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Bernice  Pauahi  Bishop 
Museum,  Honolulu 

Bulletin 

no.  ^ 


GN 
670 

B4- 

no.  4 


' 


REPORT 
OF  THE  DIRECTOR  FOR 

1922 


BY 


HERBERT   E.  GREGORY 


Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum 

BULLETIN    4 


HONOLULU,    HAWAII 
1      ■  HUM 


BERNICE   P.  BISHOP   MUSEUM 


The  Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum  is  a  memorial  to  the  Princess 
Pauahi  (1831-1884),  last  of  the  Kamehameha  family  of  the  Chiefs 
of  Hawaii.  It  was  founded  in  1889  by  her  husband,  Charles  Reed 
Bishop  (1822-1915),  who  for  nearly  50  years  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  business  and  public  affairs  of  Hawaii. 

The  Museum  is  devoted  to  the  subjects  of  "Polynesian  and 
kindred  antiquities,  ethnology,  and  natural  history/'  The  collec- 
tions of  the  Museum  include  exhibition  and  study  material  from 
Polynesia  and  from  other  Pacific  islands,  but  the  Hawaiian  collec- 
tions are  the  largest  and  the  most  important. 

The  Museum  staff  is  engaged  in  caring  for  the  collections, 
and  in  investigating  scientific  problems  which  come  within  the 
scope  of  its  activities.  When  funds  are  available,  expeditions 
are  sent  out  to  various  parts  of  the  Pacific. 


REPORT 
OF  THE  DIRECTOR  FOR 

1022 


BY 

HERBERT  E.  GREGORY 


*r 


Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum  ,  . 

BULLETIN    4 


HONOLULU*    HAWAII 

Pi  blishEd  v>\   Tin:  Mi  SEUM 

1923 


6091.07 

Si-  ST.  STS~ 


BERNICE    P.  BISHOP   MUSEUM 

BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES 

Albert  F.  Judd,  President 
E.  Faxon  Bishop,  Vice-President  J.  M.  Dowsf.tt.  Treasurer 

Henry  Holmes  William  O.  Smith 

Richard  H.  Trent  William  Williamson,  Secretary 

MEMBERS  OF  THE  STAFF 
Herbert   E.   Gregory,    Ph.D.       ----____       Director 

William    T.    Brighvm     Se  D        -      -  n;M„*       ^ 

Wttha,,  u   n.„    ™Tn  -       -       -       Director    Emeritus 

William  H   Dale,  Ph.D      ----..       Consulting  Naturalist 
nLrT*u-  QMERRILL\^S-       -       "  "      "       Consulting   Botanis 

R 1   w  SWEZEYp^S-  Consulting   Entomologist 

Clark   Wissler,    Ph.D.  Consulting  Anthropologist 

EE^&fiS  /  /  .-  .Re-rchA=?otcEor^ 

Forest  B.  H.  Brown,  Ph.D        ...  '      C " Ml C°i^     "* 

irE.!UISTBr^Ph'D'      -      -      ^search  Associate  in  Boteiy 
P    M     ?•      "  r  *'  JR-t  B-o'u  lhB-  -     Assistant    Entomologist 

£*™ pAr'E   CoOKE'  JR-   Ph-D-       ------       Malacolo|ist 

Henry  E.  Cramptox,  Ph.D.       -  Research  Associate  in  Zoology 

Charles  H.   Edmondson,   Ph.D.       -      -      -      .      .       .  Zoologist 

Kenneth    P.    Emory,    B.S. Assistant    Ethnologist 

Henry  W.  Fowler      ----.._       Bishop  Museum  Fellow 
Ruth   H.   Greixer.  A.B.       -      -      .      .      _      Bisho     Musevm   Fellow 

E.  S.  Craighill  Handy,  Ph.D.      ----...       Ethnologist 

Willovvdean  C  Handy       -       -       -       Associate  in   Polynesian   Folkways 
Elizabeth    B.    Higgins        ----._       Librarian    and    Editor 

X.  E.  A.  Hinds,  A.B.       -----_       Bishop  Museum  Fellow 

Hans    G.    Hornbostel         --------  Collector 

J.    F.   Illingworth,    Ph.D       -       -       Research   Associate    in    Entomology 
Bertha   Metzger     -----------     Assistant   to   Director 

George    C.    Munro        ------       Associate    in    Ornithology 

Marie    C.    Neal,    A.B.        ------       Assistant    MalacolOgist 

Carl  Skottsberg,  Ph.D.  -       Bishop  Museum   Fellow 

F.  L.   Stevens.  Ph.D.       ------       Bishop  Museum    Fellow 

John  F.  G.  Stokes     ----------      Ethnologisl 

Louis  R.  Sullivan,  M.A.       -       -       Research  Associate  in  Anthropology 
John    W.    Thompson        ----.....       Preparator 

THOMAS    G.    Thrum        -  Associate    in    Hawaiian    Folklore 

Stephen  S.  Visiier,  Ph.D       -----       Bishop  Museum   Fellow 

Luiilahi  Webb  -------------     Gu{fe  to  Exhibits 

Gerrit  P.  Wilder       --------       Associate  in  Botany 

Anna    Ho       -------.._       janitor    and    Guide 

Hong  Chi  Ho      ---------      1      .      .       Tanitor 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922 


WORK  OF  THE   STAFF 


The  Director,  Herbert  E.  Gregory,  has  given  attention  to  the  work  of 
field  parties,  to  editorial  supervision,  and  to  plans  for  organization  and  de- 
velopment. Brief  trips  were  made  to  the  islands  of  Lanai  and  Maui  and 
the  Napali  coast  of  Kauai  was  explored  with  a  view  to  later  studv.  The 
month  of  January  was  spent  on  the  Atlantic  coast  and  in  Canada  in  con- 
ference with  government  officials  and  with  scientists  interested  in  Pacific 
problems.  Six  weeks  in  August  and  September  were  given  to  geological 
work  in  southern  Utah  ;  and  to  fulfill  obligations  of  the  co-operative  agree- 
ment between  the  Museum  and  Yale  University,  the  time  from  September 
20th  to  the  end  of  the  year  was  devoted  to  classroom  work  at  New  Haven. 

The  Director  has  continued  his  work  as  Chairman  of  the  Committee 
on  Pacific  Investigations  of  the  National  Research  Council,  which  is  actively 
engaged  in  perfecting  international  arrangements  for  exploration  and  for 
conservation  of  marine  life,  and  in  assisting  the  Australian  National  Re- 
search Council  in  the  organization  of  a  Pan-Pacific  Scientific  Congress  to 
be  held  at  Melbourne  and  Sydney,  August  13  to  September  2,  1923. 

In  addition  to  public  lectures  and  papers  read  before  scientific  socie- 
ties, three  articles  and  nine  reviews  have  been  prepared  for  publication  and 
progress  has  been  made  on  a  manuscript  which  is  to  form  part  of  a  volume 
on  the  history  of  Hawaii. 

William  T.  Brigham,  Director  Emeritus,  reports  progress  in  the  prep- 
aration of  a  series  of  essays  on  Hawaiian  ethnology. 

William  H.  Dall,  Consulting  Naturalist,  has  completed  his  study  of 
collections  comprising  more  than  twelve  hundred  species  and  varieties  of 
Mollusca  and  has  submitted  an  extensive  manuscript  on  the  marine  shell- 
bearing  Mollusca  and  Brachiopoda  of  Hawaii. 

In  connection  with  the  work  of  the  Philippine  Bureau  of  Science, 
Elmer  D.  Merrill,  Consulting  Botanist,  has  identified  large  collections  of 
plants  from  Samoa  and  Tahiti  and  has  devoted  considerable  time  to  the 
preparation  of  a  bibliography  of  Polynesian  botany  and  to  a  card  index  of 
references  to  systematic  literature.  Dr.  Merrill  has  added  to  the  herbar- 
ium about  four  hundred  sheets  of  Philippine  plants  and  assisted  in  the 
identification  of  the  Polynesian  collections.  He  has  generously  offered  to 
supply  the  Museum  with  a  duplicate  set  of  his  index   cards. 

[n  addition  to  his  exacting  duties  as  entomologist  of  the  Hawaiian 
Sugar  Planters'  Experimental  Station,  Otto  H.  Swezey,  Consulting  Ento- 
mologist, has  generously  given  much  time  and  thought  to  increasing  the 


6  Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

value  of  the  rapidly  growing  collections  of  insects.  Much  progress  has 
been  made  in  working  up  and  arranging  material  accumulated  during  the 
past  years.  In  the  identification  of  species,  the  friendly  assistance  of  Ha- 
waiian entomologists  has  been  enlisted  and  arrangements  have  been  made 
for  reports  on  beetles  of  the  genus  Apterocyclus  by  Prof.  E.  C.  Van  Dyke 
of  the  University  of  California ;  on  Dermaptera  and  Orthoptera  by  Dr. 
Morgan  Hebard  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science  (p.  13)  ;  on 
Cixiidae  by  W.  M.  Giffard ;  on  Heteroptera  by  E.  P.  Van  Duzee  of  the 
California  Academy  of  Sciences ;  on  Jassidae  by  Prof.  Hebert  Osborn  of 
Ohio  State  University.  Special  studies  have  been  made  by  Mr.  Swezey  on 
the  Hawaiian  Lepidoptera. 

By  correspondence  and  personal  interviews,  Clark  Wissler,  Consult- 
ing Anthropologist,  has  rendered  important  service  as  a  sympathetic  critic 
of  the  Museum's  administrative  plans,  personnel,  and  program  of  work. 
His  desire  to  enlarge  the  usefulness  of  the  Museum  has  resulted  in 
strengthening  the  helpful  co-operative  relations  with  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  particularly  in  providing  the  services  of  Louis  R.  Sulli- 
van.    (See  p.  11). 

Robert  T.  Aitken,  Research  Associate  in  Ethnology,  returned  on 
August  8  from  a  two  years'  field  trip  in  the  Austral  Islands  as  a  member 
of  the  Bayard  Dominick  Expedition.  A  few  days  were  spent  at  Raivavae 
and  brief  visits  were  made  to  islands  in  the  Society  and  Paumotu  groups. 
The  remainder  of  the  time  available  for  field  work  was  devoted  to  investi- 
gations on  the  island  of  Tubuai.  At  the  end  of  the  year  his  manuscript 
on  the  ethnology  of  Tubuai  was  near  completion.  During  October  Mr. 
Aitken  addressed  the  Social  Science  Club  and  also  the  Natural  Science 
Club  on  the  "Natives  of  Tubuai  in  the  Austral  Islands." 

In  addition  to  his  work  as  Curator  of  Collections,  Stanley  C.  Ball 
served  as  Acting  Director  from  January  1  to  February  7,  and  from  August 
12  to  the  end  of  the  year.  He  also  devoted  time  to  plans  for  buildings  and 
equipment.  Accompanied  by  Charles  H.  Edmondson,  Mr.  Ball  made  a 
collecting  trip  to  Molokai  in  February  (p.  7),  and  during  July  and  August 
made  an  expedition  to  Fanning  island  (p.  19).  An  abstract  of  Mr.  Ball's 
Annual  Report  is  printed  on  page  26. 

Forest  B.  H.  Brown,  Botanist,  returned  to  Honolulu  on  December  16, 
1922,  after  a  period  of  two  years  spent  in  the  Marquesas  and  neighboring 
parts  of  the  Pacific  as  a  member  of  the  Bayard  Dominick  Expedition. 
His  work  has  resulted  in  filling  a  conspicuous  gap  in  the  knowledge  of 
Pacific  flora  and  should  lead  to  the  preparation  of  a  standard  treatise  based 
on  his  collections,  which  comprise  9000  sheets  of  material  and  395  photo- 
graphs.    During  the  year  a  paper  by  Mr.  Brown  on  "The  secondary  xylem 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  7 

of  Hawaiian   trees"    (Occasional   Papers.    Vol.    VIII,    No.   6)    was   issued 
by  the  Museum. 

Elizabeth  Wuist  Brown.  Research  Associate  in  Botany,  was  a  member 
of  the  Marquesas  party  of  the  Bayard  Dominick  Expedition  for  the  years 
1920-21  and  1921-22.  Her  attention  was  given  chiefly  to  investigation  of 
the  cryptogamic  flora. 

The  time  of  Edwin  H.  Bryan.  Jr..  Assistant  Entomologist,  has  been 
given  partly  to  the  care  and  study  of  the  collections  of  insects  and  partly 
to  general  Museum  duties.  Considerable  progress  has  been  made  in  the 
preparation  of  a  paper  on  Hawaiian  Diptera.  which  includes  descriptions 
of  all  species  recorded  in  the  Territory,  and  also  on  a  card  catalog  of  the 
entomological  literature  in  Honolulu.  For  collecting  insects  trips  were 
made  to  the  Napali  region  on  Kauai  and  to  parts  of  Oahu. 

C.  Montague  Cooke.  Jr.,  Malacologist.  spent  the  first  half  of  the  year 
at  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in  dissecting  specimens 
of  Endodontidae  and  Zonitidae.  preparatory  to  the  preparation  of  a  mono- 
graph on  these  families.  In  the  Museum  laboratory  the  most  important 
work  accomplished  was  the  cataloging  of  the  Wilder  collection  of  48,291 
specimens,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  collections  of  Oahuan 
Achatinellidae.  Field  trips  were  made  to  the  Waianae  Mountains.  Oahu, 
and  to  the  islands  of  Kauai,  Maui  and  Molokai.  Through  the  efforts  of 
Mr.  Cooke  much  valuable  shell  material  has  been  received  during  the  year. 

Henry  E.  Crampton,  Research  Associate  in  Zoology,  has  continued 
his  investigation  of  the  collections  of  Partula  obtained  in  1920  from  Guam 
and  the  Marianas  Islands.  The  statistical  analysis  of  the  material  has 
been  entirely  completed,  and  substantial  progress  has  been  made  in  the 
writing  of  a  monograph. 

Charles  H.  Edmondson,  Zoologist,  has  been  engaged  in  the  classifica- 
tion and  arrangement  of  the  zoological  material  stored  in  the  Museum 
buildings.  His  field  work  during  the  year  included  collection  trips  to 
Molokai  and  Fanning  islands  (pp.  6,  19)  and  investigations  of  marine 
fauna  at  Kahana  Bay,  Kawailoa,  and  Waikiki  on  the  island  of  Oahu.  He 
has  arranged  for  exchanges  of  identified  material  with  the  Australian 
Museum  and  the  Zoological  Survey  of  India.  For  the  identification  of 
Hawaiian  collections,  he  has  enlisted  the  generous  assistance  of  Dr.  Her- 
bert L.  Clark  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Anatomy,  Dr.  Henry  A. 
Pilsbry  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Science,  Dr.  A.  A.  Tread- 
well  of  Vassar  College,  and  also  of  Miss  Mary  T.  Rathburn,  Dr.  Waldo  L. 
Schmitt,  Clarence  R.  Shoemaker  and  Dr.  Paid  Bartsch  of  the  National 
Museum. 


8  Bernicc  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

The  work  of  Mr.  Edmondson  at  the  Marine  Biological  laboratory  of 
the  University  of  Hawaii  is  briefly  described  as  follows : 

In  October  a  year's  record  of  the  daily  plankton  hauls  over  a  known  area  on 
the  reef  was  completed  and  the  materials  collected  were  made  available  for  examina- 
tion. Studies  of  the  embrynic  stages  and  the  life  histories  of  reef  organisms  have 
been  continued.  Advanced  students  are  pursuing  studies  on  the  hermit  crabs  of  the 
Hawaiian  islands  and  on  the  reaction  of  corals  to  extremes  of  temperature,  to  sun- 
light, to  silt,  to  density  of  water,  and  to  other  environmental  factors.  Records  of  the 
growth  of  corals  planted  during  1921  were  tabulated  and  provision  was  made  for  a 
continuation  of  this  work  until  the  rate  of  growth  of  as  many  local  specimens  of 
corals  as  possible  has  been  determined.  Co-operating  with  the  Department  of 
Botany  of  the  University  of  Hawaii  and  with  Miss  Marie  Neal  as  graduate  student 
of  that  department,  a  more  thorough  biological  investigation  of  the  reef  at  Waikiki 
has  been  undertaken.  Squares  are  being  laid  out  from  the  shore  line  to  the  edge 
of  the  reef  or  as  far  as  possible,  and  intensive  studies  of  plants  and  animals  and  the 
relations  of  plants'  to  animals  will  be  made  within  these  squares. 

The  course  of  twelve  semi-popular  lectures  on  phases  of  marine  zoo- 
logy, begun  in  1921,  was  continued. 

Kenneth  P.  Emory,  Assistant  Ethnologist,  spent  the  first  half  of  the 
year  in  the  preparation  of  a  manuscript  on  the  archaeology  and  ethnology 
of  the  island  of  Lanai.  In  connection  with  this  work,  field  trips  were  made 
to  Kaupo  and  Lahaina,  Maui,  and  to  Molokai.  On  July  27  Mr.  Emory 
left  Honolulu  on  a  year's  leave  of  absence  to  pursue  graduate  studies  at 
Harvard  University. 

Henry  W.  Fowler,  Ichthyologist  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Science  and  Bishop  Museum  Fellow  for  1922-1923,  devoted  his  attention 
to  the  study,  identification  and  labeling  of  the  Museum  collection  of  fish, 
which  he  reports  as  "embracing  upwards  of  12,000  specimens  and  forming 
the  most  representative  lot  of  fishes  from  Oceania  that  I  know  of."  A 
preliminary  paper  descriptive  of  new  forms  was  prepared  for  publication 
and  progress  made  on  a  more  comprehensive  study. 

Before  leaving  for  the  mainland  in  August,  Ruth  H.  Greiner,  Bishop 
Museum  Fellow  for  1921-1922,  submitted  manuscript  on  Polynesian  designs 
which  comprises  an  extensive  study  of  Hawaiian,  Samoan,  Tongan,  and 
Maori  decorative  elements  and  comparisons  with  art  as  developed  in  other 
parts  of  Polynesia  and  in  selected  islands  of  Melanesia. 

The  time  of  E.  S.  Craighill  Handy,  Ethnologist,  was  given  largely 
to  the  preparation  of  manuscript  resulting  from  his  field  work  in  the 
Marquesas  during  1920  and  1921  as  a  member  of  the  Bayard  Dominick 
Expedition.     At  the  close  of  the  year  his  papers  on   "The  native  culture 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  9 

of  the  Marquesas"  and  "Rediscoveries  in  Polynesia"  were  ready  for  the 
press;  and  a  manuscript  entitled  "An  interpretative  study  of  the  religion 
of  the  Polynesian  people"  was  practically  finished.  A  course  of  lectures 
on  ethnology  was  delivered  by  Mr.   Handy  at  the  University  of  Hawaii. 

Willowdean  C.  Handy,  Associate  in  Polynesian  Folkways  and  Volun- 
teer Assistant  with  the  Bayard  Dominick  Expedition,  completed  a  manu- 
script on  "Tattooing  in  the  Marquesas"  (p.  13)  and  made  considerable 
progress  with  her  studies  of  Polynesian  string  figures.  Her  paper  on  "The 
Marquesans :  fact  vs.  fiction"  appeared  in  the  Vale  Review  for  July. 

Early  in  April  Lieut.  Hans  G.  Hornbostel  began  his  work  as  Collec- 
tor and  has  been  unusually  successful  in  obtaining  anthropological  material 
from  Guam  and  neighboring  islands.      (See  p.  21  and  p.  331. 

Elizabeth  B.  Higgins,  Librarian  and  Editor,  has  continued  to  care  for 
the  needs  of  the  library  and  to  share  the  burden  of  editing  mansucript, 
proof  reading,  and  of  distributing  publications.  During  the  year  a  history 
of  the  library  has  been  prepared  for  the  Museum  files  and  progress  has 
been  made  in  making  a  much  needed  inventory.  Excerpts  from  the  report 
by  Miss  Higgins  appear  on  pages  36-38. 

Norman  E.  A.  Hinds,  Instructor  in  Geology,  Harvard  University  and 
Bishop  Museum  Fellow  for  1922-23,  spent  six  months  on  Kauai,  continu- 
ing his  work  of  the  previous  year  on  the  geology  of  that  island.  A  brief 
abstract  of  his  forthcoming  report  appeared  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Geo- 
logical Society  of  America  volume  33.  number  t.   1922. 

J.  F.  Illingworth,  Research  Associate  in  Entomology,  has  given  gener- 
ously of  his  time  in  furthering  the  interests  of  the  Museum.  During  the 
year  five  papers  on  economic  phases  of  entomology  were  prepared  for  the 
Hawaiian  Entomological  Society  and  one  for  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture.  A  manuscript  on  early  references  to  Hawaiian  entomology 
was  submitted  to  the  Museum.  In  a  report  submitted  to  the  Director. 
Mr.  Illingworth  makes  the  following  interesting  observations; 

The  indications  are  that  the  Hawaiian  fauna,  insects  as  well  as  men,  are  immi- 
grants from  the  south  and  west.  With  this  idea  in  mind,  I  have  taken  the  oppor- 
tunity to  make  a  comparative  study  of  the  insect  fauna  of  Hawaii  with  that  of  other 
parts  of  the  Pacific.  For  this  investigation  I  have  used  the  vast  amount  of  material 
collected  by  me  in  Fiji  and  in  Australia  during  four  years'  residence  in  Queensland, 
the  well-known  Helms  collection  and  other  materials  in  the  Bishop  Museum,  the 
collections  of  Mr.  D.  T.  Fullaway  loaned  by  the  United  States  Experiment  Station, 
and  collections  made  by  Mr.  F.  Muir  from  countries  bordering  the  Pacific  loaned 
by  the  Hawaiian  Sugar  Planters'  Experiment  Station. 

A  study  of  Hies  throws  some  interesting  side  lights  upon  the  origin  of  man 
in  Hawaii.  House  flies  have  ever  been  closely  associated  witli  human  beings.  Tn 
fact  so  much  so  that  they  are  not  found  on  uninhabited  islands,  and  the  United 
States    Exploring    Expedition,   in    1840.    reported    that    Hies    were    a    sure    indication   of 


10 


Bemice  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 


the  presence  of  natives  on  an  island.  I  found  that  the  common  house  fly  of  Hawaii 
was  not  that  of  Europe  and  the  United  States,  as  formerly  supposed,  but  a  variety 
of  a  distinctly  different  species,  appearing  along  the  western  shores  of  the  Pacific. 
Since  it  is  known  that  these  flies'  will  follow  man,  even  in  small  boats,  and  since 
there  is  evidence  that  house  flies  were  in  Hawaii  when  Captain  Cook  arrived,  one 
may  fairly  conclude  that  they  came  with  the  natives  along  their  lines  of  migration. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  our  evidence  of  the  migration  of  these  insects  exactly 
coincides  with  what  is  now  presumed  to  have  been  the  line  of  migration  of  the 
earliest  peoples   reaching  the   shores  of  the    Hawaiian  islands. 

In  addition  to  her  routine  duties,  Bertha  Metzger,  Assistant  to  the 
Director,  has  acted  as  critic  of  papers  submitted  for  publication.  Assisted 
by  Lahilahi  Webb,  Thomas  G.  Thrum,  C.  F.  Gessler,  and  other  members 
of  the  staff,  she  assumed  the  difficult  task  of  editing  the  manuscript  and 
reading  the  proof  of  the  Hawaiian  Dictionary.  Miss  Metzger  wrote  an 
article,  "Sayings  of  the  South  Seas,"  which  was  published  in  the  Paradise 
of  the  Pacific,  December,  1922. 

George  C.  Munro,  Associate  in  Ornithology,  has  continued  his  success- 
ful search  for  rare  birds.  He  observes  that  the  native  forest  birds  of 
Hawaii  are  still  thriving  and  some  of  the  species,  at  least,  appear  to  be 
increasing  in  number. 

Marie  C.  Neal,  Assistant  Malacologist,  continued  her  laboratory  work 
of  preparing  material  for  study  and  of  arranging  specimens  for  exchange. 
Much  time  was  given  to  cataloging  the  Wilder  collection  of  Hawaiian  land 
shells.  The  field  work  of  Miss  Neal  included  collecting  trips  to  Hawaii 
and  to  the  Waianae  Mountains  of  Oahu.  In  connection  with  her  investi- 
gations, graduate  work  was  done  in  the  University  of  Hawaii. 

Carl  Skottsberg,  Director  Botanical  Garden,  Gothenburg,  Sweden, 
and  Bishop  Museum  Fellow  for  1922-23,  spent  four  months  in  a  study 
of  indigenous  Hawaiian  plants  with  reference  to  the  general  subject 
of  plant  distribution  in  the  Pacific.  Collections  of  mosses,  hepatics,  and 
lichens  were  made  and  distributed  among  specialists  for  determination. 
Dr.  Skottsberg  prepared  a  memorandum  on  the  present  condition  of  the 
herbarium  and  on  the  plans  for  its  development. 

F.  L.  Stephens,  Professor  of  Botany,  University  of  Illinois,  and  Bish- 
op Museum  Fellow  for  1921-22,  reports  the  practical  completion  of  a  manu- 
script resulting  from  field  study  of  fungi  on  the  islands  of  Hawaii,  Kauai. 
Oahu,  and  Maui. 

John  F.  G.  Stokes,  Ethnologist,  returned  to  Honolulu  in  November, 
after  a  two  years'  absence  in  the  Austral  Islands  as  a  member  of  the  Bayard 
Dominick  Expedition.  His  particular  field  was  the  islands  of  Rapa. 
Rurutu,  and  Raivavae,  where  the  material  culture  and  archaelogy  were 
studied  and  anthropometrical  data  collected.     Some  time  was  also  given  to 


Report  of  the  Director  for  IQ22  n 

Tahiti,  Rimatara,  and  islands  in  the  eastern  Tuamotus.  Abstracts  of 
selected  parts  of  the  preliminary  report  of  Mr.  Stokes  follow : 

In  Rurutu  the  dialect  seems  phonetically  to  be  the  most  emasculated  among 
the   Polynesians.     The  consonants  'k,'  'ng,'  and  the  aspirates  are  lacking. 

In  Rapa  the  mortuary  customs  have  some  interesting  features  in  connection 
with  the  drying  of  bodies.  The  sepulchers  yielded  specimens  of  garments,  one  of 
which,  a  fragment  of  the  early  Rapa  dress,  is  in  technique  identical  with  the  Maori 
rain  cloak.  The  hill  forts  or  fortified  villages,  analogous  to  the  Maori  pa,  show 
primitive  engineering  features.  Stone  fish  weirs  are  common  and  one  of  the  old 
marae  (temples)  remains.  The  clans  of  former  times  still  exist,  but  with  much 
intermixture.  Land  is  communal  with  the  clan.  The  Rapa  customs  are  interesting 
on  account  of  the  absence  of  certain  Polynesian  features.  It  is  said  that  there 
were  no  tattooing,  no  awa  drinking,  no  fish-poisoning,  no  mat-making,  no  feather- 
work,  no  pigs'  and  no  dogs.  Other  Polynesian  characteristics  but  slightly  developed 
were  temples,  priestcraft,  veneration  for  chiefs,  knowledge  of  great  Polynesian 
heroes,  and  stone  platforms  for  houses.  The  original  dialect  retained  the  k'  and 
'ng,'  but  dropped  the   'h.' 

Raivavae  has  a  population  of  380  and  presents  an  appearance  of  great  pros- 
perity, in  strong  contrast  with  Rapa.  The  material  culture  has  changed  to  a  greater 
extent  than  elsewhere  in  the  Austral  Group.  The  island  has  a  special  interest  on 
account  of  its  archaeology.  Many  large  stone  images  hewn  out  of  red  tufa  remained 
until  the  decade  1890-1900,  when  they  were  cut  into  building  blocks  for  a  church 
structure.  More  than  sixty  images  or  fragments  of  images  were  found,  the  largest 
of  which  stood  eight  and  a  half  feet  above  ground.  About  sixty  temples  were  noted 
and  it  is  not  improbable  that  about  one  hundred  of  these  establishments  were  for- 
merly maintained.  War  retreats  in  the  mountains  were  also  found.  The  Raivavae 
genealogies  indicate  a  common  origin  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Austral  Group.  In  the 
original  dialect  the  Polynesian  "k'  had  been  dropped,  the  'ng'  was  in  process  of 
changing  to  'n,'  and  the  'r'  was  pronounced  as  '1,'  'gh,'  or  'g.' 

Physical  measxirements  of  335  people  were  obtained — 133  in  Rurutu,  113  in 
Rapa,  and  89  in   Raivavae. 

The  customs  of  the  Austral  Islanders  have  been  greatly  modified  through  their 
conversion  to  Christianity  by  native  missionaries  from  the  Society  Group.  The 
latter,  themselves  Polynesians,  imposed  upon  the  people  a  Tahitian  civilization  partly 
modified  by  the  secular  teachings  of  the  white  missionaries  from  England.  In  the 
process,  which  has  been  under  way  since  1821,  a  complex  has  been  formed  which 
makes  it  extremely  difficult  to  differentiate  Austral  Island  ethnology  from  that  of 
the  Society  Group.  (See  also  Annual  Report  of  the  Director  for  1921  ;  Occ.  Papers 
Vol.  VIII,  No.  5,  pp.  206-207,  1922.) 

Louis  R.  Sullivan,  Research  Associate  in  Anthropology,  in  co-opera- 
tion with  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  has  continued  his 
investigations  of  the  physical  characteristics  of  the  Pacific  races.  During 
the  year  the  results  of  his  studies  on  Tongan  somatology  were  published. 
(See  p.  13.)  A  manuscript  on  Marquesan  somatology  was  submitted 
for  publication  and  considerable  progress  made  on  a  study  of  Hawaiian 
racial  relations.     A  popular  article,  "New  light  on  Polynesian   races."  was 


12  Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

prepared  for  the  January  (1923)  number  of  Asia.  In  speaking  of  Mr. 
Sullivan's  work  with  the  Bayard  Dominick  Expedition,  Charles  B.  Daven- 
port, Director  of  the  Department  of  Genetics,  Carnegie  Institute  of  Wash- 
ington, remarks,  "I  feel  that  Sullivan's  two  contributions  to  Polynesian 
somatology  have  advanced  the  subject  more  in  one  year  than  all  the  other 
researches  of  the  past  twenty-five  years." 

John  W.  Thompson,  Preparator,  has  modeled  eighteen  fishes,  painted 
thirteen  fishes  and  three  eels  and  has  prepared  and  painted  crabs  and  sea- 
weed accessories  for  use  in  a  projected  marine  group.  The  years  of  con- 
tact which  Mr.  Thompson  has  had  with  the  markets  while  selecting  fishes 
for  the  collections  have  placed  him  in  a  position  to  aid  Mr.  Fowler  very 
considerably  in  his  studies  on  the  fish  collections.  It  is  largely  to  his 
credit  that  the  Hawaiian  fish  fauna  is  so  remarkably  well  represented  in 
the  Museum's  preserved  material,  as  well  as  in  the  excellent  series  of 
models. 

Thomas  G.  Thrum,  Associate  in  Hawaiian  Folklore,  completed  the 
"Geographic  place  names"  for  the  revision  of  Andrews'  Hawaiian  Dic- 
tionary. (See  p.  25.)  He  also  made  a  critical  analysis  of  the  forty-two 
manuscripts  in  the  Poepoe  Collection  and  a  translation  of  Kamakau's  his- 
tory of  Kamahemeha,  which  appeared  originally  in  the  Ka  Nupepa  Kuokoa 
in  1 866- 1 87 1.  Progress  was  made  in  a  study  of  the  star  lore  of  the  ancient 
Hawaiians,  especially  with  reference  to  navigation. 

Stephen  S.  Visher,  Bishop  Museum  Fellow  for  1921-22,  returned  to 
his  duties  as  Professor  of  Geography,  University  of  Indiana,  after  a  field 
trip  to  Honolulu,  Fiji,  Manila,  Hongkong,  Shanghai,  Kobe,  and  Tokyo. 
Progress  was  made  in  the  preparation  of  a  monograph  on  the  tropical 
cyclones  of  the  Pacific  and  their  effects.  Two  Papers — "Tropical  cyclones 
in  Australia  and  the  South  Pacific  and  Indian  Oceans"  and  "Tropical 
cyclones  in  the  Northeast  Pacific  between  Hawaii  and  Mexico,"  were  pub- 
lished in  the  Monthly  Weather  Review  (Vol.  50,  1922  pp.  288-297). 

In  addition  to  her  work  as  Guide  to  Exhibits  and  hostess  to  an  even 
larger  number  of  visitors  than  in  1921,  Mrs.  Lahilahi  Webb  gave  lectures 
to  many  classes  of  school  children.  She  was  of  invaluable  service  in  edit- 
ing the  Hawaiian  Dictionary  and  to  members  of  the  staff  in  their  studies 
of  Hawaiian  lore.  In  the  exhibition  halls  she  has  been  ably  assisted  by 
Miss  Anna  Ho. 

Gerrit  P.  Wilder,  Associate  in  Botany,  has  added  valuable  specimens 
to  the  Museum  collection  and  continued  his  work  of  providing  correct 
labels  for  the  casts  of  fruits  in  the  exhibition  halls.  His  knowledge  of 
the  Hawaiian  Bird  Reservation  has  been  utilized  in  planning  an  expedi- 
tion for  the  coming  year. 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  13 

PUBLICATIONS 

During    1922  the   following  publications   were  issued : 

Memoirs   Volume   VIII,    Number   3.     The   grasses   of   Hawaii,   by   A.    S.    Hitchcock, 
137  pages,  5  plates,   no  figures. 

A  description  of  50  genera  of  native  and  introduced  grasses. 

Memoirs  Volume  VIII,  Number  4.     A  contribution  to  Tongan  somatology,  by  Louis 
R.   Sullivan,   35   pages,  4  plates,  2  figures. 

Describes    the    physical    characteristics    of    225    Tongans,    and    discusses    the 
relation  of  Tongans  to  Samoans  and  to  Melanesians. 

Occasional  Papers  Volume  VII,  NUMBER   14.     Dermaptera  and  Orthoptera   of  Ha- 
waii, by  Morgan  Hebard,  76  pages,  2  plates,   1   figure. 

A  study  based  on  688  specimens  representing  40  of  the  41  genera  and  all 
but  two  of  the   adventive  species   recorded   for   Hawaii. 

Occasional    Papers    Volume   VIII,    Number   2.      Hawaiian    Dromiidae,    by    Charles 
Howard   Edmondson,    10  pages,  2  plates. 

Discussion  of  the  taxonomic  position,  characteristics,  and  distribution  of  the 
Dromiidae   of  Hawaiian   waters.     One  new   subspecies  is   described. 

Occasional  Papers  Volume  VIII,   Number  3.     The  proverbial  sayings  of  the  Ton- 
gans, by  E.  E.  V.  Collocott  and  John  Havea,    115  pages. 

An  epitome  of  Tongan  mental  reactions  as  expressed  in  633  proverbs  given 
in  the   Tongan   dialect   with  translation  and  comment   in   English. 

Occasional  Papers  Volume  VIII,   Number  4.     Tongan  astronomy  and  calendar,  by 
E.  E.  V.  Collocott,  17  pages. 

A  study  of  the  astronomy  and  calendar  of  the  early  Tongans,  and  defini- 
tion of  native  names  and  phrases. 

Occasional  Papers  Volume  VIII,  Number  5.     Report  of  the  Director  for  1921,  by 

Herbert  E.  Gregory,  39  pages. 
Occasional  Papers  Volume  VIII,  No.  6.     The  secondary  xylem  of  Hawaiian  trees, 

by  Forest  Buffen   Harkness  Brown,   157  pages,   11    figures,   1922. 

A    treatise   of   the    systematic    anatomy   of    Hawaiian    woody    plants,    with    a 

short  preface  on  the  origin  of  the   Hawaiian   flora. 

Bulletin    i.      Tattooing    in    the    Marquesas,   by    Willowdean    Chatterton    Handy,    32 
pages,  38  plates. 

A   study   of  the    art    of  tattooing,    the   designs    employed,    and    the    nomen- 
clature. 

A  paper  on  archaelogical    work   in    Hawaii,   by   Gerard    Fowke,   pub 
lished  by  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology   (Bull.  76,   1922,  21   pp.,  8 
plates)  is  a  description  of  ancient  Hawaiian  structures,  particularly  on  the 
island  of   Molokai.     The   Museum   accepted   the   opportunity   of   assisting 
Mr.  Fowke  in  his  field  investigation. 

The  following  publications  are  in  press : 

Memoirs    Volume    IN,    NUMBER    I.      The    Moriori    of    Chatham    Islands,    l>y     li.    I  >. 
Skinner,   1923. 

Describes  the  material  culture  of  Moriori  of  Chatham   Islands. 

Occasional  Papers  Volume  VIII.  Number  7.     New  or  little-known  Hawaiian  fishes, 
by  Henry  W.  Fowler,  20  pages,   1923. 

Preliminary  descriptions  of  new    species  of  lish   in   the  collections   of    Bishop 
Museum,  and  a  list  of  nanus  of  those  already  described  elsewhere 


14  Bemice  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

Bulletin    The    native   culture    in    the    Marquesas,    by    E.    S.    Craghill    Handy, 

1923. 

A  study  of  the  native  culture   in  the  Marquesas  based  on  original   research 

during    a    nine    months'    residence,    supplemented    by    knowledge    derived    from 

printed    sources    and    unpublished    manuscripts. 
A  Dictionary  of  the  Hawaiian  Language,  by  Lorrin  Andrews,  Revised  by  Henry 

H.    Parker.      Published    for   the    Board    of    Commissioners    of   Public   Archives. 

(See  p.   25.) 
Table  of  Contents  and  Index  for  Occasional  Papers,  Volume  VIII. 

The  following  papers  are  in  the  hands  of  the  Publication  Committee 
or  of  the  Editor: 

The  material  culture  of  the  natives  of  the  Marquesas  Islands,  by  Ralph  Linton 

Tongan   Myths  and   Tales,  by   Edward  Winslow    Giffard 

Tongan   Place   Names,  by   Edward   Winslow   Giffard 

Polynesian  design  elements,  by  Ruth  H.  Greiner 

Early  references  to  Hawaiian  Entomology,  by  J.  F.   Illingworth 

Hawaiian  legends,  by  William  H.   Rice 

Papers  in  preparation  include  the  following : 

An  archaelogical  and  ethnological  survey  of  Lanai,  by  Kenneth   P.  Emory 

The    marine    shell-bearing    Mollusca    and    Brachipoda    of    the    Hawaiian    Islands,    by 

William  Healey  Dall 
An  interpretative  study  of  the  religion  of  the  Polynesian  people,  by  E.   S.  Craighill 

Handy 
Tongan  society  and  religion,  by  Edward  Winslow  Giffard 
Tongan  material  culture  and  archaeology,  by  W.  C.  McKern 
Studies  in   Hawaiian  anthropology,  by  Louis  R.   Sullivan 
Hawaiian  fungi,  by  F.  L.   Stevens 
A    statistical    analysis    of    Partula    of    Guam    and    Marianas'    islands,    by    Henry    E. 

Crampton 
Geology  of  Kauai,  by  Norman  E.  A.  Hinds 
A  study  of  Hawaiian  plants  with   reference   to  plant   distribution  in  the   Pacific,  by 

Carl  Skottsberg 
A  study  of  Hawaiian  fishes,  by   Henry   W.   Fowler 
Flora  of  the  Marquesas  Islands',  by  Forest  B.  H.  Brown 
Ethnology  of  Tubuai,  by  Robert  T.   Aitken 
A  study  of  Hawaiian   Diptera,  by  Edwin   H.   Bryan,  Jr. 
An  ethnological  survey  of  Rapa,  by  John  F.  G.  Stokes 
Report  of  the  Director  for  1922 

In  the  Museum  publications  three  changes  have  been  made :  ( 1 )  the 
books  and  pamphlets  heretofore  listed  as  Miscellaneous  Publications  have 
become  Special  Publications,  (2)  the  series  of  Occasional  papers  will  be 
discontinued  after  the  completion  of  Volume  VIII,  (3)  a  new  series  to  be 
known  as  Bulletins  has  been  established.  No  change  is  contemplated  in 
the  Memoirs. 

During  the  year,  1894  numbers  of  the  Memoirs  were  distributed,  in- 
cluding 30  complete  sets;  of  Occasional  Papers  3782,  including  13  com- 
plete sets ;  of  Special  Publications  903,  including  22  complete  sets  of 
Fauna  Hawaiiensis.  The  regular  distribution  of  publications  at  time  of 
issue  has  varied  from  317  to  461. 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  15 

To  the  regular  exchange  list  which  now  numbers  184  the  following 
names  have  been  added :  Academy  of  Science  of  St.  Louis ;  Mr.  Percy 
S.  Allen,  Editor  of  Pacific  Islands  Handbook ;  Asia  Publishing  Company ; 
Auckland  Public  Library.  Art  Gallery  and  Old  Colonists'  Museum ; 
Australian  Central  Weather  Bureau;  Botanical  Survey  of  South  Africa; 
Colorado  College ;  Dove  Marine  Laboratory ;  Folk-Lore  Society ;  For- 
mosan  Government  Research  Institute ;  Matson  Navigation  Company ; 
Mexico  Direccion  de  Estudios  Biologices ;  Pacific  Biological  Station: 
Philippine  Bureau  of  Agriculture;  Pomona  College;  Princeton  University 
Library ;  Royal  Geographical  Society :  Royal  Society  of  London ;  Royal 
Society  of  Tasmania  ;  Scripps  Institution  for  Biological  Research ;  So- 
ciedade  Brasileira  de  Sciencias  ;  Transvaal  Museum  ;  Library.  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Agriculture. 

The  contract  to  print  the  publications  of  the  Museum,  which  termi- 
nated April  1,  has  been  re-awarded  to  the  Honolulu  Star-Bulletin.  Limited. 

By  vote  of  the  Trustees  the  Museum  staff  has  undertaken  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  Handbook  descriptive  of  the  collections  in  the  exhibition  halls  and 
of  a  pamphlet  containing  a  sketch  of  the  history,  scope,  and  policy  of  the 
institution. 

SPECIAL  TOPICS 

Expeditions 

During  the  first  ten  years  of  the  Museum  activities,  no  systematic  field 
exploration  appears  to  have  been  undertaken  by  the  staff.  The  Trustees, 
however,  early  recognized  the  desirability  of  building  up  extensive  collec- 
tions which  might  serve  as  basis  for  scientific  study.  Their  liberal  financial 
>upport  was  given  for  a  comprehensive  study  of  the  land  fauna  of  Hawaii 
(1892-1901) — a  series  of  investigations  which  resulted  in  the  publication  of 
Fauna  Hawaiiensis,  notable  alike  for  its  scientific  value  and  for  its  demon- 
stration of  the  advantage  of  co-operation. 

In  his  report  for  1899  the  Director  expressed  the  hope  that  studies 
similar  to  those  represented  by  Fauna  Hawaiiensis  might  be  extended  to 
regions  outside  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  In  response  to  this  suggestion 
provision  was  made  in  1900  for  a  study  of  the  birds  and  fishes  of  Guam 
by  Alvin  Seale,  which  resulted  in  large  additions  to  the  Museum  collec- 
tions (See  Report  of  a  mission  to  Guam:  Occ.  Papers,  Vol.  I,  p.  17-128). 
During  1902  William  Alanson  Bryan  spent  one  week  on  the  little  known 
Marcus  Island  and  two  days  on  Midway  Tsland  making  collections  which 
led  to  the  publication  of  "  \  monograph  of  Marcus  Island"  (Occ.  Papers 
II,  No.  1,  p.  77-139.  1903)  and  "A  report  of  a  visit  to  Midway  Island" 
(Occ.  Papers  II,  No.  4,  pp.  37-45.  1906).  On  Mr.  Seale's  return  from 
Guam   his    services   were   again   obtained    for   an   expedition   to   the   South 


x6  Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

Pacific,  which  had  for  its  primary  purpose  the  collection  of  fishes.  During 
the  period  November  9,  1900  to  September  21,  1903,  visits  were  made  by 
Mr.  Seale  to  the  Society,  Marquesas,  Tuamotu,  Gambier,  Austral,  New 
Hebrides  and  Solomon  island  groups  and  1550  specimens  representing  375 
species  of  fishes  were  obtained.  (See  Fishes  of  the  South  Pacific:  Occ. 
Papers,  Vol.  IV,  No.  1,  pp.  3-89.  1906). 

During  each  year  of  the  period  1909-1913  Charles  N.  Forbes,  Bota- 
nist, devoted  approximately  three  consecutive  months  to  systematic  ex- 
ploration on  Kauai  (1909),  Maui  (191a),  Hawaii  (1911),  Molokai  (1912), 
and  Lanai  (1913)  ;  and  in  1913  Mr.  Cooke  made  an  excursion  to  Palmyra 
Island.  With  these  exceptions,  field  work  during  the  period  1903-1919 
appears  to  have  consisted  of  short  trips  by  members  of  the  staff  for  the 
purpose  of  increasing  the  collections  and  to  procure  data  needed  in  the 
preparation  of  manuscript  for  publication. 

In  general,  the  records  show  that  the  collections  belonging  to  the 
Museum  have  been  acquired  chiefly  by  gift  and  purchase  and  that  much 
of  the  valuable  material  contributed  by  members  of  the  staff  has  been 
gathered  incidentally  and  not  infrequently  in  vacation  periods  and  at  the 
expense  of  the  collector. 

It  seems  unlikely  that  materials  adequate  for  scientific  investigation 
are  to  be  continuously  obtained  through  the  methods  heretofore  utilized. 
Gifts  of  valuable  small  collections  will  doubtless  increase  with  the  increase 
in  the  number  of  the  friends  of  the  Museum;  but  most  of  the  desirable 
private  collections  have  already  found  a  permanent  place  in  the  halls  of 
scientific  institutions,  and  miscellaneous  collections  resulting  from  brief 
field  trips  will  not  serve  the  needs  of  investigators  dealing  with  the  ex- 
panding problems  within  the  scope  of  the  activities  of  the  Museum. 
Future  enlargement  of  the  collections  for  study  and  for  exhibition  must 
come  chiefly  from  definitely  organized  field  work  by  the  staff,  from  ex- 
changes, and  from  institutions  associated  with  the  Museum  in  co-operative 
exploration. 

With  these  ideas  in  mind  the  policy  has  been  adopted  of  making 
systematic  field  surveys  in  anthropology,  botany,  and  zoology,  under  ar- 
rangements which  provide  time  and  funds  for  the  completion  of  the 
project  in  hand.  (See  Report  of  the  Director  for  1919:  Occ.  Papers, 
Vol.  VII,  No.  8,  1920.)  The  results  have  been  satisfactory.  During  1919 
a  botanical  survey  of  east  Maui  and  a  study  of  the  ancient  asylum  of 
refuge  at  Honaunau  were  completed.  During  1920  an  ethnological  survey 
of  Haleakela  was  completed,  and  the  field  work  of  the  Bayard  Dominick 
Expedition    began — a    series    of    investigations    which,    continued    through 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  17 

192 1  and  1922,  constitute  doubtless  the  most  important  anthropological 
study  so  far  made  in  Polynesia.  (See  p.  21 ).  During  192 1  the  land  shell 
fauna  of  Guam  and  Saipan  were  studied,  the  fungi  of  Hawaii  were  sys- 
tematically collected  and  an  ethnological  survey  of  Lanai  was  completed — 
the  first  such  survey  of  any  Hawaiian  island.  During  1922  a  geological 
survey  of  Kauai  and  a  botanical  survey  of  the  Marquesas  were  completed, 
an  expedition  was  sent  to  Fanning  Island,  and  remarkably  large  collections 
were  made  in  Guam. 

Plans  for  1923  include  a  systematic  scientific  survey  of  Johnston 
Island,  Wake  Island  and  of  fifteen  islands  and  reefs  lying  between  Niihau 
and  Ocean  islands ;  an  ethnological  expedition  to  Tahiti ;  and  a  collecting 
expedition  to  the  Marianas  and  to  the  Caroline  Islands.  All  these  expedi- 
tions serve  not  only  to  enlarge  and  to  fill  gaps  in  the  collections  now  on 
hand,  but  also  to  meet  the  needs  of  other  institutions  and  to  furnish  data 
for  increasing  the  value  of  the  Museum  publications. 

Survey  of  the  Hawaiian  Bird  Reservation 

Preliminary  arrangements  have  been  made  for  a  scientific  survey  of 
the  scattered  islands  included  within  the  roughly  defined  Hawaiian  Bird 
Reservation  (Latitudes  22°-28°N,  Longitude  i6i°-i75°  W).  Conferences 
with  officials  in  Washington  and  at  Pearl  Harbor  indicate  the  pr< 'It- 
ability  that  the  Navy  Department  will  provide  a  ship  for  conducting  re- 
searches during  the  months  of  April,  May,  and  June,  1923,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  United  States  Biological  Survey  and  the  Bishop  Museum. 
The  position  of  these  islands,  the  large  differences  in  their  topograph}, 
shores,  and  surrounding  waters,  and  the  interesting  zoological,  botanical, 
and  ethnological  materials  so  far  obtained  from  them  suggest  that  the  pro- 
posed expedition  may  yield  important  contributions  to  science. 

The  Whitney  South   Seas  Expedition 

A  generous  gift  of  Mr.  Harry  Payne  Whitney  has  enabled  the  Ameri- 
can Museum  of  Natural  History  to  organize  a  zoological  expedition  on  an 
unusually  comprehensive  scale.  Under  the  direction  of  a  committee  of 
eminent  ornithologists — Dr.  Leonard  C.  Sanford,  Dr.  Frank  M.  Chapman 
and  Dr.  Robert  Cushman  Murphy — the  field  party,  in  charge  of  Mr.  Rollo 
H.  Beck,  established  headquarters  at  Papeete  late  in  1920.  During  1921 
extensive  collections  were  made  in  Tahiti  and  other  islands  of  the  Society 
group,  at  Christmas  Island,  at  the  Marquesas,  and  on  several  islets  of  the 
Tuamotu  group.  During  1922  the  schooner  "France,"  purchased  by  the 
expedition,  was  used  for  continuing  investigations  in  the  Marquesas, 
Austral,  and  Gambier  island  groups  and  at  Pitcairn.  Henderson,  Oeno, 
Elizabeth  and  Ducie  islands. 


18  Bernicc  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

The  committee  in  charge  of  the  expedition  has  formulated  its  plans 
and  conducted  its  field  operations  with  a  view  solely  to  the  advancement 
of  scientific  research  in  the  Pacific.  To  quote  from  the  report  of  Dr. 
Murphy : 

While  the  expedition  is  primarily  ornithological,  no  opportunity  has  been  lost 
to  obtain  desirable  material  and  data  in  other  branches  of  science,  particularly  at 
the  many  Polynesian  islands  where  the  native  peoples  and  fauna  are  rapidly  dying 
out  or  are  altering  materially  with  changing  conditions.  With  this  object  in  mind, 
the  Museum  has  co-operated  in  all  possible  ways  with  other  institutions  that  are 
carrying  on  research  in  the  Pacific.  The  Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum  of  Honolulu, 
for  example,  is  now  a  center  of  Pacific  investigations,  coordinated  under  the  ad- 
ministration of  Professor  Herbert  E.  Gregory,  who  is  serving  as  Director.  The 
Committee  of  the  Whitney  Expedition  has  been  from  the  beginning  in  close  touch 
with  Professor  Gregory  and  has  sought  his  advice  on  many  details.  The  members 
of  the  Expedition  have  been  instructed  to  undertake  special  lines  of  collecting 
which  do  not  interfere  with  their  main  objects,  to  offer  transportation  whenever 
possible  to  the  field  workers  of  the  Bishop  Museum  and  of  other  scientific  organiza- 
tions, and  in  general  to  further  the  cause  of  Pacific  investigation  by  selecting  fields 
of  endeavor  which  lead  toward  cooperation  rather  than  competition.  It  has  been 
decided,  for  instance,  to  leave  the  ornithological  investigation  of  the  Hawaiian 
islands  and  of  certain  neighboring  groups,  such  as  Midway,  Johnston,  Palmyra  and 
Washington  islands,  to  the  Bishop  Museum,  and  to  confine  the  efforts  of  the  Whitney 
Expedition,  for  the  present  at  least,  to  the  southerly  and  easterly  islands'  of  Poly- 
nesia, from  Samoa  and  the  Marquesas  southward  and  eastward  to  the  Austral  group 
and  Easter  Island.  In  order  that  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  may 
obtain  a  full  representation  of  the  avian  fauna  of  the  Pacific  Basin,  however,  a  com- 
prehensive exchange  of  material  has  been  arranged,  and  the  Museum  has  already 
received  from  Honolulu  an  important  collection  of  Hawaiian  birds,  which  gives  it 
a  very  nearly  complete  series  of  the  scarce  or  extinct  Drepanididae  as  well  as  other 
interesting  and  peculiar  birds  of  the  archipelago. 

The  first  two  years  of  the  Whitney  South  Sea  Expedition  indicate  the 
remarkable  zoological  and  geographical  results  to  be  anticipated.  More 
than  three  thousand  bird  skins  with  representative  collections  of  nests,  eggs 
and  stomachs  have  been  obtained ;  botanical,  zoological  and  ethnological 
material  has  been  gathered  at  many  islands ;  and  a  mass  of  geographic  in- 
formation has  been  recorded. 

The  collections  show  that  the  birds  of  the  South  Pacific  trade  wind 
belt  are  for  the  most  part  specifically  and  generically  distinct  from  those  in 
the  southern  "horse  latitudes"  and  that  each  large  insular  group  and 
even  some  small  islets  have  distinctive  species.  Several  of  the  species  of 
birds  collected  have  been  heretofore  listed  as  extinct. 

Investigations  in  the  Society  Islands 

Extensive  researches  in  the  Marquesas  and  the  Austral  Islands,  and 
reconnaissance  studies  in  Tahiti  indicate  the  need  of  fuller  knowledge  of 


Report  of  the  Director  for  jqjj  19 

the  islands  lying  westward.  From  the  Society  Islands  in  particular  more 
precise  information  is  needed  of  the  physical  characters  of  the  people,  of 
the  sequence  of  the  overlapping  immigrations  and  the  cultural  differences 
in  the  native  populations  of  various  islands  of  the  group. 

To  meet  this  need  provision  has  been  made  for  undertaking  an  ethno- 
logical survey  by  a  party  consisting  of  E.  S.  Craighill  Handy,  Ethnologist ; 
Willowdean  C.  Handy,  Associate  in  Polynesian  Folkways ;  and  Miss  Jane 
Winne,  Volunteer  Assistant,  who  will  devote  her  time  to  recording  native 
music.  Local  field  assistants  will  be  added  to  the  party.  For  compara- 
tive studies  Mr.  Handy  will  visit  the  islands  of  Upolu,  Yavau,  Haapai, 
Xukuolofa,  and  the  Maori  settlements  in  Xew  Zealand. 

Fanning  Island  Expedition 

Studies  now  in  progress  on  the  distribution  and  relationship  of  cer- 
tain organisms  have  made  it  desirable  to  investigate  the  fauna  and  flora 
of  Fanning  Island  which  lies  in  Latitude  3°-54'  North.  The  island  lies 
outside  of  the  routes  of  commercial  steamship  lines,  but  is  visited  at  inter- 
vals by  copra  schooners  and  by  the  supply  ship  of  the  Pacific  Cable  Board. 

With  the  approval  of  Mr.  J.  Milward,  Pacific  Manager  of  the  Pacific 
Cable  Board,  an  invitation  was  received  from  Captain  M.  Menmuir  to 
make  use  of  his  ship,  the  "Tangaroa."  for  transporting  men  and  equip- 
ment to  Fanning  Island.  The  invitation  was  gratefully  accepted  and 
Stanley  C.  Ball  and  Charles  H.  Edmondson  were  chosen  to  represent  the 
Museum. 

While  on  the  island,  Mr.  Ball  and  Mr.  Edmondson  enjoyed  the  hos- 
pitality of  the  Fanning  Island  Station  of  the  Cable  Board  and  of  the 
copra  company.  Fanning  Island  Limited.  At  the  station,  Superintendent 
T.  R.  Blackley,  Deputy  Commissioner  Mr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Walker,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Sherlock,  Mr.  Kemp,  Dr.  Kinney,  Mr.  Chapman,  Mr.  Wood  and 
others  rendered  generous  assistance.  Superintendent  A.  R.  Foster  of  the 
copra  company  and  his  assistant,  Mr.  Ward,  provided  boats  and  men  and 
equipment.  Mr.  William  Greig  served  a-  host  and  with  Mr.  Hugh  Greig 
furnished  a  native  boat  crew  including  the  intelligent  guide,  Kotuku. 
Their  intimate  knowledge  of  the  island  and  of  Polynesian  languages  and 
customs  was  the  source  of  valuable  information  regarding  the  names  and 
distribution  of  plants  and  animals. 

The  collections  obtained  at  Fanning  Island  include  marine  and  ter- 
restrail  crustaceans,  mollusks,  echinoderms,  insects,  and  other  invertebrates 
and  also  skins  of  land  and  sea  birds  and  a  representative  series  of  plants. 
Many  of  the  zoological  specimens  constitute  new  records  for  that  part  of 
the  Pacific. 


20  Bemice  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

Supplementing  the  researches  at  Fanning  Island,  the  Museum  has 
profited  through  the  generosity  of  Mr.  L.  A.  Thurston  who,  in  company 
with  Mr.  David  Thaanum  and  Mr.  Yasconcellos,  conducted  a  survey  of 
Palmyra  Island,  lying  three  hundred  miles  northwest  of  Fanning  Island. 
Among  the  fishes  and  crabs  collected  are  several  not  heretofore  recorded 
from  the  Palmyra  region ;    some  are  new  to  science. 

Reconnaissance  of  the  Napali  Coast,  Kauai 

The  Napali  district  on  the  island  of  Kauai,  including  the  valleys  of 
Nualolo,  Awawapuhi,  and  Honopu,  is  peculiarly  difficult  of  access.  Its 
seaward  margin  is  formed  by  precepitious  wave-cut  cliffs  and  inland  the 
area  is  sharply  dissected  into  box-headed  canyons  and  "knife-edge"  ridges. 

Each  of  the  three  ways  of  access — a  "hand  hold"  trail  up  the  sea  cliff 
at  Honopu,  the  Kamaile  cliff  trail,  and  the  rope  ladder  at  Nualolo  beach 
— is  available  only  to  experienced  climbers. 

Information  obtained  from  Hawaiians  and  from  the  few  white  men 
who  have  visited  these  valleys  indicated  that,  the  irrigation  systems,  house 
platforms,  burial  caves  and  other  evidences  of  former  occupation  have  been 
undisturbed  and  that  an  unusual  opportunity  was  afforded  for  a  study 
of  ancient  Hawaiian  life.  Arrangements  were  therefore  made  for  a  pre- 
liminary exploration  of  Nualolo.  Awawapuhi.  Honopu  and  Kalalau  val- 
leys— a  ten  day's  reconnaissance — which  has  revealed  much  of  interest 
in  archaelogy  and  natural  history.  By  selecting  feasible  trails  and  recon- 
structing the  ancient  rope  ladder,  the  way  has  been  prepared  for  a 
systematic  investigation  of  this  little  known  region. 

This  exploring  expedition  was  made  possible  through  the  skill  and 
enthusiastic  interest  of  Lindsay  A.  Faye.  Lorrin  P.  Thurston,  Herman 
Von  Holt,  and  Ronald  Von  Holt. 

Collections  From  Guam 

The  existence  of  monolithic  ruins  on  the  island  of  Tinian  has  been 
known  for  a  century,  and  similar  objects  have  from  time  to  time  been 
reported  from  Rota  and  from  Guam,  but  the  few  sling  stones  and  other 
artifacts  which  have  found  their  way  to  museums  and  the  brief  descrip- 
tions scattered  through  the  literature  have  given  little  indication  of  the 
richness  of  those  islands  as  fields  for  archealogical  study.  Through  the 
generosity  of  Commander  J.  C.  Thompson,  of  the  United  States  Naval 
Hospital,  Lt.  H.  G.  Hornbostel  of  the  Museum  staff  was  given  the  op- 
portunity to  undertake  a  systematic  exploration  of  Guam,  with  a  view  to 
obtaining  information  regarding  an  ancient  people  whose  position  in  the 
group  of  Pacific   races   remains  to  be  determined.     As  the   result   of   this 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  21 

work  the  Museum  is  in  possession  of  maps,  diagrams,  and  descriptive 
notes  of  ancient  burial  grounds,  house  sites,  fishing  grounds,  and  caves, 
and  has  added  to  its  collections  some  2,000  specimens,  including  mortars, 
lamps,  adzes,  knives  and  much  skeletal  material.  In  the  collection  is  a 
burial  monument  with  capital  weighing  about  two  and  a  quarter  tons. 

In  carrying  on  his  work  Mr.  Hornbostel  has  had  the  experienced 
advice  of  Commander  Thompson,  and  the  generous  co-operation  of  the 
Navy  officials  who  assisted  in  excavations  and  in  making  collections,  and 
assumed  the  responsibility  of  transporting  the  material  to  Honolulu. 

It  is  planned  to  extend  field  work  in  this  region  to  include  the  south- 
ern islands  of  the  Marianas  group  and  parts  of  the  Carolines. 

Bayard  Dominick  Expedition 

At  the  end  of  the  year  the  work  of  the  Bayard  Dominick  Expedition 
had  reached  the  following  stage :  the  field  work  had  been  completed ;  most 
of  the  collections,  maps,  manuscripts,  photographs,  and  field  notes  had 
been  arranged  for  study ;  three  papers  had  been  published ;  two  papers 
were  in  press,  four  papers  had  been  submitted  for  publication  and  sub- 
stantial progress  had  been  made  in  the  preparation  of  six  other  papers. 

The  systematic  investigation  of  the  origin,  migration,  and  culture  of 
the  Polynesian  peoples,  which  constitutes  the  program  of  the  Bayard 
Dominick  Expedition,  was  made  possible  by  a  generous  gift  of  Bayard 
Dominick,  Jr.,  of  New  York — funds  given  to  Yale  University  and  placed 
by  the  University  at  the  disposal  of  Bishop  Museum.  During  the  summer 
of  192a  four  field  parties  began  their  work — the  first  in  Tonga,  the  second 
in  the  Marquesas,  the  third  in  Rurutu,  Raivavai,  Tubuai  and  Rapa  of 
the  Austral  Islands,  the  fourth  in  islands  of  the  Hawaiian  group.  Through 
co-operative  arrangements  with  scientists  of  New  Zealand,  physical 
measurements  of  the  Maori  and  a  complete  survey  of  the  Moriori  of 
Chatham  Islands  form  part  of  the  program. 

In  formulating  the  plans  for  the  expedition,  it  was  recognized  that 
the  origin  and  migrations  of  a  people  constitute  a  problem  made  up  of  many 
diverse  elements — a  problem  which  involves  contributions  not  only  from 
physical  anthropology,  material  culture,  archaeology,  philology  and  legends, 
but  also  from  economic  botany,  geography  and  zoology.  A  profit- 
able search  for  Polynesian  origins  obviously  involves  fundamental  re- 
search in  two  distinct  fields:  (1)  the  source  of  the  physical  racial 
characteristics  which  have  combined  to  make  the  different  Polynesian 
types;  (2)  the  source  of  the  original  element-  in  the  customs,  habits  and 
beliefs — in  a  word,  the  culture  of  the  Polynesians.     The  problem  of  origin 


22 


Bernicc  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 


approaches  solution  to  the  extent  that  original  physical  characteristics  may 
be  correlated  with  original  cultural  elements. 

Although  the  results  obtained  by  the  members  of  the  Bayard  Dominick 
Expedition  have  not  as  yet  been  subjected  to  critical  analysis  and  com- 
parison, some  interesting  general  conclusions  have  been  reached. 

The  Polynesian  population  consists  of  at  least  two  basic  elements 
and  the  failure  to  recognize  them  appears  to  account  for  the  wide  diversity 
of  opinion  regarding  origin  and  affinities  of  the  Pacific  races. 

Type  A,  which  may  be  considered  Polynesian  proper,  is  a  Caucasoid 
element  with  physical  characteristics  intermediate  between  some  Causasians 
and  some  Mongols.  It  may  prove  to  be  a  very  primitive  Causasian  type 
related  to  the  earliest  inhabitants  of  Micronesia,  Melanesia,  Indonesia,  and 
to  the  Aino  of  Japan  and  to  some  primitive  Americans.  It  is  probably 
the  oldest  type  in  central  and  eastern  Pacific  and  occupied  all  the  Poly- 
nesian islands.     At  present  it  is  strongest  in  southern  Polynesia. 

The  characteristic  features  of  Type  A  are  (i)  tall  stature,  (2) 
moderately  long  heads,  (3)  relatively  high,  narrow  faces,  (4)  relatively 
high,  narrow  noses,  (5)  straight  or  wavy  black  hair  of  medium  texture, 
(6)  well-developed  moustache  and  moderate  beard  on  the  chin,  (7) 
moderate  amount  of  hair  on  the  body  and  limbs.  (8)  light  brown  skin,  (9 ) 
incisor  rim  present  occasionally,  (10)  femur  flattened,  (11)  tibia  flattened, 
(12)  ulna  flattened,  (13)  lips  above  average  in  thickness. 

Type  B  is  the  Indonesian  element  typically  developed  in  the  region 
of  the  Celebes.  It  is  a  Mongoloid  type  but  unlike  the  Malay,  is  strongly 
divergent  in  the  direction  of  the  Xegro.  Hybrids  of  Type  A  and  Type  B 
are  much  more  Mongoloid  in  appearance  than  is  either  of  the  parental 
types.     Type  B  is  strongest  in  northern  and  central  Polynesia. 

The  essential  physical  characteristics  of  Type  B  are :  ( 1 )  shorter 
stature,  (2)  shorter  heads,  (3)  low,  broad  faces,  (4)  low,  broad  noses. 
(5)  wavier  hair,  (6)  undeveloped  beard,  (7)  body  hair  rare  except  on 
the  legs,  (8)  darker  brown  skin,  (9)  incisor  rim  rare,  (10),  (n),  (12) 
femur,  tibia  and  ulna  less  flattened  (data  meager,  results  inferred),  (131 
lips  well  above  the  average  in  thickness. 

Type  A,  Polynesian,  and  Type  B,  Indonesian,  are  not  closely  related 
in  a  physical  sense.  ■ 

A  third  element  in  the  Polynesian  population  is  characterized  by 
extremely  short  heads,  narrow  faces,  narrow  noses,  light  skin  and  well 
developed  beard  and  body  hair.  Representatives  of  this  element  have 
not  been  found  in  Polynesia  in  sufficient  numbers  to  justify  specific  des- 
cription. When  studied  in  a  region  where  it  is  well  represented,  this 
element  may  prove  of  sufficient  importance  to  be  recognized   as  Type   C. 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  23 

This   element   has   probably   contributed    some   of   the   Caucasoicl   traits    to 
Polynesians. 

There  is  a  basic  Polynesian  culture  for  the  present  termed  Culture 
"A"  over  which  has  been  superposed  a  later  culture  (Culture  "B"). 
The  most  important  elements  of  Culture  "A"  are :  ( 1 )  a  rectangular 
house  with  end  posts  and  bed  space;  (2)  a  canoe  made  of  five  parts; 
(3)  a  tanged  adze;  (4)  cooking  by  means  of  heated  stones  in  ground 
ovens;  (5)  the  use  of  stone  pestles  for  pounding  food;  (6)  the  use  of 
wood,  gourd,  and  coconut  shell,  rather  than  pottery,  for  containers;  (7) 
skillful  woodworking  and  carving;  (8)  tattooing;  (9)  the  making  of 
tapa,  or  bark  cloth;  (10)  a  characteristic  relationship  system;  (11)  the 
custom  of  adopting  and  betrothing  children;  (12)  systematic  agriculture 
and  fishing,  taro  and  potato  cultures;  (13)  professional  craftsmanship 
and  leadership  in  industry ;  ( 14)  tribal  government  of  simple  patriarchal 
communism;  (15)  preserving  heads  of  enemies  as  trophies,  and  cannibal- 
ism; (16)  ancestor  worship,  the  preservation  of  genealogies,  and  the 
hiding  of  skeletal  remains;  (17)  inspirational  diviners;  (18)  a  speculative 
creation  mythology  conceived  on  the  principle  of  dualism,  expressed  in 
terms  of  male  and  female  agencies.  Culture  "A"  is  distributed  through- 
out Polynesia,  but  is  most  clearly  distinguished  in  New  Zealand  and  the 
Marquesas — marginal  regions  little  affected  by  later  influences. 

As  compared  with  Culture  "A,"  Culture  "B"  is  characterized  by  a 
higher  social  and  religious  development  rather  than  a  higher  technical 
development,  and  is  dominent  in  northern  and  central  Polynesia.  It  is 
considered  not  as  the  culture  of  a  race  unrelated  to  the  Polynesians,  but 
as  the  culture  of  a  second  migrating  wave  of  a  people  closely  related  to 
those  represented  by  Culture  "A."  In  addition  to  the  elements  listed  for 
Culture  "A,"  Culture  "B"  is  characterized  by  other  elements  among  which 
are:  (19)  the  oval  house;  (20)  wooden  head  rests;  (21)  utensils  with 
legs;  (22)  organized  government;  (23)  a  rigid  social  classification;  (24) 
complicated  systems  of  land  division  and  ownership;  (25)  great  sacred- 
ness  of  chiefs  and  elaborate  etiquette;  (26)  organized  dancing  as  a  social 
and  religious  institution;  (27)  organized  religious  ceremonial  and  priest- 
hood; (28)  a  generation  cult  and  seasonal  rites;   (29)   haruspication. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  basal  Polynesian  physical  type  (Type 
A  i  is  universally  distributed,  but  strongest  in  the  south,  and  that  the 
original  culture  (Culture  "A",  also  universally  distributed,  is  clearest  in 
the  south  (New  Zealand)  and  in  (he  east  (the  Marquesas).  Also  physical 
Type  B  is  strongest  in  north  and  central  Polynesia,  the  same  region  in 
which  elements  in  Culture  "B"  are  dominant.  This  demonstrated  parallel- 
ism of  racial  types  and  cultural  stratification   rests  on  conclusions  arrived 


24  Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

at  independently  by  members  of  the  Museum  staff  working  in  widely 
separated  fields  with  no  opportunity  for  consultation.  'It  is  regarded  as  a 
very  important  contribution  to  the  method  of  attack  on  the  Polynesian 
problem.  Another  contribution  is  the  definition  of  characteristics  and 
elements  belonging  to  the  respective  types  and  cultures — a  prerequisite  to 
comparative  studies. 

The  archaeological  work  of  the  Bayard  Dominick  Expedition  reveals 
no  very  ancient  human  habitation  in  the  central  and  south  Pacific. 
For  the  Polynesian  settlement  the  evidence  serves  to  substantiate  the  con- 
clusions of  William  Churchill,  based  on  linguistic  and  cultural  study.  The 
following  dates  are  considered  reasonable  estimates :  A.D.  o,  the  first 
important  Polynesian  migratory  movement ;  A.D.  600,  second  migration ; 
and  A.D.  1000,  a  period  of  great  Polynesian  expansion. 

As  regards  the  sources  of  these  racial  types  and  cultural  elements 
and  the  routes  by  which  they  came  to  Polynesia,  the  evidence  in  hand 
indicates  the  region  of  the  Malay  archiperago  (Indonesia)  and  southeast 
Asia  as  that  from  which  the  Polynesian  ancestors  began  their  eastward 
drift.  There  is  no  evidence  of  definite  migrations  to  or  from  the  Ameri- 
can continents. 

The  Bayard  Dominick  Expedition  is  the  most  comprehensive  investi- 
gation so  far  made  of  any  Pacific  people ;  it  has  filled  in  gaps  and  expanded 
the  boundaries  of  the  knowledge  of  the  Polynesian  race.  It  is  believed 
that  the  publications  resulting  from  the  two  years  of  intensive  study  will 
serve  as  a  basis  for  intelligent  criticism  of  the  observations  and  theories  of 
previous  workers  and  a  guide  for  later  detailed  studies. 

Hawaiian  Proverbs 

The  paper  by  E.  E.  Collocott,  "Proverbial  sayings  of  the  Tongans" 
(Occ.  Papers,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  3,  1922)  has  proved  to  be  of  interest  not 
only  for  its  intrinsic  merit,  but  also  as  a  demonstration  of  a  method  of 
presenting  the  philosophy  and  guiding  thoughts  of  a  people.  It  has 
seemed,  therefore,  desirable  to  arrange  for  the  preparation  of  similar 
papers  based  on  material  from  other  groups  of  the  Polynesian  race. 

For  Hawaiian  proverbs  a  nucleus  exists  in  a  manuscript  by  the  late 
Dr.  N.  B.  Emerson,  presented  to  the  Museum  by  Mrs.  Sarah  B.  Emerson. 
A  considerable  number  of  proverbs  has  been  supplied  through  the  generous 
co-operation  of  Mr.  Theodore  Kelsey  and  his  co-workers.  Other  proverbs 
and  connundrums  have  been  supplied  by  Mrs.  E.  A.  Nawahi,  Mrs.  Lahi- 
lahi  Webb,  and  Mr.  Albert  Judd.  It  is  hoped  that  the  Museum  will  re- 
ceive contributions  from  many  other  sources. 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  25 

Study  of  Pacific  Languages 

During  the  days  of  active  missionary  expansion,  1820-1860,  much  at- 
tention was  given  to  preparing  word  lists  and  generalized  grammars  of 
various  Pacific  dialects,  and  the  theories  of  language  relation  expounded 
by  Max  Muller  appear  to  have  led  some  scholars  to  undertake  philological 
researches  in  the  language  of  Polynesia,  Melanesia,  and  Micronesia.  For 
Polynesia  the  Maori  Comparative  Dictionary  by  Tregear  (1891).  the 
Maori  Dictionary  by  Williams  (1892),  the  Tongan  Vocabulary  and 
Grammar,  by  Rev.  Shirley  Baker  (1897);  the  Samoan  Grammar  and 
Dictionary,  by  Rev.  George  Pratt  (revised  edition  1911)  ;  A  Dictionary 
of  the  Hawaiian  Language,  by  Lorrin  Andrews  (1865,  revised  1922)  ;  the 
Polynesian  Wanderings  and  Easter  Island  Rapanui  Speech,  by  William 
Churchill ;  and  the  dictionaries  for  the  dialects  of  French  Oceania,  com- 
piled by  the  Catholic  fathers,  are  standard  works.  Studies  by  S.  Percy 
Smith,  Sidney  Ray  and  other  contributors  to  the  journal  of  the  Polynesian 
Society  have  served  to  elucidate  many  doubtful  points.  But  increase  in 
the  knowledge  of  the  Polynesian  and  related  languages  has  not  kept 
pace  with  researches  in  other  branches  of  anthropology,  and  the  death  of 
William  Churchill  in  1920  and  of  S.  Percy  Smith  in  1922  has  removed 
two  of  the  most  distinguished  students  of  Polynesian  philology. 

As  anthropological  work  proceeds,  the  call  becomes  insistant  for  a 
court  of  final  appeal  for  spelling,  meaning,  and  origin  of  words  and 
phrases  that  inclose  within  themselves  a  picture  of  the  migrating  ideas  and 
give  significance  to  words  which  at  present  represent  merely  groups  of 
letters  or  sounds.  There  is  need  for  trained  scholars  who  will  devote  a 
lifetime  of  effort  to  fundamental  researches  in  philology  of  the  Polynesian 
dialects. 

Perhaps  the  first  work  of  such  a  scholar  would  be  to  edit  the  several 
dictionaries  and  the  grammars  now  in  manuscript  form.  Similar  studies 
could  then  be  made  of  native  dialects  for  which  no  adequate  word  lists  are 
in  existence. 

Since  the  inadequacy  of  philological  research  is  felt  by  all  institutions 
interested  in  Pacific  work,  it  is  not  improbable  that  support  could  be  ob- 
tained through  some  co-operative  arrangement. 

Hawaiian-  Dictionary 

In  191 3  the  Legislature  of  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  made  provision 
for  the  "compiling,  printing,  binding,  and  publishing  in  book  form  a 
Dictionary  of  the  Hawaiian  Language"  to  replace  Andrews'  Dictionary, 
which  had  long  been  out  of  print.  Supported  by  legislative  grants  in 
I9I3-    l9U'    I9I9'   amounting  to  $25,000,    revision    lias   been    in    progress 


26  Bemicc  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

since  1915,  under  the  direction  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Public 
Archives,  who  placed  Rev.  Henry  H.  Parker  in  charge  of  the  work. 

Early  in  192 1  the  manuscript  cards  were  transmitted  by  the  Board 
of  Archives  to  the  Bishop  Museum,  which  consented  to  do  the  editorial 
work  necessary  to  prepare  the  volume  for  the  press  and  also  agreed  to 
furnish  a  list  of  Hawaiian  geographical  names  with  pronunciation  and 
definition.  To  cover  the  cost  of  printing,  the  Board  placed  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  Museum  the  unexpended  balance  of  $4,500'. 

As  the  editorial  work  proceeded  it  was  found  that  the  manuscript 
was  incomplete  in  several  essential  features,  thus  demanding  an  unexpected 
amount  of  work  on  the  part  of  the  Museum  staff  and  of  Mr.  Joseph  S. 
Emerson,  Mr.  Stephen  Mabaulu,  Mr.  L.  A.  Dickey,  Mr.  Thomas  C.  White, 
and  Mr.  Theodore  Kelsey,  who  gave  freely  of  their  store  of  knowledge. 

The  Dictionary  is  substantially  a  reprint  of  the  work  compiled  by 
Mr.  Lorrin  Andrews  in  1865.  The  value  of  the  older  volume  has  been 
increased  by  incorporating  the  scholarly  studies  of  Lorenzo  Lyons,  by  the 
addition  of  diacritical  marks,  by  the  elimination  of  irrelevant  matter,  and 
by  the  rearrangement  of  words  and  definitions.  The  revised  Dictionary  is 
obviously  incomplete  and  the  way  is  open  for  the  preparation  of  a  volume 
that  will  draw  material  from  all  available  sources. 

REPORT  OF  THE  CURATOR  OF  COLLECTIONS 
The   Curator  of  Collections,   Stanley   C.    Ball,  has   submitted   the   fol- 
lowing report : 

Accessions  1922 
anthropological  material 

Additions  to  the  collections  representing  Hawaiian  physical  anthropology  in- 
clude material  from  Molokai,  presented  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Danforth ;  from  Oahu,  pre- 
sented by  Mrs.  E.  A.  Fennel  and  by  Mr.  C.  A.  McWayne ;  from  Kauai,  collected 
by  Herbert  E.  Gregory  and  Gerrit  P.  Wilder ;  and  from  Lanai,  presented  by  Mr. 
Hector  Munro.  Four  skulls  and  other  bones  were  collected  in  the  Austral  Islands 
by  John  F.  G.  Stokes  and  more  than  a  hundred  skeletons  from  Guam  were  col- 
lected and  presented  to  the  Museum  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Thompson  and  Hans  G.  Horn- 
bostel. 

The  ethnological  collections  have  been  increased  by  gifts  as  follows :  Mr. 
Spencer  Bickerton,  stone  hatchet  from  Australia ;  Captain  V.  A.  Brisson,  pestle  from 
Rimatara,  adz  from  Pitcairn  ;  Lieutenant  Fish,  musical  bow  from  Guam ;  Mrs.  W.  M. 
Giffard,  Samoan  mat ;  Mrs.  Margaret  C.  Jackson,  Russian  harness ;  Mr.  A.  F.  Judd, 
portion  of  a  Hawaiian  bone  ornament;  Mr.  Ernest  Kaai,  guitar  from  India  and 
Koran  bible  from  Java ;  Mr.  Kaemona  through  Mr.  Lindsay  Faye,  stone  scraper  from 
Kauai ;  The  Liliuokalani  Estate,  3  ancient  royal  kahilis  taken  from  the  Mausoleum ; 
Dr.  H.  F.  Lyon,  dancing  wand  from  Solomon  Islands;  Mr.  Joseph  Marciel,  2  adz 
heads  from  Maui ;  Miss  Mary  Y.  Moore,  metal  vase  from  Java ;  Mr.  G.  C.  Munro, 
piece  of  plaster  from  Hawaiian  oven,  Lanai;  Mr.  William  Weinrich,  wooden  tool 
for  stripping  fiber,  Mexico;  Mrs.  Lilly  West,  Hawaiian  tobaccco  pipe. 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  27 

The  following  persons  have  loaned  specimens  to  the  Museum:  Mr.  D.  Wesley 
Garber,  fish  net,  sinker  and  29  stone  adz  heads  from  Samoa ;  Dr.  George  Herbert, 
helmet,  2  spears,  2  wooden  bowls  and  a  phallic  stone  from  Hawaii;  Mr.  Frank 
Marciel,  Hawaiian  adz  head  and  polishing  stone;  Mr.  X.  G.  Smith,  kukui  lei,  brooch 
and  earrings;    Mr.  William  Wagener,   Hawaiian   stone  image. 

Ethnological  material  purchased  during  1922  includes  the  valuable  collection  of 
Mrs.  Victoria  Buffandeau  which  embraces  8  feather  leis,  10  kapas,  \q  wooden  bowls, 
2  cuspidors,  finger  bowl,  pig  platter,  tobacco  pipe,  3  ivory  leis,  2  makaloa  mats, 
poi  pounder,  net  for  suspending  calabash  (all  Hawaiian),  2  Samoan  mats,  12  co- 
conut bowls,  a  poi  pounder  and  a  gourd  bowl  from  Tahiti;  from  E.  Block,  n  war 
clubs  from  Samoa  and  Fiji,  sword  from  Caroline  Islands,  3  dishes  and  a  bowl 
from  Fiji,  mat  dress  from  Samoa,  3  tapa  beaters  of  which  one  is  triangular  in 
section  (locality  unknown)  and  a  piece  of  bark  cloth  from  Uganda,  Africa;  from 
the  Emma  Dreier  Estate,  a  large  wooden  Hawaiian  plate  ;  from  Mr.  Maihui,  net  for 
suspending  calabash ;  from  Mr.  Nam  Ja  Sung,  collection  of  Hawaiian  stone  imple- 
ments;    from    Mrs.    Helen    Widemann,   4    Hawaiian    calabashes. 

Members  of  the  staff  have  increased  the  collections  as  follows :  R.  T.  Aitken, 
180  specimens  of  native  implements,  tapas,  baskets  and  materials  collected  in  Tu- 
buai  and  Raivavae,  Austral  Islands  (see  notes  on  collections)  ;  John  F.  G.  Stokes, 
a  large  number  of  artifacts  collected  chiefly  in  Rurutu,  Raivavae  and  Rapa  (re- 
served for  description  in  the  1923  Report)  ;  Kenneth  P.  Emory,  collected  on  Lanai. 
T.  H.,  during  1921,  421  specimens  among  which  may  be  mentioned  several  pieces  of 
wood  from  old  houses  and  canoes,  tapa  anvil  and  beater,  poi  pounders,  5  lamps 
and  a  pillow  of  stone.  19  anchors,  30  sinkers,  8  grindstones,  8  whetstones,  35  bowling 
stones,  34  adz  heads,  37  polishing  stones.  4  stones  bearing  petroglyphs  of  great  age, 
33  stone  hammers',  stone  dish,  stone  for  cooking  birds,  3  bath  rubbing  stones  and  a 
stone  knife.  Mr.  Emory  also  collected  in  1922  on  Molokai  a  stone  hammer.  3 
bowling   stones,   3   sling   stones,   2   adzes,   a   net    sinker   and   a   cowry   lure. 

Hans  G.  Hornbostel  has  had  remarkable  success  in  obtaining  valuable  specimens 
illustrating  the  material  culture  of  the  Chamorros.  The  material  already  received 
from  Guam  includes  hundreds  of  sling  stones,  large  numbers  of  adzes  and  chisels, 
hammers,  pestles,  whetstones,  several  stone  vessels',  knives,  ornaments,  fishing 
equipment  and  other  artifacts,  as  well  as  specimens  of  the  massive  stone  capitals 
from  the  tops  of  pillars  marking  burial  sites  (see  p.  21).  Au  exploring  party  consist- 
ing of  Herbert  E.  Gregory,  Edwin  H.  Bryan,  Jr.,  of  the  Museum  staff  and  Herman 
Von  Holt,  Ronard  K.  Von  Holt,  Lindsay  Faye,  and  Lorrin  P.  Thurston,  volunteer 
assistants,  brought  back  from  the  Xepali  coast  of  Kauai  5  poi  pounders,  2  poi 
boards,  6  cowry  lures,  2  sinkers,  adz  head,  stone  knife,  polishing  stone  and  canoe 
fragments.  C.  Montague  Cooke  and  party  consisting  of  C.  M.  Cooke  III,  Harrison 
Cooke  and  Benjamin  Oliveira  secured  a  number  of  stone  and  shell  implements  on 
the  western  end  of  Molokai. 

By  exchange  the  Museum  has  received  from  Baron  XT.  Kanda  of  Japan  a  col- 
lection of  adzes,  arrowheads,  pieces  of  pottery,  snow  shoes,  and  2  stone  ornaments 
( Magatama  and  Kudatama),  illustrating  the  culture  of  the  ancestors  of  the  presenl 
Japanese  race,  and  several  adzes  and  other  artifacts  from  Formosa  ;  from  Mr.  E. 
L.  Moseley  a  series  of  North  American  Indian  relics. 

1 1 1 RDS 

Specimens  have  been  added  to  the  ornithological  collection  by  members  of  the 
staff  as  follows:  Stanley  C.  Ball  and  Charles  H.  Edmondson,  man-o'-war  bird 
(Fregata  aquila),  booby  (Sula  cyanops),  nestling  and  2  e^.us  of  the  latter.  3  terns 
( Procelstcrna  cerulea),  bristlc-thighed  curlew  (Nutnenius  tahitiensis) ,  3  warblers 
(Conopoderas   pistor),    nest    of   the    latter,    11    paroquets    (I'iui   kuhli)    collected    on 


28  Bernicc  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

Fanning   Island;     E.   W.   Giffard,   3   shearwaters    (Puff inns   chororhynchus)    collected 
in  Tonga ;  John  F.  G.   Stokes,  rail  obtained  in  Austral  Islands. 

Birds  have  been  presented  to  the  Museum  as  follows:  from  Mr.  G.  P.  Cooke,  Jr.. 
an  apapane  (Himotione  sanguined)  found  dead  on  Molokai ;  Mr.  Hung  Lum  Chung. 
3  finches  (Carpodacus  mexicanus  obscurus)  shot  at  Experiment  Station;  Mr.  H.  S. 
Hayward,  feathers  of  red-tailed  tropic  bird  and  others;  Mr.  W.  H.  Smith,  dark- 
rumped  petrel   (Aestrelata  phaeopygia). 

INSECTS 

The  report  of  Edwin  H.  Bryan,  Jr..  Assistant  Entomologist,  records  the  acces- 
sion of  8445  insects,  5140  of  which  came  from  the  Hawaiian  islands,  a  larger  pro- 
portion than  during  1921. 

Collections  by  members  of  the  Museum  staff  include  265  specimens  from  Fan- 
ning Island  collected  by  Stanley  C.  Ball  and  Charles  H.  Edmondson,  923  specimens 
collected  on  Kauai  by  Edwin  H.  Bryan,  Jr..  approximately  900  insects  obtained  from 
the  Austral  Islands  through  John  F.  G.  Stokes,  and  298  flies  collected  in  various 
parts  of  Hawaii  by  Otto  H.  Swezey. 

Specimens  received  in  exchange  came  from  the  following  sources:  Mr.  E.  W. 
Ferguson,  11  Australian  Tabanidae ;  Mr.  E.  L.  Moseley,  78  insects  from  Ohio;  Mr. 
\Y.  S.  Patton,  47  Muscidae ;  Mr.  A.  J.  Turner,  67  Australian  moths. 

The  following  donations  have  been  gratefully  received:  6  specimens  from  Hale- 
akala,  Maui,  given  by  Miss  A.  M.  Alexander;  329  North  American  and  Tahitian  in- 
sects from  Charles  H.  Edmondson ;  41  Hawaiian  Diptera,  and  35  Hawaiian  Bruchi- 
dae  from  the  Hawaiian  Sugar  Planters'  Experiment  Station;  122  Hawaiian  Diptera 
and  39  other  insects  from  Mr.  Walter  M.  Giffard;  295  Australian  specimens  from 
Mr.  G.  F.  Hill ;  70  Hawaiian  insects  from  Mr.  W.  H.  Meinecke ;  21  North  American 
Drosophilidae  from  Mr.  A.  H.  Sturtevant ;  53  specimens  collected  for  the  Museum 
on  Palmyra  island  by  Mr.  L.  A.  Thurston  ;  68  Hawaiian  Diptera  from  the  University 
of  Hawaii. 

An  important  collection  of  insects  has  been  received  from  J.  F.  Illingworth. 
partly  as  a  gift  and  partly  as  a  deposit.  It  embraces  1240  insects  collected  in  Fiji 
by  Mr.  Illingworth  and  determined  by  him  with  the  aid  of  other  specialists.  This 
collection  promises  to  be  of  great  value  in   further  research  in   the  oceanic  field. 

The  Hawaii  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  has  lent  to  the  Museum  605  in- 
sects collected  in  Guam  by  Mr.  David  T.  Fullaway. 

Mr.  Bryan  further  reports : 

"Besides  these  accessions,  as  listed,  considerable  local  material,  totaling  3537 
specimens,  has  been  collected  and  turned  in  by  the  following  members  of  the  staff 
and  friends  of  the  Museum:  Stanley  C.  Ball.  Spencer  Bickerton,  Edwin  H.  Bryan, 
Jr.,  B.  Clarke,  A.  G.  Clarke.  C.  Montague  Cooke.  Jr.,  Ruth  H.  Greiner.  Anne  Gregory. 
J.  F.  Illingworth,  A.  F.Judd,  W.  H.  Meinecke,  E.  L.  Moseley.  Marie  C.  Neal.  Otto 
H.  Swezey.  John  W.  Thompson.  Gerrit  P.  Wilder." 

PLAXTS 

Approximately  40,000  specimens  have  been  added  to  the  botanical  collections 
during  the  year.  Of  Hawaiian  plants  gifts  have  been  received  as  follows :  From 
Mr.  E.  L.  Caum,  type  specimens  of  Pritchardia  kahanae  and  P.  mantioides;  Mr. 
Henry  Davis,  fruit  of  the  "Waialua"  orange;  Mr.  A.  D.  Hitchcock,  set  of  mounted 
grasses;  Mr.  A.  F.  Judd.  fungi  from  Molokai  and  a  mounted  specimen  of  the 
fungas,  Meliola  juddiana  Stevens;  Dr.  J.  R.  Judd,  a  set  of  ferns  collected  by  Mrs. 
Stewart  Dodge  in  1874;  Mr.  W.  H.  Meinecke,  a  specimen  of  silver-sword  from 
Hawaii. 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  29 

Hawaiian  plants  received  from  members  of  the  staff  include  a  large  number  of 
rusts  and  other  fungi  collected  and  determined  by  F.  L.  Stevens,  specimens  of 
Abutilon  collected  by  Otto  H.  Swezey,  and  three  plants  collected  on  Hawaii  by 
Gerrit    P.   Wilder. 

The  large  and  important  collection  of  approximately  28,000  specimens  brought 
together  at  the  Station  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Forestrj  and  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Hawaii  by  J.  F.  Rock  was  transferred  to  the  Museum  by  arrangement 
with  these  institutions. 

From  the  Austral  Islands,  Robert  T.  Aitken  and  John  F.  G.  Stokes,  members 
of  the  Bayard  Dominick  Expendition,  brought  back  approximately  1.600  dried  plants 
and  120  wood  samples.  A.  J.  Eames  obtained  about  1.000  sheets  of  specimens  dur- 
ing his  short  stay  in  Samoa  in  1920.  By  far  the  largest  accession  is  that  of  9,000 
specimens  of  dried  plants  and  120  wood  samples  collected  by  Forest  B.  H.  Brown 
and  Elizabetb  Wuist  Brown  during  two  years  of  field  work  in  the  Marquesas,  Tua- 
motu  archipelago  and   New  Zealand. 

Collections  of  plants  procured  outside  of  Hawaii  include  also  several  hundred 
specimens  collected  in  southern  Polynesia  by  the  Whitney  South  Seas  Expedition 
and  received  in  exchange  from  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History;  80 
specimens  collected  on  Fanning  Island  by  Stanley  C.  Ball  and  Charles  H.  Edmond- 
son  of  the'  Bishop  Museum  staff:  274  plants  from  Borneo  purchased  from  their 
collector,  Mr.  A.  E.  D.  Elmer:  300  specimens  collected  and  donated  by  Mr.  D. 
Wesley  Garber  of  Samoa,  390  Philippine  specimens  given  by  Mr.  E.  D.  Merrill,  and 
131  Samoan  plants  collected  and  presented  by  Professor  W.  A.  Setchell  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  California. 

SHELLS 

From  the  report  of  C.  Montague  Cooke,  Jr..  Malacologist,  the  following  notes 
on  accessions  have  been  abstracted : 

Exchanges  have  been  arranged  with  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  and  the  Museum  of  Compara- 
tive Zoology.  From  the  Philadelphia  Academy  specimens  of  Pacific  zonitoids  and 
endodonts  and  paratypes  of  two  species  of  tornatellids  were  received.  From  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  135  lots  of  shells  were  received,  among  them  the 
paratypes  of  species  established  by  Pease.  Gulick,  and  Newcomb.  The  type  speci- 
mens of  Planamastra  prostrata  and  P.  deprcssiformis  found  in  the  collection  of  this 
Museum  proved  to  be  non-Hawaiian  species.  (See  Nautilus,  vol.  XXXVI,  1922V 
Mr.  W.  F.  Clapp,  Curator  of  Mollusca.  contributed  additional  material. 

From  the  American  Museum  16  lots  of  shells  were  received.  Probably  the  rarest 
species  acquired  is  the  Carelia  hyattiana,  of  which  but  seven  specimens  are  known. 
The  one  we  received  has  been  carefully  compared  with  the  type  specimen  in  the 
collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  and  there  is  no  doubt 
that  the  identification  is  correct.  Other  important  species  from  the  American 
Museum  are  Amastra  petricola  and  pusilla.  The  former,  as  far  as  I  know,  has  not 
been  collected  since  Newcomb,  in  1850  or  1851,  found  his  original  lot,  and  as  these 
specimens  were  received  by  the  American  Museum  from  Newcomb,  they  may  be 
considered  as  paratypes.  The  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History  gave  to  the 
Museum  a  small  but  very  valuable  series  of  Endodontidae,  which  contains  a  single 
specimen  of  Thaumatodon  stellula   from  the  Mayo  collection. 

Collections  were  made  by  Marie  C.  Neal  on  Kauai,  and  on  Hawaii,  in  Kohala 
district  and  near  the  Volcano  House.  The  material  from  Kauai  included  a  new 
genus  of  operculate  land  shells.  Collecting  expeditions  were  made  by  C.  Montague 
Cooke,  Jr..  to  Kauai.  Maui,  and  to  the  Waianae  Mountains.  Oahu.  Mr.  Cooke 
reports : 


30 


Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 


"A  trip  to  the  eastern  end  of  the  Waianae  Mountains  by  Miss  Xeal  and  myself, 
made  possible  by  the  kindness  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Von  Holt,  yielded  quite  a  large 
number  of  shells.  We  were  fortunate  in  finding  specimens  of  Leptachatina  ompha- 
lodcs.  Only  four  specimens  of  this  species  had  even  been  taken,  two  of  which  are 
unfortunately  lost,  the  remaining  two  coming  to  our  Museum  in  the  Ancey  col- 
lection. About  60  specimens  of  this  extremely  interesting  and  rare  species  were 
collected,  all  of  them  dead  ;  but  with  the  clue  to  their  habitat  living  specimens  may 
be  expected  to  be  found." 

On  Kauai  several  new  fossil  beds  were  found,  and  probably  one  of  the  most 
important  results  of  the  trip  was  the  rediscovery  of  Carelia  cochlea. 

Mr.  A.  Gouveia  has  found  on  the  island  of  Hawaii  living  examples  of  Amastra 
pagodula,  a  species  which  had  formerly  been  known  only  as  a   fossil. 

Among  the  uncatalogued  material  in  the  Museum  is'  a  very  small  but  important 
collection  from  the  Austral  Islands,  received  through  John  F.  G.  Stokes  of  the 
Bayard  Dominick  Expedition.  Among  the  specimens  is  what  is  probably  a  type 
species  of  the  genus  Microcystis.  As  a  number  of  our  Hawaiian  Zonitidae  were 
formerly  placed  in  this  genus  and  later  separated  by  Skyes  into  the  genus  Philonesia, 
the  relationship  of  our  Hawaiian  forms  to  the  central  Pacific  genus  can  now  be 
accurately  determined.  Interesting  specimens  of  Tornatellinidae  were  also  collected 
on   Rapa. 

The  most  valuable  uncatalogued  acquisition  is  the  Baldwin  collection  obtained 
by  purchase.  For  a  number  of  years  Mr.  D.  D.  Baldwin  was  an  authority  on  Ha- 
waiian shells'  and  contributed  a  few  .  papers  describing  a  number  of  species.  His 
collection  contains  paratypes  of  nearly  all  his  species  and  his  identification  of  the 
species  of  other  authors. 

Other  uncatalogued  material  has  been  received  from  Miss  A.  M.  Alexander 
(Maui),  Stanley  C.  Ball  and  Charles  H.  Edmondson  (Molokai,  Fanning  Islands). 
H.  F.  Bergman,  and  D.  Larnach  (Oahu),  E.  H.  Bryan,  Jr.  (Oahu),  C.  M.  Cooke. 
Jr.  (Oahu,  Molokai,  Kauai),  F.  A.  Danforth  (Molokai),  K.  P.  Emory  (Lanai). 
D.  W.  Garber  (Samoa),  A.  Gouveia  (Hawaii),  A.  F.  Judd  (Oahu  and  Molokai), 
C.  S.  Judd  (Oahu),  W.  H.  Meinecke  (Oahu  and  Hawaii),  M.  C.  Neal  (Oahu  and 
Hawaii),  Commander  Picking  (Wake  Island),  Otto  Swezey  (Kauai),  D.  Thaanum 
(Palmyra),  J.  C.  Thompson  (Guam),  J.  W.  Thompson  (Oahu),  E.  D.  Baldwin 
(Oahu  and  Maui). 

The  source  and  the  amount  of  the  cataloged  material   is  as   follows. 


RECEIVED    FROM 
W.  D.  Wilder  Estate 


C.  M.Cooke,  Jr. 

(L.  L.  Cooke,   L-  Mac- 

farlane,   R.  Von  Holt, 

M.  Neal) 
M.  C.  Neal, 

K.  Davis,  B.  Metzger, 

E.  Day) 
O.  Sorenson 
E.  W.  Thwing 
Museum  of  Compa- 

time  Zoology 

I).  Thaanum 


LOCALITY 

Oahu,  Molokai, 
Lanai,    Maui, 
Hawaii,   Niihau 
Oahu,  Maui 


Kauai,    Hawaii 


Hawaii 
Hawaii 
Kauai,  Oahu, 
Maui,   Molokai 
Hawaii,    Jamaica 
Oahu,    Molokai 
Maui,   Hawaii 


HOW                    NUMBER  OF  NOS. 
RECEIVED         SPECIMENS    CATALOG 

By    purchase    48,291  1,792 

Collected     14.731  4^5 

Collected     2,139  89 

By     gift     1,285  8 

By   gift   294  11 

By     exchange     287  135 

By    gift    for    naming...           179  5o 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922 


31 


A.  F. Judd 

Hawaii 

K.  P.  Emory 

Lanai 

Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of 
Philadelphia 

Kauai,    Oahu, 
Molokai,    Hawaii, 
Rarotonga 

Arthur  Greenwell 

Hawaii 

American  Museum  of 
Natural  History 

Kauai,   Oahu,   Molokai 
Maui,   Lanai 

Boston  Society  of 
Natural  History 

Hawaii 

H.  E.  Gregory 

Hawaii 

C.  S.  Judd 

Hawaii 

L.  A.  Thurston 

Hawaii 

\V.  II.  Meinecke 

Oahu 

I,.  A.  Thurston  or 
D.  Thaanum 

Hawaii 

By  gift  

Collected    

By  exchange  and 
gift    

By    gift 

By    exchange 

By  gift   

Collected    

By  gift  

By   gift    for    naming 

By   gift  

By   gift    for    naming. 


1*4 
48 


.-4 

36 


ZOOLOGICAL    MATERIAL 

Charles  H.  Edmondson,  Zoologist,  reports  that  in  connection  with  his  work  at 
Kahana  Bay,  Kawailoa  and  Waikiki,  Oahu,  he  has  collected  314  specimens  of  crus- 
taceans, 100  specimens  of  worms,  25  specimens  of  echinoderms  and  a  number  of 
coelenterates   and  fishes. 

Concerning  material  secured  bj    three   expeditions  he   writ.-   as    follows: 

"In  February  Stanley  C.  Ball,  and  1  made  a  short  trip  to  Molokai,  during   which 

zoological  material  was  collected  on  land  and  on  the  reef,  including  insects,  lizard-. 

crustaceans,    mollusks,    and    echinoderms.       Among    the     128    specimens    of     marine 

crustaceans  are   some   very  rare  forms  and   some  new  records   for  this  part  of  the 

Pacific. 

"Zoological  collections  in  the  Museum  have  been  considerably  increased  during 
the  year  as  a  result  of  an  expedition  to  Palmyra  Island  by  L>  A.  Thurston  and 
D.  Thaanum  of  Honolulu.  Approximately  190  specimens  of  crustaceans,  some  of 
which  are  new  species,  about  100  specimens  of  echinoderms  and  80  specimens  of 
fishes  besides  some  specimens  of  lizards,  worms,  corals,  mollusks,  insects  and  spiders 
are   included  in  the  material   presented  to  the   Museum. 

••  During  July  and  August  Stanley  C.  Ball  and  I  made  a  general  biological  sur- 
vey of  Fanning  Island.  A  considerable  amount  of  biological  material,  both  plant-  and 
animals,  was  collected  on  the  land  in  the  lagoon  and  on  the  outer  reef.  The  animal 
forms  taken  included  birds,  lizards,  myriapods,  earthworms,  crustaceans,  molhi 
echinoderms,  fishes,  and  a  few  other  marine  organisms.  Approximately  800  5] 
mens  of  marine  crustaceans,  nearly  200  specimens  of  echinoderms  and  1000  sped 
mens   of   shells    of   marine    mollusks   are    included    in    the   collections    from    Fanning 

Island.  .  . 

"The  lagoon   at   Fanning    Island   was   dredged   for  bottom   deposits,   the   material 
of  which   has  been  submitted  to  Dr.   J.   A.   Cushman   for   the   determination   of    I 
minifera.  '  Much    tow    material    was   taken    from    the    surface    waters   of    the    lagoon. 
The  microorganisms  of  this  material   have  not   yet   been  determined." 

Zoological   specimens  have  been   collected   by   members  of   the   Museum   stafl    ■ 
follows:    Edwin  H.  Bryan,  Jr.,  shell  of  green  turtle  (Chelone  mydas)  ;    C.   Montague 
Cooke,    Jr.,    9    parasitic    isopods     (Cymothoa)     from    tongue    of    fish;     C. 
Cooke,   Jr.,    C.    M.    Cooke,    III,   and      Henry    W.    Fowler,    several    fishes    from    I.an. 
Oahu:     Hawaiian    Electric    Company,    nudibranch    mollusk    (Doris);     J     F.    Ming 
worth,  skin  of  Rattus  rattus;    John  F.  G.  Stokes,  rat-,  lizards,  scorpions,  and 
from   Austral    Islands;    O.    II     Swezey,    planarians    from    Moanalua    Valley,    Oahu; 


32  Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

John  W.  Thompson,  crabs  and  sponges  from  Honolulu  harbor  and  Pearl  Harbor; 
Gerrit  P.  Wilder,  a  crab  (Charybdis  erythrodactyla)  and  a  small  fish  from  shores 
of  Oahu. 

John  W.  Thompson  purchased  in  the  Honolulu  markets  and  presented  to  the 
Museum  17  Hawaiian  fishes  and  1  from  Palmyra,  5  crustaceans,  and  1  echinoderm. 
He  has  given  also  a  piece  of  fossil  coral  and  2  mollusks  from  China.  In  behalf  of 
the  Museum  he  has  purchased  9  fishes  and  has  been  instrumental  in  obtaining  others. 

Donations'  to  the  zoological  collections  have  been  made  as  follows :  Captain 
V.  A.  Brisson,  coral  from  Mangareva ;  Mr.  E.  M.  Ehrhorn,  coconut  crab  (Birgus 
latro)  from  Palmyra:  Kamehameha  School  students,  3  fishes;  Mr.  T.  Kawaguchi, 
fish  from  Palmyra;  Mr.  Orlando  Lyman,  porcupine  fish  (Diodon  histrix) ;  Com- 
mander Picking,  mollusk,  corals,  and  hermit  crabs  from  Wake  Island ;  Mr.  H.  L. 
Kelley,  a  frog-fish  (Antennarius)  ;  Mr.  Matsujiro  Otani,  a  trigger  fish  from  Pal- 
myra :  Mr.  J.  P.  Ponte,  crab  (Dromia  rumphii)  caught  at  Waianae,  Oahu;  Mr. 
C.  A.  Reeves,  fish  (Caranx  kuhli)  caught  off  Oahu;  Mr.  L.  A.  Thurston,  crab 
(Ranina  serrata)  from  Honolulu  market;  Mr.  Manuel  Vasconcellos,  large  eel  skin 
from  Palmyra;   Mr.  J.  M.  Westgate,  an  eel  caught  off  Diamond  Head,  Oahu. 

Mr.  Edmondson  further  reports  that  "As  a  result  of  the  exchange  policy  there 
were  added  to  the  crustacean  collection  104  specimens  from  the  Australian  Museum, 
and  123  specimens  from  the  Zoological  Survey  of  India.  The  Museum  recipro- 
cated by  presenting  these  institutions  with  collections  of  Hawaiian  Crustacea  from 
our  exchange  material." 

Other  material  received  in  exchange  includes  50  lizards,  collected  by  the  Whit- 
ney South  Seas  Expedition,  given  by  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History; 
several  skins  of  birds'  and  small  mammals,  alcoholic  specimens  of  amphibians  and 
mollusks  from  Eastern  North  America,  and  a  piece  of  mammoth  skin  from  Rus- 
sia given  by  Mr.  E.  L.  Mosely. 

From  Mr.  Matsujiro  Otani  the  Museum  purchased  a  fine  specimen  of  the 
moon-fish    (Lampris  hina)    caught   off   Waianae,   Oahu. 

MISCELLANEOUS    MATERIAL 

To  the  collections  of  miscellaneous  material,  gifts  have  been  made  by  various 
persons  as   follows : 

Mr.  R.  W.  Atkinson,  rock  fragments  containing  crystals  of  olivene ;  Mr.  Arthur 
Coyne,  royal  standard  and  house  flag  of  the  Hawaiian  Monarchy;  Mr.  C.  P. 
Iaukea,  daguerreotype  of  Mr.  Gorham  D.  Gilman,  1861 ;  Dr.  E.  K.  Johnstone,  oil 
painting  by  Princess  Kaiulani ;  Mr.  William  Wagener,  boulder  containing  prisms 
of  basalt;  Mr.  William  Weinrich,  collection  of  fiber  samples  and  products  from 
many  parts  of  the  world;  Mrs.  Lilly  West,  wooden  cane;  Mr.  H.  M.  Whitney, 
block  and   die   for  Hawaiian  and   United   States    13-cent  postage   stamp,    1854. 

By  exchange  the  Museum  received  from  Mr.  Spencer  Bickerton  a  Copley 
medal  given  by  the  Royal  Society  of  London  to  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  J.  Banks,  and  one 
given  to  Captain  James  Cook;  from  Mr.  E.  L.  Moseley,  rock  specimens  from  Ohio 
and  vicinity. 

Eight  drawings  and  water  color  paintings  done  by  J.  Webber,  artist  of  the 
last  voyage  of  Captain  James  Cook  (1776-80),  were  purchased  in  London.  Each 
illustrates  an  event  or  subject  witnessed  in  Hawaii  by  Webber.  Some  of  them  are 
reproduced   in    the   atlas   accompanying   the   account    of   Cook's    voyages.      Three    of 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  33 

them    are    unfinished,    the    sketch    lines    indicating    perhaps    that   the    artist    had    in- 
tended   fuller   treatment.     The   titles   of   the   pictures   are   as   follows : 

Young   woman   of  the   Sandwich   Islands    (reproduced   in   atlas,    Bishop   Museum    Library) 

Canoe   of   the    Sandwich    Islands,   the   rowers   masked    (reproduced    in   atlas) 

Sandwich   islander — half  of  face   tattooed    (unpublished) 

Men  of  the   Sandwich   Islands  dancing    (one  figure  reproduced   in   atlas) 

Sailing  canoe,    Sandwich    Islands   (unpublished) 

Boxing  match   between   Sandwich   Islanders  before   Captain   Cook    (unpublished) 

Tereboo,  King  of  Owyhee,  bringing  presents  to  Captain  Cook;    (reproduced  in  atlas) 

An  offering  before   Captain   Cook,  in  the   Sandwich  Islands;    (reproduced   in   atlas). 

NOTES   ON    COLLECTIONS 

Attention  may  be  drawn  to  the  large  and  important  collections  resulting  from 
the  Bayard  Dominick  Expedition.  In  addition  to  the  material  recorded  in  the 
Report  of  the  Curator  of  Collections  for  1921,  collections  have  been  received  during 
1922  from  Robert  T.  Aitken,  John  F.  G.  Stokes,  Forest  B.  H.  Brown,  Elizabeth 
Wuist  Brown,  and  A.  J.  Eames — all  members  of  the   expedition. 

The  material  brought  back  by  Robert  T.  Aitken  from  Tubuai  includes  a  sec- 
tion of  a  house  post  carved  with  a  striking  design  of  circular  and  stellate  figures, 
some  remarkable  wooden  planks  carved  in  bold  herringbone  pattern,  five  wooden 
bowls  of  characteristic  oval  form,  baskets,  hats,  fans,  canoe  parts,  fishhooks  and 
sandals.  An  instructive  feature  is  a  series  showing  stages  in  the  manufacture  of 
sennit  from  coconut  husk  to  finished  product.  Among  the  numerous  stone  imple- 
ments are  adz  heads,  chisels,  polishing  stones  and  food  pounders.  The  tapa  in- 
dustry is  illustrated  by  a  series  of  tapa  beaters  of  casuarina  wood  and  partly  pre- 
pared bark  of  the  paper  mulberry  (Broussonetia  papyri f era).  At  Raivavae  Mr. 
Aitken  obtained  several  adzes,  tapa  beaters,  and  13  food  pounders  showing  as  many 
different  shapes  of  handles.  In  addition  to  ethnological  material,  dried  specimens 
of  native  flora  including  a  series  of  wood  samples   were   collected. 

The  large  ethnological  collections  brought  by  John  F.  G.  Stokes  from  Rurutu, 
Raivavae,  and  Rapa  must  await  special  record  in  the  Annual  Report  for  1923,  but 
mention  may  be  made  of  approximately  1600  plant  specimens  and  wood  samples  and 
Other  natural  history   specimens. 

The  Museum  has  received  a  collection  of  1000  plants  obtained  by  A.  J.  Eames 
in   Samoa  in   1920. 

The  largest  addition  to  the  botanical  collections  made  by  the  Bayard  Dominick 
Expedition  naturally  was  contributed  by  Forest  B.  H.  and  Elizabeth  Wuist  Brown, 
who  had  devoted  two  years  almost  entirely  to  a  study  of  tin-  endemic  and  intro- 
duced plants  of  the  Marquesas.  While  en  route  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brown  made  col- 
lections at  the  Tuamotus,  Tahiti,  Rarotonga,  and  New  Zealand.  The  entire  col- 
lection ambraces  about  9000  specimens'. 

The  Museum  has  been  fortunate  in  the  interest  displayed  in  its  activities  by 
men  in  other  occupations.  Commander  J.  C.  Thompson,  stationed  at  the  I".  S. 
Naval  Hospital  in  Guam,  lias  been  untiring  in  his  efforts  to  obtain  specimens  -1 
the  native  culture  of  the  Marianas  Islands.  Through  his  influence  the  interest  and 
energy  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  G.  Hornbostal  have  been  enlisted.  Mr.  Hornbostel 
became  a  member  of  the  Museum  staff  and  with  the  aid  of  Dr.  Thompson  and 
many  friends  has  collected  an  enormous  amounl  of  anthropological  material  from 
Guam.  This  includes  over  a  hundred  more  or  less  complete  skeletons  of  a  people 
whose  large  stature  is  striking.  Several  instances  of  patholo.uie  effects  are  evident 
Among  the  artifacts  mention   may   be  made  of  3  large   hemispherical    stone   capitals 


^4  Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

which  once  crowned  the  tops  of  pillars  in  the  native  burial  grounds.  Excavations 
at  their  feet  uncovered  quantities  of  stone  and  shell  adzes,  chisels,  sling  stones  and 
other  implements.  Several  stone  dishes  are  noteworthy,  while  many  objects  of  more 
recent  origin  serve  to  illustrate  methods  of  by-gone  times.  Further  contributions 
from  this  field  are  anticipated  with   interest. 

The  botanical  collections  in  the  Museum  have  been  enriched  from  several 
sources.  Mr.  D.  Wesley  Garber,  in  carrying  out  his  generous  offer  to  procure  for 
the  Museum  such  specimens'  and  data  as  his  duties  at  the  Naval  Hospital  in  Apia 
will  allow,  has  already  sent  in  about  300  preserved  plants  from  Samoa.  From  still 
farther  westward  have  come  two  collections  that  should  prove  valuable  in  tracing 
the  origin  of  the  Polynesian  flora.  Of  these,  one,  consisting  of  nearly  400  Philippine 
plants,  is  a  gift  from  Mr.  E.  D.  Merrill,  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Science  in 
Manila.  The  other,  purchased  from  Mr.  A.  E.  D.  Elmer,  gives  our  herbarium  274 
representative  plants   from  Borneo. 

Supplementing  the  botanical  collection  made  by  members  of  the  Bayard  Domi- 
nick  Expedition  are  several  large  lots  of  specimens  collected  in  southern  Poly- 
nesia by  the  Whitney  South  Seas  Expedition  and  forwarded  to  the  Bishop  Museum 
by  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  New  York.  After  determination  by 
Forest  B.  H.  Brown  the  names  will  be  sent  to  the  American  Museum,  which  has 
retained  a  duplicate  set  of  the  plants. 

In  the  transfer  of  the  J.  F.  Rock  collection  from  the  University  of  Hawaii, 
the  Museum  became  the  custodian  of  approximately  2800  well  labeled  native  plants. 
The  importance  of  this   herbarium   cannot  be  too  strongly  emphasized. 

The  purchase  of  the  Victoria  Buffandeau  collection  of  ethnological  material 
added  many  old  Hawaiian  specimens,  which  are  valued  both  for  their  quality  and 
for  their  association  with  the  Kamehameha  and  Sumner  families'.  Included  with 
these  are  several  objects  that  once  belonged  to  the  royal  Pomare  line  of  Tahiti. 
Attention  may  be  called  to  the  considerable  number  of  zoological  specimens 
collected  and  presented  by  Mr.  L.  A.  Thurston  and  Mr.  David  Thaanum.  A  large 
proportion  of  these  came  from  the  little-studied  island  of  Palmyra  and  its  sur- 
rounding waters.  C.  Montague  Cooke,  Jr.  has  dwelt  upon  the  importance  of  the 
D.  D.  and  E.  D.  Baldwin  collection  of  Hawaiian  land  and  marine  shells'  which  was 
purchased  for  the  Museum.     (See  p.  30.) 

EXHIBITION    HALLS 

While  progress  in  the  exhibition  halls  has  not  during  the  year  reached  the 
stage  anticipated,  some  encouragement  has  been  derived  from  the  continued  op- 
portunities for  studying  the  impressions  made  upon  visitors'  by  the  exhibits  as  they 
are.  Many  have  been  glad  on  request  to  express  their  estimates  of  the  halls  as  a 
whole  and  to  point  out  in  particular  those  features  which  met  their  approval.  A 
few  have  been  willing  to  explain  wherein  they  have  felt  that  from  their  stand- 
point modifications  would  bring  added  comfort  and  ease  of  comprehension. 

In  a  number  of  instances  the  experience  of  members  of  the  Museum  staff, 
corroborated  by  teachers  who  have  brought  classes  of  students,  has  made  evident 
the  desirability  of  changing  the  location  of  specimens  so  as  to  bring  them  into 
closer  relation  to  others  with  which  they  might  well  be  associated.  In  this  way 
certain  topics  could  be  more  clearly  presented,  not  only  to  school  classes  but  to 
the  general   visitor  as  well.     Something  toward  this   end  has'  already  been   done. 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  35 

In  order  to  test  its  fitness  as  a  background  for  ethnological  specimens  the 
interior  of  one  exhibition  case  in  Hawaiian  vestibule  was  painted  cream  buff.  Be- 
sides lending  a  warmer  atmosphere  to  the  environment  this  treatment  promises  to 
provide  a  fortunate  setting  for  the  majority  of  specimens  and  to  render  less 
troublesome  the  shadows  at  the  tops  and  ends  of  the   cases. 

Among  the  fish  models'  added  during  the  year  to  the  large  series  on  display 
may  be  mentioned  that  of  the  brilliant  moonfish,  Lampris  lumi.  The  original  was 
caught  in  local  waters  in  February.  After  being  on  exhibition  at  Aala  Market  for 
several  days  it  was  brought  to  the  Museum.  Mr.  Thompson's  reproduction  shows 
the  vivid  crimson  of  the  fins  and  the  characteristic  mottling  of  silver.  As  far  as 
can  be  learned,  this  specimen  is  the  second  caught  in  Hawaii,  its  predecessor  having 
been  captured  about  twenty-five  years  ago.  Another  notable  model  is  that  of  a  true 
swordfish,  Xiphias  gladius,  cast  from  a  small  specimen  taken  by  local  fishermen  in 
December. 

The  Victoria  Buffandeau  collection  of  Hawaiian  and  Tahitian  ethnological 
material  described  on  page  27  was  placed  on  exhibition.  A  representative  group 
of  implements,  weapons,  vessels  and  other  artifacts  received  from  Guam  was  in- 
stalled temporarily  in  Hawaiian  Vestibule.  In  a  nearby  case  the  eight  original 
drawings  of  Hawaiian  subjects  made  by  J.  Webber,  artist  on  Captain  Cook's  third 
voyage  (1776-80)  have  been  on  view.  Two  of  the  royal  kahilis  given  by  the  Liliuo- 
kalani  Estate  made  an  appropriate  addition  to  the  throne  exhibit  in  the  upper 
gallery  of  Hawaiian   Hall. 

A  special  effort  to  entertain  the  members  of  the  Pan-Pacific  Commercial  Con- 
ference was  made  on  the  occasion  of  their  visit  in  November.  During  the  year  a 
number  of  distinguished  visitors  have  been  conducted  through  the  Exhibition 
Halls.  The  use  of  a  book  in  which  the  names  of  visitors  were  recorded  was  dis- 
continued   at   the   beginning   of   the   year. 

ATTENDANCE 

Lahilahi  Webb,  Guide  to  Exhibits,  reports  the  attendance  of  33,303  visitors  to 
the  exhibition  halls  during  1922 — an  increase  of  2,061  over  1921  and  the  largest  in 
the  history  of  the  Museum.  Among  the  visitors  were  5,156  school  children,  a  vers 
satisfactory  record  compared  with  the  figures  for  1921  (1.625) — a  result  which  ap- 
pears to  be  due  to  the  effort  of  the  Museum  and  of  the  school  authorities  to  make 
the  exhibits  of  greater  usefulness  in  education. 

Distributed  among  the  races  the  figures  for  attendance  are  as  follows:  Whites 
1  including  Portuguese)  17,899  (53.7  percent);  Japanese,  6,445  (19.3  percent); 
Hawaiians,  5,567  (16.7  percent);  Chinese,  2,644  (7.9  percent);  others  748  (3.2 
percent),  showing  for  each  race  an  increase  over  the  corresponding  figures  for 
1921   which   were  respectively:    16.993;    5,696;    4,847;    2,148;    and  629. 

For  the  first  time  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  distinguish  the  tourist  from 
the  local  attendance,  excluding  school  pupils.  The  numbers  recorded,  6,365  and 
21,782,   are   doubtless    fairly   approximate. 


^6  Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

REPORT    OF    THE    LIBRARIAN 

From  the   report  of   the   Librarian,   Miss   Elizabeth   B.   Higgins,  the 
following  records  have  been  taken: 

ACCESSIONS 

GIFTS 

Special  mention  should  be  made  of  a  few  of  the  gifts.  Among  the  manu- 
scripts were  the  Lawson,  MS,  relating  to  the  Marquesas,  and  the  Andrews'  Compara- 
tive Vocabulary  of  Hawaiian  Words,  both  the  gift  of  Mr.  Arthur  Alexander.  A 
collection  of  Hawaiian  proverbs,  compiled  by  Dr.  Nathaniel  Emerson  and  given  by 
Mrs.  Emerson  and  her  son,  is  an  especially  valuable  acquisition.  Through  the 
courtesy  of  Mr.  R.  B.  Doom  of  Tahiti,  the  Museum  was'  granted  the  privilege  of 
making  a  copy  of  the  manuscript  "History  of  the  Island  of  Borabora"  by  Tati 
Salmon.  Among  the  maps  were  13  advance  sheets  of  surveys  of  the  Hawaiian 
islands,  showing  the  position  of  artifacts  on  Hawaii,  Maui,  and  Molokai.  The  gifts 
of  photographs  include  25  views  of  New  Zealand  scenery  and  natives-the  gift  of 
Dr.  W.  T.  Brigham;  59  portraits  of  Honolulu  residents  (taken  about  1870)— the 
gift  of  Mrs.  Walter  Giffard;  59  portraits  of  about  the  same  date— the  gift  of  Mr. 
\lbert  F.  Judd;  14  Hawaiian  photographs  of  ethnological  interest— the  gift  of 
Mr  Theodore  Kelsey ;  12  views  of  Wake  Island— the  gift  of  Commander  Picking 
of  the  U.  S.  subtender  "Beaver" ;  14  portraits  of  early  residents  of  Hawaii— the  gift 
of  Col.  C.  P.  Iaukea ;  48  portraits  and  views  in  an  album— the  gift  of  Mrs.  L.  Webb. 

The  gifts  of  pamphlets  included  128  separates  and  papers  on  subjects  within 
the  Museum  field— the  gift  of  the  Director;  103  papers  on  entomology— the  gift  of 
J.  F.  Illingworth;  8  entomological  papers  (author's  separates)— the  gift  of  Mr. 
Gerald  Hill;  12  papers  on  marine  zoology— the  gift  of  Mr.  James  Hornell ;  and 
22  author's   separates,  papers  on   insects   of  Australia— the  gift   of   Mr.    Eustace    W. 

Ferguson. 

The  gifts  of  books  included  a  complete  set  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Wash- 
ington Academy  of  Sciences— the  gift  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  a  glos- 
sary of  the  Rarotongan  language— gift  of  the  Carnegie    Institution. 

For  valuable  gifts  of  books,  pamphlets,  photographs  and  manuscripts'  the 
Museum   is  indebted  to  the   following: 

Mr.  A.  C.  Alexander,  2  manuscripts;  Argentine  Republic  Government,  1 
pamphlet;  Australian  Government,  5  volumes;  Australian  Museum.  6  volumes,  5 
pamphlets,  and  1  manuscript;  Mr.  Frank  C.  Baker.  8  separates;  Mr.  Elsdon  Best,  4 
separates;  Bishop  Estate  office,  1  manuscript;  Dr.  W.  T.  Brigham,  3  pamphlets 
and  25  photographs;  Mr.  Edwin  H.  Bryan,  Jr.,  19  pamphlets;  California  State 
Library,  4  pamphlets;  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington,  1  volume;  Carnegie 
Institution  of  Washington— Geophysical  Laboratory,  8  pamphlets;  Mr.  Frederick 
Chapman,  5  separates;  Dr.  Charles  Chilton,  1  volume;  Chosen  Government,  1  vol- 
ume; Cincinnati  Museum,  1  pamphlet;  Colombo  Museum,  1  volume;  Dr.  C. 
Montague  Cooke,  Jr.,  1  separate;  Czechoslovak  Republic,  6  volumes  and  7  pamphlets: 
Mr.  Hans  Damm,  1  separate;  Detroit  Institute  of  Arts,  5  pamphlets;  Mr.  R.  B. 
Doom,  1  manuscript;  Dr.  Charles  H.  Edmondson,  1  separate;  Mrs.  Sarah  E.  and 
Mr.  Arthur  W.  Emerson,  1  manuscript;  Mr.  Carl  Elschner,  1  pamphlet;  Mr.  Ken- 
neth   P.   Emory,  3   pamphlets;    Mr.   Johannes   Felix,   2   separates;    Mr.    Eustace    W. 


Report  of  the  Director  for  1922  37 

Ferguson,  22  separates;  Mr.  Frederic  W.  Goding,  3  pamphlets;  Mrs".  Walter  M. 
Giffard,  60  photographs;  Mr.  George  K.  Greene,  3  pamphlets  and  1  volume;  Dr. 
H.  E.  Gregory,  128  pamphlets  and  1  map;  Miss  Ruth  Greiner,  7  maps;  Hawaiian 
Government,  1  pamphlet;  Mr.  Gerald  F.  Hill,  8  separates;  Mr.  James  Hornell,  2 
volumes  and  12  pamphlets;  Colonel  C.  P.  laukea,  1  pamphlet,  4  manuscripts,  and 
14  photographs;  Dr.  J.  F.  lllingworth,  103  pamphlets,  1  hook,  and  1  manuscript; 
Commodore  A.  C.  James,  1  volume;  Japan  Imperial  Earthquake  Investigation 
Committee,  3  pamphlets;  Japan  National  Research  Council,  6  pamphlets;  Mr. 
V  V .  Judd,  59  photographs;  .Mr.  C.  S.  Judd,  2  photographs';  Mr.  Theodore  Kel- 
sey,  14  photographs;  Library  of  Hawaii,  1  volume;  Louisiana  Museum,  1  pam- 
phlet; Dr.  H.  L.  Lyon,  15  pamphlets;  Mississippi  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
3  pamphlets;  Mr.  M.  D.  Monsarrat,  2  manuscripts  and  1  pamphlet;  National  Re- 
search Council,  2  pamphlets;  New  Bedford  Library,  1  pamphlet;  New  York  Zoo- 
logical Society,  11  pamphlets;  New  Zealand  Government  Statistician,  4  volumes; 
Norwich  Castle  Museum,  1  pamphlet ;  Messrs.  M.  and  H.  H.  Peach,  1  pamphlet  ; 
Dr.  R.  C.  L.  Perkins,  2  separates;  Commander  Picking,  12  photographs;  Portland 
Society  of  Natural  History,  i  pamphlet;  Rochdale  Literary  Society,  1  volume; 
Royal  Ontario  Museum,  1  pamphlet;  .Mr.  Otto  Schlagenhaufen,  1  pamphlet;  Dr. 
Carl  Skottsberg,  7  pamphlets;  Mr.  \Y.  J.  Smithies,  1  photograph;  Smithsonian 
Institution,  11  volumes  and  4  pamphlets;  Mr.  Thomas  Thomsen,  2  pamphlets; 
Mr.  Stephen  Tabcr,  1  separate;  Mr.  Thomas  G.  Thrum,  2  volumes  and  1  separate; 
.Mr.  Alfredo  J.  Torcelli,  1  volume;  United  States  Geological  Survey,  6  pamphlets 
and  13  maps;  Mr.  Henry  Lorenz  Viereck,  1  volume;  Mr.  Max  Weber  and  Dr.  L.  F. 
deBeaufort,  1  volume ;    Yale  University,  4  pamphlets. 

EXCHANGES 

In  addition  to  the  current  volumes  regularly  received  from  institutions  on  an 
exchange  basis,  a  number  of  sets,  more  or  less  complete,  have  been  received  from 
the  institutions  added  to  the  Museum  exchange  list  during  the  year  and  during 
1921.  Among  these  sets  were  2"/  volumes  of  the  Biological  Bulletin  of  the  Marine 
Biological  Laboratory  at  Woods  Hole ;  8  volumes  of  Hayata's  Icones  plantarum 
Formosanarum  from  the  Formosan  Government;  19  volumes  of  the  University 
Studies  of  the  University  of  Nebraska ;  25  volumes  of  the  Bulletin  of  the  Paris 
Museum  of  Natural  History — a  complete  set  to  date;  10  volumes  each  of  the  two 
series  of  the  Review  of  Applied  Entomology — complete  set ;  12  early  volumes  from 
the  Vienna  Natural  History  Museum  to  complete  the  set  of  Annalen ;  8  volumes  of 
.Memoires  of  the  Brussels  Royal  Museum  of  Natural  History — a  complete  set;  27 
volumes  from  The  Societa  Italiana  di  Scienze  Naturali  de  Milan;  and  10  volumes 
of  the   Journal  of   Zoology    from    Pomona   College,    California. 

The  number  of  serial  publications  to  be  currently  received  has  been  increased 
by  23  by  reason  of  the  new  exchanges.  Classified  by  subjects  the  new  serials  are: 
geography  and  history  5;  natural  history,  7;  botany,  3;  zoology.  7;  folk-lore,  1. 
The  list  of  new  exchanges  may  be   found  on  page   15 

Besides  the  volumes  and  parts  received  as  regular  exchanges  from  societies 
and  institutions,  a  considerable  number  of  accessions  have  come  in  by  special  ex- 
change— that  is  to  say,  by  special  arrangement  for  special  items.  For  example 
the  Editor  of  Stewart's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Islands  has  sent  a  number  of  the 
handbooks  in   return   for   Museum   publications  that   In-   desired.     Special   exchanges 


Parts   and 

Pamphlets 

Photographs 

Maps 

Manuscripts 

1453 

17 

25 

25 

4 

535 

234 

'4 

2013 

251 

29 

14 

^8  Bernice  P.  Bishop  Museum — Bulletin 

of  this  sort  have  also  been  made  with  Mr.  Spencer  Bickerton  for  photographs  and 
books  relating  to  the  Pacific,  with  Prof.  C.  A.  Kofoid  for  zoological  books,  and 
with  Mr.  Cyril  Smith  for  a  set  of  Wilkes'  Exploring  Expedition.  Other  similar 
exchanges  have  been  made. 

PURCHASES 

The  books  acquired  by  purchase  in  1922  have  been  chiefly  of  general  reference, 
maps,  atlases,  a  gazetteer,  and  zoological  books  and  pamphlets.  The  atlases  have 
been  much  needed.  The  scientific  journals  currently  received  by  subscription  are 
22,  including  13  American  and  9  foreign  periodicals.  The  subjects  represented  are 
general  science  3,  anthropology  and  archaeology  3,  botany  7,  geography  2,  library 
science   I,  zoology  6. 

A  summary  of  accessions  in   1922  is  shown  in  the   following  table : 

Volumes 

Exchange     35 1 

Purchase     65 

Gift    33 

449 

LOANS    AND   DEPOSITS 

In  1921  Mr.  A.  F.  Judd  placed  on  deposit  at  the  Museum  his  collection 
of  Hawaiiana.  A  card  index  has  been  made  of  280  of  the  books.  These  are  now 
available  for  use.  Mrs.  Victoria  Buffandeau  has  placed  on  deposit  a  number  of 
manuscripts  relating  to  the  history  of  the   Sumner   family. 

A  valuable  loan  was  received  from  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington  in 
manuscripts,  papers',  maps,  literary  notes  and  other  materials  including  38  items 
bequeathed  to  the  Carnegie  Institution  by  Mr.  William  Churchill.  One  item  of  this 
loan  is  30  boxes  of  cards  representing  the  progress  Mr.  Churchill  had  made  toward 
the  preparation  of  a  Samoan-English  Dictionary.  The  manuscript  dictionary  is 
considered  by  the  Carnegie  Institution  the  most  valuable  portion  of  the  bequest. 

CIRCULATION    AND   USE   OF    BOOKS 

The  number  of  books  taken  out  of  the  library  for  use  by  the  members  of  the 
staff  and  others  has  largely  increased  in  the  past  two  years.  Several  Museum 
associates  living  on  the  mainland  and  elsewhere  have  had  the  use  of  books  for  long 
periods  and  books  have  been  borrowed  by  Honolulu  libraries.  In  1922  the  zoo- 
logical books  and  the  accounts  of  voyages  were  most  in  use. 


The  publications  of 

BERNICE   P.  BISHOP   MUSEUM 

include : 

MEMOIRS,  Volumes  I- VIII. 
OCCASIONAL  PAPERS,  Volumes  I-VIII. 
SPECIAL  PUBLICATIONS,  Numbers  1-7. 

A  descriptive  list  of  publications  with  prices  will  be  mailed  on 
application  to  the  Librarian. 


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