, that the King would
not fo much as admit the Embafladors into his Prefence i
for he thought that the Hearts of the Scots were fo cowed^
and their Strength fo broken, that for the future they durft
not, neither were they able again to rebel. But this great
Tranquillity was foon changed into a moft dreadful War,
and that upon a very light Occafion, where it was Jeaft ex-
peQed, viz. Upon a Difference arifing amongft the EngUJh
themfelves at Perth, James Mowbray had Lands given to
his Anceftors in Scotland^ by Edward the Firft ; but they
being loft by the various Changes of the Times, he reco-
vered them again when Edward Baliol was King. He
dying without Ifliie Male, Alexander their Uncle, com-
menced a Suit againft his Daughters for thofe Lands ;
Thofe of the Englijb Faflion that maintained the Caufe of
the Females, vvere Henry Beaumont j who had married one
of them; and Richard TaWot^ and David Cumins^ Earl of
MhoL Baliol took Alexander's part, and decided or ad-
judged the Lands to him, which fo offended his Adver-
faries, that they openly complained of the Inj oft ice of the
Decree ; dnd feeing that Complaints availed nothing, they
left the Court, and went every one to his own honie.
Talbot was going for England; but being apprehended, was
carried to Dunbarton, Beaumont garrlH^ned Dundury^ a
ftfong Caftle of Buchan, and took PoflefBon not only of
the Lands which were in Corttrovferfy, but alfo of all the
neighbouring Country. Cumins went into Athol^ where
he fortified fome convenient Places, and prepared to de-
fend hhnfelf by force if he were attacked. Baliol being
afraid of this Conlpiracy of fiich potent Perlbns, altcrei
bis Decree, und gave the Laa4$ io Queftion to Bcaumonf;

.be

B o o K IX. S C OT L A N'D. ^yt

he alfo reconciled C«»«/»x by giving him many fertile Land j^
which belonged to Robert Siuart the next King. Alexander
being concerned at this injurious Affront, joyns himfelf
"With Andrew Murray Regent of the Scots^ who had lately
ranfomed himfelf from the Englijh for a great Sum of
Money* Thefe things were aSed at feveral times, yet t
have put them together, that the whole Courfe of my HiC'
tory might not be interrupted. •

I N the mean time, Baltol in another part of the Coun-
try, attacked all the Forts about Renfrew \ fom^ he took,
others he, battered down and demolifhed. Having fettled
Matters there according to his own Mind, he failed over
into the Ifland iScr/^, and there fortified theCaftleof Aa/A%,
of which he made Alan Lijle Governor, whom he had before
made Chief-Juftice in the Law. He made diligent Search
after Robert Stuart^ Grandchild of Robert Bruce by his
Daughter^ to put him to Death ; but he by the help offFilliam
Her tot ^ ^viA John Gilbert ^ was rowed over in a fmall Veflcl
into the Continent on the other fide, where Htorles flood ready
for him, which carried him to Dunbarton^ to Malcolm Flemings
Governor of that Caftle. Baltol having fettled things at Bote^
at his return took Dunnoon^ a Caftle feated in Coval^ the
neighbouring Continent; whereupon the neighbouring No-
bility were ftruck with lb great a Terror, that, they almoft all
lubmitted to him. Marching from thence the next Spring,
he bent all his Care to befiege the Caftle of Lough Levin ^
but this Projefl feeming too flow, he left John Sterling a
powerful Knight of his. Party, to befiege the Gaftle, to
whom he joyned Michael Arnold^ David IVeemes^ and
Richard Melvin with part of his Army. They built a Fort
over againft it where the Paffage was narroweft, and ha-»
vi^ig in vain tried all ways to fubdue .it by force, Alam
Wefont^ and James Lambin^ Inhabitants of St. Andrews^
making a vigorous Refiftance, at laft they endeavoured
to drown it, by flopping up the Paffage of the River ; for
the River Levin goes out from the Lake, or Loch, with a
narrow Girt or Neck, and an open Rock. This Place they
endeavoured to flop up. by making a Wall, or Bank of
Stones and Turfs, heaped up one upon another ; but th«
Work proceeded on very flowly, becaufe as the Heat did-
incommode the Labourers, fo the Brooks which flowed into
the Lake were then almoft dry; and the Water being far
&read abroad, recdved an increafe by moderate Additions.
By this means the Siege was lengthned out to the. Month
of July^ when there was an //o/y Uay\t^i in remembrance
of St. Margaret^ heretotbre Queen of Scotland'^ on Which

C t Day

37^ ^he His T oik Y of B o o K IX*

Day there ufed to be a great Coacourfe of Merchants at
DumferltK^y where the Body of that Saint is reported to be
buried. Thither vitx\iJohn Sterlin with a great part oF his
Men ; fome for Merchandizing, Ibme for Reh'gion, leaving
his Camp, and the Wall but (lenderly guarded, for they
thought thcmfelves fecure from the Enemy ; for they knew
that none of the oppofite FaSion were in all the neighbour-
ing Parts, except ihofefew which were fliutup in the Cattle;
but the befieged being made acquainted with the Abfence of
Sterling and the Weaknefs of his Camp, as foon as the Even*
ing came,(hipped thofe battering Engines which they had before
prepared to pierce through the Wall; and whilft the Watch
was afleep, made many Holes in it in feveral Places.

The Water having gotten fomefmall PaflTages, widened
the Orifices of them by degrees, and at laft broke forth with
fuch a Viojence, that it tumbled down all that was before
it; it overflowed all the Plains, and carried away with it
Tents, Huts, Men half afleep, and Horfes, with a terrible
Noife into the Sea. And they which were in the Ships,
running in with a great Shout upon the affrighted Soldiers,
added a fecond Terror to the firft ; fo that upon fuch a
double Surprize, every Man minded nothing but how to
fave himfelf: Thus Ihifting, away they fled, as every Maa
could, and left all to the Enemy. Ala»^ at his Leifure,
carried into the Cattle, not only the Spoils of their Camp,
but Proviiions alfo, prepared for a long Siege. And in ano-
ther Sally, made againtt the Guards, whica were at ^/»r©/r,
there was as happy Succefs; the Guards were routed and
taken, and the Sie.^e raifed.

About the fame time that thefe things wereadinginFiJ^,
the E^glijh cmrQd ScodaK^ with g cat Forces both bySeaand
Land. When the Ships came into the fo-^i/?^ their Admirjil
flruck upon the Rocks, and the rett were in great Diftrefi ;
fo that they returned home with greater Lofs than Booty.
But the Land Forces pierced as far as Glifgow^ where £</-
ztrtfr^ called a Council of his own FaSion, a^id finding that
there was neither General nor Army on Foot of the con-
trary Party, he thought his Prefence was no longer neceC-
fory ; fo that he returned into England^ taking Buliol with
him, whom he fomewhat dittrutted, Iciwing David Cuminr^
Earl of Afholy to command in Scotlarjd: He firft of all-
feizcs upon the large Ettates of all th^ Smarts^ which con-
tained Bute^ Arfan^ the Lands of Renfrew^ and a great part
of K^le and Cumngham : He confirms ALm Lijle, Chicf-
Jufticeof Bote^ which fome call Sheriffs others Senefchil^
»ild commanded the neighbouring Countries to obey him.

Thea

iook li. S C 7 hA itli. 37i

Then he himfelf marched into another Part of the Country,
Where heYeduced the Counties of Bucha» znd Murray; and
tho* he were now grown almoft beyond the Rate of a private
Man^ yet pat out all his Prdclaniations and publick Edids
in the Name of both Kings^ Edward and Baliol.

A T that time there was not a Man in Scotland that durft
profefs that Bruce was King, only a few Waggifh Boyg
would fometimes do it, as it were in Sport and Paftime;
yet Robert Stuart^ who then lay private mDunbarton^ judg-
ing that fomething might be attempted in the Abfende bt
Cutnint^ made the Cambels^ a powerful Family in Argyle^
acquainted with his Propafal. C ale ft^ the Chief of thcm^
met him at Dunnoon^ a Caftle in Covaly with abotit four
thoufand Men, and prefently furprizes it: At the Noife of*
which, the Iflanders of Bote^ who were divided but by a
nsirrow Sea, generally rife, and haften to their old Mafters.
jlanLiJle gathered what armed Force he could to flop their
March; wherelipon the poor People^ being for the moft
pari:. unarmed, and who had aflembled rather in a Fit of Paf*
fion than by any folid Advice^ being ftruck with a fuddeii
Fear, ran to the rtext Hill, where they found a great Num-
ber of Stones, which they threw down like .Showers of
Hail-ftones upon thefr Enemies, ^ho, in Contempt of thcit
fmall Numbers, ralhly adventured to attack them; the:
greatcft Part of them were thus rudely treated before they
came to Blows, but as they retired, they fo prelled upon
them, that the valianteft of their Enemies, with Alan Lijle
himfelf, were killed, and 7o^«G/7^ffr/, Governor of the Caftle
of Bote^ taken Prifoner; fo that they armed many of thcif
own Mett with the Spoils of the flain. This^ not unbloody
Vifiory, was followed with the Surrender of the Caftle of
Bote. When the Rumour of thefe Things was fprcad abroad^
Thomas Bruce^ Earl of Carrickj with his Neighbours and Al-
lies, out o( Kyle^ndC»mngbam; asalfo If^ilUam Carruder
C( Annandale^ Who always had withftood the Government
of the Engtijh^ with his Friends and Kinfmen crept out of
his Hole, and came in to Stuart, John Randal^ Earl of
Murray^ at this time being^ returned from France^ gave fomd
Hopes of foreign Affiftance ; whereupon, being encouraged
to greater Enterprizes, they made up an Army by the AC-
fiftance of Godfrey Rofs^ Sheriff of Air^ and in a fcort time
drew all Carrick^ KyUy and Cumngham to their Party. The
Renfrewans likewife came to their old Malters, the StuArts^
uninvited. The Vaflals of AndrevJ Murray following theit
Example, drew in the reft of Clydfdale into their Caufe.
Thdr Confidence being increafed by thefe happy Beginii

C c :» nin£5^

374 Tbe Hi ST OHY of BooKtX.

nmgs, that' there might be fomc Refemblance of a publick
State among ihem, they called together the Chief of their
Party, and made two Regents, viz^ Robert Stuart^ tho' a
young Man, yet one, who, in thefe lefler Expeditious^ had
given fignal Marks of his Love to his Country ; and John
AaffJoff'e^ a Perfon worthy of his Father and Brother, both
eminent Patriots. Kandolfe being fent with a ftrong Party
into the Northern Countries, there flocked in to him all
thofe who were weary of the heavy Yoke of the Ef/glijbi
infbmuch that David Cumins^ being amazed at the Inchoa-
tion alid Change of Mens Minds, fled into JLochAbyr^ whi-
ther he followed him, and pent him up into a Nook, who
being in great Want of Provifions, was forced to yield ;
but upon his fvveariug Fealty to Bruccy he difiniflfed him,
and withal gave £o much Credit to his Promifes, that, at
his Departure, he made him his Depaty ; nor was he wanting
in a fliew of Zeal for Bruce^s Caufe. In the mean time,
Randolfe returning into Lothian^ joined his old Friend
William Douglas^ who being releafed, and newly come dot
of Englavdy fufficiently revenged hi$ long Imprifdnment
with a great Slaughter of his Enemies. Andrew Murray
returned alfo, who was taken PrifoR^r zt Roxburgh \ (b that
being Officers enough, the Regent called an Allembly at
Perth^ to be held on the firft Day of April -^ where, when
Abundance of the Nobility met together, they were not
able to effed any thing by reafon of the great Feud betwixt
IVilUam Douglas and David Cumins, The Caufe of which
was pretended to be, that Cumins was the Occafion why
Douglat was not fooner releafed by the EngUJh. Stuart fa-
voured C«»^w, but almoft all the reft ftood up for Doaf^/tf/.
Cumins alledged, that he came with a more than ordinary
Train unto the Aflembly by reafon of that Feud, for he
had brought fb many of his Friends and Tenants along with
him, that he became formidable to all the red; and befldes
his Difpofition, which was various and mutable, his vaft
Mind, and the Noife of the coming of the Englijb^ with
whom every one knew that Athol would join, increafed
their Sufpicions of him. And indeed, not long after, Edward
invaded Scotland^ with great Forces both by Sea and Land^
bringing 5tf//W along with him; his Navy, confiding of one
hundred and fixtySail, entred the F^r/A : Hehimfelf march-
ed by Land as far as Pertb^ Ipoiling the Country as he
went along, and there waited for Cumins. In the mean
time Randolfe went to John^ the Chief of the Mbud^e^
but not being able to draw him to his Party, he was con-
tent in fo ti^ooblefome a Foilare of Aflaifs, to make a Truce

with

BookIX. S C O T la NTi. n^

with him for fome Months ; and after that returning to Ro*
hertj the other Regent, he found him dangeroufly fick : So that
It was as bad a Time as could be for all the Burden to be
caft upon his own Shoulders, and therefore he durft not
fight the Englip in a fet Battle, but divided his Force, that
fo he nr)ight attack them by Parties. And hearing that a
ftrong Army of Gueldrians were coming thro' England to
join the Engltlh in Scotland \ he waited for their coming oa
the Borders: Where alfo Patrick^ Earl of Merch^ and /f7/-
liam Douglas of Ltddffdale^ met him, together with Alexan^
der Ramfay^ one of the moft experienced Soldiers of that
Age ; all thefe waited for the faid Gueldrians in the Fields near
Edinburgh, As foon as ever they came in Sight one of another,
they fell to it immediately; and after a (harp GonfliS the
Gueldrians were overcome, andfiedtothe next Hill, where
there was an old ruinous Cafile : The next Day, having no
Provifion, they furrendred themfelves only upon Quarter
for Life. Randolfe^ out of refpeS to Philif Valois^ who
was their Angular good Friend, (as was then laid) did not
only freely releafe them, but accommodated them with Pro-
vifions for their March ; nay, he himfelf undertook to be
their Convoy ; in his March he was taken by an Ambufli
of the Englifh Party, and fo brought to the King, who was
then befieging Perth with a powerful-Army.

At the fame time David Cumins^ who fteered all his
Counfels according" to the Inclinations of Fortune, being

Jdad of the Diftrefs of his Enemy, comes to the King of Eng-
and^ and promifcshim, in a very (hort time, to drive all the
Brucians out of the Kingdom; and the Truth is, he was as
afiive in performing his Promffe. For Perth being fiirren*
dred, and its Walls demoliflied, the King prepared to re-
turn to England^ becaufe Proviflon for his Army came but
flowly in ; for all the &c(its^ upon Notice of his coming,
were advifed to drive their Cattle to the Mountains ;
As for their other Provifions, either to convey them to
fome fortified Places far remote; or if they could' not do
fo, to fpoil them altogether. Nor (fid his Fleet, on which
he moft relied for Bread for his Army, much relieve hioj.
For as foon as it arrived at the Forth^ and had deftroyed
a Monaftery of Monks in the Ifle Imh-colm^ as it rode ^t
Anchor in the open Sea, it was very much diftrefTed by 4
tempeftuous Storm; fo that part of the Ships could hardly
get to Inch'Keitby a defolace Ifland near adjoining. Others
were carried farther by the Winds ; but as foon as they
could recover themfelves, they imputed the Caufe of the
Tcmpeft to the Anger of 5t. Columb^ becauft they had thro*

C c 3 Avarice

J76 The His r OK Y of Book I3f.

Avarice cruelly deflroyed a Monaftery of his ; and there-
fore whatever Plunder ihey had got, they carried it tjiither a^
ian Expiation for their Offence ; neither was any memorable .
^St performed by .that Fleet the whole Year.

Tho' thefe Caufes did much incline the King oi England
to return, yet that which did moft haften it, was, hislucli-
nation to a War v/\ih France^ which wras then moft in his
Thoughts And therefore he marched back his Army, and
took Baliol with him, as if the Scotijh War had been almoft
at an End, and left Cumins^ as Regent, to put an End to it.
He, to ingratiate himfelf with both Kings, and to revenge
himfelf on his Enemy, was extraordinary cruel In his Pro-
ceedings ; which vSevcrity of his was the more refented, be-
caufe very lately he himfelf obtained his Pardon fo eafily,
when he was reduced to the loweft Ebb not many Months
before. There were fcarce above three of all the Scotijh
Nobility, whom neither Promifes could entice, nor Dan-
gers enforce to fubmit to the Enf^lijb Yoke ; and thofe were
rairifk^ Earl of Merch^ Andrew Murray^ and Wtlliam Dong-'
ias. Thefe joined their Forces, and marched to Kiblane
Foreft againtt Cumins^ who was befieging Kildrummy Caftle ;
with him they had a fharp Fight. Cumins was more in
Number, and had almoft furrounded his Enemies; but
the coming in of John Craig^ Governor of the Caftle,
with three hundred frefh Men, decided the Bufinefs, an4
gave an undifputed Viftory to the Brucians, All the va-
lianteft of C»/»/»j's Army were killed, cither in the Adion,
or the Purfuit, Many were faved in a neighbouring Caftle
called Cameron, Belonging to Roiferf Meinze ; But feeing
there were not Provifions for fo great a Number, petit up
in fo narrow a Room, the next Day it was furrendred, and
the Defendants, upon their SubmiflSon, confirmed by an
Oath* pardoned. There fell in this A£|:ion, befides the
General himfelf, Robert Brady ^wd, Walter Cumins^ two of
his intimate Friends ; Thomas^ his Brother, bping taken Pri'*
foner, was the next Day beheaded.

Upon this Vifiory, Randolfe being aPrifoncr, apd Stu-
art fick, the Name and Power of Regent was confirmed oii
Andrew Murray by military Suffrage. For when Letters
came from the King of France concerning a Truce, the
Nobles of the Brucian Party being met to receive them,
did, by unanimous Confent, reftore that former Honour
to Murray, which his calamitous Misfortunes bad deprived
him of. He, after the Truce for a few Months was ended,
laid Siege to the Caftle of Lochindofes, which was held by
the Vfii^ o{ Daiiid Cumins : She fpiefeeing what would

happen^

Book IX. SCOTLAND: uj

happen, had implored Saccour of the Engllp^ who fhorrly
after Jaiided Ibme Forces ia Murray^ and raffed the Siege.
They alfo pierced as far as Elgin^ (a Town fituatp by the
River Lofff) wafting all as they went with Fire and Sword.
As they were marching to Perth^ they burnt Aberdeen.^ and

farrifoned the Caftles in all Merfs^ Dunoter^ Kwneff^ and
iuurefton^ They laid a Command on the fix adjoining Mo-
flafteries, to repair the Walls of Perth^ w^hfch were demo-
lilhed : and then committing the Affairs of Scotland to £^-
wardBilioi^ who was returned thither, they went back fbr
England, Upon the Departure of the EngUJh^ and the low
Condition of the Scots^ Heftry Beaumont thought it a fit
Opportunity for him to ftir, to revenge the Death of his
Son-in*Law, the Earl of Athol^ and therefore he killed all
that he could take without any DiftinSion, who had been
in the Fight of Ktblane^ in a very cruel Manner. Andrew
M^^rray befieged him in Dundarg^ and enforced him to a
Surrender, and upon taking his Oath, that he would return
no more \viXo' Scotland in an hoftile Manner^ he fafely dif»
mift him : and by one continued Gourfe of Vi6lory, he took
all the ftrong Holds on the farther fide of thQ Forti^ (except
the Caftle ot Cowper^ and the Town of P^r/i?) and carting'
out their Garrifons, he wholly demoliflied them. . After-
wards he entred England^ where he got great Booty, and
fomewhat relieved the Spirits of his Soldiers, who had faf^
fered iT)uch by reafon of Want in their own Country.For Scot'^
(and having been harafTed that Year by the Injuries of War^
and waited by the daily Incurfions of both Parties, th«
Fields lay untilled, and there was fuch a Famine, that the
EngUJh were forced to defert the ftrong Caftle of Cowper
for Want of Provifipns: And a Scottjh Seaman, who had
been abufed by. them, being employed to tranfporttheGar-
rifon Soldiers by Night to Lothian^ landed them upon %
Bank of Sand, which was bare when the Tide was out ; they
thinking it had been the Continent went, a little Way^ au4
then met with -Sea again, which made them call again for
the Veflel, but in vain, for they all periled there to a
Man.

The next Year, which was 1337, the £■«§■//;& befie.2;ed the
Caftle af Dunkar ; it was defended by Agnes,^ the Wife of
the Earl of Merch^ who was commonly lirnamed the B/^r^,
a Woman of a mafculine Spirit. The Befiegers were the
Earls of Salisbury VLud Arundel; the Siege lafted longer than
any body -thought it would, lb that two Supplies were
4ent into Scotland to relieve Baliol; the one convoyed by
M<^»firfi thQ Qthq: by Richard Talbot ; liaivrence Preftom

C c 4 und^r-

378 The Hi sr OK Y of Book 11!^.

undertook Monfort^ killed him in Battle, and routed his
Army, but he himfelf died foon after, of the Wounds he
there, received, which cauled his Soldiers to wreak tbeir
Fury, for the Lofs of their General, on the Prifoners, "wrVkom
they inhumanly put to Death. TaJbot was taken Prifoner
by IV'til'tam Ketth^ and his Army routed; yet the Siege of
Dunbar continued dill. And the Sea being (hut up by the JS»g^
lifr^ the befieged were driven to fo great a Want of Proviffon,
that without doubt it muft have been furrendred, if Alexan^
der Ramfay^ by a feafonable, tho' bold Attempt, had not
relieved it. He, in the dead time of the Night, feiled by the
Watch, which in Gallies of Genoa kept the Sea Coaft,
and came up to the Caftle, where he landed forty Men,
«nd a great Quantity of Provifions. And then joining part
of the Garrilbn with hfs own Men in the Covert of the
Night, he ruflied in with fuchaNoife on the Englip Guard,
that he made a great Slaughter amongft them ; for they h't-
tie expeSed a Sally from an Enemy, whom they looked
upon as almod conquered ; and the next Night he returned
back as fecurely as he came. Thus, after fix Months, the
Siege of Dunbar was raifed : For Edward called back hts
Forces to the French War, after they had fufficiently fa-
tigued themfelves, and tty'd all ways to become Matters of
the Place. , '

AND RETV MURRAY, his Country being then almoft
freed from foreign Soldiers, attempted to reduce firft 5/^-
ling, then Edinburgh, but was fain to depart from both with-
out taking either; however, he fubdued all Lothian, and
brought it under the King's Subjedlion. In the mean time,
to give his wearied Mind a little Relaxation, he went to
. fee his Lands and Poileflions beyond the Mountains, where
he fell fick, and dy'd; he was bury'd ztRofmari, much la-
mented, and refpeSed by all good Men. For, in thofe two
Years and an half, whilft he fate at the Helm of Affairs,
he performed fu^ great AQions, as might feem faiBcicnt
for the whole Life of one of the greateft Generals in the
World. •

After him, Stuart was made Regent, till the Return
of David put of France ; he being yet but young, got that Year
the belter of the Englijh in many light Skirmfflies, whicfi
were managed under the Cpjidua of IVilliam Doughs-, yet
not without the great Hazard and Danger of Douglas him-
fclf, who was often wounded : He drove iht Englijh ovx of
tteviotda/e: He took the Caftle of Hermitage in'JLiddifdale^
and furprizing great Store of Provifion belonging to the Ene-
my at Mulrofsy he fortify 'd that Place,. He had fucb a ihai^
"'•'"'"' '•■■■' ..-".-• ' '■"■■■'■■ and

Book IX. S C O T L A N Ti. 379

and obftinate Encounter with Berclay, that he himfelf, with
but three in his Company, hardly cfcaped, and that too by
the Benefit of the Night. He overthrew the Forces of Jobft
Sterltn in a bloody Attack, yet he himfelf was a while after
like to be taken by him; but recovering himfelf after a
fierce Encounter, he put Sterlln to flight, flew thirty of hf$
Companions, and took forty of them Prifoners ; he fo preC-
fed upon IVilliam Abernethy^ by whom he bad been worfted
iive times in one Day, that before Night he flew all his
Men, and brought him Prifouer along with him. Alio he
had as great Succefs in conquering Lawrence Vaux^ a power-
ful Enemy. At laft , he went over to King David in Prance^
to acquaint him with the State of the Scotijh Affairs. The
next Year, which was 1339, Stuart hoping to purfuehis good
Fortune, levied an Army, and divided it into four Parts, and
endeavoured to reduce Perth \ but the £»f/i/fc defended it fo
valiantly, that he was wounded and beaten off. After the
Siege had lafted three Months, Dpuglas came to their AC-
fiftance, when they almoft defpaired of Succefs ; he brought
with him five Pyrate Ships which he hired, in which there
were fome Soldiers, and Engines of War. Part of the Soldiers
Tvere landed, but the reft were fent in their Ships, to keep the
Mouth of the River TJjy. Douglas himfelf went to recover
the Caftle of Cowper ; which being defertcd by the Englijb^
was feized on by the StotSy and Tfyltiam Bullock^ an Engtijh
Prieft, who was alfoTreafurer, made Governor. Douglas
agreed with him, that he fliould have Lands in Scotland^ in
Cafe he would come over to his Party ; he was the more eafi-
ly perfuaded to it, becaufc he could expcS no Aid from
England^ and he did not much confide in the Scots^ who
were in Garrifon with him. This Man was afterwards very
brave and faithful to the Scots^ and of great Ufe to them.

The Siege of Perth had now lafted four Months, and
would have continued much longer, had not the Earl of
Rofs drained the Water out of the Trench^ by Mines, and
fubterraneous Paffages ; fo that by this means the Beficgers
came to the very Walls, and threw the Defendants oft' their
Works, by their Shot that came principally from the En-
gines, fo that the Englijk were forced to furrender upon
Terms, to inarch out Bag and Baggage, whither they pleafed.
In a little time after. Sterling being befieged, was alfo fur*
rendred on the fame Terms ; and Maurice Murray^ the Son
of Andrew^ was made Governor of the Caftle. BaIiolvrz%
fo terrified at this fudden Change of Affairs, that he left
Galway^ where he ufually refided, and went for England.
Sorqe time after, thcC^Sileof EdinbMrgbwti% taken, nm by

48a T^e UisT ofLY ef Book IX.

Force, but Stratagem. fFalter Curry a Merchant, who then
chanced to have a Ship laden with Provifions in the Bay or
/^r^i&of the River T'^v, at Dundee^ was fetlt for by U'^illisim
Douglas into \}[\t Forth: Where he and Bullod agreed^ that
Curry (hould feign himfelf to bean En^UJhman^ and ihould
carry two Bottles of his beft Wine and fome other Prefents to
the Governor of the Caftle; defiring his leave to fell the
reft of his Provifions in the Garrifon ; as alfo to inform
him, that if he or the Garrifon flood in any need of hfc
Service, he would gratify them as far as ever he was able.
Upon which the Governor commanded him to bring fome
Hoglheads of Wine, and a certain Number of Biskets, and
prornifed him free Admittance whenever he came. He,
truly, for fear of the Scots^ who often made Fncurfions into
the neighbouring Parts, promifes to come betimes the next
Morning.

That Night Douglas^ with twelve feleS Men accom-
panying, him, clothed themfelves in Mariners Habit, under
which they had their Arms, and thus carried Provifions into
the Caftle; their Men they placed in Ambulh as near as might
be, conunanding them to wait for the Signal ; Douglas and
Simon Frazer went before, and commanded the other eleven to
follow at a moderate Diftance ; when they were let into the
Fort by the Porter, which was made of Beams before the
Gate of the Caftle, they obferved, that the Keys of the
Doors hung on his Arm, they therefore difpatched him and
opened theCaftle-Gate; and then (as they had before agreed)
they gave the Signal to their Companions, by blowing an
Horn ; by the found of which both they that lay m Ambufh, and
the Guards of the Caftle wete alarmed \ the one underftanding
that their Friends, the other that their Enemies were got into it.
Both Parties made all the hafte they could ; the Scots caft down
their Burdens in the very Paifage of the Gate, left the Doors
might be ihut, and keep out their Friends who could march
but flowly up f(4 fteepan Afcent: Here there happened a
ftiarp Dilpute withLofs on both fides; at laft the Garrifon-?
Soldiers had the worft, who were all killed except the Go-,
vernor and lix more,

I T was this Year, or (as fome fay) the former, that A^
hxander Ramfay (the moft experienced Soldier of all the Scoti)
made his Expedition into Lngland. Men had fo great an
Opinion of his Skill in Military Affairs, that every one
was accounted but a Frep-Water Soldier, who bad not
been difciplined under him. And therefore all the young
People came in to him, as the only School where the 'Art
pf War \yas to be learned. H^ having before jnade feve-
rs

BookIX, SCOTLAN'D. 381

ral fuccefsful Expeditions into the Enemy's Country, tho*
but with fmall Forces, their Affairs being now at a low
Ebb in Scotland^ took Heart to attempt great Matters ; and

fathering together an handfom Army of his Tenants and
riends, he ravaged all Norihumberland \ and upon his
Retreat the Englfjb drew out all their Troops from the
Country and Garri(bns, and fo followed hiip with a verjr
great Army. What was to be done in this Cale ? Alexander
could not avoid fighting ; and yet he perceived, that his
Soldiers were fomewhatCreft-fallen, by reafonpf the Mul-
titude of the Enemy. In thefe Circumftances he fent aw^y
his Booty before, and placing his Foot in Ambufli, com-
manded hisHorfe to ftraggle abroad, as if they were flying j
and when they were paft the Place of Ambufli, then to rally
again at Sound of Trumpet, The Englifa imagining that
the Horfe had fled in good earncft, pcirfued them as difor-^
derly ; and when the Signal was given to cpme together
again, in a Moment they turned back upon them ; the Foot
alfo came fuddenly out of their Ambuflies, which (truck
fuch a Confternation and Terror into the£»F//^, that they
fled back fafter than they purfued before. Many of them
were killed,a great Number taken, and the Booty carried home
^^. Amongft the Prifoners there was the Governor of
Roxburgh^ who had drawn out almoft all his Garrifon to
follow him ; fo that Alexander knowing the Town to be
empty, attacked and eafily took it at the fir ft Onfet ; and
when he had taken the lower part of the Caftle, the Re-
mainders of the Garrifon-Soldiers fled up into a ftrong
Tower in the Town, but being vigoroufly attacked, and
having no hopes of Relief, they furrendred. Some fay
that the Earl of Salisbury isyas there taken, and exchanged
for John Randolfe. But moft Writers, whom I am rather
inclined to follow, afiirm, that Salisbury was taken Prifo-
ijer in France and by FrencbTroops. Randolfe going mo
Annandale took his Caftle, which V7as feated by Locb^

Maban^ from the Engltjh : And the three Governors of the
Borders, Alexander Ramfay of the Eaft, William Douglas of
the Middle-Border, and Randolfe of the Weft, drove the
Englijh beyond their old Bounds, which they had in the
|leign of Alexander the Third, and left them no footing
at all in Scotland but only Berwick. Some (ay that jRoy-
furgb was taken by Ramfay in the Night, who fet Ladders
fo the Walls when the Watch was afleep, in the Year

1342, the 30*^ Day olMarcki and the Bla^k BM ofPaJley

Jays the fame. '

381 Tf^e UisTotLY of BookI^J

The fame Year, on the fecond of Jufy^ Davtd Bruce
and his^ Wife arrived at Ennerbervy^ nine Years after hfs
Departure; his coming was the more acceptable, becaufe
the Affairs of Seottand were then at fuch a low Ebb. For
Edward having made a Truce for three Years with Philip
King, of FroMce at Tournay^ and fo being freed of his
French War, determined to invade Scotland with all his
Force. He had then in his Army forty ihoafand Foot, and
fix tbpaland Hprfe, and he had equipped out a gallant Navy
of Ships to carry Provifions for his Land Forces, that
there might be np want ; they fet Sail in the Month of
November^ but met with fo fierce a Tempeft, that after a
long DiRrefs at Sea, they were caft upon the Belgick and
German Shores, and fo were of no ufe to him in the pre-
lent War. In the mean vih\\Q Edward and his Land Forces
ftaid about Newcaftie' upon Tyne in great want of Proviff-
<m$ ; Embafladors came thither to him from Scotland^ de-
£ring a Pacification for four NJonths, which they obtained
upon Condition, That if David came not to them before the
firji Day of June, all the Scots would become Subjeds tQ
Edward*; but David hearing of the Preparation of the
Engltp^ had fct Sail before the Arrival of thefe Embaf-
ladors.

Amongst thofe who flocked in to congratulate the
King at his Return, (as many did from all Parts of the
ICingdom) there came Alexander Ramfay^ who being emi-
nent both for the glorious Aftions of his former Life, but
efpecially for his late and yet reaking Conquefts, was re-
ceived with a great deal of Favour, and had the Govern-
ment of Roxburgh beftowed on him, and the Sheriff- wick
of all Teviotdale. IVilliam Douglas took this very heinoufly^
that Ramfay was preferred before him in that Honour ; for as
he had drove out Ha^EngHJb from almoft all Teviotdale^ he
had for fome Years prefided over the publick Aflembly there,'
tho' without the King's Command; yet relying upon his Me-
rits towards his Country, the Nobility of his Birth, and. the
Power of his Family, he hoped that no Man would have been
his Competitor for that Office. Wherefore being wholly
bent on Revenge, he at prefent diflembled his Refent^
ment; but in three Months after he met with his Adverfary,
holding an Aflembly in the Church of Hawick^ and fud»
denly attacked and woiinded him, having alfo killed three
of his Followers, who endeavoured to refcue him ; and
then fet htm upon an Horfe, and carried him to the Caftle
pf Hermitage^ where he ftarvcd him to Death,

About

Book IX. SCOTLAN'D. j*,

About the fame time, IVilliam Bullock^ a Mao of fio*

fular Loyalty to the King, was pift to the fame kind of
)eath by David Berclay. Thefe two favage and cruel-
Fads filled almoft the whole Kingdom with Seditions, and
tore it 4ato feveral Parties. Thefe Things very much excr-
cifed the King's Patience^ who was yet but youngs and not
accudomed to Men of rough and military Diipofitions ;
however, he ufed great Diligence to find out DougUs^
to bring him to condign PuniflimeUt; but he, by means of
his Friends, (of which he had procured many by his gallant
Afiions for the Liberty of his Goutitry) and efpecially of
Robert Stuart^ the King's Sifter's Son, obtained his Par-
don ; and indeed the magnificent, yet true Report of his
glorious Exploits, niuch facilitated the obtaining of it, to-
gether with the prcfent Condition of the* Time, in which
there being but an uncertain Peace abroad, and Seditions at
home, military Men were to be refpefied and had in Honour*
Upon which Account, he was not only pardoned, but evea
preferred to the Goverunicnt of Roxburgh and of Tevtoidsk
too ; a Clemency, which perhaps in the prefcnt Circum-
ftances of Things might be ufeful, but certainly of very ill
Example for the future.

DAl^ID having thus fettled Matters at home the beft
he could, declares War againft England^ the greateft Part
of the Nobility difluading him from that Expediti(»a, by
reafon of the great Scarcity of Provifions: However, he
lifted an handfom Army, and made John Randolfe Ge-
neral of it ; he himfelf accompanied him, but in Dilguift,
that he might not be known to be the King. This Army ha-
ving wafted Northumberland for about two Months time^
returned home with great Booty: Within a few Days
after, he made another Inroad into the Enemy's Country ;
but then he did not dif^uife, but openly profefl'ed himfelf
both King and General. The EhgUJh being inferior in
Strength, would not venture a fet Battle, whilft their King
was abfent in France^ but skirmifhed their Enemies with
their Horfe, and fo kept them from plundering much, by a
clofe March. Five of the chief Nobility whom £>jz;/^had
lately raifed to that Honour, ftraggling too far from their
Men, were taken Prifoners, their Followers killed or put
to flight : So that David^ to wafte no more time there ia
vain, returned with his Army. He made alfo a third Expe-
dition with what Force he could privately levy, in order
to fall upon his Enemy unawares. But entring England in
9 ftormy Autumn^ the fmall Brooks were fo iwollen with
brge Showers, that they made all the Country unpaftable^

nnd

38+ tbeHisr okY df Book IX^.

md hindered tUe Carriage of Proviiion, €0 that he was
forced to return home; however, that he might not
'feem to have taken to much Pains to no purpoie^ he denio*^
J^ed a few Cafiles.

Not long after Embafladors were fcnt backwards and for-
wards in order to obtain aTnice for two Years, which the
Scots confented to^ upon Condition, that PhilipKmg o{ France
gave hisConfent; for that was one Article in the Treat jr be-
tween the S^o^/ and Fr^»^i&, that neither of them iliould maker
Truce or Peace with the En^ifr^ without the other's Con-
lent, For thofc two Years ScotlamJ was quiet. About the
fourth Year after Diwid^s return, the Frtncb were over-
come in a great Battle, and Calais^ 3, Town of the Morini^
was befieged by them ; fo that Vh'tllp prelfed the Scots by
bis Embafladors to invade England^ and fo to dtaw away
ibme of their Force from him. Hereupon an- Army wa^
commanded to meet atPrr/i. To which Place they came
in great Numbers, and there £>tfv/</ Earl of Ua^ way-laying
RegittaldLovd ofth^Mbudte^ his old Enemy, fell upon him
in the Night, and flew him with feven Noblemen iii his
Company. This Murder much weakened the Army^ for
the Relations and Tenants of both Parties, and the neigh-
bouring Inhabitants fearing a Civil War between two fach
potent Families, returned to their own homes; This madd
iVtiUam Douglas of Liddifdale earneftly dcfire the King to
defift from his prelent Expedition, and to compole Matters
at home. His Counfel was refufed ; and the King (bis
Friendihip to Philip overcoming his Love to his Country)
marches forward intO'E ffgla»d, and deftroyed all as he went
with Fire and Sword. In fixteen Days he came into the
County of Durham^ where the Englijh^ partly levied by
"Percy ^ and partly fent back from the Siege of Calais^ made
a great Body, and ihewed themfelires to the Enemy in or-
der of Battle, foouer than ever the "Scots could have ima-»
gjned. David J who feared nothing lefs than the doming of the
Enemy, and therefore fent abroad /F/VZ/^/w /)<?«^/tf/ to forage
the neighbouring Country, gave a fignal of Battle to his
Soldiers. Douglas fell unawares amongft his Enemies, and
having loft five hundred of his beft Men, was put to flight,
and returned in great Terror to the Camp. The end of
this Battle was as unhappy as the beginning : For the Figh!
being (harply begun, John Raudolfe^s Men were ro *ted aH
the firft Onfet, and he himfelf killed. The main Bod/, i»
which the King was, was attacked by two Brigades of the
Englifo\ one that had been before victorious; and another
that vtras intire, and had not yet charged, and in this Adiod

almoli

Book IX. S C O T L A N "D. \%i

almoft. all the Seoujh Nobility were loft, as being rcfolved
to die with their King; and the King himfelf was taken Pri*
ibner by John Copland^ but not till he had wrefted Cep^
lan£% Darts out of his Hand, and (truck out two of his
Teeth with his Fift, iho' he himfelf was cruelly wounded
with two Arrows. The third Wing, commanded by i^4^•
hert Stuart and Patrick Dunbar^ perceiving the Slaughter
of their^Fellow-SoWiers, withdrew themfelveswith lit-
tle Lofs. The Nobility were fo deftroyed in this Fight,
that immediately after it, Roxburgh^ Hermit age j and many
Other Gaftles were furrendred to the Englijh : And the Scou
were forced to quit their Claim to all the Lands they held
m England^ and alfo to Mercb^ Teviotdale^ Liddifdaie^ and
Lauderdale \ and the Bounds and Borders of the EngUp
were enlarged to C0^i^«rxiVPtf/i&, as they call it, ^ndS^jhra*

mi.

B ALIO L not contented to have recovered the Poflet
fions of his Anceftors in Galway^ marched over AnnandaU
and LiddifdaUy and all the Country lying near the Clyd^
and deftroyed all with Fire and Swor4. He alfo, by the A£^
fiftance of Percy of England^ made the like Havock. in
Lothian i nor could there be a fufficientArmy raifed againft
them in Scotland for fome Years. As an Addition to this
Mifery, there happened alfo a terrible Plague, which fwepc
away alnfoft the third Part of the People. And yet in fuch
an afRi&ed State of things, Men did not abftain from do-
meftick Broils. David Berclay^ a noble Knight, who before
/ had killed Bullock^ was at this time alio prefent at the
Murder of John Douglas at Dalkeith. William Douglas of
Liddifdale (who was taken Prifbner by the Englijh at the
Battle of Durham^ and was not yet releaftd) caufed him to
be cut to pieces by his Tenants ; however, after he himfelf
was releafed and returned into Scotland,' ht did not long
furvive him : For as he was a hunting in the Wood of
Atticy he was killed by fVilUam Douglas^ the Son of Archie
bald lately come from France^ in Revenge for his Murder
of Alexander Ramfay. Nor did the Clans of the ancient
Scots ^ full as refileu and impatient, abHain from injuring
one another.

1 N the midft of thefe Calamities, which prefled in on
every (ide, William Douglas gathered together a Band of
his Vaflals and Tenants, and recovered Douglas the Patri-
mony of his Anceftors, having driven the Englijh oue qF
k ; and afterwards, upon this little Suecefs, Mens Minds
being more inclined to him, he reduced a great part of
TeviotdaJe. In the ii}«an time J^b^ King of France^ Heiir
4 to

3%6 Thellisrt^KY of B6ok IX*

to his Father Philips both in his Kingdom and in his Wars,
fearing lefl the Scots being brokjen by fb many Misfortunes^
ihould quite fink under fo puiflant an Enemy, ^tnt Eu^enius
Gar enter to them, with forty gallant Cavahers in his Tram,
to defire of them to make no Peace with England wipboui
his Confent. He brought with him forty thouland Frenib
Crowns toprefs Soldiers ; and befides, by large Promifes he
brought o?er the Nobility to his Opinion. They«received
the Money and divided it among themfdves, but levied no
Soldiers, only they carried on the War by light lucurfions as
they were wont to do. As foon as the Eigglijh heard of
this, they almoft laid all Lothian defolate, which had been
cruelly haraffed before. To revenge this Wrong, Patrick
Dunbar and William Douglas gathered a good Body together
as privately as they could, and placed themftlves in Ambufli^
but lent out IVdliam Kamfay of Dalhoufe^ a noted and gallant
Soldier, with part of theAnniy to hmn Norham^ a populous
Town upon the Banks of Tweed} When Ramfay had ac-^
compliflied his Defign, the EngUfo were trained on to the
Ambuih, where fome were furprized apd killed ; at laft,
being not able to refift fb great Odds, the EngUJh furrender
themfelves. This Succefs heartned the Scots, and for that
reafon the fame Generals uniting their Forces together^
Thomas Stuart Earl of Angus, refolves to attack Berwick:
And to do it privately, he hired Veffels, Ladders, and other
Implements ufed in fcaling the Walls of Towns, where*
ever he could procure them ; he acquaints Patrick with his
coming, meets him at the Hour appointed, and made up
to the Walls with as little Noife as they could; however
the Centinels faw them, whom after a (harp Conflia the
Scots repulfed, ^nd became Matters of the Town, but not
without Lofs on their own fide; theCaftle was ftill kept by
thcEngliJh, which they attempted, but in vain.

When the King of England heard how Matters went
in Scotlmd, he gathered together a powerful Army, and in
quick Marches haftned thither. The Scots hearing of his
coming, and not being provided with Materials for a long
Siege, plundered and b jrnt the City, and fo returned home ;
Edvjard employed all kind of Workmen and Artificers, to
repair what the Flames had confumed ; in the mean while
he himfelf quartered at Roxburgh. Baliol comes to him
thither, v^ni furrenders up the Kingdom of Scotland to him^
defiring him earneftly not to forget the Injuries offered
him by th^Scots. Edward, as it were in Obfequioufnefs to
his Defires. invades Lothian by Land and Sea, iand makes
a farther Pevs^fiation of what was left ^after the former

V Ruin.

*ooicIX. S C OT LA NT>. t*f

Kuin. He determined in thaf Expedition lb to quell all Scot'
l^mdj that they fliould never recover Strength to rebel again.
But his purpole was diiappointed, by means of a mod ter^
rible Tempea, whidi (o diiperfed, Ihattered dnd tore his
Ships that carried his Provifions, that veryfew of them ever
met again in one Port; fo that he waal forced to return
home for want of ProviHons^ o^ly he vented his SpleeA
ys^nEdinburgk^ HdJJwgtoxfn and othte Towns of Lothian^
Edwatd and his Army being gone for England^ Douglas
drove the Bnglip out of Galway; Roger Kirk-Patrick out
of NiMfdale; and ^Jobn Stuart^ Son of the Regent, out
of jlttffamdale; and thus thofe three Countries wei^e recover^
ed by the Scots.

About the fame time John King of France was ovtt^
thrown by the EngUJb in a great Battle in PofV^^jir, and he
himfelf. taken Pxifoner. Edward having two Kings his
Prifoders at once, pafled the Winter merrily amongft the
Congratulations of his Friends; and the Scots thinking that
his Mind being fated with *Glory, ml^faft be more inclined
to Equityf they fent JSmbafladors to him to treat about the
Releaft of their i^ing. Bruce ^ that the 5^0// misht have
cafy Accefi to him, was fent to Berwick] but tnaunuch as
they could not agree about the Conditions, he wai carried
back to Loudon. Not long after the Pope*s Legates vrere
lent, who took great Pains to make a Peace between th«
Euglijh zxi<i French 5 they alfo tranfafted the ftme for Scot^
lamdi upon the frotoife of the Payment of an hundred (as
our Writers fay^ or as Frojfard of five hundred) thouland
Marks of EngUJb Money to the Englijb\ part of Which
was to be paid in Hand, the reft by ParceK^ To make up
that Sum, the Pope gave the Tenths of all Benefices foe
three Years ; in the mean time a Truce was made,' and many
young Nobles given for Hoftages, who died almofi all in
England of the Plague.

Hereupon David returned the eleventh Year after he
was taken Prifonert The firfi thing he did was to punifli,
thofe who had been the forwardeft to fly in the Battle pf
Durham. From Patrick Dunbar he took away a great part
of his Lands ; he cut off all Hopes from Robert Stuart^
his eldeft Sifter's Son, of fucceeding in the Kino;domj and
fubftituted Alexander., Son of the Earl of Sutherland^ by
his fecond Sifter, and made the Nobility fwear Fealty to
him. This young Man's Father diftribated large and fruit**
fttl Lands amongft the Nobility, to enpge them more
firmly to his Son. But Alexander dying &on afteiihe was
reconcikd to Broken Stuart i and in a full Affcmbly of th«
D d £ftates^

3S8 316^ H 1 s T ORY ^/ Book IX*

Eftates, he was by a general Suffrage named Heir Pre-
fumptive of the Crown. But this was done fome Years
after.

The King paft the next five Years in appeafing the DiP-
cords at home, in which time there happened two great Ca-
lamities: One reached but to a few, by an Inundation of
Water ; for there were fuch great Rains, that Lothian feem*
cd tobeallina Flood; and theforceof the Water was fuch,
that it carried away BridgeSi Water-Mills, Country Houfcs,
with their Owners and Cattle, into the Sea; it rooted up
Trees, and almoft quite deftroyed the Towns which flood
near the Banks of Rivers. This Mifery was feconded by
another, a terrible Peflilence, which confumed many of aU
Ranks and Ages.

I N the Year 1363, the State of Things grew calmer, and
then, in the Affembly of the Eftates, the King propounded
to the Ltrds of the Articles^ that the King of England, or
elfe his Soff^ might be fent for into Scotland, to fucceed him
iu the Kingdom if he pould chance to die, 1 his he did,
either being quite wearied of War, or forefeeing that it
would be for the Good of both Kingdoms ; or, (as others
think) becaufe of his Oath which the Englijh had made
him fwear ; but his Speech was fo unacceptable and offen-
five to them all, that before every one's Vote could be
asked in order, they all confufedly cried out upon h as an
abominable Propofition ; and it was almofi come to that,
that they who had moft freely fpoken againft it, fearing
his Difpleafure, were meditating a Revolt. But he under<^
ftanding their Fears, abated his Anger, and received them
into Favour. When he had quieted all things ellewhere,
the Highlanders continued dill in Arms, and did not only
commit Outrages upon one another, but alio made Havock
of the adjacent Countries. The King tried all probable
Means to bring them to a mutual Concord ; but being not
able to do it, his next Defign was to fuborn fome cra^y
Fellows, to foment and heighten their Diffentions; thac
fo when the fierceft of them had deltroyed one another^
the reft might become more traflable and pliant. The
King having performed thefe Exploits, both at home and
abroad, departed this Life in the Caftle of Edinburgh^ on
the feven^h Day of June^ in the forty feventh Year of his
Age, about the thirty ninth of his Reign, and of our
Lord 1370.

He was certainly a Man eminent in all kind of Virtue;
but efp^ially in Juftice and Clemency; and though he
had been exercifed with good and bad Events, alternately ;

B odK IX. S C Ot LA Jtt 2)4 j«9

Iec mw his Fortune feemed rather to fail him than his
nduftry.

Robert II. The hundredth Kw£.

AFTER Oavid^s Deceafe the Nobles met togetlief at
Linlithgow^ to congratulate /Jo^^r/, at the beginning o?
his Reign, who had before been defigaed King by his Uncle j
but here the Ambition of H^ilUam Douglas had almoft
thrown things into a Sedition and Uproar* For he de*
inanded the Kingdom as his hereditary Rights becaufehd
was defcended from Baliol and the Cutnins^s. But finding
that his Suit was unacceptable to them all ; and efpecially
to his mod intimate Friends, the two Brothers, George
and John Dunbars^ of which one Was Earl of JW^r^^, and
the other of Murray ; as alfo to Robert Erskin^ Govetiioif
of the three well fortilSed Caftles of Dunbarton^ Sterling
and Edinburgh^ he dcfifted, and promifed to obey Robert asr
his Liege King; and the King, to oblige him in a moreftrifl'
Bond of Friendfliip, cfpoufed his Daughter to Earl IFilli^
am^% Son.

This Year the Truce made for fourteen Years was bro*^
ken by the EngUJh. There was a great Fair ufually kept
on the eleventh of Auguft^ to which Place vaft Numbers
of both Nations, even from the remoteft Parts, ufed to rc-
fort; thither came the Inhabitants of Merch; and it hap-^
pened that one of George Dunbar^s intimate Friends was
killed. George^ according to the Law which was obferved
among the Borderers, fent Heralds to demand the Mur-
derers to be given up to him ; or elfe that they would puniflt
them themfelves ; hntptvcemng that Favour did outvyEjui*
tyy he diflcmbles the Affront, and againft the next Day ap-*
pointed for the Fair, fecretly prepared a Band of Men, and
letting upon the Town unexpeSedly, he flew all the youngs
People, burnt the Houfes, and returned home v/ith a great
Booty* The Englijh^ to revenge this Injury, with iika
Cruelty ravaged all the Lands of John Gordon^ ^ nobfe
Knight; and not long after, Gordon tnito^ England^ zni
brought away a great Booty both of Men and Cattle; but
as he was returning home, John Lilbum met him with 9
ifar greater Force : A terrible Fight then began between
them, and Vidory feemed a long time to flutter over both
Parties with doubtful Wings ; but at lad flie inclined to tha
Sms. The Commander of the Englijh Forces was taken
Prifoncr^ with many of bis Allies and Tenants,

P d a tiEIfRT

J90 , TA^ HisTonir of Book IX*

HEKKY ?EKCYy:^Vi\<A tJorthumbtrlanl, a Mm
of a great Spirit, being tKcn Lord Warden, or Govcrnof of
the eaftern Marches or Borders, relented this Injary to his
Countrymen ; and inunediately gathered together a body of
above feven thoufand Men, and encamped at a Village cal-
led Dum^ remarkable for being the fiirth Place ot jQbn
Scofus^ firpamed Subtilis^ rather than for any thing elle.
There the Countrymen and Shepherds gathered themfelves
together, having no other Arms, but fuch Rattles with which
they ufed to frighten the Deer and Cattle which feed there
up and down, without apy Keeper; and by Night placed
themfelves on fome Rifings of the Lamermort Hills, which
were near to the faid Village of Dnns. The Form of the
Rattle is this ; On the Top of a long Spear or Pole, they
fatten fome Ribbs of Wood^ bent into a Semicircle; all
over them they ftrctch a Skin after the fame Form as the
Lanterns, which the common People of Paris call FalotSf
are made; in this Skin they put fmall Stones, but very hard
ones, which when they are llirred, and tumbled up and down,
make fuch a rattling Noife, as drives away the Beads and
Cattle from the Corn. With thefe rattling Inftrumcnts they
made a mighty Noife on the Hills hanging over Duns^ at
which the Englijh Horfes were fo affrighted, that they broke
the Headdalls they were tied with, and ran up and down
the Fields, and fo were taken by the Countrymen: And in
the whole Army there was fuch a tumulmous Buflle, that
they cried out, Arm^ Arm\ and thinking the Enemy had
been at their Heels, they paiTed that Night without Sleep*
But in the Morning, perceiving their Miftake, and having
loft many of their Baggage Horfes, as well as thofe for
Service, they retreated fix Miles (for that Place is fo far
diftant from England) on Foot, like Men routed and fly-
ing, leaving their Baggage behmd them.

The (ante Day that Percy retired back from DunSy Tho*
mas Mufgrave^ Goyernour of Berwick^ came out of his
Garrifon with feme Troops, to join Percy; John Gordon
had Notice of his March, and laid an Ambufli for him, into
which he fell ; and imagining- his Enemy to be more nu-*
merous than he was, began to fly, but was taken with
his Party in the Purfuit, and brought back again. In the
weftern Borders, John Jobnfton fo managed it, that he got
both Honour and Booty too ; for he fo exerclfed his neigh-
bouriDg Foes with fmall, but frequent Incurfions, that he
did them as much Mifchief as a great Army would have
done.

Thvs

BooKlX. S C OT LA NT>. i9t

Thus all things facceededprolperoufly with Robert ^ for
the firft two Years of his Refgn ; but in this third Year,
Eufemia, Daughter to Hugh Earl of Rofs dy*d. The King
had three Children by her; Walter^ afterwards made Earl
of Sirathern\ David Earl of Atbol\ and Ettfemia^ who n
y antes Douglas married, as I laid before. Robert^ not fo
much for tlie Impatience of his unmarried State, as for
the Love of his Children which he had before by Eliza*
hetb More^ made her his Wife. This Woman was exceed-
ing beautiful, the Daughter o( Adam More^ anobleltnight;
the King fell in Love with her when he was young, and
had threi: Sons and two Daughters by her, and gave her in
Marriage to one Gifardj a Nobleman in Lothian., It hap-
pened that Eufemia the Queen, and Gifardy Elizabeth's
Husband, died about one and the fame time. Upon which
the King, cither induced by the old Familiarity he had vyith
her, or clfe (as many Writers report) to legitimate the
Children (he had by him, married her, and presently ad*
vanced her Sons to Riches and Honour. John^ the eldeft
Son was made Earl of Carrici; Robert ox Menttith^ and
Alexandtr of Buchan^ to which Badenock was adjoined.
Neither was he content with this Munificence, but he pre-
vailed upon the AiTembly of Eftates, met at Scont^ to fet
by the Children of Eufemia^ and to obfcrve the Order of
Age, in making his Son King after him ; which Matter was
in aftertimes almoft the utter Ruin of that numerous Fa*
mily.

During the next two Years, there was neither ccrtaia.
Peace lior open War, but light Incurfions, or rather Plunder*
ings on bofh Sides : In the mean time, Edward III. died, and
Rf chard 11. his Grandchild by his Son Edward^ born at Bour^
deau^y fucceeded him, being eleven Years of Age; at which
time Ambafladors were fent by Charles V. King of France^
into Scotland. The Caufe of their Embaffy was, to renew
the ancient League with Robert^ and todefire him to invade
England with an Army, and lo take off the Strefs of the
War from France, in the mean time, whilft they wer^
treating with the Aflembly, Alexander Ramfay^ (as the Eiig^
lip Writers report out of Frojfard) attended with forty
young Men, in the middle of the Night, when the Centi-
nels wereafleep, took the Caftle of Berwick \ all that were
in it being either kilPd, or made Prifoners. The TownG-
ihcn being amazed at this fudden Surprixe, fent for Percy ^
who came and laid Siege to the Caftle with ten thoufand
Men. Xyhen the News of this AQion was brought to the
AflenPiWy of the Eftates at Scone, Archibald Douglas^ being
D d 3 concerned

IP? The Hisr OKY of Book IX.

concerned for the Danger his Kinfman was in, took with
him a flying Body of five hundred Horfe only, and haftenM
thither ; but aH Paflages to the Befieged werc*cut oflf and
iiopp*d, fo that he was forced to return again, without any
Afiion. And the Cafile, after a valiant Defence for fome
Days, was at la(l taken by Storm, and all put to the Sword,
except Alexander alone : Thus the EngUJb ; but our Writ-
ers fay, that the Caftle was taken by the Help of fix Conn^
try People of Mercb^ who not being able to keep it, were
obliged to defert it. Not long after the Affembly, James L
Earl of Douglas^ gathered together an Army or twenty
thoufand Men, and entred Englamd^ and coming fuddenly
to a Town called Penrith^ on a Fair Day, he took, plun-
dered, and burnt it, and then fecorely marched his Army
^ back again laden with much Spoil and Booty ; but withal,
" }ie brought the Peftilence home with him, which was greater
than any before, fo that it raged over all Scotland for the
ipace of two Years.

The Englfjby to be even with the Scots^ pafled over the
fohvay^ and entred Scotland: Talbot a fierce General, com^
manded them, being fifteen thou&nd Men, with which
Number he made a terrible Havock aiid Devafiation far and
near; and as his Army was turning back laden with Spot I, he
pitched his Tents in a narrow Valley, not far fi-om the Bor-
ders of England^ in thofe Streights by Night, whilft they
thought themfelves fecure, about five hundred Scots came
upon them, being unprovided, and mod of them without
their Arms; and at the firft Adault they killed all who were
in their Way ; fo that the Tumult and Fear diffufing itfelf,
fhey were intn:elyput to flight; many were killed upon the
Spot, two hund|-ed and fifty taken Prifoners, and a great
Number, in fuch a fudden Conflernation, taking the River,
were drowned ; the reft left their Prey behind them, and
fan home the neareft Way they could.

In the mean time, the EvgUJb carried on a ftrongWar,
^o^h by Sea and Land, againft the French \ but as part
of their Forces were fent into Portugal^ it was refolved
by the Parliament, that 3^(7i&» Duke of Lancafter^ the King's
Uncle, fhould be fent Embaffador into Scotland^ to treat
about a Peace; to the End, that being engaged in fo many
Wars, they might have Quiet on that Side at leaft, which
|ay moft expofed and open. The Scots being made acquaint-
ed with his coming by an Herald, appointed j^^wiw, carl of
Doti^lasy and John Dunbar ^ Earl of Murray^ to treat with
liim ; a Truce was made for three Years. But whilft they were
treating abpiu « Peace there, % d^readful ^ivi) W« t>roke

JftooK IX. S C OT LA N ®. j^j

out in England. The firft Author of it is faid to be one John
Bally a Prieft : He, perceiving that the Commonalty was en-
raged, becaufe Poll-Money of four Engltjh Pence a Head was
laid on them, firft of all recretly, and in private Confeffions,
Difcourfes and Meetings, inflamed the Minds of the Com-
mons againft the Nobility ; and perceiving that his Difcourfb
was well accepted, he talked more openly: Befidesthis new
Occafion, there was alfo another of older Date, viz. that
the greateft part of the Commons were made little better than
S laves to the Lords. A great many Tradefmen and Day-La-
bourers came in to them, and others alfo, who, inEdate or
Credit, had nothing to lofe ; infbmuch that they laifed fb
great a Tumult and Combuftjon, that the whole Frame of
the Government feemed to be very much in Danger. Thefe
things were known at the Meeting of theEmbaifadors; yet
both of them diflembled the Matter till they had treated, and
concluded what they came about. Then Douglas told Jobm
of Lancafier that he knew, from the Beginning, in what State
the Affairs of England flood, but they were fo far from laying
hold on the Opportunity, either to makeWar, or to hinder
a good Peace, that they offered him, even then, to flay fe-
curely in Scoflandy till the Tumults of England were ap-
peafed ; or if he would return, that he fhould have fivehun-
dred Scots Horfe for his Convoy. Lancafier gave them gi:eat
Thanks, yet he hoped atprefent, that he had no Need to ac*
cept of either of the Conditions. But as he was returning
home, the Governor of Berwick (hut him out of the Town,
ib that he, upon the publick Faith given, returned into Scog*
landy and there kept himfelf, till the Sedition of the Com-
mons was quellM in England. When the three Years Truce
was ended, in the Year 1384, in the Month of January^ Ar^
€hibald Douglas of Galway^ with the AflSflance of James^
Earl of Douglas^ and George Earl of Merch^ laid Siege to
the Caflle of Locb-Mahan^ fituate near a Lake of the fame
Name, and from whence daily Inroads were made upon the
neighbouring Country. The Governor of the Caflle, being
itruck with this fiidden Misfortune, articled with the Enemy,
That unlefs he were relieved in eight Days^ he would fur"
render the Caftle ; whereupon, after the Scots had endured
great Hardfhip, byreafonof the Winter-Storms, and conti-
nual Showers, the Caflle was furrendered according to Co*
yenant, on the ninth Day after Summons, which was the fourth
of February. They who lived near Rojfburghy fearing left
that Caflle might be alfo taken, took care that one Gr^/^or^,
a noble and wealthy Perfon, arid much famed for his War*
like Skill, (hould be made Governor of it i whereupon^ as

Dd4 ^

19+ WhiUisro^Yof BoofilX^

he was fending in great Provifions thither, and alio all his own
Houlhold Goods, imagining that they could nowhere be bet-
ter kept from his Enemy's Ufe, or fecured for his own ; Dmm-'
^^r being informed by bis Spies of the Day of his March, and
the Way he was to go, laid his Ambuihes in convenient Pla-
ces, and fo fuddenly attacked a long cohfufed Train, made
up of Soldiers, Waggoners, and a promifcuous Moltitude^
that without any fighting he took the Booty, and the Owner
of it too, and pre^ntly retreated back. The Englijh in re-
venge of their Loifes, and to prevent future Incurfions bf
' fome memorable Exploit, fend Laxcafier Into Scotland with
jgreat Forces, both by Sea and Land. Loffcafter himftlf camo
ihrouf^h M^rch $,nd LofbioH as far 2ls Edinburgh : His Fleet
was fent to lay wafte the maritim Parts of Hft.

The Soldiers were defirous to burn down Ediwburgb ; bae
the General remembring that but a few Years before^ he had
been kindly and hofpitably entertained there, when he was ex*
eluded by his own People, abfolutely forbad them. But his
Sea-Forces (hewed notthefime Civility, for entring into the
lQco£Inch*colm^ they plundered a MonaQery of Monks, and
burnt it ; ufing the like Cruelty in all Places wJiere they landed,
till Niebolas m^Tbowas Erksns^ Alexander Lim^a\\ix\i1V$l'
Ham Cuningham met them, killed many, took ibme, and
forced the reft to fly in fuch Fear to their Ships, that befidfes the
other Lofs received by their hafty flight, theyfuffered forty of
their own Men, hanging upon one of their own Ships Ropes,
after the Rope was cut, to be drowned before their EyeSi
Laneafier was fcarce returned home, before JVilUam Dou'*
glas trod almoft on his Heels, partly Ikcking, partly de-
molifliing all the Caftles which the Englsjh held in Scotlamd
after the Battle of Dur bam. He reduced all Tm<>^/^, ex*
cept ^oxburgbj to the Scots Obedience; and reftrained Rob-
beriesf which the Licemioufnefs of the' Wars had multiplied
and encouraged; and he himfelf did not long outlive thcfe
noble Anions, but died of a Fever in the cSftle of Dou^
glas. His Son ff^lliam Douglas fuccceded him; one every
way worthy of fo great and virtuoos a Father. '

I N the mean time, when a Truce for a Year was made
between the French^ Englijh^ and Scots near Boulogucy in
the Low Countries, the Treneb^ who were obliged to give
the Scots Notice of it^ had negle£led fo to do; the Englip
l^obility, who bordered upon Scotland;^ thinking now they
likad a^^t Opportunity to give their Enemy fome notable and
iinerpcaed Overthrow, and not leave them' any time for
Revenge: They, before the Truce was publilhed, gathered
together ten thoufand Horfc, and fix tboufand Archers;

Book IX. SCOT LA N D. 39s

^d entriDg Scotland^ under the Command of thf Earls of
Northumberland and Nottmghamy made a terrible Hairoclc
of the Country, efpecially on the Lands of the Douglaffis
and Lindfays. The Scots^ who Upon the Rumour of a
Truce, had laid ifide all Thoughts of War, were exceed-
ingly offended, both at their own Negligence, and at the
Perfidioufnefs of the Enemy, and refoived upon Revenge,
as foon as they could. In the mean time, the Noife of
the Engli/b Invafion of Scotland alarmed the French^' who
were to give notice of the Truce, and put them in Mind
bf their Won-performancd. They, endeavouring by a late
Forwardnefs, to make Amends for their former Oiniffion^
came to Londm^ even in the very Height of the Invasion,
where they were nobly treated, and aetained fo long bjf
kind and friendly Invitations, till it was known that the
Emglip were terurned out of the Enemy's Country: Then
they were difinillc^, and came into Scotland^ where they
declared their Meflage, iks they ^ere commanded. Where-
upon, almoft all the Nobility^ efpecially thofe who had fek
the Lofs fuAained by the late Inroad, miif'mured and cried
OQt, That this foul dealing of the Engllfli w<«jr ^ot to be
endured. The King in vain endeavoured to pacify them,
for he was willing to obferve the Truce; but they fo
long debated on, and delayed the Matter till their Friends
had - privately levied almoft fifteen thoufand Horfe, and
then,' on a Day appointed, Douglas^ Lindfa% and Dunbar
went privately frofn Court,, istod joining their Countrymen,
invaded England with a powerful Army : They wafted
Northumberland as far as Newcajikj. arid returning thro*
the Lands of the Earl of Nottingham^ and the Mowbrays^
they deftroycd all by Fire and Sword that they could not
carry away» Then they returned home with agreat Booty,
and many Prifoners, and prefently caufed the Truce to be
proclaimed.

About the end of the Truce, in the Year 138^, Mon-
fieur John de Vienne^ Admiral of the French Navy, was
feht over by the King of France^ with about two tholufand
Auxiliaries, of which an hundred vrere CuirafSers armed
Cap'a'peey 9x(i two hundred which flung Darts but of En*
gines, fincc ' called Cr<2/}-*«w/; the reft were Foot of a
promifcuous kind : They brought with them Money foe
fix Months Pay, befides many Gifts and Prefents; and
amongft the reft, four hundred Suits of compleat Armour,
to be divided among the brayfift Men. Having firft waited
bn the King, he and Jamei Douglas entred Northumber.
l^4\ and having dcmoliflied three Caftles, they would have
" " proceedc4

B9d The Hist OKY of Book DC.

proceeded farther^ but (b much Rain fell that Autumn^
that they were forced to return. Befides, they heard a Re«
port that Richard II. of England was coming againft them^
'Which hailened their Retreat. His Anger, w^s more enj9a-
med n<yvj againft the Scots than ever ; becauie they had not
only made a dreadful War upon his Kingdom themfelves, but
fcad alfo fent for Foreigners to their Aid ; and that in iltch a
Junfiure of Time, when the Fre»^i&themlelvesdefigned alfo
to land a vaft Army in England^ whereupon he gathered a
Tery powerful Army together, confifting, as the EngUJb
Writers fay^ of iixty thoufand Foot, and eight thouland
Horfe ; with this Force he refolved to humble the Scots^
that they ihould not» in many Years after, be able to levy
any confiderable Army. Bi^fldes this, he fitted out a great
Navy, which were to bring Provifions into ikit Forth. For
he knew, that part of Scoiland^ where he was to make his
Defcent, had been exhauiled for many Years by continual
Wars : And if any Provifions were left in it, that the Inhabi*
tants would convey them away into the neighbouring, or
other remote Places. As to the French^ he was fecure of
them, for he knew that they would not put to Sea in a
ftormy Wintei;. With thofe Forces he entrcd Scotland^
ipared no Place neither facred nor profane; nor any Age, nor
d^rees of Men, if they were capable to bear Arms. In the
mean time, Mpnfieur F/>»»^, being more mindful of his King's
Commands to him at his parting from him, than of the pre-
ient Pofture of Affairs in Scotla^td^ was earned with Doug--
las to come to a Battle. He (till anfwered him, that the
Scots forbore to engage, not out of any Difaffefiion to
the. French^ but only as being confcious of their own
Weaknels ; and thereupon he took him up into an high
Place, from whence he might lafely take a View of the
Enemy: He then perceiving the lon§, Train of the Englifo
in their March, foon altered his Sentioients. Upon which
they both concluded, that, in the prefent Circumftances,
the bed and only Way for them to incommode the Enemyt
was to gather together what Force they could, andfo to in-
irade England. Thereupon they eutred far from the EngUfit
Army into Cumberlandj and made a great Havock, both
there and in the neighbouring Counties. The Englijhy Win*
ter being now at hand, and the Country of Lothian being
(polled by the War (for they durft not go far from their Ships,
led Provifions (bould fail them) confulted about their Re-
turn : Some were of Opinion, that it was bed to follov/
the Scots in the Rear, and, in their Return, to compel
IbTO to fight, whether they would or no. But thofe who
4 knevr

BooKlX; SCOT LA NT). 397

knew the Ways better, through which they were to march,
reply'd on the contrary, that there woald be great Diffi-
culty m pafling over fuch Marflies and Mounlains, and
fbmetimes narrow Places, wherein there was fomuch Want
of every thing, that a very few light armed Men could fcarce
carry Provifions enough with them, though but for a few
Days ; and befide?, if they (hould overcome thofe Difficult*
ties, yet the next Country which was to receive them, wa$
not over-fruitful of it felf; and that it had likewife been
wafted by the War. Again, if they ihould wade thro* all
thofe Inconvcniencies, yet they had to do with a nimble
and ihifting Enemy, whom it would, be more difficult to find^
and to bring to a Battle, than to overcome \ and if they could
find him out, yet they would not be compelled to fight,
but in his own places of Advantage. That Edward III.
King Richard's Grandfather, had Experience of this, to
the great Detriment of his «w», and little Inconvenience cf
the Scots Army. Upon hearing of this, as refleSing on
what Miferfes they might fuffer in an Enemy's Country,
in a cold Winter ; and in the mean time, leave their Wives,
Children, and what elfe was dear to them, comfortlefs at
home; they changed their Minds, and marched back direfi*
ly the fame Way they came. Thus both Armies had a free
Time of plundering in their Enemy's Country ; and each of
them returned home agaiii, without (eeing any Enemy.

The Scots well knowing that the Engli/h could not at-
tempt another Expedition till the next Summer, refolved to
attack Roxburgh^ a neighbouring Town, and the Garrifon
there, which very much annoyed the Country thereabout.
When they were come thither, a Diflenfion arofe betweea
the 5^0// and tht French^ about the Town, even before it was
taken. The French alledging, that, feeing by a large £x«
perience in Wars at home, they were more skilled in the
Methods of takii% Towns, tha^the Scots \ ancT befides, tha(
they had expended a great deal of Money in this War ; They
therefore thought it but juft, that if the Town were taken,'
it ihould be theirs^ and remain under the JurifditS^ion of
France. On the contrary the Scots urged, that it was very
unjuft that Auxiliaries fliould reap the Reward and Benefit of
the whole War; and for what Expcnces th^y had been at, it
-^ had been laid out rather for themfelves than the ScotSy it
being in ord^r to diftra6l and divide the Forces of England^
and ib to avert part of the War from France ; and if the
friendly Offices on both fides were put in the Balance, th^
SeotsixAghi^ upon jufter Grounds, demand the Charge of th^
wboi^ W^r 9U\^^Frmkf Urn the prmk qould qhajleng?

SfS ne Hist OKY of Book DC

«ny Reward for their Afliftance, cfpcdally fiich a Reward^
as no Hiftory rn the Memory of Man doth relate, either to
have been idemanded, or given by Allies one to another r
Nay, theUnjuftnefs of their Demand appeared by this, that
the Scots might have late ftill in Peace, without being preju-
diced by the Englijh ; and fo might have been SpeSators
4)nly of the Wars betwixt two potent Kings ; but the Fremh
could not have obtained the fame Quiet, unlefs they woald
have yielded up a good part of their Country. Neither
could they fee of what ufe that Town would be to the
French if they had it, except only to be as a Bridle ; that fb

1 thcArbitrement of War or Peace might be at their Dilpo&I ;
and \f that were their Intent, it were more for the Profit,
and for the Credit too of the Kings of Scotland^ to be quiet
without the Town, than on a trivial Occafion to give up
themfclves to a voluntary Service: But if by fo unjuft a
Requeft^ they thought to excufe their Return home, which
they foitiettme before attempted, there was no need at all
of fucb a Hindy for as they freely came, fo they had Liberty
always at thciY Pleafure freely to depart 5 neither was it
advifeable In the Scots to ftay them, in regard they might
cafily fbrefee, their Service would be but finall, if they

. :were detained againfl their Wills.
" Hereupon they departed from Roxburgh without
attacking it; and whereas there had been grievous Com-
plaints on both Sides before; fo (if Matters ihould Qilf
continue at that Pafs) open Enmity itemed likely to arife.
The Original of the Diflenfion grew from the difFe-
fent GuObm and Carriage o{ either Nation, !n the Ma-
mgenient of War. For the Scots and Englifi pay honeftly
for what they have at their Quarters, ana carry it amongft
their Countrymen as modeftly and regularly in War as
in Peace. But the FrcHch quite othcrWifei wherc-ever they
march, i^lPs their oiuff^ as if they had punnck Permiffion to
rob and fooM ; for they having been accuftomed to this
kind of Life, think they may lawfully do that which
Cuftom hath inured them always to do heretofore. And
therefore before this, there had often Quarrels, and
ibmetimes Blows, happened between the Scots and French;
theft endeavouring to pradife their wonted Rapacity ; and
lAitother not fubmitting to fuch an unaccuflomed Servility ;
{o that as one Inatcht away what was none of his, the
other laboujred to' defend his own* After this Bifguft and
Alienation of Mitids at Roxiur^hy the French CommiP-
faries u(ed greater Licentioufnefs than ever, iq gatt^ering
Provi/ion^, aiinteudiogOiortly to depart ; and theCoantry-
'" • ^ '" " " • m^

Book DC SCOTLAND). i9f

xneadifilaioiDg to be made a Prey to a few Men, and thofe
Strangers too, niany times took away their Baggage and
' their Horfes ; and the Officers and draggling Soldiers lent
Oat to forage, were fometimes wounded, fometimes killed
outright. When Complaints hereof were brought to tfaei
Council, the Countrymen anfwered with one Content, Tifr^^
ibty were treated more eoarfely^ and robbed by tbe French^
wBo called tbemfelves Friendsy tham by the Enslifli tbeir fr^
feffed Bnemies ; a»d therefore they refohed^ that theyjbomid
mot depart the Land^ till they had made them Recomfence fir
their Lofes ; neither could this obfiinate Humour of theirs
be (iopt by the Dottglaffes^ tho* they were the mod popular
Men of that Age. Hereupon the Army was fent back^
but the General was detained till full Payment was made.
The Fremh fet fidl the firft of November \ the Scots^ either
tired with the military Toil of the laft Year^ or fatTated
with the Spoils of fo many profperous Expeditions, (ate
flill all that Winter. Bat the next Spring IvilUam Dottglat
Che Son of Arehibald Earl of Gatway failed over into Ire^
Undy both to revenge at prefent the often Defcents of the
Irijh upon the CoaQs of Gahnay^ and alio to reflrain them
for the ftiture.

This William was a young Man of the greateft Qua*
lifications, both in Mind and Body, amongft all the Sc9tt.
He was of great Stature, and had Strength accordingly ;
and his Stature was accompanied with a graceful Dignity
of Prefence, (which feldom happens in Bodies of that bulk)
andf his Succefi in War ve^y much recommended him;
for very often with a fmall Number he would attack %
greater Body of his Enemies, and come off a Conqueror;
neither was he ever employed in any E]:pedition, but he
gave evident Proofs of his Valour. Theie Excellencies,
which in fomeare Matter of Envy; yet in him, by reafon
of his Affability, Complaiiance and courteous Modefty,
were acceptable to all. And upon the Accoant of thole
Virtues, tbo' the King knew him to be bafe born, yet he
beftoweid his Daughter Mgidia upon him in Marriage, a
Woman of the greatefl ^auty in thofe Times ; and one
who had been courted by many of the young Nobility of
the Court. With her he gave Nithifdale^ the next Country
to Galtv^y as a Dowry.

De landed his Men at Carlin^ford^ a rich Town in that
Country, and the Suddennefs of the Invafion (truck fuch
Terror into the Townfmen, that they prefently lent out to
him to treat about Conditions of Surrender. Douglas en-
tertained them goun^ottfly, fvad ia the meantime, as fecurc;

of

400 TieH isr oat df Boox IX*

of the Enemy, he fent out Robert Stuart^ lakd ofDtfdtir^
with 200 Soldiers to bring in Provifions into his Ships.
The Townfmen having gotten this time for Confuhatioa,
fent for Aid from Dundalk. Five hundred Horle were
fent, with which addition they divided theinfelves into two
Bodies, and fo drew forth aeainft their Enemy; for becaufe
they were fo much encreaied in Number, they thought
prefently to put them all to the Sword, and fo to become
Maders of their Ships too* But both their Bodies were
routed, the Town taken, plundered and burnt; fifteen
Ships which rode in the Harbour, were laden with the
Spoils of the City ; and in his return home, he plundered
the IJle of Mtm by the way, and fo arrived at LAugh-Rian^
which divides part of Galvjay from Carrick. In this Place
Douglas heard, that his Father was gone in an Expedition
agaiuft England^ whereupon he hafthed after him as faft as
he could. That Expedition was undertaken chiefly upon
this Ground ; Richard of England having entred Scotland
the Year before, and fpared nothing, either Sacred or Pro*
pSane^ at his return home met with a domeftick Sedition,
which had changed the State of his whole Kingdom. To
heal this Mifchief, he transferred the Government of the
Counties, and the Man^ement of leiler Matters, (as is
ufually done in fuch Cafes) from one to another; and by
this means the Fire of Hatred was not io much quenched
as covered in the A(hes, and likely foon after to break out
dgaiu : But on the contrary, Scotland enjoyed a great, but
yet uncertain Tranquillity. For it was foil of young Sol*
diers fit for War, and as fruitful and well fiored with good .
Officers as ever before. So that the Nobility were defirous
of a War, and in all their Afiemblies and Meetings, they
ftiil muttered, that fo gallant an Opportunity to be revenged
on the Englijb for their old Injuries was not to be neg«>
le&ed, and that the Englip would never have omitted it
in reference to Scotland^ if the Afiairs there had been in the
like Confufion.

But King* Robert being a Man of. a quiet Diipofition ;
and belides, by reafon of his growing and unwieldly Age^
not fo forward for War, feemed not to be fufficiently con-
cerned at the Publick Injuries : And his eldeft Son Jobm
was naturally flow, and befides, lame with the ftroke of
an Horfe, fo that he was not well able to endure the Hard*
ihips of a Camp. And therefore the Nobles made their
AddrelTes to Robert the next Son, Earl of Fife; to whom
they complained of the deplorable State of the Publick, and
they all prelently conclttded| tbdt the Wrong Uteljr recei«

V€d

BdoKlX. SCOTLAK'D. 401

ved was to be revenged, and therein every one promiled
his chearful Affiftance; Ho that it was agreed, that a Levf
of Soldiers (hould be made againft the fifth Day of Auguji
next, but fo fecret, that neither King, either JV^/j or Englifij^
ihoQid know of it.

Bu T the Englfjb were quickly advcrtifed by their Spiet,^
of the Time and Place of Meeting ; (b that they refolved
to prevent their Enemy with the like fecret Management*
For the Lords advifed the reft with all their Followers to
be in a readinefs, not at any one Day, but whenever there
was need, that they might draw to their Colours. Matters
being thus refolved on, when they heard that the Scots^ to
the Number of 30000, or as Fr^^ri will have it, of 40000^
were met together in Teviotdalfj not far from the Borders ;
they refolved farther, that (feeing they were not able to en*
counter fuch great Numbers) they would attempt nothing
before the coming of the Enemy upon them. And in the
mean time, to conteal their Intent the better, every Man was
to fiay at his own home, till they faw upon what Countrf
fo great a Storm would fall ; and then, according to the
Enemy's Motion, they would fteer their Courfe, and (as the
Scots had done the Autumn before in reference to EnglMul)
fo now they would enter into Scotland another way^ and
repay Lofs for Lofs. *

In the mean time they fent a Spy to inform themfelves
fully of the Enemy's Advance, who was now near them;
for they counted it highly conduceable to their Aftairs, to
know not only the Defign, but even the very laft Words,
Rcfolves, and AQions of their Enemies. He^that was fene
diftered nothing in Speech, Habit or Armour from the reft,
and fo was eaflly taken for a Scots Mats. So that having
found out every thing which he defired to know, he was
going to a Tree, where he had tied his Horfe, to fetch him,
and lo to be gone ; but he found that ^omeBody had ftoleii
and carried him away before; fo tb. lie was forced in his
Boots, Spurs and Riding-Suit, to take his Journey oit
Foot. Hereupon the Matter began to be fulpeficd, audi
when he was gone a great way, fome Horfemen were lent
after to bring him back as a Defcrter ; when they came up
to him, and demanded who or what be was, and why be
went from his Colours in that manner; he not being able
to give a ready Anfwer, they brought him back to the chief
Officers of the Army, to whom for fear of a greater Punifli-
xnent, hedifcovered all tife Defigns of the EHglifij. Whea
the 6cots heard this, they alfo changed the Order of their
Defigns, tbey divided their Araiy fp, that (be greateft Part

of

40Z The HisTOKYof Book IX.

€tf ic flioold march cowaids Carlijlej and dm the King's
two Sons, the Earls of ^r and StratJ/grM^ (hoald command
ir; to whom were joyned JrcUbaU DougLu of Galway^
and the Earls of Mar and SudferLmd. The other Pait
was to enter Nartbumherlimdvaida theCommand of James
DomgUs^ and the two Brethren, Dmniars^ George mi Joim;
the one Earl oi Murray^ the other tiS Mer€b. Their Party
confifted of 300 Hprle and 2000 Foot, befides S<jrvants and
Atundants 00 theHorfe; for erery Horieman hath- at leaft
one'Senrant, who being l^htly armed, can run almod as
£ift as a Horfe, and when Ocoifion is oSered| can encoun*
ter an Enemy.

When their Forces were thos divided, they who marched
towards Cmntherlaud and CarliJU carried all before then^
by reafon of their numerous Army, and met with no Ene^
my at all. Tixit Douglas^ intheDevaftations which he made
in the other Circuit, had not the fame Fortune; for he had
£> ordered the Courfe of his Expedition, as to take great,
and yet fecret Marches; and fopamn^ over Tyvr to penetrate
beyond Dtarham^ before he gave hts Army leave to Ipoil
and plunder. This be did with iheb Secrecy and Speedy
that the Engllfo did not know where their Enemies were^
but by the Smoke of the Fires they had made. Ferey
the elder was the greateft Man in NortbumberUmd and the
adjacent Counties, both for Wealth and Power. When
the News was brought to him, he fends two of his Sons,
Htury and Ralpb^ very aSive young Men, before to New*
eaJiUy commanding the reft to follow them thither. His
Intent was to intercept the Scots in their Return home.
But they having fpoiled the wealthy County of Dariam^
returned home with a great Prey, and repafled the Tywe
about three Miles above Nev^caftle. There the Com-
manders, being nobly defcended in their own Country,
as defirous of Glory ; and befides, elevated with their pre-
fent Succefi, thought it an inglorious thing to (Irike
Terror only into Rufticks and Plebeians, if they did
not alfo affrieht Cities; whereupon they marched ta
NewcaftUy and threatning to befiege it, they endeavour-^
ed by Contumelies and big -Words to draw out the £-
nemy.

When they had ftaid there two Days, and Ibme light
Skirminies, with various Succefs, had pafled between them y
there was one Combat, which towards the Evening of the
lad Day, atcra6):ed the Eyes of all the SpeSators: And
that was a Duel between the two Generals ; for they being
in a manner equally inatcbed in re^e£t of Birth, Power,

Agey

fiook Dt; SCOtLAH ©. 40j

Age and Coarage^ had a mind to encounter each other la
the Sight of bdth Armie^. Hereupon a Challenge was lent,
and they, both James Douglas and Henry Ptercy^ entre^
the Lifts, and rah at one another with their Spears. Pier€y
was unhorfed at the fiirft Encounter, and Douglas got hf$
Spear, but he could not touch his Perfon, becaufe the £ii^
giifo came in to his Affiftance; he (hook the Spear, and cryed
out aloud, lb as he might be eafily heard^ That he would carry
that as a Trophy into Scotland. The Combat being endeif,
the Seats k^pt very dihgent Watch, in regard they were near
a City wel! peopled, and full of Enemies. The Day after
they retired towards Scotland^ but very llowly, as being la-
den with Booty. As their Prey moved leifiirely on, they
themfelves attacked a neighbouring Caftle of the Enemy's,
took and demoHfhed it; and from thence they marched to
Otterborn^ about eight Miles diftant from Neweaftle. There
they took Counfel concerning the reft of their March.
The major Part were of Opinion td march towards Car*-
lijle to meet the other Army, and fo not to fight fingly^
(as was at firft agreed) but to waft the Conjundlion of both
Armies. But Douglas had a mind to ftay two or three Days
in that Place, that he might make a real Confutation of the
Vaunts of P/>rry, who had boafted, that they pould never
tarry his Lance into Scotland. In the mean time, that they
might not be idle, they would attack the neighbouring CaC-
tie. This Opinion, though it was judged by many none of
the beft, yet for Douglas^ s fake they all fubmitted to iti
And therefore they fortified their Camp for the prefent
Occafion, which on one Side was llifiiciently guarded by
Marfhes, and then proceeded to befiege the Caftle. But Piercy
being of a fierce Nature, that he might blot out the Igno-
miny he had received, would have followed them prefently
lipon their Retrear, with thofe Forces which he had
about him; but the graver fort detained him, for fear
of an Ambufli; for they did not think it probable^
that fo fmall a Nilmbct o( Scots would have appeared
before fo ftrong a Town^ unlcfs they had more Forces
near at hand, hid in fome fecret Place. That Day and the
next, they were bufy in making Difcoveries; but finding
that there was no Danger of the greater Army, as being
far diftant from Douglases Party, Piercy immediately, with
ten thoufaud fighting Men^ put himfelf upon the March^
without ftaying for the Biihop of Durham^ who that very
<Night was expeSed with fome Forces ; for, he thought he
had Force enough to overcome his Enemies, who wer#
^ot half fo nufljerous. When the Bnglijb came in fight, .

£ 9 fome

4o4 The Hi sr oKr 0f Book IX.

ibmeof the Sc^is were at Sapper ; otberi beii^ wearied at
the leaguer of the Caftle, had composed themfelres toReft ;
bat prefently an Alarm Word was ghrcn, To yomr Arms.
Whilft the left were arming themielFes, die mqor Part <A
the Foot, and many of the Horfe Mens Servants, making
u(e of that (lender Fortification they bad, bwe the Bmm
of the Engltfb Allanlt. But the Horle had a great Advan-
tage, in that they were (enfible of the thing before; for
dl^mting among themlelves how they Ibonld enteitain the
Enemy when he alEinlted them« (for an Al&alt they ex-
peded) they law that a neighbouring Hill woald be of great
tjfe to them. This thoefore they encompafled, and
lahilft the EttgUp were attacking the Paflage into the
Camp; they fell npon their left Flank, and made a mat
Slaoghter, bat a gieater Noife: Yet the Enflip having Men
enough broaght op their Refoves, and qaickly made good
their Ranks again ; however, that Diibrder did this good to
AeScotr^ that the F%ht before the Camp was managed mc»e
remifsly, fo that they had Liberty to draw out, and range
their Army in order of Battle.

Whilst thefc things were doing, the Night drew on,
but it was a (hort one, as it nleth to be in jMfy^ in the
Northern Countries efpedally, and the Weather alfo chan-
ced to be fair; fo that the Moon fliinmg all Nkht, ft was
as bright as Day. The Fight was maintained gallantly,
as between two noble Champions, who were more iblici-
tous for their Honour than for their Lives. Piercy endea-
voured to redeem bis Credit, and Douglas to maintain his
by a new Atchievement ; fo that there was as much £a-
gernei's on the one fide as on the other, tho' thdr Numbers
were unequal, and fo the Fight continued till it was late
at Night. And then the Moon began to be clouded, that
i'riend could not be difcerned from Foe ; whereupon they
re(le(ia while to take a little Breath ; and as ibon as the
Moon brake forth from the Clouds, the EngUj^ prefled
hard upon ihc Scots ^ fo that they gaveGround, zn^ Douglases
Standard was like to be loft. When the two Patrick
Hephurns^ Father and Son, from the one Wing, and
Do»^/ar from the other, brake thro* the Ranks o^ their own
Soldiers, and penetrated to the Front, where the main Dan-
ger was ; and there they began fo fierce an Ailault, that
ihey gave and received many Wounds ; and in fine,, brought
back their Men to their former Ground, from whence
they had been driven. Neither was Douglas content there-
with, but with his two Friends and Followers, Robert Hart^
and Simon CUnduning his Kinfinani he rubed in amongft
3 the

Book IX. SCO T LA K ©• 405

the thickeft of his Enemies, and being of a ftoat Spirit, as

vrell as ftrong Body, made a great Slaughter where-ever he

came. His Friends ftrove earneftiy^^^o come up to him ;

yet before they could do fo, he was mortally wounded in

three Places, and lay upon the Ground ; Hart lay dead by >

fcim, having a great many Wounds about him; andthePrieil

who had accompanied him in all his Dangers, when he

ftinted, defended his Body from Inj ury . In this Condition his

JKinfinen John Lindfay^ and the two StHclares^ John and

Walter^ found him, and asked him, How he did ? Ftry well^ laid

he, for I do not die like a Sluggard' upon myBedy butasalmofi

M my Ance/iors have done ; and I have three {my laji) Reauejis

to make to you : Firft, Th^it you will conceal my Deati kotb

from Friends andFoes. Secondly, That you would not fuffer

my Standardto ke beaten down. Thirdly, That you would re^

'fftnge my Death I If I may hope for the performance of theft

things^ IJhall bear the reft more contentedly. Whereupon they

in the firft place covered his Body with a Cloak) that it might

not be known, and then they fet up his Standard, and cried

out, (astheCuftomis) A Douglas^ a Douglas. At that Cry,

there wasfuchaConcourfe made, and they ran in upon the

£nemy with fuch Alacrity and Courage, that they drove

him fat away from the Place of Battle : For at the Name

of Douglas^ not the common Soldiers only, but John Earl

of Murray came in, as thinking things to be there in the

treated Danger. For he had before routed that part of the
!nemy's Army which flood againft him, and taken Fiercy
the younger, who was much wounded, and fent him into
the Camp, to be dreiTed of his Wounds; fo that the Ser*
vice being not fo hot in other parts of the Army, the
Duglajfians which had run in to the Standard, routed the
Englijb^ who were wearied with their Day-toil and Night-
Fight; and in the heat of ASion, //tf^ryP/Vr^-y their Gene-
ral was taken Prilbner. When he was loft, the reft betook
themfelves to a confuted Flight. There were flain of the
Englijbxvi that Battle 1840, about 1000 wounded, and 1640
taken Prifoners. Of the Scots there were 100 flain, and
aoo taken Prifoners, in regard a few in Purfuit followed a
greater Number of their Enemies. James Lindfay perceiv-
ing Matthew Redman^ Governor of Berwick^ to be one of
the draggling Flyers, judging him by the Goodnefs of his
Armour to be one of the principal Commanders, rode
prefently after him; when he had fled three Miles, hi$
Horfe being weary, he thought he could notefcape by riding,
and fo he difmounted, and came upon his Feet. Lindfay
4id the lame; at laft, after a pretty long Skirmifb betwist

E e ;> them,

4otf The U18T oviY of ^o OK Gt;

them, the Eftglfjbmam not, being fi> good st that kind of Wea-
pon they nled, y teldeth himfelf to Liiv/^, who fint him home^
havnig firft taken his Oath, That be would return iu tweu^
Daju This was then the Conrtefy of the ndghbomiiu;
Nations towards their Prifoners, which to this Day is
ponfiually ob&rved amongft the Borderers. And if ai Man
do not retorn at the Day appointed, this ]% his PnniflinMnt.
In the Meetings, which are made for Reparation of mutual
Damages, be that complains how he was deceived^ -^holds
up the Shape of an Hand or Glove on a long Spear, that
it may be feen of all ; that is counted the higheft Brand of
Infiuny upon any Man; lb that he who hath thus violated
his Faith, becomes thereby deteftable to his own Friends
and Relations to fnch a Degree, that no Man of any Qua«
fity will ear, or drink, or talk with him, or ib much as
harbour him in his Houfe. Lmdpy having dilmifled hs
Pri(bner on the forementioned Terms, perceived a great
Body of Men before him, and marched up to them ; he
knew them not to be Enemies 'till he was lb near that he
could not retreat, but was taken Priibner. Thefe were the
Forces of the Bifhup of Durham^ who coming late to
Newcajlle, and not being able to overtake P/V^^, not think-
ing that he would engage till the next Day, made an Halt
to refre(h his Men, and after they had fupped he renewed
his March. But he had not gone fap from the Town, be-
fore thofe that run away, informed him of the Lofi of
the Day. Whereupon he returned into the Town,' and ad-
vifed with his Friends concerning his following of the
Scofs. The Refolution was, that about Sun-riflng they
fliould all be in Arms; and confequently in the Morning
there were ten thoufand Horfe, befides a promifcaous Mul-
titude of Foot from all Places roond about. TheXe en-
couraged the Bifliop to march the neareft Way to th^ £«
liemy, and to giverhem Battle, alledging, that they were fo
wearied with Yefterday's Fight, and lb many were wotind*
ed, and the reft fecure by reafon of their late ViSoryi *2t
be might obtain an eafy Conqueft over them. Thi6 Earl
of Murray^ upon whom the Eyes of all were fired, when
Douglas was gone, was advertlfed of the BtOiop's coming
by his Sdouts; wherejjpon heconfulted with his-^:hicf Com-
manders about the Prifoners ; to kill them in cold Bloody
after they had given them Quarter, feemed cruel ; and to £kvc
alive a Number of Enemies, almoft equal with ^heir own^
feemed dangerous. The Refolution was, that they ftiould aM
fwear not to ftir whilft the Battle was fighting, and though
their Friends might come to releafe ^tbem, yet they fliouM

coQtiou«

BooKlX. S COT LA N'D. 407

eontmae and own themlelves as Prilbners ftill. Upon thefe
Tennsiliey were left m the Camp with a fmall Guard, who
were commanded to fall upon them all, if any one ftirred.
This Matter thus fettled, the Scots being full of Courage,
by reafon of their former ViSory, marched out with their
Army, being fortified and fecured in the Rear withMarfhes,
and, on the Right and Left, with Trees which they cut
down ; and befides, the Word of Command was given, that
as foonas the Enemy drew near, every Man (hduld blow his
Trumpet, made of an Ox-horn, which he carried hanging at
his Neck, which would make fuch a mighty Noite and
Din, as was terrible of itfelf ; but being multiplied by the
Repercuflion and Eccho of the neighbouring Hills, gave forth
|he Reprefentation of a greater Force than indeed the]^
were. The Englijh^ who had marched very faft, and were
to fight amongd the dead Bodies of their own Men ; being
afloniihed at that horrible Noife, and alfoat the Alacrity of
their Enemies, who flood in good Order over againft them ;
and befides, having no skilful Commander over fo tumultuv
ary a Body, nor the Commander much confiding in fuch
a raw Soldiery, they prefently turned their Colours, and
marched back as they came. In the mean time Lifuffay^
who, as I have faid, was taken Prifoner, and left at New^
caftle^ being feen and known by Redman^ was courteouflj
treated by him, and fet at Liberty without Ranlbm. The
Scots having pailed over thisfudden Brunt fo eafilyi refolved
to return home; but firft they difmifled Ralph Picrcy^ who
was much wounded, fo that he could not endure the jog-^
ging of a Horfe, and fent him to NewcafiU to be healed
of his Wounds ; upon his Promife, that as foon as ever
he was able to ride, he would wait on the Earl oi Murray
where he pleafed to appoint; and engaging his Faith
thereto as the manner is, he departed : Six hundred other
Prifoners followed his Example, and were releafed on their
parole upon the fame Terms. Many of the common Sol*
diers, who were like to be more burdenfom than bene*
ficial, were difmifled ^r<a^//. Of the Nobler fort Henr^ Piercy^
and almoft 400 more, were detained and carried into ^cotlandi
and ihortly after, upon Payment of fuch a Ranfom as they fet
Upon their own Heads, they were all fet at Liberty ; fothatia
that Age, as £«»/«/ fays, Men did not huckfter out a War,
but fought it out, as coritending mainly for Liberty and Glory,
Three pays after, the Bodies of Douglas and the other great
Commanders that fell, were carried to Mulrofs^ and there
with military Pomp interred. When the News of thelf
IM^tets was brought tp (be other Army, which was wafting

E « 3 CurnhrUnd^

4ot 7%^ History^ Book IX!.

CumbtfUmd^ it difturbed all their Mirth, fo that the ]oy
conceived for their good Succefi, was mmed into bitter
Mourmng. The Lofs of D$HgUs did fo affeaall the Sol-
diers, that not only that Army which followed him, bat
this other alfo returned home ia Silence and Sadnels, as if
they had not been Conquerors but Conquered. The puUick
Sorrow was alfo farther increafed, that he died wicboat
CUldren, and in the Flower of his Age ; and that almoft
he alone was deprived of the Fruit of the ViAory which
be bad gotten. His Eftate fell to Archibald Earl of Gahvay^
iimam^ the Aufhre^ who alfo was a brave Cavalier in his
Days. This is that memorable Fight of Otterhom^ re-
markable not only for the Magnanimity and Hardineft
of the Commanders and Soldiers, and their Modefty in
Vidory ; but alfo for the various and changeable Event of
it: That the Conqueror in the higheft ExpeSation of his
Glory, was taken off by Death, and could not enjoy the
Fruit of his own Labour ; and the conquered General,
though then difcomfited and made a Prifoner, yet outlived
this Battle many Years, in great Glory and Splendor. It
was fought the zift of July^ in the Year of our Lord
1388.

By tbisVidory, Matters were more compofed and quiet
both at home and abroad ; but in regard the King, by reafon
<>f his Age, was not fit to manage Buiinefs, and withal,
nnderflanding the Refledion that was nuule upon him by
realbn of the late Expedition, which was undertaken with-
out him ; and his eldeft Son Jobu being of a flow Nature,
and addided more to Eafe, than to difficult Enterprizes ;
he therefore called an AlTembly of the Eftates, and made
Robert^ Earl of Fif<?, Viceroy of the Kingdom, by the Name
of Governor ; yet they who managed that Office before
him, were ufually called Cujiodes^ i.e. Guardians. When
Hemry Pierey^ eminent both for his Quality and Adions, was
Prifoner in Scotland^ the Earl of Merth^ commonly called
Earl Marefcbal^ a Man fiercer in his Words than Adions,
was put in hisPUce: He undervaluing the S^o/i Valour in
the Fight of Onerborn^ and alfo feverely blaming the Cow-
ardife of the Englifo^ incurred thereby the Hatred of both
Nations. And indeed, Robert^ V kc-Klng of Scotlamd^ was
fo offended at his iniolent boafling, that he thought it a
juft Caufe to make an Expedition againft him. Hereupon
he entred the Enemy's Country, and with Jrcbtbatd Dguglas^
then Earl of Domglas^ marches direflly towards the Enemy,
who was reported ^to expeS him with a great Army;
when he came near him, he gave him Opportunity to en*

gage i

Book JK. S C O T LA N'D. . 405

gag«; which he declining, he (ent a Tronipcter to him, to
challenge him to try it out in a plain Field ; but the Martfibal
kept bimlelf in his Fadnefles and Places inacceffible^and woul4
give>ioanfwer to the Trumpeter; ^o\}\tvRobert^ after he had
ibewed his Army fome Hours to the Enemy, lent them forth
to pillage in. the Neighbourhood ; and he ranfacked thofe
Places elpecially, which the ^<snr^i6tf/ was wont to have his'
Refidence in ; and afterwards he marched them back laden
with Booty, without any Fight at all. This £x{^edition, tho*
undertaken upon flight Grounds, yet was very pleafing, both
CO the Euglijb and the Scots j who both rejoiced to fee the
proud Vanity of the Man to be thus humbW; but he, to
excufe the Matter, as often as mention was made of it, al-
ledged, that he did it for the Love of| his Countrymen, as
being unwilling to expofe them to needlefs Danger.

At this time a Truce was made, and Hopes of Peace be*
tween France and England by the Mediation of the Pope and
the neighbouring Princes, on this Condition, that the Allies of
both fliould be comprehended by Name, va. the P«r/iy^ire^r
of the Englijb fide; the Scots and Sfanijh CaftHsans^ of the
Fnnch. King Robert^ againft the Advice of his Counfel,
gave his (ingle Alfent thereto, but upon no foiid Ground,
for he was able to make neitber Peace nor JVar^ but by tie
publick Advice of the Eftates : neither could be promife amy
firm Truce^ without their Decree in the C^e. Nor could the
Nobility conceal any longer that hidden Kefentment andDif*
guft, which they had conceived againft the French^ who had
only dope them this Courtefy (the backward way) thatwhea
they were to do Service againil an ^nemy, they would
firike the Weapons out of their Hands ; and fo take away
the Fruit pf a former Viftory, and alfo the Hopes of a
New. At laft, after much Difpute and QuarreUing, the
French Embaflador gained this Point, but with much ado,
that the Scots (hould fend Embafladors into France about
the Matter, that fo the hopes of a Peace fo near at hand,
might not be bindred by their Obliinacy. King Robert
lived not long after, but departed this Life in his Caftle
called Dundonaldy in the Year of Chrift 1390, the 19th of
jlpriL He lived 74 Years, and reigned i^ Years and 24
Days. This King carried on his Wars by his Deputies/ and
vfually with good Succefs ; he was preient in few Battles
himfelf, which fome impute to his Age, others to his Cow-
ardife; but all fay, that he was a very good Man, and in the
Arts of Peace, comparable with the beft of Kings. He
adminiftred Juftice diligently and impartially to all ; he
l^verely pun&hed Robberies. In his Anions he was con*

. E e 4 ftant

4iQ The H I s T o R y, &f. Popk DC»

fiant; in his Words fsuthfal. He came to the Governmea^
in troublefome Times, yet he fettled Things at hame, ap*
peafed Difcords, and governed with great Equity and
Juflice; and be obtAined fuch Conquefls over his Enemy ^
that he reduced all the Caflles they had, except three.

After his Death Tumults arofe, where they were leaft
cxpeded. Alexander^ Earl of Buchan^ the ycningeft of the
Kingfs Sons by Elizalfetb More^ fell into a mortal Feud
with the BiQiop of Murray upon a light Occafion ; an4
when he could not come at him to kill him, he wreaked
his Fury upon the Church of Elgin^ (which was then one
of the faired in all Scotland) and burnt it down to the
Ground. The fame Year William Dotiglas^ Earl qf
Nithifdale^ (who, as I Ciid before, for his Valour was made
the King's Son-in-Law) was (lain at Dantzick on the
Tifiula^ by fome Ruffians, whe were hired to perpetrate the
Murder, by Clifford an EngUflimau. For DauglaSy whei|
Matters wi^re quieted at home, that he might not lie idla.
<€t out fot the Holy IVar; and in Prufta gave fuch Proof ot
his Valour, that he was made Admiral of the whole Fleet,
which was very great and magnificent,and withal well accom*^
modated. But a Quarrelarifing between him and Clifford^
grounded upon old Emulations, becaufe he grudged hfrn
that Honour, he lent him a Challenge to fight with him
hand to hand. But the Challenger conhdering into what an
hazardous Adventure he had run himfelf by that Challenge,
before tbe fet time came, caufed him to be murdered by Af%
iaflins, which he had hired for that purpofe*. '

THE

^ ( 411 )

w<m^^$^l^^ .

THE

HISTORY

OF

SCOTLAND.

OC300C300C300^?OOC3S ? O^^OOC300CSOOCpO

B O O K X.

Robert III. 7i&« bimdred ami firft Kimg.

|05£jRr the Second was fucccedcd by h?^
eldeft Son ^o^ir, on the 13'^ of Amguft^ and ia
the Year of oor Lord 1390. He was called
John till that time; bat then, by the Decree of
^^,,^,,_^„,. -^ the Eftates^ his Name was changed to Robert!
whether this Change of Names was occafioned bv tbeMil^
fortunes and Cilamities of two Kings, caUed Joi&ir, one of
ikince^ the oAer of England : Or whether it was for the
eminent Virtues and Felicity of two Rohrts^ both in Peace
^dWar, who lately reigned 10 ^j^U^i^ Antbprs remaiq

412 TbeHisroRT ff BookX.

filent tn that Pdnr, and tfaercfoce I flnll not take opon me
to detennme.

The Excdience ot diis Rotert confiftcd in tbv, that he
was rather onblemilhed by Vice, than fenaloed for any
SluflrkHis Virmes ; {b that the Name or Kii^ wa$ vefted
Id him, hot the Management of all pubUck Affairs refted
cm Roiers his Brother. In the bc|;inning of h» Re^n,
there was Peace abroad, by reafi>n of the three Years Tmce
made with the Emglijk ; which a while after was prolonged
for fonr Years more. But a Sedition was bq^on at home bj
Dmmam^ or Dtmacb^ Stuart, He was the Son of Akx^
mtder Earl of Bmebam^ the King's Brotha; a fierce Father,
and a fiercer Son; who, upon the Deadi of his Grand-
father^ imagining now that he had a fit Opportunity for Ra-
pine, gathered a Band of Pillagers at his Heels, and de-
ft^ii^ into Ai^m iboiled all, as if ft had been an Ene-
my's Country. Walter OgHvy^ and IValter Licbtom^ his
Brother, endeavouringto oppofe him, were killed, together
with fixty of their Followers. They, elated with this
Succefs, afflided the Country ^ore grieiroufly than ever;
bm hearing of the Approach of the Earl of Cr^mfifrd^
whom the King had lent to reftraih Aeir Infolence, the
Bimbleft of them fled fpeedily, and hid their Heads inHoIesi
and Corners; of thofe who made not Co much hafie,
fi>me were ilaio, ibme taken, and afterwards put to Death.
Thus the Wickednefs of thefe unquiet and turbulent Set
of Mortals, bang hindred from fpreading over the Cham-
paign Countries, they fell out amongft themfelves at their
own homes : And elpecialiy two Families of them exer-
dfed great Cruelties upon one another. They refuled to
end their Feuds by Courie of Law ; or to refer them to
indifferent Arbitrators. So that the King fent two Earls to
fupprefs them, Tbomiu Earl of Dunhar^ and James Lind*
j^, his Father being dead, now Earl of Crawford; Thefe
Commanders, confidering they were to engage a fierce
and refolute People, who not onl; derpifed Pk|fure bat
even Death itfeir; fo that they were not Iikely% fubdue
them by Force, without great Slaughter of their own
Men; they therefore re(blved to trjr what they could do
by Policy. And accordingly they difcourfed the Heads of
both Clans apart, and reprelented to them what Danger
would accrue to both by their mutual Slaughters of one
another ; and if one Family (hould extirfuite the other,
yet that was not likely to be effedled, witMut great Da^*
mage, even of the conquering Side; and if it might, yet
the Conteft wott]4 not end Xo; for then the Copquerori^.

wqr

BbOKX. SCOTLAND. 4n

were to engage the King's Forces, (tboi^h they were
weakoed ixiotc by their mUtnal Gonfltds) of whofe Ad*
ger s^aloft them bom, they m^hc be joftly finfible, becaafe he
had &nt Forces to deftroy them both, even before they had
diiabled one another. Bat if they would hearken to thole who
were more defirons of their Prefenration than their Ruin,
they would (hew them a Way, how they might be recon*
ciled, honourably, with amends, and to the King's Satif*
fafiion. ' When they defired to hear how this Condition
was propofed ; that 300 of each Side Ihould try It out in
Fight before the King, armed only with their Swords.
They that were Conquered, fliould have a Pardon for all
paft Offences, and the Conquerors Ihould be honoured
and refpeded by the King and his Nobles. Both Sides
were well pleated with the Terms ; fi> that a Day waa
fixed for the Combat, and at the time appointed the
Heads of the Families, with their Parties, came to Court,
and part of a Field on the North Side of the Town of
Per^h^ which was finrered from the reft by a deep Trench^
was appointed for the Place of Combat ; and Galleries
built round for Spedators. Hereupon an huge Multitude
was aflembled together, and late rouly to fee the Dilputc ;
but the Fight was delayed a while, becaufe one of the 306
of the one Party, had hid bimfelf for Fear, and their Fel-
lows were not willing to engage without having juft an
equal Number with their Adverlaries; neither was any one
found to fupply the Place of him who was abfent;
and of the odier Party, not a Man would be drawn
out, or. exempted from the Fight, left he might feem left
valued, and not fo couragious as the reft. After a little
Faufe, an ordinary Tradeiman comes forth, and offers to
fupply the Place of him that was ablent, provided, that
if his Side conquered, they would pay him down halLa
Gold Dollar of Fnmce; and alfo provide for his M^r
tenance afterward as lone as be lived. Thus the Ninn*

ber bein^again eoualled, the Fight biegan, and it waa
carried W with fuch great Contention, both of Body
and Mind, as old Grudges, inflamed by new Lofles, could
raife up in Men of fuch fierce Difpofitions, accuftomed
to Blood and Cruelty; efpecially, iieeing Honour and,
Eftate was propounded to the (Jonqueror; Death and
knominy to the Conquered: The Spectators were pof*
leiled with as much Horror, as the Combatants were with
Fury, as detefting to behold the ugly and deformed Mu-
tilations and Butcheries of one another's Bodies; the
liopping off their Limbs; and, in t lltard, tho Rage of
" ' wild

414 The HiSTOKY rf Book X«

wildBeaftsaiidcrdicShjveof Men. But all tckik nodo^
diot none carried bimiUf moce valMUdy than that maoe*
mry and fappofitidoiis Hirdiiig, to whole VakMir a great
Part of the Viaory was ro be afiaibed: Of that Side dutt
he was of, there were ten alive, befides faunfelf, hot all of
diem grievoofl J wounded : Of the contrary Fadion, there
lemained only onc^ who was not wonnded at all ; hot as
there was lb much odds, and he would be forced fingly
to enconntcr with lb many, he threw himlelf Into the
River Tay^ which ran by; and his Adver&ries not bcm|^
able to follow him, by reafon of thdr Wounds, he dcqpra
to the other fide. By this means, the forwardeft of both
Parties being (lain, the promifcuoas Multitude bdng left
without Leaders, gave over their Trade, of Scditioa
for many Years after, and Mook them&lves to their
Husbandry. This Combat happened in the Year 1 396.

About two Years after, in an Aflembly of the Sbttas
stPerth^ the King made David his Sod, Earl of Rothrfs^^
bemg eighteen Years old, and /^^^r/ his Brother, long S&ce
Earl of Mimuitb and Fife^ Dukes of Alb^y. This vain
Title of Honour was then firft celebrated in SeotUmd^ a great
Increafe of Ambition, but none at all to Virtue; neither
did it afterwards thrive with any who enjoyed it The
Kine would have befiowed the fame Title upon the Earl
of Douglas ; bat he being a grave and folid Ferfon, abfin
Itttely refufed that nominal Shadow of empty Honour; and
ii any Man told him that he ihould be a Duke, he rebuked
}iim (harply for it. Some lay, that the Name of Governor,
Which was given by his Father to Rohrt the King's Brother,
was this Year confirmed by the King; as alfo that the Fa-
mily of the Littdfays had the Earldom of Crawford added to
their former Honours: But they are not fully clear, whether
the Name of the fir(| Earl of that Family were, Thomas or
Ji^vt'd. ^ '

The next Year after, ^kiard 11. Kine 6f En^land^ was
Iprced to reilign the Crown ; and Hemy IV. fucAded him.
In the Beginning of his Reign, before the Truce was quite
ended, new Seeds pf War with the Scots were fown . George
Dumbar^ Earl of Mercb^ had betrothed his Daughter Eliza^
kttb 10 Davidy the King's Son, and had already paid a good
part of her Dowrv. Archibald^ Eart of Dosiglas, ftorm*
ing that fo powerfql a Man, and his Rival, (hould be pre-
ferred before him, alledging that the Content, of the Eftates
was not obtained in the Cafe, (which no Man ever remem-
bred to be done in any of the King's Marriages beforej
offered his Daughtpr M^t wit!) a larger HjfQVty ; and bjp

Book X. SCOT LAN^. ^xf

means o^ Roben.xht King's Brother, who could do all dt
Coorty be brought it about, that the Condition was accepted,
and the Marriage was confummated by the Decree of theE-
dates. George was much afffeacd at this Injury, as well as Re*
proacb^ and iharpljr expofliilated with the King about it;
but feeing what was once done, could not be undone, he
defiredac leaftthe Repayment of theDowry. This his juft
Demand being denied, and perceiving that he was not like
to obtun any Right, for that the Minds and Ears of all the
Court were prepoffeffcd by his Rival, he departed upon very
angry, nay, threatning Terms; and fo giving up the Caftle
of Dunbwr to Rokert Maitland^ his Sifter's Son, he went
for Ef^lal^d. Robert prefently yielded up the Caftle to
an Herald, fent by the King to demand it, and Douglas vf it
mmitted into it with a ^amfon, fo that when George re-
turned home, he was denied Entrance. Upon that, he
took his Wife, Children, and fome mtim^e Flrlends, and
returned into Engldnd. Being there, as he was a Matt
powerful at home, and fkmous abroad, he joined Counfels
with Pietfy^ a mortal Enemy to the Name of the Doug'^
iaffet\ and in regard he was well beloved by the bordering
&c(as^ of which many were either his Tenants, Allies, or
ptherwife obliged to him, he made an Inroad into the whole
Province of Merch^ and drove great Preys from the
Country, elpccially from the Lands* of the Douglaffes.
The King of Scots firft proclaimed George a publick E-
nemy, and confifcated all his Eftate ; neit he fent an He-
tald to the King of England^ to demand that he might be
given up as a Fugitive, according to the League made be*
twtxtthem, and alfo to complain of the Violation of the
Truce. Henry of England gave a peremptory Anfwer to
his Demands, that he had given the publick Faith to George
for his ProteSion, and that he would not break his Royal
Word ; as if a private Engagement with a Renegado was more
teligioufly to be obferved, than that which had been public^-
ly confirmed by Embafladors and Heralds; for the Days of
theTrncd^ade with Ricbardwete not yet expired, fiithe
mean tim^ife»>3;P/>rry the younger, cMcd Hot-Spur^ and
George Dunbar, ccaftd not to infeft the neighbouring Lands of ^
the Seots with their Incarfions. Which when they had often and
fuccefsfolly done,their Boldxiefs encreafed with their Succefs.;
fo that gathering two thoofand Men together, they entred
Lothlatt, and made great Havock about Haddington, They
befi^ed Hales-Caftle, but in vain. When they came to jLi»-
*oi!r, (a Village fituate on the7y»^9 a River of Lothian) they
were £b diftnrbed at the fudden coming (^ Douglas sig^mfk
V • . them,

4i« TAfHiSTORT#/ BookX^

them, that tfaej left their Booty, and all their Baggage be*
binddieni; atu can away iaihch Fear, that they nerer Sopped
till they came to Berwick. Tbefe things weredone about the
beginning of Fetrmmyy in the Year 1400.

The fime Year, upon the Return of the Herald, War
vn$ denounced againft E^gtamJ; and then atfo ArgUktld
DoMgUs^ iirnamed the Jmfhre^ a Man tnferidr to none (^
his Anceftors in all kind of PtaUe, fell fick and dy'd, in a
very lud time for his Country, which had lately loft by di«
vers Misfortunes, fo many brave Generals before. His Son,
of the (ame Name, facceeded him. On the 1 3th of Aigmft^
the Emglijb King with great Forces ennred ScoiLmd. When
he came to HMdhgiWj he flayed there three Days, and then
marched to Leitb; and flaying there as many Days, he laid
Siege to the Cattle of EdMurgb, The Governor led ati
Army againft them, but very flowly; lb that it eaGly appear-*
cd, that he did not much care if the Caftle of Edimbmrgi
were taken by the Ettglilb^ and in it Dmri^, the King's Son.
Forbv this time his wicked Ambition began to (hew it ftlf :
For he undervalued his Brother, as an effeminate Perfon,
and fought the DeflruAion of his Children as much as he
coQid, that he might enjoy the Kingdom himfelf : So that
their Lofs he pounted his Gain. But the King of EwgUmd^
and his Army, on the contrary, afted the Enemy with a
great deal of Moderation, as if, by an Oftentatton of War,
they had only fousht for Peace ; for having made fome fl^ht
On&t on theCaflle, heraifed the Siege, and returned home,
wfchout doing any confiderable Damage to the Places thro*
which he marched; infomuch that in his Marches both
backward and forward, heigot the Praife and Commenda-
tion of being a mild, clement, and moderate Enemv ; be
was courteous to thole that furrendred themlelves; be of-
fered no Violence to conlecrated Places; and he even re-
warded thofe bountifully, who had fom^erly entertained his
Father. All thefe Pradices ingratiated him more, and ren-
dered the Governor more odious; in regard he did not pro*
fecute the War with any Eageraefi, as again fl| to Enemy,
nor yet endeavour to make fo ea(y and benenffnt a King
his Friend. After Henry was returned (oiEngUmd^ George
Dmmbar continued flill to invade the Borders, bat the Inroads
he had were more frequent than they were conliderable. To
iupprefs him, there was more need of a diligent, than nu-
merous Force, and therefore Demglss divided the Forces of
each County into finall Bands, and appointed Commanders
over them ; who, by turns, were to flop the Enemy, or if
they &w Cai^fe, to fight him. The firlt Lot fell upon n^

BookX- ^€0 T LA R'D. 417

0iafHalyhtn99oeDirJi$ftom^ who took a great Booty fix>in
.the Enemy oat of the Lands near Bsmbwr^b. Bnt Patriek
Hifbmrney who wandred farther abroad with a greater Band
of Men* had not the like Sttccefi; fortrufiiog toomachto
the Numbers of his Men, and not being very wary in his
Retreat with his Prey, he was cot off t^ the Englip^ and
with him all the Flower of the Lothiam SoJdiery« Archie
bald DwgUtj to revenge the Slaughter of his Friend, by the
Confent of the Governor gathered above ten thoufiuidMen
tc^ether ; abundance of the Nobles acconipanied him in his
March, and amoneft.them, Mmrdo^ the Governor's Son;
when they came to IforthmnberUnd^ at Newcafile upon Tyme^
they pajBed the River, and put the Country to Fire and
Sword i but there encountring with Hetny Piercy the younger,
txtiGe^e Duntar in a pitcbed Battle, they were overcome^
many of the Nobles were flain, Douglas was taken Prifoner,
having loft one of his Eyes; fo were alfo Mardo^ Earl of
.Fife^ Tbamas^ Enxlof Mmmy^ and George^ Earl of Angmt^
with nmny other noble and illuftrious rerfons. And in-
deed the Strength of Scotland was not (o much weakned
in any one Fight for many Years before, as it was in this.
It was fought at Homeldom^ a Town xnNortbtimberlamd^ on
the 7th of May^ in Year erf* Chrift 1401.

PIERCT, having obtained fo (ignal a Vidory, refolved
to fubjeS all the Country, which lay betwixt Mortbumbfr--
/otultndtheFortb^ to the Englifif Scepter; and bethought it
would be a Work of no great Difficulty to compafi, in re^

Sard moft of the Nobility of thofe Countries were either
lain in the Fight, or elfe his Prifbners. Purfuant to this
Refolution, beginning mth Cocklaw^ a Caftle in TeviotdaU^
the Governor agreed, That mnkfs the CaftU was relieved by
the Scots in fifty Days^ be womid furrender it up. When
thefe Conditions were brought to the King, and then to the
Governor, Ibme were of Opinion, that the Caflle (hould
be furrendred, in regard it was not of that Confequence,
as for the fake of it, to hazard the Strength of the Kingdom
a fecond ime, which had been fo dreadfully ihaken and
weakned m the late Fight. This Deje£lioa of Spirit pro-
ceeded, not fo much from any Fear of the Enemy, as from
the Perfidioufnefs of the Governor, whofe Mouth watered
after the Kingdom. He, on the other fide, to avert all
Sufpicion from himfelf, in high and confident Words af-
firmed, that this Cow-heartednefs and Confeilion of pub-
lick Fear, would more encourage the Enemy, than the Lo(s
of a Battle. And if any one thought, that the Englijf would
bccontented with the taking of one Caftlo, they were very

much

^li TheHistoKt iff ^ottXl

macb miftaken; for as Fire is moce ttdraiftd ii^ a 1!^
Afperfioo of Water, ib the Defireof the EtigUjb^ upoaSur^
render oifime Places, woald not be extiogaiflied, bat n-
tiier inflamed to the taking of more ; ib that what vhis given
up at firft, would be but a Step to a farther Progrefs : But
(fifs be) if all of you lefofe to march out, for the Relief of
the Oille, t my felf will go alone; for as long as I ]t?e^
and am in Health, I will never fnffer inch a Mark of Dif;-

G ice to be branded on the Sca$iAiSBWe. Upon this gal-
t Speech of the Governor's, the reft, either extinguiCbins
qr diflembltng their Suspicion, cry'd out, Tha Aey womS
folhw Aim. But Fortune deciided the Controverfy, and blew-
off diat Danger : For Piercy was recalled to the Civil War
jn Englamd^ and fo the Si^e was ndied without BIbws.

Whilst ttkis& things were ading^ abroad i^gdnft the
Enemy, Matters went no better at home: Pori&brtly
after the Death of Archibald Douglas^ the Y^eaf before^
there inmiediately ft)llowed the Deceaie of the Queen Am*
nahella^ and of tFaktr Trofle, Arckbilhop of SuAntdrewr^
infomuch thatall Mens Minds did prdiige a great Change
of Affairs. For the Splendor of military Matters was up^
held by Douglas ; the Ecclefiaftical Authority and Reiem-
blance O'n ^<^c ^'^^) of ancient Dtfcipline, by Tra^i
and the Dignity of the Court, by the Queen, as did foon up»
pear by what happened after her Death. For Davidj the
king's Son^ was a young Man of a fierce Dilpbficion, and
inclined to Wantonnels and Lull. The Indulgence of his
Father encreaied thofe Vices; for though he had not Au*
chority enough to maintain the Reverence due to him,
yet by the diligent Admonition of thofe, .who were ap«
pokitcd to be David's Tutors in his Youth, but much more
by theCounfel and Advice of his Mother, his youthful Heats
of Temper w^e ibmewhat reftrained ; but when (he was
dead, he, as now freed from this Curb, returned to hi»
own Manners and luftful Couries; for laying afide all Shame
and Fear, he ' took away other Mens Wives by Force^
nay, and Virgins too, tho* well defcended; andi|hofe that
he could not perfuade by fair M^s, he raviflbed by Com^
pulfion ; and if any one endeavoured to abridge him in his
debauched Courfes, he was fure never to come off without
fufferiag for it. Many Complaints were brought to his
Father about thefe his Exorbitances ; fo that he wrote to
his Brother, the Governor, to keep him with him, and ta
have a firift Eye ov^r his Conver&tion, till that Spirit of
Lewdnefs Aould abate; and till he gave fbme Hopes of his
Amendment of Life. The (Governor had now an Oppor«<
3 iUBtty

BookX. SCOTLJlst'D. 419

tunity put intahis Hands, to tffcSt what he moft dcfired, and
that was^ to defiroy his Brother's IfTue; fo that meeting D^-^
W three Miles from St. Affdrevjs^ he carried him into the
Caftle there^ which he kept in the Nature of a Garrifbng
after the Archbi(hop*s Death: After a while, he took him
from thence^ and carried him to his own Cafile of F^lk'*
land ; and there (hut him up clofc Prifbner, Intending to
fiarve him. But that miferable Death, to which his Uncle*ft
Cruelty had defigned him, was protrafted for a few Days,'
by the Compaflion of two of the Female Sex ; one was si
young Maid, whole Father was Governor of the Cafilei
and Garrifon. She gave him Oat Cakes made fo thin, thaf
they could be- folded up together, (as 'tis ufual in Scotland
to make them) and* as often as Ihe went into the Gardeii
near the Prifon, (he put them under a Linen Vail or Hood|
which ihe did, as it. were, car^tefly, caft over her Head^
to keep her from the Sun, and thruil them into the Pri-
Ion to him through a fmall Giijnv, rather than a Win-
dow, The other was a Country Nurfe, who milked her
Breaft, and, by a little Canal, conveyed it .iQt<3iiiK Mouth*
By this mean Fare, which ferved rather to encreafe, thaa
aflwage his Hunger, his wretched Life and Puniihment
was lengthned out for a little, while; till at length, by the .
Vigilance of the Guards, they were difcorered and put td
Death : The Father mightily abhorring the Perfidioufnefs of
his own Daughter, whilft he endeavoured to manifeft his Fi*^
delity to an unfaithful Regent. The young Man being thus
left deftitute of all human Support^ having, by Forde 61?
Hunger^ gnaw'd and torn his own Flelh,, dy'd at length
more than a (ingle Death. His End was long concealed
from his Father, though it wa$ commonly known abroad,
becaufe no Man durd be the MeiTenger of fuch fad Tidingk
to him.

B u T to return to the Affairs of England^ as faf as they li^
intermingled with our own. When Piercy^r and a great
Number befjdes of the Nobility, had confpired to makcWaf
Opon their own King, hea«ees with Douglas^ whom he ftill
held Prifoner (ince the BaiSfe of Homcldony that if he would
improve hislntereft, byaffifting him agaihfl the King, asftre-
nuoufly and as Taithfully ias he had before done againft himi '
he would l^et him at Liberty without Ranfom ; which Douglas:
frankly promifed him to do, as being willing to omit no
Opportunity of Service againft the Englijh King* Hereupoa
he gathered fqnie of his Friends a^id Tenants about him,
and prepared himfelf for the Fight, Wherein he behaved him-^
ielf as ftoutly, as he promifed to PUrcyi fo that, without

F f regard

4M The History^/ B o ok X.

rfegard to the common Soldiers, his Mind and Eye v^as
•wholly intent^opon the King only; and there being ftveral
Commatidcrs cloathed in Royal Attire, which was done on
Turpofe by the EngHpy either to deceive the Enemy, if
they fliould prefs hard upon the King ; or dfe that the
Soldiers, in more Places than one, might find him a pteftnt
Witnefs of their Courage or Cowardife ; Douglas took No-
tice of one of thefe, who had fine Armour, and rulhed in
Dpon him with all his Might, and uhhutfed him. But he
being relieved by thofe.who were next, he did the fame to
a fecond, and to a third, who were all attired as Kings, (and
this 'Edwar J Hall, the Englip Wt iter, affirms, as we! I as ours)
fo that he was not taken up €o much with the Apprehenfion
ortis own Danger, as an Aftonifliment, from whence fomany
Kings Ihould ftart up at once. At length, after a terrible
and bloody Fight, Fortune turned about, and the King won
the Day ; Douglas was fadly wounded, and taken amongS
the Prifoners; and whereas many urged to put him to
Death, the King faved him, and did not only commend his
Fidelity to his Friend, but alfo rewarded him for his Valour ;
and when his Wounds were cured, after he had ftaid fome
Months with him, upon the Payment of a great Sum of
Money he was releafed.

1 N the mean time, the Scotl/b King heard of the Death
of David his eldeft Son, by the unnatural Cruelty of hi»
Uncle. The Author was fufficiently pointed at by private
Whifperfngs, tho' no Man dared publickly to accufe fo po-
tent a Man. Whereupon the King fends for his Brother,
and (hiirply expoftulates with him concerning the Mat-
ter. He bad' prepared his Tale beforehand, and charges
others with the Guilt of the young Man's Death ; as for him
and his, they were ready, forfootb, whenever thcKIng plealed,
to plead and aflert their Innocency, in adueCourfeofLav^;
but as for the Murderers, fome of them he had taken already,
and the reft he would make diligent Search after. Thus the
Matter being brought to Examination according to Law,
the Author of the Wickednefs f^^mons a Council, fets up
Accufers, and he who was impleMed as guilty, was by them
. acquitted as innocent .of the-Murder. The King impreca-
ted a moft dreadful Puniihmeht from the God of Heaven
^boye, to be poured down on him and his Pofterity, who
had committed that horrid Wickednefs: And thus being
OverprefTed with <jrief and bodily Weaknefs, he returned to
Bi^fc whence he came, fufpefting more than ever, that his
Brother had committed the ParricMe, though he was too
powerful to be brought by hin> to Juftice ud Famflmient

' . for

^^////^J /^/r ^ ^'S

of Scodiaad.

Book 3C SCOTLAU'D. j^it

for the fahie. But he, like a ftrong Diflctnbler^ brings
the fuppofititious Authors of the Wiekednefs out of Prifon*
and put them to dru el Deaths; 'tis true, they were lewd
Pcrfons^ yet innocent of that particular FaS for which they
Ibffcred.

I N the mean time, the fCing acfvifed with his Friends^ how
he might ^xdktytjantes his youtigeft.Son, for whoQ^ Safe-^
fy he was very folicitous, and whom he had left in the Cut
tody of U^aher Wardiloe^ Archbilhop of St. Andrews^ an
honeft Man and faithful to him: They gaVe their Opi-
Dion, that he could not be fafe in any Part of Stot^
la/tdj and that therefore it was bed to' fend him over tci
Ciarles VI. King of France^ the old Ally, and only Frl^tid
of the Scottp Nation ; for he could be educated no where
inore fafely and honourably than there. The frefliExampld
of David aruce (luck yet in their Minds, who, in dubious
and troublelbme Times at home, had there, for fome Years^
an hon^ourable Retreat and Entertainment. Hereupon ii
Veffel was prepared, and he put on board at the B/i/}, a Rock
rather than aniflabd. Henry Sinclarey Earl of th^Oreadet\
was ftntwith him as his Guide orReftor; whilft they were
coafting by the Shore, he landed at the Promontory of Flam*
hurgh^ dther driven in by Tempeft, or elfe to refrcfli him-
felfonShore^ after having been very Sea-fick: There he was
detained by the EngUfh^ till they fint to their King, whcv
commanded that he Ihoiild. be brought up to Court : So
that neither the Law of the Truce, which wa$ made a little
before, for eight Years, nor the (upplicating Letters of hia
Father prevailed, but he was kept as a lawful- Prifbner. For
his Fatherjt at his Departure, had fent Letters by htm to the
Kins[ of England^ (if poliibly he Oiould be neceffitated Xq
tand there) wherein he made complaining, and lamentable
Difconrfcs, both of his own, and alfoofthe common For-
tune of all Mankind. But tho* the King of England was
not ignorant of the Inconftancy of human Atfkirs, yet thd
old Grudge againft the Nation of tht Scots more prevailed
with him, than either th^Refped of the Youth's innocent
Age, or the Tears of his grieved Father, or the Dignity of
the kingly Name, or the FaiiH of the Pacification and Truce.
For having referred the Matter to his Council, how he fliould
treat the bon of the King of Scots being arrived in his Do-
minions, thofe vvho had any Regard to Equity, and were
weary of the prefent War, inclined to the milder OpinioUf
mz. that the Royal Youth^ who fl^d from the Cruelty of
his own Countrymen, and was now their Sbppliant, fliould
be holpitably and friendly entertained, that fo ^ fierce Na^

F f a tioj,

422 The U IS r OKY of Bo o k X.

tion, and unconquered by the War of fo many Ages, might be
won and wrought over to a Reconciliation by Courtefy* For
this, they thought, The mofi folid and firm ViStory^ mtwhen
Liberty is taken away byForee^ but when Minds are united by
the indijfoluble Bond of Amity. Others were of a contrary
Opiaion, that he might be lawfully detained as a Prifbner,
either becaule many of the Scots Nobility had perfonally affifted
Piercy in the Infurre£lion which he made againfi the King, or
becaufe his Father had entertained and relieved Piercy the elder,
when he was baniih'd and condemned as a Tray tor in England*
'This Opinion (as commonly th^worft Counfels do) prc-
vsuled, tho' they that were prefent at the Confultatidn knew
well enough, that thofe Scots who fought againft the Eng*
lijb King in Piercy^s InfurreSion, w^re not fent by any
pablick Commiffion from the King, but came out of their
private AfFeSion to Douglas^ who was then alfo in Piercy^s
Power. They might alfo have remembred, what Henry
himfelf had anfwered to the Scots, a few Years before, when
they demanded George Dunbar to be given up ; yet notwith-
ftanding, they (luck to this laft Opinion, as commonly in the
Courts of Princes, a falfe Pretence of Advantage weighs down
honefi and righteous Counfels : Yet in one thing Henry dealt
nobly and royally with his Captive, that hecaufed him to be
educated in Learning, and good Difcipline : This Calamity
of the Son was brought to his Father's Ears, whilft he was
at Supper, and did fo overwhelm him with Grief, that he
was almoft ready to give up the Ghoft in the Hands of his
Servants, that attended him ; but being carried to his Bed-
chamber, he abftained from all Food, and in three Days
dy'dof Hunger and Grief at Rothefay, which is a Town in
thelfland Bote, in the lixtecnth Year of his Reign, on the
ift of April, and Year of Chrift 1406. He was buried at
the Abby of Pajly. This Robert, for Tallnefs of Stature,
and for the Beauty and Compofition of his whole Body,
was inferior to very few of bis Contemppraries. His Life was
very harmlefs, and thue was no virtuous Accomplifliment,
fit for a private Man, wanting in him, fo that itrfay be truly
laid of him, that he was a better Man than a King.

A F T E R the King's Death, the Government of the King-
dom was fettled upon Robert his Brother, by the Decree of all
the Eftates ; who had many things in him worthy of that Of-
fice and Dignity, if, out of a blind Ambition to rule, he
had not ufed unjuft Courfes to haften to the Throne. He
was valiant in War, prudent in Counfel, juft in Judgment,
liberal to the Nobles, and tender in levying Taxes on the
Commons. The fame Year, P/Vr<rj the elder again entred
3 "^ ' into

Book IX. S C O T LA NT). 42$

fnto aConfpiracyagainft the King, to revenge upon him the
Deaths of his Brother and two Sons, who had been flain ;
but his Defign was difcovered, many of his Accomplices
taken and put to Death, and he himfelf for fear fled into
Scotland^ that from thence he might go over into Flanders
znd France to procure Auxiliaries, and renew the War. la
the mean time, Henry the King of England's Son, made

freat Incurfions mto Scotland^ both by Land and Sea ; when*
e was returned home with a great Booty, the Caltlc of
Jedburgh which the Enemy had kept from the Fight at
Durham to that Day, was taken by the Commons of Tevi^
Qtdale^ pillaged, and then, by the Governor's Order, wholly
demolilhed : And George Earl of Merch^ who had done
much Damage to his Countrymen, in behalf of the Englifry
being not able to procure from them Aid to recover his
own, nor an honeft Maintenance amongft them neither,
pacified the Governor by his Friends, and fo returned home;
yet he loft part of his Patrimony, viz. his Caftle in the
jLoch'Maban^ and Annandale^ which were given to Douglas^
for the Loffcs he had fuftaiued : And thus all Offences
were forgiven on both Sides, and he pafled the reft of his
Life in great Cdncord with his Neighbours, and faithful
SubjeSioH to his King.

The next Year P/Vr^^, after he had made a vain and
fruitlefi Tour over France and Flanders^ returned into
Scotland to his old Friend the Earl of Merch; by whom he
was courteoufly entertained and accommodated according
to his Eftate : There he tranfafted by private MeiTengers,
about returning into his own Country, and amongft the
reft, he wrote to Ralph Rojiesby^ his ancient and faithful
Friend, as he thought, that he did not want Force, both of
Scots and EngUJh^ who were ready to affift him to recover
his ancient Pacrin^oqy ; provided that he would join his
Afliftance with them. This Ralph was at that time Sheriff
ofToriJhirej fo they there call the Officer which prefidesia
Chief over juridical AfTemblies. He enticed Piercy to
him upon pretence of giving him Aid, and thci^ difcOf
yered the Confpiracy to the King, Thus the Friend was
betrayed, his Head cut off, and fent to the King ^ Lon-r
don. . ' '

There vvas alfo at that tirne a certain Engli/bman ia
Scatbndy who called himfelf if/V^^ri/ the Second,, but falfly,
as t fuppofe. For when P/>r^^ the elder did often and ear*
neftly defire to fpeak with him, he would not by any Per*
Aiafipn be induced thereunto, fearing, as may be gueflTed, left

F f 3 his

;^24 The Hisroiaij if Book J

his Impoftnre might be deteded by a Man, who fb wc
knew his King. Yel he was for fomc Years created J
one of the Blood-Royal : And that he m^bt lire more q
cnrcly, he feigned himfclf naoft averfe from any Defire t
enjoying theKingdpm. But at fad dying, be was buried a
the Church of the FroMcifiem Fryars at Sierli9i\ the T*\t\
of Kine of England being inferted In his Epi^h. Nd
long after, FafteaJlU^ a very ftrongCadleC^ the Name ii4
timaies) in Mercby was taken from the EngUp by Pafrici
Dunbar^ Son to George^ zadlherdnThifmas Holdcft^ Goverj
nor thereof, who had infefied all the neighbouring Places oi
Lothian^ with continual Robbaies. And moreover in
Tevlotdale^ IVilliam Douglas and GatJtn Dumhar^ yoangeffl
Son to the Earl of Mercb^ had broken down' the Bridge of]
Roxburgby and bi^fnt the Town ; but they attempted not the]
Caflfe becaufe they were deftitute and unprovided of all]
things neceflary for a Siege: But the next Year after, which \
was 1 4 1 1 . DetfoUthc IJlander^^ Lord of the Abud^e^ claimiDg 1
Rofs as the next Heir (for io indeed he was) as nnjufily ta- I
ken away from him by the Governor, when he could get \
no Right, he levied looo Ijlanders^ and made a Defcent \
on the Continent, and fb eafily feixed on, iZW/, the whole
Country being willing to return to the dubjedion of
their own juft Mailer : But this Facility of the RoJJiiun
in fobmitting to him, gave him (whole Mind was greedy
of Prey) Encouragement to attempt greater Matters. For
be pafled over into Murray^ and there being no Force to
defend it, he reduced it to his Obedience, and then pafTed
farther in his Depredations into Stratb-Bc^y^ and threatened
Aberdeen. ' Againft this fudden and unexpeaed Enemy the Go-
vernor gathered Forces, but in regard the Greatness aod the
near Approach of the Datigerdid nor admit theExpefiancy
of flow-paced Aid, Alexander Earl of Mar^ the Son of
Alexander the Governor's Brother, and almoll all theNobi*
lity beyond theTiy, at a Village called HarlaWj fct them*
felves and their Men in Battle array againft him. The Fight
was cruel and bloody ; for the Valour of many Nobles
did then contend for Eftate and Glory againft the Savage
Cruefty of the oppofite Party; at laft the Night parted
them, and it may be rather (aid, that they were both weary
with fighting, than that either Party had the better ; fo that
the event of the Fight was (b uncertain, that when both
Sides had reckoned up how many they had loft, each conn*
ted himfelf the Conqueror. In this Fight there fell fo many
eminent and noble Feribnages, as fcarce ever perifhedin one

Battle

Book X. S COT LA Ntf. 4,5

Battle againft a foreign Enemy for many Y^ars before :
And therefore the Village which was obfcure before, grew
£unous from it, even to Poderity.

T H I s Year alfo publfck Schools began firft to be opened
at St. Andrews^ which was effefted rather by the Confeiu
of learned Men, who offered themfelves to beProfeiTors of
Learnir^, than occafioned by any private or publick Stipend,
The next ten Years there was hardly any memorable thing
aSed betwixt the Scots and KngUftj^ either becaufe there
was a Truce made, which yet Authors are filent in ; or
becaufe Heur^ the Fourth dying on the aid Day of Marcb^
and his Son ^<»ry the Fifth prefentlyfacceeding.him, being
all the reil of his. Life intent on the Affairs of France^ the
Englijb abOained from offering any Injury to the Scoti, And
befides, the Governor of Scotland did not dare to (iir on his
Side, fer fear left the Englijb (hould bring back upon them
the true Heir of the Crown, whom he knew many of the
Scots would dole with, out of Commiferation of his Misfor*
tunes. Therefore what Inroads were made at that time, were
rather Robberies than Wars. For both Penrith in Eng^
land was burnt h^ Archibald Douglas^ ^nd Dunjrize in Sctttr
land by the Englifo: And likewife there was an exchange
of Prifoners made, Murdo the Governor's Son. taken at
Homildon Fight, was exchanged for Picrcy^ who when his
.Grandfather's Party was fubdued in England^ was brought
into Scotland and left with the Governor ; but upon the nev7
King's coming to the Crown, he was reftored to the Dig-
nity of his Anceftors. He, though he was not properly a
Prilbner by the Law of Arms; yet the uujuft Detention of
Jamesy Son to the King of Scots^ ftopt the Mouths of the
Englijb^ that they could not juftly complain of any'Injury
in the Cafe : As for Piercy himfelf, he, was fo farQ'rom re-
finting ft, that as long as he lived, he acknowledged the
Civility and great FrieM^igo^^bc Scots to him, in all kind
of mutual Service.

Moreover the iame Year an Ernbafly came from,
the Council of Confianee^ the Head whereof was the Ab-
bot of P^iiriw/4ff^; and another from Peter Lune who had
feized on the Papacy, and as obftinately kept it. He, by
Henry Harding^ an Englijh Frawcifcan^ had wrought over
the Governor to his Party, but in vain, for the whole Body
of the Priefthood was againft him ; for they having aflTcnted
to the Council of Coi^^wf^, had fubfcribed to the Eleaioii
of Martin the Fifth. In the mean time the King of France^
by means of a violent Difeafe, became Lunaiick, and his
DiAemper was eocreafed by the Monks, who pretended tp

F f 4 cure

426 Tke Hist on Y of Book X.

cure him. By this means Frauce was divided into two
Fadions. The Head of the one was the Duke of Burgundy^
who having (lain the King's Brother, drew him to the Englijb
Party. The Head of the other was the King's Son, who
being difinherited by his diftrafled Father, was called by
his Enemies in a Jeer the King of Berry ^ becaufe he ufually
kept himfelf at Bourges in Berry^ a Town of the Bernois.
He . being forfaken by a great Part of his own Country-
jnen, and deftitute alfo of foreign Aid, in ^he Year 1419,
lent the Earl of Vendofme his Embaflador to the Scots ^ to
demand Aid of them, according to the League made be-
twixt the two Nations. The Aflembly 6f the Eftates or-
dered him ieven thoufand Men ; and indeed at that time,
in regard the Soldiers were increafed by reafon 6f the long
Peace with England \ it was no hard Matter to make up
fuch a Number of Men, being only Voluntiers. Johm Earl
of Bfichan^ the Governor's Son, was made General of the
Forces, and many eminent Perfons followed him; but
Archibald Earl of IVigton^ the Son of Archibald the lecond
Earl of Douglas^ was far more eminent than all the reft.
When they came into France^ they were fent by the Dau-
phin, (fo they call the eldeft Son of the King of France}
into Tourainey a Country very plentiful in all forts of Pro-
yifion, and near to the Enemy: For theDuk^ of Clarence^
Brother to the King of England^ was then in France^ inftead
of the King himfelf, and made great Havock of the Coun-
try of if»/o», whofe Inhabitants remained in their Obedi-
ence to the French King. And it was thought, he would
have come as far as the Town of Baux. This was done
two Days before Eafter ; whereupon the Scots thinking,
that the General would ceafe from any Military Action
thofe few Days of that Feaft, (as the Cuflom is) and apply
^imfelf to Ecclefiadical Duties ; or (as others fay) prefum-
ing upon an eight Days Truc^-which was made, carried
themfelves more fecurely, than other\jife they were wont
to do. The Duke ofClarencevf^s informed of this^ cither by
Andrew Fregofe 2LVi Italian \ or clfe by iome Scots Foragers,
•whom his Horfe had taken Prifoners 5 and having got a
fair Opportunity for Adlion (as he thought) he rofe up prc-
iently from Dinner, and with his Horfcj only marched to-
ward the Enemy ; he himfelf, befides his other gallant Fur-*
niture and Armour, wore on his Head a Royal Diadem feC
with many Jewels. Some few French who were quar-
tered neareft the Enemy, in a Village called Little Baux^
being terrified with his fudden Approach, fled into the Tower
•f a Church adjoining; v^hilfi he was affaulting o/thefe.

BookX. SuO T la N ^. j^i7

the Alarm was given to the reft of 'the Army, and pf efently
in great Difmay they all cryed out, T§your Arms. The
Earl of Bucha9fy whilft the reft were fitting themfelves, fent

^ out 30 Archers to take Poffeffion of a Bridge, which was
the only Paflage over a neighbouring River. There a Skir-

' mifli begun, and Hugh Kennedy^ who quartered in a Church
hard by, came in to them, with one hundred Men, who in
fttch a Surprize were but half-armed. This Party with
their Arrows hindred the Horfe from paffing over ; where-
upon Qlarence^ with the forwardeft of his Men, leapt from
his Horfe, and maintained the Combat on Foot ; fo that in
a lufty Charge they repelled the Scots^ who were fome un-
armed, and fome -but half armed from the Bridge, and this
opened the Paflage for his Men. In the mean time, whilft
Clarence vr^iS mounting his Horfe, and his Men were paf-
fing the narrow Bridge a few at a time, the Earl of Bucham
was at hand with 200 Horfe ; and now both Sides being very
earneft to (hew themfelves, a (harp Fight began with
equal Courage and Hatred? For the Scots were glad, that
they had got an Opportunity to give the fir ft Proof of their
Valour, and fo to refute the Reproaches of the French^
who were wont to upbraid them, z% Men given more u
eating and drinking than to fighting. The like Reproach the
French are wont to caft upon the Britains ; the Spaniards
on the French; and the jifricans on the Spaniards. On tho
other Side, the Englijh took it in great Difdain, that they
ihould be attacked by futh an implacable Enemy, not only
at home, but even beyond the Seas ; and* fo they fought
ftoutly, but none more fiercely than Clarence himfelf ;
he being known by his Armour, John Swinton ran at him,
and with his Lance grievoufly wounded him in the Face;
and the Earl o( Buchan alfb fmote him with a Truncheon,
and ftruck him from his Horfe; when he was fallen, the
Englijb ran away, and were llain in the Purfuit even till
Night. This Battle was fought the Day before Eajler^
when the Days are Ihort in cold Countries, a little after
theFernal Equinox. There fell of the Englljb in the Fight
above 2000, amongft which wer« twenty fix or eminent Rank.
Many Prifoners were taken of good Account in their owa
Country ; and efpecially fome of the Duke's Allies ; Few
of the Scots or French were loft, and thofe of no great

. Note. This is the moft common Report concerning the
Death of C/drewtf ; hxxt the Plufcarty Book fays, that he was
flain by Alexander Maccajland^ a Knight of Lennox^ who
took olF the aforefaid Diadem from his Head, and fold it
10 John Stuan oi Qermly^ for iqqo Aogels of Gold;

^o4

42S. The UisroKTdf BookX-

and he ag^ip pavrned tt to Rohn Hufkn^ to whom he
owed fooo Angels; this he fays was the vulgar Opinion :
The chief Praife of this ViSory was afcribed to the ScotSy
neither could their greateft Detra£kors deny it. Whereupoi>
CbarUf the Dauphin created the Earl of BucbanhoxA High
.Conftable, which is the hrgheft Office in France n^xt the
Sing: Th<? rjcA of the Commanders had alfo Honours ber
jRowed on them, according to their Ranks and Valour.

Whilst thefe Things were aSing in France in the Year
1420, Robftrt^ Governor of ScotUn^^ died the Caiie Year,
•on the third of Stptfmher^ and fifteen Years after theDeatb
of King RobiTt the Third. His Son Murdq fucceeded in. his
Place, a Man of a fluggifh Difpofition^ and fcarce fit. to
govern his private Family, much lefs the Conamon- wealth :
So that either by his Slothfqlnefs, or, ^Ife his tbo much Inr
dulgence, h^ fo Ipoiled his Children (for he had threej that
In a ihort time he brought both them and himfelf into great
Calamity, and at lad to DeflruQion. Thi^ Change of do-
mefiick AflfairSv caufed the Earls of Bn^ban^ zsAWiiton^
with many of their Kindred, to return from France : Bui
Matters being foon fettled at home^ the Dauphin recalled
the Earl of Bucban, who with his Wife's Y^xhtt Archibald^
Jamei his Son, and the Flower of the Scotifo Soldiers
lailed into France^ leaving his other Son the Earl of Wsgt^n
behind him, who being grievoufly fick, could not follow
him : They landed with j'ooo Soldiers at Rocbel^ and fo
came to. the Danpbin at P0ia9Uj where they wcire joyfully
received, ^dJJouglas was made Duke of Tmraines

When Henry of England heard of the Death oCClare^e^
be fubftituted Jobn Earl of Bedford^ his other Brother, ia
his Place, and fent him before into Fra^fce wjth 400Q Horfe
and lopoo Foot. He himfelf followed foon after, and
took virith him James King of ScQts in the Espeditioo:
Thinking by that means either to infinuate himfelf with the
^cQts^ who fought againd him in France ; or elfe to render
them fufpefled to tht French: But he obtained neither of his
Ends, nor could he prevail with them at theDefire of, their
own King, fo much as to return home, and to AaQd Nea*
fers and be Spefiators only of the War : For addreffing to
all the Garrifons held there by the Scots^ they made him
one general Anfwer, That they could tiot acknowledge, hm
for their Ki»g^ who was under the Power of another Moff :
//^liry being' emended at their Peremptorinefs andConAaocy,
having taken the Town pf Jlf^AKjf by Storm, hanged up twe^-
by Scots that he found th^e, allcdging ; Tlfot they bore Arm^
^ainfi their ovin^ lii^g, Sqoa 4fier| he mi Charles the

Suth^i

BookX* SCOTLAND. 4Z9

Sixth) King of France^ died, immediately one after another.
About two Years after, the En^lip prevailed in a Battle a(
f^ernevily where there were flairi of the prime 5ro//, the Earl
of BMchan zxxA Douglas^ one Duke of Turaine^ the other
Mafler of the Horfe to the French King; and alfo Jamet
Douglas his Son ; Alexander Lindfayy Robert Stuart^ an4
liTsomas S'aintoH ; and of common Soldiers above 2000*
And aboHt three Years after, the Auxih'ary Scots received
another great Overthrow at Beaux^ when they were carry-
ing Provifions to Orleans. They fet upon the EngUJb ia
the Way, in which Fight there were flainof Scots of Note,;
H^ittlam Stuart with his Brother, and two eminent Knight$.
of the Family of the Douglajfes^ whofe Pofterities do yet enjoy'
two Caftles, an^ large Pofleffions about them in ScotJamJ^-
'viz. one of them thkC^GXeoi Drumknerick^ and the other
Ihe Caftle of Lough Levin in Fife. Thus have I briefly
touched upon the A£lions of the Scots^ performed in a few
Years in trance^ as external and foreign Occurrences ; the
farther Explication of them is to be had in the French An-
nals, which though they be not quite alien from the Affairs
of Scotland^ yet I had not fteppea out of my way to mien*
cion them, ii the Calumny of fome Englijb Writers had
not compelled me to it. For they endeavour to undervalue
and fpeak Evil of what they dare not deny ; which if Hif-
tories did not mention, yet the Munificence of the Kings,
the Decrees of the Cities, and. the honourable Monumcuts
at Orleance and Turaine do fufficiently declare them. What
then can they hereobjefl? Th^ Scots ^ lay they, are too poor
to maintain fo great a Force in a foreign Country. 1 an-
fwer, firft. That if their Poverty be a fault, it is the fault of
the Sosl^ not of the Men ; neither would I have taken this
for a Reproach, if it did not appear by their Writings, that
the Englijh intended it for fuch ; and therefore 1 (hail only
anfwer them with this : That thefe poor and beggarly Scots
Cas they call them) have got many great and famous Vi£lo«
ries over the opulent and wealthy EngUJb : And if they do not
believe me in this Point, let them confult their own Hiflo-
ries; and if theyfufpeiid their Belief of them alfo, let them
not require of us to receive them for true in other things.
Pat to return to the Affairs of Scotland.

MUR D being fet up, as I faid but now, in the place of
his Father, he kept a very loofe kind of Difcipline in his
own Houfe ; his Children (whofe Names were fValter^ '
Alexander and Jamei) defpifed their Inferiors, and confe-
cjuently oppreiTed them with many Injuries, and they infec-
ted the Youth T/vith ihofe Vices, to ^hich they thcmftlves.
4 were

430 The History of Book X,*

were addified ; and feeing their Father did not curb nor
reftrain them, at laft he was puniflhed himfelf for giving
them fuch bad Education. The old Man highly prized a
certain Bird he had of that Sort of Hawks j which they call
Falcons : IValter had often begg*d him of his Father, and
was as often denied ; fb that upon a time, he catched it out
of his Father's Hand, and wrung off its Neck. To Tvhojn
hfs Father replied, Becaufe tboucan^ft not find in thy Heart to
obey mcy 1 will bring in another^ that both tbott and I too
Jhall be forced to obey. And from that time forward, he
bent his Thoughts to reftore his Kinfman James ; an enninent
Man of Argyle^ Chief of the Country, named Calen Cam-
My whom before Walter had affronted and wronged, ap-
proving his Defign, and aiflSftinghim in it ; fo that he ajQem-
bled the Eftates at Ferth^ and a Confultation being heid
doncerning the Revocation of their King ; they all,' either
out of Favour to the true Heir of the Kingdom, or out of
Wcarinefs of the prefent Pofture of AtFairs, willingly agreed
to fend an Embafly to procure his Reftoration. Some No-
bles were chofen EmbaflTadors, who coming into England^
fbund the Englijb more inclinable to ft, than they expe£ted :
For the Duke of Gloucefler^ who, in the King*s Minority,
governed the Affairs of England^ c^AXti, the Council toge-
ther, and eafily perfuaded them, that JameSy Son to .the
King of Scotland^ (hould be fent back at the Defire of his
People into his own Country ; .feeing he was not at prefent
of fo great Authority amongft them, as to be able to recall the
Scots Auxiliaries out of France^ or to draw any part of the
Kingdom to an AHiance with England. And befides, he
thought to make another Advantage of hin), th^t he would
not only be his fnre and fait Friend, but would always be
under the Power and Influence of England-^ for if James
fhottld marry Joan^ the Earl • of Somerfet^s Daughter, the
woft beautiful Woman of her Time, (with whom he was
mightily in Love it that time) he perfuaded himfclf, that by
her iifeans, the I^eague wkh France might be eafily under-
mined ; and if he was once let at Liberty^^ either he would
be made a Friend to England by that Court^fy ; or eUe,
whilft he was revenging theWro^jgs his Kindred had done
him, he would entangle bis Country in a difmal inteftine
War; and by that means it would come to pafs, that either
the Englip would be made ftronger by the Addition of fuch a
Friend ; or if their Scotip Enemies difagreed amongft them-
fdves, they Ihould be more difingaged, and readier ftr a
foreign War. And indeed thefe were no imprudent Con-"
fideratious, if they themfelves, by the Narrownels of their

' Spkits,

Book X. S C O 7 L A N "D. 4Jx

Spirits, had not marred their own Markets* For feeing they
demanded agreaterSamof Money for bis Redemption, than
the ^^^^/ in their prefent Circumftances, either durft promife,
or were able to pay, a Compromife was made, that the Dowry
of his Wife Ihould be retained, as for one half, and that the
Sons of fbme Noblemen ibould be given in Hoftage, for the
Payment of the other. James being fet at Liberty upon
thefe Terms returned home, eighteen Years after he had
'be«n a Prifoner, in the Year of our Lord 1423.

A M I D s T the great Goncourfe of People which flocked
in to fee him, and to congratulate his Return, he was foon
taken up with the Complaints of thofe who gri&vouily la-
mented what Wrongs they had fuftained fince the laft King's
Death, partly by the Negligence, and partly by the Injuries
of the late Governors : Walter the Son of Murdoy Malcolm
Flemings and Thomas Boyd^ were highly accufed, who to
pacify the Commons, for the prefent, were committed to
leveral Prifons, until the next Convention of the Eftates,
which was appointed to be on the twenty feventh Day of
May. But Fleming and Boyd^ upon Payment of Damages,
and fome kind of Compenfation ; and alfo upon laying
down a round Sum, which they were fined at, into the King^
Exchequer, were fet at Liberty.

James I. The hundred andfecond King.

IN the mean time, the King with the Queen was crown-
ed on the 20th Day of April ; he being placed in the
Chair of State by his Coufin Murdo^ (an Office belonging
to the Earls of Fife:) A while after many profitable Laws
Were cnafied for the Good of the Publick, but efpecially to
reftrain Robberies ; which by the Licentioufiiefs of former
times, had grown to fuch an heighth, that Laws and Magis-
trates were delpifed, as if all Right had only confifted in the
Power of Arms. Afterwards theyconfulted how to raife
the Money due to the Englip for the King's Ranfom ; for fee-
ing the publick Treafure was very low, by reafon of fo many
Wars and domoftick Seditions following upon the Wars, the
Governors having pardoned the Offenders, and beftowed Re-
wards on good Patriots, fo that the King's Revenue was mort-
gaged, and Money taken up upon it, he could not pay it of his
own, but was forced to crave Aid of his SubjeSs; and in-
deed, the ^Joblcs, whofe Sons were left Hoftages, eafily
obtained, that an K&, (hould pafs to that purpofe ; but in
the Payment of the Money there was not fo ready an O-
Mience. For upon a Valuation of all Moveables, a twen-
tieth

452t The U tsr oKt €f BodK 5t.

ffeth Pan was impofed, which in fo great a want of Mo-
ney, yet Plenty, iund confequently, Cheapnefs of other
things, feemed . intolerable to Men, who were not ac-
coftomed to Taxes : And who alfo were more concerned
at the Example that might prevail on future times, than for
the prefent Damage: And moreover, the higher Sort were
i;alamniated by the Vulgar, as if they had laid too much of
, the Burden upon the Shoulders of the Poor. But that
which troubled the Commons moft, was the flibrt Day ap-
pointed for the Payment of the Tax, for it was commanded
to be brought in within iSfteehDays; and if any one did not
pay, his Cattle were to be feized upon, either by the Lord
of the Manor, or the Sheriff of the County. And if any
one alledged his being in Debt, or in Arrears of Rent to
his Landlord, the Exception did not avail to abate his Con^
tribution : And the Mifchief was increafed by the Severity
ffiid Harfhnefs of the Colle&ors, who did not only thns
vex the People ; but by falfe Reckonings, or upon the
account of Charges, they dedufled a great ^n of the Mo-
ney, which was colle&ed for the Pnblick Ufe : Bcfides^tb^
Impofition feemed more intolerable, becaulb the former
Governors had been very remifs and moderate in their Levies
and CeiTments, that fo they might iniinuate themftlves int6
the Love of the Commons, and by that means keep them
off from defigning the Reilitution of their lawful King :
And for that Caufe it was, that when the Ailembly had'
given Liberty to Robert the King's Uncle, to levy a Tat,
he, to ingratiate himfclf with the Commonalty, refilled to
let it pafs into an AS ; affirming, Tkat he bad rather pay
down fo much Money of bis own^ than that the Commoni
fbould be burdened on fucb an account. When the King had
cxaded the firft Payment, Which came in very hardly, and
with the Ill-will of the People, who complained, that be-
fides the Burden of the Wars, they had thefe new Taxea
impofed upon them, he forgave the reft.

1 N this Affembly, Murdo Duke of Albany^ Walter and
Alexander his Sons ; Dunac Earl of Lennox^ his Wife^s
Father, and Robert Grahme^ who fome Years after kil-
led the King, virere taken and committed to Prifon; ibv^ere
twenty four more of the chief Nobility, but the reft were in
a little time after fet at Liberty ; Murdo ovlVj with his Son,
and Wife's Father, being retained in Cuftody. The feme
I>ay that Murdo was taken, the King feized upon his Caftles,
as Falkland in Ftfe^ and Dawn in Menteith^ out of which
Ills Wife was carried to the Caftle of Tintatton in Lothian,
'^ames bis youngeft Son hearing of the Havock that waa

makini^

BookX. SCOTLAND). 4}j'

making among his Family, gathered a Band of Men toge*
rher, and burnt the Town of Dunbarton^ and flew Jobm
Stuart (the King's Uncle) firnamed Rufusy and thirty two of
his Followers; and then he fled ioioIrtUifd^ where he died
ihortly after. There alfoftW«y^ Bifliop oi Lifmore^ one of
the Dotrimican Order Who fled with him, and was his Coan-
ftllor in all his Affiiirs, departed this Life. The Wife of
Walter^ with her two Sons, Andrew^ and AUxMiety and
Arthur a bafe-born Son, fled like wife into Ireland^ who in the
^Rtxgxxoi James the Third returned again, and were endowed
with great Honour. The fame Year, in an Aflembly of the
Eftates ztStcrlin^y Murdoy with his two Sons, and "Wlfe^s
Father, were brought out of Prilbn, to be tryed accotxl*
ing to Law; the Proceedings were after the Cuftom of
the Country, which was thus. Some Man eminent for
Wildom and Authority is chofen out to bcPrefidcnt of the
Court, and he hath at lead twelve AflefTors joined with
him, who are to hear the Crimes objeded, and tapalsSea*
tence on the Prifoner, or Party accufed, according to thetr
Oaths. Thefe Judges are ufually of the fame Quality with
the Party accufed; or at lead, of the next Condition to him^
as hear as may be: The Prifoner hath Power to except a-
gainfl his Judges, when the number of twelve, and fbmetimes
more, is compleated ; and when the Crimes are weighed^
the Sentence is pronounced according to the Majority of
Voices. In this Cafe, Judges being cholen according to
Cuftom, it is not material to mention their Names, (but
certainly they were Perfons of Repute, and fome of them
ndirly related to the accufed) thePrifoners were condemned
of High Trealbn. The two young Men were put to Death
fte fame Day ; their Father and Grandfather by the Mo-
ther's fide, the Day after, on a little rifingHill, over againfl;
the Caftle of Sterling. There goes a conftant Report, tho*
I And it not mentioned inHiflory, that the King fent to Ifh'
feltuy Wife of his Coufin-German, the Heads of the Father,
Husband, and Sons, to try whether fo fierce a Woman, out
of Impatience of Grief (as it fometimes comes to pais) would
not reveal the Secrets of her Mind: But tho'flie was mudi
difturbed at the fudden Spectacle, yet (he gave no intemperate
Language, only anfwcred, That if the Crimes objeSedwere
trucy the King had done jujlly and according t9 Law,

When the Aflembly was ended, JohnMontgomeryy and
llumpbry Cuninghamy were fent by the King to take a Caftle^
in MtrinAH^Lnd in Loch^Lomond^ which was held in the Name
o( James Stuart theFugitiv€j and they reduced it according-
ly. And not long after, John Stuart of Dernefy^ (who

whea

4J4 Tf^eUisTQtirof Book X-

-whcn the Scots Commanders in Fra»ce wetefhrcral ways de-
jftroyed, was made General of the Horfe amongft themj to-
gether with the Archbiihop of Rhemes^ came into Scotland^
to renew the ancient League with the FrfwrA, andtocontraA
a Marriage between Lewis the Son of Charles the Seventh,
apd Margaret Daughter of James, both of them but Chil-
dren at that time. Thefe Matters being accompliflied, the
next Year, which was i^i6. all Sc^tlamd was fubdued virithm
the Mount Grampius: And the King took Heart to proceed
farther in his Conqaefts. And firft. he caufed the Caftle of
Invernefs to be repaired, which is (itaate in a convenient
Place in the farthcft Part of Murray. Two Years after
going thither to adminifter Juftice, and fapprefs Robberies,
he fent for the Chief of all the Families, efpecially of thole
who were wont to iffue out with great Troops, and fetch
in Booties from the neighbouring Countries, raifing Con-
tributions upon them in Times of Peace, and forcing the
ppor People to fupply them with ViiSluals while they lived
an idle Life. Some of thole Robbers had looo, fome 2000,
ibme more Partizans at their Command, by which means
good People were kept under for fear of Danger ; and
the bad, who found a fure Refuge amongft them^ were
made more bold to commit all manner of Wickednels.
The King had got mod of them into his Power, fome by
Threats, others by Flatteries, but he committed about forty
of the Chief of them to Prifon, sMid upon Tryal, two of
the moft Villainous, Alexander Macrory, and John Ma^
cartbury were hanged up; James Cambel was likewile pat
to Death for the Marcher of Johti the IJlander^ one of
Note in his Country; the reft were divided into fcveral
Prifons, of which fome afterward fuffered Death, and
others were freely fet at Liberty. Thus the Heads of the Fac-
tion being either flain or keptPrifoners, the King judged the
common Sort, thus deprived of their Leaders, would not
ftir, and therefdre he perfuaded them by kind and gentle
Words, to do what was juft, and to place the Hopes of
their Safety in nothing elfe bat thelnnocency of their Lives.
If they would do lo, he would be always ready to ho-
nour and reward them; if not, they might take Example
by the Puniftiment of others, and moft certainly exped the
like themfelves.

When other Matters were thuscopipofed;. yet the King
had ftill with h\m Alexander the IJlander^ one of the moft
potent Perfons in the Land, next the King himlelf ; for he
commanded over all the Mbudce\ and befides, he had an
AcccCion of. the fertile County qC Rofsy by means of his

Mother,

BookX. S C OT la N'D.y 435^

Mother^t^ho was Caught^r to Walief' Lejley, late Ear! of Rofu
He having committed matiy cruel and flagirious Afis, wal
thereupon in great Fear of the King, whom yet he found tery
ezorable by the Mediation of his Friends ; infomucb that
he was courteoufly invked to Court^ and kindly entertained
there; and having obtained a Pardon for what was paft^
great Hopes of Favour were propounded to him, if he would
mure himfelf to a more quiet and obedfent Carriage and
Deportment for the time to come, and fo he was fent home*
But he was fd far from being thankful to the King for his
Pardon, and afterwards for his Liberty^ that he thought h«
had great Wrong done him, that he was kept fome Days \a
Prifon. Atid therefore, as foon as he was returned to his old
Comrades, he gathered a Company of them together, who
were accuftomed to liVe upon the Spoil, and went to Inner'*
nefsy in a feemingly peaceable manner ; where being hofpi-
tably entertained, he fuffered his Followers to pillage th«
Town, and after he had fet fire to the Houfes, he laid
Siege to the Caftle ; but hearing of a Force cqming againft
him, was compelled to raife his Siege, and marched in great
Hafteto Loeh'Al^r: There, by reafon of the Advantage of
the Place, herefolvcs to put himfelf upon the Fortune Of a
Battle, with Aat Army which he had with ^im, which wer#
ten-thoufand Men, hardned to the Wars. But twoTribca
or Clans, of thofe who followed him chearfully to the
Plunder, when they heard of the King's Preparations made
againft them, deftrtedhim^ to wit, ihtCatam andtheCiai»«*
rons^ called vulgarly, Clan-Cbattan^ ^nA Clan- Cameron,

Being thus deprived of Part of his Strength, and having
no great Confidence in the Fidelity of the reft, he began to
think of hiding himfelf a^ain ; and fo difinifling his Army,
he retired with fome few mto the Mbud^tj and there confulc-
ed concerning his Flight into Ireland, But prefuming, that
even there he could not be iafe from the Wrath of the Ktng^
he thought it beft to fly to his laft Refuge,* viz. the King^s
Mercy and Clemency, which before he had fo largely ex-

Erienced. But here bis Thoughts were at a Lofs, betwizr ,
ope and Fear, when he confidered, what Mifcbiefs he
had done at his firft Revolt ; and after the King had gtaci«)
oully pardoned him, with what Perfidioufnefs and Cruelty
he had again broke forth, and fo had cut oft* all Hopes of
farther Indemnity; and .therefore was in great Doubt and
Perplexity, whether he (hould commit himfelf, his Life and
his Fortunes, to the King's Anger, that wasfojuftlyground-^
ed aeatnft him. In thefe Cifcumftances he relblved to take a
middle Coiuie, betw^^bttog. a Fugitive and a Surienderer,

G g which

43tf 3r3&^ His TORT ^ BookX«

which was, to. feod Agepts to Coart to beg Pardon for his
Offences, and to incline the King^s Heart to Lenity towards
bim And for this Service he chofe quiet, moderate Men^
^d opt at all infested with the fame Vitlanies of which he
himfeif bad been guilty ; and on that account not unaccep*
table to the King ; yet notwithftanding they could obuin no
other Anfwer from him, but that he woahl hear nothti^
tinkfs Alexander would put hiiiifelf into his Hands ; neither
would he treat wich him as long as be was abfent. Alex^
4md*r caft up all his Dangers in his Mind, and forefedog
that he could be fafe no where from the King^s Fury, relblvcd
to choof^ a fit Time and Place, and io to throw himfeif
upon his Mercy; for he thought he would count it a Shame
to injure, orpuniQ), an humble Supplicant. Accordingly he
comes privately to Edinhurgb^ where the King then was, and

having

he v/as rather covered than clothed, and in a Speech com-
pdfed to excite Compafiion, put himfeif into his Uands^
and begged his Life and £(late. His Habit, the Place and
Time, andfo great and fudden a Change of Formne, mncb
afie£led the Perfons thenprefent. The Quee^ and the No*
bles, who ,were there," interceded with the King for bim, and
did fo far incline and affeS his Mind, that they were com*
manded to (lay, till their Devotions were ended. In the in*
terimi the Kine pondered every thin^ with himlelf, and
thought it not lafe to di£(Tiifs fo perfidious, fo potent, and
fo faSious a Perfon, without any Puniihment at all ; and

Jet, on the other hand, to make fome Gratification to the
LequeA of the Queen, he thought it befi to keep him alive
in (afe Cuftody; for by this means, he might gain KkiOpi*
oion of Clemency \ and, at the fame time, prevent his 0|>*
portunity to do farther Mifchtef ; provide for the Secttri*
f y of the common People, and withal terrify others by hia
Example. Upon this he was fent Prifolier to TimiMm^
Cafile, and his Mother, a£erce Woman, was baniflicd into
Che Ille oShcb'Colm. For it was thought, that flie would
have e^^cited him to new Attenipta*

The Licentioufoefs of Alexmtdir being thus reprefled,
yet were not all things quiet in the Northern Countries. For
the Men of Caitbnes and Cameromj who the Year before
had deserted Alexander^ fell out grieyoufly aoiongft chfm-
fdves; and fought one another with- fo grekEagernefi, that
mmj of Cahbmes were flain, but tbeC^mm(«Me/almoftall
la(L In the i£^«4/is liktwjici where 'twis ^boiv^

WoaM

Book % SCdt LJ ^T^, 4iy

would be quiet byreafon oi AJexander\^x\\zi ncw Com-
motioas were railed by Donald Balocky Coufia-German to
Alexander^ on Pretence of revenging the Wrong done to his
Kinfman. To quell this.Infurreilion, Alexander ^Viijllan^
both Btuarts^ one Earl ofCasthnes^ the other of Mar^ gathered
fbttic of their Countrymen together, and went into Loch- .
AByr tq meet Dan^, (for the Report wai, that he would
inake bis Defccnt there) where they waited his coming. Hqj
perceiving that they kept no Order, but Were without Tents
ot Guards in the fourth Watch landed his Men without anj^
Noife, and fo fet upon them unexpectedly, whilft they were
balf afleep^ and made a great Slaughter aniiongd them. Ala»^
ivith almoft all his Brigade, was loft there; and JleXander
twjth a few faved his Life by Flight, Donald was exalted
tvith this Succefs, and/o wafted all Loch-Jbyr with Fire
apd Swofd, no Man daring to oppofe him 5 but at lengthy
hearing that the King was making towards him with &
greater Force, he packed up his lar^e Bundles of JPillage^
fent^hem a Shipboard^ and returned into ihtSbud^t. Th^k
King marched as far ^sDunfiafnage after him, andthei'e lavt^
the Ruin and fearful Devaftation which had been made: Iv
put him ipto an Excefs of Rage,^ and he wafs about to pa&
.over into the i^^ff^j; but the Chiefs of thc:ir Families camd
tvith tijeir humble Supplications to l^im,- alledging, thattherd
was no general Guilt in the Cafe, becaufe nothing had
been aSed by publick Advice, but all the Fault lay at th©
Door of Alexander^ atid of fome indigent and lewd PerfonsJ
that fided with him. The King anfWered, he would not ad-
mit of their Excufe,* unlefs thejt would apprehend the Au-
thors of thole wicked and pernicious Praaices, and delivei'
them ijp to him to be puniihed ; when they had promiled to
do their Endeavour fn it, the King let fome of them go tq
find out the Robbers; the reft he kept in the Nature of {lof- ,
tages : Xbofe yiho weredffmiffed, flew many of the Thieves^
and brought thr«e hundred of them Prifoners to the King,
(Donald himfelfi for Fear of Punilhmcnt,- being fled away)
who caufed them all to be hanged.

T H o' this Puttiftment of the Robbers made things a lit*
tie more quiet in the Mbud^^ and the neighbouring Pa^tJ
jaft for the prefcnt; yet the unquiet Difpofitions of fome
wicked and turbulent Men would not fufier that Calm to
be IcMig liv^d. The King, at the Defire of his Nobles, had
feleafed two of iS^<^Angui^s^ Dnffus^ and ik&rr^ijyCommanr
ders of the Thieves* Thefe turned their Fury upon on^
another, meeting in equal Numbers (for each of them main-
Waid ab.Que i/cQFardtoout of the Spoils of the people.)
- G g * ; The;

43* The Ulsr ovLY 0f BooicX*

They fooght fo obHinately, that these was fcarce any one
left on either fide, to be Meflcngcrs of the Slaughter ; for
fome lay there were but twelve, others but nine left alive ;
fo that the King, who was equally angry with both, had
fcarce any of them left to infliS a Punimment upon.

A N D yet their Calamity did not retrain one MacdwaU
from his wonted Savagenefs. He was a noted Robber,
born in Rofs^ whofe wicked Difpofition was excited by the
Impunity, of the former Times ; fo that he (as we lay)
king'd it a long time among his Neighbours. Amongfl
the reft, thev lay, he committed one Fafl: fuperlatively
cruel. A Widow Woman that was robbed by him, be-
moaned *cr Cafe in a moft lamentable manner, and ever
and anon cry*d out, that (he would complain to the King.
Wilt thou fo? fays he, Then to the Intent thou may'ft the
better perform thy Journey, I my felf will affift thee; and
fo calling aSmith, he caufed him to nail Horfe-flioes to the
•Soles of her Feet; and not contented with tha,t Aft of Cru-
elty, he added contumelious Speeches, and played upon her
with Words of Mockery and Contempt, telling her, that
Ihe was now more fenced againft the Roughnefs of the Ways ;
and he (heured her thus ihod as a Laughing-ftoct: to thofe
that paffed by. The Woman being of a fi«'ce and ftera
I)ifpofition, and rather enraged than terrified by his Re-
proaches, as foon as ihe was able to go, went to the King,
and laid before him the whole Matter of Fad. The King
had heard the fime before from others ; and having then
the Offender in Prifon, bid the Woman be of good Heart ;
for (he (hould fpeedily fee the lame Punifliment inflided on
^the Inventors of it; and accordingly, htaixi&AMaedomald^
iand twelve of his Complices, to be brought out of Prifon,
and to have their Feet (hod with Iron-Nails, and fo to be
carried three Days about the City, a Cryer going before, and
declaring the Cau(e of this new Punilbment; then the Cap-
tain was beheaded^ and his twelve Aflbciates hangM, all
their Bodies being fet tipon Gibbets in the Highways.

These new Crimes, which a Pardon once obtained
had not prevented, made the King more eager to find out
Donald tht IJlander.* And therefore, being informed that he
lay concealed in a Nobleman*s Houfe in Inland^ he lent
McflTengers to him to deliver him up to Puni(hment : The No-
bleman fearing, that if he fliould fend him away alive, thro* fo
long a Trad both by Land and Sea, he might pofiibly make
his' £fcape, and then his Enemies might alledge, that it was
done by his Connivance, caufed him to beflain, and fent his
Head to the King by his owaMeflengen Open Robberies

being

Book IX. S C T LA N 7). 4J5!

being tiius diligently foppreflTed, the King endeavoured to err
tirpate feme fecret Crimes arid evil underhand Pra'Qices ; and
in order to accomplifli this great and good Work, he made
choice of eminent Perfons, much commended for their Pru-
dence and Sanftity, giving them Power to travel all over
the Kingdom to hear Complaints; and if there were any
Offences complained of to them,, which ordinary Judges,
cither for F*ear durft not, or for Favour and AfRjaion would
cot intermeddle with, then they tliemfclves fhould hear the
Cafe, and determine it. And moreover, he added one to their
Number, who was to correft and reQify Weights and Mea»
fures, aThing very neceflary; feeing then, not only every
City, bm al mod every Hoii|!e, ufed a different kindof Mea-
fure: In a Parliament he madewholefome Lawstothi^pur*
pofe, and caufed Iron Meafures to befet up in certain Places,
and lent out one to all Markets and Fairs, who was to ret
gulate all the Meafures' according to that Standard, and a
heavy Punifliment was to be inflifled 'on him, who ufed any
other Meafure, than that which was thus iigned with a
publiek Mark.

W H J L s T he was tranfafling thefe Things for the publick
Good, in the Year 1430, the 14th Day of Odober^ his Queen
was brought to Bed of Twins, which occafioned a Day of
publick Rejoycing ; and the King, to add fomething to the
popular Mirth, forgave former Offences to fome Noble-
men, the Chief o( vjhomvi&[t Archibald Douglas^ znAJohm
Kennedy^ who, becaufe they had :Q)oken too rafhly and un-
advifedly concerning the State and Government of the
Realm, had been made Prifoners, Douglas m the Caftle of
Loch'Levsfty and Kennedy in the Caftle of Sterling. An4 aS
a farther Teftimony.of his Reconciliation to Dou^las^ be
made him Godfather (as we call him) at the baptizing of
his Children, which is wont to be accounted a Matter of
great Honour, and a Token of intimate Fricndfliip ; and
moreover, he made his Son one of the Knights, which were
created,as fo many Witneffes of the publick Joy on thisOc-
cafion. The other Parts of his Kingdom being thus purged
and amended, he next turned his Thoughts to ihc reform- ,
ing -of the Ecclefiaftical State; but the Priefts could not be
correfted by the Civil Magiftrate ; for the Kings of Europe
having been long engaged in mutual Wars^ the Eccledalh'^
cal Order had, by little and little, withdrawn themfelvcs
from their Obedience, and obeyed only the Pope of Rome;
and hejudulged their Vices, partly becaufe he was a Gainer
by them, and partly becaufe he might make Kings the more
fubjca to his Pleafure, by reafon of the great Power of the

G S 3 Clergy

44? Thf HisroKx 0f Book X.

Clergy In their Kingdoms. Hence it was he refolved to
prevent their Tyranny the beft and only Way he was able ;
for feeing it was not in his Power to amend what was paft,
jioi' to turn out unworthy Men from thofc Preferments
which they once were pofleft of; he thought to provide the beft
liecouidfor thefuttire, which wastpfet up publickSchooU
for Learning, and Uberafly to endow them j becaufe theft
would be Seminaries for all Orders of Men ; arid whatfo-
cver was excellent or noble in any Commonwealth, toolf
from thence ir$ Origin as from a Fountain. Thus he
drew learned Men to him by Rewards, nay, he himfelf
would be fomptinies prefent at their Difputations ; and when
he had any Vacation from Civil Affairs, he delighted to hear the
Conferences of the Learned ; endeavouring by that Means to
eradicate the falfe Opinion which many Nobles had im-
bibed, vtz. That Learning drew Men off from Afiion to
Sloth and Idlenefs, and (bftened military Spirits, either
|)reaking, or at leaft weakning all thfir vigorous Efforts;
fo that the Study of Letters was only fit for Monks^ who
vere immured as it were in aPrifon, and good for no other
TJfe, But alas, the Monks, as they had degenerated from
the Simplicity and Parfimony of their Anc^lors, fo they
iiad turned thcmfelves wholly from the Culture of their
Minds, to the Care of their Bodies ; and Learning was as
much neglciSed by the reft of the Priefthood alfo; and efpe-
cially for this Caufe, That Benefices were beftotved on the
mojijlothful an4 VJorft Perfous of' KobUmesis Families^ which
were unfit for other Employments ; or elfe they were inter'
tepied by the Fraud of the Romanifts ; Jo that a Parfonage
"whi not biuji elfe bup a Reward for fome Piece of Service j and
that fomeitmes none of the beft. And befides, there was ano;
fher Mifchief which added much to the corrupting of Ec-
clefiaftical pifdpline, and that was the Orders of oeg^ing-
Friers. Thefe Friers, at the beginning, pretended greaiq:
San^i^y of Life, and fo eafily impofei) upon the People, to
hear them rather than their Parim-Pnefts, who were conir
inonly grofs-bodied and heavy-headed Fellow^. Nay> thofe
' Parifh-Curafes or Priefls, as they grew rich, didfcomtodo
fheir own Work thcmfclvcs, but would hire thefe Friers
(for fp they called themfelves) for a finall yearly Stipendji
to preach a few Sermons in the year to the People. In the
inean time^ they withdrew into Cities, and there chsiunted out
their idle Sopgs, a$ it were, after a magical Manner, not
Vnowiog ^hat they faid : and there was none of them thai
hardly ^ver turned an £ye towards his own jParifli, but
*^heQ his Tithes were to be collected* By degrees they erci^

-Bod k X. ^ C O T LJi M7). 44!

withdrew themfelves from this Office of Singing ikt certaiii
Hours in Cathedrals and Churches; which though it wero
but a light, was yet a daily Service -, and hired fome thread*-
bare beardlefi Drudges to Apply their Places in Sitiging
Adafles and other Ptayerr; and lo by muttering and mum-

. bling out a certain Task and Jargon o£ Pfalms^ which
vr^s appointed every Day, they made a colloHve kind of si
Tragedy; foi^tiikies contending In alternate Verfes and
Re^onles, other while making a Chorus between the A^is^
-which at laft doled with the Image or Reprefentation of
AtHeaxhofCbrifl. And the Friers, their Hirelings, on the
one fide, did not dare to offend their Mafters, on whom
their Livelihood depended; neither yet on the other, could
they bear their InfolendsL joined with fo much Avarice ;
lb that they pitched upon iiaiiddle war, that they might en*
gage thein to make eaiier Paythent or thar Penfions : the/
oftentimes bitterly inveighed againfi their Luft and Avarice
before the People, who gave ear to their Do£lrine; and
when they had raved enough in their Sermons to keep them
fa Fear, and alfo to conciliate the Minds of the Vulgar,

, thqr took up and confdited for themfelves alfo in time,
feeing they were likewise in Ecclefiaftical Orders. They told
them, that whatever the Diforders were, yet the Order of
Priefthood was a Sacred thing, and that the Temporal or
Civil Mi^ftrate had no Power to punilh them; they were
only refponfible to God and to tht Pope^ (who had almoft ^
txfil Power with God;) and becaufe their Avarice encrea«
£ng with their Luxury, they thought they Ihould not fqueeze
Gain enough from the People, therefore thofe Friers ftt
up a new kind of ^Tyr^nny, holding forth in their Sermons
the Merit of Works. Hence arofc Purgatory^ and tho
Chaffing of Souls (which the Pope Was pjeafed to detail?
shere) by thQ Sacrifices (forfooih) of th^ Mafs^ by thd
^tinkling of Holy, tVoer^ by Alms and Penfions given or
offered, by Iiidse^encer^ Pilgrimages, and IVor/bipping'
of Relifuer; the Friers being exercifed in this kind ^
bartering Trade and Chaffer, m a little time claimed tb^
Power to themfelves, both over the living and thi
Dead.

I M this ill Conditiott Jams the Ffra found Churcb-Af-
ikirs \n. Scotland; and therefore he thought it the moftcom**
l^adious Way to reftore the old Difcipline, if Good and
T/^rned Men were admitted to Benefices. And to increai&
^e Emulations of young Scholars, he told the Mailers and .
Governed of Univerfities and Schools^ that becaufe he him*
ftlf W9$hilldr^ t^ Cltt^UbliclrAffahrs^of Scate^ fo tbdt be

C g 4 could

44i, Ths HisrolBiY 0f Book XJ

could not confider every Stadent^s particular Merit, they
Ihould therefore be very careful to commend Learned and
Vtrtuoas young Scholars to him,, that he might gratify them
\7ich Church-Preferments ; who being thus advanced, might
not only be ufeful to the People by their Dodrine and£x-
^mple^ but alfo might affift the meaner and poorer Sort of
thofc that were debgned for Church Men with their Spb»
ftance; and fo far to relieve their Poverty, tftat good Wits
might not be compelled fo/ Want, to break off their Stu^
dies and Courfe of Learning, atid betake themfelves to
mecbanick, fordid, or mercenary Trades and Employments.
^Qd to the End, that good Men might with more Diligence
^^ly themfelves JO Learning, and l^e Slothful might know
that their onlywayto Preferment, was by Virtue, he diftin-
guiihed Students by their Degrees, that lb every one m^hc
know what Preferment he was qualified for*. And truly if
Succeeding King^ had followed this Courfe, we bad never
fallen into thefe times,: when the People cannot endure the
Vice^ of the Piiefts, nor the Priefts the Remedy of thofc
Vices, Neither was the King ignorant, that the Church was
fncumbered with thofe great Mifchfels under which it then
laboured, by reafon of its immoderate Weakh, and there*
fore he did not approve the Prodigality of former Kings in
exhaufting their Ireafury to enrich ^lonafteries, fo that he
often raid, Tiat though David . was otb^rv/ifi the heft of
Ki»gs^ yet his profufe P tety fo praifed by kumf^ masfrejudi^
cial to the Kingdom ; but however, he himfeif,' as if be had
been carry'd away by the rapid Torrent of evil Coftom^
could not with-hold his Hand from building « Monaftery
for t\i^ Cartbufi^nsy neavPertb^ nor from endowing it with
large Revenues. One thing was vei^y admirable in him,
that amidft the greateft Cares for the high Affairs pf the
' Publick, he thought the moft inferior and private Matters
not unworthy of his Royal Notice, provided lany Benefit
itccrQed to the Publick from them* For as Scotland had
been cxercifed with continual Wars, from the Death of
AUxmder the Third, foralmoft if o Years together, during
• which long fpace of time, her Cities h jid been fo often (poiled
and burnt, and her Youth generally made Soldiers, fo that
other Trades wer^ much qegleded, he invited Tradefinen of
all forts to come over from FUmders^ propofing great Re-
wards and Immunities to them ; by which means he filled
his Cities, (almoft empty before, in regard the Nobility re*
.£ded according to ancient Cuflom in the Country) with this
fort of Men ; neither did h^ only by this Means render the
Towns apparently more populous > bMhelikewft^av^e4ii

great

Bo o K X S CO T LA N p. 441

great Number of idle and vaerant People to tarn to the

VNTorks of Indudry and honelt Labour; and it came from

hence topafs ; that what was with fmall Coft made at home(y

need not with far greater be fecch'd from abroad.

• Yet while he wat thns ftrengthningall the weak Parts of

bis Kingdom by proper Remedies, he got the Diflike of his

Su^jeSs to a great d^ree, elpectally for two Reafons. The

ofge Teemed light in Appearance, yet 'twas that which is the

beginning of almoft' all Calamity to a People. For when

Peace was untverfilly fettled, Idl^efi, Luxury, and the

ivantouLuft of ruining, firft the Peace itfelf, and then other

Bleffing^f were its immediate ill Confequen'ces.^ Hence. a*

cofe fiiniptuous Feaftings, Drinking, Care0es by Day and

Z^ight, Mafquerades and Balls, denght in Grange Apparel^

Statelinefs of Houfes, not for neceflary Ufe, but to pleafe the

Eye ; a Comiptaon of Manners, falfly called Politenefs, and

in allthings a general Contempt of the Country Cuftoms ; fb

that nothing forfooth was accounted handibm or comely e-*

lioagh,but thar^hich was perfeiflly novel and out of the Way.

The Commonalty w^re willing to (hew, that the fault of thefii

Innovations lay not at their Door, they put the Blame otf

the Englifij Courtiers who followed the Kfaig; and yet they

did not inveigh agatnfi fuch wanton and pleafurable Cour*

fes, more bitterly in their Words, than they lludiouflv prac«

tifed them in their Lives. But the King obviated this Mi^

chief as much as he could, both by wholfom Laws, and

alfo by his own good Example; for he kept himfelf in his

AppareLand Frugality, within the rate of the richer fort of

private Men ; wd H he faw any thing immoderate or

extravagant in any body^s way of livinj;, he (hewed b^

his Countenance, and Ibmettmes by his Words, that it

was difpleafing to him. By this means, the Courfe of

increafing Luxury was lomewhat regained, rather thaa

the new Intemperance extinguiflied, and the old Parfimony

redored. ^\%, other Fault was talkM of abroad by his£ne<-

mies, and afterwards broke forth into a publick Mifchief.

Robert the King's Uncle, and Murdo his Coufin-German*

who had the Regency of the Kingdom for many Years,

afpiriiffi to the Throne, and yet not knowing how to re-»

move James out of the way, they did (what was next to

it) fb engage the.AfFeSions^of Men to them, that thQ

better fort might not mils a King very much; nor have

any ardent Defires after him : For they ufed fuel) great

Moderation in the Management of Aftairs, thtt their Go*

vemment feemed to many, not only tolerable, but very

4eQnble. UWaUtr. Mur49'% Son, had bttt<:wried it witb the

■ like

444 TBeHiiTOKT rf Bco^kX.

like Popalarity md ModentioQ. For diey 1q ei^aged the
Nobles CO them, by their Ltberalkjr and MunificenGe, that
jbme oijoyed the Crown Lands by Connivance; to others
they gave them outright, and« in favour of fome pati-
cular Men, they cancelled Ftoceedings and Jndgments
in Law, and refiored (bme who had been banilhed, and
mnongft them, one eminent and potent Perfon, Gtarge
Duptar Earl of Mercb; who, during his' Exile, had done
much Mifchief to. his Country; and ^ by this means they
hoped to ingratiate themlHves to fuch a Degree with the
Nobility, that t|iey would never fi> much as think of call-
ing home the King; and thiaxii James died without Iflue,
the Kingdom would come to them without any Competi^
tor; but if he ihould chance to return from his Baniihment,
yet their Fafiion would be (b powerful, that if the King
hore them a Grudge, they w«re able to defend them*
ielves by Force againft him. But when the King did adually
return, the old Favour and Reipefi born to the Unclc^
ieemed to be almoft extinguiihed by the new Injiffies and
Flagitioufnels of his Son fFaber^ fo that it plainly appeared,
that mtb'mg wot more popular than Juftice. And therefore
the People were not only consenting, but al(o contributed
their Affiftance to the Execndon of Murdo the Father, and
bis two Sons; and to tbeBaiiifliment of a third, fo that the
King's Revenue was augmented by the Confifcation of their
EOates: And alfo by the Acceffion of the Edates of John
Earl of Bufhau^ who died childlefs in Fraauj and of
Jlexaader Earl of Mar^ who was alfo childlefs and a
Baftard, who dy*d at home, concerning whom I ftall
^ak a few Words by way of. Dfgreffidn.

This Alexander was the Son of Alexa$$der^ Son to
King Roherv^ in his Youth, by the ill Advice of fome bad
Men, he turned to be aConrmumder amongft Thieves ;bnt
when he came to Man's Eftate, h^ was fo reformed, that '
befeemed plainly to be quite anptherMan; fo that his Vi*
^s gradually .-decreaiiug, by theB^efitof wholfom.Couo**
^1, he fb managed things, both at home and abroad, that
he left a Memory behind him precious to Foflerity. ¥oi
at home he quelled theInfurre£tion of the IJlanders ziHot'
lofw^ making great Slaughter pf them: And fi> he extia«
guifhed a dangerous War, in> the very riie and bud; and
though he bad great Wealth well gotten, and had bought
many good Eftates, infonmch that he exceeded his Neigh«
bour», yet be addi^ed pot bimfelf to Idlenefi. or Pleafure,
but went with a good Party of his Countrymen into
f^l^dtr/^ where \^hllQVf^GbarUfVvk^o£ B»rgandf^

agaia^

againfi the tuichloHjerSj or People of LUge; tn which

v(rar hegotbothEftateandHonour, andbefides, he married

richly in Holland^ an Ifland of the Bataviansi but the ^<>/-

landersnot being able to bear the Govemnnient of a Stranger,

he returned babS, and provided a Fleet with great Coft, yet

to no great purpofe, becaufe it wasagainlt Men, who were

very well provided both with Land and Sea Forces. At leng^

he let upon their numerous Fleet, returning from Dantzic^

^wrhich he took and pillaged, and flew the Mariners, and

)>urnr the Ships, fo that he repaid the Enemy for theLofshe'

received from them, witl? very grpat Intereft ; nay, he fo

fiibdued the Fierceneft of their Minds, that they defircd a

1 wice for an hundred Years, and obtained it; he alio caufcd

a noble Breed of Mares to be brought as far as from Hnu"

^^ry into Scotland^ whofe Race continued there for many

Years after.

These exceffive rich Earls dying without Iflue, Bncban and
JJWijr, their Patrimonial Inheritances defcended rlghtfiilly to
the King. And moreover, he aloiife enjoyed all the Polled
fions of the three Brothers, SdnstoKingA^i^r^ the Second,
i>y his laft Wife; but not without the Gffudges of the Nobi-
lity (who had been accuftomed to Largefles) that be alone
fhould enjoy all the Prey, without iharing any Part of it
amongft them. Further they conceived another, ^nd %
frelher Caufe of Offence, that the King had revoked fome
Grants made by Robert and Murdoy the laft Regents,* as un*
iuft. Amongft thofe Qrants there were two very remarka-»
Die, George Uunhar^ who was declared a pubKck Enemy^
was afterwards recalled by Robert^ and part of Ws Eilato
reftored to him. His Son George fucceeded hJm io it, IQ
\^t Joy of many; who were well pleased, that fuch an an-
ijient -and noble Family, which had fo often deferm) wctl
of their Country, were reftored to their ancient Dignity. 3Qt
the King* who looked narrowly (and perhaps too pryrnglyj
into his Kdyenue, was of Opinion, that the rower to reitom
^ incapacities, to recal Exiles, and to give back their Goodf
forfeited for Treafon; and fo brought into the King's £*-
chefner^ Was too great for one that was but a Guardian of
another Man^s Kingdom, and chofen but as a Tutor only,
elpecially, (ince Largefles made in the Minority of Prin*
c^S| by the odd Law$ of Scotland. migh( be recalled, If
pot confirm^ by their refpe^tve King$, when thev caix^
|o be of Age. And therefore Jmnes^ that he mi^ht re-
^ce the merch^men Into his Power without Noi|c, fij
regard they were a Mirtial' People, and Borderers upoQ
fnglamdy detains Gctfrge^pith him, and %ds i^ers to the

44< . The HiitonY of Book XJ

Governor' of the Caftle of Dunhar^ conmumdiiig him on
Receipt of them, immediately to farrender ic op to IVilliatm
DougLsf Earl of j/mgmsj and Akxander Hephrm of Hales^
whom he had fent to take Po0cflSon of it George took
from hencea handle to complain, that he waswrongmlly dil^
poffefi of his ancient Patrimony for another's Fault ; and
* fiich a Fault too as was forgiven by him, who then had the
fupreme Power. The King to pacify him, and to proclaim
liis Clemency amongft the Vulgar, beftowed Buchan upon
him. This Fad of the King's was varioufly fpoken of, as
every one's Humour and Difppfition led. him. And more-
over, there was alfo another Adion, which much haftned
bis End, the beginning whereof is to be fetcht a little
higher.

1 SAID before, that King Robert the Second had three
Sons by his Concubine, he had alfo two by his .Wife £«f<f
witf, IValur Earl o{ Aibol^ and David Earl of &tra$hern\
yet when their Mother the Queen was dead, he married
the Concubine before mentioned, that fo he might by that
Marriaee iegitimare the Children he had by her, and leave
them Heirs to the Crown; and accordingly at his Death he
left the Kingdom to the eldeft of them. To the fecond he
gave great Wealth, and (he Regency alfo The third was
0iade Earl of feveral Counties, in this Matter, tho' his other
Wite's Children thought themfelves wronged, yet being
younger, and not fo powerful aschey, they Imothered their
yVnger for theprefent. And befides their Power was feme*
what abated, by the Death of the Earl. of Strathern^ who
left but oply one Daughter behind him, afterwards married
to Patrsfk Graham^ a young Nobleman, and one of a
very potent Family in that Age, by whom he had Melifs
Graiam; his Parents were but (hort-liv'd, and the Child a
few Years after, being yet a Stripling, was fent as an HoP
fa^e into ^ngland^ till the Money for the King's Ranfiim was
paid. But the Earl of Athol^ tho' every way too weajc for
theadverfeFadion, yet never gave over hisProje^ to cutoff
nis Kindred, nor laid aiide his Hopes of recovering the
Kingdom; and becaufe be was inferior in open Force,
he craftily fomented their Divifions and Difi:ords, and in-^
Vidioufly made Ufe of their Dangers to promote his own
^nids, fo that by his Advice (bat large Family was reduced
to a few. For many were of Opinion, th|| he gave rbe
Counfel to talce off Davidj King Roh^rfs Son; md James
^ad not efcapedhimneitiier, unlels he had paft a good part
bf his Life in England far from home; for he gave Advice
to the ^arl of Fife^ th^t f^ing bjs Srotbo: wiis a Prone,

-bt

Bookx. Scot la n'd. 44^

he himfelf flioold feixe on the Ktngdom. When the KiW
had loft all his Children, and was obnoxioas to his Brother's
Will, and not long after dyed of Grief himfelf ; there wa»
then only the Regent of the Kingdom with hfs Children,
that flood in bar to his Hopes, in regard he was an a^ive
Man, of great Wealth, Power, and Authority, and more*
over very popular, and had a great many Children. Thefe
Confiderations infbmeMeafure retarded hfs Counfels; but
when Robert dyed of a natural Death, and hfs Son Jobff was
llain in the Battle od/ernevil^ then he refumcd his former
Projefl: with greater Earneftnefs than ever, and bent all his
Mind and Endeavours how to te&oxQ James to his liberty, and
fet him at Variance with Murdoy and his Children. And fetinW
they could not all of them (land flife together, which fiicver
of them fell, he forefaw, that his Hope would be advanced
one ftep higher to the Kingdom. And when James was re-
turned into his Country, Athol turned every Stone to hafien
Mur^H Deftruflion, he fuborncd Men fit for the turn, to
forge Crimes again^ him, and he himfelf fate Judge upon
him and his Sons. And they being cut off, there was onlf

?ames left, and one little Son, a Child not then above five
ears old. And i( James was but flain by the Confpiracy of
the Nobles, he did not doubt but himfelf, who was then the
only remaining Branch of the Royal Stock,(hould beadvanced
to the Adminiftration of the Governments Athot was taken up
with thefe Thoughts Night and Day, yet he concealed hisfe-
cret Purpofes, and made a great (hew of Loyalty to the King,
in helping to rid his Kindred out of the way; for that was his
only Contrivance, that by the ill Offices of others, he might
increafe his own Power, and diminifh that of his Enemies. .

In the mean time, Melifs Graham (who, as I laid before,
was given in Hofiage to the Engli/h) was deprived of
Stratbern ; becaufe the King making a diligent Enquiry into
his Revenue, found that it was given to his Grandfather hf
the Mother's fide, upon Condition that if the Male Line
failed, itihould return to the King, in regard it was a Male
Fee, as the Lawyers term it. This innofcent young
Man's Lofs, who was abfent, and alfo an Hofiage, moved
many to commifcrate his Cafe ; but Robert his Tutor took
it io heinoufly, that it made him almoft mad. For he,
taking the Cafe of his Kinfman more impatiently thaa
others, ceafed not to accufe the King openly of inju(tice ;
and being fummoned to anfwer for it in Law, he appeared
not, and was^for that reafon banifhed the Land. This made
his fierce Mind more enraged -for Revenge, as being irriu-
tated by a new li^ury i la thac be joyne^Xecm Counibls .with
4 thoie,

:44< tBeUiSTOtif if taot X.

Adfe. who had thek Eftrtes coofifiated as well «s he ; or
who took the Puttiflunents of their Friends, fho' juftly in^
fliaed, in gteat Difdain; or whoaccafed the King as «
covetoas M*n* becaufe he was fo intent upon hK Gmi,
that he had not *^w«rded them according to their Expeaa-
tions: And befides, he lamented, that not onlymany noble
Families were brought to Ruin, but that the Wardfliips of
foung Nobles, wMch were woJnt to be the Rewards of
valiant Men, Were now aUogethet in the King's Hands ; fo
that all the Wealth of the Kingdom Was ataroft m one
Hand, and others might ftarve forMifery and Wsint^ under
one who was fo unjoft and unequal^ la putting a Value

upon their LabOBW. ,.»... ■■ .

Now that for which h<i upbraided him concenui^
Wardfliips, was this: 'TistbeQoftom mSttUMdi EmgUmdi
and forae Parts of fr«»*^ that yt>tfng Gentlen»en or
NoWes* when their Parents dye^ ihotald remain under the
Care of thoft» whofe Feudatories they are, till they arrive
at the Age of twenty one Years, and all the Profits of
their Eftates, (except the Charges neceffary for their Edu-
catioB) and alfo the Dowry given with their Wives, comes
10 Aiefa their T«ors and Guardiana. Now thefe Tatda-
sesL or fas they ate conraionly called) Wtrdptp^ were
WMK to be fi>kl to the next of Kin, for a fnaall Sum c€
Money s or fometimes well deferving Men were gratified
with'them} who either espcded Gain by the Purchafc of
fiich*Vatrffl»^». or a Reward by ,the Gift of them. But
BOW they were much vexed that the King toe* thena all
K> himfelf i neither did they conceal their Vexatioa and
bifpleafure. When the King heard of thefe Murmuringf
and CompWnts, heexcufed the thing, as doneby Necef-
fitv, becauft the pablick Revehoe had been fo le&ned by
former Kings and Governors, that he could not oiain-
tain his Fsuaily like himfelf, nor be dece«ly guarded
and attended, noryetgiveany magnificent Enterorinment to
Ambafl&dors, without them. Befides, be alkdged that this
Care of the King, ia providing Money by all juft and
koneft Ways, was not unprofitable to the Nobiluy themf
ftlves ; whofe greateft Damage was^ to have the King's
Ercheouer low. For in fuch Ctrcamftances Kings wew
wont to extort by FoBce from the iUch, what tjtey could
not be without; nay fometimes they were forced to burj
dea mi vex the Commons too« by exaaing Taiec and
Payments from them ; and thitt the Parfimony of the Kin;
was far lefs prejudicial to the Poblickf byputili^ aRefo«nt
vpoa maa^itxm ^imiasiSH thafik }^ Piofoftods wt^

bookx: scoTLANiy: u%

vroQt to be, for then he Wis (UII forceil to feite on otbdr
Mens Efiates, when his own was confomed. This Anfwer
iktisfied dll thofe who were Qioderate; but thole who were
more violent, and who rather fooght after Occafions of
Complaint, than any juft ExcufeforExcefles, Were.more
vehemently enraged by it.

This was the State of Smlatdj wh«iEmbafladors ar«
riyed out of France to fetch Msrgarety Jatnti his Daughter,
who had before been betrothed to Jawu^ Sbn of ChdHei
*the5eventh, home to her Husband* ThatEmbaflRfbroughl
dH another from the£«r^i/& ; for feeing th^t the Dake^ of
Bmrrumdfs Friendfhipwas removed from them, and that he
mutated a Revolt, and that Paris and other tranfmiffine
Provinces werenp in a Tumult, the Engltp fearing left, when
all the Strength m their Kingdom was drawn out to thefre;irci(
War, xht Scots fbould invade them on the other fide; they fene
Embaffiidors into Scctlastdy to hinder the Renovation ^f the
League with France^ and the Confbmmation of the Mar*
riage, but rather to perfuade a perpetual League with them,
who were born m the fame Ifland, and ufed the fan^e Lan*
goflge. And if they would do fo, and folemnly fwear;
dial they would have the fame Friends aiid Enemies with
the Engljjb<f then they promifed that their King would quit
his Claim to Berwick, Roxhurgb, and other Places andf
Countries, which were, before, in Controvcrfy betwixt the
Nations.

J A ME S referred the Requcft of the Emglijb to the
A&mbly of the Eftates then met at Pertb; where, afker
a long Debate upon it, the EcclefiafHclcs were divided in*
to two Fadions; but the Nobility cried out, that they
knew well enough the Fraud of the EngIjA; who by this
new League fought to break their old band of Alliance
with the Freud, that fo when the 8cm had loft their anci-
ent Frioid, they might be more obnoxious to them, if at
any time thev were fireed from other Cares, and ceulJ
wholly intei^ « War with ScotlauH; and that the liberal
Promifes of the EngUJh aimed at no other End ; but as for
themjfelves, they would ftand to their old League, and not
violate the Faith which they had given. ThQEn^lijb being
thus repulfed, turn from Petition's to Threats, and feeing
they reAifed to embrace their Friendfllip, they declare!
War; telling the Scots, that if their King fent over his be»<
trothed Daughter into France, one that was an Enemy t<y
the Englifr, the Engli/h would hinder their PafTage If they
could, and even take them Frifbners, and their Rednue too,
IttvinKl Fket r^dj filled ^ )ix» parpoft. Thh Com^

, ^ . jQttlnaiioii

450 THe His TO Kir of Book X.

sninatioo of the EmbafTadors was ib far from terrifying
Jamei^ that he rigged his Navy, and (hipped a great Com-
pany of NoblemeD and Ladies for his Daughter's Train, and
fo canfed them to fit (ail fooner than he had determined, that
lie might prevent theDefigns of the Englifb. And yet not*'
vrithfbnding all this Precaution, it was rather to be attri-^
bated to God's Providence, than to the Care of Men, that
ihe came not into the Enemy's Hands; for when they were
iiot far from the Place, where the EngUp^ concealing them-
ielves, waited for their coming ; behold ! upon a fiidden a
l^Ieet of Dutchmen appeared, laden with Wine from Rocbel
to Flanders. The Englib Fleet made after them with all
their Sail, (becaule the Bmrgumdiams being a little before re-
conciled to t^t French^ oppofed thdr Enemies with all their
Might) and their Ships being fwift Sailors, they prefemly
came up with them, being heavy laden and unarmed, and
as eafily took them ; bat before they could bring them into
Port, xYit Spaniards fet upon them unawares, and took away
their Prey, and fent the Flamdrianr^&ft home. Amidft fuch
changeable Fortune betwixt the three Nations, the Seofs
landcti at Roehel yvithoxit feeing any Enemy : They were met
by many Nobles of the French Court, and were brongbc
to Tours ^ where the Marriage was celebrated, to the great
Joy and mutual Gratulation of both Nations.

Upon this Occafion, the EngUJb Writers, efpecially
Edward HaU^ and he that pilfers from him, Grafton^ inveigh
mightily againft James^ as ungrateful, perfidious, and for-
getful of antient Courtefies, who being nobly entertained
among the Ungl'tp for fo many Years, honoured with a
Royal Match, and large Dowry, and befides reftored to
Liberty from a long Imprifonment, fuffered all thefe Obli*

fations to be pofiponed, and preferred the Alliance with
rance^ before that vixiltk England: but the thing it lelf doth
eafily refute their Slanders. For firft, theur detaining of
him, when he landed on iheir Coaft, being againft their
League, and alfo the Law of Nations, was a Wrpngi
not a Courtefy: next, as to their not killing him, but
putting him to a Ranfom for Money, rather than imbrue
their Hands in the Blood, not of an Enemy, but of a Gueff,
thdft was to be attributed, not fo much to their Love or
Mercy toward him, as to their Avarice: and grant there
were any Courtefy in it, yet what was it elfe but like that
of Thieves, who would feem to give the Life, whidi they
tak^ not away } And if he was engaged to the Englifis on
that account, it was a privat^^ not a publick Debt As for
their bellowing Education ppom him wifO WasUuiQcent, by

reafoB

B o OK X SC O T LA N 2?: 4jt

reafon of his Age, a Suppliant by his Fortune, and a King
by l>efcent, tho* moft unrighteoufly detained, it bears iii-
deed Ibme Shew of Humanity, which if they had negfledl-
edy^hey might have been juflly blamed; and indeed it had
been a commendable Piece of Kindnefs, if the Injury going
before, and the Covetoufnefs following after, had not marred
it; unlefs you will fay, that if youpurpofely wbund aMaU|
you may require him to give you Thanks for his Cure^
jand ib you imagine a light Compenfation for a great Lois,
is to be edeemed as a Courtefy ; or, becaufe you have done
a Man half a good Turn, you ihould be paid for a whol^
one. For he that takes care that his Captive (hould be
educated in Learning, either for his owri Pleafure, or that
he may yield him a better Price ; though fdme Advantage
accrue hereby to the Party educated, yet the Mafter dotft
not aim at the Good of the Slave, in his Inftitution, but
at his own. But (fays he) th< King honoured bini with
the Marriage of his Kinfwoman^ and thus the royal young
Mam was as royally bejlowed. But, what if that Affinity
was as honourable to the Father, as the Son-in-Law ? He
would elft have jmarry'd her to a private Man, but now
he made her a Queen, and ingrafted her by Marriage into
that Family, on which the moft famous of the EngUJB
Kings had often before befiowed their Children, and froni
tvhom fomany former Kings had defcended. But, htgdv^
a very large Dowry with ber: To whom, I pray, WaS it
given, but to the EngUJb .themfelves. Who took it aW^y
before' it was paid, and mad^ a Shew o/ it in Words t6
the Husband, but indeed kept it for their own Ufe? So
that the Dowry was only Ipoken of, not given ; and lb
fpoken of, that they would have the young Man, whom they
alfo had otherwile unfufferablv wronged, much indebted to
them, that he carried his Wife away with him, without t
Dowry. But, theyfint bimhme a Freeman^ lay they: Ves^
as a Pirate doth ducbarge his Captive, when his Ranfom is
paid: But how free, I pray? Even if we may believe thd
EngUJh Writers themfelves, under the forced Obligation o£
an Oath, always to obey the Englip King as his Lord, and
fo to bring a Kingdom, which he did not yet enjoy, into
perpetual Servitude, which if he had a&ually enjoyed^ he
<:ould not alienate; and yet he muft mancipate it, forfootb^
before he received it. This is not to fct one free, but to ttim
him loofe with a longer Chain, and that, not as a Kingy
but as z' Steward only, or Vicegerent of anothef Matrs
Kiu^ddm* 1 forbear to add, that they compelled a Mail
^ Captivity, and as 'yet undet tbQ JPovrer of another, to

4.$t TheHtsT6iLY tf BobK OL

make a Promife; hay, a Prdmlfe of th« whfch hfe tanld
not perform ; neither could he compel ihoft to berform ft,
who had the Power of U. This is that high Piece of Li-
beralhy, which, they fay jJ^^ki^j was unmtadfiil bf. Bur let
us fufFer thefe unskflful Writers, and forgetful of all Mo-
deration and Modefty in their Stories, to account Profiis
r€ttmdix% Courtefies^i'ven: How great muli wfe think thdt
Liberty of fklfifytng. Or Defire bf eWl ffjeaking tb be,
which they ufe againft the Daughter of the afotefi.ld Itifig ?
For whcreai fuch Men, othcrwilfc irflpudent cnoiigh, had
nothing to altedge againft het Matiners, they write, that fhe
Was unacceptable to her Husband, becaufe of her llintcing
breath ? Whereas Mon[lrelet^ a contemporary Writer of
thofe Days, doth affirm, that fhe was virmous and beau-
tiful; and he Who wrote the Plufiatth Bookj who aeeom-
patiied that Queeti both at Sea, and at her Death, hath
left it on Record, that as long as fl|ie lived, (he Wai very
dear to her Father and Mother-in- Law, and to her Hut
band ; as appeared by (he Infcription and Epitaph in FrcffcH
Verfe$ at Chalons^ by the Rivcr Mamnd^ Where Acf dyed.
Which found much to her Pfilifei ft Was then puW/ffied,
and afterwards turrted into (he $cotiJh Lartgdage, which
. ttioft Of oiir Country then have by them to this Itefy. feiit
leaving theft Men, Who do lb calumniate other Peoples
Credit, and hegleS their own, that (hey care little What they
i^y of others, or what others think Of them, let tis t)roce9cl
with our HiftOry.

When the King, having been 'at the Charge to equip
his Fleet, had ti^yed tO exafl a Tax frortt th« Peopl^ aiid

the greateft Pajrt plainly refufed to pay a Pefluy, a few

.grving a fniall Matter with an ill will, he coDliilaiided

his Colledors to delift from levying the feft, ^nd to re-

Ilia WV/&IWVt.vrfta fcvr «ivii» javfaj* awv j ift«^ «uv «v», flElU K\t It"

ftor« what they had already teccived. And yet he did
Hot hereby fliun the Claifloufs of the Pteplej for ibme
'Malecontents Who were angry at ifame ^tiitXt lofi, id-
cited evety V)z:^ fcditlous Perloiis: iteainft hitn. At the faiHtf
fime, the Englijh begah to plunder 5m/d»rf, ravagfUg h tdth
by Land and 5ea, under the Cotrtiiiand afPUny^Em of
Northumberland: Willii^m Dasiglas^ Eafl of Jf^MS^ Wai feilt
agaftfthim, with neat an equal wumber of Potees^ fbrthey
l¥crc about four thoufkdd oti either fide ; of the^rW/, thefe
fell Alexander Jobnfitni of Lothian, t Petfoti Of'QOilitJr,
ind of known Valour; Ibme wrfte that two htiddfed,
others, thatontyforty wete (tain of both Atmie$, and abooe
fifteen hundred £;8rg/i^ taken Prffbnets.

JAME%

. yjMES havipg been, twice prwoked by ih^EngUjb^

firtt by their Fleet, which lay in Wjiit to intercept his Daugh^

tcf ; and next by the late ravaging of bis Country, re*

fbl v^$ t9 proclaim opea W^t^ agamlt them ; whereupon h<

lUied a^ great an Aroiy as be could, an4 li^ade a fierce. Aft

fault on Ro:^burgb\ ^d in a ibort Un>e he expe6te4 xt%

Surrender, when the Qi^een came pofling to him in a^ long

Joarncys, as ever (be was able to perform, to inform bim of

yerjf difaeree^ble News, which was, that there was a

dreadful Cotifpiracy formed againfl his Life, and unlefs b^

tooK ipeeial Gare^ his DeftruSion was unavoidable. The

King being difmayed at tbi$ fudden News, disbande4 hi^

Army., and returned hoii^e, buit was very 111 fpokcn of a,i

m^Qgu the Popul^^e, becaule, when RfumbHrgh waf juft \ipQr|

theroint o^ Surrender, at ^b^ Perfuafion of a Woman he re^.^

tir^cj^ ^cer the Kingdom had been at fq much Charge ancT

TronWf i fo th^t he fce^ied to have fought fpr nothing by hi»

A,i:in^b^tDifgrace^ . Aftei he returned, he w^nt !• theCqn*.

vemqf the DowVV^i near the Walls of P^rtk^ ton^ak^jl

private Enquiry intq the CQnfpir^cy, as well as he wasable>.

fc»ut his De(ign wasf i*QVn4 out, by Perfons that w^^ched all

Opportunities to es^utje |he Villany; for oi\e pf thf

^iRjfsillomcfticlFs, who was in the Jflpt, (Hiftpq^ns c^U

iiAxn^ohf^ but his Sir|?iame is not mentioi^ed) cjifcovere^ tq

tia Cojpplices what was doing at Court, wh{^h mad^ them

^aft^lii^beir Defign, le(l |heir lecrei Cabals ftpuld be dlf^q*

v^red, and proper Rem^ie* applied againft them. TFaUcr^ E^rl

of -<^Aa/, the King^ C[ncle> thp'he was the Rii^g-kader of

the Coi>fpiracy,^ yet did wh^t he could to, ^veit allSufpicioq

from himfdf : He fent for his Kinfman, Robevt Graha*^^

(of whon^ I have fpokefi before) as fit for ExecutipQ, bui

xzy% in CounfeU and who bore an old Grudge to the King,

bf cai>|e t^ his former IipprifoQ^^ent and Baniflimem, a^

alfo npqq the Account pf his Brother's Son (to whoiij hf

was Guardi^A in ExpeSancy) who had Strut hern takeri

froQi him ; he joyn^ with him JLohrt his Qran4fpi|, m>

j^ive young Gentkfi^n; be inQruds them wh^t he wqi|14

have them to do, aiid that when the Fa6^ was cpminitted,

be (bould he in fupremq Au(hori(y, and then h^ wpuld

provide for their Safety.- They freely piomif<? tp do thcif

Endeavour, and accoirdingly haften to perpetrate the Fad||

before the whole Series of the Plot was n^aqe knojpvn to |he

King, Upon this, tbey privately gathered their Company

rog^ther, and Knowing the King had butafewabqut him in

the Convert of the pQmi»ica^% they thought they mishr

H h 3^ ftir*

454 . The History of Book XJ

ftrprlze hfan and difpatch him therewith as little Hoife!
as poffible ; and they perfuade Jobtf, hia Servant above- •
mentioned, whom they had drawn to their Party, to be
affiftarh to them. According to his Promife, he brings
the Confpirators at Midnight into the Cpurt, and places
them privately near the King's Bed-Chamber, and fliews
them the Door, which they might eafily break open, (ince
he had taken away the Bar. Some think that they i^ere
received into the Palace by Robert^ Nephew of the Earl
of AtboL

I N the mean time, whilft they waited there, being folici-
tous how to break open the Door, whichihey thought would
be their ^reateft Obflacle, Fortune did the Work without their
Help ; for W^her Straton^ who a little before had carried
in Wine, coming out, and perceiving Men in Arms, en^
deavoured to get in again, and cried oat with as loud a Voice
l^s he could, 7r<M/dn, Trditers. Whilft the Confpirarors
were difpftching him, a youn^ Lady of the Family of the
J)ouglas\ as mofl fay, tho' loipe write (he was a Lovely
ihut the Door, and not Sliding the Bar, which was fraudu^
lently laid aiide by the Servant, (he thruft her Arm into the
Hole or Staple, inftead of a Bolt, but they quickly brake
that, and fo rufhcd in upon the King. The Queen Arew
berfelf upon his Body, to defend him ; and fpread herfelf
over him as he lay, and could hardly be forced off, after
fhe had received two Wounds. When he was abandoned
, by all) they gave him twenty eight Wounds, and fome of
them juft in his Heart. Thus this excellent King came to
bis End, and that a moft cruel one, by the Hands of Rob*
bei;s, much lamented by all good Men. When his Death ,
was divulged by the Noife and Lamentation which was
made, a great Concourfe of Pieople came prefentlv into
the Court, and th^re paft the reft of the Night (for th^
Parricides had made their Efcape in thje Dark) in fad
Complaints. There, every one fpokc varioufly according
to their feveral DIfpofitions, either feverely m. Order to
raife a greater Odium a^ainft the Parricides, or in lamen-
table Accents, to increafe the Grief of their Friends ;
every one reckoned up what Profperitics or Adverfitics
the King had undergone. How in hjs Childhood he was
expofed to the Treacheries of his Uncle ; and endeavour-
ing to efcape him, was precipitated into the Hands of
the EngUJh. Afterwards his Father dying, the reft of hts
Youth was (pent in Exile -among hrs Enemies. Then
fortune changed, and he hac) ^ \mlQolce4 for Hedoration.
^ How

B(\okX. SC OT L an i>. 4Sf

How after Us Return, in a few Years the turbulent State
of the Kingdom was changed into a perfe£l Calm. How
at laft, by a Hidden Change of Afnurs, he whom his £•
nemies had fpared abroad, was now (Iain by the Trea«
chery of his Relations at home ; and that in the Flower
of his Age, and in the midft of his Courfe of fettling good
Laws andCuftoms in his Kingdom. Then they gave him
his deferred Elogies for all his rich Endowments both of
Body and Mind; for Mens Envy was extinguiihed towards
him now he was dead. His Stature was fcarce of a jfull
Size, yet he was irobuft and firong ; infomuch that he
exceeded all his Equals in Exercifes of Agility and Man-
hood?; and as to his Mind, he was endued with that
Quic^nefs and Vigour of Wit, that he was ignorant of .
no Art, (worthy the Knowledge of a Gentleman ; and
could fpeak plain Latin Verfes, according to that Age,
Ex Tenip^. Some Poems of his, written in the Engitjb
Tongue, are yet extant; in which there appears Excel-
lency of Wit, though perhaps not fo polite in Point of
iLearning. He was excellently well skilled in Mufick,
nfiore than was indeed fit or expedient for a King ; for
there was no Inftrument, but he could play upon it Co'
harmonioully, that he might have been compared with the
beft Matters of that:Art in thofe Days, But perhaps Ibme
will fajr, thefe are but the Flowers of his Studies, where
is the Fruit ? Thefe are more for Ornament, than Inftruc-
tion or Ufe, or requjiite for a Man of Bufinefs. Know
then, that after he had learned other Parts of Philofophy,
he ihidied the R^uJAtion of Kingdoms, and of the Man-
ners of Men. How great, and how ripe Abih'ties fof
Civil Govemqient were iii hjmf, fuffioiently appears by
thofe Ads performed by him, and by the Laws which he
made; by which be not only much benefited his own
Age, but all Ppfterity. And his Death declared, that there
is nothing more popular than Juftice ; for they who were
wont to detradl from him, whilft he was alive; now he ,
was dead, paffionately revered his Memory. The Noblest,
as.fbon as they heard he was murdered, came in of their
own Accord from their relpedtive Countries, and, before
a Trial was regularly decreed, they voluntarily fent out into
all Pans, to apprehend the Murderers, and bring them to
Juftice. Many of them were taken ; the Principals were
put to new and exquiiite Kinds of Death. The reft were
hanged. The chief Heads In perpetrating this Villany
^e^c r^c^oned to be, ^al$^^ Carl of Jsbd/^ Robert bis

Grandfon^

4J^ T^Hl9T0nY of BopK Xj

Grandfofl^ W^ *eir KteflwBi ^Qhrf Qr4m^ The Puj
nahment qf ^PSw^r (bcc^uft he yv^s ;hci chief Author
a«d Ipflig^ior Pf th? whole Ptpt) was dJvWed iato thre«
5ays fucce$v0yV l« the |irft^ he w^s put oq a Cart,
wh^l^^'o ^ StQfk-JiKe Sw'pe Qrfngjne wa?^ ere<5cd ; and bj
Ropts lei thrQ' Pi^llies, hew^sfeqwedqp on high, wd then
thp Hopes being fuddehljr lQofcd» h^ was let dpwn Again,
^ut ftopt ncJ^P tfty ^f^qnd, w5A intalerable Pains, by rea-
Cin of the I/8X«^ftq Qf the JoJnts, Then h^ w#$ (ct on a
PilIoi:y, that eyery pne might fee hiqij and ^ feci hot
j|:pn Cpwq fe; Pn hi? IJcadi with thi? Infcfbtion, T»*
JQ^ ^f 4(f Tr^it^ru They lajr, Ih^ Camfe of thisi Punifli-
ment w^ <h^ W^tM had beqp fp^eiiip^s tqld by Female
Witches, (for whJ^h the Qqijntry of Aihl wj^s always
iafi|n\ou?} tb^t h< fliofl^d he .PfQW^cd Ki^g io a ipfehcy
Cpftcuutfe Qf Pepple; for qy thi§ means that Pj^pphccy
W^S either fql^ljed 04;el«de<J* 4s feifeedfu^b kindpf Predic-
tiani do cpmnfio^ly meet witn nq ather Events. The Day
^fter he w^s haui^d won a Hurdle; and drawiii at ^^florfe's
Taa tbiQ' thesreateff Stteet; \wU.mur^b, The tbirdPay,
6e was laid algng ijppp. 4 Pl^aH in a cpQfpici;oi;s Place,
and bisBfewel^'we?e cut qu^^ whiiQ he wasajive^ c^ into
the Fire* and burnt befo?:e h^s Face; afterwards bi^ fjeart
was pijUed put, (ind caft into ^he fame Fire; then his Head
wasqut pff; ^e«>pfcd to th^Viewpf all, being fet upon
a Pole fn th^ higbeft PJ^e pf the Citjf . m Ep4y was di-
vided into four- Ckarter§», which were fent %Q. behaved up iq
the mod noted. Places of thepriw'p^l Cities of the Kingdom.
Aftci? bim hisGrandfpn was brpvght forth tc^ ft ffer; bui her
cadfe of his Ag«i they would «o.t put him \6 fp mAichP^;
befides, be w^. not the Author, bviionlyan Accpmpli^e in
another Man's, wicked pQfign, as h^yjng pbeyed his. Grand-
father <her:ein; fp that he wijis only hanged and ouattered.
Bu; RoMr^ Graiaf^^ wbq perRyrated .the ViUa^y With his
own Hand, was carried in a Qart thrpugh the City, and his
Right;-Hand nailed to a Qallow?, which was fet np in the
Cart, andtMc^m?theE?ecwtJp.ners^ who cptitinijiaUy run
l^i hpt Irpn Spike? into hi^ Thighs, Shoulders, ^nd tbpfc
Parts of his ?p4y, which were, m^ r^mQtq frpm the
Vitals ; mi then, he wa? quartered as the other. After
this manner- wa? the Peath pf 7^.wt<i[ rev«.^iged ; 'tis true,
it was a ferfe^rPAs pne, but it w^s revenged by fMnifhmems
fo qxwl^ that they ftemed to exceed the Bounds of Hu-
manity/; for fncb extreme Kinds of Pimithment do not fp
much re(U^ii\the:Miudi pf the Vu^ai;^ by theJFeai of Seve-
rity,

^^IBookX- SC0TLAN7). 457

jfity, as enrage them to do^ or fuffer aoy thing; neither
jj(j'do they fo much deter wicked Men from committing fuch

barbarous ASions, as leiTen their Terror by often be-
.^holding them; efpecially if the Spirits of the Criminals be
' ]^fo hardened, that they flinch not at their PuniOiment. For
Q among the ignorant Populace^ a fiubbom Confidence is
rfometimes praifed for a firm andfteddy Conftancy. J a
P departed this Life in the beginning of the Year 1437,

20th Day of February y when he had reigned thirteen
'Years, and in the forty fourth Year of his Age. So great
plDiligence wasufedin revengipg his Death, that wi'thin forty
;.''Days all the Confpirators were taken and put to Death.
\®He left one Son behind him, the younger of the Twins,
^'l^half of whofe Face (fee the various Operations of Nature)
^was perfea Scarlet.

antes
the

FINIS.

vtf,j
Seve-
rity

/

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