BULLETIN
OF THE
PAN AMERICAN
UNION
Vol. XLVIII
JANUARY-JUNE
1919
.t
-1
U '
f*
JOHN BARRELTT : Director General
FRANCISCO J, YANES : : Assistant Director
WASHINGTON, D. C, U. S. A. : : : : : : :
CABLE ADDRESS for UNION and BULLETIN: "PAU," WASHINGTON
F
\Ao3
b3SS
INDEX TO THE
BULLETIN OF the: PAN AMERICAN UNION
Vol. XL VIII January to June. 1919 Nos. 1-6
[The Index to illustrations will be found on p. X.]
Page.
Ai)VERTisi::^G 295
Agriculture, notes 100, 198, 324, 445, 584, 693
American Medical Association, Spanish etlition of .Toarnal 97
Andeax CorxTKiES, Intellectual Life of 17
AXGOSTTJRA, CorjGRESS OF 265
Argextixa :
Agricultural education 106
Animal census '. 199
Bank statement 214. 4.jT. .'596
Bridge over Parana 3.55
Buenos Aires, food statistics 356
Buenos Aires, wharves . 325
Cattle industry 324
Chaco, the 543
Chamber of Commerce of United States 324
Coastwise law 221
Debt statement 213
Foreign commerce —
Total first half 1898 100
1918 445
1918, real values 1 324
Foreign coiijorations 337
Gold store 212
Grain areas and production 198
Iguazu utilization 229
Immigrant certificates 717
Immigrant statistics :-:i,472,606
Le Breton, Dr. Thomas A., Ambassador to United States 316
Meat exports 200
ileat pi'oduction and export 446
Mint, the 580
Navigation of Parana River ^_^ 693
Oil production 584
Paper factories 694
Postal savings bank, 1917 103
Railway dividends 703
Santa Fe, grain areas 1918-19 100
152787 — 20
II INDEX.
Argentina — Cuiitinueil. Page.
Scholarships to Bolivian students 4(39
Nicaraguan students 469
School statistics 351
Shipping — ^-- 200
Steanishij-) line to New York 44G
Trade with Mexico 693
Treaty. Peru, judicial 344
Bolivia, frontier patrol 344
AVirele.ss tjejegraph , : 726
Aviation : \}' '}'■•' ]i'.
Andean flight 728
Chilean airship mail service 358
Convention, second Pan American aeronautic 443
Cuban mail route 475
Godoy's trans-Andean flight , 312
Honduras, mail service 478
Mail routes in United States 321
Mexico, school for 353
Peru, school for 354
Aviation, South America 440
Aviation, United States 669'
BiLAC, Olavo, Poet 433
Bolivia :
Budget statement 597
Contemporary writers 17
Fuel importation 694
Import duty on liquors -- 458
Mineral exports 201
Mining tax 325. 603
Railways, construction 229
Railway mileage 201
Rubber goods factory 325
Rubber properties 466
Salt deposits legislation 346
School statistics 351
Silk culture 469
Tariff, additional export 325
Treaty, Colombia, arbitration 105
Venezuela, arbitration 602
Venezuela, diplomatic mails 465
Argentina, frontier patrol 344
Tungsten exports ^^"^
Bogota, Athens of South America 373
Book Notes 120, 240, 368, 486, 615, 738
Brazil :
Agricultural schools 1^^
Bank statements 458
BiLAC, Olavo, Poet - 433
Breeding stock ^^^
Budget, 1919 459
City of Sao Paulo 473
Goal deposits ^-^
Coast cities of ""^
INDEX.
Ill
Brazil— Continued. ^*^®:
oyo
CofEee production
Commercial bulletin •
Cotton factories
Diplomatic mail agreement, Colombia -
Immigrant statistics ^
Inauguration of Dr. Moreira
Industrial accidents legislation .
Leopoldina Railway receipts, 1917
Lumber production ^^^
Platinum and palladium _
,. 44o, ooo
Railroad construction
Revenues, 1918 ^49
River cities of „„
Sao Luiz do Maranhao, port improvement ^^o
Sao Paulo sugar production -'
Sbipping and immigrant statistics ^-_
Steamsliip lines ^^^
Steamship service to Roumania
Stock census ^^^
Students in United States
Tariff preferential to United States 902
Textile exports ' ^ "
Textiles manufactures, loans on
Treaty, Peru, arbitration
Uruguay, liquidation of debts ^'*^
Wheat Production ^^^
Zarconium Deposits
^^^^' . ^, •, 338
Bank of Chile " .^^
Bank statements
Beet-sugar industry ^_^
Budget 1919 28
Commercial commissions to United States
Dairy congress ^^g
Debt statement ^g
Exports of Chile Copper Co _^^
Financial commission to United States
._^_ 46o
Foreign trade, 1917 ^^^
Government receipts "j"
Iquique, loan 231
Loan ^-j^Q
Medical congress ^g^
Mining industries ^^^
National library ^28
Nitrate Producers' Association
Paper money conversion
Railway Saving * ""*""
Resident foreigi
Revenues. 1918
Railway Savings Association ^^^
Resident foreigners, laws? governing ^^^
723
School statistics 231
Sewer construction 203
South American Steamship Co ^^g
Steamship line to Sweden
IV INDEX.
Chile — Continued. fage.
Swedish trade 101
Technical schools 106
Treaty, Great Britain, Peace Commission 716
Coal in Colombia 303
Coffee Culture, Cuba and Porto Rico 59
Colombia :
Antioquia gold-mine denouncements 329
Bogota,. Athens of South America 373
Bogota, street railway receipts 474
British pound and bills receivable 389
Budget, 1919 460
Buenaventura port improvement 229
Cacao statistics 697
Coal and oil 303
Diplomatic mail agreement, Brazil 602
Diplomatic mails agi'eement, Venezuela 346
Exports, labels on 229
Highway construction 705
Income tax 718
Industrial exposition : 329
Loan 215, 460, 705
Mint operations 704
New York 'exhibit 95
Oil wells 204
Pacific Railway 204
Platinum production . 231
Railroad construction 449
Salt deposit contracts 705
Salt deposits law 221
Telegraph business 110
Treaty. Bolivia, arbitration 105
Wireless telegraph 586
Commerce, Latin-American, 1917 41
Commerce, Notes 100, 198, 324, 445, 584, 693
Commercial Conference, Pan American 497
Comodoro Rivadavia Petroleum 177
Congress of Angostura 265
Consular Reports, Notes 118, 482, 736
Costa Rica:
Bank-note issue 104,216
Bird protection law 222
Coffee exports 232
Customhouse receipts 1 706
Education, lecture courses 352
Election law 222
Export bills 216
Grain areas, 1918 102
Internal debt bond issue 339
Internal debt convention 461
Oil boring 205
Penal code, new 346, 718
Receipts and expenditures, 1918 598
School statistics 724
INDEX. V
Page.
Cbedits, Long 145
Cuba:
Alcohol production 697
Castor-oil industry 449, 588
Coffee culture. 59
Debt statement 216
Government receipts 215
Honey productions 330
Immigrants 232
Loan by United States 104
Military service obligatory 718
Normal schools 107
Railway construction 232
Railway dividends 706
Royal Mail Steamship service HI
Steamship lines 330, 697
Sugar crop 330
Sugar industry 552
Customs DirncutTiEs in Latin America 415
Dominican Republic :
Budget, 1919 340
Bulletin correction 99
Commerce code amendments 466
Customs revenues 216
Emigration of laborers 719
Highway construction 698
Railway construction 589
Railway freight volume 331
Railway receipts 340
Sugar central 206
Tariff commisBion 719
Tobacco crop . 112
Don Quixote, American Illustrators . 73
Economics, notes 103, 212, 337, 457, 596, 703
Economic Problems of South America 571
Education, notes 106, 226, 351, 469, 722
Congress of commercial 108
Latin American students of English 1 443
Ecuador :
Cacao production 698
Contemporary writers 1^
Court personnel law 223
Dredging 233
Foreign commerce, 1917 451
Foreign trade 589
Gen. Joseph Villamil 24
Loans '''06
Money in circulation 707
Public instruction 226
Railway construction 1 699
Telegraphic tariffs 346
Treaty, France, commercial, denounced 345
Italy, arbitration 345
VI INDEX.
Ecuador — Continued.
Treaty, French, commercial, denounced — Continued. i^age.
Japan, commercial It)^
Panama, parcel post 220
Quito, Esmeraldas Railway 104
Exploration, Johns Hopkins, Andean 442
Exporting to Latin America 145,289,414
Finance, notes 103, 212, 337, 457, 596, 703
General notes 109, 229, 355, 472, 606, 726
Godoy, Seiior Jose F., Lectures on diplomacy _ 323
Godot's Trans-Andean Flight 312
Gondra, Seiior D. Manuel, lunch to 316
Guatemala :
Agricultural loans '''07
Bank dividends 340
Foreign trade ^90
Military code 233
Mining 590
Postal tax "707
Receipts and expenditures, 1918 ' 462
Sugar production 331
Haiti :
Budget statement 216
Cabinet officers H^
Castor-bean production 332
Export products 3^2
Irrigation-
699
Mining law ^05
Pan American conventions ratified 220
Public health service 360
Sugar exports 451
Treaty, France, commerce, abrogation of 602
Harvard University, Dr. Oliveira Lima's Impressions of 397
Hispanic-American Economic Congress 98
Honduras :
Army statistics 361
Railway construction 591
Revenues, 1917-18 341
School statistics 353
Treaty, Salvador, postal orders 345
United States money legal currency 599
Industry, notes 100, 198, 324, 445, 584, 693
Language, Trade Use 296
LeBreton, Dr. Tomas A., ambassador 316
Legislation, notes 221, 346, 466, 603, 717
Lopez-Naguil, G., artist '- "^^
Magazines, Pan American, notes 188
Maguey Products, Pulque 275
Manioc, Culture of 152
Market, Latin American 289
Marroquin, D. Lorenzo, Death of • 187
Mexico :
Absorbent moss ^^4
Aviation school ^53
INDEX. VII
Mexico — Continued. Page.
Chick peas 1'^-
Clainis against '^^^■
Corn production '^^
Cotton export duty 332
Cotton production 700
Expenditures '""
Fishery law —3
Food import duties -3o
Government receipts 217
Henequen exports 592
Iron deposits -^'^^
Irrigation. Lower California ^51
Labor accident legislation 347
Land allotments : --52
Loans 341
Mexico City statistics Q^'j
Mine denouncements 4.51
Mint reports 217. 462
Norwegian Bank l^-^
Oil concessions 7*^
Oil production, 1018 333
Oil wells, number 206
Onyx deposits 235
Postal code ''^32
Railway construction 592, 700
Railway mileage 217
Railway rolling stock 591
Receipts and expenditures, 1918 462
Silver exports 206
Surtax, parcel-post shipments 235
Vera Cruz, railway branch_ 104
MixixG, American Minekai-S 517,646
Mining, Gold, Venezuela 68
Montenegeo, Roberto, artist 73
^Museum exhibits : — "8-
Nerve, D. Amado, lecture in New York 191
Newark, City of Industry 504
Oil in Colombia 303
Oliveiba Lima, Dk. M., Impressions of Harvard University 397
Nicaragua :
Budget, 1919 341,463
Budget 708
Castor-oil plant 114
Census 733
Claims collection 708
Oil prospecting 207
Public land law 223
Population statistics 479
Sugar production 592
Tobacco cultivation 701
AVater-power alienation 720
Packing 422
Palladium in Brazil 408
VIII INDEX.
Page.
I'ANAMA :
Amendment to constitution 721
Chicle 207
Child and animal protection law 224
Coconut groves 114
Death penalty abolished 721
Economic survey 438
Education, public lectures 354
Manganese exports , 453
Parcel-post treaty, Panama 220
Past, present, and future 125
Police force - 363
Pan-Americanists, Congress of 98
Parguay :
Agricultural loans : 709
Ascuncion sanitation 115
Bank operations 600
Budget 709
Consular fees 721
Customs receipts 342
Debt statements 709
Foreign connnerce statistics 334
Internal I'cvenue receii)ts 463
Paper currency exchange 236
Postal operations 732
Receipts 709
School statistics — — 725
Treaty, Uruguay, arbitration 220
Treaty, Uruguay, coastwise 220
Parcel post conference 322
Parks, Palisades Interstate 79
Rocky Mountain 161
Peanuts in the Americas 28
Peru :
Aviation students 116
Aviation school 354
Budget, 1919 342
Cabinet 237
Census postponement 363
Coal deposits 335
Contemporary writers 17
Export duty, tungsten . 218
Wool 335
Gold reserve 710
Highway construction 702
Laborer's housing law 605
Loans 218, 601
Naval training school 725
Railway construction 335, 454, 702
Receipts, 1918 600
Sugar production 208
Trade witli Ecuador 454
INDEX. IX
Peku — Continued. Page,
Treaty, Argentina, judicial 344
Brazil, arbitration 344
University of Lima 3o4
Platinum ix Brazil 4()S
Porto Rico, Coffee Cultube ."ifi
poktuguese, teaching in united states itl!
Pulque 275
Qualities of Goods in Trade 417
KoosEVELT, Death of Ex-Pkesident 182
Salvador :
Area and population IIG
Bank note issue 218
Bank profits : 342
Coined money imports 601
Debt statement 601
Foreign trade ^ 454
Melendez, Inauguration of President 428
Military code 224
Presidential election 364
Railways 116
Revenue receipts 463
Trade with Japan 208
Treaty, Honduras, postal orders 34.5
Samples in Trade 414
Selling Goods in Latin America . 289
Shipping for L.\tin America 158
SiLi.iMAN, John Reid, United States Consul. Death of 185
SoTOMAYOR, Dr. Justiniano, Death of ^ 185
South America :
Economic problems 571
Souza, Dr. Inglez De, Death of 185
Spanish, teachers' association 93
St. Louis, City of 6
Students, Brazilian in United States 301
Sugar Industry in Cuba 552
Taft, Lorado, Sculptor 50
Trade. Latin American. 1917 41
Treaties Notes 105, 220. 344. 465, 602. 716
Urugtay :
Agricultural census 594
Bank statements 601
Brum, Inauguratio* of President 500
Cabinet 365
Constitution, new 348
Consular regulations 722
Credits to France and England '- 343
Deficits ; 464
Economic and Commercial Congre.ss 710
Foreign corporation law 606
Gold reserve 343
Grain areas 210
Insurance 467
X INDEX.
Uruguay — Continued. Page.
Manganese ores ^38, 335
Old-age pension law 468
Population estimates 116
Receipts and expenditures 4G4
Steamship line, Japanese . 336
Stock census 209
Treaty, Brazil, liquidation of debts 345
Italy, arbitration 346, 466
Great Britain, arbitration ' 466
Paraguay, arbitration 220
Paraguay, coastwise -—■. 220
Wool production 238
Venezuela :
Bank profits 343
Debt statement— , .464
Gold mining 68
Highway building H*?
Meat packing 210
Oil concessions : 456
Oil and coal census 224
Pearl fishing 336, 456
Railway receipts 716
Silver coinage 218
Steamship lines 594,703
Treaty, Bolivia, arbitration 602
Bolivia, diplomatic mails 465
Colombia, diplomatic mails 346
France, commerce '^^'^
TarilT, import nomenclature 336
Villamil, Gen. Jose 24
Walnuts, California industry 194
Weights and Measures in Latin America 419
INDEX TO BULLETIN ILLUSTRATIONS.
[Arranged alpbabetically. January-.Tune, 1919.]
Argentina :
Ambassador Le Breton 317
Eduardo Bradley 313
Buenos Aires —
Engraving room of the mint 582
The mint .- ^8^
Recount section of mint 5S2
Unveiling O'Higgins monument 239
The Chaco—
The Juyuyti Cuartelero 544
Preparing a meal '■ 546
Among the Pilagas Indians ~- , 547
Camp of Pilagas Indians 548
Camp of Chief Garcete 550
Comodore Rivadavia petroleum industry 1'9
Jorge Newberry, aviator ^14
Luis Candeleria, aviator ^^^
INDEX. XI
Page.
Alves, Dr. Rodrigues 2
Aviatiou, the Loening monoplane 671
De Haviland plane 673
Curtiss aeroplane factory 675
Directing flight by radio telephone 677
Liberty aircraft motor 677
Le Pere two-seater 679
Martin bombing plane 681
"Black Hawk," statue by Taft 51
Brazil :
Agricultural students in United States 303
Beach at Santarem 259
Black Diamond mines 656
Bahia, one of the new avenues 625
Dr. Delphim Moreira, vice president 4
Bahia, government palace and municipal building 627
Dr. Inglez de Souza 186
Dr. Rodrigues Alves, president elect ' 2
Father Antonio Vieria 260
Field of Manioc 149
Florianapohs street scene 643
Forest of the Amazon 257
Fortaleza, partial view of the city 622
Maceio, government palace 629
Manaos —
Avenida Eduardo Ribeiro 262
San Sabastian Church 262
Customhouse 263
Palace of justice 263
Amazon monument and theater 264
Missionary station on Rio Guama 256
Montalegre on the Amazon 259
Natal, view of the city 622
Olavo Bilac, poet 434
Para, monument to Dr. Malcher 250
Joao Alfredo Street 251
Executive palace 253
Hotel 253
View on Amazon 254
Porto Alegre 644
President Pessoa Facing p. 621
Recife— '^
Monument to Joaquim Nabuco 623
Street scene 623
Rio—
Avenida Rio Branco Facing p. i
View of city from the Sugar Loaf 631
Alexandrino de Alencar Bridge 633
Monroe Palace 635
Avenida Rio Branco 637
Avenida Beira Mar 639
Avenida Presidents Wilson 639
XII INDEX.
Brazil — Continued. Page.
Rio Grande do Sul —
View of tlie city 641
Tamandare Parlv 644
Sau Luis do Maranliao, panoramic view 622
Santos, Guaruja beacli 643
Victoria, panoramic view 629
Wasliing diamond-bearing gravel- 657
Bilac, Olavo, poet 434
Bolivar and his generals 268
Bolivar, statue of Gen. Simon 391
Bolivia :
La Paz, The Alameda (cover, February).
La Paz, armistice celebration 211
Bradley, Eduardo 313
Brum, Dr. Baltasar, President of Uruguay — — Facing p. 249
Canada :
Crystalline limestone 524
Sudbury nickel basin 524
The Creighton nickel mine 528
Cream Hill nickel mine 530
Chile :
Ambassador Mathieu 92
A copper mine 651
Borax mining 665
Dagoberto Godoy, aviator 313
Clodomiro Figueroa, aviator 313
Nitrate ore, blasting 661
In the nitrate fields 663
Santiago —
The national library 534
Facade of new library 539
Senor Don Justiniano Sotomayor 186
Candeleria, Luis, aviator 373
Coffee tree 60
Coffee branch 62
Coffee gathering 62
Coifee drying 66
Coffee harvesting 64, 66
Colombia :
Barranca Bermeja 309
Bogota —
Central Railway station 374
Legation of the United States 375
Educational buildings 376
Astronomical observatory 378
Palacio de San Carlos 379
Cuarta Calle de Floriano ^ 379
The cathedral 380
Patio of Post Oflice 382
Military school 383
Centenary Park 385
Independence Park 385
INDEX. XIII
Colombia — Continued.
Bogata — Continuetl. Page.
Statue of Gen. Sucre 386
Presidential palace 3S9
Monument to the martyrs 391
Statue of Bolivar 391
Courtyard of presidential palace 392
The capitol 392
Statue of Gen. Francisco Santander 394
Statue of Antonio Narino 394
Banco de Colombia • 395
Banco Hipotecario 395
Canoe construction 304
Carrying supplies to oil wells 305
Capping oil well 307
Cataract of Tequendama 388
Emerald mines : 659
Infantas oil well 305
Oil well, Infantas 311
Modern tractors in use 304
River craft 309
Senor Don Lorenzo Marroquin 186
Steamer on Colorado River 307
Jitba:
Carts loaded with sugar cane 560
Diagram of a sugar mill 556
Habana, harbor and piers Facingj. 125
Hauling cane by oxen 553
Hauling cane by railway 554
Interior of a sugar mill '. 557
Sugar-cane cutting 553
Sugar central 556, 562
Sugar-industry operations - — 559
Unloading cane •- 554
" Discovery," statue by Taft 55
Don Quixote, illustrations 74, 75, 77
Ecuador: Guayaquil, Pedro Carbo Park (cover, June).
" Eternal Silence " ; statue by Taft 52
Figueroa, Clodoniiro, aviator .313
Godoy, Dagoberto, aviator 313
Harvard University :
The niuspuni 398
Sever Hall 399
Westmorely Hall 401
Randolph Hall 401
Austin Hall 402
Dormitories 404, 406
Medical school 406
Le Breton, Senor Don Toinas A 317
Lopez, Naguil, artist 74
Marroquin, Seiior Don Lorenzo 186
Mathieu, Senor Don Beltn'm 92
Melendez, Senor Don Jorge, President of Salvador 429
XIV I^^DEX.
Page.
Mexico :
Amado Nervo, poet 191
A load of pulque 280
A pulque toast 287
Copper mining 650
Cutting sisal leaves 279
Interior of a tinacal 285
Maguey, gathering sap 279
Maguey gatherer 283
]\Jaguey haciendas ' 27G
Maguey in bloom 277
Maguey plant 282
Oil country near Vera Cruz 647
Vera Cruz, main square (cover, March).
Montenegro, Roberto, artist 74
Moreira, Dr. Delphim , 4
Museum exhibits :
Animal groups 685, 687
Picture of scene near Chicago 683
Taxidermist's work 689
Narino, statue of D. Antonio , 394
Nervo, Amado, poet 191
Newberry, Jorge, aviator 314
Nitrate ore ' 661
" Padiicah," statue by Taft 57
Panama, Cristobal, statue of Columbus 135
Panama :
Falls of Chorrera 141
City—
From Ancon Hill 126
Railroad station 130
Government Palace and National Theater 130
The Cathedral- 132
Street scene 132
Municipal building 135
President Porras 129
Pearl fisheries . 133
Loading bananas 127
Colon, Liberty-loan parade 143
Passing through the canal 139
Road construction : 137
Peanut :
Digger 29
Harvesting machine 29
Fields 30
Stacking 30, 38
Picking 32
Thrashing 34
Vines - 36, 38
Peru:
Copper mines 654
Rock Forest, "The King" 526
Lake Punrum 520
INDEX. XV
rKKU— Continued. Page.
Minasragua vanadium mine 518
:Minasragua mine region 5-0
Oil fields ^^S
Minister Tudela ^^1
On the way to vanadium mines 518
Rock Forest views •^-"-'
Pessoa, Dr. Epitacio, President of Brazil___- Facing p. 621
Porras, Dr. Belisario, President of Panama 129
Quinonez Molina, Dr. Alfonso, Vice President of Salvador 430
Roo.'jevelt, Theodore ^^^
Salvador :
San Salvador. Dueiias Park (cover, Jan.).
Inauguration of President "^^1
Senor Salvador Sol M., minister in Washington 692
Presidential inauguration procession 432
President Melendez '^-^
Vice President Quinonez 430
Santander. statue of Gen. Francisco de Paula 394
Silliman, United States Consid 18^'
" Solitide of the Soul," statue, by Taft 53
Sol M., Senor D. Salvador, minister in Washington 692
Sotomayor, Seiior Don Justiniano 186
Souza, Dr. Inglez de 18*^
" Spirit of the Great Lakes," statue, by Taft 56
Sucre, statue of Gen. Antonio .Jos§ de 386
Taft. Lorado, statues by 51, .52, 53. 55, .56, .57
" The Blind." statue, by Taft t 5.5
Tudela y Varela, Dr. Francisco 181
Uruguay :
President Brum Facing p. 249
:Montevideo —
La Plaza Cagancha (cover, April).
Plaza Independencia 501
College of Law 502
The Prado (cover, May).
United States :
Boston, sugar refinery.- 564
Colorado, carnotite and vanadium ore 667
Long's Peak Facing p. 373
Newark, city hall '■ 505
First Regiment Armory ^ 506
Wequachic Park Lake 507
Entrance to Branch Brook Park 509
Lakeside Drive 510
Technical High School 511
Brookside Drive 513
Post-office 514
Hemlock Falls 515
New York victory celebration 219
Dr. Clarence J. Owens 439
Palisades Park, Bear Mountain Lake 80
Englewood Approach 82
Hudson River 84
XTI IXDEX.
UNITED States- — Courimied.
Palisades Park, Bear Mountain Lake — Conrinued. Page.
Palisades 5>o
Car pond 88
Bear Mounraiu Inn 88
Popolopen Bridge 89
Camps Inn 90
Rocky Mountain Park —
Estes VaUey 162
Rock quarries , 163
WiU-o'-tlie-Wisp Falls 164
Flattop Mountain 166
Tyndall Glacier 16"
Black Eagle 169
Snowbridge 1'*-*
St. Louis —
Business section '
"Olive Street Canyon ' 8
Pierc-e Building 9
Modern Hotel 11
Union Railwjiy Station r H
12
]__^ 13
13
Catholic Cathedral
City Hall
Courthouse-
Washington Terrace entrance 1^
Municipal courts 1^
Post office ^'^
PubUe Library 1^
"Washinston —
Pan American Union Facing b^497
Pan American Commercial Conference -19S
Human picture of President Wilson 22 «
Te>-ezt:ela:
View of Angostura -""
Bolivar and his generals -"^
Buildins where congress of Angostura convened -66
^ " . . 653
Copper minmg
Officials of Angostura centenary celebration -'^
YiUamU. Gen. Joseph ~
. , 19o
Walnut industry
Walnut packing machine
VOL. XLVIII
JANUARY, 1919
No. 1
%..l..% irm. i«
PI? ATTT '
A#X1
THE 15th of November, anniversary of the prochimation of
the Republic, is the date fixed for the inauguration of
Presidents elected every four years in the Ignited States of
Brazil. Owing to ill health the recently chosen President
of the Republic, Dr. Rodrigues Alves, could not, on November 15,
1*)1S, take the constitutional oath, hence Dr. Delphim Moreira, vice
president-elect for the term 1918-1922, became chii^f exe:-utive
|){>ii(ling the recovery of Dr. Rodrigues Alves. -
Tlu> univeisal perturbation engendered by the great wai- led
nation^ throughout the woi-ld to ])ui'sue a prudent and pati'iotic
coui-si' lK)litically during the past year, and to intrust the guidance
of their d(^-;tini(^> through the crisis to their ablest and most discreet
men. In confronting the difficult situation which the world has been
facing, Brazil chose as her chief executive the devoted patriot. Dr.
Rodrigues Alves, a statesman who, in the four-year period from
1902 to 1906, had converted the formerly inadef[uate Federal capital
into an attractive and healthful city, harmonizing the natural
beauties of the region with the most recent inventions of human
progress. Since the accomplishment of this great work Dr. Rod-
rigues Alves has been considered one of the great statesmen of our
time.
For vice president one of the distinguished men in the public
life of Brazil was chosen, Dr. Delphim Moreira da Costa Ribeiro, who
since 1894 has served his native State in the Chamber of Repre-
sentatives, as secretary of the interior, and as president.
1 By J. de Siquiera Coutinho. Pan American Union Staff.
5 As the Bulletin goes to press we learn with regret that Dr. Rodriguez Alves, president-elect of Brazil,
died on January 16 after a long illness. Under the constitution an election will be held to choose a new
president.
-.-31^'
Photograph by Malta, Uio de Janeiro.
HIS EXCELLENCY DR. RODRIGUES ALVES, PRESIDENT ELECT OF BRAZIL.
The President elect of the United States of Brazil who, owing to ill health could not take the oath of office
on the past 15th of November, was born July 7, 1848, in Ouaratingueta, State of Sao Paulo. After
completing a course in law he identified himself with the emancipation movement. Later he was made
deputy and subsequently governor of the Province of Sao Paulo and Imperial counsellor. After the
Republic was proclaimed he became federal deputy and secretary of the treasury for two terms, senator
In several legislatures, I'resident of the Republic for the term 1902-1901), and was recently elected to the
same office for the period 1918-1922. He is considered one of the greatest statesmen of the time aucj
the patriarch of modern Brazil.
INAUGURATION DAY IN BRAZIL. 6
His p:xeellency Dr. Francisco de Paula Rodriguos Alves was horn
.Inly 7. 1S4S, of Portuguese parentage, in the picturesque city of
C.uaratinguota, State of Silo Paulo. After completing a course in
the C\)llege of Law of Sao Paulo he devoted himself to a study of
economics, and particularly to the slavery c^uestion, taking an active
part, together with Joaquim Nabuco and Rio Branco, in the campaign
of abolition, in which movement he led by emancipating the slaves
on his estates.
In 1872 he was elected provincial deputy, later being made gov-
ernor of the Province of Sao Paulo by the Imperial Government,
whicli post he left when differences with the royal administration
made it impossible for him conscientiously to remain in office.
Prior to his resignation the title of imperial counsellor had been con-
ferred upon him.
When the Republic wa? proclaimed. Dr. Rodrigues Alves at-
tended congress as federal deputy, having been one of the leading
spirits in the fusion of the various political elements. Called to dis-
charge the portfolio of secretary of the treasury during the regime
of Field Marshal Floriano Peixoto, he felt obliged to resign the
position when he could not submit to a dictatorial enactment of the
day. He returned to congress as senator, acting again, during the
term of the eminent Dr. Prudente de Moraes, of Sao Paulo, as sec-
retary of the treasury, from which post he went to a seat in the sen-
ate. He was shortly afterward elected president of his native
State, subsequently succeeding Campos Salles as chief executive of
the Republic.
It was during his administration, which extended from 1902 to
1906 that Brazil attained its national eminence. With the tension
in the popular mind relaxed by the wise influence of President Pru-
dente de Moraes and with public credit secured by President Campos
Salles, Brazil entered upon a period of great material transformation
and administrative reorganization under Dr. Rodrigues iVlves, who
judiciously surrounded himself with several of the most cultured
and experienced Brazilian minds. Thus the minister of foreign
affairs, the Baron de Rio Branco, gained for Brazil an enviable in-
ternational status: Dr. Lauro MuUer, through a network of railroads,
made possible the development the country has attained to-day,
and also laid the foundations for the transformation of Rio de
Janeiro; Oswaldo Cruz freed the capital from the plague of fever and
pest; and the indefatigable Dr. Pereira Passos, with the aid of Dr.
Paulo Frontin, constructed the famous Avenida Rio Branco, and be-
queathed to Rio de Janeiro the embellishments that make her the
most beautiful city of our continent.
When Dr. Rodrigues Alves left the presidency the country was
flourishing in every way. Brazil offered a wide field for the invest-
fnipli l.\ Miili.M, III., (I,. .r.-in<-irn.
HIS EXCELLENCY J)R. DELPHIM MOREIRA, VICE PRESIDENT OY BRAZIL.
Dr.Delphim Moreira was born in the State of Mina.s. Xuvcmber 7, 1868. Completing his studies of law in
1890, he entered upon a career as lawyer. From IMH to 1902 he was State deputy, from 1902 to 190(1
secretary of the interior of the State of Minas, in lyo'.Ucdcral deputy, from 1910 "to 19H secretary of
the interior of his native State, and from 1914 to 1918 president of the same State. Possessed of a
pleasing personality, Dr. Moreira is a favorite in Brazil to-day.
IXArcrHATIOX DAY IT^ BRA/IL. 5
nit'iil oi l'(H-(Mi:;n cMpital, and \uh- fertile soil was |)r{'])ai'(Ml lo i-ocoivo
irnniiijraiil hosts.
AdininMl and rosiXM-ted by all, Dr. Rodrigiios Alvcs rotirod to his
native State, whence he was called by popular election to reassunie
the presidency of the State a short tmie subsequently. In the
recent critical moments, when war seemed about to devastate the
world, the Brazilian nation recalled her leader, who, in spite of the
delicate state of his health, devoted his energies anew to the service
of his country in the presidential chair.
When in September, 1918, I had the pleasure of calling upon the
eminent statesman in his home in Guaratingueta, his excellency,
though convalescing from an illness, repeated statements he had
made in an address before the Club dos Diarios concerning certain
governmental projects. Before completing his plans he expected
the arrival of the distinguished di])loniat, Sefior Domicio da Gama,
to whom he had tendered the portfolio of Minister of Foreign Affairs,
and in whom all Brazil has fixed its highest hopes.
The vice president of the Republic, Dr. Delphim Moreira, w-as born
November 7, 1868, in the city of Christina, State of Minas. x\fter
completing his high school studies in the city of Mariana, he
studied in the College of Law of Sao Paulo, where he was a school-
mate of Dr. AVenceslao Braz, who has just completed a term as
President of the Republic. Dr. Moreira, who from youth was recog-
nized as a sincere and ardent republican, was made district attorney
by the provisional government of the Repul)lic, and later, district
judge in Santa Rita de Sapucahy, where he made his residence. In
1894 he was elected deputy to the legislature of the State of Minas,
and after a second term, which extended to U)()2, he was given a
portfolio in the State government, at that time ailministered by Dr.
Francisco SaUes. During this term. Dr. Moreira directed especial
attention to economics and education. At the end of Dr. Salles's
term, from 1907 to 1908 he was State senator, at the end of wdiich
period he was made deputy to the federal congress, a post he occu-
l)ied but a short time before he was called upon again to the secre-
taryship of the interior of the State of Minas. In 1914 he was
elected president of the State for four years. During his adminis-
tration Minas made marked progress in agricultural, mining, and
industrial projects. Dr. Moreira, an affable gentleman of idealistic
tendencies, is rpiite idolized by modern Brazil.
i 1 1 p I p V
A MONG the great cities of the initkUe western section of the
/\ United States, St. Louis, Mo., on the west bank of the
/ \ Mississippi, easily stands at the top of the little group.
Founded in 1763 by Pierre Laclede, it has grown from a
sm,all settlement in the midst of a , wilderness to a metropolis of
820,000 people. Louis XV had ceded the territory to the east of
the Mississippi to England, while at the same time he had made a
treaty transferrmg the west bank to Spam. It was not until 1770,
however, that vSpanish authority was established at St. Louis. In
1800 the territory was retroceded to France, and in 1804 St. Louis
passed to the United States with the rest of the territory then known
as Louisiana. This resulted m a large immigration from the States
in the East, and in 1831 the city had 6,000 inhabitants and has stead-
ily increased in size ever smce. As is the case with many large
cities, St. Louis was visited by terrible disasters from time to time
caused by floods and tornadoes. The worst of these was hi 1896
when a terrific tornado destroyed many lives and millions of dollars
worth of property.
At present St. Louis claims the honor of })eing the fourth largest
city in the LTnited States. So does the city of Boston, Mass., and
it is necessary to wait until the next official census in 1920 to deter-
mine wliich is right. Within a radius of 500 miles, however, may be
found 40,000,000 people, or about two-fifths of the population of the
country. Pierre Laclede must have been extremely far-sighted
wlien he cliose such a spot for a settlement. Situated where the
Missouri River empties into the mighty Mississippi would alone make
it a point well adapted to trade and industrial activity, but added to
this feature are its advantages of being very nearly the geographical
center of the United States and in a territory that, in productivity,
is unsurpassed in the country. Primarily a trade center, St. Louis
has developed that phase from an $80,000 fur trade five years after
its founding to a trade of over one billion doUars in 1917.
The factor, however, that has been the most instrumental in
l)uilding up the city of St. Louis is its unique location. It is in
truth what it claims for itself — the largest city completely surrounded
})y the United States. It is not only a center in itself, but it is a
center of centers. Within a radius of a few hundred miles are to be
found the population and geographical centers of the comitry. The
cotton center, center of farm production, the wheat, oat, cattle,
lead, and zinc, and horse and mule centers are all also within a few
mil(^s of this advantageously located metropolis. It is the location
6
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"OLIVE STREET CANYON," ST. ]>()l'IS, MO.
The Railway Exchange Building, one of the largest office buildings in point of area in the world, is
shown in the right foreground.
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PIERCE BUILDING, ST. LOUIS, MO.
A modern office building in the heart of the city.
iy THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
of the city that has given it its importance in the country. There
are many instances of cities growing to large proportions because
manufacturing places, employing thousands of workmen, have been
established m their locality, but there are a far lesser number that
have been founded, like St. Louis, in the midst of a wilderness and
have grown merely because of their peculiar location. Even as
early as the year 1820 the trade of the city of St. Louis amomited
to $2,500,000, and at the time of the Civil War in 1860 this great
river j)ort was lined for over a mile l)y docks, at which the river boats
discharged cargo amounthig to many millions of dollars. Although
the day of river traffic passed to a considerable extent with the ad-
vent of the railroads, St. Louis to-day has a water front extending
more than 20 miles along the Mississippi.
As a food center St. Louis is favorably situated. The Mississippi
Valley in which St. Louis is the principal city, and the great logical
central market, is the main producing area of the United States.
Over 70 per cent of the acreage in farms of the entire Liiited States
is found in the valley; 69 per cent of the farm values; 76 per cent of
the wheat production; 72 per cent of the hve stock; 85 per cent of
the corn production; 74 per cent of the cattle; 52 per cent of the
sheep; and 81 per cent of the hogs. Besides this vast centralization
of the comitry's food production around the largest city on the
largest river, there is 70 per cent of the cotton raised in the valley;
55 per cent of the wool is produced here; 69 per cent of the petro-
leum; 47 per cent of the lumber and 60 per cent of the bituminous
coal. St. Louis also has the largest inland coffee market in the
world.
St. Louis industries cover almost every field of manufacturing and
jobbing. A fair proof that the city is growing is the fact that it has
gained 29 per cent in manufactures since 1909 and 100 per cent in
bank clearings since 1903. Three thousand two hundred factories
in St. Louis employ 130,000 people with wages amounting to
$90,000,000. St. Louis excels any other city in the world in the
manufacture of shoes, and has the largest fur market in the world.
It also claims to lead the world with the largest lead works, brick-
works, drug house, hardware house, woodenware house, tobacco fac-
tory, terra-cotta works, street-car plant, and wholesale paper house.
Transportation for both laborers and products, and cheap fuel are
the two most important factors in building up industries and St. Louis
is well supphed with these. The street cars of the city take care of
the traffic excellently and carry more than a million passengers a day.
Thei-e are 345 miles of street railway track in the city proper, with an
additional 112 miles in the su])urbs. There are 247 transfer stations.
St. Louis has 27 railroads entering its gates from all points of the
compass, and all of thesq systems use a unified terminal system for
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CITY HALL, ST. LOUIS, MO.
In this structure, which covers a whole square, are located the offices of the city government. The
building was especially designed for housing a large number of officials and other employers.
COURTHOUSE, ST. LOUIS, MO.
The low building in the foreground is one of the city's older structures. During the early days, when
slavery existed in the United States, the steps of this building were used as a slave market, being one
of (he most important in (he country.
96525— 10— Bull. 1 2
14 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
both freight and passengers. The entire city is surrounded by belt
Hues, planned to give trackage connections with all the trunk lines
which terminate in St. Louis. A considerable part of the mileage of
these belt lines runs through suburban territory close to the city,
giving opportunity for the location of factories with plenty of room
for homes for the employees. Situated as it is in the midst of the
bituminous coal fields, cheap fuel is one of the attractions that appeal
to manufacturers. Under ordinary conditions coal for manufactur-
ing purposes delivered on the switches in St. Louis costs from $1.50
to $1.70 per ton.
Although St. Louis is primarily a manufacturing and commercial
city, the visitor can not fail to notice its other features. To the east
the city pushes itself by four busy bridges into a railroad, manufac-
turing, and stockyard district. This district, known as East St.
Louis, is really a part of the city proper but for the fact that a State
line intervenes. It is, however, the second largest and fastest growing
city in the neighboring State of Illinois. St. Louis has been so busy
developing its suburbs and its trade territory generally that the city
itself is undercapitalized. Its real estate for factory, store, or home
can be bought at lower figures than its comparative values would
justify. The realty valuations have increased only 23 per cent in
10 years, in the face of a 100 per cent increase in everything that
makes city real estate valuable.
Within the last decade cities have paid increasing attention to their
beautification by means of public parks and playgrounds, believing
that such things are valuable not only in an aesthetic sense, but that
the results therefrom increase the health and efficiency of the city's
inhabitants. The parks of St. Louis are among the finest in the
United States, and all of them are easily within reach of the majority
of the people. Forest Park, the largest in St. Louis and the third
largest in America, has many beautiful trees and drives. The Des
Peres River flows through this park, and it also contains several lakes.
Among the streets leading to and adjoining the park are several that
rank among the finest residential sections of the world. These are
wide avenues, generally inclosed at each end by ornamental gate-
ways and contain many beautiful houses, each standing upon its own
spacious grounds. The Missouri Botanical Garden, about 75 acres
in extent, contains 1 1,000 species of plant life, and is excelled only by
the Royal Botanical Garden at Kew, England. There are several
other parks, smaller but none the less beautiful, at various places
throughout the city. St. Louis also has two of the largest open-air
municipal swimming pools in the country.
St. Louis schools and educational institutions employing 2,530
teachers are a recognized model, visited annually by international
missions seeking the latest in methods and architecture. Wash-
PUBLIC BUii.mX'is, .<'r. i.orjs, \!<',
Ton |)icl me: 'Vhv iiiimicir.al courts building. Ccntor picture: TIk; post ofTicc ercctod by the Unilc.l States
Govcnimcut at a cost of $1,250,000. Bottom picture: The Central 1 ublic Library.
INTELLECTUAL LIFE IX THE ANDEAN COUNTElES. l7
iiio;t()n rniversity and St. Louis University arc t%vo of the best
Amorican coUogos. numbering several thousands of stu<lents. Kach
institution has the most modern equipment and is housed in hand-
some buildings. Washington I'niversity is noted for the hirge
jiowers given it by its charter, which permits an unch'rgraduate
(k^partment, schools of engineering, fine arts, law, medicine, den-
tistrv. manual training, and schools for boys and girls. The Museum
of Fine Arts situated in Forest Park contains large collections of
casts, lace, glass, pottery, mosaics, ivory carvings, and Mood and
metal work. A recent addition to the city, the Barnes Hospital,
whose group of buildings cost more than S3,000,000, gives St. Louis
the largest teaching hospital service of any city in America.
CON
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UXFORTUXATELY for ourselves, we North Americans are
not as closely in touch with our coworkers in the various
Latin American countries as we should be. This is espe-
cially true of sucli branches of learning as those represented
by tlu' anthroi)ologist and tlie historian. True, the situation is now
far bettei- than it formerly was, largely owing to the efforts of tlu'
Pan American Tnioii and also to the beneficial stimuli supplied
by tlie Pan American Scientific Congress, the International Congress
of Americanists, and kinch'ed reunions. My purpose in this short
paper is, if possible, to supplement in some small measure the work
done on a large scale by those bodies in binding the intellectual
worlds of Latin America and Anglo America more firmly together.
Therefore I purpose to show the recent intellectual achievements
of some of the leaders of thought in the Andean countries — Peru,
Bolivia, and Ecuador.
No better beginning can be made than by saying something about
Don Ricardo Palma, the ''grand old man" of Peruvian, and, indeed
of Latin American, letters. Palma was born in 1833, and he has been
WTiting ever since the sixties of the last century. At the time of
the war between Chile and Peru (1879-1883) he was director of the
National Library in Lima, and when that great institution was
-WTecked during the Chilean war, Palma, with magnificent coiu-age
> By P. Ainsworth Means.
18 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
and scholarly devotion, set himself the weary task of building up the
library once more. The fact that it is to-day one of the best libraries
in America is eloquent of the success of his labors.
The chief and most individual contribution to literature and his-
torical science which Palma has made is the series of volumes con-
taining his Tradiciones peruanas. The tradicion of Palma is a short
story or anecdote of some historic or semihistoric incident, the
language in which it is told being a simulacrum of that in use at the
period of the story. Some of the tradiciones are perfectly correct
history; others are frankly ''embroidered" by Palma's wonderful
wit and by his rapier-like satire. Because of the style, excessively
brilliant and incisive, the Tradiciones peruanas, taken as a whole,
form a mosaic which shows the historical student exactly the sort
of life that was led during Peru's colonial period. To anyone who
wishes to write of those days the tradiciones are invaluable on ac-
count of the strong sense of local color with which they fill one-
Palma has also written a large number of excellent poems, but it
is plain that his fame will rest almost wholly on the Tradiciones
peruanas. To-day the old gentleman lives quietly in a charming
house near Lima, justly receiving the veneration of all who love the
Spanish language, which he has so richly adorned.
Of the younger writers on literature and history the chief is proba-
bly Dr. Don Javier Prado y Ugarteche, rector of the University of
San Marcos. Prado's chief works are: Estado social del Peru durante
la dominacion espafioJa (Lima, 1894), and, El genio de la Lengua y
de la Literatura Castellana y sus Caracteres en la historia intelectual
del Peril (Lima 19 IS). Th(> first-mentioned work is an intensive
analytical study of the ]:)olitical and social institutions of colonial
Peru. It is a work of tlie very first importance for the student of
Latin-American history. Of the same, or even superior, excellence
is Prado's other book, a history of Peruvian literature, similar in
scope and method to the great work of Menendez y Pelayo in Spain
and Fitzmaurice-Kelly in England. No sound history of Peru can
ever be written without copious use of these two works.
In addition to his literary and academic activities, Prado has
found time to create what is undoubtedly one of the finest collec-
tions privately owned in America. I may say with emphasis that
his collection of pre-Columbian antiquities from various parts of
Peru is the finest in the world, whether pulilic or private. The
objects, many of which are truly priceless on account of their beauty
and rarity, represent every phase of the lives of th0 ancient Aiideans,
for everything from the humblest household utensils to the most
gorgeous ceremonial garments and vases is amply exam pled. The
pre-Columbian section of the Prado collection is seriously rivaled,
it not actually equaled, by the collection of colonial furniture, tapes-
tries, silver and gold ware, and paintings. The huge house of Dr.
INTELLECTUAL LIFE IN THE ANDEAN COUNTRIES. 19
Prado coiitams room after room filled with specimen pieces which
call forth the admiration even of people who have lately seen the
Wallace and the Morgan and the Gardner collections. To gam a
true sense of what colonial Peruvian high society was like one has
hut to read the Tradiciones Peru anas while wandering from room
to room in Dr. Prado's mansion or while hrowsing among the richly
bound volumes of his large and beautiful library.
Of the yomigest group of historico-literary writers are Dr. Don
Jose de la Riva-Agiiero y Osma, the brothers Francisco and Ventura
Garcia-Calderon, and Don Felipe de Barreda y Laos. It so happens
that all of them belong to exceedingly important families — a fact
which has probably increased their natural leaning toward historical
study, for there is an atmosphere of intimacy and deep understand-
ing in their works which is wholly charmmg, especially in contrast to
the exceedmgly impersonal style which too many of our o\ni his-
torians affect.
Riva-Agiiero 's chief published works are Caracteres de la literatura
del Peru independiente (Lima, 1905) and La historia en el Peru
(Lima, 1910). Of these the more important is the former. It forms
a reference book of the best sort, for in it one discovers plentiful and
authoritative data on which to base a more detailed study of almost
every phase of Peruvian prehistory and history. All the most
weighty judgments on historical matters are presented and satisfac-
tory conclusions are presented to the reader's attention.
Dr. Riva-Agiiero, in addition to being a writer, is also very active
in politics and is the head of the political party to which most of the
intelectuales belong. His prmciples and ideals are of the most
enlightened and progressive. In addition to these two chief activi-
ties, Riva-Agiiero is likewise a traveler, havmg made extensive jour-
neys in Europe, North America, and in his own continent. One
of these, a trip from Cuzco to Huancayo in 1912, is most interestingly
described in Por la sierra, a book of which Spanish and English
editions are in active preparation.
Don Francisco Garcia-Calderon, who is not to be confused with
his illustrious father, sometime president of Peru, is quite as well
known in Europe as in South America, for he has lived many years
in France, and writes in French as well as in Spanish. His chief
works are: Le Perou contemporain (Paris, 1907), Les democraties
latines de TAmericiue (Paris, 1912), and La creacion de un continente
(Paris, 1913). The two first mentioned are close analytical studies
of sociological aspects of Latin America, studies on which aU sub-
secpent works of a similar nature must very largely be based. The
third is a study of the revolution against Spam and its effects, espe-
cially as regards contmental solidarity.
Don Ventura Garcia-Calderon works m a field adjommg, but
^learly separated from that m which his brother labors so well.
20 THE PAN AMEEICAN UNION.
Don Ventura is undouhtodly one of the three or four rising young
literary critics of the first order now writing in Latin America.
His chief works are: Del romanticismo al modernismo (Paris, 1910),
and La literatura peruana (Paris and New York-Revue liispaniqu(\
XXXI, pp. ;^05-391, 1914). The first of these is an ahle discussion
of the various and often conflicting influences at work upon Peruvian
literature since the in(h>pendence. Judicious use is made of the
anthological method, })lentiful illustrations of each movement
being given. The second work is a general view of Peruvian litera-
ture. It is refreshingly at variance now and then with Prado's
work on the same subject, and the two taken together furnish a firm
basis for all detailed study. The bibliographical material given in
Don Ventura's book is especially valuable.
Don Felipe (k^ Barreda y Laos, in his Vichi intelectual de la Colonia
(Lima, 1909), has delved down into the very fundamentals of the
colonial period in Peru, and he portrays with exceeding skiU the
exact character of intellectual life and ideals in those picturesque
days.
Don Mariano H. Cornejo resembles Don Francisco Garcia-Calderon
in two essential points — he has lived in France and tends to write
in French rather than in Castillian, and he is a sociologist as well
as an historian. His chief work is Sociologie generale (Paris, 1911,
two vohunes). It is a work very similar in scope and in quality to the
works of Giddings, Spencer, Buckle, and Kidd in English. During his
residence in Paris as Peruvian minister to France, Cornejo has evi-
dently put liimself into close touch with the leaders of sociological
thought in Europe, and consec{uently his works show a mellow erudi-
tion, which, combuied with their high literary quality, makes it a
pleasure as weU as a necessity for serious writers on Peru to use them.
Three other Peruvian sociologists should here be mentioned. They
are Don iVlberto UUoa y Sotomayor, Don Alberto Salomon, and Don
Alberto BaUon-Landa. AU three are making higlily valuable con-
tributions to our knowledge of Andean social and racial problems,
their chief works being respectively, Organizacion social y legal del
trabajo en el Perii, El desarollo economico del Peru, and Los hombres
de la selva. All three appear in the Revista Universitaria of the
University of San Marcos for the years 1917 and 1918.
Don Jose Antonio de LavaUe y Garcia's two books, De agronomia
nacional and Los caracteres agrologicos de las tierras cultivadas en
la costa del Peru (both Lima, 1918), show that the Peruvians are
arousing themselves to make the intensive examination of the agri-
cultural resources of their land which has so long been needed.
Less strictly literary and more purely historical are the works of
Horacio H. Urteaga and Carlos B. Romero, As students of the pre-
Columbian period in Peru both have done much work, but they seem
to be strangely out of touch with modern scientific investigation
INTELLECTUAL LIFE IX THE ANDEAN COUNTRIES. 21
along certain lines, or else sceptical of its s<^)litlity, for one finds them,
especially li-teaga, indulging in conjectures reminiscent of Le Plon-
geon and Lord Kingsborough aiul Ignatius Donnelly (of Atlantis and
Baconian fame). However, one readily forgives their little arclia-
isms in view of the fine work that they are doing in publishhig well-
edited and carefully annotated editions of rare or unpublished works
on Peruvian history and prehistory (Libros y documentos referentes
a la historia del Peru). Urteaga has just issued the fii-st volume of a
new Coleccion de historiadores clasicos del Peru. The first volume
contains the first three books of the Comentarios reales of Garcilaso
de la \ ega, precedetl by the eulogy of the Inca WTitten by Riva-Agliero.
The illustrations, (especially the excellent color plate which forms the
frontispiece) and carefully compiled notes greatly elucidate the text.
Another important Peruvian historian is Don Victor Maurtua. His
book, La cuestion del Pacifico (Lima, 1901), is one of the standard
works about the Chilean war. He also edited that remarkable and
valuable set of documents known as Juicio de limites entre el Peru y
Bolivia (Madrid and Barcelona, 1906, 12 volumes and atlas). There
is a large number of documents m this compilation, nearly all of
which have valuable information to give upon one aspect or another of
Peruvian history.
Less easy to classify in rigid groups are such writers as the follow-
ing:
Dr. Carlos Wiesse is the author of Las civilizaciones primitivas del
Peru (Lima, 1918). That work is an admirable handbook of Peru-
vian pre-history, and it has the additional merit of l)ehig the first work,
so far as I know, written in Latin .Vnierica to present the sound
scientific findhigs of Dr. .Ues Hrdlicka anent the origin of man in
America. AnothcM- nieiit of Wiesse's work is that of pi-esenthig wliat
strikes me as behig the best ta])ulati()ii of tlie Inca sovereigns which
has yet been made.
Dr. Victor Andres Belaiinde is the autlior of El Peril antiguo y los
modernos sociologos (Lima, 1908). With much analytical skill
Dr. Belaunde has shown, in detail the marvelous admmistrative
mechanism of the Inca system in ancient Peru. He then shows
the bearing of all that upon modern social c|uestions. Losing this
work in combination with the \\Titings of Heinrich Cunow and the
late Sir Clements Markham and Juan Bautista vSaavedra (a Bolivian,
of whom more anon), one has complete data for the social organi-
zation of Incaic Peru.
Dr. Julio C. Tello is a very young man (at least as far as his literary
career is concerned). He was partly educated at Harvard, and has
a clear, incisive mmd. In spite of the fact tliat he is a medical
practitioner, he has devoted himself to archeological and ethno-
logical investigations. Recently he wrote a wonderful series of
archeological papers (Lima, 1917), which are invaluable treatises on
22 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
that subject. For the most part, however, Tello's contributions to
Peruvian Mterature have taken the form of short but excellent
studies of sociological and medical subjects. Don Juan Pedro Paz-
Soldan y Valle Riestra is the author of many excellent papers, his
chief work being "La Ciudad de los Reyes" (Lima, 1915).
These, then, arc a few of the chief literary and scientific men of
Peru. Others there are of great capabilities, but it is my bad for-
tune to know very little about them. Jndeed, there is a deplorable
lack of connection between our scientific circles up here and those
of the various Latin American countries. In all of them, and espe-
cially in the Andean countries, there is a very tense intellectual life
which centers about the universities and other seats of learning.
Much excellent research in various directions is being carried on,
but apparently no way has yet been discovered of making it known
beyond the liorders of Latin America. This is North America's loss
fully as much as it is Latin America's.
In Bolivia Don Manuel Vicente Ballivian holds a position analogous
to that held in Peru by Ricardo Palma. Ballivian is a man of great
erudition, for he has devoted himself to historical and archaeological
researches and to geographical explorations for many years. As a
result of his long life of accomplishment he is looked up to by all
Bolivia, and he received a special honor from the American Geo-
graphical Society of New York some years ago in recognition of his
geographical work.
Juan Bautista Saavedra, in his work El ayllu (La Paz, 1909), and
Alcides Arguedas, in Pueblo enfermo (Barcelona, 1909), presents
pictures of social concHtions in Bolivia which should stand as exam-
ples of literary genius long after the unfortunate circumstances they
l)ortray have perished. The great fault of Arguedas is his pessimism,
a pessimism whicli has a terrible and fatalistic bitterness.
Analogous to and generously complementary of the Prado collec-
tion in Lima are three remarkable archaeological collections m La
Paz. They belong to Don Federico Diez de Medina, Don Augustin
de Rada, and the Museo Nacional (du-ected by Don Alberto Jtluregui
y Rosquellas) . Another fine collection is that of Seiior Ai-thur Pos-
nansky, but it was not fully in order when I saw it, so that I am
unable to estimate its scientific value. Senor Posnansky, a civil
engineer, has made an invaluable plan of the ruins of Tiahuanaco
near Lake Titicaca. The objects in all these collections come from
the lofty plateau between the lake and the deep valley in which La
Paz is situated. Most of them belong to the pre-Inca cultures, but
the Inca civilization and also the postconquest Indian cultures are
generously represented.
Ecuador is fortunate in possessing a very enterprising group of
young writers and investigators, of whom Don Jacmto Jijon y
Caamano, Don Jose Navarro, and Don Carlos M. Larrea are the best
INTELLECTUAL LIFE IX THE AXDEAX COUXTRIES. 23
known. Senor Jijon is beyond all question the rising sun in South
American archaeological and historical investigation. He is a young
man avIio belongs to two of the oldest and wealthiest families in
Ecuador. He. like his associates in the Sociedad Ecuatoriana do
Estudios Historicos Americanos, is a disciple of the late Ai-chbishoj)
of Quito, the saintly Don Federico Gonzalez-Suarez. All those who
have interest in the romantic past of our hemisphere will be grateful
to Senor Jijon for his two books El tesoro de Itschimbia (London,)
1912) and Los aborigenes de Imbabura (Madrid, 1914), as well as for
his very recent Notas acerca de los Incas en el Ecuador (Quito, 1918).
This last work is especially valuable, for it clears up a number of
obscure points in Inca history. It was written in collaboration with
Senor Larrea. Still another invaluable recent piece of research
carried out by Senor Jijon is an intensive critical analysis of the
historicity of the events related by the Ecuadorian historian, Father
Juan de Velasco. It is now proved that Yelasco is not trustworthy,
and we shall henceforth have to depend on the ^\Titings of the late
Gonzalez-Suarez and on the researches of Jijon and Larrea for our
information as to the pre-Hispanic history of Ecuador. Senor
Navarro deserves great credit for his work in collectmg and repro-
ducing old inscriptions from various parts of Quito and other Ecua-
dorian cities. It is to be hoped that this sort of study, very valuable
as a means of dating buildings and styles of architecture, will be
carried on extensively throughout South America, Central America,
and North America.
Don Alfredo Flores y Caamauo, a cousin of Jijon y Caamaho, has
WTitten Descu])rimiento historico relativo a la independencia de Quito
(Quito, 1909), a work in which inaccessible and important data con-
cerning the revolution against Spain are to be found.
Still more valuable for the student of Latm American history,
especially for the seeker after information regarding the influences
of the Napoleonic invasion of Spam on that country's American
possessions, is Seiior Flores's Don Jose Mejia Lequerica en las cortes
de Cadiz de 1810 a 1813 (Barcelona, 1914).
Similar in subject matter and in historical value is Leyendas del
tiempo lieroico (Madrid, 1918), by the well-known Ecuadorian,
Manuel J. Calle.
In a word, the three Andean countries are all honored by the
presence of diligent and progi'essive groups of earnest and capable
students. In the space at my disposal it has been possible to touch
on only one or two phases of the intellectual life there present. But
the reader will understand that medicine, biology, journalism, geology,
law, theology, and other branches of learnmg are all nobly repre-
sented in the Andes. I have ventured to present only those sorts of
studies and those scholars with whom I have the honor to be
acquainted.
ij m:m 11 1:^ MX £± i^ %i %j V.
A I i f 11^: 1./ IJ tj %./
A LTHOUGH in general the services rendered by citizens of
/\ the ITnited States to wSouth Americans, in their efforts to
/ \ free themselves from the yoke of Spain, have been recog-
nized in various publications, it does not appear to be
known outside of Ecuador that Jose Villamil, eminently identified
with the movement for freedom, was an American citizen.
Of Spanish and French ancestry, he was born in the territory then
the Spanish province of Louisiana in the year 1789. When 16 years
of age he became first sergeant in the first company of Volunteer
Reserves — that is, two years after the territory was purchased from
France by the United States in 1803. In 1810, while visiting Cadiz,
Spain, he became intimately acquainted with the Spanish-American
patriots, Fernando Lorenzo de Velasco, a Mexican, and Manuel
de Sarratea, of Buenos Aires, with whom he planned the emancipa-
tion of Spanish America. In his "Reseiia Historica" Gen. Villamil
says:
With the annexatiiiii nf my country to the United States, I was no longer a colonist;
I was accustome(l Inun my infancy not only to respect, hiil lo love .Spain; hut the
undertaking was great , hold and dangerous, and any thing ha\ing those characteristics
enthuses youth.
Soon aflcrwai'ds lie sailed for Venezuela, arriving at the city of
Maracaibo, where he became an enthusiastic revolutionist, with all
the daiig(Ms and trials atten(Hng such a position, at one time being
saved execution through the great influence of two of his brothers
there and the interest his youth awakened in the governor, Gen.
Millares.
While passing through Puerto Principe in 1815 Villamil met
Bolivar, who ever after retained for him a warm respect and interest,
and for whom Villamil felt such esteem that he named his son after
the liberator and called one of his daughters Bolivia. During the
same year he arrived at Guayacjuil, where he was married to the
b(uuitifu] Senorita Ana Garaicoa and became a permanent resident,
hi,s numerous descendants being well known in Ecuador. In Feb-
ruary of the following year he descended the Guayacpiil River at the
time Commodore Brown, from the Navy of Buenos Aires, was at
Puna with several war vessels. Villamil returned upstream, not
1 By Dr. Fii'doric W. Coding, U. S. Consul C.enenil :it Guayaquil, Ecuador.
24
Photo presented by Sr. Jorje lUingworth I, of CJuayaquil
CENERAL JOSEPH VILLAMIL.
This leader of independeuce of Hispanic America was born in 1789 in Louisiana where he becam^^^
sergeant of the first company of riflers shortly after the acquisition of the territory bv the L nited btates.
He^t^s the leading spL^t oTthe revolution-effected in Guaya.,uil in ls20 ^^^'"f, t^e f Pf ^^^h re^^^^^^^^
and after lending valiant services in the struggle for freedom he remained one of the most note\\oith>
characters in public life of Ecuador after 1830.
26 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
without being pursued by two of the armed fleet under Brown. In
liis Reseiia Villamil says :
I am convinced that Brown would have permitted me to pass, owing to my being
an American citizen. He would even have done more — he would have thanked
me to continue my voyage beyond, for I would then be delivering the city of Guay-
acjuil to him without its being prepared for defense. But the idea of indifferently
betraying the city to the mercy of the attacking force, whose intentions coxild be
easily seen, without doing anything to assist it, made me ashamed. I then returned,
])ut not without serious loss to my interests. At 10 o'clock the tide began to turn,
and should I have been compelled to anchor, Guayaquil would have been surprised
and captured; but a strong breeze from the south, rare in February and at that hour,
saved the city.
To detain Brown by forcing him to lose the tide was of the first
importance. Arriving at Punta de Piedra, which was defended
])y 6 or 8 cannon and a force of 14 men, Villamil, in the name of
tlie governor, ordered the sergeant in command to send a messenger
overland to Guayaquil, and to open fire upon the two vessels. The
next day on reaching the city Brown found it strongly defended
and he and his vessel were captured. Villamil had occupied a con-
spicuous part in the preparations for defense, and was later com-
missioned to treat with Brown as to the final arrangements and
exchange of a considerable group of Spanish prisoners captured.
About the middle of the year 1820, Villamil figured as the direct-
ing genius of the revolutionary movement in Guayaquil. Arrang-
ing a ball at his home as a blind, on the night of October 1, the
conspirators organized, and on the following night he was commis-
sioned to solicit the aid of the Spanish military forces, in which
project he was successful. At his house a week later, at the dinner
celebrating his appointment as attorney general by the Royal Gov-
ernment, every patriot involved was given special instructions;
and on October 20, 1820, the blow was struck which forever ended
Spanish rule in Guayaquil. Two days later Villamil started on his
mission to inform Lord Cochrane and Gen. San Martin of the result
of the uprising. After receiving the greatest attention from these
gentlemen he returned to Guayaquil accompanied by delegates to
the independent government of the province, and was commis-
sioned lieutenant colonel by Gen. San Martin. In command of
a squadron of cavalry, Villamil took an active part in the defeat
of the Spanish troops at Huachc and other battles, later serving
under the gallant Gen. Sucre until the final surrender of the royal
troops.
In 1830 Villamil declared the Galapagos Islands an integral part
of the Republic of Ecuador, the Government concurring and tak-
ing formal possession of the archipelago February 12, 1832. Hav-
ing received a grant of Ploreana Island, one of the group, he estab-
GENERAL JOSEPH VILLA:\riL.
27
lished thereon a colony, and devoted most of his renuuning years
and fortune to the development of the ishmd, placing live stock
and agricTiltural implements within reach of the settlers.
As a military man Villamil was upon various occasions chief of
the military forces of the department of Guayas, chief of staff and
operations and division general, the highest rank in the army reg-
ister of Ecuador. In civil life he was mayor of Guayaquil, depart-
ment prefect, and collector of customs at Manahi. In 1852 Gen.
Urbina, the supreme chief of the Republic, called him to liis cabinet
as minister of war; and after the reorganization of the Government
he was sent as charge d'affaires to the United States.
After serving for several years in public affairs he retired to pri-
vate life: but, although weighted with years, he offered his services
to the Chilean Government on learning that the Spanish squadron
was bombarding Valparaiso.
Gen. Villamil, of whom aU Americans as well as Ecuadorians may
well feel proud, died at Guayaquil, where his remains are biuied.
May 12, 1866, at the age of 77. His name occupies a prominent place
in the history of Ecuador, being revered as that of one of the coun-
try's greatest patriots.
'V'' r i\ vm i I i -% I vm i ' M it A /f
1 .£:#i't,ii %.i 1. vj ill
THE story of the peanut's history was more or less of a change-
able one until recent years. Its origin had been credited
to nearly every land where it is grown and agriculturists
had traced its course around the entire earth in order to
get a true story of its life. It is now generally accepted, however,
that the peanut or arachis hyjiogxa is indigenous to tropical America
and more ])articularly to the country of Brazil. Egypt has been
claimed as the land of its origin, l)ut, as Do Candolle points out, if
tlie plant was once cultivated there it would probably still exist in
that country, and also it is not mentioned in either Forskal's cata-
logue or in DeUle's flora. The peanut has been for several centuries
cultivated in Africa, and some writers maintain that the plant is
indigenous to both that continent and to South America, but as it
is not mentioned by any of the ancient Greek, Latin, and Arab
authors it does not seem probable that that theory is true. The
l)eanut is also cultivated in China, Cochin-China, and India, but it
is beheved to have been introduced there in comparatively recent
times. Six or seven aUied species are found in Brazil, and if the
a melds hypogspci were not of American origin it would l)e the only
exception to the group, which seems impro})able. Numerous speci-
mens of peanuts have been found in the prehistoric graves at Ancon,
Peru; also pieces of earthenware decorated with representations of
the peanut. A vessel, nearly closed except for a small opening at
the top, evidently used for parching peanuts, was found with peanuts
painted on the handle. This gives added proof that the peanut
originated in South America.
It is interesting to note the way the peanut is supposed to have
come to North America. The slave dealers, needing a food that was
not bulky but stiU high in food value and cheap in price, loaded up
with peanuts to feed to their cargo of slaves on the voyage across
the Atlantic. This story is given additional weight by the fact that
the Carolina and Mrginia peanuts differ considerably, each, it is
believed, coming from Africa but from different sections of that
continent.
During the Civil War in the United States the scarcity of rations
fixed the nutritious value of this nut upon the minds of individuals
of both armies, and although the peanut was known in the United
States during the days of colonization it was not luitil after the war,
or about 1 870, that it became of commercial importance. The growth
of the peanut industry from that time up to 1900 was gradual, but
since then it has grown to large proportions and the product is fast
l)ecoming an important food.
28
MACHINE POTATO DIGGER ADAITED For; ilAlCVESTIXC rHAXLT:
The blade in front is arranged so as to cut the roots of the plant in the proper way.
PEANUT DIGGER IN OPERATION.
Many of the large pro lucers of peanuts use a machine digger for harvesting. This machine will dig
from S to 12 acres a day.
96.J2.J— 19— Bull. 1 3
^.^ .5
"^?*5b. ,.^x, .::
IN THE PEVM I I IFI.I)^
Upper picture: In stacking peanuts it is important to keep them oil the ground. Tliis is accomplished
by starting the stacks on two cleats nailed to the stake 8 or 12 inches from the ground. Lower picture:
P"ield of peanuts showing two liills after being dug.
PEAXUTS IN THE AMERICAS. 31
Figures tell an intoiostinji; story of the (levolopincnt of the impor-
tance of the peanut. In ISS!) the jiroduetion in the United States
was 3,588,143 bushels. During the next 10 years the crop increased
over 300 per cent and 516,654 acres were planted to peanuts. In 1909,
869,887 acres were devoted to the raising of this crop, and the yield
was 19,415,816 bushels, valued at S18,271,929. Since 1910 the acre-
age planted to peanuts has increased more rapidly than in any pre-
ceding 10 years. Estimates show that 2,000,000 acres were planted
in 1917, and in addition there has been a large increase in the prices
paid for peanuts. This increase in the production and acreage of
peanuts has been due to the development and improvement in
machinery and methods used in handling the crop, the disseminating
of information concerning its value as a food for man an<l beast, and
the use of the by-products of peanut butter and peanut oil.
To most people the peanut is a delicacy to be bought at the fruit
stands or of the vender on the street corner, but only a small part
(about 25 per cent) is disposed of in this way. The peanut is a
valuable food for cattle and hogs, and thousands of bushels are also
shelled each year for use in confections and food products. Nor do
we think usually of the food value of the peanuts we buy to be eaten
merely because we like the taste. The kernels contain about 29
per cent protein, 49 per cent fat, and 14 per cent of carbohydrates,
which make it a highly nutritious article of food.
The peanut belongs to the same group of plants as do the peas
and beans, but it is distinguished from these in the fact that its
fruit or nut grows beneath the surface of the ground. The peanut is
also known as '"groundnut," "ground pea," ''goober pea," and
under several other similar names, and properly speaking it is a pea
more than a nut, the term "nut" behig given because of its flavor.
The peaiuit is cultivated commercially in the Americas along the
whole southern part of the Ignited States from Florida to California,
as far north as Washington, D. C, and in several countries of Lathi
America. It will grow in other places, but the best localities are
those where the frost-free season is comparatively long. The peanut
does best on a sandy loam with a weU-drained subsoil, but the crop
may be grown under a large variety of conditions. Climatic condi-
tions require a long season without frost, a light rainfall durnig the
growing period, abundant sunshine, and a high temperature. The
Spanish peanut will mature in about 90 days under the most favorable
conditions, but a longer period should be allowed for best results.
Peanuts should be a rotation crop to be gro\\m about one year in
each three or four. They should, if possible, follow some well-cul-
tivated crop that has been kept free from weeds. Corn, potatoes,
clover, oats, and cowpeas make good crops to be planted on the
ground to be used for peanuts. Manure does not make as good a
._-:^4n
Mr,.-
■ ■■■- />#*■• '-^v^.
T '
j.^uJU^iaau-^
W o "
M
2: ^
■ PEANUTS IX rilK AMERICAS. 33
fertilizer as some commercial products. A inixtiire which contains
nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash makes a good fertilizer when
well mixed with the soil. Peanuts also re(|vure an abundance of
lime in the soil. T\w plant gathers nitrogen in large (piantities.
which adheres to the roots in little no(hiles. For this reason it is
practicable to leave a large part of th(> peanut roots in tlie ground at
the time of harvesting. It is estimated that this nitrogen left in tlie
ground lias a fertilizing value of from So to !?S an acre.
A good grade of seed for planting a {)eanut crop is just as im|)ortaiit
as the selection of good seed for any other crop. Onh^ the best of
the previous year's growth should be saved for seed, for it produces
a greater yield and a better plant. Although the peanut seed may
be planted in the pod, it is better that they be shelled. Quicker
germination will follow and there is less danger of loss, for the seed
can be selected with greater care. Seeds planted in a heavy soil
should not be buried too deep, and even in lighter soils they should
be no deeper than 2 inches.
During the early stages of growth the plant should be well culti-
vated and kept free from weeds. The dirt should be loose about the
plants in order to allow the tiny shoots to penetrate the ground
where they form th(> i)ods. This phenomenon takes place in very
few, if any, other plants. The male flowers appear and soon die,
but the female flowers send forth a tiny shoot, which curves down-
ward and penetrates the ground at the base of the plant and there
forms the peanut. After the vines begin to form the pods, they should
be disturbed as little as possible and care exercised not to injure
the plant.
There is an exact condition of the crop determining the time that
the peanut should be dug, varying only with the weather and the
climate. The aim should be to dig at the time when the plants
have the greatest number of mature pods. If deferred too-long the
pods that form first may sprout, especially if there is a period of
rainy weather late in the season. An early frost, wliile it does not
affect the pea its(^lf, is injurious to the vines if they are to be used
for forage. Mo(U'rn machinery lias made radical changes in har-
vesting the peanut as witli other crojis. Th(> special type of peanut
digger generally in use is a machhie that digs, cleans, and bunches
the peanuts and cuts off the root just below the pods and leaves
the nitrogen -bearing part in the soil.
After the peanut vines have been taken from the ground and
allowed to he for a few hours they are stacked around a central
stake to cure. This process should ])e done with care, as the peanuts
are especially liable to be spoiled at this time. A stake is driven in
the ground, with two small laths nailed at right angles a])out 8
niches above the surface. These laths kee]) the vines from touching
PEAXUTS IX THE AMERICAS. 35
the soil. The vines shoukl ho rlustcrod around tlie stake, hut not
too thickly, as they will mold or ])rcveiit the circulation of air.
The pods are placed in the center and the vines sloping slightly
outward, so that the rainwater will run off. This curing process
should he continued from three to four weeks. Picking was formerly
done hy hand, and even after the advent of picking machinery the
hand-picked product was sold for a hetter price, hut in the last few
years the ])rice has only varied according to the grade of the peanut.
Care must he taken in picking not to break the pods, as those that
are cracked will not keep for a very long time and consequently are
unmarketable. The nuts have some dirt adhering to the pods, but
this is cleaned off at the peanut factory, where they are also polished
with white marble dust to improve their appearance.
Several varieties of peanuts are grown in the United States and
^atin America and each has its use. The Virginia Bunch and
Virginia Runner, having a large pod with usually two seeds, are
the ones used for vending purposes where the peas are roasted and
sold from fruit stands. The Spanish and North Carolina peanut,
somewhat smaller, are also used for this purpose, but not so exten-
sively. The Spanish and Valencia are used considerably for stock-
feeding purposes, as they are easier to grow and may be produced
under a greater variety of conditions. For shelled peas the smaller
nuts of the large-podded stock are used, also the Spanish, North
Carolina, and the Tennessee Red varieties.
Within the last few years efforts have been made on the part of
the governments of some of the Latin-American countries to have
the peanut cultivated to a greater extent. Nearly all the countries
gi-ow the peanut, but they do not seem to reahze its importance as a
commercial crop.
Argentina has been a large peanut -importing country, and only
recently has much attention been paid to developing the industry
within its own borders. In 1913 a total of over 7,000,000 pounds of
j^eanuts were imported into Argentina, mainly from China, France,
Africa, and the British possessions. In that same year only 62,963
acres were planted to peanuts. In 1918, however, the peanut crop
of Argentina was very successful, no doubt owing to the fact that ni
the previous year the Government distributed free 124,796 kilos of
seed.
A quotation from an Uruguayan paper gives clearly the status of
the peanut in that country.
The Government's free-seed distributing committee recently gave peanuts for
planting luu-poses to more than 400 Uruguayan farmers who manifested a desii-e to
engage in growing this crop. As this is a now industry in the Republic, instructions
concerning the planting, cultivation, and harvesting of this legume were also fur-
nished to the persons receiving the seeds.
■r^
'•\\^f->
ROOTS OF THE PEANUT VINE.
This picture sliows very well the value of the peanut plant, as a nitrogen gatherer. The nodules on the
rootsare formed by the hacteiia wliicli coileel the nitrogen. 1'Ih' tins shoots which come down from
the flowers and penetrate the ground to form the peanut are eh ;iil\ >liiAvn. In gathering the plant
care is taken to cut the root e.xactlv as shown bv the black bar so us hj l(a\ e i he nitrogen in the ground.
rEANUTS IX THE AMERICAS. 37
The peanut has been successfully cuUivatcd in Para^may and
there are about seven varieties grown in that country.
In the various countries of Central American the climate is admir-
ably suited to the cultivation of peanuts, but the people do not seem
to realize their value. The Ignited States exports annually large
quantities of peanuts to Central America, and the travelei- in these
countries notices frequently peaiuit venders at the railroad stations
and buys their products, thinking that he is consuming a Central-
American article of food, l)ut which in all probability came from the
United States. The peanut in Mexico has been cultivated to quite
an extent and in some States it is an important commodity.
As stated before, the use of the peanut, as the majority of us know
it, as a dehcacy on the fruit stand, would not be a sufficient reason
for its cultivation to such a large extent. The amounts used for
food for cattle and hogs and for making peanut butter, peanut oil,
and peanut cake far surpass the amount sold as roasted peanuts.
Of course we are all familiar vnth. salted peanuts (usually the Spanish
variety) and the large use of peanuts in confections and bakery
products, but we are not quite as famiUar with the other phases of
the peanut industry.
There are no statistics available as to the amount of peanut butter
manufactured, but the quantity is large and increasing every year.
Three manufacturers of peanut butter in the United States made
over 7,000,000 pounds in 1916. In addition to these, there are
numerous small factories, and it is estimated that about 4.000,000
bushels of peanuts go into this mdustry annually. The quality of
peanuts used must be the very best, and extreme care is taken in
their preparation. The peanuts are roasted and then cooled and
blanched. The blanching consists of removing the red skin, which is
done by means of brushes. The peanuts are then fed into a grinder,
usually a blend of the Virginia and Spanish, as it is believed that a
blend of the two makes a better butter than either used ahuie. and
from 11 to 3 pounds of salt mixed with every 100 pounds of nuts.
Peanut butter is very easy to mak(\ and since many families prei)are
their own. the figures of production can oidy approximate the actual
amount manufactured. The use of peanut i)Utter is increasing each
year as people begin to realize its food value. A pound of peanut
butter contains one and one-half times as much protein, over three
times as much fat, and three times as much fuel value as a pound of
round steak. It also contains 17 per cent of carbohydrates, whde
steak contains none.
The manufacture of peanut oil in the United States, until very
recent years, has been very httle, as it is one of those industries that
have grown up out of the war. In the year ending June 30, 1914,
the United States imi)()rted 1,332, lOS gallons of peanut oil, valued
at S91o,939. The war, however, caused a shortage o\ animal and
r- O
'o o
£5
^ ^ 5
2-a-t:
.22 3 o
^^'
PEANUTS IX THE AMERICAS. 39
vegetable oils, and for the year ending December 30, 1916, we find
very different figures. In that year the United States imported
2,089,801 and manufactured over 3,000,000 gallons. The method of
manufacture, however, of the European peanut oil makes it a far
better product than the oil produced in America. The oil manufac-
tured here is made from unshelled nuts and has an earthy taste,
which makes it undesirable for a table oil. The shells also absorb
some of the oil, which, although it nuikes a l)etter peanut cake, results
in loss of oil. which is the more valua])le product. In Europe peanut
oil is made from nuts that have been shelled and carefully examined
for impurities. This makes it possible to manufacture a high-grade,
edible oil which does not need to be refined and an oil that has a good
color and a distinct peanut flavor. The American-made oil is used
mostly for packing purposes, but a valuable industry could be built
up in the United States by manufacturing an oil according to the
European methods and putting it on the market as a high-class edible
oil at a price slightly lower than olive oil.
Cottonseed-oil miUs could be used profitably for the manufacture
of peanut oil, as they are already equipped with the necessary machin-
ery, and in most cases do not get enough cotton seed to keep them
busy the entire year. The manufacture of peanut oil has also had
a good effect on the peanut market in general. The poorer grade of
peanuts can be disposed of in this way at a fairly good price, as well
as those nuts that have l)ecome rancid or spoiled by insects. The
by-products of peanut-butter factories are also disposed of in the
manufacture of soap oil.
The peanut industry is still in its infancy as far as opportunities
for development are concerned. The demand for peanuts and peanut
products is increasing rapidly. Especially is this true of peanut oil,
which is a conmiodity, although but little known in this country,
rapidly coming into favor. The growing of peanuts for stock-feeding
purposes is another large opportunity for the peanut industry.
Nearly every farm in the peanut-growning section could grow to
advantage an acre or several acres, de])ending on the size of the farm,
for feeding to hogs. In view of the urgent demand for i)ork and pork
products and the high prices paid, there is every incentive for the
farmers in the peanut regions to raise hogs. The fact that the public
is demanding peanuts more and more is shown by the figures of
production, which increased from 3,500,000 bushels in 1899 to over
40,000,000 bushels in 1916, and the price per bushel increased at
the same time. The spread of information regarding the up-to-date
means of cultivation which has enabled many producers to make
the peanut a well-paying crop, and the aid given by many of the Latin-
American governments in furnishing seed to farmers no doubt has
stimulated the peanut industry and will continue to make it a lucra-
tive business.
40
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
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THE foreign commerce of the 20 Latin American R(>])ublics
for the year 1917 amounted to $3,292,626,016, an increase
of $884,997,216 over the preceding year. The imports
increased $156,145,042; that is, from $1,040,662,174 to
$1,196,807,216. The exports increased $228,852,174; that is, from
$1,866,966,627 to $2,095,818,801.
The trade of Latin America within 20 years has increased to more
than two and a half times what it wr.s; the exports more than three
times, and the imports nearly twice, as shown by the following table:
All Latin America.
Imports.
Exports.
Total
1917
11,196,807,216
415,079,562
$2,09.5,818,801
495,342,937
S3, 292, 626, 017
1.897
910,422,499
Increase
Per cent
781,727,654
188
1,600,475,864
323
2, 382. 203, 518
262
The percentage of increase in trade, liowever, lias not ])een nniform
throughout the whole of the 20 Rc])ul)li(S. It has been much greater
in the northern group of 10 Ke})ublics, com))rising Mexico, Guatemala,
Salvador, Honduras. Nicaragua, C\)sta Kica, Panama, Cuba, Domini-
can Republic, and Haiti, than in the soutlu^rn group, likewise of 10,
comprising Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Paraguay, Peru, I'ruguay, and Venezuela. That of course is not to
say that some of the republics in the second group have not increased
tlieir percentages of trade as largely as any of the northern grou]),
but that the group as a whole has not made as great a comparative
advance in trade.
Latin Repuhlirs of North America.
Imports.
Exports.
Total.
1917
S474, 749, 733
80, 848, 144
$662,129,022
116,711,169
$1,136,878,7.55
1897
197, .559, 313
Increase
393, 901, .589
487
54.5,417,853
467
939,319,442
Percent
475
41
42
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
South American Republics.
1917
1S97
Increase
Percent
Imports.
.8722,057,483
334,231,418
387,826,06.5
116
Exports.
rolal.
$1,433,689,779
378,631,768
1,055,058,011
278
$2,15.5,747,262
712,863,186
1,442,884,076
202
In 1897 Panama formed part of Colombia. Therefore in the tables
above it is included with the southern instead of with the northern
group, where it properly belongs. In all other tables in this survey
Panama is included with the northern group.
CHARACTER OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.
The bulk of imports of the Latin American Republics are of
manufactures, other than foodstuffs, ready for consumption. Of
commodities not so comprehended, the chief are lumber, gold,
mineral oils, iron and steel construction material, flour, canned foods,
and some unwrought iron, steel, copper, and other metals. Of the
manufactured articles not food, which comprise the bulk of the
imports, the range is very large, covering practically all the finished
manufactured products known in Europe or in the United States —
textiles, leather manufactures, furniture, household utensils, office
appliances, tools, hardware, machinery, especially of the lighter
kind, agricultural implements, mining supplies and tools, engines,
motors, glassware, telephonic, telegraphic, and other electrical
apparatus and material, and paper.
Of the more highly manufactured food pnxkicts, the chief are edible
oils, canned vegetables, meats, and fish, sweets and jams, edible
pastes, spices and condiments, wines and liquors. In countries not
producing the same, there are imports of sugar, tobacco, and fruits.
There is a remarkable uniformity in the imports of all the countries.
As a general rule what can be sold in Cuba or Mexico can also be sold
in Argentina or Chile.
On the export side there is, however, a wide divergence between the
exports of one country and those of another. In general all of these
exports may be classified as raw materials and primary food products.
With the exception of Argentina, I^ruguay, and Chile, ft)od exports
in general are tropical or subtropical products, such as cofl'ee, cane
sugar, cacao. The food exports of the three countries — Argentina,
Uruguay, and Chile — are however of the same character as the food
exports of the United States — meats and grain. The principal
exports of the countries are as follows:
I.AIIX AMKKICAX FOREIGN TRADE IX 11117. 43
Mexico. — Gold, silvor, antimony, nicrciiry. copixT, Irad. zinc,
mineral oils, sisal, hides, and skins. '11i(M-(> are some e.\])orts of rubber,
woods, ])eas, and beans.
Guatemala. — Coffee, hides, woods, bananas.
Salvador. — Coffee, silver, gold, indigo, sugar.
Honduras. — Gold, silver, bananas.
Nicaragua. — Coffee, woods, rubber, sugar.
Costa Rica. — Coffee, bananas, gold, silver.
Panama. — Bananas, ivory nuts, coconuts, i-ubber.
Cuia. — Sugar, molasses, distillates, tobacco, iron and copiJcr ore,
woods, fruits, hides and skins.
Dominican l\e puhlic. — vSugar, cacao, tobacco, coffee, bananas, hides.
Haiti. — Coffee, cacao, honey, cotton, cotton seed, logwood.
Argentina. — Frozen beef and mutton; hides, wool, sheepskins,
goatskins, bristles, canned meats, beef scrap, tallow, butter, grease,
bones, wheat, flour, corn, linseed, oats, hay, bran, c[uebracho.
Bolivia. — Tin, silver, bismuth, co]:)per, rubber, coco, wolframite.
Brazil. — Coffee, ruhber, hides, verba mate, cacao, tobacco, skins,
sugar, gold, manganese, cotton, cotton seed, beef, bran, monazite
sand.
CMle. — Nitrate of soda, copper, silver, fruits and grains; hides,
wool, fur skins.
Colombia. — Coffee, bananas, tobacco, ivory nuts, rubber, cacao.
Ecuador. — Cacao, ivory nuts, rubber, coffee, gold, hides.
Paraguay. — Hides, quebracho, verba mate, tobacco, fruits.
Peru. — Copper, vanadium, wolframite, rubber, sugar, cotton, wool,
guano, hides.
Uruguay. — Wool, hides, beef, tallow, hair, wheat, flour.
Venesufla. — Coffee, cacao, rubber, hides, goatskins, gold, meats,
copper, sugar.
TRADE BEFORE AND DURING THE WAR.
Comparing the year 1917 with the last full year before the war,
1913, there was a decrease in all Latin American imjiorts of 9 j)er
cent and an increase in exports of 35 per cent. In the northern grouj)
of countries there was an increase in both ex])orts and imports, 70
per cent in the former and 60 per cent in the latter. In the southern
group there was a decrease of 30 per cent in imports and an increase
of 23 per cent in exports as shown by the tables following:
44
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION,
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45
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96525— 19— Bull. 1-
46
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
^•1// Latin America.
Imports.
Exports.
Total.
1917
$1,196,807,216
1,321,861,199
$2,095,818,801
1,552,750,952
$3,292,626,017
2,874,612,151
1913
Increase
1 125,053,983
:9
543,067,849
35
418,013,S66
14
Latin LcjivIjUc^ of North America.
1917
1913
$483,972,903
301,552,778
$667, 753, 198
392, 779, 586
$1,151,726,101
694, 332, 364
182,420,125
60
274,973,612
70
1
457, 393, 737
I'e.r cent
66
South American Republics.
1917 1 $712,834,313 $1,42^,065,603
1913... 1,020,308,421 1,159,^71,366
Increase i 307,474, 108
Per cent '30
258,094,237
23
$2,140,899,916
2, 180, 279, 787
139,379,871
12
A more correct view, liowever, of the effects of the war on Latin-
American trade can be had by taking, instead of a single year dnring
the war and a single year before the war, the period of three full years
of the war — 1915, 1916, and 1917 — and the period of three full yeare
preceding the war — 1911, 1912, and 1913. For the whole of Latin
America this last comparison shows a decrease in imports of 18 per
cent and an increase in exports of 27 per cent. In the first, or
tiorthern group, there was an increase both in imports and in exports —
36 per cent in the former and 55 per cent in the latter — while in the
southern group there was a decrease in imports of 34 per cent, and an
increase in exports of 18 per cent, all of which is more clearly shown
by the three tables which follow:
All Ijitiii America.
-
Imports.
Exports.
Total.
Three vears before the war:
1911
$1,159,490,516
1,212,512,578
1,321,861,199
$1,283,232,640
1,573,533,307
1,552,750,952
$2,442,723,156
1912
2,816,045,885
1913
2,874,612,151
Total
3,723,864,293
4,409,516,899
8, 133, 381, 192
Three vears during the war:
1915
809,925,700
1,040,662,174
1,196,807,216
1,658,469,301
1,866,966,627
2,095,818,801
2,468,395,001
1916
2,907,628,801
1917
3,292,626,017
Total - -
3,0'^7,395,090
I 676, 469, 203
■IS
5,621,254,729
1,211,737,830
27
8,668,649,819
Increase during war
535, 268, 627
7
LATIX AMERICAN FOKEIGX TRADE IX 1U17.
Latin Republics of Xorth America.
47
1
1 Imports.
Exports
Total.
Three vears before the war:
Itll . ...
5272,532,283
$341,131,961
396,537,731
392,779,586
$613,t.64,244
1912
282,026.482
678,564,213
ItlS
301,552,778
694,332.:iiU
Total
856,111,543
1,130,449,278
1,986,560,821
Three years ciiiring the war:
1915
285,555,355
481,7.34,975
<i08,445,184
667,753,198
767.2<Hl.3:!il
1 399,648,623
1,008,093. S07
1917
483,972,903
1, 151, 72<!, 1(11
Total
1,169,176,881
1, 7.57, 93:J, .357
627,484,079
55
2, 927, no, 2:5s
313,065,338
940,549,417
36
47
Three vears before the war:
$886,958,233
$942,100,679
1,176,995,576
1,159,971,366
$1,829,058,912
1912
960,486,096
2,137,481,672
1913
• 1, 020, 308, 421
2,180,279,787
Total
2, 867, 752, 750
3,279,067,621
6,146,820,371
Three vears during the war:
1915
524,370,345
1,176.7.34,326
1,258,521,443
1,428,065,603
1,701,104,671
1916 .
641,013,551
1,899,534,994
1917
712,834,313
2,140,899,916
Total
Increase during war
' 1. 878, 218, 209
1 989, 534, 54 1
3,863,321,372
584,253,751
18
5,741,539,oS.l
1405,280,79;)
134
16
1 Decrease.
DISTRIBUTION OF TRADE.
Ill the three years before the war— 1911, 1912, and 1913— Latin
American trade with the United States, both exports antl
imports, amomited to 82,361,088,613: with the United Kingdom,
§1,839,556,224; with Germany §1,165,255,555; with France, S674,-
914,165.
For the three years dm-ing the war — 1915, 1916, and 1917 —
the same trade with the United States amounted to $4,203,192,961,
an increase of 78 per cent: with the United Kmgdom, SI, 701,816,879,
a decrease of 7 per cent; with France, §566,403,416, an increase of
1.5 per cent. German trade disappeared entirely, except a small
clandestine trade through other countries.
In the northern group the three years' trade before the war, both
exports and imports, was: With the United States, §1,264,200,069;
with the United Kingdom, §230,901,114: with Germany, $173,-
069,427: with France, §117,142,637. The same trade for the three
years during the war was: With the United States, §2,066,094,375;
with the United Kmgdom, §363,508,470; with France, §97,044,533.
In this group the trade with the United States increased §791,894,-
306; with the United Kingdom, §132,607,356: and decreased with
France §20,098,104. German trade disappeared.
The northern group increased its takings in imports from the
United States by nearly §400,000,000, and decreased its takuigs
48
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
from the United Kingdom by nearly $15,000,000, and from France
nearly $22,000,000. On the side of exports the group increased
its sales to the United States by over $400,000,000, to the United
Kingdom by over $147,000,000, and to France over $1,600,000.
In the southern group the three years' trade before the war,
both exports and imports, was: With the United States,
$1,096,888,544; with the United Kingdom, $1,608,655,110; with
Germany, $992,186,128; with France, $557,771,528. The same
trade for the three years during the war was: With the United
States, $2,137,098,586; with the United Kingdom, $1,338,348,409;
with France, $469,538,883. In this group the trade with the
United States increased $1,040,210,042; with the United Kingdom,
decreased $270,346,701; with France, decreased $88,232,645.
The southern group increased its takings in imports from the
United States $300,000,000, and decreased its takings from the
United Kingdom nearly $400,000,000, and from France over
$160,000,000. On the side of exports the group increased its sales
to the United vStates by more than $700,000,000, to the United
Kingdom by more than $127,000,000, and to France by $75,000,000.
Latin- American Republics of North America—Imports.
Three years before the war:
1911
1912
1913
Total
Three years during the war:
1915
1916
1917
Total
Three years' Increase.
Percent
United
Kingdom.
$36, 272, 274
37,047,804
37,202,550
110,522,628
31,920,802
34,860,138
28,89.3,795
95, 674, 735
1 14,847,893
113
Germany.
$28,013,090
28,975,019
29,927,208
3,915,317
France.
818,206,642
19, 368, 283
20, 434, 281
58,009,20b
13,162,469
13,129,354
9,991,320
36,283,143
121,726,063
138
United States.
$146, 239, 580
151,117,848
163,391,767
460, 749, 195
184,741,115
293,687.755
375,125,346
392,805,021
85
South American Republics — Imports.
United
Kingdom.
Germany.
France.
United States.
Three years before the war:
1911
$262,099,378
271,596,755
285,555,025
$166,057,707
179, 183, 276
188,900,663
$77,470,841
84,009,125
89,520,389
$129,701,069
1912
153, 363, 245
1913
167,523,500
Total
819,251,158
534,141,646
251,000,355
450,587,814
Three years during the war:
1915
134,893,988
151,330,088
135,391,498
25, 935, 543
33,135,448
29,237,751
157, 281, 670
1916
245,039,475
1917 ....
328, 104, 962
Total
421,615,574
88,308,742
730,426,107
1397,635,584
148
1 162, 691, 613
165
279,838,292
62
'Decrease.
LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE IN 1917.
Latin- American Republics of North America — Exporls.
49
United
Kingdom.
Germany.
France.
United Statrs.
Three years before the war:
1911
$31,761,559
40,801,499
47,815,428
$25,509,399
30,466,610
30, 178, 101
$19,522,402
20, 444. 921
19, 166, 108
$245, 104.,S!.(i
1912
284,694,103
1913
273, (w 1,875
Total
120,378,486
86,154,110
59,133,431
803,450,874
Three vears during the war:
1915
70,315,S(>3
89, 906, 738
107,611,1:34
12,995,435
24,623,832
23, 142, 123
334,962.324
1916
414, 196, 206
1917
463,381,62<)
Total
267,833,735
■
60,761,390
1,212,540,159
147,455,249
122
1,627,959
2
409,089,285
51
South American Republics — Exports.
United
Kingdom.
Germany.
France.
United States.
Three years before the war:
1911
1912
1913
Total
Three years during the war:
1915
$236,722,421
270,693,412
281,988,119
$139,392,981
156,625,332
162,026,169
$97,968,551
103,831,319
104,971,303
$194, 918, 560
247,094,781
204,287,389
789,403,952
458,044,482
306,771,173
646,300,73!)
9>97 9S4 630
95,579,973
140, 507, 243
144,944,925
341,183,532
1916 294 210 604
453,213,385
1917 .?24 497.601
592,275,562
Total
Three years' increase
' '
916,692,835
381,050,141
1,386,672,479
127 288 883
74,278,968
24
730,371,759
16
113
TEACHER, author, lecturer, artist, Lorado Taft is one of the
most versatile as well as prominent of the sculptors of the
United States. By his own words he has told us what the
mission of the sculptor is, and surely no one has carried
out that mission better than himself. "It has not been vouchsafed
us to be masters of articulate speech," he says, ''but we would tell you
in words of bronze and marble the things that seem to us most worth
while, most enduring, most exalted, or most poignant. Do you care
to listen?"
Lorado Taft, a cousin of ex-President Taft, was born in Elmwood,
111., on April 29, 1860. His parents were New Englanders and from
his mother the artist inherited his talent. In 1879 he was graduated
from the Illinois State University and soon after, like most other
prominent American scidptors, he went abroad and studied three
years in Paris at the Ecole des Beaux Arts. On returning to America
he settled in Chicago and has made his home there ever since.
The early years of Mr. Taft's professional career were somewhat
conditioned by the naif demands and appreciations of a new and
simple society. In such surroundings one naturally makes busts
of the living and dead, whether distinguished or nondisthiguislied,
and executes soldiers' monuments. But the World's Cohnn])ian
Exposition at Chicago in 1893 gave the young scul])t()r his chance,
and he grasped the opportmiity by his conti'ibution of two tall
decorative groups to flank the entrance to llorticultm-al Hall —
"Tlie Sleep of the Flowers" and "The Awakening of the Flowers."
Mr. Taft was awarded the designer's me(hil at this exhil)ition. An
analogous contribution was made for the St. Louis Exhibition; two
groups, with outstanding figures representing "The Mountain" and
"The Prairie."
In later years the sculptor seemed to have left the merely decora-
tive side of his art behind him, and began to penetrate deeper into
the more realistic things in human life. His group, the "Solitude
of the Soul," exhibited at the St. Louis World's Fair, seems to mark
the transition to this newer stage. This presents four figures, two
male and two female, partly imbedded in and partly detached from
a central core. This creation in marble is at the art Institute in
Chicago,
Mr. Taft's next important work was a fountain group of five fe-
male figures called "The Great Lakes" — a figure drawn from his
1 English version of the article of the " Sculptors of the Americas" series appearing in the December
Spanish edition of the Bulletin.
50
BLACKHAWK.
Lorado Taff s celebrated statue of the great Indian cliief, one of the first great statues constructed of con-
crete, Oregon, 111.
ETERNAL rilLENCE.
A bronze statue in Oraceland Cemetery, Chicago. It breathes a spirit of awe, and carries tlie suggestion of
the unknown life beyond.
THE SOLITUDE OF THE SOUL.
With sealed eyes and groping gestures these typical personages show that not even the closest intimacy
may insure complete understanding, and they embody the touching, disquieting truth that each one
of us, despite the best will on all sides, must pass through this life more or less alone.
54 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
own environment. This sii])ject, so clear and simple — so inevitable,
merely awaited the man, and Lorado Taft accomplished his task
in a manner that could hardly be excelled. Recognition, both
general and official, followed with gratifying quickness. An en-
larged copy of "The Great Lakes," known as the "Ferguson Fomi-
tain of the Great Lakes," a graceful and appropriate work, was
erected to adorn the south side system of Chicago's parks and boule-
vards. This and another of Mr. Taft's works, the "Fountain of
Life," erected in the city of Chicago, in commemoration of the
hundred years peace between England and America, were made
possible by the private beneficence of Mr. B. F. Ferguson, a retired
lumber merchant of that city, who bequeathed $1,000,000 to be used
in the erection of enduring monuments and statuary to adorn the
jniblic parks of Chicago.
A figure that occupied tlie central place of honor at tlie National
Sculpture Society's exhibition at Baltimore in 1908 was "The Blind,"
a group of 10 or 12 sightless figures grouped about a mother holding
a little infant in her arms. This group illustrates vividly the crucial
moment in Maeterlinck's play, "Les Aveugles." Some see in it
merely an illustration of a well-known tale, but to others it conveys
larger significance. While inspired by a narrative it seems to in-
terpret wordly experience — the walking l)y faith, the unknown
futin-e, the leadership of a little child, the outreaching for things
unseen; aspiration, ])rogress. The figrnvs, witliout being huddled,
are ])r()Ughti into a C()m])act related mass, and though l)r()adly treate(l,
(hsj)lay delicate l)eauty in their modeling. This grou]), tliough the
em])o(Hment of ])r()foun(l thought, has also a plastic expression; it is
(I'agic and (h-amatic, and wliile it creates a feeling of awe, it charms
and uplifts.
Among the s|)lendid l)usts that Taft lias made may ])e mentioned
those of two Illinois worthies, Gov. Oglesby and Gen. Logan, for th(!
Memorial Hall of the Grand Army of the Republic, in the public
library building in Chicago. An important work is the colossal
statue of Washmgtoii for the campus of the State University at
Seattle. It represents him in a flowing cape and the sword of state
by his side. It is a figure that truly pictures his great dignity and
power. A replica of the famous fountain of Paducah, along with
several other of Taft's works, were exhibited at the outdoor art
exhi])ition held ui Chicago in 1909. The Paducah fountain, at
Paducah, Ky., erected in honor of the Indian's memory, represents
the figure gazing straight ahead as if he were watching for a foe.
A remarkable cemetery memorial is the one to Henry T. Graves, of
Chicago. It is named "The Eternal Silence" — an unusually impres-
sive conception. The figure is of heroic size and stands out clearly
against a tablet of dark highly polished granite.
fs.
"DISCOVERY"— DETAIL FROM THE COLUMBUS MEMORIAL FOUNTAIX, WASEIINGTON,
D. C.
'Die Columbus Memorial, erected to the great discoverer on the plaza of the Union Station at Wasliington.
I). C, is a semicircular foimtain 70 feet wide and 65 feet from front to rear, adorned with a greal statue
of Columbus and appropriate allegorical figures.
THE BLIND.
Suggested by Maeterlinck's "Les Aveugles." The sightless figures depend upon the infant cliild, held
liigh in the mother's arms, for guidance and are pressing close to one another, reaching out timidly and
appeahngly, and yet movmg on.
PADUCAH.
The fouutaiu at Paducah, Ky., erected in lianor of the Indian cliief after whom the town was named. To
the left may be seen one of the sculptor's lesser works.
58 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Sculpture alone, however, has not occupied all of Mr. Taft's life.
The lecture platform and the railway train claim a good share of
liis time. He has delivered some 2,000 lectures on art subjects.
Since 1886 he has been instructor at the Art Institute of Chicago,
and from 1892 until 1902 he was a lecturer in the university extension
d(»j)artment of the University of Chicago; and even to-day he is
often traveling witli his paraphernalia and his assistants, engaged
in demonstrathig to North, South, East, and West what a sculptor's
studio is like and what goi^s on within it.
A memorial to ('hrist(>])]ier Columl)us, designed l)y Lorado Taft,
made possible by the joint aid of the Knights of Colum])us and the
Congress of the United States, was erected in 1912 on the ])laza of
the Union Station at Washington, D. C. Mr. Taft's design was
giv(^n first award by a committee from the House and Senate in a
competition among artists in tliis country and in Europe. The
l)rincipal feature of tiie architectural (k^sign is a stone shaft, 45 feet
high, which is surmounted by a globe of the world. This is a ])ack-
ground for the figure of Columljus, who is represented with arms
folded in an attitude of meditation standing on the prow of a ship.
Just below the statue is the figurehead of a ship — a female figure
typifying the spirit of discovery. On either side of the shaft are two
figures, an Indian, representhig the New World, and a patriarchal
Caucasian typical of the Old World. The globe at the top, supported
by four Amiu'ican eagles, is to represent the influence that Colimibiis
had on the growth of p()])ular knowledge concerning the shape of
the earth. The rear of the shaft carries a medallion of Ferdinand
and Isabella and the grouji is made complete by two enormous lions
at the end of tlie balustrade running from the center to the sides of
the fountahi.
A frank and thorough work is Mr. Taft's "History of American
Sculpture," published in 1903. It is widely read by both the ama-
teur and professional. His activities have also been directed toward
architecture, and in 1907 lie was made a corres])onding mem])er of
tile American Institiite of Architects. To the city of Chicago Lorado
Taft has given freely of his l)est for the common good, aiid it is
largely as a citizen that he has taken a firm hold upon the friendly
appreciation of his own city and gained the respect of his confreres
throughout the country.
/^
OFFEE CULTURE IN CUBA
AND POITO IICO'
IN CI'BA thpro aro said to hav(> hoon in 1S47 some 2,()()() or more
cofTec plantations and (Ik* crop, iiotAvitlistaiidinijj the Ihrirtloss
system of cultivation llicn existing, amounlcd, il appears, to
al)out 4S, ()()(), ()()() pounds annually. From that date the pro-
duction rapidly d(H-lined, and in the last two decades of the j)ast
centurv Cuba imported from Porto Rico a large proportion of lier
consumption of coffiM'.
Dm-ing tlie same period iiatui'ally the cultivation of coffee in Porto
Rico increased and the ratio of growth since then has ])een well
maintained, but it still remains capable of great expansion on
extensive tracts — now almost unproductive on tlie liills and in the
valleys of the lower lands. The coffee of Porto Rico is distinguished
by its high quality.
Of the coffee of Cuba, it may be said that it rewards careful culture
and preparation by a richness of flavor and capacity for heavy
yields unsurpassed in any other West India Island or in South
America. These weU-established facts should point to the revival and
development, under the present favorable auspices of good govern-
ment and an enlightened agricultural system, of an important and
higlil}' lucrative industr^^
Previous modes of procedure, it is scarcely needful to point out,
were neither rational nor economical. They involved the wastage of
large tracts of excellent lands, specially suited for the culture of coffee,
and a needless sinking of capital. The life of a coffee ])lantation
managed under this vicious system was limited necessarily to a com-
paratively short term of years.
Cultivation carried out with tlioroughness will, indeed, hasten the
natural pi'ocesses l)y wliich the fertilizer elements contained in the
soil are rendered solul)le and capa])le of assimilation hy the plant, but
it cannot replace what has been removed in the shape of crops, leaves,
and prunings. On this fact is predicated the necessity for the use of
manures; and in manuring amply and judiciously lies the secret of
the perennial maintenance of the coffee plantation.
The coffee shrub requires first a deep soil. If the taproot be stopped
by rocks, or compact clay, the plant dies. The composition of the
best coffee soils varies considerably, but in those of Porto Rico it is
found that sand is a principal constituent of the majority of them,
while the surface is rich in humus, the product of decayed forest
1 By Alvin Fox, horticulturist oa tropical plants. Reproduced from Simmons' Spice Mill, New York.
59
A COFFEE TREE.
CpFFKK CULTURE IX CUBA AND PORTO RICO. 61
V('<i;('tati()ii. Ilcavv clays are alt()<2;(>thei' iiiisuitablo and the pro-
portion of clay must in no case be such as to iiuluce the retention of
stagnant moisture, nor are calcareous soils suitable.
A high percentage of iron in the soil and subsoil is not an objec-
tion; indeed, ferruginous and silicious soils are sought after since it
has been remarked that the ravages of the "Ix-mileia rastatrix" or
leaf blight, are less frequent and less severe on tliem than elsewhere.
A poor subsoil may be ])ut uj) with, provided that it ])e not formed
of a damp clay or a compact tufa.
The climatic conditions favoral^le to the remunerative culture of
the coffee shrub are tolerably well understood. The mean tempera-
ture of the highlands of both C\iba and Porto Rico, affording as they
do a climate of perpetual spring with a range of scarcely more than 11
degrees between the temperature of the hottest and coldest months-
is admirably suited to the rec^uirements of the plant. In Porto Rico
the finest coffee has hitherto been produced at altitudes between 600
and 2,500 feet above the sea level. Upon these highlands, a constant
breeze cools the atmosphere, and the well-distributed rainfall, averag-
ing from 60 inches annually at San Juan to 100 inches in the northeast
of the island and u{)on the highlands of the interior, tends to eciualize
the temperature of the seasons. Thus vegetation does not suffer even
in pei-iods of comparative drought, whilst during this rainy season the
precipitation is seldom torrential. On the southern slope of the
island, however, both rainfall and the atmospheric moisture are con-
siderably less, so that in some districts irrigation is advantageous, if
not absolutely necessary. As regards Cuba, while coffee will grow
almost anywhere in the island, it thrives best at altitudes of between
1,500 to 2^500 feet.
The question of shelter and shading is one of some little difliculty.
It was fortnerly the general practice in Porto Rico, and in parts of
Cuba, to provide shade trees, in the belief that the coffee shrub
would not develop properly or thrive continuously without them.
But later experience has shown that in the less torrid districts shade
is unnecessary, if not prejudicial. This is explained by the fact
that the only benefit afforded by the presence of shade trees is that
of lessening the force of the sun's rays; while, on the other hand, the
consumjition of the fertilizer matters of the soil and manures by the
shade trees is of course to the detriment of the coffee plant. In
Java shading is universal and is general also in Venezuela. In
Brazil, however, the absence of shade trees is believed to insure
larger yields, although it is said by some to lessen the duration of the
producing power of the plantation. On the whole, it may be as-
sumed that shading is a matter in which local practice will be, in
most cases, a safe guide especially if viewed in conjunction with other
and economical considerations. In particular there is the fact that
9G.J25— 19— Bull. 1 5
COFFEE CULTURE.
The mana'^'ement of a cyflee plantation requires a great deal of care and many laborers. The ground
must be fertilized carelullv and the crop watched continuously. Upper piclurp: Gathering cottee.
T-ower picture: .\ branch of acjffee tree that has been properly pruiipil and U)pred.
COFFEK CrLlTKE IX CVV.A AND I'OinO IMCO. G3
Ixilli ill Cuhu and in Porto Ivico, nuniorous niark('tal)l(' fruits are
l)oi'iu' on tfoes suitahic for shade and shelter purposes. Thus, a
plantation may bo ntilized for ])oth fruit and eofl'ee culture without
detriment to either and with eorresponding j)rofit to the planter, if
only regard ])e had to j)roi)er cultivation and to the adecjuatc supply
of available plant foods. Where it may be deemed advisable to
plant shade trees, simply as such, the Albizzia Sebbeck — the French
bois noir — which has always been employed by coffee planters in the
Antilles, would ajipear to unite the greatest number of desirable
qualities and locally at least, to give the best results. Brysonima
spicata, too, is much employed as a shade tree in the British West
Indies. It possesses the advantages of sparse foliage, rapid growth,
of aft'ording shelter against the wind as well as the sun. of great
hardiness, and of not attaining too great a size.
The method of propagation which 4ias in the past been largely
adopted in Porto Rico by utilizing off-shoots and self-sown plants,
is to be deprecated, and the system of sowing carefully selected seed
in specially prepared seed beds is that which should be followed.
The site chosen for the seed beds should be on a slight incline, so as
to afford natural drainage: it should occupy a sheltered position and
possess a good surface layer of vegetable soil, which must be worked
until a tine tilth is secured. It will have been cleared of all roots.
stones, etc.. and in most cases, it should be enriched with a good
dressing of well-rotted barnyard manure. '
The sowing is best made in the month of February and the coffee
grains to be sown should be selected for their size, weight, and perfect
formation. The grains are jilanted at a dei)th of about an inch and
a half, the finger or a small stick being used for the purpose, and after
they are |)lace(l in the hole the earth is pressed down ovcm- them with
the hand. The sowing should be made in rows distant about six
inches from each other, the sj)ace between each grain sown being
the same. In about iM) days the young coffee plants will begin to
appear, and they will remain in the seed bed for a year and a half,
when they will have attained a height of about 30 inches and b(> ready
for transplanting to the site selected for the coffee grove. The seed
beds must be carefully kei)t free from weeds and be irrigated fre-
quently with small (piantities of water so as to maintain a constant,
but not excessive degree of moisture; provision must be made also
for sheltering the young ])lants from excessive solar heat and from
strong winds. Before trans})lanting. the lower branches of the
young shrub are cut away so as to obtain a clean and straight stem
with a crown at a convenient height for the gathering of the croi)s.
The best season for transi)lanting is at the autumn equinox. To
obtain maximum yields the following directions are laid down.
Select a fertile soil rich in humus and lying so that natural drainage
and good aspect are secured.
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COFFEE CULTURE IN CUBA AXD PORTO RICO. 65
Pick out vigorous and well-grown young })lants. They must be
removed without breakage of the roots and with a good ball of earth
about them. If the taj)root project beyond the ball of earth it should
be cut with a sharp knife, reducmg it to a length of about 8 inches.
Plant in rows about 8 feet apart and at a distance of 8 feet in the
rows. This will give 700 plants to the acre. This is a general rule,
but ill the case of exposed situations closer i)lanting is advisable.
Ill siicli conditions small, compact trees, topped at about 2 feet
() inches, will give the best results.
Plant in rainy weather and with soil in tolerably moist condition.
Previous to planting prepare holes 18 inches sc[uare and 18 inches
in depth. In preparing the holes, the surface soil should be placed
to the right and the soil from the bottom of the hole to the left.
The latter should be mixed with about two pounds of well-rotted
dung. About eight days should intervene between the opening of
the holes and the planting. The surface soil, which from having
been exposed to the atmosphere is most suitable for contact with
the roots, is first to be usecl and the holes are then to be filled up
with the remaining manured soil. The plants must be carefully
placed and the holes filled so as to leave no lodgment for water.
Three or four months after the planting the ground should be
gone over and any dead or unsatisfactory plants replaced with
others of the like size, so that the entire gi'ove may develop evenly.
All suckers and undesirable shoots must be removed as soon as
they appear.
To obtain maximum crops while avoiding inec^ualities and inter-
mittency of yield so far as seasons and weather will permit, must
be a cliief aim of the planter, and questions of soil, planting, pruning
and cultivation having been carefully studied, the application of
suitable fertihzers in adec^uate quantity and in proper season becomes
the paramount consideration.
In the Antilles rational manuring on coffee plantations did not
exist. At most the pulp and parchment were returned to the soil
and any barnyard manure that might be available was applied
haphazard. In fact, the capital stock of the land was the bank
drawn upon for the production of crops. Under a better system of
agriculture the application of dung or barnyard manm'e is the time-
honored method of restoring to the soil the elements of plant food
of which successive crops have depleted it, but an adequate supply
of barnyard manure is not always available and the carnage of so
bulky a material is costly. Moreover, although farmyard dung is,
in a general sense, rightly termed a complete manm-e, and is espe-
cially valuable for its mechanical action on soils, the proportion in
which the principal constituents of plant foods occur in it do not
correspond to the requirements of the coffee shrub. Barnyard
manure thus needs to be supplemented if heavy cropping and healthy
growth are to be secured.
Vv^
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i H*^
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COFFEE CULTURE.
^^ «C.^
COFFEE CI^I.rrRE iX ("UBA AXI) POinO RTC'O, G7
The planter can not l)t' too strongl}' rcconiiniiult d to have tho
C()m[)osition of the soil of the plantation ascertained l)y careful
analysis. It has to be borne in mind that to manure successfully
it is necessary to be acquainted not only with the food rer}uirements
of the plant and crop, but also with the constittients available in
the soil for su]i])lyiniij the food. From a comparison of the dcnnaiuls
nnuh' h\- the crop and the materials at hand for meetin,^ them, wo
discover what deficiencies exist and are able to determine, the most
suitable and economical material for suppl3-ing them. From a well-
managed ])lantation in full yield an average cro]) of one and a half
]:)ounds of dressed coffee ])er tree should be readily ol)taina1)le;
and this is the minimum result of careful cultivation and liberal
maiuiring that should be aimed at. Thus, an acre of plantation,
representing 700 trees, thoroughly cultivated and in full bearing,
may at a moderate estimate be expected to yield 1,050 pounds of
dressed coffee annually.
^Iiich larger and considera])ly smaller average yields are obtained
in other coffee-gro^\ ing countries. In Ceylon, before disease ravaged
tho plantations, a yield of 20 hundred per acre was not infrequently
obtained and this is said to bo also the case in Guatemala. In Mexico,
crops of 2f potmds and in Brazil 8 pounds per shrub are said to be
common; while, on the other hand, in some places tht, average yield
is reckoned scarcely to exceed one-half pound per tree. In adopting
the figure of IJ pounds of dressed coffee as the lowest yield per tree
that the planter should look to attain, 1 have in view the fact that it is
always better to manure for a maximum crop when calculating the
fertilizer elements to be supplied to the soil.
Constant attention must be given to the medicinal cultivation of
the soil and it should never be allowed to become hard. Ordinarily,
two plowings are given, the first shortly afttr the crop has Won
gathered and the second five or six months later, advantage being
taken of a period when the soil is in good working ordtr.
To go on the land when it is wet is certain to do harm. Perfect
drainage, either natural or artificial, is of the greatest importance.
Whert. the site of the plantation does not allow of the use of the
plow, cidtivation by tho spado or the fork has to be substituted,
the soil being stirred to the d(^pth of about a foot, in order to favor
the retention of moisture and to obtain the gi'oatest possible advantage
from the rainfall.
Grtat care must at all times be taken to avoid injury to the main
lateral roots of the plant in the process of cultivation. It is espe-
cially important not to plow, or even to hoe dot-ply. at the time of
flowering, in ord(U' not to destroy tho delicate hairs which tho rootlets
of the shrub put forth at that period. These root hairs a)-o believed
to have for their purpose the supply of additional nourishment to
the plant to assist in the formation of the frtiit. Hoeing should be
68 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION,
especially attended to immediately before tlu. [)eriod of l)t)\vering
in order to destroy weeds and stray plants, which would otherwise
appropriate the maimre applied for the nourishment of the crop
and would also tend to choke the plants and monopolize air and light.
When irrigation is had recourse' to it shouM not be too frecpient
or in too great a quantity, since the efl'ect of an opposite course is
said to he to diminish the aroma and thus to dei)reciate tlie (juality
of the croj). At the- j)ei'iod of flowering irrigation must be sus])ended,
even rain being prejudicial to the formation of the berry.
At all stagisof their growth the trees must be systematictdly ami
carefully pruned, with the object of keeping them op^n, so as to insure
the penetration of light and the free circulation of air, and so also to
preserve only such poi'tions of the wood as will bear fruit abundantly
and of good ({uality. As in the case of plants in the seed-beds, so in
the ])lantation all suckers and undesirable sh.oots must be r(>moved
immediatelv thev appear.
M.^
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/t
THE principal gold-bearing area of Venezuela occupies the
southwestern j)ortion of the Republic, extending from the
headquarters of the River Yuruari down to the frontier of
Britisli Guiana. The River Caroni, one of the chief tribu-
taries of the Orinoco system, bounds the district on the west, })ut
this region has as yet been ])ut little explored.
The portion of Venezuela embraced within these limits, and
now known as Spanish Guiana, was once thought by the English to
be the real El Dorado of the Spanish padres. Sir Walter Raleigh, in
one of his western voyages in search of the elusive El Dorado, headed
an expedition to the Orinoco in 1595 and ex])lored the river in small
boats as far as Ciudad Bolivar, or Angostura. He collected samples
of gold and diamonds, brought to him by the Indians, but failed to
find the source of either.
This i)art of Venezuela is of large extent, almost one-third the
entire area of the country, without including the vast stretches
of unexplored territory to the south and west, and from it Venezuela
derives a considerable ])ro})ortion of her revenue, in the shape of
taxes on gold, rubber, chicle, and dyewoods, as well as from cattle
and other minor industries. The country also contains vast stores
of valuable hardwoods, but this source of wealth has small value
at present, owing to the high cost of transportation.
' By 11. Huntington Miller, in the "Mining and Scientific Press," San Francisco, Cal.
MARGAR/TA
Eacula en mi 1 1 as
0 25 50 75 iqo
I \ U L >_J
MAP OF VENEZUELAN GOLD-FIELD DISTRICT.
The gold deposits of Venezuela lie within the southeast section of the country between the source of
the Yuruari River and the frontier of British Guiana, with the Caroni River as a boundary on the
west. Throughout this extensive territorv gold quartz occurs frequently, one bed, owned by the
old El Callao Co., havlnsr produced in the 30 years of its exploitation more than §50,000,000. In the
same territory are found innumerable outcroppings of alluvial gold and very rich deposits of gold
nuggets.
70 THE PAN AMERICAN ITNTON.
The interior is host reached }\y means of the Orinoco River, which
IS navigable during most of the year for ocean-going steamers as
far as Ciudad Bolivar. The nearest part of the gold (Jistrict lies
150 miles southeast from tlie little ])ort of San Feliz on the Orinoco,
whence a w\agonroad of fair (juality comuH-ts with tlie mining town
of El Callao and extends to the lower part of the district, r,() to 100
miles southeast. Some traflic is also maintained witli the lower
countrv hy means of larg(> llatl>oats and launches which come up
from British (niiaiui.
The distribution of gold is geiu'ra.l thi'oughout this extensive
area and its occurrence can be diviiU'd into three types true allu-
vials, belts or zones of shale, and quartz veins.
The alluvial deposits are mainly confined to the extreme south-
eastern ])ortion, close to the border of Bi-itish Guiana, the same
formation extending across the frontier into that country.
Some placer gold is also found along the Caroni and especially
one of its ])ranches, the Paragua; and the smaller tril)utary streams
of the Orinoco just above Angostura are reported to afford gold,
although these ])arts are as yet little explored.
The extensive belts and zones of auriferous shale and schist
are j)rol>a])ly the original source of the alluvial gold, which is derived
from an intricate system of quartz veinlets, frequently uniting to
form pockets of considerable richness. A study of the rock forma-
tion indicates that the gold was contained witliin stringers and
crystalline grains of arsenical pyrite. The oxidation and decom-
position of this mineral and of the friable schist that encloses it,
has resulted in the formation of the dry pockets for which some
portions of the district are famous. The gradual weathering of
the schist and the w^ashing out and concentration of the gold in the
beds and banks of the streams have originated the placers of the
lower country.
The gold-bearing quartz veins so far discovered are mauily confined
to the more northerly portions of the district aroimd the old town
and mine of El Callao, which, during the })eriod of its maximum
l)i-o(luction, ranked among the notal)le mining ventures of the
world and is reiuited to have ])roduced !^riO, 000. ()()() in the thirty-
odd ycai's of its life.
The veins occur near, or inclosed within, a series of eruptive
dikes, mainly of diabase, whicli have fractured the schist. During
the period of its maximum activity, 30 years ago, the El Callao
district had a numl)er of operating mines and several mills were
running, with a total capacity of 1 ,000 tons ])er day. The richer
deposits, however, were soon worked out, and with increasing
depth the veins became ])0or and refractory. Steam being the
motive pow(>r and th(> neighboring forests l>eing I'apidly dcvasted,
THE GOLD DTSTHIOT OF VEXKZITELA, 71
scarcity of fuel, and increased cost of pumping, togetlier with the
impoverishment of the veins, caused the sto])])age of one miiK^
after another until only three com])anies are now in active opera-
tion, while a fourth, the successor of the original El Callao. has
suspend(M| operations pending the conclusion of the war.
The three companies still operating are the following:
Gold Fi</(/s of Venezuela {Ltd.). — This is an l^]nglish corporation,
with headcpiarters at El Peru, owning a large group of mining claims
about 4 miles west of El Callao. The ore, after heing crushed, is
ground in tAvo Chilean mills with addition of (piicksiher. The dis-
charged pulp is passed over amalgamation j)lates and the tailing
from tlio plates is treated in steel tanks by cyanidation. The ore
yields from 1 to 4 ounces gold per ton.
El Amparo Mine (Ltd.). — This is also an English corporation own-
ing the majority of stock in another company of similar name incor-
porated in Venezuela to work the once famous La Paz l^onanza,
one of the surface pockets, from which 10, 000 ounces of gold were
taken by crude methods, from a series of rich veinlets and pockets,
almost at the surface. After the richest part of the bonanza had
been worked out, a narrow but rich pay streak w^as exploited by the
present company to a depth of over 300 feet, where it finally became
too narrow and irregular for profitable w^orking. Ore is crushed in a
lO-stamp mill through 10-mesh screens. The resulting coarse pulp
is then reground and the gold amalgamated in revolving Co])b pans.
The tailing from the pans passes over James tables to remove the
auriferous sulphides, and is then cyanided in steel tanks. The com-
pany is now^ in search of another property, so the mine is probably
w^orked out.
Compania Anonirna lo Increihle. — This is a Venezuelan corpora-
tion, with headf[uarters at Caracas. The mines, 8 miles northeast
from El Callao, are the result of a comparatively recent discovery.
The hard c^uartz ore is crushed in a 20-stamp mill through 20-mesh
diagonal-slot screens, the free gold being extracted by amalgamation.
The average extraction from over 40,000 tons crushed to date is
slightly in excess of h ounce per ton, about | ounce remaining in the
tailing. About 25,000 tons of tailing is now ready for cyanidation
and the company is ])reparing to erect a plant to treat this residue
as well as to handle the new tailing. Several veins are in process of
exploitation and the future of the property is good.
Nnv Callao Mining Co. — This is the successor of the original El
Callao, which w\as an English corporation. The present company,
being a French organization, has been in trouble since the beginning
of the war, as the necessary capital has been impossible to obtain.
The main El Callao mine was abandoned and allow^ed to fill with
water many years ago, but the property of this company is an exten-
sive one, and embraces a number of other mines, some of them with
excellent prospects.
72 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The Cicapra district, which is situated about 25 miles northwest
from El Callao, made a sensation some 10 or 15 years ago on account
of the discovery of a succession of rich surface pockets of coarse
gold, found almost under the grass roots in the low hills bordering
the banks of the Cicapra River, a branch of the upjier Yuruari.
The gold is in decomposed schist. A portion of this zone, including
the bed and banks of the Cicaj^i-a Kiver, is being (>xplored by
the Yuruari (-o., a Venezuelan corporation, with headquarters
at Caracas. The operations, wliich as yet are of a preliminary
character, are being carried on by means of a small clamshell dredge,
with a capacity of 200 cubic yards per day. The entire property of
several hundred acres has been fairly, well prospected by churn-
drilling, and several million cubic yards of material is estimated to be
available, with an average yield of $1 per yard, at a cost of 50 cents
per yard.
The Cuyuni and El Dorado districts of Spanish Guiana embrace
the extreme southeastern part of Venezuela, extending to the frontier
of British Guiana. The production is mainly from alluvial wash-
ings, although some gold is now being won from quartz veins.
The workings extend into the basin of the Cuyuni, which in turn
runs into the main Esequibo River, the principal stream of British
Guiana. Two French companies are operating in the district;
they are known locally as the Cuyuni Co. and the Perserverancia or
El Dorado Co. In addition to these two ventures, a considerable
c^uantity of gold, amounting in favorable seasons to several thousand
ounces, is produced by primitive hand washing in bateas and hand
rockers, from concessions belonging to private individuals, who grant
permits to the miners, and exact a percentage of the gold produced
as royalty. Altogether, this is a rich and promising district and
may become of much greater importance when more favorable con-
ditions prevail. At present the output is limited owing to lack of
transportation, high cost of food and supplies, and the prevalence
of malarial fevers.
With better facilities in the shape of dredges and other modern
gold-saving machinery, as well as the construction of better roads
from the Orinoco River, southeastern Venezuela may easily take its
place in the front rank as one of the most productive gold-mining
districts of South America. This applies in equal proportion to the
northern part, around El Callao. The entire district, with the
exception of the immediate vicinity of El Callao, is fairly well tim-
bered. The rivers and larger streams abotmd in water-power sites,
and the country presents no unusual difficulties to the construction
of good roads. The climate, while hot and damp in the rainy season,
is not unhealthy for white men who observe the usual precautions
necessary in all tropical countries.
ri iJ iJ- A ''J^' 1 i T '[J Q n
\j\3r% iJ U 1 AJJ 1 .
ur
* 1
iiME.Kli.i"i
IN PAINTERS and delineators, authors and poets ever have found
a fit complement to their creations. They are to the writer as the
actor to the playwright or dramatist. They interpret, in fine,
incorporate, the personalities created by the imagination or
adapted from real experience. Hence you may have seen two artists,
the writer and the painter, frequently consulting together, and the
results of their conferences go hand in hand.
In the early days of primitive printing — the Stone Age of the book —
the clever, roguish and even satirical vignettes were conceived, to
which one must resort to study the origin of caricature. Later, as
Gutenberg's invention was perfected until it reached the astonishing
printing presses of our day, the art of the illustrator demands recogni-
tion and reaffirms its supremacy. A legion of celebrated artists re-
view in their silent studios the pages of the world's celebrated books
and study their characters as they attempt to animate them for
others with pen and brush. It would be impossible to condense into
a brief roll the list of the many artists who have attained success to-day
in Europe in this field. Daily there a])i)ears a new signature that
rivals those whose fame already is assured by criticism and public
admiration.
The rising as well as the weU-established artists share their eflVirts
amongst the classic and recent books.
Shakespeare and Cervantes, like Victor Hugo and Balzac, have been
favorite authors with these modern analyzers, the portrayers of the
drama of life. Certain artists in France and England, Germany and
Italy, as well as Spain, have produced admirably origmal concepts and
showai remarkable deftness hi their execution, and now to their num-
ber may be added two collaborators from America. The New World
is proud to send her devotees of art and beauty to the fastidious
court of Europe, in which, laying aside differences in nationality, the
most noteworthy interpreters, from an aesthetic point of view, of the
world's library combat for supremacy. America wishes to dem-
onstrate what she has begun to be.
' Translation of an article by Bernardo G. Barros, published in the September (191'<)'number 'of Social,
Habaua, Cuba.
73
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MUXTEXEciKU'S ILLUSTRATIOXS OF DUX CH'IXUTE.
Of the Mexican artist. Montenesro. designer of the three ilhistrations above the
authontative Italian critic, Vittorio Pica, has said: -He possesses the art of
mterpretmg the heroic and mystical spirit of the remarliable book that con-
stitutes the greatest glory of Spanish Uterature." The Mexican has achieved
many triumphs as a painter in Europe as well as America
76 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Overlooking the painters, still few in number; leaving aside the
caricaturists, who in Buenos Aires and Habana constitute the two
most vigorous schools of satire and a facility for the picaresque, two
young artists, Roberto Montenegro and Lopez-Naguil (the former
Mexican and the latter Argentinian), merit warm commendation for
the work they have undertaken. Both young and enamored ot their
art, they win the admiration of the most exacting critic. The highest
tribute has been dedicated to them by a connoisseur whose compe-
tence in the fine arts is undisputed throughout Europe — Vittorio
Pica. In a future article we shall consider the work of each separately.
At present we link their names only for the purpose of comment upon
their illustrations of Don Quixote.
In these two enthusiastic Americans, in whom are to be found the
tecluiique and the ideology of more than one European artist, we have
admirable illustrations of the immortal book which seems to-day to be
a historic compendium, exuberant in fancy, of a race of conquer-
ors, adventurers, and farceurs, as well as of an age splendid in litera-
ture and art.
How have Montenegro and Lopez-Xaguil conceived of the famous
Cervantine personages ? How have they visualized the scenes which
the book presents in rapid succession, in which fantasy and reality
unite to give an atmosphere of satire and wit to the whole? Indeed,
as may immediately be appreciated from the accompanying illus-
trations, the two artists do not possess the same or even a similar
point of view. The Quixote of Lopez-Naguil is more delicate, more
spiritual, if the expression may be allowed, than that of Montenegro,
who, adopting a style imitative of the wood engravings in which
the (lermans, Lucas Cranacli and Adam Ado^lf Oberlander, excelled,
imparts a certain rudeness to the type — a rusticity that is hardly to
be found in Lopez-Naguil, although disguised ])y a wealth of deco-
rative lines. From one point of view Montenegro is more real,
more human. Lopez-Naguil seeks the same expression of human
emotion, but upon condensing it into that form of contrasting black
and white, light and shadow, besides a signal appreciation of the
decorative art, his characters gain that spirit wliich is lacking in
Montenegro's work. This difference has its rise naturally in the
manner in which each artist has comprehended Quixote. Lopez-
Naguil has seen in the sad-faced knight one longing for the infinite,
whose creator places him in ridiculous situations for didactic pur-
poses. In reality, the l)Ook is nothing other than the drama of human
life and soul, ever dreaming and aspirant, daily facing disappoint-
ing realism. The chimeras of Alonso Quijano are our own. We
also have had or shall experience the windmill episode, and in rapt
romantic; or in democratic madness we shall redress injuries and strive
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78
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
to liberate more than one breather who appears to us tortured by
acute sufferino;. We shall fail like Alonso Quijano; we shall rise
again to continue the course; and although Reason — our Sancho —
obstinately persists in showing us the proper verities, always will we
go forward, lance in hand, upon life's highways. Something of all
this Lopez-Naguil's drawings will suggest to us. Vittorio Pica has
said rightly, "He has struck the keynote in interpreting the lieroic
and mystic spirit of the book that represents the greatest glory of
Spanish literature."
In the delicate traceries of his pencil you may catch the true
artist's idealism; and although you note occasional defects in tech-
nique and perspective, you will be very lenient toward the artist.
He is ve y young; he is scarcely 27 years old; and already he has
produced more than an earnest of the accomplislnnents he has
undertaken. Montenegro, older and widely known in artistic circles,
has not expressed the spirit of Quixote so well. The Mexican has
acliieved greater success in another branch of artistic endeavor,
which w^e shall review later. Although his illustrations of Ton
Quixote are very creditable, those of his Argentinian collaborator
are preferable. Tlie latter, togetlier with those of the Spaniard
Ricardo Marin, are tlie most satisfactory contemporary interpreta-
tions of that ardent soul who, intoxicated witli fantasy and dream-
ing, set out one memorai)le morning to (•on(iuer a woi-ld to lay at
the feet of the imaginary Hulcinea.
PALISADES INTERSTATE
PkWK
M'
'OST national and State parks are created to preserve tlie
glories of their natural beauty from the ravages of advanc-
ing civilization. The Palisades Interstate Park not only
fulfills this ref|uirement, but also embraces a territory in
the States of Xevv York and New Jersey which in historical interest
is hardly surpassed by an area of equal size in the United States.
Xot only does this park preserve the stately and magnificent palisades
which Capt. Henry Hudson and his crew set their wondering eyes on
when they first sailed up the river that was to make his name im-
mortal, but within its confines are old forts, battle grounds, and
historic scenes which are rich in legendrv and Revolutionary history.
There is probably not a park in the country, also, from which thc-
people derive as much benefit, inasmuch as the Palisades Park is
within two hours' travel of at least 10,000,000 people.
The Palisades Interstate Park had its inception in a movement,
started in the early nineties, to save the palisades, ono of the famous
scenic attractions of the country, from destnictioii l)y (juuii-ymen.
The Xew Jersey Federation of AYomen's Clubs were instrumental in
persuading the legislature of that State to stop the (h^struction of
the j)alisades, and a small sum of money, sufficient to obtain options
on the land, was ap[)ropriated by both Xew York and Xew J(>rsey
and a commission appointed, representing both States, to tnhninistcr
the fund. Twelve miles of this ])ai'k were in Xew Jersey and about
2 miles in Xew York. The area has been a(hhMl to from time to
time by both purchase and donation until now the park comj^rises
about 30, 000 acres of land. The gift of Mrs. Edward H. Harriinan
of $1,00().(){)0 and lO.OOO acres of land adih'd materially to the success
of the park project. Tlie part of the park known as the Harriman-
Bear Mountain section contahis about 26,000 acres on the west side
of the Hudson River. The first 10 or 12 years were spent almost
entirely in the acquisition of lands, and it is only since 1912 that
much attention has been given to improvements. About .?8,000,000
has been expended, of which more than half was of jirivate subscrip-
tion, and the money has been used for the buikhng of roads, basins,
shelters, docks, and lakes until to-day the Palisades Interstate Park
is probably the best outfitted piece of land for public use that there
is in the country.
The improvement of this ])ark has been accomplished by the
commissioners in a novel wav, as indeed is the entire scheme of the
7i)
P3 ►^
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oZ
PALISADKS IX ri'.ltSTATE PARK. S8
park novel. Tlu'v liave urgani/.cd their own cMigineerin<; and con-
struction t'orcc. i)iirchased thoir own ])lant. and have done all their
work in this way. Their policy has been to destroy nothinj^ and to
preserve all natural beaut i(^s. Members of the force have b(>en
picked from those who were former resi(h'nts of the pari\ lands,
thereby j^ivinj^; a j)ersonal touch to the work that would not other-
wise l)e obtained. Most of the building mateiials have be(Mi taken
from the ])roj)erty, the commission having ils own sawmills and
rock crushers.
The palisades section, which extends over 12 mill's along the west
bank of the Hudson, directly opposite the upper part of New York
City, was a wilderness shut off from New Jersey by the clifl's them-
selves and nearly inaccessible from the river by the rough bowhhn-
strewn shores. The section between the shore and cliffs, from 300
to 1,000 feet wide, has been cleaned up generally- 1-^ docks con-
structed", and motor boat basins built which accommodate more than
1,000 craft. Many springs along the water's edge have })een clean(><l
out and protected, camping sites in abundance have been established,
pavilions, refreshment stands, and comfoi't stations are maintained,
and, in short, everything done for the convenience and j)leasure of
the visitors. Stairways have been constructed on the face of the
cliffs to enable the people to get into the park from the land side,
and a ferry boat service has been established between the i)ark and
New York City.
These and numerous other conveniences and improvennMits in the
Palisades Park, which have cost the States of New York and New
Jersey millions of dollars, have not been in vain. If the test of any
public imj)rovement lies in the extent to which its usefulness is
availed of by the people, then the Palisades Park has been a success
from the begimiing. ' iTundreds of working hoys from the near-by
cities go to the park on Saturday afternoon and remain until early
Monday morning in the camps established l)y the neighborhood
associations of New York. They have o])portunities for baseball,
tennis, swimming, and boating, and two nights away from the hot
tenements of the city. Tliousands of "people avail themselves of the
general camping sites during tlieir summer vacation. To a point 40
miles from New York, to which steamboat companies run excur-
sions by arrangement with the j^ark commissioners for the small
sum of 50 cents per round trip, more than 650,000 people come each
season. There is a large dance hall in the park which will accommo-
date 500 couples and the floor and music are free. There are many
tables and benches in the groves for picnic j^arties and swings for
children. On Hessian Pond is a boathouse with 150 rowboats that
are free. One hundred and thirty-five additional rowboats are now
under construction to supply the demand for this sort of recreation.
THK FALISAJJES.
Famous among the sceiiic attractions of the United States are the steep cliffs on the Hudson River
called the Palisades. This picture shows an unusual rock formation of tlie Palisades in New Jersey,
PAT.TSADKS T XIKItSTATK I'ARK. 87
In this section of tlu' park a huge log cahin. the Bear Moiiiitaiii
Inn, has hcen ])uiit at a cost of $240, 000. This wil(l{>rii(>ss restaurant
can furnish meals to 3,000 i)eoplo at one time, and everything is to
})e had there from {|uick luncli to excellent a la carte service. The
food is all of the same (juality and the |)rices are ari'anged so that
no protit is made hut oidy e.\j)enses are cleaivd. This restaurant is
conducted by the commission and managed by its employees. The
dining rooms are all open; no doors and windows. The inn has its
own refrigerator and ice-cream plant, power house, and stoi'eroonis,
and a bottling ])lant where soft drinks are manufactured fi'om the
excellent water in Bear Mountain Spring. Last season over 40,000
automobiles were counted j^acked in the jiarking si)aces near the
inn, and a business averaging more than $100,000 is done here every
year.
In another section of the ])ark the Young Women's Christian Asso-
ciation has established camps where working girls of every race and
creed are welcome. About 2,500 enjoy an outing here annually,
and at the nominal charge of only $3.75 per week. Hundreds of
poor boys whose lives are spent in the congested districts of New
York City are brought to the park each 3^ear by charitable organiza-
tions and are given a chance to live in the great out-of-doors; taught
to swim, exercised, and drilled by competent instructors, and given
medical care and motherly attention.
Mingled in with all these recent changes in this territory to which
the commissioners have given an up-to-date appearance are a few
spots that are more attractive if they retain their aspect of years
gone by. The lover of things historic will find here plenty to occupy
his attention. Such are the two forts, Clinton and Montgomery,
that figured })rominently in the American Revolutionary War. The
forts, which are now the property of the commission, have not been
disturbed since the Revolution. Great hemlock and pine trees are
growing on the old ramparts and through the ruins of the old build-
ings. Recently, however, these forts have been restored, the founda-
tions of the old buildings and magazines are clearly marked, and all
the earthworks and ramjjarts are clearly defined.
Fort Clinton is located at the north end of Hessian pond on a rocky
point overlooking and commanding the river. Just north of Fort
Clinton is a narrow gorge, Popolopen Creek, with very precipitous
sides. On the north of this gorge is Fort Montgomery, a point very
like Fort Clinton, and commanding the Hudson for several miles
both up and down the stream. Fort Montgomery was the first
capital of New York, as Gov. Clinton was in command there when
notified of his election in July, 1776, and the first State papers were
issued from that point.
These old forts were constructed by the continental and colonial
authorities in 1775 and 1776, and from the foot of the cliffs of Fort
a^ o
THE BENEFITS OF THE PALISADES PARK.
The social service work of the management of the Palisades Interstate Park has extended to many fields.
Top picture: A Young Women's Christian Association camp at Summit Lake. Bottom picture:
Study hour at a camp for boys.
PALISADr.S IXIKI'.STATK PARK.
91
Montgoniorv a chain and boom wci'c slri'tcluHl across the river to a
point called Anthony's Xose on the oj)i)osite hank. On October 5
the British landed 3,000 men at Ver Planks, on the east side of the
Hudson, 8 miles below the chain. Gen. Putnam, in command of the
American forces, took all his men, e.\ce})t oOO who were left at Clinton
and Montgomery, down the river to Fort Independence. On Octo-
ber 6, under cover of a heavy fog, the British crossed the river to
Stony Point, and marching over mountain trails attacked both forts
from the rear, while three British frigates passed Fort Ind(>pen(lence
and attacked the forts from the river. Gen. James Clinton, who com-
manded Fort Clinton, discovered the approach of the British forces
before noon and sent a messenger to Gen. Putnam asking for rein-
forcements, but the messenger did not deliver the message. After
fighting (les])erately until darkness the Americans, who had lost 300
men, abandoned the forts and escaped up the valley. One hundred
guns and many supplies were lost, and the American fleet of small
vessels which was above the chain could not escape and was burned.
The British removed the chain, which they later took to Malta, and
advanced up the valley as far as Kingston, where they learned of
Burgoyne's surrender and withdrew to New York. The two forts
were again occupied and held until the works at West Point were
completed in 1778.
The Palisades Interstate Park is not large in area compared to the
great national parks of the United States, nor can it compare in
scenic beauty with the Yosemite, Yellowstone, and some others, but
it has its distinguishing features which enable it to stand in the
forefront with these national parks. The fact that this park is within
easy reach of so many millions of people, that it is so cheap for the
]ieoj)le to get there, and once there so cheap for them to enjoy the
park, mark it as different from all other parks. The management
of the ])ark has always been of the best, carried on by men with
the interests of humanity at heart. There is no other park in the
United States that can afford such ])leasures and at the same time
l)erform sucli a great service to as many city workci's as the Palisades
Park of New York and Xew Jersev.
HIS EXCELLENCY SENOR DON BELTRAN MATHIEU, THE CHILEAN AMBASSADOR.
H.S Excellency, Senor Don Beltran Mathi.u, jjje -^^^'j'J?- .^j-^-S lKeutL'K4^|
years of age, and was Iwrn in Talcahuano I loxince ol ^^^^^^^^^ legation in Washington, the
profession, and from 1S86 to ls90 was the A'^t secirta > o^, "^^"^^'J' [ ,,i„^Vv„ congrrssional periods,
minister at that time being Seiior Dommgo Cxana^ ,!; ' ,. il luin u'l pl ■nil.<.leut iarv of Chile in the
he was a member of the National Congress: fiom 189 >- •• • ™ '' , , , i ,,,1 _i,,o2, socretary of the
Republics of Ecuador, Central -'^mema, and I era , s ( ^u i^i^^^ ^..^^^ 1902-im).i, minister
departments of war and marine m tjie c^ nnet of 1 lesi im^^ negotiating definitely the peace
PAN AMERICAN NOTES
THE SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION
OF TEACHERS OF SPANISH.
THIS association, which is doing so much to advance the study
of Spanish in the United States, held its second annual
meeting in Barnard College, New York City, on December
28, 1918. The morning program consisted of addresses as
follows :
"Spanish in the curricula of the high schools." Prof. John D.
Fitzgerald of the University of Illinois.
"Spanish as a key to hterary riches in America." Dr. Peter H,
Goldsmith, director of the Inter-American Division of the American
Association for International Conciliation.
"gComo podemos estrechar las relaciones entre los Estados Unidos
y los paises de habla espanola?" Sr. Francisco J. Yanes, Assistant
Director, and head of the Section of Education, of the Pan American
Union, Washington, D. C.
Prof. Fitzgerald gave a detailed account of a committee, of which
he was chairman, organized to make reconmiendations conceiTiing
the study of languages in the high schools of Illinois. This committee
basing its work on that of a similar British conunittee made a careful
study of American conditions and drew the following conclusions.
If a school gives instruction in only one foreign language, that
language ought to be a modern one; if in two languages, one
ancient the other modern, the instruction in the modern language
should precede that in the ancient tongue. While the modern
language best suited to British conditions on account of the pro-
pinquity of the countries is French, for a similar reason the mod-
ern language of greatest value for American study is Spanish.
Therefore the lUinois committee recommended that the fii-st language
to be studied in high schools, no matter what others nor how many
others be offered, should be Spanish.
Dr. Goldsmith, in beginning his address on the hterary riches of
America, declared the futility of instituting a comparison between
languages. Anybody who attempted to decry the beauty of French
or the value of French hterature to the world would be demonstrating
his own inaptitude. "French is the language of a nation; Spanish,
the language of a world." This world comprises only in America
18 nations who are close neighbors to our own English-speaking
world. The study of Spanish has value, then, in breaking down the
barrier of language between us and the Spanish-speaking world.
96525— 19— Bull. 1 7 93
94 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
What has this world to offer us in the realm of ideas ? Its peoples
possess and practice to a greater degree than we do the art of living
largely, of taking time to observe the beauties of nature, and to
enjoy the simple pleasures of social intercourse. Hence their
views of life are largely expressed in poetrj', a commodity difficult to
export. There are so many poets in each one of the Spanish- American
countries that one can not even know the names of them all. Of
their best poets no translations, or only inadequate ones, exist.
Spanish is therefore worth studying if only to read the poems of the
marvelous Rub6n Dario, of the inspired Cuban J. M. Heredia, or the
Mexican nun Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, of especial interest to the
ladies as a seventeenth century feminist. Dr. Goldsmith read one
of her famous sonnets, first in the origial Spanish, then in a metrical
version by liimseK.
Mr. Yanes urged the necessity of learning the language, above all, in
order to lay the foundation for a perfect knowledge of the customs,
moods, psychology, and daily needs of the Spanish-speaking peoples,
"because as long as we do not understand one another and do not
get closer to one another through the medium of language, which
translates our thoughts, there will always be ground for distrust,
suspicion, and mistakes which the necessities of the moment may
perhaps lead us to tolerate, but which will not be forgotten and will
accumulate and grow and ferment until they resolve themselves into
unjust dishke and enmity, which have no reason whatever for being."
He also urged the necessity of studying, at the same time with the
language, the geography, history, and literature of the Spanish-
speaking nations of America, in order to understand the real nature of
those peoples.
Reference was made to the endeavors put forth in the United States
to foster a pohcy of real Pan Americanism; to the work accompHshed
and the high ideals upheld by the Pan American Conferences, whatever
their character, scientific or poUtical; and to the Section of Education
of the Pan American Union, estabUshed upon the recommendation
of these conferences in order to foster the intellectual development of
the peoples of America.
The afternoon session of the association was opened by President
Lawrence A. Wilkins, who congratulated the society on its growth
and the progress which had been made throughout the country in
the introduction of Spanish instruction in the schools. The secretary-
treasurer, Dr. Alfred Coester, reported on the growth in the member-
ship of the association which had doubled itself during the year.
The finances of the association were also in a satisfactory condition
and would enable the publication of two extra numbers of Hispania
during the year 1919. The able editor of this journal of the associa-
tion, Prof. A. M. Espinosa, of Leland Stanford Junior University,
PAN" AMERICAN NOTES. 95
gave a resume of the work performed during the year with an outhne
of his ambitions for Hispania during 1919. As chairman of a com-
mittee on honorary membei-s, Prof. Fitzgerald next read a list of 30
foreign Hispanists selected from different countries of the world. By
their election the association closed its list of honorary membei-s till
vacancies occur by the death of some of the 30. The committee on
correlation between colleges and high schools was heard through its
chairman, Prof. S. M. Waxman, of Boston University, who made a
lengthy report of technical interest to teachers.
The association then adopted for its seal a design described as
follows in a report submitted for a committee on seal by Dr. Alfred
Coester:
The seal of the American Association of Teachers of Spanish shall consist of a shield
bearing a chief azure with one white star, above the lion of Leon, gules on a field argent,
and the castle of Castile, or on a field gules. Over the shield shall be a scroll with the
motto "Todos a una"; under the shield the date, 1917.
Dr. Coester explained that the star was used to s}Tiibolize all
America, since 11 of the American Republics use stars either in their
coats-of-arms or their flags.
Under the head of new business the association adopted motions
that the president should appoint committees for the following pur-
poses: Fu-st, a committee to investigate ways and means of inducing
school boards to raise teachers' salaries, this committee to put the
emphasis in its arguments on the point that the language teacher is
under heavier expense than any other by reason of his necessity for
travel in the countries where the language constituting his specialty
is spoken; second, a committee to determine how schools where
Spanish is taught may come into closer relations with business houses
where Spanish is used.
Persons interested in the work of the American Association of
Teachers of Spanish or desiring a sample copy of Hispania should
write to its secretary, Dr. Alfred Coester, 1081 Park Place, Brooklyn,
N. Y.
THE COLOMBIAN EXHIBITION IN NEW YORK.
A reception was given to the consuls general of the Latin American
Republics January 4 in the Bush Terminal Sales Building, 130 West
Forty-second Street, on the occasion of the opening of an exhibit of
the natural resources, busmess conditions, and the life of the people
of the Republic of Colombia. The exhibit was plamied and assembled
by John Cotton Dana, the noted librarian, and originally placed in
the museum and library at Newark, N. J., and it is now open in the
Bush Budding in New York and may be inspected every day, except
Sunday, between the hours of 9 and 5.30.
After the reception in the afternoon the Consuls AureUa Rueda
Acosta of Colombia, Carlos Castro Ruiz of Chile, Carlos Lara of Costa
96 THE PAN AMERICAlSr UNION".
Rica, F, Taboda of Cuba, Camillo Porras of Panama, Wallace White of
Paraguay, Mario L. Gil of Uruguay, and Pedro Rafael Rincones of Vene-
zuela assembled in the auditorium of the building on the ninth floor, where
an audience composed of bankers, merchants, and exporters were ad-
dressed by Dr. Julius Klein, chief of the Latin American Division of
the Foreign and Domestic Commerce Department of the United States,
and Phanor J. Eder, of the Mercantile Bank of the Americas. Mr.
R. G. Simonds, vice president of the Bush Terminal Co., was the chair-
man of the meeting and read a letter from Mr. Dana, who could not
be present, in which he described his experiences in assembling the
exhibit. He said that among the things which impressed him, as he
came in contact with Colombia, were, first, the astounding riches of
Colombia, and, second, the relative ease with which Americans can
cause the land to pay rich returns. Another point that he expressed
is that the intense interest in the South American development and
the determination to make our relations with Latin America friendly
and mutually helpful is now being shown by our own Federal Gov-
ernment. "And this, mind you," he wrote, "was in the midst of a
most distracting war. I believe that if to the good will and wise
intent of the Federal Government there can be added a little careful
study and earnest work on the part of our men of affairs who will
profit most by Latin American development, we shall, in the very
near future, see the two halves of this great western continent teach-
ing one another, helping one another, and greatly profiting one
another."
Dr. Klein in his address explained the operations of the govern-
ment department of which he is chief in their plans for aiding American
merchants and exporters in information of all kinds, and with advice
how to go about commercial relations between American merchants
and Colombians. He answered many questions that were asked by
merchants and exporters, and said that the Foreign and Domestic
Commerce Department in any of its headquarters, had monthly
reports on the wants and needs of Colombia, which were available to
any who inquire.
Mr. Eder explained the chain of American banks now in existence
as branches of the Merchantile Bank of the Americas in all the large
cities of Colombia, where collections and deposits could be made and
the financial details of trade with Colombia could be handled. He
explained that Colombia, being second in coffee shipments until the
war interfered with shipping, had a slump in the coffee trade, but in
the long run it would be a good thing for Colombia, for it had turned
their attention to their other wonderful resources and their agriculture
increased many fold in the way of wheat, corn, rice, and their pro-
duction of gold, silver, emeralds, hides, wool, platinum, and many of
their other valuable resources. He said that all Colombians needed
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 97
was credit to enable them to get their resources out of the ground
and these credits could be arranged through the American banks now
in existence there. He also remarked that another evidence of the
efforts of the United States for closer relations with Latin America
was the installation of the Associated Press service in the newspapers
of South America, which would mean that news by cable would be
received back and forth and printed in all these countries each day*
Hundreds of interested persons have visited the exhibit since its
opening in the Bush Terminal Sales Building. Many firms are
preparing to send representatives to Colombia, and these men found
the exhibit very helpful in information, as there are many explanatory
maps, which show the country in detail with the locations of the
resources plainly marked, and the methods of transportation through
the country is explained.
The exhibit will remain in the Bush Terminal Sales Building about
30 days, and during that period several more lectures and meetings
will be held.
A SPANISH EDITION OF THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION.
The Pan American Union recently received a communication from
the editor of The Journal of the American Medical Association stating
that a Spanish edition of The Journal will make its appearance in
January. This is most gratifying intelligence, for such a publication
will add another link to the chain of common interests that forms the
tie among all the American republics. The cordial relations between
the United States and its sister nations are constantly growing closer
and stronger, especially in political and commercial spheres. What
is still lacking is a thorough understanding and a more general
interchange of ideas among the members of the learned professions
and scientific circles of the North American Republic and its Latin
neighbors. That The Journal appreciates this situation and intends
to do its part in bettering it, may be seen from the following excerpts
from the editorial in its issue of December 7, 1918:
The question of establishing closer relationship with the Central and South American
Republics, Mexico, Cuba, the Philippine Islands, etc., has long been regarded as an
important one. The Pan American Union has been developing this spirit of friend-
ship and cooperation for many years. WTiile business and commercial relations
have been developing very rapidly, thus far the scientific men of the United States
do not seem to have appreciated the opportunities and the benefits that would result
through mutual exchange of views and ideas and of the results of research and in-
vestigation. The medical problems of Latin America always have been essentially
the same aa ours; we have only to recall the comparatively recent epoch-making
work of Finlay, Reed, Gorgas, Guiteras, Liceaga, and Cruz on yellow fever; of Ashford
on hookworm disease; and of Strong on verruga peruana, to show how much is to be
gained by making each other acquainted with what we are doing and what we have
98 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
already done. Our colleagues to the south of us have been looking more to France
than to this country for their medical literature, and their medical students were
more likely to go to those countries than to this for their undergraduate and post-
graduate work. * * *
Preparations are now being made for the publication of the initial number early
in January. For^the time being the Spanish edition will be issued semimonthly.
It is proposed to include in it practically all of the scientific matter that appears in
The Journal. Original articles and editorials that are of local or very ephemeral
interest will not be included, nor will it include the medical news listed under states,
marriages, deaths, or matter of this character. In a word, everything that may be
regarded as of general interest to the new readers, and especially all that is of permanent
value, including, of course, the abstracts, curirent medical literature, and foreign
letters, will appear in the Spanish edition.
It needs no prophet to forecast the fact that the relation, always close, between the
democracies of North and South America will with every succeeding day become
closer and more advantageous on both sides. The better we know each other, the
better friends we shall be. Nowhere can this friendship be more fruitful than in
the field of science, and especially in medical science. It is in this spirit of coopera-
tion and confraternity that the American Medical Association is entering on this
enterprise. It may be necessary to say that no financial gain is hoped for from this
publication. If after several years it pays its own way it will be doing all that can now
be expected from it. Rather, it may be said that the enterprise is begun wholly
with the spirit of fostering true internationalism and with purely altruistic motives.
HISPANIC- AMERICAN ECONOMIC CONGRESS.
At the invitation of the Chamber of Commerce of Seville, the
National Congress of Economics, held in Valladolid voted that the
next congress should be held in the capital of the Andalusian Province.
The president of the chamber proposes to invite all economic organiza-
tions to be represented, and especially the chambers of commerce of
Spain and all the American Republics, for the purpose of linking
the economic congress with the commemoration of the fourth cen-
tennial anniversary of the first voyage accomplished round the
world, which was undertaken by Magellan when he set out from
Seville in 1519.
The projected congress is to open its sessions October 12, 1919,
anniversary of the discovery of America. Besides commemorating
events of world-wide significance, economic issues affecting both
Spain and the New World will be considered by the chambers of
commerce and other economic bodies of the Peninsula and America.
The president of the cabinet and the ministers of state and treasury
of Spain have assured the president of the Chamber of Commerce of
Seville of their official as well as personal support for the success of
the enterprise.
TWENTIETH CONGRESS OF PAN- AMERICANISTS.
The next meeting of the International Congress of Americanists
(the twentieth), will be held in the city of Rio de Janeiro from the
PAN AMERICAN NOTES. 99
18th to the 30th of the coming June. Sessions will take place in
the halls of the National Archives, the Geographic Society, and the
National Library. The congress will be held under the auspices of
the National Museum, the Historic and Geographic Institute of
Brazil, the National Library, the Geographical Society, the National
Archives, and the "Fluminense" Historic and Geographic Institute,
and with the cooperation of the National Academy of Medicine, the
Association of Lawyers of Brazil, the Engineering Club, the Geological
Service, the Indian Service, the General Board of Telegraphers, the
Astronomical Observatory, and the National School of Fine Arts.
Besides several excursions of a scientific and recreative character
during the sessions the museums, historic and geographic institutes,
institutions of higher learning, and other headquarters of subjects
to be considered by the congress, will be visited. Those who wish
to take part in the coming congress should send the subject of the
paper they will present to the general secretary before May 30,
together with an outline of the thesis. Dr. Lauro Miiller is president
of the committee on arrangements and Dr. Alfredo Mariano de
Oliveira, whose office is in the Geographic Society of Rio -de Janeiro,
is secretary general.
A CORRECTION.
The attention of the Bulletin ha been called to a ciuotation used
in the notes on Haiti in its October, 1918, number on page 614, in
which the statement is made that "the language of the island is
French, its schools, theaters, and hotels are French, and likewise
its wines," etc. How such a misstatement escaped the editorial blue
pencil is perhaps inexplicable, except that in reading the matter
quoted the impression that it refeiTed only to the Republic of Plaiti
was so strong that the use of the word "island" escaped notice.
As our readers well know, approximately two-thirds of the area of the
island constitutes the Dominican RepubUc, a countiy entirely Span-
ish in language, origin, customs, etc., while the Republic of Haiti,
where French is spoken, occupies only the western thud. Incidentally
in the same number of the Bulletin a map was used in coimection
with the article ''Coal Resources of the Americas," for the pm-pose
of showing the location of the great coal deposits of the Western
Hemisphere. A close scrutiny of the map reveals the fact that the
cartographer who drew it failed to show the Dominican Repubhc
as occupying the major part of this island, which is called the Island
of Haiti by some map makers, the Island of Santo Domingo by others,
and which was first called "Hispanola" by its Spanish discoverers.
This defect in the map remained undiscovered until after the English
edition of the Blt^letin had come from the press. The map in
question was withdrawn from the other language editio is that
carry the article.
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY^
L«i ; AND COMMERCE ; d~
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Direct steamship communication between Cape Town, Durban, and
Buenos Aires has had the effect of rapidly increasing COMMERCIAL
TRANSACTIONS between the Argentine Republic and Southern
Africa, large quantities of tea, shelled fish in cans, salt, coal and other
articles having been sent to the Argentine Republic in exchange for
sole leather, hides, boots and shoes, etc.
According to a report of the Bureau of Statistics of the Argentine
Government the FOREIGN COMMERCE of that country during
the first half of 1918 was 591,592,678 gold pesos (gold peso = S0.9648),
of which 209,896,111 gold pesos were imports, and 381,696,567 gold
pesos were exports, or an excess of exports over imports of 171,800,456
gold pesos.
The AREA SOWN TO CEREALS in the State of Santa Fe in the
agricultural year 1918-19 was 1,202,380 hectares of wheat, 663,913
hectares of flax, 55,336 hectares of barley, 60,905 hectares of oats,
2,885 hectares of alpiste or birdseed, and 1,590 hectares of rye.
The governor of the Province of Buenos Aires has authorized
Federico Brown to instaU and operate 10 ELECTRIC LIGHT AND
POWER PLANTS in that Province for a period of 20 years. These
installations are to be strictly modern in their entire equipment.
BRAZIL.
In March, 1916, direct steamship service by a ROUMANIAN
LINE was commenced between Brazilian ports and Roumania.
This traffic was interrupted by the war, but preparations are now
being made to reestablish it on a larger scale, employing for this
purpose 10 vessels of 6,500 tons each, which are to ply from the
Roumanian port of Braila to Brazilian and Argentine ports, touching
at Galata, Odessa, Trebizond, Constantinople, Salonika, Athens,
Smyrna, and Alexandria. This line offers a splendid opportunity to
Brazil for the expansion of her commerce in the part of the world
mentioned, as well as with other countries in easy reach of these
places. Roumania and Bessarabia consume large quantities of Bra-
zilian coffee, and the operation of this Ime will enable this staple
Brazilian product to be quickly placed in these countries at a reduced
freight rate. It is believed that the transportation offered by this
100
AGRICULTUEE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 101
line "will induce emigrants from the Balkan States to go to Brazil,
and especially agricidtural emigrants, to whom Brazil offers great
inducements.
The IRON SMELTER at Sabana, State of Minas Geraes, one of
the largest and most important installations of its kind in South
America, will soon be completed and put into operation. The daily
capacity of the plant is from 25 to 35 tons of ore. The company has
a large quantity of fuel and raw material on hand and will begin
work as soon as the machinery is received and set up.
CHILE.
Since the beginning of the European war S\YEDISH-CHILEAN
COMMERCE, which before that time was insignificant, has steadily
grown in importance. The imports into Chile from Sweden in 1914
were valued at 64,962 gold pesos (gold peso = .$0,365); in 1915, at
1,348,599 gold pesos; in 1916, at 1,964,513 gold pesos, and in 1917
at 2,191,326 gold pesos. The exports from Chile to Sweden in 1915,
1916, and 1917, expressed in gold pesos, were 2,280,685; 1,089,478,
and 2,358,783, respectively. Among the articles imported from
Sweden, which fornaerly came from other countries, were printing
paper, electric and metallurgical supplies, etc.
The NATIONAL DAIRY CONGRESS, which closed its sessions
in Santiago on November 3, 1918, recommended, among other
things, the establishment by the Government of a Department of
Agriculture and Colonization; the enactment of a law making obliga-
tory the tuberculinization of cattle; the pasteurization of milk; the
estabhshment of chemical mmiicipal laboratories with sections for
analyzing food substances; the maintenance of a national laboratory
for the preparation of vaccine virus; the establishment of dairy ex-
periment stations; the organizing of cooperative societies for the sale
of hygienic milk in cities; the manufacture of products for export
and their shipment abroad in vessels equipped with cold-storage
plants ; the estabhshment of dairy schools in the central and southern
parts of the country; the teaching of dairying in the rural normal
schools of the Republic, and the holding in Buenos Aires in Septem-
ber next of an International Dairy Congress.
On November 9, 1918, the first of the FURNACES FOR THE
:MANUFACTURE of steel of the Electric MetaUurgical Co.
commenced operations. Plans have been made for the enlargement
of the plant as soon as possible.
Under a contract concluded in London on October 3, 1918, between
the minister of Chile and the Government of Great Britain, the former
agreed to sell to the latter 680,000 tons of NITRATES at the rate of
from 13s. to 13s. 6d. per quintal. The delivery of this nitrate was
made in December last.
102
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
COSTA RICA.
As the result of the propaganda in Costa Rica for increasing the
area of CULTIVATED LANDS, it is estimated that the area sown
to rice in 1918 was 30 per cent greater than that of 1917, while the
acreage planted to corn in 1918 increased about 7 per cent as com-
pared with the area of this cereal cultivated during the previous year.
In 1918 the wheat and bean crops were about 10 per cent greater
than in 1917.
MEXICO.
According to newspaper reports the harvest of CHICK PEAS
recently gathered in the States of Sinaloa and Sonora exceeded
24,000 tons. This crop was sold in the United States for a sum
aggregatmg, in round numbers, $4,500,000.
The Department of Industry, Commerce, and Labor has issued to
Aurelio Rangel, a farmer living at Comala, State of CoHma, a patent
covering a NEW PLOW of an extremely simple type and which is
said to possess great advantages over the ordinary plow. The plow
is constructed in such a way as to reduce its weight and improve its
balance so that much less animal power is required to move it.
URUGUAY,
The Uruguayan Government recently authorized its consul in New
York to purchase 10,000 tons of COAL in the United States and con-
tract a sufficient supply of that fuel to meet the needs of the Republic.
ECONOMICandFINANCIAL
;^ AFFAIRS ^i;^J
ARGEXTIXE REPUBLIC.
A report of the business transacted in 1917 by the POSTAL
SAVINGS BANK shows that the deposits for that year were
9,418,548 pesos, national currency, and the withdrawals 5,745,839
pesos, national currency (paper peso = 80:4245). The total receipts
of this bank from all sources during the year referred to, including
interest, fines, etc., were 10,082,248 pesos, national currency.
BOLIVIA.
The President of the Republic has authorized the Municipal
Council of the State of Potosi to negotiate a loan, not exceeding
200,000 bolivianos (boliviano = SO. 3893), for the purchase and equip-
ment of a HOUSE FOR THE STORAGE OF PROVISIONS,
issuing in payment therefor municipal bonds bearing interest at
the rate of 8 per cent per annum and containing provisions for a
2 per cent annual amortization fund.
BRAZIL.
In 1917 the receipts of the LEOPOLDINA RAILWAY amounted
to £1,580,241, as compared with £1,319,657 in 1916. About 69
per cent of the receipts were expended in extending the company's
lines. The increase in gross revenues in 1917 were due to the large
freight traffic which produced a surplus equivalent to £180,868.
For that year the company paid a dividend of IJ per cent on the
common and 2f per cent on the preferred shares.
CHILE.
The finance committee of the House of Deputies of the Chilean
Congress has made a favorable report on the bill authorizing the
President of the Republic, for a period of three years, to contract
for account of the municipality of Iquique a LOAN of £300,000
guaranteed by the National Government. This loan is to bear
interest at the rate of 5 per cent per annum, and provides for an
annual sinking fund of not less than 1 nor more than 2 per cent. The
proceeds of the loan may be delivered in installments of not less
than £50,000 as the money is needed. This money is to be expended
in the construction of sewers, the paving of the streets, the erection
of a model market, enlarging and improving the slaughterhouse at
Iquique, and in the construction of sewers and in the equipment of
the fii-e department at Caleta Buena.
103
104 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The sum of 62,700 pesos has been made available for use in com-
pleting the Coihuaco to Niblinto RAILWAY, construction work on
which was commenced some time ago.
COSTA RICA.
The Executive Power has authorized the International Bank of
Costa Rica to issue 1,000,000 colones (colon = $0.3893) in BANK
BILLS, which amount is the first installment of the sum authorized
under the law of October 5, 1918.
CUBA.
On November 20, 1918, one million dollars in United States paper
currency was received in Habana via Florida. This remittance,
like previous ones of a similar nature, forms part of the $15,000,000
loan made to the Government of Cuba by the Government of the
United States.
ECUADOR.
An Executive decree of September 28, 1918, modifies in a number
of particulars the law concerning the construction of the QUITO
TO ESMERALDAS RAILWAY. The legislative decrees of Sep-
tember 6, 1913, October 4, 1913, and October 13, 1916, providing
funds for the building of the said railway are declared to be in force,
and the territorial tax established under the decrees referred to is
fixed at the rate of 3 mills annually, but with the proviso that the
Provinces subject to this tax shall only pay 1 mill as a local road
and general territorial tax. Said funds are to be collected by the
railway board, which, with the approval of the Government, may
negotiate a loan to be used in the construction of the railway and
for expenditures connected therewith, the loan to be guaranteed
by the revenues set aside by law for that work. The board is also
authorized to recover the Pailon lands for use as a terminal, or pro-
cure lands at such other place on the coast as may be agreed upon.
MEXICO.
The manager of the Vera Cruz Railway has petitioned the Depart-
ment of Communications and Public Works for authority to extend
its BRANCH LINE, which runs from Munoz Station to Chiguahua-
pam, to the town of Zacatlan, an important agricultural and com-
mercial center of the State of Puebla.
PARAGUAY.
During the first half of 1918 the CUSTOMS REVENUES from
imports amounted to 96,233 gold pesos and 18,333,962 paper pesos,
respectively. The export revenues were 300,390 gold pesos and
60,397 paper pesos, respectively. These revenues for the inland
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES. 105
service, during the time referred to, were 651 gold pesos and 520,044
paper pesos, or a total collection in gold and paper pesos of 397,174
gold and 18,914,403 paper pesos, respectively.
^ INTERNATIONAL ,
^ / TREATIES \ ^
On November 13, 1918, a GENERAL ARBITRATION TREATY
was concluded in Bogota between the representatives of the Govern-
ments of Bolivia and Colombia, under the terms of which the con-
tracting parties agree to submit to arbitral decision all controversies
of whatever nature that may arise between them, provided always
that such controversies are not settled through diplomatic channels,
with the sole exception that questions within the usual jurisdiction
of the courts of the countries in interest are not covered by the treaty.
The arbitrators are to be appointed from among the heads of the
States of the American countries, or from among judges or experts of
the American Republics. Should there be no agreement concerning
the appointment of arbitrators, the high contracting parties shall
submit their differences to the permanent court of arbitration in
conformity with the provisions of Tlie Hague Convention of October
18, 1907, and in accordance with article 43 of said pact. In each
particular case the parties shall sign a special agreement for deter-
mining the nature of the dispute, the formation of the arbitral court,
and the rules of procedure. This treaty is to remain in force for a
period of 10 years, and if not abrogated at the expiration of that time
it is understood that it will be renewed for another period of 10 years,
and so on successively.
A TREATY OF AMITY, COM^IERCE, AND NAVIGATION
was concluded in the city of Washington on August 26, 1918, by
representatives of the governments of Ecuador and Japan. Tlie treaty
referred to contains the usual stipulations based on an equality of
condition of the citizens of the high contracting parties. It is ex-
pressly agreed that any favor, privilege, or immunity in matters
relating to commerce, navigation, industry, travel, and residence
granted, or which may hereafter be granted by either of the countries
in interest to citizens of any European or American nation, either
gratuitously or on the same or equivalent conditions if the concession
should be conditional, shall apply to the citizens of either of the
contracting parties. This treaty becomes operative from the date
of the exchange of ratifications and remains in force for a period of
one year after the date on which either of the contracting parties
duly notifies the other of its intention to abrogate same.
^ PUBLIC INSTRUCTION ^
-^ k andEDUCATION ; ^M
AEGENTINA.
The Department of Agriculture has for some time fostered AGRI-
CULTURAL EDUCATION in every way possible, and since the
close of 1916 sixteen courses have been offered in rural domestic
science for women in the principal rural centers of the country in the
Provinces of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Cordoba, La Rioja,
Tucumdn, Catamarca, Santigo del Estero, and Salta. Instruction
was given by competent professors who were graduated from the
Rural Domestic Science School of Tandil (Escuela del Hogar Agricola
del Tandil) at the time of its operation in 1916 and 1917.
The courses deal principally with the dairying industry; the mak-
ing of butter and cheese ; aviculture ; the raising of hogs ; apiculture ;
arboriculture; horticulture, and the conservation of fruit and
vegetables. To the present time more than 500 farmers' daughters
have taken advantage of the courses, in spite of the fact that enroll-
ment was limited by the funds available. In Tucuman steps are being
taken toward establishing the school on a permanent basis, as also
in 25 de Mayo (a Province of Buenos Aires) and other places where
private associations are working for the same end.
BRAZIL.
According to the report of the vice consul of the United States,
Richard P. Momsen, published in the Commerce Reports of Decem-
ber 20, 1918, the President of Brazil, by a decree of September 16,
1918, has authorized the expenditure of 100,198 milreis (approxim-
ately $25,000), for the support this year of 96 schools of agriculture
established in the agricultural colonies of the State of Parana. Agri-
cultural education during the past five years in Brazil has developed
remarkably, and the Government has not stinted efforts in encourag-
ing this important branch so vital to the progress of scientific agri-
culture needed to develop the native potentialities of the wealthy
Republic.
CHILE.
The Society for the Development of Manufacturing has energeti-
cally undertaken the reorganization of PUBLIC TECHNICAL
INSTRUCTION in accordance with the progress accomplished
in this branch during the past decade. The following schools are
under its consideration: School of Ornamental Drawing, with sepa-
106
PUBLIC INSTEUCTION AND EDUCATION". 107
rate sections for men and women. The object of this school is to
diffuse a knowledge of drawing and decorative painting collateral
with the artistic professions. SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND
TECHNICAL DRAWING, in which practical instruction necessary
for executing detailed sketches showing the union of parts of machines,
as well as an exact comprehension of designs and drafts, is given.
The SCHOOL OF ELECTRICIANS gives, besides a general knowl-
edge of the subject, the principles and manner of operation of elec-
trically-driven machines. This training is completed by a special
course in mathematics and schematic dra\ving of installations,
instruments, and machines. Fmally, the SCHOOL OF MECHANICS
specializes in rough drafting of pieces and parts of machines and in
the designing of machinery for factories, and there is included also
a course in which steam, gas, and hydraulic apparatus is studied.
A large group of citizens of Valparaiso have petitioned the President
of the Republic to accelerate the opening of the INDUSTRIAL
UNIVERSITY of Valparaiso (Universidad Industrial de Valparaiso) ,
the establishment of which was authorized by law No. 3090. By
its creation the cycle of industrial education in Chile will be com-
pleted, which at present consists of three steps: Elementary training
in the industrial schools already established in Chilian and Temuco
and in those to be established at Antofagasta, Valparaiso, Talca,
Concepcion, Valdivia, and Puerto Montt; the secondary, which is
given in the School of Arts and Crafts, to the development of which
the Government is lending especial attention; and the superior,
in the Technical Industrial School of Valparaiso. For the latter a
commission has been designated composed of competent engineers,
reputable teachers (foreigners and natives), and speciahsts in the
subjects the schools will offer, the commission to study and propose
programs of technical and practical training.
CUBA.
At the instance of the secretary of public instruction the President
of the Republic has signed a decree by which two loans of SI 6,000
and $25,000, respectively, will be taken from the treasury for the
normal schools of Santa Clara and Santiago de Cuba. While fos-
tering normal training with these funds, the Cuban Government
has promulgated laws and regulations tending to make normal
instruction stricter, with the purpose of providing a bod}^ of professors
more competent and adequately prepared for the discharge of their
manifold duties. To this end a special regulation has been issued
relative to the recognition of foreign diplomas of normal-school
teachers. Such diplomas and credentials must be presented to the
secretary of public instruction, together with certificates of good
conduct and morality, and, in addition, the candidates mU be subject
to the laws for native applicants who desire to enter the profession.
108 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION".
URUGUAY.
At the time this number of the Bulletin goes to press there is
being held in Montevideo the American Congress of Commercial
Education, an assembly which will without doubt bring forth splendid
suggestions for the bettering of commercial education in America.
The importance of the congress and the character of the discussions
may be seen by noting the topics listed below, which are to be given
particular attention, according to a decree of the President of
Uruguay:
(A) Economic commercial expanBion.
I. Investigation of the natural resources of the American Continent.
II. Natural, commercial, and industrial resources of America.
III. Means of economic and commercial exchange among the peoples of the conti-
nent.
IV. Method of communication among all the countries, prices of transportation,
laws, enactments, and tariffs concerning merchandise for transportation.
V. Agreements relative to commercial classifications of merchandise of the custom-
house tariffs.
VI. Cooperation which, for the purpose of commercial economic expansion, the
diplomatic and consular seriice, seconded by commercial enterprises, should lend.
VII. Value of reaching agreements concerning statistics, needs of industry, sources
of production, and economic development of every country, with proper adjustment
of consular decisions, with especial reference to the counsels and commercial attaches
of the respective legations.
VIII. Value of credit for rapid commercial expansion.
IX. Analysis of the inter- American political economy in its present state, to deter-
mine through the results of experience if the situation is satisfactory compared with
America's state.
X. Influence of Pan Americanism in commercial relations of the peoples.
XI. Effects of the present war upon the economic commercial life of the Americas.
XII. Commercial propaganda through the daily press, newspapers, books, pam-
phlets, posters, etc., or by expositions, permanent museums, and profuse distribution
of articles.
Discussion as to the most advantageous form of propaganda in consideration of
character and present economic and commercial conditions of the Americas.
XIII. The traveling salesman. Preparations of such salesmen. Form of remu-
neration.
(B) Commercial instruction.
I. From what point, how, and by what means commercial education should be
developed in the American Continent; extent and subdivision of such instruction.
II. Means of stimulating acquaintance among the peoples of the Americas.
III. The centers of commercial education as professional schools, as institutions
of modern culture.
IV. Should courses in business ethics be included in the curriculum in the
advanced classes? Morale, character, and culture of students of commerce and of
consular service.
V. Universal history of commerce as an indispensable element in the training of
competent consuls.
VI. Are screen films necessary in giving instruction in commerce and geography?
VII. Countinghouse practice.
VIII. How should commerce be taught?
IX. Tables of mortality.
X. Reading of minutes.
XI. Teaching of languages in the centers of commercial education.
XII. Preparation of women for a commercial career.
GENERAL NOTES
ARGEXTIXE REPUBLIC .
On October 26, 1918, the inauguration of the new building con-
structed in the City of Buenos Aires for use as the headquarters of
the Spanish MUTUAL BENEFIT SOCIETY took place. This
organization, which has been in existence 62 years, has 26,000 mem-
bers. The building is 10 stories high and cost 3,500,000 pesos,
national currency. About one-third of the space of the structure
referred to is used for offices and social functions. The La Croze
TRAMWAY CO. of Buenos Aires opened to pubUc traffic in October
last its new lines, which traverse thickly populated sections of the
National Capital. The house of deputies of the Congress of Peru
resolved in November last to offer a GOLD MEDAL to Dr. E. S.
Zeballos, a distinguished Argentine statesman and writer, as a mani-
festation of the respect and esteem in which he is held by the Peru-
vian Government and people.— — Federico Alvarez y Toledo, who was
recently secretary of the navy of the Argentine Government, has
been appointed minister plenipotentiary near the Government of
Great Britain.
BOLIVIA.
Work has been resumed on the SUCRE THEATER in the city of
that name. It is reported that the National Congress will appro-
priate a considerable sum of money to be used in completing this
beautiful edifice and in securing suitable furnishings for the same.
The bid of Miguel Nogue, amounting to 52,775 bohvianos (bohviano =
S0.3893), tendered for the construction of the Oruro NATIONAL
CUSTOMHOUSE building, has been accepted. Work is to be
commenced immediately and the structure is to be completed at as
early a date as possible. Preliminary steps have been taken for
installing an ELECTRIC hght and power plant at Trinidad, Depart-
ment of Beni. Work on the new HOSPITAL at Potosl, the corner-
stone of which was laid on November 10, 1918, has been commenced.
The hospital is to be modern in every respect, and will be equipped
in the most scientific and up-to-date manner.
BRAZIL.
Under rules and regulations promulgated by the President of the
Repubhc for combatting and preventing endemic fevers, especially
in the rural sections of the country, the Government proposes to use
96525— 19— Bull. 1 8 109
110 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
QUININE as its chief remedy, purchasing the same in the home or
foreign market in the form of salts of quinine. Cinchona bark will
also be imported and delivered to the Oswaldo Cruz Institute at Rio
de Janeiro, which will extract the salts therefrom. This quinine is
to be placed in tubes, officially sealed, labeled and furnished to
pharmacists to be sold at a price not exceeding 10 per cent in excess
of the cost price to them.— — -The heavy frosts which occurred in
Brazil some nionths ago greatly damaged the CASTOR BEAN
PLANT, so that the quantity of that oleaginous seed available for
export from the Republic in the near future wiU be very limited.
Of the cereal crops corn and rice are most promising at the present
time, and.it is believed that the surplus of these products for export
in 1919 will be equal to, if not greater, than that of 1918. One
of the great industries of the State of Espirito Santo is the mining of
MONAZITE SANDS, which are estimated to cost at the plant,
including mining, concentrating, bagging, etc., from $17 to $23 per
ton. This industry, which was formerly in the hands of the Germans,
is now largely controlled by the United States.
CHILE.
The official plans submitted by Messrs. Doyere and Isarrazabal
Lira for the construction of the NEW GOVERNMENT PALACE in
Santiago have been definitely approved. The structure, which is to
be made of reenforced concrete, wiU occupy an entire block fronting
DeHcias Avenue. The edifice is to be erected under the direction of
Mr. Isarrazabal. In September, 1919, the SECOND CHILEAN
MEDICAL CONGRESS will meet in Santiago. Among the subjects
which it is proposed to discuss at that congress will be the applica-
tion of the law concerning accidents to workmen, medical hospitals,
demographic statistics, tuberculosis, and the use of alcohoUc
drinks. On October 24 last the placing of a BRONZE PLAQUE,
presented by the Argentine people, on the tomb of Gen. O'Higgins
in the cemetery at Santiago, in solemn commemoration of the death
of that great Chilean patriot, took place with appropriate cere-
monies. A bill has been introduced into congress authorizing the
President of the Republic to call for bids, both in Chile and abroad,
for the construction of works for the PROTECTION OF THE
PORT OF VALPARAISO, the price of same not to exceed £1,470,000.
COLOMBIA.
The TELEGRAPH BUSINESS in the Repubhc of Colombia has
increased very rapidly during the last few years, the number of
monthly messages handled having jumped from 42,300 in 1910 to
88,000 in 1918. ^A committee has been appointed by the Govern-
GENERAL NOTES. Ill
ment of Colombia to study the ANCIENT RUINS recently dis-
covered at Aguabonita to the south of Huila. The committee
proposes to examine the ruins in detail and report upon the ancient
statues existing at that place, and, if possible, wiU make excavations
into these prehistoric ruins. The board of trade at BarranquiUa
has sohcrted the cooperation of the board of trade of Cali in securing
an extension to Cartagena and BarranquiUa of the STEAMSHIP
SERVICE now carried on with the Colombian Pacific coast ports of
Buenaventura and Tumaco.
COSTA RICA.
The LAW SCHOOL at San Jose has elected its officers and board
of directors for 1919, as follows: Licentiate Pedro Perez Zeledon,
president; Licentiate Alejandro Alvarado Quiros, Licentiate Victor
Vargas Quesada, Licentiate Manuel Saenz Cordero, Licentiate Adan
Acosta, and Licentiate Oscar Padilla, members of the board of
directors; Licentiate Tomas Fernandez Bolandi, attorney; Licentiate
Jorge Herrera, treasurer; and Licentiates Arturo Saenz andGuiUermo
Echandi, secretaries. Land has been acquired at Lazareto Viejo
on which to erect a SCHOOL BUILDING for the use of the district
of San Francisco at Mata Redonda. The land purchased has an
area of 2,810 meters. According to La Informacion, a daily
newspaper of San Jose, congress has approved the corrected copy of
the New Penal Code, so that same is now ready for the printer.
Senator Astua has been placed in charge of the printing and correc-
tion of the proofs.
CUBA.
Immediately after the confirmation of the cablegram announcing
the lamented death of ex-President Theodore Roosevelt the munici-
pal council of the city of Habana passed a resolution appropriating
S500 for the purchase of a portrait of the late Col. Roosevelt to be
placed in the council chamber of that body in Habana, $25,000 for
a monument to be erected in his honor in one of the parks of the
city of Habana, S500 for a wreath of flowers to be purchased by the
Cuban consulate in New York to be laid upon his tomb, changed
the name of Tacon street in the national capital to Roosevelt Street,
and ordered all flags on the municipal buildings to be flown at
halfmast. According to reports published in the Cuban press the
Royal Mail STEAMSHIP CO. proposes soon to estabhsh a freight
and passenger service between England, Spain, the United States,
and Cuba. The Pacific Steam Navigation Co. wiU also estabhsh a
service between New York and the Pacific coast ports of South
America, via the Panama Canal. During the first week of the
present year there were 85 mills at work on the new SUGAR CANE
112 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
crop, which promises to be the largest in the history of the island,
Reports from the Santa Barbara CANNERY at Santa Barbara,
Isle of Pines, are to the effect that the cannery will be in more active
operation this season than ever before, inasmuch as it has been able
to obtain all the cans and other suppUes needed in carrying on its
work.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
It is estimated that about 75 per cent of the TOBACCO CROP of
the Dominican Republic is grown in the Province of Santiago, 15
per cent in the Province of Puerto Plata, and 5 per cent each in the
Provinces of La Vega and EspaiUat. The annual yield of Dominican
tobacco is, approximately, 11,000 tons, most of which finds a market
in Europe. In 1917 the San Luis SUGAR PLANTATION pro-
duced 37,000 sacks of sugar, 43,000 sacks in 1918, and the estimated
production for 1919 is 65,000 sacks. A number of improvements
are being made at tliis plantation, among which may be mentioned
the construction of several kilometers of railway, a paved highway,
and a small but modernly equipped abbatoir. A society of BOY
SCOUTS was recently organized in Santiago de los Caballeros.
This organization is becoming very popular in the Dominican Re-
public, and it 'is proposed in the near future to foimd a number of
societies in different parts of the country.
ECUADOR.
Dr. Gonzalo S. Cordova, formerly minister of Ecuador in Wash-
ington, was recently elected PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE of the
Ecuadorean Congress. Congress has elected the following justices
of the SUPREME COURT: Dr. Alejandro Cardenas, Dr. Albftn
Mistanza, Dr. Leopold© Pino, Dr. Modesto Penaherrera, and Dr.
Pablo A. Vascones. Dr. Adolfo Paez was elected attorney of the
court. The concession for the construction and conservation of
the MOUNTAIN ROAD from Punto de Portavelo to Santa Rosa,
granted to the American Development Co., has been extended for
an additional period of six years. A law was recently promulgated
under the terms of which the municipality of Quito acquires land
in the national capital formerly belonging to the Concepcion convent,
half of which is to be used as a site for the NEW MUNICIPAL
BUILDING and the other half for the legislative palace.
GUATEMALA.
On November 21 last the new INDEPENDENCE BOULEVARD,
a beautiful driveway extending from the army monument to Barran-
quiUa Bridge, was opened with appropriate ceremonies to public
traffic. On November 9, 1918, the minister of France near
GENERAL NOTES. 113
the Government of Venezuela announced to Licentiate Manuel
Estrada Cabrera, president of the Republic of Guatemala, that the
French Government had conferred upon the latter the GREAT
CROSS OF THE LEGION OF HONOR, and at the same time
delivered to him the diploma and decorations of that order sent by
the department of foreign relations of the Government of France.
HAITI.
According to press reports the reorganized CABINET of the
Haitian Government is as follows: M. Constantin Benoit, secretary
of foreign relations and justice; M. Flemy Fequiere, secretary of
finance and commerce; M. Dantes BeUegarde, secretary of public
instruction and worship; M. Louis Roy, secretary of agiiculture and
public works; M. B. Dartiguenave, secretary of interior. M. Dantes
Belegarde, secretary of public instruction, has been honored by the
French Government by a promotion from officier d' Academic to the
rank of Officier d'Instruccion Publique. Senor Antonio Urbina
Fajai'do, representative of the United Fruit Co., has come to Haiti
to recruit 2,500 HAITIAN LABORERS, who wiU be sent to Cuba
to work in the company's plants. Le Comptoh industriel haitien
is the name of a new C0;MMERCIAL FIRM which opened a large
store in Saint-Marc. Tlie steamship A^eptunus from New York
arrived at Port au Prince a short time ago with a large cargo of
merchandise consigned to Haitian ports.
HONDURAS.
The Government of the United States has granted a patent of
invention to Dr. Leopoldo Cordova, jr., a Honduran citizen, for a
new HEATER attachable to chimneys and smokestacks, and which
device, it is claimed, saves 40 per cent of the fuel ordinarily con-
sumed and adds 60 per cent to the quantity of heat obtained.
According to the constitution and by-laws of the Honduras SPORT-
ING LEAGUE, this organization is a corporation founded with the
object of encouraging healtliful amusements, sports, and outdoor
games for the purpose of aiding the physical and moral development
of its members. The organization has its headquarters in Tegucigalpa.
MEXICO.
El Universal, a daily newspaper of the City of Mexico, states that
influential Norwegian capitahsts propose to estabUsh a BANK in
the City of Mexico, with a branch in the city of Guadalajara, under
the name of the Norway and Mexican Banking Co. On the west
coast of the Repubhc, and especially in the States of Guerrero,
Michoacan, and Jahsco, crops of CEREALS of considerable impor-
114 THE PAN AMEEICAN UNION.
tance were harvested in 1918. It is estimated that the grain pro-
duction in the States referred to will be sufficient to meet the local
demands and leave a surplus for export to other parts of the Re-
public. A bill has been introduced into the Mexican Congress
providing for a COMPULSORY SAVINGS SYSTEM for workmen,
based on a fund raised and maintained by the payment of a certain
percentage of their income. The National Board of Trade of the
City of Veracruz has been invited by the Board of Trade of Liverpool
to send a number of Mexican students to the latter place for educa-
tional purposes, and especially with the object of studying BRITISH
COMMERCIAL METHODS. Students who lack resources are
promised work at remunerative wages. The Torreon METAL-
LURGICAL CO., wliich recently temporarily shut down its smelter
due to lack of ores, has again commenced operations and is reported
to be doing an active business.
NICARAGUA.
The agricultural school at Managua was recently presented by Dr.
Solorzano, charge d'affaires of the Mexican Government near the
Government of Nicaragua, with SILKWORM LARV^, as well as
with seeds of a number of Mexican plants. -During the last few
years considerable attention has been given in Nicaragua to the cul-
tivation of the CASTOR OIL PLANT, which, at the present rate of
increase in acreage will soon become one of the most important and
promising agricultural productions of the country. A dealer in
Granada is reported to have recently bought about 50 tons of castor
beans, or practically the total crop of that part of the country.
The Department of Fomento (Public Improvement) has granted a
license to P^nfilo J. Sobalvarro to DISTIL TURPENTINE on his
ranch in Diplito, Department of Nueva Segovia. The license referred
to is renewable annually at the option of the Government.
PANAMA.
According to reports recently received from the Isthmus, the
United Fruit Co. is continuing the plan adopted some time ago
concerning the planting of its abandoned banana lands in the Prov-
inces of Bocas del Toro to COCONUT GROVES and cacao planta-
tions. It is estimated that the company has at present 45,600 coco-
nut trees planted on 912 acres of land. Most of these are young
trees and will not come into bearing for four or five years. This
same company is reported to have cacao plants and trees to the num-
ber of nearly 3,000,000 set out over an area of about 7,000 acres.
A number of other persons, principally Americans, are engaged in
this industry in Panama at Cocoplum Point, about 100 miles west
of Colon. These interests have about 95,000 yoimg plants set out
GENERAL NOTES. 115
and some 5,000 trees in bearing. It is estimated that when all of
the coconut trees and plants cultivated in this section of Panama
come into full bearing that coconuts by the millions will be available
for export from Colon. The ICE and cold storage plant of the Pan-
ama Canal at Mount Hope was ready for use at the beginning of the
present year. There is an ice factory located at Colon which supplies
the local trade. -The municipal council of Colon recently con-
sidered the adoption of a resolution requiring MOVING-PICTURE
shows to have titles and descriptive matter thrown upon the screen
in Spanish. The newspapers and patrons of the moving-picture
theaters are advocating the measure.
PARAGUAY.
The bank of Spain and Paraguay, with headquarters in the na-
tional capital, recently made a detailed investigation of the business
conditions and prospects of the Department of Misiones, and as a
result of same has decided to open in the near future a BRANCH
BANK in the town of Misiones. The Misiones district is one of the
most famous and promising sections of the Paraguayan Republic,
and during the period of Jesuit rule attained a high state of civic,
educational, and industrial development. The department contains
some of the richest agricultural lands in the country, and, with the
increased transportation facilities which have been given this region
within the last few years, a notable revival of business has taken
place. The NATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF HYGIENE and
public charity of Asuncion in order to better facilitate its work in
the national capital, has divided the city into nine health zones.
This enables the sanitary authorities to quickly and properly attend
to their duties, and to more efficiently cope with any diseases which
may be inclined to develop into epidemics. These nine divisions
have thoroughly equipped health stations and a competent personnel,
ever ready to combat, curb, and prevent the spread of contagious
and infectious maladies. The municipal authorities of the city of
Asuncion recently adopted and put into effect NEW TARIFF
RATES to be charged for public automobile service rendered within
the municipality of the national capital.
PERU.
Ladies of the Peruvian colony residing in Paris have founded a
HOSPITAL in the French capital to be used in caring for the sick
and wounded. It is understood that this hospital is to be run in
cooperation with the Red Cross. According to press reports Gen.
Oscar Benavides has been appointed MINISTER of Peru to Italy,
and Seiior Amador del Solar minister to the Argentine Repubhc.
116 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
On December 1, 1918, the LIMA SAVINGS BANK celebrated its
fiftieth anniversary. Senor Manuel Pardo, who afterwards became
President of Peru and whose son is now President of the Kepublic,
took an active part in founding and directing the business of this
bank in the early years of its existence. The first year the bank had
688 customers, whose deposits aggregated t7,131, as compared with
18,217 accounts in 1918 aggregating L660,751. ^The war depart-
ment recently selected from unmarried lieutenants and sergeants now
in the Peruvian army between the ages of 20 and 30 years, a number
of AVIATION STUDENTS, whom it is proposed to send to the
Argentine RepubUc to study aeronautics. Upon the satisfactory
completion of their studies they are to return to Peru and serve three
years in the army. Lieut. Guillermo M. Protzel, a young Peruvian,
has returned from the Palomar Aviation School in Buenos Aires, from
which he recently graduated with honors. He and other aviators
are to be employed in the aviation school in Peru which the Govern-
ment proposes soon to establish.
SALVADOR.
According to the Annual Statistical Bulletin of San Salvador the
area of that Repubhc is 34,126 square kilometers (13,176 square
miles), and the POPULATION in 1917 was 1,287,722 inhabitants,
or a density of 37 persons per square kilometer. During the year
referred to there were 3,699 marriages, 49,963 births, and 34,008
deaths, or an excess of births over deaths of 15,952. In 1917
there were 330 kilometers of RAILWAYS in operation in the Republic.
Among these may be mentioned the Salvador Railway and the
International Railways of Central America, the former running from
the city of San Salvador to the port of Acajutla, with a branch line to
Santa Ana, and the latter from La Union toward the Guatemalan
frontier, where it is planned to meet the railways operating in Guate-
mala, the connections continuing through that Republic to Mexico,
and tlu'ough Mexico to the United States and Canada. The
exports of COFFEE from San Salvador in 1917 aggregated 36,370,-
821 kilos, valued at 20,995,920 pesos, silver (silver peso =$0.7234).
Recently a representative of the Chinese American Co., of the
State of Washington, with offices at Seattle, visited Central America
for the purpose of reporting upon and preparing for the inaugm-ation
of a STEAMSHIP SERVICE in the near future between China
and Central and South American Pacific ports.
URUGUAY.
The last official census of the Republic of Uruguay, taken in 1908,
showed a population of 1,042,686 inhabitants. A recent estimate of
the PRESENT POPULATION of the country is 1,400,000. The
GENERAL. NOTES,
117
vital statistics of Uruguay for 1917, as compared with 1916, indicate
a marked improvement in health conditions in favor of the former
year. In 1917 there were 17,348 deaths registered in the Republic,
as compared with 20,338 in 1916. The births recorded in 1917 num-
bered 36,752 against 36,983 in 1916. In 1917, according to the offi-
cial records, 61 persons over 100 years of age and 918 between the
ages of 80 and 100 died. 'Sir. V. B. Sudrier^, the recently ap-
pointed CO^^IMERCIAL ATTACHE to the legation of Uruguay in
Washington, has entered upon the discharge of his duties. ^Press
reports are to the effect that the President of Uruguay has promul-
gated the law concerning DIPLO^kLVTIC APPOINTI^IENTS, under
the terms of which the secretaries and other important officials of
legations are required to have the title of Doctor of Law, or Doctor
of Diplomacy in order to be eligible to serve in diplomatic positions.
VENEZUELA.
The completion in the near future of the work now being done on
the roads which run from Barquishnento to Carora and from that
city to Trujillo adds another important link to the GREAT CEN-
TRAL HIGHWAY of Venezuela. The governor of the State of
Zuha is having a macadamized road built from the San Juan de Dios
Plaza in Maracaibo to the 19th of December Road which communi-
cates with the Bella Vista and the Dehcias ranches. ^The American
Mercantile BANK has completed the construction of its building in
the city of Caracas and is now using it for business purposes. The
Argentine Cruiser Pueyrredon recently touched at the port of La
Guaira on a VOYAGE OF INSTRUCTION to the American coun-
tries with 20 Argentine Naval Academy students. A visit was made
to Caracas, where all connected with the voyage were enthusiasti-
cally welcomed by the authorities and people of the national capital.
SUBJECT MATTER QE CONSULAR REPORTS,
BEPORTS RECEIVED UP TO JANUARY 25, 1919.
Subject.
ARGENTINA.
Increasing Japanese trade with Argentina
Agricultural statistics for 1916 and 1917 (pamphlet).
Promotion of industry In Jujuy, Argentina
Date.
1918.
Oct. 31
Nov.
Nov.
Market for traveling luggage, suit cases, trunks, etc
Demand and market for Amencan hquors
Importation of cheese, 1911-1917. ------ vy.-r:"-
Climate and leading industries of the Rosano consular district.
Catalogues wanted for horticulture and for thoroughbred cattle.
Possible market for small soda fountains
New Anglo-Brazilian commercial company to operate m Brazil.
New Commercial Journal, called "A Gazeta da Bolsa" (bulle-
tin of the stock exchange). . ^ ^ ^ . ^^
Activity of the State of Espirito Santo during the past year
Awards on bids made for the erection of caustic-soda factories . .
New Brazilian meat company authorized to operate
Customs authorities of Rio de Janeiro inaugurate new regula-
tions concerning entry of baggage. . „ .,
Japanese development company authorized to operate m Brazil
Establishment of branch house of the American firm of Gaston,
WilUams & Wigmore (Ltd.) at Antofagasta.
COLOMBIA .
Sugar statistics for the years 1915, 1916, 1917, and 3 months of 1918.
Oil companies operating in Colombia
COSTA RlCA.
Export duties on coffee and othcrarticles .
No comparative movement in Costa Rica.
Exports of hides and skins for 1917 and 1918
CUBA.
Market for toys in consular district
American lumber and timber for Cardenas
DOMINICAN REPUBUC.
Construction of docks in San Pedro de Macoris .
ECUADOR.
Changes in Ecuadorian tariff
Agricultural education in Ecuador
Supplement to Annual Report for the year 1917 .
HONDURAS.
Telephone lines in district.
Regarding opportunities for mail-order business between the
United States and Honduras.
118
Nov. 13
...do
Nov. 16
Dec. —
Oct. 2o
...do....
Nov. 14
Nov. 21
Nov. 29
Dec. 1
Dec. 2
Dec. 3
Dec. 14
Nov. 20
Nov. 26
1919.
Jan. 2
1918.
Dee. 11
Dec. 24
1919.
Jan. 6
1918.
Dec. 26
Dec. 27
Dec. 10
Dec. 21
.do.
.do.
Dec. 13
1919.
Jan. 2
Author.
W. Henry Robertson, consul
general at Buenos Aires.
Do.
Wilbert L. Bonney, consul
at Rosario.
W. Henry Robertson.
Do.
Do.
Wilbert L. Bonney.
A. T. Haeberle, consul at
Pernambuco.
Do.
Richard P. Momsen, vice
consul at Rio de Janeiro.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Arnold A. McKay, consul at
Antofagasta.
A. J. Lespinasse, consul at
Cartagena.
Claude E. Guyant, consul at
Barranquilla.
Benjamin F. Chase, consul
at San Jose.
Do.
Do.
John S. Calvert, consul at
Nuevitas.
George A. Makinson, consu-
lar assistant at Cardenas.
Clement S. Edwards, consul
at Santo Domingo City.
Frederic W. Goding, consul
general at Guayaquil.
Do.
Do.
John R. Bradley, consul at
Puerto Cortes.
Do.
SUBJECT MATTER IN CONSULAR REPORTS.
Reports Received up to January 25, 1919 — Continued.
119
Subject.
MEXICO.
Oil industry in Yucatan
Models of agricultural implements wanted.
Market for hay presses
P.^NAMA.
Climate of Panama.
Match industry in Panama and imports for 1915, 1916, and 1917.
Slaughtering of cattle, etc., in Panama
Regarding the supply of manganese ore
1918.
Dee. 18
...do
Dec. 19
Dec. 14
Dec. 17
Dec. 23
Dec. 27
PARAGUAY.
Market for tea in Paraguay Nov. 21
URUGUAY.
Uruguayan shoe industry [ Oct. 16
First South American Rotary Club at Montevideo Oct. 17
Excellent wool cUp in Uruguay Oct. 19
Compania Swift de Montevideo further increase capital do
VENEZUELA.
Commerce and industries for the year 1917 Nov. 13
Capital sought for agricultural enterprise Dec. 18
Author.
C. Gaylard Marsh, consul at
Progreso.
Edward A. Rowe, consul at
Ciudad Juarez.
John R. Silliman, consul at
Guadalajara.
Alban G. Snyder, consul at
Panama City .
Do.
Do.
Julius D. Dreher, consul at
Colon.
Henry H. Balch, consul at
Asuncion.
William Dawson, consul at
Montevideo.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Frank Anderson Henry, con-
sul at Puerto Cabello.
Homer Brett, consul at La
Guaira.
[Publications received in the Columbus Memorial Library during December, 1918.]
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Compendio de historia Argentina. Por el R. P. Vicente Gainb6n . . . Segunda
edici6n. Buenos Aires, Angel Estrada y Cia., Editores, 1914. 225 p. 8°.
Conocimiento y creencia. Por Manuel Nunez Regueiro. Rosario, Comp. Gral de
Artes Grdficos, 1918. front, port. 332 (3) p. 8°.
El elector Sud-Americano. Nuevo curso gradual' de lecturas. Comp ilado para use
de las escuelas primarias. Por Rafael Fragueiro. Libros 1-3. Buenos Aires,
An^el Estrada y Cla. 8°. 3 v.
Guia telef6nica de la red general. Noviembre, 1918. Buenos Aires, United River
Plate Telephone Co. Ltd. 352 p. 4°.
Idioma castellano. Proso selecta. Coleccion de trozos escogidos de autores nacionales
y extranjeros, precedida de un tratado sobre el arte de la lectura y acompanada
de biografias, vocabularios, ejemplos cl4sicos y un catdlogo de palabras castellanas
cuya acepcion cambia el vulgo en la republica Argentina. Por Enrique Garcia
Velloso. Primer ano de estudios. Undecima eaicidn. Buenoa Aires, Angel
Estrada y Cia., Editores, [1905]. 374 p. 8°.
Same. Segundo ano de estudios. Octava edici6n. 342 p. 8°.
Same. Tercer ano de estudios. Quinta edici6n. 339 p. 8°.
Nociones de instrucci6n civica nacional. Por Gregorio Uriarte. Undecima edi-
ci6n. Buenos Aires, Angel Estrada y Cfa. 84 p. 8°.
La raza como ideal. Conferencia dada en el Rosario de Santa Fe en el dia de la raza.
Por Rodolfo Rivarola. Buenos Aires. Imp. de Jose Tragant, 1918. 49 p. 8°.
Regulaci6n de loa motores termicos. [Por] Eduardo Latzina. Publicado en la
revista del centro estudiantes de ingenieria no. 195. Buenos Aires. Centro
Estudiantes de Ingenieria, 1918. illus. 42 p. 8°.
Las ruinas prehispdnicas de El Alfarcito (Departamento de Tilcara, provincia de
Jujuy). Por Salvador Debenedetti. Buenos Aires, Imprenta y casa editora
"Coni," 1918. illus. 34 p. 8°.
Trabajos sociales. [Por] Adolf o S. Carranza. Buenos Aires, Talleres grdficos Argenti-
nes L. J. Rosso y Cla., 1918. 287 p. 8°.
Los Chipayas de Carangas. Por el Prof. Ing. Arturo Posnansky, F. R. A. I. Segunda
edici6n corregida y aumentada. La Paz, Escuela tipogrdfica Salesiana, 1918.
fold, table, pis. illus. 20 p. 8°.
Comercio especial de Bolivia. Exportaci6n — Importacion — Bancos — 1917. Direc-
ci6n general de aduanas. La Paz, Imp. y Lit. Boliviana, 1918. diagr. fold.
table. 556, vii p. 4".
BRAZIL.
Brazilian markets for paper, paper products, and printing machinery. By Robert S.
Barrett. Washington, G. P. O., 1918. front, pis. 77 p. 8°. (Bureau of Foreign
and domestic commerce. Special agents series 171. Price 10 cents.)
Colleccao de leis do estado de Santa Catharina. 1891, 1892, 1894, 1895, 1897, 1898,
1899, 1903. Florianopolis. 8 vols. 8°.
Leis do Congresso legislative do Estado do Espirito Santo. 1893, 1894, 1895, 1906,
1907, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917. 11 vols. 8°.
Lista geral dos estudantes matriculadas em 1918. Faculdade de direito do Recife.
Recife, Imprensa Industrial, 1918. 15 p. 8°.
Revista academica da faculdade de direito do Recife. Anno XXVI. 1918. Recife,
Imprensa Industrial, 1918. 182 p. 8°.
Terras publicas e colonisa^ao. Regulamento para execugao da lei n. 173 de 30 de
setembro de 1895 mandado executar pelo decreto n. 129 de 29 de outubro de 1900.
Estado de Santa Catharina. Florianopolis, Typ. a vapor da Livraria Moderna,
1910. 29 (14), 10 p. 8°.
120
BOOK NOTES. 121
COLOMBIA.
Anexos al informe del ministro de hacienda al congreso de 1917. Documentos del
ramo de estadi^tica. Bogota, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. 103 p. 8°.
En camisa de once varas. Por Hector H. Hernandez. Novena edici6n. Bogotd,
Imp. editorial del Apostolado de la prensa de Colombia. 64 (1) p. 12°.
Cliispas de la hoguera. Por Hector H. Hernandez. Tomo 1. Bogotd, Tip. Aposto-
lado de la prensa. 235 p. 12°. Price, $0.70.
C6digo fiscal colombiano. (Ley 110 de 1912.) Comentado y anotado. Por Eduardo
Rodriguez Pineres. Bogotd, Librerfa Americana, 1913. cxxx, 148 p. 8°.
C6digo politico y municipal de 1913. Edici6n dirigida por Eduardo Rodrfguez
Pineres. Bogota, Libreria Americana, 1913. 115 p. 8°.
Colombia 1789-1917. Obra de propaganda arreglada y editada. Por Jos6 Manuel
Perez-Sarmiento. Cddiz, Tip. Comercial, 1917. front, port, illus. fold.
ta,bles.^ 680 p. 12°.
Compilacion de las disposiciones legales y ejecutivaa vigentes sobre aduanas, arre-
glada por el ministerio de hacienda de la repiiblica de Colombia. Bogotd,
Imprenta Nacional, 1916. 542 p. 8°.
Congreso de mejoras nacionalea. Primer congreso reunido en Bogota del 12 al 20 de
octubre de 1917. Bogotd, Imprenta Nacional, 1917. 685 p. 8°.
Decretos y resoluciones de cardcter permanente, dictados por el poder ejecutivo
durante el ano de 1913. BogotA, Imprenta Nacional, 1917-18. 682 (1) p. 8°.
Directorio de los telefonos de Medellm. Quinta edici6n, enero de 1918. Empresa
telef6nica de Medellm. Medellm, Tip. Industrial, 1918. 71 (2) p. 8°.
Estadistica de Antioquia. Por Alejandro L6pez, Jorge Rodriguez L.; Tratado
elemental de estadistica. Por Fernando Faure, Alejandro Lopez, I. C. Mede-
llin, Imprenta de "Gaceta Antioqueiia," 1914. (5) 181 p. 8°.
Hojas dispersas. [Por] Adolfo Le6n G6mez. Bogota, Imprenta de "Sur America,"
1913. front, port, illus. 274 (4) p. 8°.
Informe de la secretaria de hacienda al senor gobernador del departamento del Valle
del Cauca, 1917. Cali, Tip. de Carvajal & Cia., 1917. fold, table. 70 (1) p. 8°.
Informe de la secretaria de hacienda al sr. gobernador, Departamento de Antioquia.
1917. 1918. Medellin, Imprenta Oficial, 1917, 1918. 4°. 3 v.
Informes sobre las misiones del Caquetd, Putumayo, Goajira, Casanare, Meta, Vichada,
Vaup6s y Arauca. Bogota, Imprenta Nacional, 1917. front, port, pis, 192 p.
8°. ^
Legislacion vigente sobre registro de marcas de fdbrica, de comercio y de agricultura
y sobre patentes de invencion. Ministerio de agricultura y comercio. Bogotd,
Imprenta Nacional, 1915. 73 p. 8°.
Leyes expedidas por el congreso nacional en su legislatura del ano de 1915 [y] 1917.
Edicion oficial . . . Bogota, Imprenta Nacional, 1916. 1918. 2 v. 8°.
Informe del secretario de gobierno al senor gobernador del departamento del Valle
del Cauca, 1917. Cali, Tip. de Carvajal & Cia., 1917. 59 (1) p. 8°.
Manojo de espi^as. Por Hector H. Hermlndez. Obra premiada en el congreso
eucarfstico de Colombia con la medalla que obsequio el ilustrfsimo y reveren-
di'simo senor Arzobispo Primado. Bogota, De venta en la casa editorial del
apostolado de la prensa de Colombia, 1916. xiv, 420 p. 8°.
Memoria del ministro de obras publicas al congreso de 1917 [y] 1918. Bogota, Im-
prenta Nacional, 1917. 1918. 8°. 2 v.
Memoria del ministro de relaciones exteriores al congreso de 1916. Anexos. Bogotd,
Imprenta Nacional, 1916. 134 p. 4°.
Memoria del ministro del tesoro al congreso de 1917 [y] 1918. Bogota, Imprenta
Nacional, 1917. 1918. 8°. 2 v.
Mensaje del presidente de la repiiblica de Colombia al congreso nacional en las sesiones
de 1918. Bogota, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. 32 p. 8°.
Novfsimo manual en honor del sagrado corazon de Jesiis. Por Hector H. Hemdndez.
Quinta edicion. 157 (3) p. 16°.
Ofrenda d la patria en el centenario de su independencia. Discursos, articulos y con-
ferencias. Dr. Adolfo Leon Gomez. Bogota, Imp. de Sur America, 1910. viii,
244 (3) p. 8°.
Paunal o crucifijo. (Poema historico.) Segundo edici6n. [Por] Hector H. Her-
ndndez. Bogota, Imprenta del apostolado de la prensa de Colombia, 1916.
49 (1) p. 12°.
Separation of Panama from Colombia. Reply to an article entitled "The Panama
blackmail treaty," published in the February number of The Metropolitan,
1915. Washington, Press of Gibson Bros., 1916. 5 p. 8°.
122 THE PAN" AMERICAN UNION".
Talleres nacionales antes fundicion "Estrella," Escobar, Londoiio & Cfa. Medelli'n,
1918. front, pis. 13 p. 8°.
Al traves de la vida — intimidades, ideas, pensamientos y opiniones. Bogota, Imprenta
de Sud America, 1917. 225 p. 8°.
Tres grandes males y sus remedies. Por Hector H. HemAndez. [Bogota], Imprenta
de la Cruzada, 1913. 72 p. 8°.
CUBA.
Coleccion legislativa. Lsyes, decretos y resoluciones de 1° de mayo a 30 de junio
de 1913. Volumen cuadragesimo. Habana, Imprenta y papeleria de Rambla,
Bouza y Ci'a., 1918. 811 p. 4°.
Graaos de oro. Pensamientos seleccionados en las obras de Jose Marti. Por Rafael
G. Argilagos. La Habana, Sociedad Editorial Cuba Contempordnea, 1918.
front, port. 146 (3) p. 8". (Biblioteca La Cultura Cubana. Dirigida por
Carlos de Velasco, Vol. 1.)
El jardfn botanico del instituto de segunda ensefianza de la Habani. Por Felipe
Garcia Canizares. Habana, Imp. "El Siglo XX," 1918. illus. maps. 169 p.
4°.
Twentieth century impressions of Cuba. Its history, people, commerce, industries,
and resources. [London], Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Co., Ltd., 1913.
illus. map. 513 (6) p. 4°.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Palabras y propositos. [Por] Enrique Deschamps. New York, Imp. M. D. Danon
& Co., [1917]. 18 p. 8°.
ECUADOR.
Anuario de legislacion Ecuatoriana 1917. Volumen 16. Segunda parte. Decretos
ejecutivos. Publicacion oficial del archive del poder legislative. Quito, Im-
prenta y Encuadernacion Nacionales, 1918. 517 p. 4°.
Coleccion de leyes, decretos, ordenanzas, resoluciones y contratos, concernientes a
esta municipalidad y correspondientes al ano de 1916. Formulada por el Secre-
tario Municipal Dr. C. A. Arroyo del Rio. Guayaquil, Imprenta Municipal, 1917.
fold, tables. 531, xi p. 8°.
La columna de octubre. Relaci6n historica del homenaje de Guayaquil a los proceres
de su independencia. [Por Camilo Destruge], Guayaquil, 1918. ports. 60 p.
12°.
Convenios diplomaticos. Compilados por J. T. Mera. 2* serie (Convenios postales).
Quito, Imprenta y Encuadernacion Nacionales, 1918. 694 p. 8°.
Historia del ferrocarri'l de Guayaquil a Quito. [1912] 41 p. 8°. (Has cover title,
"Narraciones historicas. Segundo." Eloy Alfaro.)
Historia de medio siglo 1868 a 1918. Banco del Ecuador. Guayaquil, Imp. de
El Independiente, 1918. porta. 232 p. 8°.
HONDURAS.
Fabulas. [Por] Luis Andres Zufiiga. Tegucigalpa. Tip. Nacional. 184 (1) p. 8°.
Memoria del secretario de estado, de despacho, de fomento, obras piiblicas y agricultura
presentada al congreso nacional, 1916-1917. Tegucigalpa, Tipo-Lit. y Foto-
grabado Nacionales, 1918. illus. fold, tables. 121, 28, 19 p. 4°.
Palabras. [Por] Manuel Guillermo Zuniga. Tegucigalpa, Imp. El Sol, 1918. front,
port. 24 p. 8°.
MEXICO.
Aprovechamiento de la glicerina que actualmente desperdicia la industria del jabon.
Primera conferencia de la serie de propaganda industrial sustentada. Por el
senor Ing. Abraham Ferriz Savinon el 21 de julio de 1918. Mexico, Depto. de
aprovisionamientosgenerales, Direcci6nde talleres grdficos, 1918. pis. 21 p. 8°.
Finances of the federal district of Mexico. By Arthur N. Young, Ph. D. Mexico,
May, 1918. 71 p. 8°.
Leyendas y paisajes Guanajuatenses. [Por] Carlos Barajas. Con cartas-prologos
de Luis Gonzalez Obregon y Enrique Fermlndez Granados. Ilustraciones origi-
nales de Ignacio Rosas y Carlos Alcalde. Mexico, Libreria de la Vda. de Ch.
Bouret, 1916. illus. 176 p. 8°.
Mexico from Cortes to Carranza. By Louise S. Hasbrouck. New York, D. Appleton
and Co., 1918. front, port, illus. ix, 329 (1) p. 8°. Price, $1.50.
BOOK NOTES. 123
SALVADOR.
El golfo de Fonseca en el derecho publico Centroamericano. LadoctrinaMelendez.
[Por] Salvador Rodriguez Gonzalez. San Salvador, Imp. Nacional, 1918. xiv,
363 p. 4°.
UNITED STATES.
Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Vol. VII, 1917; Vol. VIII;
1918. [New York] Published by the Association. 4°. 2 v.
Annual report of the federal trade commission for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1918.
Washington, G. P. O., 1918. 131 p. 8°.
Annual report of the secretarv of the treasurv on the state of the finances. For the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1918. Washington, G. P. 0., 1918. viii, 540 p. 8°.
Birth statistics for the registration area of the United States, 1916. Second annual
report. Bureau of the census. Washington, G. P. O., 1918. 96 p. 4°. Price,
20 cents.
Commercial banking practice under the federal reserve act. The law and regula-
tions, the informal rulings of the federal reserve board, and the opinions of
counsel governing bank acceptances, rediscounts, advances, and open market
transactions of the federal reserve banks. Revised to October , 1918. New
York, Service department. National Bank of Commerce in New York, 1918.
127 (8) p. 8°.
Commercial treaties and trade agreements incident to war, peace, and reconstruc-
tion. By Fred Brown Whitney. 1918. 21 (1) p. 8°.
Financial statistics of states, 1917. Bureau of the census. Washington, G. P. 0.,
1918. 129 p. 4°.
Investments in Latin America and the British West Indies. By Frederic M. Halsey.
Washington, G. P. O., 1918. front, pis. map. 544 p. 8°. (Bureau of Foreign
and Domestic Commerce. Special agents series No. 169. Price, 50 cents.)
Letters to Washington Post. [Francisco Jose Urrutia.] 1916. 5 p. 8°. [Relative
to the pending treaty between Colombia and the United States.]
List of books issued to ships' and crews' libraries. United States Navy. 1918-1919.
97 (1) p. 8°.
Message of the governor of Porto Rico to the ninth legislature extraordinary session,
November 16, 1918. 8, 8 p. 8°. (Text in English and Spanish.)
Negro population, 1790-1915. Bureau of the census. Washington, G. P. O., 1918.
844 p. 4°.
Official congressional directory. 65th Congress, 3d Session, beginning December 2,
1918. For the use of the United States" Congress. 1st edition. December, 1918.
Washington, G. P. O., 1918. front, xvi, 470 p. 8°.
OflScial program. Tenth annual convention Southern commercial congress. Balti-
more, Maryland. December 8-15, 1918. 28 p. 8°.
Our economic problems. Can you agree? Think it over. No imprint, no date.
59 p. 8°. [Fore-word signed, "Leges Naturae, General Delivery, Washington
D. C."]
Pensions for public school teachers. A report for the committee on salaries, pensions
and tenure, of the national education association. By Clvde Furst and I. L.
Kandel. NewYork [Carnegie teaching], 1918. xi, 85 p. 4°. (Bulletin No. 12.)
People (Thither coming out of a region wherein disasters are met as if they were a
jest). Whom you may meet at the fair. By Adair Welcker, 1913. 160 p. 8°.
[Relating to the San Francisco Exposition.]
Preliminary economic studies of the war. Edited by David Kinley. Direct costs
of the present war. By Ernest L. Bogart. (Carnegie endowment for inter-
national peace.) New York, Oxford Universitv Press, 1918. viii, 42 p. 8°.
Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1918 . . . 'Washington, G. P. 0., 1918. 54
p. 8°.
Report of the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. For the year ended June
30, 1918. Washington, G. P. 0., 1918. 101 p. 8°.
Twenty-first annual report of the board of trustees and twentieth annual report of
the librarian of the public library of the District of Columbia. For the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1918. Washington, 1918. 37 p. 8°.
Twenty-third annual report of the American scenic and historic preservation society,
1918. To the legislature of the state of New York. Transmitted to the legisla-
ture April 12, 1918 . . . Albany, J. B. Lyon Co., Printers, 1918. illus. pis.
947 p. 8°.
124 THE PAN AMERICAlSr UNION".
URUGUAY.
El baile contemporaneo. Suplemento a la 3» edicion del "salon del baile." Por
M. Vignali. Montevideo, Tall. Vita Hnos. y Cia., 1918. illius. 73(1) p. 12°.
Fisicultura moderna (Tesis general de su estudio y aplicaci6n practica). Folleto de
propaganda popular. 1'' parte. Montevideo, Vita Hnos. & Cia., Editores, 1918.
illus. 38, (2) p. 8°. . J » . ,-
Reglamento y programa de la exposicion agricola industrial Sud-Americana a reali-
zarse en Montevideo en el mes de enero y siguientes de 1919. Direcci6n y ad-
ministracion comision nacional de fomento rural. Montevideo, Talleres grdficos;
Ciudadela 1469, 1918. 20 p. 8°.
Salon del baile y guia del trato social. For Marcelo Vignali. Tercera edicion.
Montevideo, Tall, gi-dficos" El Arte," 1910. illus. 187 (1) p. 12°.
VENEZUELA.
Cualidades militares del General Juan Vicente G6mez. Por el Coronel Eleazar
L6pez C. Caracas, Empresa El Cojo, 1917. 29 p. 8°.
An exploration of the Sierra de Perija, Venezuela. By Theodoor de Booy. New
York, American Geographical Society, 1918. p. 385-410. illus. 8°.
Informes leidos ante la corte superior del distrito federal en representaci6n de la
compania ingles "The Venezuela Oil Concessions, Limited," en el juicio seguido
contra ella y contra el ssiior Antonio Aranguren por el seiior Lorenzo Mercado y
santencia recaida en el asanto. Caracas! Lit. y Tip. del Comercio, 1917. 61 p.
8».
GENERAL BOOKS.
Elements of Spanish pronunciation. By Julian Moreno-Lacalle. New York, Charles
Scribner's Sons, 1918. illus. xxv, 100 p. 8°.
Evangelical missionaries in Latin America. Including members of committee on
cooperation in Latin America and of national committee on cooperation. New
York, 1918. 29 p. 8°. ,,. ,
Growth of liberalism in Japan. Two addresses delivered by Tsunejiro Miyaoka.
Carnegie endowment for international peace. Washington, D. C, 1918. 24 p.
8°.
El latin enseiiado como lengua viva. Por Hector H. Hernandez. Primer curso.
Primera edici6n. Bogota, Casa editorial del Apostolado de la prensa de Colombia,
1916. vii, 322 p. 8°.
Lecciones de historia de America. Acomodadas a los programas vigentes de segunda
ensenanza. Por el P. B. Teixidor, S. J. Buenos Aires, Angel Estrada y Cia.,
1917. x 33 p. 8°.
La masoiieria; lo que es y los que debe hacerse. Por Hector H. Herndndez. (Octava
edici6n.) Bogota, Tip. del Apostolado de la prensa, 1917. 59 p. 12 .
Motor vehicles in Japan, China, and Hawaii. By Tom O. Jones. Washington,
G. P. O., 1918. illus. 74 p. 8°. (Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce.
Special agents' series. No. 170. Price 15 cents.) ^ • c--
Novisimo metodo para aprender taquigrafia y metagrafia en muy poco tiempo. bis-
tema que obtuvo el primer premio en el concurso internacional de Pans. Adap-
tado al castellano en siete lecciones por Hector H. Herndndez. 13* edici6n.
Bogotd, Tip. Apostolado. 33 p. pis. 8°.
Report on the condition of trade, shipping, and industry in 1917. Chamber of com-
merce and factories at Amsterdam. (Amsterdamsche Boek en Steendrukkerij.)
1918. fold, tables, x, 483 p. 8°.
A republic of nations. A study of the organization of a federal league of nations.
By Raleigh C. Minor. New York, Oxford University Press, 1918. xxxix, 316
p. 8°. Price, $2.50.
Statistical abstract for the United Kingdom in each of the last fifteen years from
1902-1916. 64th number. London, Published by his Majesty's Stationery
Office, 1918. vii, 429 p. 8°. Price, Is. 9d. net.
Twentieth century impressions of the West Indies. Their history, people, commerce,
industries, and resources. [London], Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Co.,
Ltd., 1914. illus. map. 550 (6) p. 4°.
/-^ H
VOL. XLVIII
FEBRUARY. 1919
No. 2
N
iJkt%„
\,3 'm,,^> X "I J» ij
PANAMA is tlio land of paradoxes. Ono of the oldest white
settlements in America, it is the youngest nation; liaving
the oldest transcontinental highway in the hemisphere, it
lias fewer than 100 miles of good roads in the wliole of its
oO,000 s(|uare miles of territory. It possesses the oldest gold mine
in America, which was a century ago one of the most important in
the world; it now exports practically no precious metals. Proba])ly
the first oranges in America were j)lanted at Nom])re de Dios oi"
Porto Bello, but most of her fruit is now imported from California
and Flori(hi. Possessing the most advantageous strategic com-
mercial situation of any country south of the Jiio Grande, it has
few manufacturing establishments and a comj)ai-atively small de-
velopment of agricultural industiy.
The causes for this state of affairs lie deej) in the general history
of America, and could well form the subject of a voluminous treatise.
Although Panama's geogra])]iical situation will undoubtedly ulti-
mately prove to be of enormous value to her commercial and indus-
trial development, that situation has been, until the construction of
the canal, one of the reasons for lier relative backwardness. Ex-
plorers and travelers, with the El Dorados of continental South
America and of California in their minds, treated Panama as simply
an impe(hment in tlie way of their sea voyages. The earliest estab-
lished ])usiness on the Isthmus was that of transporting goods and
])assengers from one sea to the other, and tliis business was sufficient
to support tiie population which sprang up on the transcontinental
By S. P. Vrmor, Cristobal, Tanama Canal Zone.
125
Z £i
128 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
caravan road. Being able to live on this traffic, the jiopulation had
no special motive to develop the resources of the interior, and such
of these resources as came to life were exploited largely as a result
of accident. Then tlie intro(hiction of certain diseases from abroad
by persons from all ((uarters of the glolx- found conditions on the
Isthmus peculiarly promotive of their becoming endemic.
The concensus of expert opinion holds that malaria was intro-
duced into the Western Hemisphere, and probably originated in
Africa. The origin of yellow fever is not so tlioroughly agreed upon,
but when these two diseases became established on the Isthmus of
Panama, the marshy character of the country at the lowest part of
the mountain chain, across wliicli the intercontinental caravan
route led, made tlie condition liighly promotive of tlie develojmient
of vast numbers of malaria-carrying mos([uit()s. Tlien, also, the
constant influx of nonimmune travelers across the Isthmus and of
transients waiting for ships kept alive the yellow fever and pre-
vented the development of any effectively immune poj)ulation.
This cause had more to do with tlie backwardness of Panama than
aU the other causes com])ined; and it operated on Panama with
peculiar relative force, because nowhere else in America was there
a small territory so constantly passed over by nonimnume fresh
arrivals likely to contract tliese cUseases and to maintain tliem in
full force. These conditions obtained at Panama from the time
that malaria was introduced along with slaves fi'om Africa and that
yellow fever made its first apjx'anmce there until the Americans
began to sanitate tlie Isthmus in preparation for tlie construction of
the canal. This reputation for unliealthfuliu'ss wliicli arose entirely
from the local comhtions inimediately along the Chagres River and
the Panama Railroad unfortunately w^as confused in the public
mind witli con(Utions tlu'oughout the wiiole of tlie interior of the
Republic, so that the whole of Panama was regarded as almost the
white man's grave. It was extremely difficult to combat this repu-
tation, which even remains in the general wn)rl(l idea of Panama
to-day, in spite of the tremendous work of sanitation on the canal,
and the fact that at present Panama is healthier than any other
tropical American country.
Besides these two causes oj)erating against the development of
Panama in the past, there are many and complex events in her
])olitical history; her exposure to pirates and buccaneers from both
oceans; the checkered career of the stormy relations with Si)ain, and
later with her sister provinces; tlu> fact that she was the victim of
exploitation on the one hand and of neglect on the other, and that
capital was loath to invest in a country where a long-exposed coast
line rendered it so easy for revolutionary enterprises to be carried
out.
Copyright by Harris & Ewing. Washington, D. C.
DR. BELISARIO PORRAS, PRESIDENT OF PANAMA.
nrftv
I I 11 I
SCENFS IN PANAMA CITY.
rnppr Kiel lire; Tlip Government palace and the national theater were completed in HKIS at a cost of
SiiOD.iHiil. The Iheiler is s,il)sidized bv (he Governmenl and has a seating capacity of 1,000. Lo-.\(r
Did lire: The railroad station is a large, airv buildin;: of cement located in the center of the city. It
has irood accommodations for the comfort of passengers and the expeditions dispatch of trains and
freight.
PANAMA PAST, PRKSKXT, AND FUTrKK. 181
.VU tli('s(> causes now, however, ai'e no J()ni2;er operative. Trav-
elors passing the rstlinius now see on each side of the canal immense
pastures, vast ])lantations, and other evidences of what tho soil of
Panama niav do, opei-ated hy the United States Government, which
is ])acking its faith hy tlie investment of millions of (h)llars in agri-
cultural and industrial enterprises. These travelers are a<hh-essing
inquiries to everyhody concerned with reference to the j)()ssibilities
of Panama's interior. Already one railroad has been built, through
the farsigiited initiative of Dr. Porras, in the Province of Chiriqui,
and a number of good roads have been begun and many more are
planned. One of the strongest oil corporations in the world is making
a thoroughgoing examination of the Eepublic and has already
begun to sink wells in one locality. The splendid health enjoyed by
the terminal cities of Colon and Panama and by the Canal Zone is
an advertisement which speaks for itself to everyone of the immense
number of passing travelers. The Rockefeller Foundation has almost
eliminated hookworm from the Republic, and the influence of the
example of tiie sanitation of the Canal Zone has been felt from
Chiriqui to Darien. The days of buccaneers, pirates, revolutions,
and political oppression are over.
The present pojnilation of the Republic is about 350,000 — a little
more than 10 per square mile. Panama City contains 70,000,
Colon about 30,000, the city of David about 10,000, while there are
a number of other cities and towns of between 3,000 and S, ()()() popu-
lation. Panama is about the size of the State of Indiana. There
is little (hnibt that her territory could support a population of
5,000.000 with ease, since there are both natural resources for the
basis of inchistrv and a location with reference to maritime com-
merce tiiat would enable a large population to be supported thi'ough
manufacturing and commercial activities, besides agriculture, mining,
lumber, and fisheries.
In enumerating Panama's potential assets the intangible one of
topography might well be put first. The reason for this is the fact
that Panama's topographical features are of immense value, since
they are adapted to the development of a Caucasian population to
an extent not realized by those who think of the country as entirely
tropical. FuUy one-third of Panamanian territory possesses a
temperate climate, somewhat as that of Virginia in October. This
is because so large a proportion of the country consists of mountain
peaks and ranges and elevated plateaus. Contrary to the popular
opinion, Panama is not a low flat country, but is really more moun-
tainous than any other in South America, with the possible exception
of Bolivia. There are a million acres at an altitude of above 5,000
feet, 2,000.000 above 3,000 feet, 3,000,000 above 2.000 feet, leaving
12,000,000 which might be called tropical. This means, in effect,
.^B^^^^ ^^^^^^HH^h
■ I 1
STIvEET SCENE IN PANAMA CITY.
THE CATJIEDKAI. AT I'AXAMA CIT^'.
Onpofihn mo-;! interpsi ins: hisloriral landmarks in 1 he city of Panama |3 the old calhodral wii I, iis I u in
towers. It was erect od ill ITfiii.
THE I'EAKL FISHEIUEs Ol- lAXAMA.
1. ("ove in the Pearl Islands that gives shelter in case of storm. 2. Coast of the Secas Islands, v»-here,
in March, 1909, the Angiiizola pearl, weighing 42 carats, was found. 3. Village of the I'ear! Islands.
A. The twin towers of the old cathedral of Panama Citv. These towers are thicklv studded with
rnother-of-pearl shells from the Pearl Island fisheries. 5. Street scene in David, the principal pearl
market of the Province of Chiriaui.
134 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION,
that there are at least 3, 000. 000 acres avaihible for Caucasian colo-
nization; and if the country were so completely furnished with
good roads that access to these highlands were made quick and easy
a million white families might reside on these highlands, while the
wage earners could go back and forth to their work in the lowlands
daily, if necessary. In a broad way this general scheme for the
development of Panama is the ideal at which the most intelligent
and progressive public men are aiming at present.
Of the tangible resources forestry products, minerals, metals, and
agricultural lands may be considered. Of the first there has long
been a considerable exportation of coconuts, ivory nuts, balata,
rubber, sarsaparilla, and of native hardwoods. A number of lai'ge
coconut plantations are now beginning to come into l)earing, besides
the groves maintained by Indians and coast settlers previously.
There are about 2,000 square miles of coconut land in Panama
which is perhaps better adapted to that purpose than to any other.
Tliis land is capable of sustaining 100,000,000 coconut trees, whose
annual produce might be estimated at 6,000,000,000 nuts, worth
at normal wholesale price about $200,000,000 per annum.
The present exportation of coconuts from Panama is about $700,000,
so it appears that less than one-half of 1 per cent of Panama's avail-
able coconut land is in actual bearing, leaving an immense field open
to enterprise. It may be safely estimated that the coconut-planta-
tion business will pay a good net profit for an inck'finite period in the
future, and it is practicable to raise some annual crops between the
young trees until they come into bearing.
The present value of the exports of ivory nuts is about $200,000
per annum. This is far below the quantity available from the wild
palms, if the labor to gather them existed. If aU the nuts could be
gathered, Panama could probably yiekl at least 20,000 tons per
annum, wortli a million dollars; while if the land specially suited to
ivory nuts was fully planted, the output woidd l)e 80 times that
figure.
About $2,000,000 worth of bananas were exported in the year 1!)17.
There are 5,000,000 acres of land in Panama suited to banana culture.
If fully planted, Panama's capacity for producing bananas would be
about $400,000,000 a 3-ear.
The export value of balata and ru])ber in 1917 was approximately
$000,000. The wild trees in Panama are capable of producing
$5,000,000 worth of these products at present if the labor were
available. There are 2,000,000 acres of land in Panama well suited
to the cultivation of Para rubber, and this land' could ])roduce
$250,000,000 worth of that product aftei- the tenth year from planting.
Practically no coffee is being ex])()i-te(l from Panama, although
there is quite a large quantity produced and consumed in the Ke-
TAT OK OF COLUMUIS, CRISTOBAL. PANAMA.
r ^
MIXHl I'AI, l;l"n,l)|\'. \l WAMA I ITV.
One of the new and attraclive buildings of the city of I'anania. The municipa] buildinc was completed
in 1910 and occupies the site of the old cabildo i city hall), where independence from Spain was declared
136 THE PAN AMEEICAN UNION,
public and in the Canal Zone. There are at least 200,000 acres of
good coffee land in the Republic not yet under cultivation. '
The value of the hides exported from Panama in 1917 was about
.$300,000. As the animals slaughtered were all used for beef, this
makes the cattle industry of Panama one of its most important.
There are not fewer than 1,000, 000 acres of natural ])asturage in the
Republic, altliough Panama is preeminently a forest country and
not <)ne of natural savannahs. But these natural pastures can sup-
p(U-t several hundred thousand head of cattle, while cleared lands
planted in guinea grass are usually estimat(>d as capaldc of support-
ing one head ])er hectare; so that there is room in Panama for a
million head of cattle in achlition to th(> above ])ossi})le agricultural
products.
These figures refer to (he princi])al natural and agricultural prod-
ucts already regularly exj)orted. They show tliat if all the avail-
able land were devoted to increasing the (nitput of these standard
products, the annual value at present prices would amount to at
least $1,000,000,000. It is to be said that these estimates leave
out of consideration all swampy lands, and rocky and barren soil
(of which there is comparatively little in Panama), and give the
net available agricultural, horticultural, and forestry possibilities.
At the same time much of these lands could be more profitably de-
voted to raising crops which are not now standard exports; some of
these would find a market at the terminal cities and in the Canal
Zone, replacing imports brought in at high ex])ens(>. Others could
undoubtedly be ex])()rted when ocean tonnage becomes normal
again.
The largest asset in evidence in Panama is. of course, her timbers.
Of these there was exported, in 1917, $100,000 worth. There are
many reasons for the failure to develop Panama's immense timber
wealth, which arc too complicated to be discussed at length. It
may be said, however, that there is plenty of opportunity for devel-
oping the lumber industry on a paying basis in many ])arts of the
Republic, the main desideratum being labor and supervision suffici-
ently intelligent and ex])ert to include proper sanitary arrangements
and adequate care for employees in their enterprises. The writer
estimates the total timber resources of Panama as about 120,000,-
000,000 board feet, of whicli 40,000,000,000 would be the various
valuable hardwoods, 60,000,000,000 useful soft woods, and 20,000,-
000,000 of miscellaneous timbers of no special utility. The total
value at normal prices of this timber wealth may be estimated at
$5,200,000,000. The numerous small rivers of the country and the
comparatively short distance to the sea present especially good facili-
ties for getting out timbers, the labor problem b(Mng by far the most
ROAD roXSTRrCTIOX IX PAXAMA.
Xew railroad lines, Lii construction and in project, together with improvements of the highways, are
doing much toward making Panama a desirable field for agricultural development. L pper picture:
Surveying a railroad in Panama. Lower picture: Extension of the highway from Chepo to Panama
City.
liHii:i4— ID— Bull. '2 2
138 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
important to be provided for. Of the hardwoods, the best known
are Panama mahogany or caoba, nispero, guayacan, nazareno,
roble, American ebony, greenheart, Santa Maria, cacique, besides
a number of others comparatively little known, but highly useful
and handsome for many purposes. Of the soft woods there are
various cedars, mangle, balsa, cuipo, and a large number of little
known trees, especially wild figs, which grow to immense size.
Panama, Colon, and the Canal Zone subscribed about S5, ()()(), ()()()
to the United States Liberty loans, which shows that there is capital
available for a certain amount of industrial development already on
the Isthmus. Many millions of dollai-s have been invested in the
last 10 yeai-s in handsome concrete and stone buildings in Panama
and Colon, and it is believed that the limit of wise investment in
local real estate is almost reached now. For this reason the open-
ing up of enterprises for the development of the resources of the
interior is the next step to occupy local capital. But there is room
for large investments of foreign capital also. It is believed that
Panama will soon secure a loan sufficient to finance such roads and
railroads as are necessary to inaugurate a new regime of industrial
and agricultural activity. With this the most important need is
that of labor. Emigration from the United States and Europe to
the healthful highlands already referred to may be obtained b}"
proper publicity if the means of transportation to them are provided.
Labor for the lowlands is available from the overcrowtled popuhi-
tion of Porto Rico and the West Indies.
The National Assembly of Panama has been engaged in its present
session in cooperation with President Porras in considering a number
of reform biUs intended to reorganize the fiscal system of the Repub-
lic, to improve the police and health departments, and to afford aU
j)ossible governmental facilities and guaranties to the capital which
is expected to be invested shortly in the Republic.
A word of warning to any who might wish to become pioneer
s(?ttlers on the ])ublic domain of Panama might be appropriate here.
There have been a number of both individual and of collective or
cooperative settlements attempted in Panama, most of which have
been failures, although there are also a considerable number of
American and European settlers in some of the interior provinces
who started with sufficient capital, and have done well. The failures
have been due principally to four causes — lack of sufficient capital,
lack of a knowledge of tropical sanitation, cooperative efforts in
which the energy of the promoters had to be spent more in dealing
with the petty squabbles and conflicting ideas of tlie colonists than in
developing the land, and the lack of convenient transportation.
A young man Math the genuine pioneer spirit, possessed of a strong
C^onstitution, good health, and willing to sacrifice his present comfort
Y, 2
140 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION,
to his future prosperity, might do well with small capital. Such a
man is comparatively rare, and anyone reading this article and
being convinced of the opportunities in Panama, ought to be quite
sure that he has the qualities in question before making the attempt.
There are about 4,000,000 acres of public domain in Panama
available for settlement — a very conservative estimate. This land
may be bought from the Government at a ])rice, including all the
necessary legal and surveying expenses, of about $5 per acre. Not
more than 1,000 hectares may be bought by one person or firm
unless through a special concession from the Panama C-ongress.
Twenty-fiv^e acres is allowed to eacli l)()na fi(U> settler free of charge,
except the expense of surveying and legal documents. Unfortunately,
the Government has never followed the policy of the United States
with reference to its homestead lands by surveying tlie public (k)main
into quarter sections, and clearly defining the lands available, so
that one of the difficulties of the settler is to find whether a given
tract is open to entry or not. Plans are now under way for doing
this, and it may be said that such action by the Government, together
with opening up a few roads to such lands, would be of enormous
value to the immediate future of the Republic.
In the opinion of the writer any prospective settler ought to be
])r(>\ided with capital in addition to the necessary expenses of travel
to Panama, and of a reserve fund to return home in case of dis-
appointment, of not less than $25 for each acre that he intends to
develop, this being an absolute minimum, a higher figure being
])referable. In other words, if the intending settler at present in the
United ^States should think of taking up 10 acres of public land in
Panama, he ought to count upon starting with a capital of not less
than $750, arid even with that he should seek the ad rice of expe-
rienced men in Panama, Colon, or the Canal Zone before actually
embarking upon the enterprise.
The writer, in order to make a practical test of the question,
bought 25 acres of land, and with a total expense of $750, which
included the purchase price of the land, cleared and planted 10 acres,
erected a small house, and in one year's time developed the land to
the point where a small family could live indefinitely upon the place
with no further cash investment.
There is a distinct place in Panama for one or more large corpora-
tions which might do good business in purchasing large tracts of
land and putting the minimum necessary improvements on them
witli a view to subdividing them and selling tliem to settlers. These
minimmn improvements woidd consist of roads, of liouses of a simple
type, essential requirements of sanitation, and of a nursery and a
se(Hl wareliouse, a (1is]>ensary, and a small hos])ital. Tlie ])i'(^spective
settlers might be advised so that they could be employed in the work
142 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
of carrying out these necessary improvements, and then be allotted
farms after their emplopnent had ceased. Such a corporation
could easily make good profits, and would fill a distinct place in the
future development of the Republic. It would be much easier for a
company of this sort to transact all the business with the Government
necessary to acquire the land, and to get the scheme into running
order, and then to convey titles to the settlers, than for each small
settler to go through the governmental and other requirements
independently. Such a corporation might at the same time engage
on its own account in some large enterprise upon a part of the land,
and be able to utilize the labor of the settlers pari passu with their
own farming operations, since all the time of the farmers would be
by no means required for their personal work in case they should
need to earn wages occasionally. The company could do well with
sugar cane, yucca, and several other annual crops, from which profits
might ])e derived within a year's time; while any of the several
tropical products requiring from two to five years to mature could
be made the basis of a permanent profitable investment; among
these being cacao, avocadoes, citrus fruits, papayas, Para rubber,
coconuts, etc.
Wlien the Hon. W. G. McAdoo visited Panama a few years ago on
the occasion of his South American tour he made an address in
wliich he referred to the liigh utility of the Pan American Railway,
and incidentally to the desiral)ility of building the Panama link at
an early date. At first glance it might not be thought that a countrj'"
so long and narrow as Panama, fronting on both oceans and enjoy-
ing such unusual maritime transj^ortation facilities, would particu-
larly need a longitudinal railway system paralleling the oceans.
But in fact, such a railway would be of the highest benefit to the
country for two reaons — because the stormy weather prevailing
along the coasts for a large part of the year has been a severe handicap
to ocean transportation for 400 years, and as there are no ports in
the interior large enough to justify calls by large steamers, these
interior ports must be supplied from small steamers, launches, and
schooners, and haraly a week passes without the loss of one of these
vessels. On the other hand, the railway would afford the best
means of opening up the high and healthy mountainous uplands.
Such a railway system would also bi-ing into early development the
large mineral wealth of the Republic, which is still almost wholly
untouched, although known to be rich; it would afford a means of
getting out the immense quantity of hardwoods and other forestry
products; it would also be of very high strategic military value in
connection with the maintenance and defense of the canal, and its
construction could be easily financed by an arrangement with the
Panamanian Govcuiiment for a bonus of land which could be sold as
144 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
fast as the railway opened up the territory. The eastern terminus
of this raih-oad would link up the rich platinum, gold, and oil region
of the upper Atrato Valley in Colombia with the great center of
transportation at the canal. The whole of the Panama link could he
built for .S20,000,000. It is of the highest importance that, if this
railway should be undertaken, the line should run close to the Con-
tinental Divide all the way, and, in fact, it should ascend to the
highest plateaus wherever practicable. By starting at the elevation
already reached by the Panama Railroad in crossing the Isthmus,
the grade, in order to foUow the line of the Divide, need never exceed
3 per cent, and in most cases 2 per cent would be sufficient. In the
construction of the road the line would pass over many hundreds of
small rivers. If the fills necessary to cross these rivers should be used
to impound the waters, so that the lakes and ponds formed in this
way would be available as reservoirs of water during the dry season,
and in .many cases as a source of power as weU, the utility of the road
to the development of the country would be immensely increased.
This is a detail that should not be overlooked. It is probable that
agriculture in the dry season through irrigation in Panama will be
even more profitable than in the rainy season; and the heavy pre-
cipitation during the rainy season, amounting to an average of about
100 inches per annum would keep these reservoirs sufficiently sup-
plied with water practically to supply the whole Republic during the
dry season from reservoirs along the line of this railway.
Panama possesses one extremely great advantage to those who may
think of settling or of investing capital there. The security afforded
to life and property is practically as high as that of any State of the
American Union. The steady stream of travel through the canal is
advertising these advantages and others too numerous to be detailed
to the- whole world, and it can not be very long before the country
will l)e on a rising tide of real and jiermanent prosperity.
EXPORTING TO LATIN
Part I.
COMMERCIAL customs, ways, and methotls of l)uying and
selling commodities are very much the same in Latin
America as they are in the United States. Almost all oi
the hlunders made b}' exporters to Latin America in the
handling of the trade can be traced to the mistaken idea that Latin
American buyers require a different treatment from United Stales
buyers. Add to this the parallel mistake that the Latin American
market demands a peculiar character and l^^e of manufactures,
and one can account for nearly every failure in this n^arket which
is not due to downright incapacity or to chicanery.
Differences in commercial customs and ethics between Latin
America and the United States are more apparent than real. With
one exception, buying and selling is nmch the same and carried on
through agencies, by instrumentalities, and in ways practically
identical. What appear to be substantial differences, looming
large on the surface, are reall}' not such, but only the incidents of
unfamiliar language, climate, and industrial development. An
intelligent and experienced salesman, experienced in selling goods in
the L^nited States, if he be able to speak Spanish and Portuguese,
finds he has little to learn or little to unlearn when lie conies to sell
goods in the Latin American markets.
FIXANCIXG THE TRADE I.OXG CREDITS.
There is one important difference in commercial customs to which
in the beginning it may be well to call attention and that is the
application of "long credits," something about which there is more
than ordinar}' misapprehension. We are told that Latin American
buyers demand 4, 6, and even 12 months' credit, otherwise purchases
will not be made; that unless the United States be prepared to do
business on this basis it can not expect to secure any considerable
part of the Latin American trade. A superficial examination of the
facts would have disclosed that there was something at fault in the
argument. The chief stumbling block was that the L'nited States
had secured a large part of the trade, more than 50 per cent greater
than Germany, and in 1913, the year before the war, even passed
England which for a century had been the leader. This is not to take
into account the almost complete monopoly of the trade during the
war which may be ascribed to unsuual conditions.
1 Bv AVilliam C. Wells, of Pan Ameiican Union staff.
145
146 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
What were the facts about long credits before the war ( Primarily
the matter was simply a question of interest on capital requirements.
Money was worth on good commercial security from 8 to 12 per cent
in Buenos Aires, for example, and from 4 to 7 per cent in London,
Hamburg, or Paris. Of course this fact was as well known in the
United States as in Europe, and likewise that money was worth less
in New York or Boston than in Latin America. What was lost
sight of was the radical difference in banking customs between
New York and Buenos Aires, and the radical similarity between
London or Hamburg and Buenos Aires, which made it easy to market
commercial bills of exchange drawn on Buenos Aires in Europe and
practically impossible to market like bills in the Linited States. This
was not so much due to the fact that the Buenos Aires acceptor of
the bin had a credit standing in Europe and none in the L'^nited States,
as that no one had any worth while standing in the latter country
on this kind of paper. There w^as in the LTnited States no market
worth considering for any commercial bills, foreign or domestic.
Commerce was not financed through any such agency. The American
manufacturer, exporter, or other business man w^hen he needed funds
was accustomed to secure the same on personal note with indorser, on
collateral, on mortgage, or by increasing his capital investment. In
other words, as his business increased, he found it necessary to rein-
vest his profits, take in additional partners; in the case of a corpo-
ration to sell additional stock, which is the same thing; or to have
resort to direct borrowings until his capital caught up with his busi-
ness. In the latter case it was often that the better the business the
less apt it was to catch up, so that it was no unusual thing for the best
growing and most profitable businesses to find themselves seriously
embarrassed by "over extension."
The English or German business man had open to him the same
sources for direct borrowing or for capital enlargement; but he had,
in addition, what the American had not, an indirect but extremely
liquid financial resource which ordinarily made it unnecessary for
him to resort to direct borrowing. This was through the sale of his
customer's acceptances, for which there was a broad market among
the investing public. There w^ as almost no such market in the United
States, or what little there was was in the banks themselves. This
in effect reduced — since it was the bank's funds wiiich took care of
the transaction — a bill of exchange to a promissory note; the indirect
to the direct. So far as the bank was concerned the drawer of the
bill was treated as the prime obligor from whom collateral security
might be expected. To the uninitiated and to many bankers accus-
tomed to look at commercial transactions and investments from the
domestic standpoint this may all appear somewhat inconsequential.
But it was not so. The commercial bill of exchange was the facile
KXPORTlXti TO I.ATIX A.MF.RKW. 147
instrument of commerce in Latin America of tie Englislnan, the
German, and the Frenchman, and it was the chief stumbhng block of
the American. It would have been a greater obstacle had it not been
for the fact that some American exporters learned to avail themselves
of European and native banks located in Latin America, and so were
able to conform to customary methods.
From this explanation it is easy to see the bearing of "long
credits'' in Latin America and to understand that what was a bug-
bear to the American was not such to the European. Long credits
did not mean to the latter any increase in capital investment or any
additional borrowings in order to carry them, but they meant exactly
that to the American. Hence the difference. In illustration let us
follow such a transaction through: A, a salesman for an American
leather exporting house, sells 81,000 worth of goods to X, in Santiago,
Chile; B. a rival salesman for an English (or German or French)
house, sells a like bill of goods to Y at the same place. X and Y,
both solvent and enjoying Al credit, elect, because funds command
better interest in Santiago than in England or the L^nited States, to
purchase on four months' time. Bills of exchange are drawn by
A and B in the name of their principals on X and Y, respectively, at
four months' 6 per cent interest. These bills are accepted by X and
Y. B deposits his bill in the Santiago branch of a British ])ank, or
in a Chilean bank acting as correspondent for a London bank, to the
credit of his principal. The bank does not lend any money. It acts
merely as an agency for bringing the accepted l)iil to the British
investing public. The real loan is made by the short-term investor
in England who purchases the bill before maturity. This may be
an individual, insurance company, railroad or other corporation, a
provincial bank — in fact, anyone having funds for a quick turnover.
The investor is secured by the indorsement of the big London ])ank,
which in turn is secured by its correspondent bank in Chile, by the
drawer of the bill, and last by the acceptor, the prime obligor. Some
of the links in the chain may be omitted. B may send his accepted
bill direct to his principal in England, who will negotiate its sale
through the London bank, through his local provincial bank, or, in
the case of large concerns, may find a market without recourse to
bank agency. The principal, the exporter, in case he has idle funds,
may even hold the bill himself. The beauty of the system is its
elasticity, permitting the free use of capital whenever needed and
responsive to every commercial need.
Such was the channel open to B, the Englislunan. What had A,
the American ? Well, he might tie himself on to the English chain
and sell his bill m London, as some did, but there were disadvantages
connected with this, and it was only open to a few. Ordinarily, he
forwarded the bill to his princpial in the L^'nited States. When this
148 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.
principal presented the bill to his own bank, he was told that the
bank could not sell the bill for him; that there was no market for
such paper in the Ignited States; that if he needed money, the bank
would lend it to him in the customary way; but that the foreign bill,
so far as the bank was concerned, was the same as a j^romissory note
made by a dummy maker; that its whole banking status rested
upon the indorsement of the drawer. In other words, in the form
presented, it was unsecured paper.
The European banking custom w^as elastic, but it was also safe.
Let us j-eturn to the original transaction in Chile. Credit information
in Chile is much more accurate, because the facts are much more
easily ascertained than in the United States or even in England.
B, tlie Englislnnan, who sold $1, ()()() worth of goods to Y on four
months' time, was not acting upon liis own judgment alone, V)ut in
concert with the Santiago bank, which in effect had told him before
the transaction was comj)leted, "You can safely sell Y goods to such
and sucli an amount on such and such time, and we will back his
accej^tances for transmittal on your account to London." If Y's
credit was truly Al, the Santiago bank required nothing further of
him, l>ut if it was not such, then Y was required to supplement his
credit as the circumstances might demand. In any event, the bills
of lading and other papers would pass through the bank.
In effect, Latin xVmerican "long credits" were not what the inex-
perienced American business man believed them to be, foi- tliey
were not a l)urden upon capital investment as tliey apj^eared.
What has been said a})ove is predicated u])on the assum])tion that
the credit of the acceptor of the bill was above suspicion — something
easily to be determined at the residence of the acceptor through the
agencies wlio themselves w^ould in the ordinary course of business
liandle the accepted bill. If the credit of the acceptor was not good,
tlien the (h'awer, if he chose to go through with the transaction and
sell the goods, would himself take the whole responsibility. Germans
apparently made a specialty of handling shaky credits in South
America, and most English, French, Italian, and wSpanish exporters
w(M'e content to leave such business in German hands. It was a
gand)le in which when it lost somebody had to pay the price, and
legitimate German trade, as the Germans themselves were beginning
to un(U>rstan(l, did pay the price. Let us return to our illustration:
The Latin American mercluint who bought the goods on four
months' time had in mind doing exactly what the seller, British or
Ainei'ican, at the other end of the line, was trying to do — that is,
to do as much })usiness as possible upon a given amount of capital
and to avoid direct borrow^ings. Money was worth more in Santiago
than in London and New York, therefore he made indirect borrow-
ings in London rather than direct borrowings in Santiago. It w^as all
EXPORTING TO LATIN AMERICA. 149
a question of money's worth. Wlien, as sometimes occurred, (lie in-
terest margin warranted he paid cash against documents. Again
(and this is important to be remembered, for it accounts for much
American trade), he paid cash whenever the American exj)()rter
was able to offer him goods at price or (piahty better than the
Enghsh or German goods in a degree sufficient to take up the
difference in money's worth between London or Hamburg on one
side and vSantiago on the other, assuming in this case that the
American exporter could not handle accepted bills and demanded
cash. This last was in many ways the most interesting side of the
Latin American situation. A very large volume of trade from
the United States was due to the single fact that American goods
and prices were so much superior to English and German goods
that the buyer found it to his interest to finance the transaction
in American goods at local rates for money rather than to buy
English or German goods and finance the transaction at London or
Hamburg money rates.
One understands that ability to compete in quahties and prices is
the very foundation stone of all trade, but the instances are numerous
where the margin being slight some secondary advantage or disad-
vantage might win or may lose the trade. However, one must not
allow his mind to be confused into a belief that the secondary and the
occasional is the primary and the constant. "Long credits" were
secondary and more or less occasional. They did not create much
worth while trade but they acted as a lubricant to all trade. Under-
standmg, then, the true relation of long credits to Latin American
trade we can see the falsity of the position of those who maintamed
that the United vStates could not do business in Latin America unless
it resorted to a long-credit system, and we can understand what was
a paradox to many that the United States did do the business without
such credits. But it lost, or rather it failed to acquire, some trade,
perhaps not much, but clearly some, because its banking customs
did not fit in with Latm American banking customs. In this general
connection it is perhaps worth observing that there was an additional
reason why long credits had not the preponderating influence whicli
some imagined, which is that the margin between money's worth in
the United States and in Latin America was not as great as between
England and Latin America. Smce it was this margin that accounted
for long credits it can be readily seen that where the margin was less
the narrower the market for the acceptances, supposing that there
were such a market or that one could be created. The acceptor, as
we have shown, was borrowing money in a market where money was
cheap. There would be no ultimate advantage for him to go to a
market where, comparatively speaking, money was not cheap. The
economic status of the countrv and not the use or nonuse of the bill
THE PAX AMERICAN UNION,
15^
of exchange made the difference between money rates in I^ondon
and in New York.
There is another aspect of the long-credit case which should be
touched upon and that is its sentimental side.
The writer does not believe that national or individual sentiment
plays much of a part in international trade. One can show that it
does not almost with the certainty of a mathematical demonstration.
wSentiment may account for the enactment of tariff or other laws
which do obstruct or do facilitate trade, but sentiment itself, unless
crystallized into law. has little or no bearing on trade. Nevertheless,
it has a bearmg upon other things which may be of even more im-
portance than trade. The sentiment about long credits and the
failure of United States traders to extend the same has been and is
yet used in Latin America to the disadvantage of the I'nited States.
The case is presented as one where the Yankee is casting a slur on
the business integrity of the Latin American. The Latin American
importer may understand the real facts, but he no more represents
Latin American public opinion that does the Xew York exporter
represent United States public opinion. He is only one among
many. His influence on legislation and on public opinion is much
less than the influence of the American exporter. This is due in
part to different social customs but more to the fact that he is oftener
an unnaturalized foreigner and less identified with the sentiments
and feelings of his neighbors than is the United States exporter. It
is quite possible, however, that a particular Latin American importer
may not understand the true significance of the fact that the German
or Englishman offers him credit and the American does not. It may
be that he. as well as the newspaper editor and the legislator, resents
what appears to be a slight on Latin American integrity, for such it
has been represented to be by rival interests. Strength has been
added to this absurd but notwithstanding important charge by well
intentioned but inapt writers in the I'nited States who are not well
versed in international trade although in a sense familiar with Latin
America otherwise. To such the long credit case was one where
the American exporter did not care to take a chance or where he
did not take the pains to ascertain the extent of the risk, in other
words, the credit standing of his customer. In effect such a one
admits the German charge that he, the German, extends credit
because he trusts his customer and the American does not because
he does not trust him. These well-intentioned but unfounded ex-
planations of the credit situation have been given much publicitv
in Latin America as admissions of the charge, which in truth they
are, only they are made by persons incompetent to make admissions.
They belong to the class of confessions, well known to criminal in-
vestigators, made by persons in reahty innocent of the crime.
, IMFlTre
M. M.M.JLJI %,%J 1^ 1. UJMl* M-imJ ll^UUi
ttf Of' MAWlOC
WITH the oxception of corn, beans, and potatoes, manioc is,
of all the indigenons plants of Amei'ica, the one whose
culture is the most widespread in all parts of the world
which afford possibilities for its cultivation. This won-
derful Brazilian plant, whose original habitat is the valley of the
Lower Amazon, was carried by the Portuguese navigators of the
fifteenth centiiiy to every part of the world, and even at this time
the vestiges of its culture are met with at many points visited by
them.
Von den Stein found manioc caltivated in northern Brazil among the
Bacairi savages, who had never seen white men, and were still living
in the polished stone age at the head of the Xingu River. The native
habitat of manioc lies, therefore, in Brazil, but the cultivation of it
dates back no further than the sixteenth century. In 1796 manioc
farina was being exported to Portugal, as is seen from a letter of
August 16 of that year, wi-itten by Fernao Noronha, governor of the
Captaincy of Maranhao, in which he states that he is commanded by
his Government to foster as much as possible the culture of wood
flour and encourage the shipping of it to the mother country.
Peckolt says, however, that at the time of the discovery the
Portuguese found manioc in cultivation among the Guaranys and
Tupinambas, and goes on to show that Brazil, being the original
home of the plant, the only way to ex])lain the existence of manioc
in Africa is to suppose that it was swept across the ocean in the
current of the Gidf Stream — an hypothesis which we can not but
reject at the offset, being thoroughly convinced that if manioc was
found in Africa it was because it was carried there by man. Not-
witbstanding this view regarding manioc, this same author very
reasonably states that if it were not for the writings of our time
people of 200 or 300 years hence who might discover forests of
chinchona trees in the Himalayan heights of India would never
beheve that seedlings of this medicinal ])lant had been selected in
Peru and Bolivia and transported, amid all sorts of dangers and
difficulties, to those regions. The fetichistic religion of the aborigines
of Brazil, enriched with fabulous legends, naturally led them to
attribute to sweet and bitter manioc a supernatural origin, and
1 This article is translated from a very interesting paper written by Sefior Faschoal de Moraes, which
appeared in a recent number of Ivavoura e Cria?ao (Farming and Cattle Raising), a magazine published
in Rio de .Tanciro, Brazil.
J52
THE CULTURE AND INDUSTRY OF MANIOC. 153
gave rise to the story that it was in the grave of the predestined
mani (bread), the offspring of a virgin (og), that arose a plant with
a knotty stalk whose fruits intoxicated the birds of the forest. As
the shrub grew older there was a cleaving of the earth under which
lay the tiny being of a year old, admired in life as a blessing to the
people of the neighborhood; and when the surface of the grave was
opened there was discovered a root with a bark of an earthy color
which invested a pulp as white as the naked body of manioc.
The legend spread and the plant took the name of manioc. The
first scientific notices that we have of manioc were furnished in
the year 1548 by Pinzon, who gave it as indigenous to Brazil, thriv-
ing as far as 3° latitude south and growing at a height of 3,000 feet
above the sea level.
Manioc thrives and finds its habitat extending as far as 30° lati-
tude on both sides of the Equator. Outside of this zone it can not
be cultivated with advantage. The temperature of the region should
not be subject to wide variations. Some men think that manioc
grows best in temperatures ranging between 79 and 82° F. at most;
on this point, however, no experiments are recorded. Dm'ing the
first months of its evolution manioc requires a high degree of
humidity, reaching to 90 per cent or more, and during the full cycle
of its growth a rainfall of more than 47 inches distributed over a
period of 150 days. The most suitable land is a light sandy clay,
rich in humus. Preference is usually given to ground with a south-
ern or eastern exposure. Manioc is a very exhaustive plant and
does not grow more than three or four crops with profitable results
on the same ground without the use of fertilizers. Besides rotating
with peanuts, beans, cowpeas, and other leguminous plants, it is
necessary to practice a rational system of fertilizing, the final stage
of which should be a layer of well-cured cowpen manure, or else
the following preparation, the quantities given being required for
1 hectare: 88 to 220 pounds of sulphate of potash, 220 to 1,100 pounds
of superphosphate, 110 to 106 pounds of sulphate of ammonia.
The planting must be done on the same day on which the manioc
is cut and at the time when leaves of the shrub are ripe, which occurs
from July to September. It is well to avoid planting on a rainy
day. The stalk should be cut in medium-sized pieces, caie being
taken to select those pieces which are quite milky, the ends being
rejected. The planting is done generally in drills of medium depth
and about 2 feet apart. When the plants have budded and the
first harrowing is being done, the farmer takes care to remove all
the buds but one. Manioc ripens usually in from 8 to 18 months,
the length of time depending on whether the variety is an early or
a late one. Some farmers judge the ripening of the roots by the fall
of the ripe seeds.
100214— 19— Bull. 2 3
154 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
It would bo an interesting observation to watch the culture of
manioc, with a view to discover whether, by a carefid selection of the
seed and appropriate methods of cultiu-e, it might not be possible
to create a new variety characterized by its richness in starch, an
experiment which we believe has never yet been made.
The usual method of reproduction by planting the cuttings results
in a constant repetition of the same variety with all its character-
istics. Like a great many other food plants, manioc presents a
limited number of varieties, which differ among themselves with
regard to the color of the stalks, branches, stems, flowers, and roots.
According to Peckolt, it can be divided in a general way in the
following varieties: First, the varieties with green or whitish stalk
and stem, descended from the Manihot Aipim (Pohl); second, the
varieties with ])urple or red stems, descended from the Manihot
utilissima (Pohl). Theie are other varieties which constitute a
form of both and for which it is difficult to find a proper classifica-
tion as intermediaries.
Manioc, this marvelous plant of the Tropics, might be made one of
the most valuable assets of Brazil if it were grown on a large scale and
utilized intelligently in the different industries of its products. These
are dry manioc, farina, starch, tapioca, alcohol, tiquira (manioc
brandy), dextrin, powdered meal and manioc farina, cassava cake,
artificial barley and sagii, and many other useful and tasty prep-
arations.
Not many farmers in this wonderfid country of which manioc is
a native can estimate the great importance of this plant, which is
a valuable substitute for wheat and susceptible of extensive indus-
trial applications.
Manioc was taken from Brazil to Florida, in the United States of
America, less than 20 years ago (in 1898). It has done well in its
new abode. There are now a number of factories in that State, the
largest of wliich have an out]nit of from 600 to 1,000 tons of starch
per crop.
Farmers' Bulletin No. J 67 of the ITnited States Department of
Agriculture contains a study of the culture of manioc by Mr. Tracy,
who devotes considerable attention to the importance of this plant
and its industries. The possibilities of this culture in North America
are limited to Florida and Louisiana in the United States and to the
RepubUc of Mexico. The culture in Florida, which lies between
25° 6' and 31° latitude north, has already attained considerable
importance, and it is in that Southern State of the- great northern
Republic that we find the industry of manioc in its most developed
stage, the extraction of the fecula being here performed by the most
improved methods. In this connection, says Paul Hubert:
THE CULTUr.E AND INDUSTRY OF MANIOC. 155
Florida has given an example to Brazil and ]>ro\ed that in those regions of North
Anieriea the march of progress goes on with rapidity. To Florida we must turn if
we would study thoroughly the culture and industry of manioc, for the Floridiana
have done with this plant what the Californians had done before with the delicious
Cabula orange of Bahia, which now constitutes one of the solid assets of that State.
Experiments with manioc culture in Louisiana have not proved
successful. Trials made in Mexico in the northern sections, whicli are
adapted to yucca, have given excellent results. Yucca is cultivated
throughout Central America. In South America the country in
which the greatest effort has been made to adopt this culture is Ar-
gentina. The growing of manioc has developed enormously in that
country and the latest statistics attribute to it an area of 9,000,000
hectares (22,500,000 acres), a large number of plantations ])eing
located in Corrientes, Formosa, Chaco, Misiones, Tucuman to the
north of Santa Fe, and Entre Rios. Prof. Boto has written an im-
portant paper on manioc and Dr. Centera submitted to the faculty
of Agronomy and Veterinary Science of Buenos Aires a most valuable
thesis on the same subject. The culture is quite successful in Para-
guay and Colombia.
Manioc is grown in all of the five parts of the world, but the regions
where the culture has attained the greatest prominence are Java,
Reunion, Jamaica, Madagascar, Indochina, and Cochinchina. To
form an idea of the brilliant future that awaits the development of
manioc products, we have only to reflect that in the French Senate
a few years since the eminent Senator Meline, one of the best known
statesmen of the Latin race, in an eloquent speech justified the levy-
ing of an almost prohibitive duty on aU manioc imported into France.
Referring to the great factories for the manufacture of fecula and the
products of this industry, Senator Meline declared:
The situation, gentlemen, is unfortunately compromised and endangered by the
appearance of a formidable competitor, which had not been foreseen in 1892, and
which is called manioc. Manioc, gentlemen, is a plant, a sort of small shrub, a native
of Brazil, the culture of which is developing in all tropical countries. This shrub
has the advantage of sprouting without any sort of preparation and without cultiva-
tion on otherwise worthless lands. It is sufficient to plant the root to obtain at the
end of from 6 to 12 months an abundant supply of fecula. Manioc, therefore, can com-
pete most advantageously with potatoes, the fecula content of the former being 72
per cent, while that of the latter does not average more than 16 per cent. Six hundred
and eighty-five kilos of potatoes are recjuired to make 100 kilos of fecula, while only
140 kilos of manioc are required to produce the same 100 kilos of fecula.
Senator Meline gave a vivid description of the ruin of a numl)er of
French industries in consequence of the competition of manioc.
The French Senate was so impressed with his arguments that they
not only hastened to impose the new duty, but made it apply both
to foreign countries and the French possessions as weU. When several
senators protested against the unjust treatment of the colonies,
156 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Meliuc il('C'lar(>(l that it. was al)S()luti'ly necessary to protect the
farmers of the hom(> coiiiitrv against outside coin})etition, and that
it was the duty of the colonies to abstain from producing things
which might compete with the prockictions of France. This action
of the French Senate and the discussion that preceded it showed
the interest excited in that country by a phint which belongs to us
anil which we regarded with entire indifference. Before the w^^r our
shirts and collars were starched with Remi cereal starch, while we
ate rice fecula prepared by Block in France and consumed in our
cotton factories immense quantities of this same fecula in the prepa-
ration of our stuffs; and this while we ow^ned the richest root in the
world and one which implants fear and amazement in the minds of
patriotic and cultured nations.
There is no other plant which yields as great a production in starch
as manioc. According to the distinguished Dr. A. Caire, 1 hectare
(2^ acres) of manioc planted at a distance of 1 meter apart will con-
tain 10,000 shrubs, yielding a minimum of 4 kilos (8.8 pounds) per
shrub, or a total of 40,000 kilos (88,000 pounds). The minimum
yield of manioc in farina is equal to one-fourth of the gross weight-
So we have 10,000 kih)s (22,000 pounds), which, being sold at 400
reis (10 cents) per kilo, will yield 4 contos de reis ($1,000).
The return in starch is larger still. Reducing all the manioc
raised on 1 hectare (2\ acres) to starch we have, according to an
analysis of the agricultural school at Bahia, the following result,
using the variety which yields the highest percentage, the Sao Bento.
This variety yields 36 per cent of starch; consequently 40,000 kilos
(88,000 pounds), the average of production of 1 hectare (2^ acres)
will yield 14,400 kilos (31,680 pounds) of starcli, which being sold
at the rate of 500 reis (12^^ cents) per kilo, will yield a licjuid product
of 7:200.1fOOO (11,800). Supposing there is an expense of 1:2001000
(.1300) for cultivation and preparation, we have a profit of 6:000-1000
($1,500) in starch alone, besides the mass, whicli can be utilized to
manufacture farina of a low^ t.ype.
Nearly all the Brazilian States export manioc farina, which is tlie
oidy manioc product that we do not import. In 1917 the seven
States which exported most manioc farina were, in order of quan-
tity, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina, Para, Maranhao, Rio de
Janeiro, vSao Paulo, Bahia. Other States follow^ed with smaller
(juantities.
The total export of farina was 18,498,436 kilos, valued at 5,192:
053$000 ($1,298,013). The States which imported the most tapioca
were Rio de Janeiro, Maranliao, Bahia, and Sao Paulo. The wStates
which im[)orted manioc in slices were Para, Bahia, and Maranhao.
The greatest importers in value of manioc farina were England,
Uruguay, Argentina, France, Portugal, Bolivia, Italy, and Cape
THE (TLTURE AXD INDUSTRY OF MAXIOC. 157
Verdo. Tlio greatest importers of tapioca in value were France,
England, Portugal, and Italy. France and England were the great-
est importers of manioc in slices.
The value of manioc is made clearer each day in conseciuence of
the studies and analyses which are being effected in this country
and which prove it to be a substance of great commercial and indus-
trial value by reason of its richness in starch, and a food article of
great importance by reason of its nutritious and tasteful qualities.
The only element wanting in manioc is gluten, which exists in
wheat in the proportion of 13.53 per cent, which renders wlieat an
indispensable crop and places it in the front rank in importance.
From analyses effected by the agricultural school of Sao Bento in
1912 on manioc brought from Valen^a in the south of the said State,
it is seen that all the varieties are rich in fecula (starch) content,
and that the Sao Bento contains the liighest percentage — viz, 46.14
per cent — and the lowest, the vassoura molle, '"'wet broom," 21.35
per cent.
The growing of manioc extends from the Amazon Valley, its origi-
nal home, to the State of Rio Grande do Sul. It is essentially a
native culture and it is carried on b}- methods similar to those prac-
ticed with regard to other crops.
The consumption of farina is enormous, because, together with
beans and jerked beef, it forms the basis of the rich and savory food
of the people. It is impossible to calculate the production, which,
however, is roughly estimated at 500,000,000 kilos consumed at the
rate of 100 grams (about 3 ounces) per person, by 14,000,000 of
native consumers.
At a minimum price of 100 reis (2§ cents) per hter (about 1 quart)
its value will reach 50,000 contos, which is far below the truth. But
after its inestimable value as a foodstuff, the greatest merit of the
mandioca ufilissima for all the human family is in its starch content,
which is greater than that of potatoes and other vegetables. The
intrinsic value of starch is being recognized more and more from
year to year, and manioc, the type of vegetables producing this
substance, will tend to become enormously popular in tlie future.
Starch constitutes one of the essential elements of modern civiliza-
tion. It can be used in many ways, and each day brings forth some
new demand for it both in the arts and industries on the one hand
and for the satisfaction of culinary rec[uirements on the other.
It is essential that the supply be abundant and constant.
The outlook for manioc in the world is a most auspicious one, and
there is every indication that its culture should be rendered more
extensive and its industry developed on an ever-increasing scale.
IPS FO'R I.ATIFf AM
SHIPPING as every one knows played a most important part in
the war. One is tempted to say that it played the chief r61e
in the great (h'ama. The military command of the sea secured
by the British navy at the very outset was never relinquished
or weakened in any degree up to the close. German and Austrian
war vessels were forced to take refuge in their own harbors under
the protection of German and Austrian land fortifications or to intern
themselves in neutral ports. German and Austrian merchant ships
disappeared in the same way into the same refuges. From the offen-
sive side the British command of the sea was perfect from the first
week in August, 1914, up to the close. French ships aided in main-
taining the grand cordon and so later did the naval vessels of Italy,
the United States, Brazil, Japan, and Greece. This was all on the
offensive side, the side which paralyzed the war purposes of Germany
throughout all the world except where the German armies stood.
On the (k^'ensive side there was a different story. A few German
raiders remained at sea who captured ami sunk a number of allied
and neutral merchant ships. On one occasion the}" even defeated a
small British squach-on of war vessels off the coast of (Uiile. But
these raiders were soon brushed aside and had nothing else remained,
the allied defense, that is, the protection of its own merchant fleet in
furtherance of its own war purposes, would have been as complete
as was the allied offense against the German merchant and war fleets.
But something did remain and that something became a serious men-
ace. The submarine, conceived by its American inventors as a war
vessel to be used against other war vessels and so adapted by England
and France, was by the Germans diverted to another use, thy de-
struction of merchant shipping. For a while there seemed almost no
defense against the submarine so used. It was true that even the
merchant ship, if it was armed with a 6 or S inch rifle, was more than
a match for the submarine, but the purpose of the submarine was
not to fight but to destroy without warning.
The destruction of allied and neutral ship])ing l)y German sul)ma-
rines began to assume dangerous proportions in 1915. During the
flrst quarter of 1916 the submarine was destroying shipping at a rate
nearly 30 per cent greater than the allied and neutral countries were
building, and in the second quarter of the year the rate remained the
same; in the third quarter of 1916 the percentage of destruction over
building was nearly 40; in the fourth quarter it rose to 165. That
is. from October 1, 1916, to January 1, 1917, German submarines
destroyed nearly two and two-thirds times as much tonnage as the
158
SHIPS FOR LATIX AM KltU 'A. 159
allied and neutral countries built in the same period. Durin*,' tlie
first quarter of 1917 the percentage increased to 200 — i. e., 3 tons were
destroyetl to 1 ton l)uilt. In the second quarter of 1917 the percent-
age was 257, notwithstanding that in that quarter and the preceding
one there had been an increase in building. This was the peak, when
in spite of increased production the destruction was more than three
and a half times as great. For the third (piarter of 1917 the |)er-
centage fell to 138, and vet the destruction was over two and a thiid
times the building. F'rom this point conditions rapidly changed.
Building increased so that during the fourth quarter of 1917 more
than twice as much tonnage was built than in the corresponding
quarter of the year before. At the same time destruction, due to
the better development of the allied defense, tlecreased to about
two-thirds of what it had been at the peak, six months before. The
percentage for this quarter, the fourth of 1917, was 36 more for the
submarine than for the builder. In the first quarter of 1918 it was
nearly 30, both destruction and construction fell off but the former
more than the latter. In the second quarter of 1918 the turn was
made when building passed ahead of sinking. In this quarter there
was 33 per cent more tonnage built than sunk. In the third quarter of
1918 which saw the end of the war the percentage of building over
destruction was 217. That is, at the close of the war, three and one-
sixth times as much tonnage was built, during that quarter, than was
destroyed. ■
At the close of the war the United States had become the chief
agency in ship building and the United States merchant flag, which
before the war was rarely seen in any of the world's ports outside of
the United States itself, became a famihar sight wherever ships sailed,
which was to all the world outside the Central European countries
whose ports were still firmly locked by British, French, American,
Brazilian, Italian, and Greek war vessels.
The control of shipbuilding and ship operation in the United
States has been exercised through the United States Shipping Board,
one of the great war agencies created after the entry of the United
States into the war in April, 1917.
The Shipping Board through its Division of Operations lias very
kindly furnished the Pan American Union with the statement hereto
attached showing the number and tonnage of ships employed in the
trade between the United States and the Latin American countries
since the war endetl. This statement shows the condition as existing
about six weeks after the war ended, that is on December 31, 1918.
At that time there were 431 steam-propelled vessels (sailing vessels
not included in the statement) engaged in the trade, of which 263
were under the control of the Shipping Board and 168 operated inde-
pendently by owners or charterers. The tonnage, expresserl in tons,
160
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
dead-weight, of the dhectly controlled ships was 1,086,630 and of
the independently operated ships was 558,614 tons. The writer is
authorized to say that since the statement was prepared there has
been a very considerable increase in ships assioned to the trade which
increase will continue as may he justified. Dead-weight tonnage
(D. W. T. in the table) means the actual carrying capacity of the
ship down to its load line — that is, to the line of safe and convenient
submergence in the water, expressed in tons of 2,240 pounds. While
not exactly the commercial-carrying capacity of the ship, which is
more generallv expressed in cubic feet of volume by means of an
artificial "registered ton," it is a nearer approximation to actual
carrying capacity than is the registered ton.
UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD DIVISION OF OPERATIONS.
(As of Oec. 31. 1918.)
Amount of tonnage employed in the following trades.
Trade.
Steamers operated
independently by
owners or char-
tered owners.
Steamers assigned
by the United
States Shipping
Board.
Total
ships.
Total
n. W. T.
Ships.
D. W. T.
Ships.
D. W. T.
South American:
44
34
37
34
13
2
4
144, 523
176,274
72,685
117,534
29,263
6,900
11,435
54
49
15
75
48
6
16
254,821
324, 777
47, 456
255, 296
141,883
17,327
45, 070
98
83
52
109
61
8
20
399, 344
501,051
West Indies and Central American:
Fruit
Geaeral
Sugar
Ore
Sisal
120,141
372,830
171,146
24,227
.56, 505
168
558, 614
263 1,086,630
431
1,645,244
SUMMARY.
Ships.
D. W. T.
558,614
Steamers under control of I'nitecl States Shipping Board 263
1,086,630
1 431
1,645,244
Registry of the tonnage is divided as follows:
Ships.
Miscellaneous — Continued.
Russian 1
Xicaraguan 3
Ships.
American 238
Norwegian 82
Danish 38
Dutch 20
Swedish 14
Miscellaneous:
French 9
Argentine 2
Greek 1
Brazilian 3
Manganese ore trade from Brazil not included. Only sailing vessels employed in
this trade at present.
Honduran.
British . .
Cuban...
Mexican .
Total.
431
ROCKY MOUNTAIN NA-
IXCLOSIXG one of the highest mountain peaks in the United
States and a picturesque area of the great Kocky Mountain
Range about 360 miles square, Rocky Mountain National Park,
created in 1915, is visited aimually by thousands of peoj)le. The
situation of the park in the State of Colorado, which in itself has more
than its share of magnificent scenery, and its easy accessibility from
Denver and the Middle West, as well as from the Rocky Mountain
country and the Pacific coast, has made it a vacation land easily
within reach of a large number of people. Long's Peak, 14,255 feet
high, is the commanding feature of the park, a part of the very back-
bone of Xorth America — the Continental Divide, where the waters
of the descending streams find their way on one side into the Pacific
Ocean and on the other into the Atlantic.
The movement for the creation of the Rocky Mountain National
Park came about through the fact that Estes Park, a mountain valley
in part comprising the ])ark. had so grown in public favor that the
management had become burdened with a task almost bevond their
resources. Roads had been built and maintained, the streams
stocked with trout, shooting prohibited, and every effort made to
preserve unmarred the natural beauty of the region, but the increase
of tourists and visitors was so great that the owners and summer
residents of Estes Park came forward with the proposal that Estes
Park, together with parts of the Medicuie Bow National Forest and
the Continental Divide, be put into Uncle Sam's hands and admin-
istered as a National Park. Their proposal was considered favorablv.
and Rockv Mountain Park came into existence as the fourteenth of
the national playgrounds of the United States.
The report made on Estes Park by Robert B. Marshall, chief geog-
rapher of the United States Geological Survey, at the time the United
States Government was considering the proposition of making the
area a national park, states concisely the advantages of making Pastes
Park a national playground and also contains passages of no mean
scenic discussion.
"'There is no predominant outstandhig natural feature in Estes
Park, such as is found in the Crater Lake, the Yellowstone, or the
Yosemite, or along the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. The region
as a whole is as beautiful as any to be found in the United States
or, indeed, in the world. There is spread before the eye a gorgeous
161
^ ^s
Y. Si '^
C 2g
I'lioto by W
Tall Bros. Denver Tourist Burt»ii.
WILL-O'-THE-WISP FALLS, ROCKY MOUNTAIN PARK.
--r.v^=?srr.5?ri;ariS^s^^^^^^^
IIOCKY MOrXTAlX NATIONAL J'AltK. 165
assemblago of woiidorhil moTintain sciil])tiin\ siirroiindcd ]).v laiilastic
and ever-changing clouds, suspended in an a])])arenUv limitless
space. At firet view, as one beholds the scene in awe and amazement,
the effect is as of an enormous painting, a vast panorama stretching
away for illimitable distances; gradually this idea of distance dis-
appears, the magnificent work of nature seems to draw nearer and
nearer, reduced apparently by an unseen microsco])e to the refine-
ment of a delicate cameo. Each view becomes a refined miniature,
framed by another more fascinating, the whole presenting an im-
pressive picture, never to be forgotten."
Emerging from the esthetic to the practical, Mr. Marshall says:
''Perhaps the most attractive feature of the plan to create this
park, viewed from both the national and the State standpoints, is
the accessibility of the area. In considering the probable success
of this proposed park, 1 have kept constantly in mind the enormous
population of the eastern part of the United States which would
derive benefit from it, its nearness to the large centers of ])opula-
tion, and the low transportation charges in effect during the season
in which it woidd be most visited. Estes Park can be reached from
Chicago in about 30 hours and from Denver by automobile in about
three hours.
These factors will lead to a large amount of travel into the park
from outside the State and undoubtedly will result in its assuming
a much more national character than any of the existing parks.
There has been a marked increase within the last few years in the
annual number of visitors to Estes Park and vicinity. It is estimated
that this number has increased from 1,800 to .30,000 within a com-
paratively short time and, with the added attraction of the National
Park, it seems safe to predict that within a decade or two 100,000
or more people from all sections of the Ignited States will visit this
area each year."
This national park is very high up in the air. The summer visi-
toi-s who live at the base of the great mountains are more than a
mile and a half above the level of the sea, while the mountains
themselves rise precipitously nearly a mile and sometimes more
than a mile higher still. Timber line is about 11,000 feet above sea
level and up to that point the slopes are covered thick and close
with spruce and fir, growing very straight and tall. Ev(>n at the
highest altitudes wild flowers grow in profusion in sheltered gorges.
Nowhere else are the timber-line struggles between the trees
and the wmds more grotesquely carried out than in the Rocky
Mountain Park. The first sight of the luxuriant Engelmann spruces
creeping closely upon the ground instead of rising straight a huiuh-ed
and fifty feet or more, arouses the interest of the tourist. Many trees
which defy the winter gales grow bent in half circles. Others starting
Photo by Wiswall Bros. Denver Tourist Bureau.
MOUNTAIN CLIMBING IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN PARK.
the park can be found.
B^
c —
si
168 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
straight, in shelter of some hirge rock bend at riglit angh^s when they
emerge above the rock. Others which have succeeded in hfting
their heads in spite of the winds have not succeeded in growing
In-anches in any direction except in the lee of their trunks, and suggest
big evergreen dust brushes rather than spruces and firs.
Far above the timber line, rising from 1,000 to 3,000 feet, are the
huge rock formations that gave the Rocky Mountains their name.
Covered with snow in fall and winter and plentifully spattered with
snow all summer long these bare granite, masses are beautiful beyond
description. During fair and sunny days they show all shades of
translucent grays and mauves and blues, but on stormy days they
are cold and dark and forbidding, burying their heads in gloomy
clouds, from which they emerge covered with snow. A thunder-
storm born on the square granite head of Longs Peak is an interest-
ing sight. First, out of the blue sky a slight mist seems to gather,
and in a few minutes this becomes a tiny cloud, which grows with
great rapidity. Then out of apparently nothing the cloud swells
and swepps over the sky. Often within 15 minutes after the first
tiny fleck of mist appears it is raining in the valley and possibly
snowing on the mountain top, but within another half hour, during
which the mountain tops undergo all the colors of the rainbow, the
sun breaks forth in seemingly renewed glory.
But all of the Rocky Mountain National Park is not composed of
high cliffs and bare mountains. It embraces deep gorges and grassy
valleys, in the springtime gay with many-colored flowers, a glacier
and glacial lakes, foaming trout streams and waterfalls, an,d much
that is interesting in animal life. The charm of this beauty spot of
nature attracts campers from all over the country. In common
with most of the other national parks, the Rocky Mountain Park
has become the breeding place and refuge of all the animals native
to the mountain areas of Colorado. The wild life of this mountain
State, which was hunted from valley to peak, has learned to find in
the Rocky Mountain Park a haven of rest and security, a safe retreat
from the murderous crack of the gun ; yet there are no fences around
the park, and the overflow of game furnishes a continual supply to
the surrounding territory, where the hunter may take his toll.
The i)ark is the naturaf home of the Rocky Mountain bighorn,
the lordly elk, deer, bear, beaver, and many smaller animals— all of
which live safely within its protecting borders.
The Rocky Mountain sheep or bighorn, which abounds in this
park and in many other places of the West, is an interesting example
of animal life. This animal is much larger, more powerful, and has
greater agility than the domestic sheep. When pursued these sheep,
oven the lambs, unhesitatingly drop head downward off precipitous
Photo by « iswall Bros. Denver Tourist :
BLACK EAGLE OF THE ROCKY MOrXTAIXS.
The Rocky Moimtam National Park is^a natiu-al hatmt for the national hird. The American eafrle
has Its throne on the lonely clifls of the Continental Divide. '"*^''"^'i" eag.e
100214— 19— Bull. 2 4 ,
ROC'KV .MorXTAlX NATIONAL I'AHK. 171
cliffs many hundreds of feet higli. As they droj) they strike small
ledges every few feet to l^reak the fall, i)iit these ledges are not wide
enough to stand u})on, being merely rocky excrescences a foot or
less in width, from which the slieej) j)lunge to the next and the next,
and so on until they reach good footing in the valley below. So
swift is the descent that, seen from below at a distance, these pauses
are often scarcely apparent. Tlie fact that the sheep always phmge
head first has given rise to the opinion that they land on their curved
horns, but this is untrue. They always strike ledges with legs rigid
and all four feet held close together. They can also ascend very
steep slopes. It is a memoralde sight to see a flock of 20 or
more mountain sheep making their way along the volcanic crater
of Specimen Mountain in the Rocky Mountain National Park.
To stand and gaze upward at the tops of these high mountains
is in itself a delightful thrill and inspiration, but in Rocky Mountain
Park the traveler can do that which is far better — ascend to the top
of these sky-piercing pinnacles. For many years Longs Peak was
considered unclimable, but at last a way was found through an open-
ing in the rocks called the Keyhole. The east side of the peak is
nearly a sheer precipice almost 2,000 feet from the extreme top down
to Chasm Lake, which was the starting point of a glacier in prehis-
toric times. This lake is frozen 11 months in the year. One may
mount a horse after an early breakfast and ride up Flattop to enjoy
one of the great views of the world and be back in time for luncheon.
The Continental Divide may also be crossed in a day.
There is no other region in America where glacial records of such
prominence are more numerous and more easily studied tlian in the
Rocky Mountain Park. The whole country has been fantastically
cut and carved by gigantic glaciers of the prehistoric past. In fact
these records of the period when this continent was planed and
carved by the ice are so clearly and simply written in the rocks of
this region that the whole story lies plain to the most casual eye.
Rocky Mountain National Park, even though it does not contain
any outstanding natural wonder, does have the distinction of inclos-
ing a most beautiful part of mountain scenery for which the western
part of North America is noted. Indeed, its chief charm is its sim-
plicity and lack of the wonders that have made our other parks
famous. At no place in the country is there a spot where so many
people can come into so close a communion with nature as in this
playground in the Rockies.
H.E UNrr'Jil) ST'Al^'
THE vivid interest now ]>eing displayed in ttie United States
with regard to Latin American conditions, and parti(udarly
the attention whicli is ])eing directed to Latin American
markets, give pertinence to a few remarks on the (question
of the teaching in the scl\ools of tlie North American Kepnhlic of the
Portuguese hmguage and the correlated subjects of Brazilian geog-
raphy, history, and economics.
The Spanish language has found place in the curricula of a large
number of the educational establishments of the LTnited States,
having been taught for many years from a literary and linguistical
])oint of view as a member of the romance group; and in recent
times instruction in Spanish has taken on a practical and utilitarian
aspect which has proved highly beneficial to people whose affairs
place them in contact with the inhabitants of the Spanish-speaking
countries.
Portuguese, howevin', has not been accorded anything like the
attention which has been bestowed upon its ])eninsular neighbor.
On the contrary it appears to have ])een relegated, Cinderella-like,
to a dark corner in the background. There is hardly any use, at this
stage in the evolutional process of the relationship between the
United States and Latin America, to lose time investigating the
causes of this indifference toward the Portuguese language. Let us
rather turn our attention to the reasons — urgent reasons — why this
indifference should be dispelled as speedily as possible and give place
to an active propaganda for the teaching, not only of the language,
hut of th(> correlated subjects above referred to.
ill the enumeration of these reasons let us put aside for consider-
ation a little further on in this sketch the aspects of chronological
order, linguistical value, and literary merit, and examine in the first
place the role which a knowledge of these subjects is destined to play
in the development of trade between the LTnited States and Brazil.
It is an established rule that, when a manufacturer wishes to sell
his goods, he has recourse to the services of representatives, agents, or
salesmen, either traveling or stationary. Now, if we admit that
salesmanship is an inborn gift like the genius of a poet, yet we are
bound to concede that it must be perfected like any other talent,
a fact of which any salesman is well aware. Prior to the outbreak
1 By^Langworthy Marchant, of Pan Aiiicrican Union Staff.
172
TEACHINC POr.TTTiin^SE TN THE UNITED STATES. 178
of the war in Europe, manufacturers in the United States had, with
few exceptions, built up their industrial and commercial status cater-
ing to the home market. Their salesmen had to travel throughout
the Tnited States and offei" their products to the American merchant
and consumer. Evidently, beyond his natural gift and the study
and ])ractice of his art, the salesman had nothing to really learn
exce{)t the particular line of goods which he proposed to sell. He
knew his pul)lic, for it is essentially the same everywhere within the
bounds of this great country, and could address himself equally well
to a set t)f customers in Maine or California, Florida or Washington.
His Americanism and the exercise of his necessary natural talent,
aided by ol)servation and practice, would enable him to accommodate
himself to whatever local idiosyncrasies he might meet in any part of
his American field; and so, he was left at full liberty to devote his
entire attention to the study of his goods and to the improvement of
his methods of demonstration. When taking up the question of
opening campaigns in the foreign markets, manufacturers, and even
very excellent salesmen, are apt to delude themselves into the belief
that the problems which they will liave to confront are in every way
similar to those which they have successfully solved at home. For
this reason there are manufacturers who still insist that the chief
requirement of a salesman for any Latin American country is to
know his line and have experience in the handling of it in this country.
The error becomes evident on reflection. The logical elements on
which any business must depend for its realization is the conviction
in the mind of each of the parties that the transaction is lieneficial
to himself. In the present case the salesman starts out with that
conviction, and it only remains for him to plant a like conviction in
the mind of the prospect. In the United States the salesman was
entirely at home, able to revel in his knowledge of human nature as
represented by his prospect, and in the use of all his flowing eloquence,
to convert the prospect into a buyer. But now see this happy sales-
man, so successful in the home field, thrown suddenly into a far-away
country, to whose people he is a stranger as they are to him, knowing
nothing of their habits, their culture, their peculiarities, their lan-
guage. Sampson-like you will find him shorn of his strength; his
smooth eloquence counts for naught, and his vocal efforts ])order onto
distraction as he seeks, no longer to impress by a well-chosen word
or a timely inflection, but only to try whether it is possible to make
himself understood. Where expression is halting, there can hardly
be a clear demonstration, and less still the lucid and persuasive
drawing up of conclusions so necessary to the favorable termination
of any transaction. And he is reduced to the extremity of laying
hold of his sample or catalogue and pointing to it in the hope that
the good-natured Latin may be pleased to see the qualities with
174 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
which his own mind is filled to saturation, ])ut which his stuttering
tongue refuses to express.
How is all this to be avoided'? What remedy can be suggested
for a situation in which so many American manufacturers lind them-
selves handicapped? The answer can be but one. The agent, the
representative, must be prepared to talk to the people with whom
he proposes to deal. It is not sufficient to talk badly ; to memorize
a few rules and phrases and then make up some terrible jargon of
his own, which, unfortunately, is often the case. He must speak
at least fairly well; make himself understood, and in his turn under-
stand, not only perceive what his prospect says, but divine his par-
ticular shade of meaning by the tone in which he says it; in short he
must be familiar with human nature as represented by the people
with whom he finds himself in Latin America, just as he is familiar
with human nature in his own people in the United States. It is
the same old human nature everywhere but it sometimes expresses
itself differently, and assumes outwardly different aspects, deter-
mined by different ethnical grouping and different forms of culture.
It is evident that the knowledge above described can not be acquired
simply by academic endeavor. It is the natural growth of acquaint-
ance and comradeship. But it can be acquired well and quickly by
a person who enters the field prepared to learn, one who has acquired,
academically, a fair command of the language and is versed in the
history of the country, its geography, its productions, its resources,
its commercial figures, its usages, its every-day generalities. And
on the other hand it is immensely difficult of acquisition to a person
who has no such preparation. To enter the Brazilian field of com-
merce without mental preparation especially adapted to that field
reminds us of the case of the landlubber who crossed over to the city
in the ferry in order to buy a manual on the art of swimming, and,
when, on his return, the boat capsized, and he found himself strug-
gling in the water, began to fumble in his pockets for his manual,
attempting to adjust his glasses and look for the pages containing
the elementary rules, all the while striving frantically with legs and
arms to keep himself afloat.
What has been said serves to demonstrate the urgent necessity of
tuition in the Portuguese language and the correlated subjects above
mentioned; and there can be no doubt that it is incumbent on the
best known and most highly esteemed centers of learning of the
Ignited States to take up the matter of imparting such tuition. The
practical inception of the work belongs to them, and not any one else,
whether as individuals or as a collective body. To them it pertains
to foresee the (;oming need, which will increase with the passage of
time, and prepare to meet the contingencies to which it will give rise.
The university, the college, the school, is the orientator of the student.
TEACHING PORTrdrESE IX THE UNITED STATES. 176
his guide as to the outlook with regard to utihzable fields of intellectual
acquirement. If the school waits for the student to demand develop-
ment in a certain class of work, why then, naturally, such work must
pertain to the (-losing, or finishing part of the course, for it is only in
this stage that the student is supposed to possess sufficient age, knowl-
edge, and experience to foresee the contingencies which ma}- occur
in connection with any given line of activity, and particularly with
one lying in a field which is more or less intrinsically new. Advanced
students may discover for themselves the value of tuition in these
subjects and demand it : but advanced students are those whose school
days are numbered, who, in a few more months will bid adieu to school
life and launch out into the world of practical experience. Conse-
cjuently, the time which they will find available for the acciuisition
of these subjects is not sufhcient. They can at best, in so limited a
period, gather a few rudiments, which will prove woefully scant in
the hour of need. For, let us not delude ourselves, the sort of tuition
required in these subjects is one of real practical value, a real speaking
and writing knowledge of the language and a real acquaintance with
the history, geography, and economics of the Brazilian Republic.
A smattering of these things, especially as regards the language, is
little better than useless, and to inculcate such smattering as real
knowledge, as some eager aspirants to positions do, is not honest.
The Portuguese language is one of the two dialects of the Iberic
Peninsula which have arisen to the position of literary languages.
It was originally one of the many dialects into which the popular
Latin of the Province broke up after the fall of the Roman Empire,
but it })ossesses marked characters of individuality which distin-
guish it very clearly from any of the Spanish dialects and from the
literary Castilian of our day. The ^Spanish dialect which it most
resembles is the Gallego, one of the most divergent forms of Spanish,
which has retained its dialectic character to this day, w^hile the Por-
tuguese, under the isolating influence of an independent government,
has evolved into one of the most beautiful instruments of expression
in existence.
In a way Portuguese is unique among modern languages. Its
case endings have all worn away, and yet the language is as flexible
as the polished Latin of classic times; a great point of strength,
since it enables the speaker to place his words at will in the relative
positions of force according to the stress which he would lay upon
them. The vocabulary is abundant, there being many forms from
which to choose according to the particular shade of thought which
it is designed to impart. There is not the same abundance of analyt-
ical forms made up of relative words and complements as in English,
but on the other hand the great facihty which the speaker enjoys in
choosing and placing his words renders expression fluent and elegant,
176 THE PAN AMERICAlSr UNION.
endowing the language with a subtle spirit, whicli, so to speak,
transmits tlie nuances of thought by induction rather than by
analytical detail.
These lexical and syntactical characters of the Portuguese language
invest it with the quality of infinite variety, whicli precludes all
monotony, and makes it a pleasant one to listen to.
Philologically and linguistically, Portuguese is one of the most
interesting of modern languages, not only from the point of view of
its Latin affiliation, but from its importance as an exponent of Gothic
and Moorish influence in the peninsula.
From a literary point of view, the Portuguese language is exceed-
ingly rich in the quality of its ])roductions, among which, as scholars
know, stands out with a great luster the immortal epic of the Luziad.
The literature of Brazil has been evolving for a long period, years
and years before the inde]iendence, and can boast of a multitude of
works wdiose merits would not pale in c()m})arison with the })est
anywhere.
A language like this, so filled with esthetic and dynamic equalities
in addition to its other titles of distinction, is well deserving of a
definite place in the curricula of our schools, and if to the considera-
tions just dealt with we add that, in the natural course of events,
Brazil may be expected, within the present century, to number one
hundred million Portuguese-speaking people, we must conclude
tliat tlie Portuguese language is destined, at no distant period, to
reach a jjosition of importance ranking not far behind that of
P^nglish; and so, just as the Brazilians and Portuguese give our lan-
guage a prominent place in the programs of their schools on account
of its importance, it behooves us, for a like reason, to do the same
with theirs, in oi'der that we may not be placed in the disagreeable
contingency of finding ourselves inefficiently equipped to meet the
pr()})lems whicli will arise and grow more and more intense with the
development of our relations with the great Kepublic of Brazil.
COMODORO RIVADAVIA PE-
TWni Fl'TM
'IT'- T^ f\ O T ^T"'- C*'^ '
THE information jj^iven })elo\v, based on official data conij)iletl
by the Argentine Government, shows the importance, not
generaUy known iij) to the present time even in the Argen-
tine Repiibhc. (f the C'oniodoro Kivadavia j)etroleum
deposits.
Seventy-seven wells have been drilled in the zones rei'rred to, 7 of
which have been abandoned as nonproductive, 17 are being deepened.
14 cased and |)rej)ared for exploitation, and 39 are in operation in the
production of oil. In 1916 the drilling of 15 shafts was completed.
During that year the daily output of oil varied from 13.16 to 22.27
cubic meters: in 1917 from 13.19 to 27.87 cu})ic meters; and during
the first three months of 191S. from 11.68 to 13.10 cubic metere.
The causes of the decrease in the 1918 period are attributed to
strikes, closing of some of the shafts for examination and repair, and
the partial or total stoppage of the oil flow in some of the wells,
especially in a number of the older borings which had been constantly
producing for a term of several years. It should be borne in mind,
however, that the output of the new wells has increased considerably.
The total oil production of the Comodoro Rivadavia petroleum
zone in 1916 was 88.398 tons, as compared with 140,732 tons in 1917,
and 46,047 tons dui'ing the first thiee months of 1918, or an estimated
output for tiie latter year of over 184,000 tons. The value of the
output of tliese deposits in 1916 was 3,97().9o2 ])('S( s (pajjer pcso =
about 80.4475): in 1917, 9,372.787 pesos: and in three inontlis
referred to in 191S, 3,563,828 jkscs. The average value pw ton in
1916 was 45 pes(-s: in 1917, 67 pesos: and in 1918, 78 pesos.
Considering the extent and richness of these deposits, as well as
the growing need of a larger supply of this valuable j)r()duct, a
systematic and efhcient exploitation is most desirable, to insure
which machinery, spare parts of machinery, cables, and other neces-
sary material must be supplied, as well as the maximum nundier of
drills required, bearing in mind that a drill can only perforate, on
an average, 2^ wells anually. One great difficulty in supplying
drills is that they are not made in the Republic, and must, therefore,
be obtained abroad under such conditions as may be deemed most
advantageous.
Shaft Xo. 49 is the one that has produced up to the present time
the greatest quantity of gas. This well is exceedingly important, not
1 From La Epoca, Buenos Aires.
177
178 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
only because of the excellent quality of its gas as a fuel, but also
because this particular gas may be utilized in refinino; crude petro-
leum, for heating purposes, as an illuminant, and in the production
of steam for operating drills, to say nothing of its future use in
metallurgical furnaces, in the manufacture of Portland cement out
of the extensive deposits of fine clay found in the vicinity, and its
use in supplying motive power to the machine shops in the neigh-
borhood.
The petroieum refinery now at Comodoro Rivadavia is not as large
as it should be, the capacity of the plant being only 12,000 tons of
petroleum per amuim. The development of this branch of the oil
in(histry in (^unodoro Rivadavia will naturally depend upon the
expediency of preparing at that place the different by-products of
petroleum. In the meantime it should be borne in mind that a
plant large enough to refine the oil needed by the national fleet,
should its fuel be changed from coal to petroleum, would require an
annual capacity of not less than 100,000 tons. The operation of the
refinery will necessitate the making of barrels in which to transport
the oil and this, together with the enlargement of the plant, will
require the investment of considerable capital. At the present
time the barrel containing the oil, due to the increased cost of the
raw material used in its manufacture, is nuu'e valuable than the oil
itself.
The quantity of free or light oils in the su])stances taken from the
deposits varies from 10 to 15 per cent, leaving a residue of from
85 to 90 per cent of crude oil available for industrial purposes. As
the demand for petroleum and oils of various classes will doubtless
lend to increase in future, the necessity for operating the refinery
oil a more extensive scale is evident. Until the State is prepared
to i-etine all the oil taken from the deposits it is desirable to encourage
the operation of private refineries, in order to avoid waste and to
insure the utilization of the entire output of the wells.
The machine shops at Comodoro Rivadavia, while now of con-
siderable extent and importance, are insufficient to properly meet
the increasing needs of that region. The difficulties encountered in
enlarging and adequately equijiping these shops consist not only in
a lack of capital but also of skilled and unskilled labor. It is believed
that the latter difficulty could be temporarily overcome by the em-
ployment of sailors, if this could be arranged with the Government,
from the Argentine fleet. It should be borne in mind, however,
that to secure workmen in adecpiate num])ers good wages must be
paid.
In 1917 the Comodoro Rivadavia oil fields gave employment to
1,196 skilled and unskilled workmen and to 172 other employees.
In 1916 the force engaged in this work required a disbursement for
wages of 1,384,965 pesos, and in 1917, 1,531,381 pesos. The amount
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN THE COMODRO RIVADAVIA FIELDS, ARGENTINA.
The total oil production in lOir. of the Comodro Rivadavia petroleum zones was 88,398 tons and is steadily
increasing. These fields give employment to over 1,200 workmen yearly. Modem dwellings have
been constructed and fitted up with" modern improvements in a sanitary manner. Top picture: A
close view of the wells. Bottom picture: Machinery and receiving tanks, the latter having a capacity
for storing 2.i,ono tons of petroleum.
180 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
paid out in 1918 was not available at the time of going to press, but
because of increased production during that year, a rising wage scale
and the shortening of the hours of labor, it can be safely surmised
that the expenditure during the ]iast year was greatly in excess of
that of previous years.
Modern dwellings for workmen have recently been constructed at
Comodoro Rivadavia, fitted up in the most approved sanitary man-
ner and provided with all modern conveniences. These have been
erected out of a fine quality of building stone which exists in large
ciuantities in the immediate vicinity. This has largely added to the
comfort of the workmen and has been a health measure of great
value. The technical force employed in the Comodoro Rivadavia
petroleum zone, particularly as to the drillers, has proved to be quite
efficient, notwithstanding the fact that it was selected at random
and as the exigencies of the work rec^uired. Among this class of
workmen the foreign element predominates, as would naturally be
expected to be the case because of the greater opportunities enjoyed
by European and American workmen in operations of this kind, the
more especially so because heretofore the mining industry in any of
its branches has been but little developed in the Argentine Republic.
In the exploitation of these oil fields it is the policy of the manage-
ment to use Argentine workmen so that they will be capable of pei'-
forming the most difficult technical duties connected with the drill-
ing of the shafts, the extraction of oil, etc.
The geological studies of the Comodoro Rivadavia petroleum belt
are exceedingly important, not only because they \\ill make avail-
able information that will enable these deposits to be better and
more scientifically utilized, but also because they wall furnish an
approximately correct estimate of the future production of this oil
zone. With this object in view samples are taken in each of the
borings of the dift'erent strata pierced by the drills, and these samples
are given to experts for examination and study. As to the classi-
fication of the deposits, their origin has not yet been definitely de-
termined, although it is possible that they belong to the class tech-
nically known as "pockets" or "pools."
To j)roperly develop this oil zone it is desirable to at least triple
the number of wells now in exploitation with the object of obtaining
an annual output of from 800,000 to 900,000 tons of petroleum. In
order to accomplish this, drills and petroleum extraction pumps
should be purchased, tanks erected for storing the oil in Comodoro
Rivadavia, as well as in the great consuming centers of the counti-y,
and adequate transportation facilities provided, all of which requires
time and a large investment of capital.
Prospecting work has been done by private parties in the region
iitimodiately adjoining the oil zone established by the Argentine
HIS EXCELLENXY DR. FRANCISCO TUDELA Y VARELA, ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY
AND MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY FROM PERU TO WASHINGTON.
Dr. Tudela y Varela was bom in Paris in 1S76 and, although a young man, occupies a promment posi-
tion in public and intellectual life in Peru. After preliminary studies in Europe he entered the Univer-
sity of San Marcos in Lima, being graduated from the colleges of law and political science. For the
past 12 years he has been professor of diplomatic law and history of Peruvian treaties in his alma
mater. In 1901 and 1902 he was secretary of the Peruvian legation in Colombia, and had charge of the
secretaryship of the presidency of the Republic, during the administrations of Don Manuel Candamo
and Don Jose Pardo, from 190.3 to 1907. Dr. Tudela y Varela was for 12 years congressional deputy,
becoming president of the Chamber of Deputies in 191.5, the year in which he acted as mayor of Lima.
In 1913 he occupied the position of minister of foreign relations, and in 1914 became minisler of the
Treasury. In 1917 he was president of the coimcil of ministers and held the port folio of foreign relat ions.
It was during this time that he proposed to Congress the severing of diplomatic relations with Ger-
many. On January 2, 1919, he was made minister plenipotentiary of Peru to Washington.
182 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Government. Due largely to the lack of capital their efforts have
been attended with but little success. This work should be encour-
aged, and refineries should be established of sufficient capacity and
equipment to properly handle all of the oil extracted with the object,
if possible, of furnishing better grades of oil at reduced prices. The
Argentine Government is alive to the needs of a more extensive
development in this great oil belt, and will doubtless, in due time
and in its own wise, progressive way, do whatever may be necessary
in the use of Government funds in this industry, as well as in attract-
ing the investment of private capital, both national and foreign, to
one of the richest and most promising petroleum fields in South
America.
PlfJMJNENT II PAl AMEl.
ICAM AFFAIMS
Colonel Theodore Roosevelt the twenty-sixth President of
the United States, known the world over as one of the most versatile
and forceful statesmen of this age, died at his home, Sagamore
Hill, Oyster Bay, Long Island, N. Y., on January 6, 1919. His
death was peaceful, resulting from rheinnatism and a complication
of other diseases.
Theodore Roosevelt was born in New York City on October 27,
1858. His love for nature was early manifested, and many of his
boyhood days were spent in roaming the Long Island woodlands.
He entered Harvard University in 1876, graduating in 1880 with the
degree of A. B. He also received the degree of LL.D. from Columbia
University in 1899, Hope College in 1901 ; Yale, 1901 ; Harvard, 1902;
Northwestern, University of Chicago, and Iiiiversity of California in
1908; L^niversity of Pennsylvania and Clark University in 1905;
George Washington LTniversity in 1909; Cambridge University in
1910; and the degree of D. C. L. from Oxford in 1910.
After his graduation from Harvard, Roosevelt went to Europe,
and on his return took up the study of law with his brother. When
only 24 years old he was a member of the New York State Legisla-
ture. When his term as assemblyman had expired he was sent,
in 1884, as a delegate to the Republican party convention which
nominated James G. Blaine for President. His political activities
ceased tem])()rarily at this time, and in order that he might improve
his physical strength he went west to live an outdoor life. He
HEODOKE ROOSEVELT.
-j^g^ THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
purchased two ranches in the State of North Dakota and for two
years Uved the hfe of the har(hest ])Ldnsman.
On ahan<U)nment of ranch Hfe he returned to pohtics. As a civil
service commissioner from 1889-1895 over 20,000 offices muk>r the
Government were put into the classified service to ])e ohtahied and
held by merit. He resigned from the Civil Service Commission and
l)ecame presiiknit of the Board of Police Commissioners of New York
City from 1895-1897.
in President McKinley's administration Mr. Koosevelt was a])-
pointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy, hut resigned at the out-
break of the war with Spain to seek service as a field ofhcer. Secre-
tary Alo-er of the War l)ei)artment offered to make him coh)nel of a
reo-iment, but he thought his exj)erience was hisufhcient to warrant
him in accepthig the position. It was when Congress authorized the
organization of three cavalry regiments from the frontiersmen of the
west, that it became known that Roosevelt was to raise one of these
and perhaps the most remarkable fighting force ever in the field be-
gan to gather. The work of this regiment, popularly known as the
Roosevelt Rough Riders, became famous, and Mr. Roosevelt was
appointed to a colonelcy.
He was governor of the State of New York from January 1, 1899,
to December 31, 1900, and was chosen Vice President (m November 4,
1900,succeqtlmg to the presidency upon thc^ assassination of President
McKhiley,'Septeml)er 14, 1901. He completed that term and was
elected for the term 1905-1909. During Mr. Roosevelt's administra-
tion a notable achievement was the taking over by the United States
of the project to build the Panama Canal. The Nobel Peace Prize
of $40,000 was awarded to Mr. Roosevelt in 1906.
After his presidential duties were completed Col. Roosevelt's love
of the outdoors led him on a hunting trip to Africa in 1909-10 in
search of big game. He visited South America in 19i;'>, chdivering
ad(h-esses before various universities and learned societies. At the
head of the Roosevelt-Rondon E;xi)edition in Brazil in 1914 he
explored the famous 'Mliver of Doubt," a tributary of the Madeira
Riv(>r, for a (h^tance of 600 miles. This river was sul)s(H|uently
named "Rio Theodoro" in his honor.
Mr. Roosevelt was hitensely interested in Pan Anu'iican affairs
and was a true Pan American. He watched tlie work of the Pan
American Union closely and was one of the speakers at the exercises of
the laynig of the corner stone of tlie l)uil(hng in 1908.
From 1909-1914 Mr. Roosevcdt was one of the echtors of the
Outlook magazine. He was the autlior of numy books, inchuhng
"limiting Trips of a Ranchman," "History of New York," "The
Wilderness Hunter," "American bhnils and Otiier Essays," "The
l'i:oMlNE.\T IN PAX AMKHICAN AFFAIRS. 185
Strcinious Life,'" "Tnu^ Aiiicricaiiisin," " History of Litcratin'c and
Otlier P^ssavs," '"Thron^ih tlic Brazilian WilcUM'iu^ss." and several
others. As a forceful and eloquent orator he was recognized through-
out the \v(U-ld.
JoHX Reid Silliman, United States consul at Guadalajara, Mex-
ico, died at his ])ost on January 17, 1919, as a result of a rela])se fol-
lowing an attack of influenza. Mr. Silliman had been connected with
Mexico since 1897, when he first went to that country as a farmer.
His activities during the trying years of 1914 and 1915, when relations
between the United States and Mexico were more or less strained,
placed him in the front rank of the United States Consular Service.
John R. wSilliman was born in Greene County, vState of Alabama, in
1855. After graduating from Princeton University and receiving the
degree of A. B. in 1879, he was emj)loyed in Texas as a railway clerk
and insurance agent until 1897, when he moved to Mexico.
On December 13, 1907, Mr. Silliman w^as appointed vice and
deputy consul at Saltillo, Mexico. It was while he was at this post
that he represented the United States in various di])lomatic contro-
versies. Later, as a personal representative of President Wilson
after the recall of the United States diplomatic representatives, Mr.
Silliman exercised virtually the ])owers of an ambassador. He also
figured largely in the Mediation Conference held at Niagara Falls,
N. Y., in 1915. On July 12, 1916, he was appointed as consul of class
seven and assigned to Guadalajara, where he remained until his death.
Mr. Silliman was a forceful writer, and contributed to the Bulletix
as well as to other magazines most interesting descriptive and his-
torical sketches of Mexican cities, peoples, customs, etc. In his death
Pan Americanism loses an able advocate and the Pan American
Union a friend and appreciated coworker in the cause.
Dr. IxGLEZ DE SouzA, noted statesman and well-known member of
the Brazilian Academy of Letters, died in Rio de Janeiro September
6, 1918. A rigid observer of time-honored ])recedents in legal annals,
patron of letters, and independent, although conservative, as a thinker,
this prominent lawyer was one of the most influential and admired
figures in the political and intellectual life of Brazil. Being made
federal deputy from Para, he labored indefatigably for the develop-
ment of his native State. The premature death of Dr. Souza was
keenly felt by all those interested in the progress of juridical science
in Brazil.
Sr. Dr. JusTixiAxo Sotomayor died unexpectedly in Santiago
December 1, 1918. Chile's sister Republics join her in mourning the
loss of the statesman whose public services had been alw^ays of the
highest type. During the j)roniising career, whicli was cut short by
100214— 19— Bull. 2 5
PKOMINENT IN PAN AMERICAN AFFAIRS. 187
his untimely deatli, Dr. Sotomayor had rcvcalcMl exceptional lalont,
rare administrative ability, strict integrity, and a liberal yet exacting
critical judgment. First as minister of industry and later as director
of the national i-aihvays, Dr. Sotomayor leaves an enviable record as
an untiring, zealous, and intelligent administrator. lie was director
of the School of Arts and Sciences at the time of his sudden death.
It was largely owing to his efforts that the institution attained its
present standards and success. Dr. Sotomayor had returned to Chile,
but a shott time before his death, from an important governmental
mission for his Government to the United ^States.
Sr. Don. Lorenzo Marroquin, Colombian statesman and patron
of letters died in London early in November of the past year. Senior
Marroquin's literary judgment was of unquestionable authority,
his scholarly criticisms of the novel, the essay, and of journalism
being of decisive influence. In the public life of his country also he
was a conspicuous character, whether as legislator, minister of state,
or diplomatist, having taken an active part in the most important
])olitical events of the past decades. Keen as an observer, erudite in
scholarship, able in politics, possessed of an insatiable curiosity in
research, Senor Marroquin was, above all, a true gentleman.
He produced several romances and historical works, his latest
and most popular novel being called "Peace" ("Pax"), in which,
vividly and convincingly, he related his impressions of the great wai-
and his regret in watching the destruction of temples and monuments
revered for centuries. The book, typically Colombian inspirit and
style, is highly esteemed by all Spanish-speaking people.
ifi
#1. i'« '" '■ " ~ '^" "^ ^
i:%,„ i„. m .£ .i,.A. M,l,A
if%, i"l. %J A. £a k. 1^ i^ %3
The Commercial Bulletin is the title of a new official publication
issued by the economic and commercial section of the ministry of
foreign affairs of the Republic of Brazil. The first numbers of the
Bulletin, published in separate Portuguese, English, and French
editions, and bearing date of July, 1918, were recently received by
the Pan American Union, and the contents are of such informative
value and interest that the publication merits more than passing
notice. We herewith reproduce the introduction as follows:
The diversity of climate and production that enables this country to present so
• 'xtraordinary a variety ot commodities insures to Brazil a leading place in the world's
markets in a not distant future. Fresh outlets have been and are still being found
for production almost daily.
Before the war exports were largely restricted to a few great staples, such as coffee,
manganese, rubber, matte, tobacco, cocoa, raw cotton and its seed, carnaubu wax,
construction and cabinet woods, and table fruits. Since then new markets have been
repeatedly opened and for the first time Brazil has been able to export certain prod-
ucts, such as rice, chilled meat, Indian corn, and cassava meal. So long as the war
lasts the great variety of our products opens out vast possibilities for the extension of
our trade with markets not yet closed by the war. At the close of the war there will
be a complete transformation, when immense quantities of commodities will change
hands.
The course of commerce will undergo great modifications, and whilst some of its
currents may be diverted, new ones will doubtless be developed. This period of
reconstruction and repair, accompanied in the Old World by extraordinary develop-
ment of manufactures, that in its turn, will demand increasing supplies of raw material ,
will, with restrictive measiu'es and insufficiency of labor, still further enhance the
demand for food products.
Besides the neighboring countries of South America, others may likewise find
difficulty in obtaining manufactured goods from the now belligerent countries, and be
forced to sul)stitute them by those of other origin. Industrial development in the
T'uited States and the consequent demands of its own markets will add to the con-
fusion and force customers to look elsewhere for satisfaction of their requirements.
Everything, in fact, in this eventful phase of the world's history, points to intensive
demand for raw materials and foodstuffs by the great manufacturing countries that
agricultural countries alone can satisfy. The possibilities for a country like Brazil
with incompara])le undeveloped resources are obvious. In virtue of the fertility of
its soil Brazil is in a position to furnish not only the raw materials of which so many
other nations stand in need, but even some classes of manufactures that other South
American countries do not yet produce.
Traditional production will thus find new opportunities. In the east of Europe, in
Asia and northern Africa, much may yet be done to stimulate the consumption of
our coffee and tobacco, and to create new markets for our sugar, cocoa, matte, mandioca
meal, and even xarque (dried beef).
The share consuls are called on to take in the promotion of commercial expansion
is vital. In direct touch with both commerce and industry in their respective dis-
188
PAX AMERICA IX THF. MAGAZIXES. 180
tricts, our consuls are in a position to not only institute standing inquiries as to demand
for our better known staples, but to stimulate the introduction of others not yet or
little known in their respective markets, and, by supplying home producers with
samples of similar products of other countries, create new markets for our own.
This will, no doubt, entail exhaustive and uninterrupted investigation, not merely
of the staples we have always supplied, but the reciuirements of local industries, the
possibility of supplying such products ourselves and determination of the obstacles
that prevented manufacturers hitherto from taking advantage of our resources. Inqui-
ries should not, therefore, be limited to well-known staples: should not, in fact, be
purely defensive, but offensive, and by collection of samples of similar imports from
other countries, fiu-nish elements for competition by Brazil.
After the war much capital ^vill inevitably be employed l)y the now belligerent
countries in reconstruction, and it is possible that, in consequence, rates of interest
may rise; but for their own recuperation such countries will have to supply capital
to others less developed, in which rates of interest are always higher.
Brazil, with her vast undeveloped resources, offers a splendid field for enterprise
like this, seeing that the State not only favors l)ut already protects and offers guaran-
tees to naval and cold-storage construction, grants concessions for railways and roads,
for plantation of cereals, sugar factories, port works, cattle farming, plantation of
ucah-ptus, textile manufactures, coal mining, and iron foundries. Xo country is
richer in minerals. Side by side with veritable mountains of iron ores, veins of gold
and silver are to be found. Manganese abounds, as also monazite, copper, and mica.
Coal is found from Amazonas to Rio Grande do Sul, and water power for development
of electricity all over the country.
Cereals may be cultivated in any part of the country, and in many districts yield
two crops a year. Adaptation of exotic cultivation would be simple and profitable,
because in Brazil every variety of climate for agriculture can be found. On the
highlands the climate is temperate, because altitude is corrected by latitude. Culti-
vation, already varied, is capable of further great development and only awaits the
stimulation of demand. Moreover, there need be no hesitation in accepting orders,
seeing that for many of our products there would be time enough to plant and harvest
before delivery fell due.
Extensive cultivation comprises rice, coffee, cocoa. Indian corn, tobacco, sugar
cane, cotton, beans, and mandioca meal. Rubber and herva matte are yet in the
extractive stage, although in the State of Amazonas rubber is not only extracted but
cultivated, and copahyba and other oils, vanilla, sarsaparilla. resins, cabinet wood,
medicinal plants, fibers, plumage, gum arable, and indigo are exported from Amazonas
and Para, and, in addition, cocoa, alcohol, vegetable ivory, tobacco, orchids, Brazil
nuts by Para, and carnauba wax likewise by Maranhao.
Piauhy exports rubber, tobacco, carnauba wax, plumage, skins, manicoba rub-
ber, capahyba oil, construction and dye woods.
Ceara: Cotton, carnauba wax, cereals, skins, and plumage.
Rio Grande do Xorte: Cotton, carnauba wax, salt, sugar, and fi.sh oil.
Parahyba do Norte: Cocoa, cotton, sugar, and carnauba wax.
Pernambuco: Sugar, cotton, table fruits, and jellies.
Alagoas: Cotton, sugar, and fish oil.
Sergipe: Sugar, cotton, cocoa, and tobacco.
Bahia: Cereals, rubber, tobacco, sugar, cotton, manganese ores, coffee, cocoa,
precious stones and carbonates, plumage, skins, fibers, resins, piassava, hides, mona-
zite, woods, mangabeira rubber, and ipecacuanna.
Minas Geraes: Dairy products, coffee, cereals, ipecacuanna. fibers, native gold,
table fruits, precious stones, skins, plumage, tobacco, coffee, timber, cotton, iron,
manganese, and other rare minerals.
Espirito Santo: Coffee, fibers, monazite, sugar, woods, and bismuth.
190 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Rio de Janeiro: Coffee, sugar, cotton, salt, table fruits and jellies, fibers, and manu-
factures.
Siio Paulo; Coffee, cotton, tobacco, cereals, dairy products, rubber, woods, skins,
plumage, and manufactures.
Parana: Herva matte, woods, fruits, wines, cereals, and oils.
Santa Catharina: Herva matte, woods, fruits, wine, cereals, and oils.
Rio Grande do Sul: Cattle, hides and offal, woods, herva matte, cereals, manufac-
tures, skins, and wines.
Goyaz and Matto Grosso: Rubber, woods, precious stones, plumage, and cotton.
All over the country textile and other factories are to be found. In cattle Brazil
ranks third of all the countries of the world, and great cold-storage plants at Rio de
.laneiro, Sao Paulo, and Rio Grande de Sol are engaged in export of chilled meat. In
every State cereals are cultivated, cattle raised, and hides exported; minerals are to
be found and coal abounds; whilst but lately petroleum has been found in Alagoas.
The elements for catering to the world's trade and raw materials for foreign manufac-
turing countries, as well as development of every kind of industry of our own, are
found amongst us in inexhaustible quantities.
So vast a country, occupying the biggest uninterrupted area of all, demands ample
transport facilities for development. The construction of roads and railways, favored
by special laws, affords excellent employment for capital, and the more railways are
developed the easier will communications be and consequently the greater the re-
turn on capital invested therein.
In the world 's economic restoration the function of Brazil will be of the highest im-
portance if only advantage be taken of actual circumstances to introduce products
that for the first time we are now in a position to export by creating uniform commercial
types. By keeping traders and producers informed as to the conditions of the re-
spective markets and formation of types the assistance that our consular service may
lend to the rapid absorption of production is of the greatest importance.
The object of the Bulletin is to keep consuls informed as to developments at home
and in other countries, to classify and tabulate the information and suggestions their
reports supply, and through the medium of French and English editions to make
known in foreign countries the conditions and possibilities of our own importing and
exporting trades, the evolution of our economic conditions and their marvelous possi-
bilities.
Commercial action to-day should be conscious. Empiric methods must always
give way to the experience that economic knowledge illumines.
The action of our commercial agents abroad should, therefore, be guided and the
requisite elements be furnished by them to traders and industrialists abroad for form-
ing their own opinions as to the existence in Brazil of the articles they are interested
in and the facilities for obtaining same.
Taking advantage of the reorganization of the Brazilian foreign office, a commercial
department has been created for stimulation of economic development on the lines
generally adopted l)y all leading industrial countries, to which the simultaneous
reorganization of the consular service will materially contribute.
Following the introduction is a detailed and analytical statement of
Brazil's foreign trade from 1913 to 1917, inclusive. This is in turn
followed by an interesting review of the Brazilian sugar industry,
and that by a brief account of the mica industry of the country.
Other sections of the publication are devoted to "Consular Reports,"
"Legislation," "Woods," and "Market Prices of Principal Exports
at Producing Centers and Ports." Especially noteworthy is the
section devoted to "Woods," in which the wonderful diversity of the
PAN AMERICA IN THE MAGAZINES. 191
forestal wealth of the country is outlined in considerable detail, and
under which are given the common as well as botanical names of the
hundreds of species and varieties of trees whose timber is valued for
different purposes, the lists being arranged under subheadings which
indicate the special uses to which the lumber is adapted. Altogether
the publication contains most valuable information, excellentlv
arranged and authoritative in character, and the Brazilian ministry
of foreign affaire is to be congratulated on this enterprising feature
of its activities.
Amado Nervo at Columbia University, in the January number of
The South American (New York), is an account of the appearance
of Mexico's famous poet in the lecture hall of New York's great
AMADO NERVO.
university, where he gave an exposition of his own happy philosophy
and recited some of his best known poems as illustrative of his
theme. Senor Nervo, besides being one of the most noted of living
Latin American poets and literateurs, is a trained diplomatist,
having spent many years in the diplomatic service of his country
in Europe. Prior to his recent appointment as envoy extraordinary
and minister plenipotentiary of Mexico to the Argentine Republic,
he was for some vears fii*st secretarv and charge d'affaires of Mexico
192 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
in Madrid, Spain. The appreciative article published by the South
American is herewith reproduced in full:
One evening early in December the universally famous Mexican poet, Amado Nervo.
who has recently been appointed the envoy of his country to the Argentine Govern-
ment, appeared at one of the halls of Columbia University in response to an invitiation
from the faculty to read some of his poems and to explain the philosophy that inspire<l
them.
Long before the arrival of the poet a large crowd of people filled tlie hall from end
to end. Any(me would have fancied himself in Buenos Aires, Madrid, or Santiago
to see that crowd composed almost entirely of Spanish Americans. On the floor and
up in the galleries no other language than Spanish could be heard, and any expert in
faces might have pointed out the 20 nationalities represented in that hall.
The appearance of Nervo was the occasion for an ovation. Slender, dark, with
Roman nose and bright eyes, the poet stood on the tribune and said that he was proud
to have l)een called by one of the foremost universities of the world to recite some of
his poems and to explain the philosophy that inspired them. As to the latter he said
that the world is neither l)eautiful nor ugly, neither sad nor gay, that things are neither
black nor rosy, neither big nor small; that every thing is as we wish to make it; all
depends on the point of view from whence we judge it. A pessimist is inclined to
make the worst of everything, and he reaches the end with a load which he is unable
to support. On the other hand, the optimist looks at things from the best side and
lives quietly and happily in hope and faith.
Nervo said that as he gets older he feels himself nearer the point from which to judge
the ample angle of life. Even within life itself, he, unable to see himself in focus,
could not account for the philosophy of things. He made a comparison which clearly
explained his idea to the audience:
"The color in a picture, if gifted with the faculty of reason, seeing at its side other
tints, meaningless to itself, with the appearance of red, green, and blue stains, and
unable to distinguish the harmony of such a combination, would feel out of place,
as if thrown at random on the canvas, and would endeavor to get away because
incapable of understanding the function which it here performed. But, once out
of the picture, and seeing this in perspective, it would be able to appreciate the whole
conception, to understand the fine blending of colors which gives life to a landscape
or a portrait of the human figure, and would immediately realize the void occasioned
by the displacement of one component part, and therefore hasten to return to its
place. In the same way, men whom we meet by chance in life, we see them face to
face not too closely, and we understand and appreciate their personality as a whole.
No splashes of paint are thrown at random onto the illimitable canvas of human life.
Each of us is a color, a tint, indispensable to the harmony of the entire picture.
"Things appear to me," said the poet with a gesture of profound conviction, "to
have an inclination toward goodness, as if they wanted to be good. They knock at
our door, and we are responsible for their deterioration if we are not inspired by the
spirit of optimism. There are in the world more good things and good men than bad,
and men are wicked because they do not know how to be better, not t^ecause their
instincts are perverse. In their spirit of pessimism they transform into bad the
good things which knock at their door; they do not see them as they really are. The
outside world we make for ourselves; it is as we wish it to be. We are the architects
of our own life."
The poet does not speak English, but he can read and understand the spoken word.
He says that there is an expression heard thousands of times a day in this country;
it is on the lips of every American, and is an expressive synthesis of 'American opti-
mism. This expression is ".Ml right." Everything is "all right" in the United
States. In the hotel in which he lives there was a little boy with a bad cold, which
cau-sed him to cough at every moment. He asked him: "How are you, little one?"
PAX AMERICA IX THK MAOAZIXES. 193
The boy. with hi^ throat so congested he could hardly articulate a word, replied:
'AH right.'" It is this spirit of optimism carried to the extreme limit which should
govern the lives of all men, and this philosophy it is that dictates the verses of Amado
Xervo, the muse which inspires him as he gets on in life. In his own words: "We
should open the windows of our life to the sun and to the light, to heaven and to the
stars. We should admire all things that are beautiful and have no vision for what
is ugly. By acquiring tliis practice we learn without effort to be happy."
The poet then recited .same poetry to illustrate his dissertation. The first item
was called -'En Paz." The sonorous voice tilled the room and delighted and moved
the audience. We give a translation by Dr. Peter (loldsmith. published by Inter-
America, together with some details <if his life and work l)y Rinaldo Pvinakliiii:
Arfifeoc rit^. artifi.r sui.
1 bless thee, life, near the setting of my sun. at even;
For never didst thou rol) my cjuickening hope of its leaven.
Nor tasks too great, nor unmerited pangs hast thou "iven:
For I see, at the end of my career, some fruition.
Since I was the molder of my fate, chooser of my mission.
If from all things I have learned to draw gall and honey,
It is because in them I pour both the sweet and bitter;
WTien I set out rose-trees, sunbeams soon on rosebuds glitter.
True, indeed, that after plenty ever will come fasting;
But thou didst not tell me that May would be everlasting.
Without a doubt, long have seemed the nights of my slow sorrow;
Yet thou givest not good nights only; waits still the morrow;
Then, too, some have been serene; let me not evil borrow.
I have loved, been loved, and the sun has caressed my brow.
Life, thou owest me nothing! Life, we are at peace now.
Amado Xervo was born in Mexico — a land prolific in great poets —
in the year 1870. Regarding his youth we know a fact that is very
important, because it gives us an insight into his soul from an early
period. Xervo was once a theological student. He did not complete
his theological career, however. vShortly before he was to adopt the
habit he gave up the seminar}' for the world. What reasons induced
him to turn aside from his first impulse? Were they the demands
(»f an ardent and restless nature that felt the desire to live beating
in its breast with too much strength ( Was it because he found in
the men of religion the same passions, the same egotisms, the same
arbitrarinesss, as in the men of the world ? It is difficult to deciih'.
What is known is that Amado Xervo, once out of the seminary,
devoted himself to a most active life. He left Mexico and went to
Europe. He traveled — traveled extensively. He wrote for news-
papers and magazines — verses, articles, stories. He took part in
every gathering, availed liiinsclf of every intellectual opportunity
that was offered.
Xervo went everywhere. It could be said that there had suddenly
])een awakened in him an irresistible curiosity regarding aU things
and all people. He wrote impassioned compositions. l)urning with
194 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
love, and compositions tiiat, in spite of the sensual tone that animated
them, reveal the innate idealism of our poet.
The compositions of Nervo are characterized by an extreme
simplicity of form, and by their emotion, the richness of the ideas
they contain, and a certain internal rhythm which may be conceived
of as the soul of the verse. No poet could have a less forced or
affected style. Whether the impression he wishes to convey be
tragic, melancholy, or jovial, he does it naturally and always with
simplicity.
What machinery is doing for the walnut industry. — In the Scien-
tific American for January 18, 1919, is an interesting account by
Howard C. Kegley of the remarkable growth of a specialized industry
largely due to the application of modern mechanical appliances.
By the invention of three machines the product of the growers of
English walnuts has assumed important proportions in the food
market of the United States. Nut-producing trees are found in
practically all of the American countries, and Mr. Kegley's article
should prove of great interest in sections where the English walnut
can be grown, wherefore the following reproduction:
A few years ago when the English walnut growers of California formed a cooperative
association, and began marketing their own product, they found a big obstacle in
their way. That obstacle was the cull, the underdeveloped, discolored, or scrawny
nut. It stood in the way of standardization of two excellent grades. The people had
1)een accustomed to walnuts at 10 cents per pound, and they could not see that any
nut was worth more than that. Nut peddlers had been in the habit of buying up
quantities of culls, topping them with a few high-grade nuts, and spoiling the market
with them.
At the outset the grower's association decided that it would have to eliminate the
cull in order to prove to the public that there was something better — something worth
at least 20 cents per pound. So the first year of scientific marketing the cull was
taken off the market. It had previously been sold at about 5 cents per pound. At
the outset the association undertook to crack it and sell the meat for use in candy
stores and bakeries. The going was a little slow and the culls did not pan out well
the first year, but the first and second quality nuts brought good prices, so the growers
counted that they were ahead of the game.
A careful study of conditions and requirements showed that the association needed
to get at the cull business on a bigger scale, so the contracts were made to read that
all growers had to deliver their entire output of culls to the association storehouses,
virtually taking the cull out of the market. Then meml^ers of the association invented
three machines which did away with hand cracking, provided a method of separating
the good nuts from the bad ones, and finally made it possible to extract the last morsel
of meat from the shells of the cracked culls.
To-day the walnut grower's association has revolutionized its business to the point
where it gets from 20 to 25 cents per pound for number ones and numlier twos, and
sells its nut meats for from 25 to 15 cents per pound. And the singular thing about
it is that it can not get enough of the meats to supply the demand. This is due to the
fact that the meat of the English walnut grown in the United States is plumper,
larger, and whiter than that of the nuts grown in southern Europe. In two years the
southern California walnut meats completely crowded the imported walnut meats
out of the market in this country.
OPERATIONS IX THE WALNUT INDUSTRY.
Upper picture: The workers separating the meats from the shells as theeracked nuts pass out of the hlg hoppers
upon and along the table chutes beneath. Lower picture: Feeding the shells into the machine which flnd.s
the small pieces of meat that the workers have overlooked— fifty dollars' worth a day.
196 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.
The invention of the three machines used in transforming the cull into an article
which is in liig demand made it possible to use every bit of the cull for commercial
purposes. In the packing houses of Chicago it is said that they extract everything
from the pig but the squeal. In the walnut-packing house they equal this perform-
ance. Even the shells are sold; they are used in place of corn meal, as a carrying
vehicle for dynamite, and the association sells all of its call shells at $10 per ton. In
the matter of winning the war, it can l)e seen, the English walnut has done its bit
along with other products of the soil which are considered more vital in times of wai'.
Probably the most important of the mechanical devices used in the walnut cull
factory is the cracking machine — a device invented by one of the association mem-
bers, and sold to the organization. It has a capacity of 5 tons of nuts per day, and
four of the machines keep 200 women and girls at work separating the meats from
the shells and grading the meats.
This machine has a nut hopper at the top. The nuts drop from holes in the bottom
of the hopper into the cylinders, going in one at a time. The cylinders feed them one
at a time in between long iron fingers. The finger device is operated by cam wheels.
At one stage of the cracking operation the fingers are just far enough apart to admit a
walnut with its end perpendicularly. When the walnut has dropped between the
fingers until it fits snugly, the cam wheels turn around to the point where their lever-
age shoves the right-hand set of fingers over against the left-hand set with a quick
motion, and that motion exerts just enough energy to snap the shells of the nuts with-
out exercising any slow pressure which would tend to pinch or crush the meats. Then
as the cams turn over again, the fingers are allowed to spread apart, and the nuts
drop into sacks which are hung over the mouth of the chute below the machine.
The adjustment of the machine is so nearly perfect that it cracks at least 85 per
cent of the nuts without injuring the meats in any way. The 15 per cent of damaged
meats comes from extra large or unshapely nuts which do not conform to the size of
the space between the cracking fingers, and consequently get too much squeeze when
the machine is in motion.
One of the biggest problems that confronted the association when it undertook to
separate the culls from the high-grade nuts was that of weeding out the lightweights —
the nuts with only one mature half, or those which had shriveled meats or moldy
meats, or were otherwise unfit to go into the best grades.
It was necessary to eliminate these inferior nuts in order to establish firmly the qual-
ity of the better grades in the open market.
This difficulty was overcome by the use of a vacuum machine invented for that
})articular purpose. The device works on the principle of the vacuum cleaner, and
it lifts from among the high-grade nuts all nuts which are light in weight and therefore
of questionable quality. When it has finished its work, the association is reasonably
sure that every mit it has left in the two best grades is a sound nut with plump meat .
The nuts are conveyed to the vacuum machine in a narrow elevator at one side of
the machine. The elevator belt is pocketed to keep the nuts from piling up and
overflowing the elevator track. When they are dumped into a trough at the end of
the elevator they are distributed across one end of a sieve, which operates like an end-
less belt. This sieve conveys the nuts beneath a chute which extends down from the
overhead vacuum device. This arrangement exerts just enough suction to pick up
all the nuts which are below a certain weight, leaving the heavier nuts of grades one
and two to pass to the end of the sieve and glide down a long chute to the packing
shed.
The third machine, invented by members of the association to convert the cull
into a profitable by-product is the shell separator. .This is used to handle the tailings
of the mill. After the nuts are cracked and the girls have extracted from the shells
all of the meats they can find, there are usually small bits of meat left in some of the
shells, and women who are either careless or new at the work frequently o\-erlook
choice pieces of meats and sometimes whole halves while working over a pile of
cracked nuts.
MACHINERY USED IN A WALNUT FA( T<.i;V.
Upper picture: Machine fnr cracking the nuts. This machine cracks but does not
crush the nuts in fact, the adjustment of the machine is so perfect that 85 per
cent of the nuts are cracked without injuring the meat.= in any war. It has a
capacity of five tons of nuts per day. Lower picture: Vacuum machine. This
machineis for the purpose of separating the good nuts from the bad which it ac-
comDlishes by lifting from among the high grade nuts all nuts which are light in
weight and therefore of questionable value.
198
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The mauager noted that there was considerable waste from that sourre, so he had
a machine built to handle the tailings, and it has resulted in a saving of §50 worth of
broken meats per day since it was put into operation. This device is built on the plan
of a small thrashing outfit, and yields a product material which, before the final sift-
ing runs about 80 per cent halves and broken pieces of nut meats and 20 per cent of
shell particles.
The walnut grower used to average about 3 cents per pound for his culls and was
unable to separate the shriveled meats from the sound ones, so the value of his better
grades was depreciated. To-day he gets from 5 to- 7 cents per pound for his culls,
and the sound nuts sell proportionately higher, because they are of standardized
quality. In 1915 the association cracked and sorted nuts by hand and marketed
434.000 pounds. T.ast year it sold all the meats it could obtain, and this year it is
marketing 1.500.000 pounds of culls alone by the by-product system..
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY
1 AND COMMERCE;
<?
ARGENTINA.
FARM INDUSTRY
The following table, compiled from Argentine ofiicial sources, shows
areas cultivated and harvested and production of the four principal
crops for the last eight years.
WHEAT.
Year.
Area sown.
Area har-
vested.
J'roduction.
1010-11
Hectares.
6, 2.53, 180
6,897,000
6,918,450
6,573,540
6,261.006
6,645,000
6,511,000
7.234,000
Hectares.
5,873,913
6,368,528
6,701,803
5,813,856
5, 790, .540
6,328,143
4,904,6.34
(')
Tons.
3,974,520
1911-12
4,523,000
1912-13
5,100,000
1913-14
2,8.50,123
1914-15
4,604,000
191.5-16
4,600,000
1916-17
2,180,401
1917-18
5,973,000
CORN.
1910-11
3,215,350
3,422,000
3,830,000
4,152,000
4,203,000
4.017.8.50
3, 629, .570
0)
3,215,350
3,422.000
3.830.000
4.152,000
4,203,000
4,017,850
1,909,950
(')
713,000
1911 12
7,515.000
1912-13.
4,995,000
191.3-14
6.684,000
1914-15
8, .591 , 645
1915 10
4,093.000
1916-17
1,694,600
191 7-18
4,335,000
OATS.
1910 11
SOI, 370
1.031.000
1.192,400
1.249.. 300
1.161,000
1,03S,000
1,022,000
1,295,000
663, 798
850, 764
1,050,322
926,436
•869, 900
900,415
621,210
685, .542
1911-12
1,004,000
1912 13
1,100,000
191.3 14
618, 395
1914-15
717,000
1915^16
1,095, .528
1916-17
464,607
1917 IS
1,100,000
' Not available.
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 199
LINSEED.
Year.
Area sown.
Area har-
vested.
Production.
1410 11
1,.".(«.V21I
l,ri:(( 1.000
l.7:«.:«0
1,779,3.50
1.723,000
1,619,000
1,298,000
1 , 308, 600
1,267,838
1,-515,765
1,733.000
1,721,223
1,713,7.50
1,336,622
(1)
(')
.595,522
1911 12
572,400
1912 13
1,130,000
1913 14
938,016
1914 15
1,144,090
191.5-16
895, 100
1916 17
(')
1917 IS -
568,000
Metric ton= 2,204.6 pounds. Hectare =2.47 acres.
The exportation of these crops and of })ran and flour was as follows:
Year.
Wheat.
Flour.
Bran.
Linseed.
Corn.
Oats.
1911
Tons.
2,285,951
2,629,9.56
2,812,149
980, 525
2,511,514
2,294,876 ■
935,828
2,943,313
Ton.i.
118,486
131,-580
124,649
67,325
116,049
144, 290
112,465
97,241
Tons.
214,634
32.5, 226
274,058
230, 934
177,661
29,035
19,872
(')
Tons.
415,805
515,399
1.016,734
841,. 590
981,192
639,914
141,308
391,708
Tons.
12.5, 185
4,8.35,237
4,806.951
3,. 542, 280
4,330,-594
2,873.910
893,934
622,427
Tons.
511,389
1912
896,032
1913
8S9, 744
1914
3.53, 700
1915
592, 797
1916
1917
1918
804,443
271,713
517,038
In area sown, alfalfa must now be considered the chief crop in
Argentina. In 1910-11 this area was 5,400,580 hectares, nearly
1.000,000 hectares less than the area sown in wheat. Three years
later alfalfa exceeded wheat in area sown and has exceeded it ever
since.
The exportation of hay was: 1913. 32, 846 tons; 1914, 21,912 tons;
1915, 18,439 tons; 1916, 27,963 tons; 1917, 6,958 tons; 1918 (thi'ee
months), 1,147 tons.
Other crops grown, but not exported to any extent, are barley,
tobacco, sugar cane, cotton, peanuts, and potatoes. The area sown
in barley has about doubled in the last seven years, and in potatoes,
nearly tripled.
GRAZIXd INDUSTRY.
The last agricultural census taken in Argentina was in 1914, which
compares with the prior census of 1908 as follows:
1908
1914
(attic
Number.
29,116,625
7,531,376
465,0;i7
285,088
67,211,754
3,945,086
1,403,. 591
15,213,771
1,507,409
yiimbcr.
2.5,-866,763
Horses
8,323,815
Mules .
.565, 069
Asses
260, 157
Sheep
43,225,4.52
Goats
4.325,280
Hogs
2. 900, .58.5
Chickens
24.691,286
Ducks, turkeys, and geese
2,114,793
' Not available.
200
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Whether there lias been an increase, or on the contrary a decrease,
in cattle since 1914 is a disputed point. There has no (h)iibt been
a considerable increase in sheep and in hogs.
The exportation of meat products for the last eight years is as
follows :
Year.
Frozen
meats.
Chilled
meats.
Preserved
meats.
other
meats.
Total.
1911
Tons.
.398, 221
403,4.56
391,987
403, 190
.398,116
482, 278
410,4.55
249, 486
Tons.
15,096
25,231
34, 175
40. 690
11,703
16, 153
38,995
1,.500
Tons.
16,127
18,331
13,014
13, 590
32, .514
45, 197
142, 153
87,000
Tons.
12,120
8,, 824
3,910
2, .383
213
1,120
7,613
1,477
Tons.
441,564
1912
455,842
1913. ...
443,086
1914
4.59,853
1915.
442,546
1916
544,748
1917
,559,216
1918 1
339, 463
Two of the newer industries ])ased upon grazing are butter and
cheese.
The following tables show the rapid change of Argenthia from an
importing to an exporting country with respect to cheese and its
growing importance in butter exporting:
CHEESE.
Year.
Exports.
Imports.
1913
Kilos.
7,342
3,727
6,0.53
227,711
2, 728, 393
1,6.33,362
Kilos.
5,045,040
1914
3,834,367
1915
3,313,959
1916
1,421,246
1917
312,690
1918-
8,007
BUTTER.
1913 .
1 3,784,396
5,672
1914
3,481,657
82,694
1915
4,622,676
362
1916
5,670,948
320
1917
9,830,1.54
365
1918 ..
•' 12. 1.59. 823
(*)
1
In 1917 the number of VEvSSELS engaged hi Argentine commerce
was 11,202 with a total tonnage of 8,515,385 tons. Of this number
1 ,.S24, representing 3,261,435 tons, were employed in the foreign trade,
and 9,878, with a tonnage of 5,253,950 tons, were used in the coastwise
trade.
During the first eight months of 1918 the number of vSTEAM AND
SAILING VESSELS which entered the port of Buenos Aires was 739.
Of this nimiber 250 sailed imder the English flag and 38 under the
American flao;.
' First six months.
' First throe months.
■■' From the ports of Buenos .Vires and La Plata alone.
< Not available.
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AN'P ('():\1 M KRCE. 201
The ELECTKK^ LAMP FACTORY in Ikienos Aires has a daily
capacity of 2. ()()() <:;lo])cs of the 1)ran(l known as ''Fiat Lux.'' The
only im])orte(l part of these lamps is the line wire or filament used
in same.
According to an estimate of the (U>partment of agricidtiire the ])rin-
ci])al industry of the Province of Santiago del Estero is the exploita-
tion of its FORESTS which, in 1917, produced 1,877,447 tons of
firewood, 718,389 red quebracho posts, 344,134 white quebracho
posts, and 118,731 ties.
The exports of STOCK PRODITTS from said Province during the
same year consisted of S7,()S7 oxhides, 571,921 calfskhis, 264,953
sheepskins, 20,629 horse and mule liides, 21,338 salted hides, 1,903
tons of wool, 97 tons of bristles, 27 tons of bones, and 7 tons of horns.
The Buenos Aires liailway Co. has acquired an important
WOODED ZONE of about 40,000 hectares in the Cerillos district.
Department of San Juan, Province of Cordoba.
Arrangements have been made for the experimental cidtivation in
the Province of Jujuy of the CINCHONA TREE, specimens of
wdiich have been brought from the Yungas Valley, Bolivia. Owing
to the favorable climatic conditions of the Jujuy region it is con-
fidently predicted that these experiments will ho successful.
BOLIVIA,
During the first half of 1918 the EXPORTS OF MINERAL
PRODUCTS were as follows: Tin ingots, 24,783,043 kdos, and
tin in bars, 262.365 kilos, with a total value of 63,482.176 bolivianos
(boliviano = .10.3893). Copper pnxhicts, 15,454,825 kilos; copper
ingots, 2,223,498 kilos; coi)i)er bars, 60,410 kilos; copper tailings,
49,825 kOos; and copper precipitates, 7,099 kilos with a total value
of 4,866,510 bolivianos. Wolfram ingots, valued at 5,464,901
bolivianos — Bismuth in bars, 145,323 kilos; in ores, 54,556 kilos;
in residues, 40,348 kilos; and in ingots, 21,036 kilos, valued at
2,563,016 bohvianos. Silver ores and tailings, 57,100 kUos, valued
at 3,724,894 bohvianos. Antimony ingots, 1,190,909 kilos, valued
at 854,300 bohvianos, and lead ores and bullion, 1,574,017 kilos,
valued at 587,830 bolivianos. The total value of these products
was 81,543,627 bolivianos.
The length of BOLIVIAN RAILWAYS in operation in 1918
was 1,689 kilometers, while those under construction had a length
of 571 kilometers, as is shown in detail as follows: Lines in operation:
The Antofagasta & Bohvian Railway Co., Antofagasta to Oruro,
• 486 kilometers- Viacha to La Paz, 29 kilometers; and the Kenko
Branch, 8 kilometers, or a total of 523 kUometers. The Huanchaca
Bohvia Co., branch of the principal line, Antofagasta, L'^yuni, Huan-
chaca, 38 kilometers. The Bolivian Railway Co., Viacha-Oruro,
100214— 19— Bull. 2 G
202 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
202 kilometers; Kio Miilato-Potosi, 174 kilometers; Oruro-Cocha-
bamba, 205 kilometers, and Uyuni-Tiipiza to Atocha, 90 kilometers?
or a total of 671 kilometers. Electric Light & Power Co., Qiiilla-
collo-Cochabamba, 18 kilometers, and Cochabamba-Arani, 60 kilo-
meters, or a total of 78 kilometers. Arica to La Paz Railway,
Arica Alto de la Paz, Bolivian section, 233 kilometers. The Peru-
vian Corporation, Guaqui-La Paz, 98 kilometers. Simon I. Patino,
Machacamarca to kilometer 40.4, Corocoro branch (property of the
the State); branch of the main line from Arica, S kilometers. The
lines under construction were: Simon I. Patino: Machacamarca-
LTncia, 64 kilometers; State railways. La Quiaca-Tupiza, 100 kilo-
meters; Potosi-Sucre, 178 kilometers: La Paz-Yungas, 125 kilometers:
Uyuni-Tupiza (nearly completed), 104 kilometers, or a total of 507
kilometers.
A recent executive order frees from license the importation of
sugar for ordinary use when made through the customhouses of ViUa
Bella, Guayaramerin, Cobeja, and Albuna, ])rovided the importa-
tion is made in accordance with the customs, rules and regulation
now in force.
BKAZIL.
The recent establishment of five COTTON FACTORIES in the
city of Sorocaba, wState of Siio Paulo, and the proposed installation
of two other factories there in the near future, is evidence of the
great development which the cotton industry is undergoing in
Brazil. Judging from the area jdanted to cotton th(^ ])roduction
in Brazil this year will be very great, and it is proposed to utilize
all of the crop in the cotton factories of the Re])ublic.
During the first seven months of 1918 the EXPORTS OF WOOL
aggregated 1,065 tons, as compared with 57 tons during the same
period of 1917, 91 tons in the first seven months of 1916, 377 tons
during the same period of 1915, and 1,654 tons in the same period
of 1914. The values of the wool exports referred to in 1918, 1917,
and 1916 were, respectively, $1,243,250, $48,750, and $37,550.
According to the Bureau of Commercial Statistics of Brazil the
EXPORTS OF WOVEN FABRICS to the Argentine Republic
during the months of 1918 following the holding of the Brazilian
Exposition of Fabrics in Buenos Aires were, in February, 64 kilos;
in May, 16 kilos; in June, 922 kilos; hi July, 49,741 kilos; and in
August 1,869 kilos, or a total of 52,612 kilos. From the 1st of Jan-
uary to the 31st of August, 1918, Brazil exported to the Argentine
Republic, 146,532 empty sacks.
In 1914 the PRODUCTION OF WHEAT in Brazil was 37,154
tons; in 1915, 55,000 tons; in 1916, 84,000 t(ms; and in 1917, 114,500
tons. Wheat flour and wheat hnported hito Brazil in 1916 were,
respectively, 11,875 and 32,735 tons, as compared with 1,203 tons
of wheat flour and 13,306 tons of wheat in 1917.
AGKICL-LTL'KE, IXIH'STRV, AND COMMERCE. 203
According to the last census the STOCK on hand in 1907 and
1917, resi)ectively, was as follows: Cattle, 6,199.410 and 8, -443, 400
head; horses, 805,363 and 1.407,600 liead: mules, 143,831 and
351.900: sheep. 2,445.748 and 4.604.000: and o()ats 53.762 and
138,900.
Accordmg to (hita j)ahished l)y the Department of Agriculture
of the United vStates. Brazil occupies the second place in the world's
PRODUCTIOX OF HOGS, with 17,327,210 head, as compared
with 67,766,000 head in the I'nited States which occupies the first
place.
Dunng the fii-st eight months of 1918 tlie EXPORTS OF CACAO
were 26.726 tons, as compared with 34,082 tons during the same
period of 1917. 26.726 tons in 1916, 27,608 tons in 1915, and 24,213
tons in 1914. The values of these exports were as follows: In 1914,
£1,250,000: in 1915. £1.646,000: in 1916. £1,593.000; in 1917,
£1.603.000: and in 1918. £1.215.000.
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH FINLAND are soon to be
established at Helsingfors through an imj)()rtant commercial organ-
ization which proposes to import cofl'ee and other Brazilian products.
There are 202 COTTON FACTORIES in Brazil, with 50.449 k)oms,
1.500.722 spindles, and 78,186 hands. These factories produce an-
nuall}- products valued at S6, 529, 575.
CHILE.
In 1917 the EXPORTS of Chile amounted to 703,500,000 gold
})esos, made u]) of the following items: Nitrates, 475,819,000 pesos,
and other products 227,681,000 pesos. Nearly 75 per cent of the
exports consisted of nitrates. Among the other products exported
were copper ores, l)ullion, and ingots to the value of 123,000,000 gold
pesos, and agricultural and stock products to tiie value of 67,000.000
gold pesos.
The SOUTH AMERKWN STEAMSHIP CO., which was estab-
lished in July, 1872, with a capital of 1,500,000 pesos, has increased
its capital to 7,500,000 pesos, and its fleet from 5 vessels with a tonnage
of 2,400 tons and a value of 700,000 pesos, to 20 vessels, 15 of which
have more than 1,400 tons each. The profits of this company, which
during the first half of its first fiscal year amounted to 85,260 pesos,
gold, were in the first half of 1918, 5,778,868 gold pesos. The com-
pany first engaged in the coastwise trade, then extended its o})era-
tions to Callao, Peru, and later to Guayaquil and Panama, reducing
the time between the latter place and Valparaiso to 14 days, including
stops at Paita, Salaverry, Callao, Mollendo, Arica, Iquic^ue, and
Coquimbo.
A BOTTLE FACTORY has recently been installed at Rancagua.
with a daily capacity of 35.000 ])ottles. The output of this factory
will be used largely in supplying the markets of southern Chile.
204 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The COMIVIERCE OF CHILE with Argentina, Bohvia, Brazil,
Cuba, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Uruguay amounted to 83,445,278
pesos, consisting of imports, 68,912,507 pesos, and exports, 19,532,771
pesos. Chile imported from Peru merchandise valued at 27,880,195
pesos, and from the Argentine Republic 21,046,867, and exported to
Peru, 4,275,349 pesos, and to Argentina, 3,653,122 pesos.
COLOMBIA.
Congress has enacted a law authorizing an extension of eight years
from February 18, 1919, in which to complete the construction of the
PACIFIC RAILWAY in accordance with the contracts of Decem-
ber 30,1905, and January 23, 1908, and upon request to aid the com-
pany in obtaining a loan up to $10,000,000. The Government stipu-
lates that the com})any shall construct at once a suitable station at
Port Buenaventura, together with warehouses large enough to meet
the demands of traffic. The railway is to maintain facilities for the
loading and unloading of coal intended for export, reduce the freight
rate 1 centavo, gold, per kilometer per ton on coal shipped abroad,
and grant permission to the Government of the Department of Valle
to establish in or near Buenaventura coaling stations, the railway to
supply same with the necessary rolling stock.
The EXPORTS OF GOLD,' platinum, and silver from the port of
Barranquilla in 1917 amounted to $4,034,317.
During the first 10 months of 1918 the Force division of the
ANTIOQUIA RAILWAY transported 1,111,749 passengers, as com-
pared with 1,290,741, and 1,141,060 during the entire years of 1917
and 1916.
A factory for the manufacture of SOLE LEATHER has been
established at C-ienagas, Department of Magdalena.
The new RAILWAY STATION of the Anti.xpna Railway at
Medellin was recently completed.
The mint at Medellin has imported from the United States an
ELECTROLYTIC OUTFIT of a capacity sufficient to coin all the
gold reciuired by that establishment.
The Department of Antioquia has 8,926,000 COFFEE TREES in
bearing, most of which are in the districts of Pu(>bl() Rico, Jerico,
Salgar and Montebello.
Reports from Barraca Bermeja are to the (>ft'ect tiiat tlie Tropical
Oil Co. has encountered an OIL GUSHER at Anfantas, near the
Colorado River a branch of the Opon River. The well has been capped
until transportation difficulties caused by the war improve to such
an extent as to permit the bringing in of machinery Jor refining the
oil and the material needed for conveying it to the Magdalena River
from whence it can be i)laced on the market. In the meantime pros-
pecting continues'in this zone.
AORICri-TrRF., IXDUSTRV, AND COMMERCE. 205
(OSIA 1U( A.
The steamer Ilavdcanth recently brought to the port of .Vhniraiite
a large quantity of drillmg machinery for use in the exploitation of
the PETROLEl'M INDUSTRY. The Sinclair interests propose to
simultaneously drill two wells, one at Uscari, Province of Talamanca,
and the other on Colon Island, Republic of Panama. These places
were selected aft(>r careful investigation by a number of exjjerienced
geologists who l)eli('ve that j)etroleum exists in the territories referred
to in paying (|uan titles.
According to ilata compiled by the Dej)artment of Statistics of the
Costa Rican Government, the EXPORTS OF COFFEE from the
1917-18 crop amounted to 161.108 sacks, weighing 11.4ol.71!) kilos.
valued at 7,9()4,7<)4 coloiu^s (colon = S().4653).
CUBA.
Data published by the Secretary of Agriculture shows that the pro-
duction of SUGAR in Cuba in 1916-17 was, in round numbers,
3,000,000 tons, as compared with 3,500,000 tons in 1917-18. The
j)roportional increase per province was as follows: Pinar del Rio, 4.79
per cent; La Habana, 10.18 per cent; Matanzas, 9.20 per cent; Santa
Clara, 6.79 per cent; Camaguey, 44.88 per cent, and Orient e 24.16
])er cent.
,Vt the close of 1918 an arrangement for taking over the SUGAR
CROP of Cuba, amounting to, approximately, 4,000,000 tons, w^as
made in New York between the Cuban committee appointed for that
purpose and the United States board for regulating the price of
sugar in the United States.
A PUBLISHING COMPANY, with a capital of 8300,000, was
recently organized in Habana for the purpose of publishing the best
works of Cuban writers, and has already commenced operations.
During the fiscal year 1917-18 the' FOREIGN COMMERCE of
the Republic, including imports and exports of coin, amounted to
.15672,655,114, of which $370,481,762 were exports and S302,173,352
were imports. These figures, compared with those of 1916-17. show
an increase of $13,441,979 in the exports and $54,238,097 in the
imports.
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF COIN in 1917-18 amounted to
$5,622,978 and $2,780,049, respectively. In the previous year these
imports and exports were $26,545,455 and $24,708,200, respectively.
ECUADOR.
According to the Bulletin of the Board of Trade and Agriculture of
Guayac[uil the exports of cacao from that port have largely increased
since the signing of the armistice. In November last these exports
consisted of 46,326 sacks, weighing 3,521,712 kilos, as compared with
206 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
20,201 sacks in Octo})er, and 13,923 sacks in September, 1918. The
EXPORTS OF CACAO in November, 1918, were larger than those
of the same month of 1917, 1916, 1915, and 1914. The shipments
of cacao to Japan in November last aggregated 16,000 sacks, and
marks the beginning of commercial relations in this product between
Japan and Ecuador.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
The work of instalhng a SUGAR CENTRAL at Barahona hy a
Puerto Rican com])any, wliich ])ro])oses to invest $1 0,000,000 in the
enterprise, is underway. A considerable part of the level area of the
province will be used, and especially the greater part of the rich
Neyba valley. At the present time 1 ,500 w^orkmen are engaged in
clearing the land and in other necessary labors. Irrigation works,
the water supply for which will be taken from the Yaciiie del Sur
River, have also heen commenced. It is proposed to make this
central one of the largest in the Antilles.
Manuel Bermudez has installed in Duarte Avenue, Santiago de
los Caballeros, a large STILL, which now produces alcohol of 43°.
A foui'-story building has been erected for this installation.
HONDURAS.
Early in the month of February a recently constructed Ignited
States ship visited the Pacific coast of Central America with the
object of aiding m a (X)MMP]RCIAL PROPAGANDA. The vessel
is supplied with sam])les of the manufactured products of the Ignited
States.
MEXICO.
The EXPORTS OF SILVER from January to May, 1918, aggre-
gated 716 tons. The total silver exports during the year 1918 are
estimated at 1,720 tons.
In 1918 the COAL mined in the Republic amounted to, in round
numbers, 600,000 tons.
In September, 1918, there were 282 PETROLEUM wells in Mexico,
having a daily potential production of 200,000 cubic meters, and an
actual production of about 12^ per cent. At the time referred to 125
wells were in operation, and places had been selected in which to
open 114 more. The 19 oil companies of the Republic o])erated over
an extent of 1,130 kilometers. In 1918 Mexico produced petroleum
to the amount of 58,560,553 barrels, or at an average rate of 160,440
barrels per day.
Angel J. Lagard(>, director of the Government's commercial agency,
has been appointed COMMERCIAL DELEGATE to the principal
countries of South America. Mr. Lagarde will negotiate with South
American Governments with the object of increasing their com-
merce with Mexico.
AORICUI.TrRK, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 207
Of the 12, ()()() Ions of PEIU'NTAN SUGAR contiacted for by a
Mexico importing house, 3,000 tons arrived in the Repubhc in Jan-
uary hist.
Great activity has recently been noted in the MINING industry
of Mexico, and especially in the border States. It is stated that the
American wSmelting & Refining Co. proposes to expend $8,000,000
on its smelting and refining plants situated in various parts of the
country, and more than 8,000 workmen are to be given employment
immediately in the company's smelters at Azarco, Velardena, and
Aguas Calientes.
The San Rafael PAPER FACTORY has again actively begun
operations, and it is hoped that before the end of the present month
enough paper will be available to meet the demands of the Republic.
On lands adjoining the Technical & Industrial Museum in the City
of Mexico an EXPERIMENTAL LABORATORY has been installed,
in which analyses of numerous natural products will be made in order
to determine their industrial application and value. Many of these
products are not now utilized because their worth and application
are at present unknown. One of the first things it is proposed to
study is the employment of the maguey fiber in the manufacture of
paper.
The Government of the Ignited States has authorized a number of
petrolemn companies to export UNITED STATES GOLD to Mexico.
NICARAGUA.
Congress has approved a contract authorizing George Heinsch to
prospect for OIL and natural gases in Nicaragua and to exploit the
same. Denouncements of oil lands are to be made in accordance
with the provisions of the Mining Code, and the deposits discovered
may be exploited for 90 years. Authority is given to establish refi-
neries in the Republic. The Government is to receive 10 per cent of
the gross products extracted during the life of the concession.
The Government has granted for a term of 50 years to Montealegre.
Seydel the small Aseradores Island, in the Department of Chinandega,
for the purpose of raising fine HOGS and other blooded animals.
The logging and LUMBER INDUSTRY has been formally estab-
lished in the Department of Carazo. A number of Managua mer-
chants, who are practical lumbermen, have gone into that region
with the object of buying cabinet woods, which are found in that
vicinity in great abundance, although dyewoods are scarce in that
part of the country.
PANAMA.
The Government has granted to Hemy DeJan authority to exploit
for five years in the national lands of the Province of Bocas del Toro
the milk or sap of the "sapota" tree with the object of manufacturing
208 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
therefrom CHICLE GUM. The concessionaire agrees to use scien-
tific processes in carrying on this industry so as not to destroy the
trees tapped, and furthermore binds himself to pay the Government
of Panama 1 centavo per pound of product obtained.
PARAGUAY.
A joint STOCK COMPANY entitled "La Rural Espanola" (Span-
ish Rural Co.), with a capital of 600,000 pesos, has been organized in
Asuncion for the purpose of engaging in the STOCK INDL'STRY.
The company proposes to purchase and sell lands, ranches, and stock,
and to give especial attention to lands suitable to the development
of the cattle industry, to engage in the manufacture of extracts of
meats and the installation of moat-packing plants.
PERU.
The Huaron Mining Co. has been authorized to build within the
next two years a 0.75 meter gauge RAILWAY from Shelby, on the
Oroya to Cerro de Pasco line, to the San Jose smelter near the village
of Huayllay.
Since the outbreak of the European war the SUGAR production
in Peru has greatly increased, the average annual output having risen
from 185,000 tons during the period from 1910 to 1914, to 250,000
tons in the period from 1914 to 1917. In 1916-17 the output was
more than 2S(),()00 tons. It is estimated tliat of the million acres of
fine sugar-cane land in the Republic, only about 100,000 are planted
to cane. An effort is being made, however, to increase the area
phmted. The sugar-producing season in Peru is from October to
February, and most of the output is brown sugar having a polariza-
tion of 96 or more, which makes it in great demand by refiners.
SALVADOR.
In 1917 the imports of VEGETABLE OILS for food purposes
aggregated 63,271 kilos, while the imports of other oils amounted to
.32S,244 kilos, or a total of 391,515 kilos.
Within the last few years the TRADE BETWEEN JAPAN
AND SALVAI30R has considerably increased. The imports from
Japan in 1914 consisted of 17,358 kilos of merchantUse valued at
$97,413, American gold; in 1915 the imj)orts were 23,962 kilos,
valued at $56,038; in 1916, 124,685 kilos, valued at $113,685, and in
1917, 231,239 kilos, valued at $211,830. Raw material for the man-
ufacture of fabrics was also obtained from Japan, as were toys and
playthings formerly purchased from Germany. The principal arti-
cles imported were cotton thread and manufactures of cotton, china-
ware, notions, ties, and hardware.
ArrRICULTURE, IXDUftTRY, AND COMMERCE.
209
rRUGlWY.
The f(>rei<2;n conimcrce of rniguay for tli(> iirst iiiiir months ()f 1918
(January to October) amounted to: Imports, 26,635,622 pesos
(S27.567.S69): exports, 82.060,234 pesos (S84,932,342). Compared
with the hke period of 1917 there was a decrease in imports of 1,317,-
175 pesos and an increase in exports of 8,361,179 pesos. The chief
trade was with the United States, imports, S6. 533. 612: exports,
$19,031,628: followed hy Great Britain, imports, $3,405,957, exports,
$20,529,243; Spain, imports, $1,764,784, exports, $14,317,781 ; Argen-
tina, imports, $7,142,807. exports, $6, 334, 738: France, imports,
$1,000,220, exports. $12,414,478: Brazil, imports, $6,732,439, exports,
$3,543,480: Italy, im])orts. $496,040, exports, $8,854,654. The trade
with Argentina is largely a transit trach'. Tlie cliief im])<)rts from
Brazil are coffee and sugar.
The values above given on tlie im])ort side are all customhouse
statistical valuations. The true commercial values, as estimated by
the director of the Bolethi del Ministerio de Hacienda, Dr. Eduardo
Acevedo Alvarez, were nearly 79 per cent greater than the statistical
valuations of imports as given above for the year 1918. Thus the
figure of 26,635,622 pesos for imports for nine months represents a
commercial value of 47,651.128 pesos.
Some of the prhici])al classes of articles were: Food products,
5,826,000 pesos; tobacco. 407,000 pesos: chy goods and notions,
3,137, 000 pesos; steel and iron ])roducts and industrial materials,
3,250,000 pesos: lumber, 579.000 pesos: fuels, 1.765.000 ])esos;
leatluT, 45.000 pesos.
The prhicipal exports were: Cattle on the hoof, 862,800 pesos;
sheep on the hoof, 86,000 pesos; horses, 17,000 pesos; beef and
other meats, frozen or preserved, and meat extracts, 29,700,000
pesos; tallow and animal oils, 3,800,000 pesos; wool, 27,053,000
pesos; hides and skins, 16,400,000 pesos; hair, 125,000 pesos; bones
and hoofs, 121,000 pesos; agricultural products, grains, fruits, hay.
etc., 3,072.000 pesos: stone and sand, 198,000 pesos.
The latest live-stock census of I'ruguay was taken in 1916. At
this time there were 7,802,^442 cattle, 11,472,852 sheep, 303,958 hogs,
and 567,154 horses.
The Boletin del Ministerio de Hacien(hi for Septem])er. 19 IS. ])u])-
lishes the figures on the number of cattle, sheep, and hogs slaughtered
in Uruguay for the eight months from January 1 to September 1,
1918, in comparison with the like periods of the four ])receding years,
as follows:
I 1914
I
Cattle 489,917
Sheep 206,292
" ls,5S9
591,663
224.055
17,235
1916
575,717
187, 159
20, 575
769,642
167,377
32,171
752.091
157, 704
35, .358
210
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
For the last five years the area sown in hectares (2.47 acres), and
the production in metric tons (2,204.6 pounds) of the five principal
agricultural crops of Uruguay are shown in the following table:
Wheal:
Area Iiectares.
Production tons.
Linseed:
Area hectares.
Production tons.
Maize:
Area hectares .
Production tons.
Oats:
Area - Iiectares . .
Production tons. .
Barley:
Area hectares..
Production - tons..
368, 846
160,227
.■Jl.SOS
24, 451
280,234
181,422
39,431
26,853
5,685
3,584
1915
316,962
97,855
40, 923
14,938
318,501
289, 108
33,149
13,545
2,113
861
1916
1917
1918
384,290
268,543
17,863
9,921
281,994
116,942
42,. 518
23, 1.38
3,924
2,512
315,549
146, 697
14,525
3,096
253,8.36
173, 109
.57,284
27,959
5, 135
2,401
394.949
355, 44:!
14. 72.^
8,467
(')
66,863
.53,6.55
2,. 357
2,341
(1) Unavailable.
VENEZUELA.
The only Venezuelan packing plant for the preparation of chilled
meats is located at Puerto Cabello and belongs to an English syndi-
cate. This syndicate obtained a concession from the Venezuelan
Government in 1907 authorizing it to prepare and export chilled
meats for a period of 15 years. The exports of meat by this company,
which commenced in 1910, were later discontinued and were not
resumed until the outbreak of the European war, at which time
the i)lant was enlarged. This PACKING PLANT has a daily
capacity for handling 500 head of cattle, and is provided with stor-
age facilities for 6,000 tons of chilled meats. At present from 400
to 500 workmen are employed. According to data compiled by the
customs officials, the exports of meats from this plant, in metric
tons, from 1910 to the first nine months of 1918, inclusive, were as
follows: 1910, 1,330 tons, valued at $114,626; 1911, 1,800 tons,
valued at $104,281; 1912, 697 tons, valued at $27,910; 1915,
3,579 tons, valued at $270,461; 1916, 3,315 tons, valued at $322,499;
1917, 5,508 tons, valued at $425,249: and in the first nine months of
1918, 4,072 tons, valued at $314,161. No exports were made in
1913 and 1914. From August 5, 1911, to March 8, 1917, 89,025
head of cattle and 1,105 hogs and goats were slaughtered. From
August 14, n)l6, to August 14, 1917, 27,000 head of cattle were
slaughtered, and during the same period of 1917-18, 32,000 head.
It is estimated that 40,000 head will be slaughtered in 1918-19.
For many years the production of Sl^GAR in Venezuela was
limited to the manufacture of raw sugar for domestic consumption.
In 1916 the raw sugar exported from Maracaibo amounted to 3,500,000
poimds, or about double the quantity exported in 1915. In 1914
the sugar industiy of Venezuela was further developed by the estab-
212
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
lishment of a number of sugar centrals near Lakes Maracaibo and
^^alencia. wSugar from these centrals is about 97 per cent ])ure and
is exported to the United States, 2,000,000 j)oun(ls having been
shipped to that country in 1915, 15,000,000 in 1916, and 25,000,000
in 1917. It is claimed that Venezuela produces more cane to the
acre than any other sugar-cane-])roducing country.
The NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF AGRICULTrilE will be
held in Caracas from March 16 to Ajiril 30, 1919.
"^ ECONOMICandFINANCIAL^'^
i^k^ AFFAIRS ""^^m
ARGENTINA.
During the war Argentina increased its store of gokl by about 50
per cent. Estimates made by the conversion office (caja de con-
version) are as follows:
Pesos.
1913 294, 934, 755
1914 274, ()68, 964
1915 332, 557, 899
19Ui 350, 179, 783
1917 373, 909, 545
191S 43C., 000, 000
In each case the estimate is of December 31, except for 1918, when
it is of November 30. The Argentine gold peso in United States
values is worth 96.48 cents, so that the 436,000,000 pesos represents
nearly $421,000,000 United States.
The bulk of Argentine gold is held by the conversion office as
guaranty for the national paper circulation. The amount of gold
so held and the circulation for the six years was:
1913
1914
1915
191(3
1917
1918
Pesos.
233,197,716
224,405,298
305,636,048
316,8.35,326
316,852,151
379,032,643
Pesos.
823,263,045
.803,820,275
987,645,615
1,013,098,518
1,013,136,757
1,154,4.54,051
Per rent.
72.6
63. 5
67.1
71.0
71.0
74.6
The guaranty is on the issue and redemption value of the paper peso
at 44 per cent of its face value in gold (i. e., the paper peso has a value
1-:C<)X().MIC AXl) FINANCIAL AFFAIRS,
213
fixed by law, at which vahio it circuUites and is redeemed in gohl oi
100 pesos paper, equal to 44 pesos gold). The guaranty is of its
redemption value, which for the outstanding circidation on Novem-
ber 30, 191S, of 1,154,454,054 pesos, amounts to 507,959,784 pesos,
of which the gold reserve is 74.6 per cent.
Deducting the amount held by the conversion office fi-oiii the
estimate fu'st given of 436,000,000 pesos gold, there remains in
^Argentina, available for commercial purposes, without any contrac-
tion of the paper currency, a stock of about 56,000,000 pesos gold,
equivalent in United States values to about $54,000,000.
The changes in the pubhc debt of Argentina occurring (hn-ing the
war are shown in the followino; statement:
Consolidated
debt.
Floating
debt.
1913
Pesos, vaper.
1,238,' 004, 1.34
1,238,689,704
1,221,779,159
1,242, 472, .512
1,353,205,453
1,241,899,612
Pesos, paper.
None.
110,610,545
276, 735, 565
377,892,999
439,258,754
572,656,992
1914
1915
1916 ■ ■
1917
1918 (Auk.)
The figures for 1918 are given on tlie authority of Dr. Juan B.
Beltran, editor of Revista de Economia y Finanzas of Buenos Aires.
Both the consolidated and the floating debts above are reduced
for uniformity to paper peso values, the value of the peso being
approximately 42.^ cents Tnitcd States (SO. 424512).
Banking operations in Argentina are cai-ried on in both gold and
paper, the two being kept separate. The following statenent shows
bank capital (available in Argentina), deposits (on current account,
on time and savings), and loans (discounts and advances) from 1913
to 1918. The statement for the last year is of November 30;
for all other veais of Deceiuber 31.
oold;
Capital.
Deposits.
Loans.
1913
61,048,190 .
33,548,190
34.795,190
36,461,8,56
36,340,423
47,864,844 |
1
36, 131, 879
27,980.850
16.374.659
14,68.3,753 ,
15,812,809 '
11,204,608 1
28,733,339
13,993,982
9,589,081
9,498,119
6,372,900
5,002,797
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
PAPER.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
374, 670, 352
372,374,090
341,591,415
.341,982,924
,q,s 1 341,087,703
^''l ** 349, 952, 015
1,. 381, 397, .386
1,178,450,788
1.431,906,478
i; 623, 886, 469
1,977,843,344
2,802,714,586
1,745.514,784
1,163; 747,939
1,220,199,382
1,295,449,120
1,539,0.56,512
1,813,535,538
214
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
It will be noticed that between December 31, 191:3, and Novem-
ber 30, 1918, there was a withdrawal of gold deposits in banks of
nearly 25,000,000 pesos and a cm-tailment of gold loans of 23,730,000
pesos. At the same time the total stock of gold in the country went
up over 140,000,000 pesos, the conversion office itself increasing
its holdings by nearly 146,000,000 pesos.
Within the same period paper deposits increased by 1,420,000,000.
or more than doubled, while paper loans increased by only 68,000,000
pesos. These figures show conclusively the great banking strength
of Argentina at the close of the war.
The principal banks with deposits, in round numbers, gold and
paper pesos, as of November 30, 1918, are:
Gold.
Bank of Argentine Nation 3, 200, 000
British Bank of South America 600,000
(ierman Trans-Atlantic ! 1, 100, 000
Oerman Bank of South America 300, 000
Spamsh Bank of Rio de la Plata 600, 000
Bank of Provmce of Buenos Aires 900, 000
French and Itahau Bank 40, 000
London and Rio de la Plata ! 1, 900, 000
New Italian 200,000
London and Brazil 200, 000
Italy and Rio de la Plata 1, 100,000
Italb-Belgian 40,000
Oalicia and Buenos Aires
Popular Argentina 200, 000
Anglo-Soutli American oOO, 000
National ( 'it v Bank (of New York) | ^,000
Italian ( 'onuuercial '00, 000
Holland Bank of South America
First National of Boston 308, 000
Paper.
1,183,
65,
37,
25,
261,
270,
f 61,
173,
fe73,
25,
129,
40,
40,
25,
69,
66,
31,
56,
60,
100, 000
900, 000
800, 000
700, 000
900, 000
100.000
300,000
400, 000
800, 000
700'. 000
700; 000
800; 000
200, 000
700; 000
600. 000
600, 000
400, 000
200,000
100,000
In Ignited States values, as above stated, the value of the gold peso
is $.9648, and of the paper peso $.424512.
During the first nine months of 1918 the Argentine CUSTOMS COL-
LECTIONS amounted to 53,184,250 gold pesos, as (•omi)ared with
36,690,284 pesos in the same period of 1917.
The EXPENSE BUDGET of 1918, as finally agreed upon by con-
gress, amounts to 391,035,571 pesos, currency, made up of the fol-
lowing items: Congress, 4,598,156; department of interior, 46,764,812
foreign relations, 4,304,850; treasury, 19,549,262; public debt,
126,445,894; justice, 12,904,946; public instruction, 57,626,228; war,
29,119,338; navy, 22,779,676; agriculture, 9,206,520; public works,
10,426,015: pensions, 16,821,473 public constructions, 19,395,000;
and su])sidies 11,093.401.
CHILE.
The following data show the satisfactory FINANCIAL CON-
DITION of the RepubHc: The receipts, which in 1914 amounted to
161,328,664 pesos, cinTency (paper peso = about $0.19), and 60,000,000
pesos, gohl (gold peso = $0,365), rose in 1917 to 227,498,751 pesos,
currency, and 100,000,000 pesos, gold. The expen(Htures of the
KC()NO:\riC AND FIXAXCIAI. AFFAIRS. 215
Government in 1914 were 222,757.i)o!> ])es()s, currency, and 85,874,826
pesos, gold, as compared with 2<)4,865,454 pesos, cm'rency, and 26,-
247,437 pesos, gold, in 1917. The foreign debt, which on December
31, 1914, anunmted to 449.416.206 pesos, gohl. was 413,922,400 pesos,
gold, on the same (hite of 1917. The internal debt of December 31,
1914, amounted to 155,722,335 pesos, gold, and 33,398,871 pesos, cur-
rency, and on the same date of 1917 to 157,589,200 pesos, gold, and
76,839,019 pesos, currency. The gold conversion fund amoimted on
December 31, 1914. to 108,160,754 pesos, and on the same date of
1917 to 94,144,558 pesos. The customs duties, which in 1914 aggre-
gated 81,316,764 pesos, cm'rency, amounted to 79,598,240 pesos, cur-
rency, in 1917. The export duties in 1914 were 49,911,113 pesos,
gold, and 33.391.494 pesos, currency, as compared with 53,337,580
pesos, gold, and 77,123,881 pesos, currenc}', in 1917. Tlie vahu^ of
imports, which in 1914 were 269,756,699 pesos, gold, rose in 1917 to
355,077.027 pesos, gold. The value of ex])orts in 1914 were 299,675.-
435 pesos, gold, as compared with 712,289,028 pesos, gold, in 1917.
COLOMBIA.
A recent executive decree adds to the national expense budget now
in force the sum of $100,000 to be used by the Tolima Railway in con-
struction work.
Reports from Bogota are to the effect tliat the Government pro-
poses to contract a LOAN in the near future to the amount of $4,-
000.000. Of the proceeds of this loan 8125,000 are to be used in re-
builchng the customhouse at Barranquilla, $24,000 in the payment of
the first installment for the construction of houses for workmen, and
$75,000 in improving the customs coast guard service.
An executive decree of December 11, 1918, orders the issue of tlie
COLOMBIAX INTERNAL DEBT BONDS, authorized hy hiws 23
and 58, of 1918, to the amount of $3,675,000. These bonds bear in-
terest at the rate of 9 per cent, and the proceeds of same are to be
used in the pavment of the expenses of the Government and of (l("l)ts
contracted by the Government.
CUBA.
The receipts for CONSLXAR FEES in the fiscal year 1«.)17 18
amounted to $1,007,207, or $208,755 more than in 1916-17.
The PUBLIC RE\'ENUES of the country coUected from March 1
to September 30, 1918, amounted to $37,404,374, made up of customs
revenues, $21,959,575; tax on loan, $2,205,142; national stamp tax,
$2,689,368; lottery, $2,335,728; and consular fees and other re-
ceipts, $8,214,561. On October 1, 1918, the cash on hand was
$5,431,233.
216 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Oil August ;n, 1918, the FOREIGN DEBT amounted to $52,87.4,-
500, consisting of the first Speyer loan (1904) $26,374,500; second
Speyer loan, U per cent (1909), $16, 500,000; and the Morgan loan,
5 per cent, $10,000,000. The revolutionary bonds have been paid in
fidl, and on the first Speyer loan, which amounted to $35,000,000,
payments had been made up to the date mentioned of $8,625,500.
The NATIONAL DEBT, up to August, 1918, totaled $30,731,900,
as follows: Fifty per cent of the annual payments of the liberating
army, $10,568,500; issue of 1917, series A, 6 per cent, $5,000,000;
bonds, series B, 6 per cent, circulating, $6,863,400; loans arranged,
$1,800,000; issue of $7,000,000, less payment of $500,000, $6,500,000.
The foreign and interior debts continued amount to $83,606,400.
From A])ril 1 to November 2, 1918, eleven INSITRANCE COM-
PANIES liave been authorized to do business in the Republic, and
185 mercantile corporations and companies, representing a ])aid-up
capital of $242,448,000, were registered in Cuba.
COSTA RICA.
The President of the Republic has ordered that EXPORT BILLS
u]) to $500,000 be issued and deposited in the National Bank of Costa
Rica, to be exchanged by said bank, upon the payment of their value,
for foreign exchange, to be issued in payment of the export tax im-
posed upon lumber, manganese, hides, rubber, silver bullion, refined
and raw sugar, and other articles mentioned in article 1 of the law of
■Jime30, 1917.
The National Bank of Costa Rica has been authorized to issue
8,998, BANK BILLS of the denomination of 100 colones each (colon =
$0.4653).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
According to the annual report of tlie general receiver of customs
the CUSTOMS REVENUES collected in 1917 aggregated $2,455,784.
The Government also collected an additional amount of internal
revenue during the same year of $1,226,446. At the close of 1917
the Government treasury had a surplus of $1,542, 960, as compared
with $3,097,533 on August 31, 1918.
In November, 1918, the CUSTOMS REVENUES of Puerto Plata
from imports, exports, tonnage (kies, and port charges amounted to
$128,451.
The Government lias ordered printed 30,000,000 internal
REVENUE STAMPS of the (kMiomination of one-fourth of a centavo.
HAITI.
A law of the council of state, ratified by the President of the
Republic, fixes the NATIONAL BITDGET of receipts and expendi-
EcoxoMic AXD fixa:v'cial affairs. 217
tures for the fiscal year 1918-19 at .S.999.646 gourdes and S3.()o7,S();^
The expenditures are made up of the following items: Department
of foreign relations, 48,240 gourdes and $87,973; treasury and com-
merce. 649,580 gourdes and Sll,949; interior, 491.049 gourdes and
$1,204,191: pubhc works, 226,900 gourdes and $464,730; agricul-
ture, 37,872 gourdes and $8,288; public instruction, 1,490, 691
gourdes and $41,116; justice, 842.180 gourdes and $35,772: worship.
40,680 gourdes and $59,850; bank, 59,696 gourdes and $45,689;
expenses collector general's department, 95,850 gourdes and $148,717;
and public debt, 16.958 gourdes and $949,578.
MEXICO.
During the period comprised between vSeptember 1 and May 31,
1918, the PUBLIC REVENUES collected amounted to 102,590,000
pesos, of which 33,400,000 pesos were customs revenues and 69,190,-
000 pesos stamp taxes.
From December, 1916, to July, 1918, the MINTAGE amounted to
93,900,000 pesos, a sum without parallel in the comage of money in
the Republic. From February 11 to July 30, 1918, the money coined
amounted to 26,000,000 gold pesos and 440,000 pesos in silver coins.
This is larger than the coinage of the period from 1909 to 1915. The
smelting and assay tax produced about 6,000.000 pesos.
^Yith the object of fixing the amount of CLAIMS which should be
recognized by the Government for damages caused by the Revolu-
tion, and in order to determine the amount which should justly b(^
paid, a new indemnity committee has been formed and has com-
menced work.
At the close of 1918 the RAILWAY SYSTEM OF MEXICO con-
sisted of 25.672 kilometers of Ime, of which 4,840 were under the
jurisdiction of the State.
In the economic year from September 1. 1917. to August 31. 1918,
the RAIL^YAY RECEIPTS for freight and passengers amounted to
42,836,619 pesos. The excess of railway receipts over expenditures
in December. 1918. was 1,552.000 pesos.
The value of PROPERTY REGISTERED in the federal district
during the past year was 98,932,544 pesos.
XICARAGUA.
At the close of 1918 the MONEY IN CIRCULATION in the
Republic amounted to 2.960.000 cordobas (cordoba = $l). In addi-
tion to this sum the guarantee fund on deposit in New York on the
date mentioned was $1,300,000.
The amount of REVENI^ES FROM TOBACCO and aguardiente
during the first half of 1918 was 438,768 cordobas.
100214— 19— Bull. 2 7
218 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
PERU.
The four banks in Lima which participated in the £3,000,000
BOND LSSUE recently made by the Peruvian Government have
been authorized to open accounts in the London & Midland Bank,
Lloyds Bank, and the London County Westminster Bank for the sum
of £600,000, to be used in meeting the drafts of exporters as well
as those who deliver drafts to the Peruvian Treasury.
The Executive power has ordered that the EXPORT DUTIES
ON TUNGSTEN be arrived at by taking as a basis the average of
the highest and lowest ([notations of wolframite in the New York
market.
A law of December 14, 1018, authorizes the President of the Re-
public to contract a loan of £300,000, bearing interest at the rate
of 7 per cent per annum. Provisions are made for payment by lot
at par and for an annual accumulative sinking fund of 1 per cent.
The j^roceeds of the loan are to be used in the construction of
the JATIWHUASI RAILWAY.
SALVADOR.
The Executive power has authorized the SALVADOR IAN BANK
to increase its capital to 3,500,000 silver pesos (silver peso = SO. 7234),
divided into shares of 100 pesos each, and to issue bank bills payable
to bearer and redeemable in silver legal tender coin.
For the purpose of avoiding confusion in distinguishhig the BANK
BILLS of the three banks of issue of the Republic, the bills of which
at the present time have the same colors for the different denomina-
tions, the President of the Republic has decreed that the next issue
of bank notes of said banks shall be issued in denominations of
different colors, as follows: 500 pesos denomination, old gold or
yellow; 100 pesos, olive; 50 pesos, ocher; 25 pesos, purple; 10 pesos,
dark gray; 5 ])esos, green; 2 pesos, blue; and 1 peso, red.
VENEZUELA.
In accordance with the law enacted by Congress in June, 1918,
the President has ordered the COINAGE OP^ SILVER referred to in
said law, in pieces of 5, 2, 1, 0.50, and 0.25 bolivares, representing a
total value of 5,300,000 bolivares.
^
INTERNATIONAL
./ TREATIES ^
<?
On November 14, 1917, the exeliang;e of ratifications of the PAR-
CEL-POST CONVENTION, eojicluded on January 28 of that year
between Ecuador ajid Panama, was ma(h\ This convention ]n'o-
vifles for the establishment of a regular parcel-post service, without
tleclared value, in accordance with the })rovisions of the convention
of Washhigton of June 15, 1897, on ])arcels up to 5 kilograms in
weight and whose greatest dimension does not exceed 60 centimeters.
At the begbming of November last an ad referejidum obligatory
GENERAL ARBITRATION TREATY was concluded in Monte-
video between the representatives of the Republics of Paraguay and
Uruguay. Under this pact all controversies arising between the
high contracting parties, and which can not be settled through dip-
lomatic channels, are to be submitted to arbitration. The arbitrator
is to be the president or ruler of a State, and if no agreement can be
arrived at as to his selection the parties in interest shall submit their
dispute to the Permanent Tribunal of The Hague established under
the conventions of 1899 and 1907. Tlie treaty is operative for a
period of five years, and if not denounced by one of the parties shall
be considered extended for a period of another five years, and so on
successively.
Early in November, 1918, the Governments of Paraguay and Uru-
guay concluded a COASTWISE CONVENTION, under the terms of
which each of these nations permits vessels of the other to partici-
pate in the coastwise trade of the country under the same rules and
regulations and upon the same terms accorded national vessels.
This convention is to remain in force until one year after ojie of the
high contracting parties manifests its desire to the other to terminate
or amend same.
The Presideiit of the Republic of Haiti ratified, under date of
October S, 1918, the following PAN AMERICAN C^ON\'ENTIONS
subscribed to at the Fourth International Conference of American
States, held in Buenos Aires from July 12 to August 30, 1910: Lit-
erary and artistic copyright, inventions, patents, designs, and
industrial models, and protection of trade-marks,
220
ARGENTINE KEPUBI.IC.
Tlio Executive power has promiilgateil the new COASTWISE
LAW, No. 10606, the principal provisions of which are as follows:
The navigation and coastwise trade between ports of the Republic
is reserved for ships flymg the Argentine flag, but foreign vessels
are peiinitted to enter one or more ports to unload freight which
they bring from abroad and to take on export cargo. Vessels en-
gaged in the coastwise trade, in order to be considered national, must
use the Argentine flag, be commanded by Argentine captains, and
have a crew of at least one-fourth Argentines when the vessels are
not less than 200 tons. Foreign vessels detected in illegal coast-
wise trade are subject to a fine of from 4 to 12 pesos per ton of regis-
try. The Executive may arrange, through reciprocity, to allow
foreign vessels to enjoy the privileges of national vessels, provided,
always, without being subventioned by the State, they engage
exclusively in navigating between Argentine ports and their respec-
tive countries. The President may grant bounties to naval ship-
yards and to Argentine navigation companies which organize and
maintain regular oversea or coastwise service. These bounties are
only applicable to ships flying the Argentine flag, whose owners
live in the country, or which belong to companies organized abroad
but whose principal offices, reserve funds, an«l legal doinicilcs arc in
the Argentine Repulilic.
BRAZH..
The President has issued a decree providing for tlie reoruaiiization
of the COl^RT OF ACCOI^XTS OR Al^DITS. This court is <livided
into two sections with power to act jointly or separately as may be
deemed expedient. The personnel of the court is made up of four
bodies. The first of these, composed of nine members, decides and
judges; the second, consisting of eight members, reports upon the
accounts; the third issues instructions concerning the same, and the
fourth is in charge of cases in which the department of justice and
public credit is interested. The decree indicates in detail the juris-
diction and attri])ut('s of the court, the duties of the personnel, etc.
COLOMBIA,
f
On December 2, 1918, the new LAW COXC^ERXING SALT DE-
POSITS (law 68 of 1918) was promulgated. Under this law all the
maritime salt deposits belong to the nation and are to be worked
221
222 ^THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
exclusively in future for account of the State. The Government
will fix the selling price of salt in its warehouses and will operate the
maritime salt deposits. The President is authorized to impose a
tax, up to 3 centavos per kilo, on foreign salt imported through
Atlantic coast ports, and to raise up to 3 r-entavos the import duty
on foreign salt. Should the output of the maritime salt deposits be
insufficient to meet the needs of domestic consumption, the Govern-
ment may import foreign salt and offer same for sale in such Govern-
ment warehouses as it may deem expedient.
COSTA RICA.
On October 15 last a law was promulgated relating to INSEC-
TIVOROUS BIRDS, ])rotecting such as are considered beneficial to
agriculture. Violations of the ju'o visions of the law are ])unishable
l)y fines of from 15 to 25 colones, or by imprisonment.
' The NEW ELECTION LAW, which provides for the election of
senators, deputies, and municipal officers by the direct vote of the
l)eopl(^, was passed by congress on October 28, 1918. The selection
of President and Vice President of the Republic is made by an
electoral college composed of those who, at the time of the election,
are senators and (h^.puties, and by those who, at any time within
a period of six months, may have been President of the Republic, a
cabinet officer, s(Uiator, deputy, or judge of the supreme court. The
clubs or organizations formed in a province to work for the candi-
dacy of senators and dcqnities have the right to register their tickets
and to be represented at the time of casting and counting the ballots.
Can<li(hites receiving the majority of the votes are elected to the
offices.
CUBA.
Under date of December 2, 1918, the President of the Republic
issued RULES AND REGULATIONS and a wage tariff for work-
men at IIa])ana Bay. These rules and regulations were pul)lish(Ml
in a special edition of the Official Gazette of Octo])er .S, 1918.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
The chief of the board of health has issued sanitary rules and
regulations concerning MILK for the use of the public. According
to these rules and regulations milk intended for public consumption
siiall only be distributed or sold in or by permanent markets. Cows,
however, may be milked at the doors of the houses of the families
who desire to buy milk.
ECUADOR.
On October 19, 1918, congress amended and added to the
JUDICTAL LAW of the Republic. Among the changes made the
following may be noted: Neither the law reporters nor subordinate
LEGTSLATIOX. 223
emplovoos of the hicrher and supieine coiii'ts shall be lelated within
the fourth degree of consanguinity, nor the second of aflinity, to any
of the judges of the court in which they are employed. Titled judges
and cantonal aldermen or mayors shall be elected from the respective
higher courts, the former holding oflice for three and the latter for
one year. Witnesses are prohibited from giving testimony at hours
other than from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m. Court employees who have served
more than 20 years and have reached the age of 75 years, or who
through organic sickness become unfit for work, are to be pensioned
at a salary equal to that earned in the last position which they
occupied.
A law of October 19, 1918, promulgated on the 23d of the same
month, amends the STAMP LAW.
Under date of December 5, 1918, the President of the Republic
issued a decree governing the I'ules and regulations of the TOBACCO
LAW and repealing the decree of November 24, 1917, on the same
subject. .Vn export tax of 5 centavos per kilo, gross weight, is
imposetl on leaf and fine cut tobacco shipped abroad.
A law of October 28, 1918, specifies that provisi(m shall be made
in the budget for the pavment of rent for dwellings occupied in the
respective countries by ^he DIPLOMATIC REPEESENTATIVES
of the Republic.
On October 28 last the INTERNAL TARIFF, or transit law, was
promulgated. Under this law sales, transactions, etc., made in the
comitry are taxed.
MEXICO.
On November 20, 1918, the President of the Republic issued a
decree concerning the exploitation of the PRODITTS OF MEXICAN
WATERS, such as the fishery industry in rivers, lakes, and oceans
under the jurisdiction of the nation, and providing that same can
be carried on only through concessions or permits granted by the
Executive power through the Department of Agriculture and Fomento
in accordance with the terms and conditions prescribed by that
Department.
Under an executive decree effective February 1, 1918, a tax was
imposed on ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES. Wines, alcohols, hquors,
and other beverages must pay a stamp tax, when imported, of 70 per
cent of the amount of the import duties, and foreign beer 80 per cent
of said duties.
A law of December 30 repeals the decree of August 22, 1918,
levying an IMPORT TAX on paper.
NICARAGUA.
A legislative decree promulgated on April 24. 1918, renders inop-
erative Executive decree of June 27, 1906. and puts in force, in so
224 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
far as the SALE AND LEASE OF PUBLIC LANDS are con-
cerned, the law of February 6, 1906, and laws on this subject sub-
sequent thereto. In addition sales are subject to the following rules:
More than 50 hectares of land shall not be sold to any one person
unless the latter has fenced, cultivated, or leased a larger area.
Before the survey is made the location of the lan<l must be deter-
mined in order to exclude from the sale roads and other means of
communication. Public lands within a distance of less than 1,500
meters from the capital city of any of the departments are not
subject to alienation.
PANAMA.
Under date of October 14 last the President of the Republic
promulgated a LAW PROTECTING CHILDREN and domestic
animals. Under this law any person who cruelly chastises a child,
deprives it of water or foo<l, or recpiires of it labor beyond its strength,
shall be punislied l)y a fine of from $2 to $50 for each offense. He
who mistreats an animal or compels it to work beyond its strength,
or who uses sick, maimed, or underfed animals, or who wantonly
kills inoffensive ])irds or robs bird's nests, or practices any cruel
treatment upon domestic animals, shall be fined from $2 to S50 for
each offense.
PERU.
The town of Canchaciue, district of the same name, Province of
Huancabamba, luis ])eeii ma(l(\ tlie CAPITAL of the District of
Canchaquo.
The law of Decemlxu- 6, U)1S, (establishes in the District of Huan-
cayo the NEW DISTRICT of Pucara, with the town of Pucara as
its capital.
SALVADOR.
Tlie national legislative assembly issued on July l.'i. lOlS, a
MILITARY CODE which repeals 'that of January' 1, ISSO. The
new code was promulgatinl on August 28 last, and is reproduced in
the Official Gazette of October 4, 1918.
The Executive power has amended some of the articles of the
POSTAL RULES AND REGULATIONS. Employees of that
department are exempt from military service, municipal service,
and other work incompatible with their duties. The cashier, the
storehouse guard, the chiefs of the postage stamp and money-order
divisions, first and scM-ond class postmasters, and postal contractors
(when tluMr contiacts so state) are r(K|uired to give l)ond.
VENEZUELA.
An Executive decree of October 9, 1918, provides for the taking
of a census of the PETROLElTvI AND COAL REGIONS of the
Copyright by Mole & Th
, Chicago, from Underwood &. Underwood. Xew York.
A HUMAN PICTURE OF PRESIDEXT WILSON.
This remarkable picture of President Woodrow Wilson was designed and photographed at Camp Sherman, Chillicothe,
Ohio. It took 21,000 men to form the complete picture.
226 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.
Republic. The sections of countiy ai'c eiiiinioiated in whicli the
working of these fields is permitted in accordance with leases made
in due form through the department of fomento. The decree indi-
cates the procedure to he followed in soHciting contracts for the
exploitation of the <leposits I'oferred to and sets forth the riglits and
obligations of tlio pai'tics in intei'est.
^ PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
kANDEDUCATION;^
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN ECUADOR.
Dui-ing the last six years the system of public insti-uction in
Ecuador has undergone a radical change, due to the organic law of
November, 1912, which was issued in accordance with a legislative
decree of October 21 of that year, which decree contains all the
changes made in the aforesaid law. The new courses of study for
primary schools date, approximately, from March 22, 1916. Those
which govern in the normal schools of the RepubHc were introduced
about the middk^ of 1915, the general rules and reguhitions concern-
ing higli schools were in force during the past year, and, finally, the
plan of study of higher e(hication in the universities dates from
October, 1916.
As in the majority of the Latin American Repubhcs, instruction
is divided into jjrimary, secondary, and high, these three grades being
lay and free, and, in addition, primary instruction is obligatory.
Of tlic (Hfferent school authorities the chief one is the superior council,
formed by the secretary of pubhc instruction, who acts as chairman;
the president of the Central University; a delegate elected by each
of the universities of Guayaquil and Cuenca; a delegate from the
Loja law school, the rector of the Mejia Institute; and the director of
studies of the Province of Pichincha; the two last named in repre-
sentation of secondary and primary education, respectively. The
character of the board is naturally advisory, it having in charge
the preparation of the general rules and regulations concerning
studies for the whole Republic, the approval of separate rules and
regulations of tlie different institutions; the development of and
authorization for tlic esta})lishment of new high, normal, and primary
schools; the a])proval of the annual budgets of the universities and
colleges, and, in addition, the settlement of such technical questions
as may arise in teaching; and the giving of opinions and advice in
(Mlucational mailers. In each district oi' j)rovinc(' there is a scljool
PUBLIC IXSTRI'CTinX AND 'EDUCATION 227
board, Avhich cooju'ralcs with the superior council, but wbosc activi-
ties are limited to the province to which it belongs. These boards
are composed of tlic director of studies, who discharges in the province
the same duties that the minister of jiublic instruction performs with
reference to the entire Republic; two j)rofessors of the college of
secondary instruction of the capital of the province: and two citizens
elected by the municipality. In addition there are other school
officers, such as school visitors and board inspectors, whose duties
are to see that the requirements of the law in the branch of public
instruction are complied with.
Beginning with the sixth year primary instruction is obligatory
on all children. In accordance with the provisions of the organic
law the primary schools are of three classes, namely, elementary,
grammar, and high. The first two have three sections, which are
called, respectively, low, medium, and high, and each of these sec-
tions has two grades. In the high schools there are two sections.
the medium containing tlii-ee grades, and the high containing only
two. Tlie elementary and grammar schools are solely for pupils
between the ages of 6 and 12 years, while the age of admission to the
high schools is from 9 to 14 years.
The elementary and grammar schools have as their object the
imparting of knowledge which the State deems indispensable for
every member of society to acquire, while the aim of the high schools
is to complete, extend, and perfect the instruction taught in the
lower gi-ades. Obligatory instruction is given in the elementai-y
and gi-ammar schools and covers a period of six years.
In 1918, according to a report of the minister of public instruction,
the educational budget was 1,300.000 sucres (sucre = S0.4867). or
86,412 sucres more than during the previous year; that is to say, the
largest sum ever appropriated by the Congress of Ecuador for educa-
tional j)urposes. There are now in operation in the Republic lOo
mixed schools, 241 ])rimary schools, 122 grammar, 16 high. ;^8o fiscal.
57 municipal, and 40 private schools, with a total enrollment esti-
mated at 48,505, and a regular attendance of 41,090.
High-school instruction or secondary instruction, as it is also
called in Ecuador, is given in the national colleges in two sections.
According to the general rules and regulations of secondary educa-
tion, issued on October 26, 1917, and which became operative in
December of the same year, the subjects taught are as follows:
Scientific subjects: Moral and civic instruction, Spanish, foreign
languages, history, geogi-aphy, physical sciences, natural sciences,
mathematics, and philosophy. Technical subjects: Drawing, gym-
nastics, and music. Tlie new general plan concerning these subjects
was not issued during the school year 1918, the old plan of March 27,
1906, with its modifications, having been adhered to. In addition
228 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
to the general courses the national colleges teach special courses of
bookkeeping and commerce, typography, surveying, agriculture,
stenography, telegraphy, pedagogy, and languages.
To be admitted into a school of secondary instruction, it is necessary
to be not less than 12 years of age, to have completed all the obliga-
tory grades of primary instruction, pass the required examinations,
be credited with good conduct, to have been vaccmated, and to be
free from any contagious disease. The daily recitations in each
subject are not to exceed 45 minutes, with an interval of 15 minutes
between classes. Students are prohibited from having more than
30 hours of class work per week.
In the interior of the Republic instruction beghis on the first
Monday in October, and in the coastal regions on the first Monday
in April. The colleges in the interior are open u]) to the second
week, inclusive, of June, and in the coast section up to the first
week of December. August and September are the vacation months
in the interior of the Republic and February and March in the
coastal regions.
Students in the high schools are required to take the following
examinations: (1) Entrance examination, (2) monthly examinations
on each of the subjects studied, and (3) oral examinations on the
respective subjects. The entrance examination is both written and
oral, but the general examinations are only in writing and last an
hour and a half. The grading is from 0 to 20 points, and at least 10
points are required for approval.
High schools issue two certificates or di|domas. Pupils who pass
the required examination on all of the subjects of the lower section
are given certificates which entitle them to pass into the higher sec-
tions or to the fourth grade of the normal institutes should they
desire to continue their studies there. After all the courses of the
high school have been completed the degree of bachelor is conferred
upon ])upils who successfully take a written examination lasting
three hours on two subjects — namely, philosophy and letters, and
physical and natural sciences and mathematics. Pupils who pass
the written examination are reriuired to take an oral examination
lasting from 50 to 60 minutes, and if they successfully pass same the
degree of bachelor is conferred upoji them.
With the exception of the Provmce of Esmeraldas there is at least
one national college in each of the Provinces of Ecuador. In 1917,
accordijig to a report of the minister of public instruction, the matric-
ulates hi these colleges were as follows: Bolivar de Tulcan, 10;
Teodoro Gomez de la Torre, 59; Mejia, 292; Vicente Leon, 67;
Bolivar de Ambato, 65; Maldonado, 100; Pedro Carbo, 70; Juan B.
Vazquez, 76; Benigno Malo, 240; Bernardo de Valdivieso, 105;
Nueve de Octubre, 53; Espejo, 50; Vicente Rocafuerte, 299, and
Olmedo, 44.
AK(;KNTIXK KEPIBLIC.
The Navy Department recently ordered tlie WIRELESS telegraph
station on Martin Garcia Island, near Buenos Aires, opened to public
traffic. This station covers a radius of about 100 miles. Accord-
ing to statistics published in the Argentine Economic Review the
POPULATION of the Argentine Republic on December :]\. I'M 7.
was 8,284,266 inhabitants, as compared with 7,958.797 on the same
date of 1914. Reports from Rosario are to the effect that while
that city has large quantities of cereals, flour, and stock, products
available for export, there is a brisk DEALIND FOR IMPORTED
PRODLTTS such as petroleum, coal, jute and twine, cotton and
woolen goods, wire. \NTought and galvanized iron, agricultural and
other machineiy, news print paper, etc. Within the last two years
the increased acreage planted to PEANUTS in the Province of
Cordoba amounted, approximateh', to 5,000 acres. Chick peas and
butter beans are also largelv cultivated in this section. An
AMERICAN CHAMBER OF 'COMMERCE was recently organized
in Buenos Aires with 85 charter members and a contributed fund of
60,000 pesos. The annual dues are 240 pesos per member.
Plans are reported to be under consideration by the Argentine Asso-
ciation of Electrical Engineers looking to the utilization of the
IGUAZL' FALLS to the extent of 675,000.000 kilowatt hours per
annum. The capital necessar\- to carry this project to a successful
termination is estimated at 80,000.000 pesos, or nearly §40,000,000.
Under this plan Buenos Aires, Rosario and other important industrial
and commercial centers are to be supplied with electricity generated
at these falls. The project, up to the present time, has not gone
beyond the preliminary stage. It is proposed to hold the FIRST
CHEMICAL CONGRESS of the Argentine Republic in Buenos Aires
in 1919 at a date to be announced later.
BOLIVIA.
CONSTRITTION WORK on the Potosi to Sucre Railway cost,
up to May 31, 1918, about 2,680.000 bolivianos, including expenditures
for material. On the date mentioned 35 kilometers of grading had
been completed and was ready for the laying of the rails. El Nuevo
Tiempo. a daily newspaper of the National Capital, reports the
identification in the Metropolitan Church of La Paz of four PAINT-
229
230 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION,
INGS of great artistic value, believed to be the work of the cele-
brated painter, Rubens. This discovery has awakened great interest
in artistic circles in the Bolivian capital. In 1917 the COROCORO
RAILWAY carried 13,535 passengers, as compared with 10,019 in
1916. The copper hauled over this line in 1917 amounted to 4,854
tons of ingots and 29,600 tons of ores. During the first five months
of 1918 this road transported 5,688 passengers, as compared with
5,334 (ku'ing the same period of the previous year. Alberto Diez
de Medina, formerly MINISTER of Bolivia near the Government
of Colombia in Bogota, has been appointed minister of Bolivia near
the government of Caracas, Venezuela.
BRAZIL.
Col. Itara, a Japanese subject, who is now studying the capacity
of the iron and manganese smelters in the central and southern
States of Brazil, as well as the value of ZARCONIUM, a new metal
known to exist only in the State of Sao Paulo, reports that said metal
is the liardest in the world and that its cpiality is superior to that of
the best steel. As the mining wealth of Brazil is incalculable, Japan
proposes in future to be one of the largest buyers of Brazilian ores.
On September 11 last the new PORT OF RECIFE, Pernambuco,
was opened to traffic with appropriate ceremonies. These port
works were begun in 1907, during tlu> administration of Dr. AfTonso
Costa, under the direction of a French corporation. The wharves,
warehouses, and machinery of the port of Recife make it one of the
most commodious and modern of the Atlantic ports of South Amer-
ica. In January, 1919, the American ambassador in Rio de Ja-
neiro cabled that the congress of Brazil had adopted an executive
decree authorizing the continuance during 1919 of the PREFEREN-
TIAL TARIFF treatment of certain American products. The
articles on which the reduction is to be granted will be specified in a
separate decree. It is thought that the list will be substantially the
same as that of 1918 — namely, a 30 per cent reduction on imports of
flour, and 20 per cent on the duties of the following goods when pro-
duced in the United States : Condensed milk, manufactures of rubber,
paints, and colors except writing inks, varnishes, typewritei"s, re-
frigerators, pianos, scales, windmills, cement, corsets, dried fruits,
school furniture, and writing desks. The department of agricul-
ture of the Government of Brazil has authorized three Brazilian
firms to erect factories for the production of CAUSTIC SODA in
Brazil to the amount of 5,280 tons annually, or about 3,220 tons less
than the annual consumption of this chemica] during the last five
years. The Government pro})oses to lend to these Companies 75
per cent of the cost of the factories. The thre(> comi)anies referred
to will use th(> electrolytic process in the manufacture of caustic soda.
A fourth comj)any has been authorized to \ise another process.
GENERAL NOTES. 231
CHILE.
Up to November 18, 1918, the department of industry and pii])Iie
works had expended the sum of 1,624,299 pesos, currency, and
8,440,666 pesos, gold, in SEWER CONSTRUCTION WORK in
the cities of Concepcion, Taltal, Antofagasta, La Serena, Curico,
Talea, Chilian, and Valdivia. November 23 last comjdeted tlie
expiration of a century since the arrival in Chile of Lord Cochrane,
who, with O'Higgins and San Alartin, successfully battled for th(^
independence of the Republic. Hie event was celebrated throughout
the country with appropriate ceremonies. Lord (\)chrane, known
in Chilean history as the hero of Callao and \'aldivia, was born in
Scotland in December, 1775, and died in 1860. A cablegram
from the American ambassador at Santiago, under date of P'ebruary
8, 1919, states that the Chilean Senate has passed a law authorizing
the raising of a loan of 89,000,000 Chilean gold pesos (gold peso =
$0,365), the proceeds of which are to be used to meet the expenses
of the STATE RAILROAD. The cablegram further announces
that an increase on railway passenger and freight lates has been agi-eed
upon. A bill introduced into congress by the minister of finance
of the (^liilean Government recommends the approi)riation of approxi-
mately $6,000,000 to be used by the Oovernment in purchasing
NITRATE with the object of enabling the nitrate companies to
resume operations. The American consul at \"alparaiso advises
that GERMAN MOORING CONCESSIONS have been canceled,
and that other companies can now apply for the places formerly
occupied by the German vessels.
COLOMBIA .
On December 19 last the new^ ARGENTINE MINISTER near the
Government of Colombia officially presented his credentials to the
President of the Republic. Dr. Aiitonio Jose L^ribp ij^y b^^ji
appointed chairman of the CONSULTING AND ADVISORY
COMMITTEE of the Colombian Government in the department of
foreign relations. ^A recent British report concerning the PLATI-
NUM and gold fields of the Choco district in Colombia states that
there has been an increase in platinum production in the region
referred to during the period of 1911 to 1917, inclusive, of 300 per
cent. The approximate output of this district in 1911 was 12,000
ounces; in 1912, 15,000; in 1913, 15,000; in 1914, 17,500; in 1915,
18,000; in 1916, 25,000; and in 1917, 50,000 ounces. It is chimed
that British and American engineers and prospectors have proved
the existence of paltinum and gold in paying quantities over many
square miles of territory in this part of Colombia.
232 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
COSTA RICA.
The new members for 1919 of the BOARD OF THE MEDICAL
COLLEGE in San Jase are as follows: President, Dr. Francisco A.
Segreda; secretary, Dr. Teodoro Picado; treasurer, Dr. Roberto
Fonseca Calvo; and members Dr. Carlos Pupo, Dr. Mariano Rodri-
guez, and Dr. Solon Nunez. ^Statistics recently published by the
Government of Costa Rica show that the COFFEE exported from
that Republic from August, 1917, to November, 1918, had a gross
weight of 2.5,246,711 pounds, or 1 ,797,S.S9 pounds less than the
exports (hiring the same period of 1916-17. Of this quantity
25,179,933 pounds were clean or fully milled coffee (beneficiado), and
66,77S j:)()unds in j^archment (pergamino), the first classification
forming nearly 98 per cent of the total exports. The coffee referred
to was distributed as follows: United States, 96.45 per cent; United
Kingdom, 0.61; Panama, 0.93; Spain, 0.74; Chile, 0.69; Italy, 0.46;
Cuba, 0.09; and Nicaragua, 0.03. The estimated production of this
coffee by provinces was: San Jose, 49.52 per cent; Heredia, 21.74
per cent; Alajuela, 20.09; and Cartago, 8.65 per cent.
CUBA .
In the fiscal year 1917-18 the IMMIGRANTS entering the Republic
of Cuba numbered 54,857, as compared with 59,191 during the pre-
vious year. Dr. Antonio wSanchez Bustamante, the delegate of
Cuba to the PEACE CONFERENCE sailed from Habana on Janu-
ary 29 last for Paris. On January 26, 1919, a shipment of 1,341
crates of VEGETABLES was made from the Isle of Pines consigned
to New York commission houses. This was followed by another large
shipment with the same destination, which left the Isle of Pines on
the 6th of the present month. The CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
of the Isle of Pines has reduced its annual dues from $25 to $5. The
officers of this organization for 1919 are: George F. Young, president;
N. K. Wiley, vice president; L. C. Giltner, treasurer; and George
Payzant, secretary. Press reports state that construction work
was commenced about the middle of the present month on a RAIL-
WAY from Cienfuegos to Fomento, via Guaos, Cumanayagua, Bara-
jagua, Mosa, and Manicaragua. This line will traverse a rich agri-
cultural and mining section, and is expected to be a boon to sugar-cane
"■rowers, inasmuch as it will solve the difficulties they have heretofore
had to contend with in the transportation of sugar cane.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
The city council of Monte Oisti has decided to -lease the Cayo
Pablillo SALT MINES for a jieriod of five years. An AMUSE-
MENT COMPANY has been organized in the city of Santo Domingo
CKNKKAL XCTES. 233
with a capital of $50, 000. Tliis coiupaiiy proposes to l)uy, lease, or
acquire suitable lands for the construction of hip])0(h'oines, race
tracks, and for such other uses as may he deemed expedient in the
furthering of these and other popular sports. The Government has
ordered tiie bureau of pu})lic works to take charge of buil(hng the ex-
tension of the San Pedro de Macoris WHARF. ^Recently whole-
sale houses in Porto Rico, representing principally Spanish interests,
have shipped important consignments of merchandise of American
manufacture, consisting principally of shoes, notions, dry goods, and
hardware, to the Dominican Republic. These houses carry a com-
plete line of samples and employ salesmen familiar with the Spanish
language.
ECUADOR.
The congress of Ecuador has appropriated 50,000 sucres (sucre =
$0.4867) for use in DREDGING and cleaning the Guayas and Baba-
hoyo Rivers. These funds are to be expended by the municipal
councils of the cities of Guayac{uil and Babahoyo in acquiring dredges
and in carrying on the work. The city of Guayaquil, the largest and
most important port of the Repubhc, is on the Guayas River, and is
in water communication with Babahoyo by means of small boats and
rafts. The organizing committee of the THIRD CONGREvSS OF
STUDENTS of the Great Colombia has arranged for a competitive
contest among the students of the universities of Ecuador in formu-
lating the manifest which is to be sent to the students of Colombia
and Venezuela. Congress has made August 7, 1919, the date of
the completion of the first centenary of the l)attle of Boyaca — one
of the battles which made possible the emancipation of South Amer-
ica—a NATIONAL HOLIDAY.
GUATEMALA.
The President of the Repubhc has appouited a committee, the chair-
man of which is the ranking general of the Guatemalan army, to pre-
pare drafts of the general military rules and regulations, a MILITARY
CODE, and rules and regulations for artillery, cavalry, and infantry
drill, as well as special rules and regulations covering all auxiliary
military bodies. According to Guatemalan press reports the chief
of the sanitary delegation sent by the Rockefeller Foundation to in-
vestigate the YELLOW FEVER epidemic in Central America states
that this disease has been eliminated from the Pacific coast ports of
Guatemala, and that the Atlantic coast ports of the Repubhc are in
an excellent sanitary condition. On December 7, last, Dr. Salvador
Guerrero, minister of Nicaragua near the Government of Guatemala,
was officially received by the President of the Republic. ^Accord-
ing to a table of MARITIME DISTANCES published by a Guate-
1(M)L'14— 19— Bull. 2 8
234 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
iiialaii iiowspaj3er the distance from New Orleans to Puerto Barrios is
965 miles, so that a steamer saihng at the rate of 12 miles an hour
requires about SO liours in which to make the trip. The distance in
a straight line from New York to Puerto Barrios is 1,765 miles.
HAITI.
The Cuban sugar companies employing HAITIAN LABORERS
in their plantations in Cuba have been invited by the Hatian depart-
ment of the interior to keep a list of all the men engaged by their
agents in Haiti and to send it to the consul of Haiti at Santiago.
An EXPERIMENTAL FARM has been established at Thor,
commune of Port au Prince, by the Government. A number of
boarder students, whose expenses are paid by the department of
state, are already attending the agricultural courses given at the
farm, and a circular has been sent by the Government to the munici-
palities throughout the country requesting them to send additional
students. The boarding rate is onlv Sll per month. The Haitian
Government is represented at the" PEACE CONFERENCE in the
French capital by M. Tertulien Guilbaud, the minister of Haiti at
Paris. Le Matin announces that an ASSOCIATION OF THE
HAITIAN PHYSICIANS will be organized shortly in Port au
Prince.
HONDURAS.
On January 6 last, according to ])ress reports, the national congress
elected the following persons, respectively, first, second, and third
DESIGNATES TO THE PRESIDENCY of the Republic: Lie
Francisco J. Mejia, Dr. Nazario Soriano, and Gen. Leopoldo Cordova.
■ The President of the Republic has recognized the juridic entity
of the ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERS of Honduras and has
approved their by-laws. This organization was founded for the
purpose of encouraging and strengthening the bonds of fraternity,
mutual protection, and solidarity among Honduran engineers.
The budget of the MILITARY SCHOOL for the fiscal year 1918-19
amounts to 77,930 pesos.
MEXICO.
The BACTERIOLOGIC LABORATORY in the City of Mexico,
annexed to the superior l)oard of iiealth of the Mexican Government,
and which has for its object an active campaign against tu])erculosis
and other infectious and contagious diseases, is now in oijeration.
A SCIENTIFIC (COMMISSION composed of Carlos Uett,
Gudumond Hatty, and Mrs. Emilia D. Hatty has planned to leave
Copenhagen in the near future to study Mexican archaeology and
ethnology. The National Museum of Copenhagen is senchng with
GENERAL XOTES. 235
this commission an interesting collection of objects belonging to the
stone age to be })resented to the National Museum of Mexico.
On January 15 last a special SURTAX of 15 per cent of the respective
duties on all goods imported or exported by parcel post became
operative. Where other surtaxes are in force, such as the 2 per
cent port tax, they are to be calculated on the net amount of the
duties excluding the new surtax established under decree of January
7, 1919. Valuable ONYX fields are being developed in the moun-
tainous region adjoining the upper portion of the Tehuantepec River
valley and along the Toquisistlan River. The onyx lies close to the
surface and is said to be superior to that of Lower California. One
of the great difficulties in the development of these fields is the lack
of adequate transportation facilities. BEP^KEEPING is becom-
ing an important industry on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. A num-
ber of Americans are engaged in this industry and the apiaries in this
section of the country at the close of last year contained about 1,400
hives. Bees on the Isthmus are said to be practically free from disease
and the bee moth is unknown there. There is a })risk local demand
for the wax. and honey brings about 30 cents, gold, a pound. An
executive (k^creo of Januarv 9, 1919, extends indefinitely the EX-
EMPTION OF IMPORT blTIES on wagons, motor trucks, car-
riages, and aU other vehicles. Beginning with the first of the present
year the Mexican Government reestablished import duties on the fol-
lowing foodstuffs: Rice, 2^ cents, American currency, per kilo; lard,
5 cents: beans, oats, and potatoes, 1 cent: wheat and other flours,
2i cents: and sugar, 2^ cents. I^nmillod wheat and corn are exempt
from (hily.
XICARAGUA.
The Government of Nicaragua has sent Porfirio Solorzano to the
United States to study VETERINARY SCIENCE at Government
expense for a period of two years. On returning to Nicaragua
Senor Solorzano agrees to serve the State, in such place or places
as may be deemed expedient by the proper authorities, for a period
of at least two years. Senor Carlos A. Villanueva has been
appointed CHARGE D' AFFAIRES of Nicaragua near the French
Government in Paris. The Nicaraguan Government has granted
a TIMBER (CONCESSION to Manuel Gutierrez Pena, an American
citizen. The concession covers timber and other land boun(hHl by
the Coco or Wanks River and the Honduran frontier. The con-
cessionaire has not only the right to cut timber for export, but may
also extract rosin for shipment abroad. The Nicaraguan Govern-
ment is to receive 50 cents for each tree cut and exported. The
contract is for 49 years, and the right is given to transfer same or to
form a new company for the exploitation of the lands.
236 thp: tan American union.
PANAMA.
The Executive Power has coiitracted with Serrafina Barrera for
transporting the MAILS, inchiding parcel-post packages, to different
parts of the RepuhHc in vessels of the National Navigation and other
steamship lines now in operation or which may be established in
future. The national assembly has passed a law requiring live
CATTLE intended for consumption in the cities of Panama and
Colon to be officially weighed within 24 hours after their arrival
and imposing a tax of 0.50 balboa per head on cattle weighed and
slaughtered. In 1917 the IMPORTS OF MATCHES of Swedish
manufacture sold through Danish houses were valued at $27,000, as
compared with $32,000 for merchandise from the same source, sold
through German houses in 1915. The total imports of matches from
Sweden in 1915, 1916, and 1917, respectively, were $81,000, $35,000,
and $34,000. The imported matches used in Panama are safety
matches, which strike on the box. A recent report of the American
consul general in Panama is to the effect that the municipal authori-
ties of the City of Panama are considering plans for the construction
of a new, up-to-date ABBATOIR.
PARAGUAY.
According to the bureau of statistics of the Government of Par-
aguay covering the DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS of the third
quarter of 1918, there were 651 births and 337 deaths in Asuncion
during the period referred to. The disease causing the most deaths
was pneumonia, with a total of 29. The deaths of children under
2 years of age numbered 98, or nearly one-third of the entire num-
ber. Baltasar Bahario, a young Paraguan mechanic and indus-
trial ENGINEER, who has been studying in the Polytechnic Insti-
tute at Turin, was recently graduated with high honors from that
institution. The American consul at Asuncion states that the
RATES OF EXCHANGE between Argentine gold and Paraguayan
currency at specified times in 1917 were as follows, the figures repre-
senting the number of Paraguayan paper pesos required to buy one
Argentine gold peso: 38.4 in March, 31.22 in January, and 35 in
December. Early in 1918 the rate declined to 25 Paraguayan pesos
for 1 peso Argentine gold. The Government Conversion Office was
established early in 1916 to enable the Government to control the
rate of Paraguayan paper money. At the close of 1917 the conver-
sion office had 13,694,240 Paraguayan pesos and 2,000 Argentine
gold pesos for use in stabilizing commercial exchange of Paraguayan
money through either the sale or the purchase, as 'circumstances
require, at arbitrary rates fixed by the conversion office for that
purpose. In spitejof efforts to fix the rate of exchange, the paper
GENEIIAL NOTES. 237
currenc}' fiuctuated considerably durinu; tlic year. In Paraguay all
local expenses, wages of laborers, etc., are paid in Paraguayan
money regardless of the rate of exchange.
Alejandro O. Deustua. a menibei" of the faculty of the San Marcos
University and at one time minister of ])ublic instruction of the
Peruvian Government, has l)een apj)oiiite(l director of the XA-
TIOXAL LIBRARY in Lima. The president of the Rei)ublic lias
reorganized Ids (WBIXET as follows: Chairman of the cabinet and
minister of home government (Gobierno), Dr. German Aicnas; min-
ister of foreign relations. Dr. Arturo Garcia; minister of justice and
interior. Dr. Angel Gustavo Cornejo: minister of war and marine,
Gen. Juan M. Zuloaga; minister of fomento, Senor Manuel Virrelli;
and minister of finance, Senor Hector Escardo. The Commercial
Bulletin of the Mercantile American Bank of Peru has published an
article stating that for the past few months the Peruvian sugar
planters have been enjoying the advantages of two new markets —
namely, Ai-gentina and Mexico — but that after the Cuban sugar crop
is ofTered for sale it is believed that there will be a considerable fall
in prices hi these markets, and that the exports of Peruvian sugar to
the countries mentioned will be greatly curtailed. wShould this pre-
diction come true it will be necessary for Peru to find other markets
for its excess of sugar, which it is thought will ])e easy to do if tonnage
is available to transport this product to European markets.
SAIA'ADOR.
Senor Jorge Melendez and Dr. Alfonso Quinones Molina have been
elected, respectively, PRESIDEXT and Vice President of the Re-
public. The present session of the national assembly will certify the
election of these gentlemen. The constitution prescribes that the
President and Vice President of the Republic shall be Salvadoreans
by birth, shall be over .30 years of age, and shall not belong to the
ecclesiastical state. Under the name of S.VLVADOREAX WORK-
MEN'S UXIOX" (L'nion Obrera Salvadorena) a federation of work-
men's societies has been established in the Republic. This organiza-
tion proposes to labor for the improvement of the condition of work-
men, and to enter into agreements with workmen's societies in other
countries for the purpose of rendering practical organizations of this
kind, and in order to further the principles of solidarity and mutual
good will among workmen. The President of the Republic has
appointed Dr. Juan Francisco Paredes, a distinguished jurist, MIN-
ISTER of home government, fomento, and agriculture. Press
reports state that the section of RAILWAY between Cojutepecjue
and Santa Cruz Michapa is expected to })e completed by the end of
the present month.
238 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
URUGUAY.
The 1918 WOOL CLIP of Uruguay is estimated at 100, 000 bales
of about 1,000 pounds each. The wool is reported to be of an excep-
tionally fine quality and free from impurities. The shearing of the
1918 wool clip began early in October last, V)ut complete returns as
to the production will probabl}' not be available until some time dur-
ing the first part of the present year. — — While MANGANESE ores
are found in many parts of the Republic, many of the deposits are of
too low a grade to be worked commercially. One of the main de-
posits of this ore is situated near Zapucay C^reek, Department of
Rivera. This deposit consists of two hills of manganese ore, from
which it is estimated that 80,000,000 tons could be taken out by
open cuts. The ore assays, on an average, 34.8 j^er cent iron, 22.7
per cent manganese, 9 per cent silica, 0.03 per cent phosphorous, 0.05
per cent sulphur, and 33.42 per cent of other matter. The deposit is
about 75 miles from the Central Uruguay Railroad, and the lack of
adequate transportation facilities at present makes the working of
same commercially too difficult and expensive to produce a satisfac-
tory profit at the present time. This is true of the manganese deposit
at Caraguata, department of Tacuarembo. The Carrasco deposit on
the coast near Montevideo is being worked on a small scale. The
Pantanoso deposit in the iminediate vicinity of Montevideo is being
worked by an Argentine com.pany, ami the output exported to
Argentina for use in glass factories. A decree of September 23, 1918,
prescribes that manganese ores from LTUguayan mines are not in-
cluded m the export restriction contamed in the law of June 5,
1915. The ARGENTINE-URUGUAYAN BANK in Buenos
Aires is authorized by its by-laws to increase its capital to a maximum
of 50,000,000 pesos.
VENEZUELA.
According to figures furnished by the American minister in Caracas,
three-fourths of the total IMPORTS of Venezuela in the first half of
1918 and two-thirds of the imports of 1917 came from the United
States. More than half of the exports of Venezuela at the present
time go to the Ignited States. On November 16, 1918, the
MIRANDA HOSPITAL for the use of maimed and wounded soldiers,
was opened in Paris. The money for the founding of this hospital
was obtained by the Red Cross in Caracas, and its upkeep is to be
maintained out of funds donated by Venezuelans. A recent
Executive decree orders the printing in Spanish and English of two
editions of BOLIVAR'S CELEBRATED INAUGURAL ADDRESS
bclore the Angostura Congress, the first centenary of which occurred
on Fehriiarv 15, 1919.
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BOOK NOTES
[Publioalions recoivod in the Colunilnis Memorial I>il)nxry during January, 1919.]
ARGENTINE KEPUBLIC.
Bosquejo historifo de la universidad de Cordoba con un apendice de documentos.
Por Juan M. Garro. Buenos Aires, Imp. y liit. de M. Biednia, 1882. front.
540 p. 4°.
Cantos escolares recopilados y arreglados con acom]ianamiento de piano. Por (labriel
Diez. Tomos 1-6. Buenos Aires, Angel Estrada, no date. 8°.
I.a f-risis de la pubertad y sus eonsecuencias pedagogicas. Por Victor Mercante.
Buenos Aires, Cabaut y Cia., Editores, 1918. xi, 437 ]). 8°.
Estadisticaagricola. Afio agricola 1916-1917. Ministerio de agricultura de la Repvi-
blica Argentina. Buenos Aires, Talleras graficos del Ministerio de agricultura,
1917. 230 p. 8°.
Memoria del consejo directivo. Correspond iente al segunda ejercicio, terminado el 15
de noviembre de 1918. Asamblea general de delegados. Confederacion argen-
tina del comercio, de la industria y de la produccion. Diciembre 11 de 1918.
Buenos Aires, Imp. Escoffier, Caracciolo y Cia., 1918. 18 (1) p. 4°. (Estudio
de problemas nacionales No. 4.)
Piiginas dispersas. Escritos y discursos. Por Juan M. Garro. Buenos Aires, Estab.
Tip. de J. Weiss y Preusche, 1916. 310 (1) p. 12°.
Turbinas de vapor. Resumen de las conferencias dadas sobre este tema en el curso
de construccion de maquinas de la facultad de ciencias exacta.s, fisicas y naturales
de Buenos Aires. Por Eduardo Latzina. Buenos Aires, Centro Estudiantes de
Ingenieria, 1918. 82 (2) p. 8°.
BOLIVIA.
Apendice a la memoria presentada a la legislatura de 1918. (Seccion fomento.)
Ministerio de gobierno y lomento. La Paz, Imp. Artistica, 1918. fold, tables,
maps. 150 p. 8°.
BRAZIL.
Ceremonial da presidencia. Notas sobre o cerimonial e o regimento da presidencia
da Repiiblica, colligidas por Helio Lobo e Thiers Fleming, respectivamente secre-
tario da presidencia e sub-chefe do estado maior, na administra^ao Wenceslau Braz
(1914-1918). Rio de Janeiro, Imprensa Nacional, 1918. 65 (1) p. 8°.
CoUecgao das leis do Estado de Goyaz. Rio de Janeiro & Goyaz. Tomos 1-23, 1892-
1916. 7 vols. 8°.
Homenagem a Inglaterra. Collectanea de publicafoes relativas ao grande festival
realizado do Teatro Lyrico do Rio de Janeiro em 5 de agosto de 1917. Liga Bar-
sileira pelos alliados. Rio de Janeiro, Typ. do Jornal do Commercio, 1918. ]>ls.
68 p. 4°. (Text in Portuguese and English.)
Mensagem dirigida a assemblea legislativa de Sergipe pelo presidente do estado . . .
1916, 1917, 1918. Aracaju, Impren.sa Official, 1916-1918. 4°. 3 pamps.
Revista do Institute geographico e historico da Bahia. 1918 (1° e 2° semestres).
Anno XXV, No. 44. Bahia, Imprensa Official do Estado, 1918. 400 (1) p. 8°.
Revista trimensal do Institute) do Ceara Sob a direcf;ao do Barao de Studart. Tomo
XXXII-Anno XXXII, 1918. Fontaleza, Typ. Minerva, 1918. 401 (2) p. 8°.
COLUMBIA.
Constitution. American chamber of commerce of Colonibia. .\do])ted November 30,
1918. Barranquilla, Talleres Lopez, 1918. lip. 8°.
240
BOOK NOTES. 241
Kscritura y estatutos de la coiupaiiia. Compaiiia telelonica de Medellin. Medellin,
Tip. del Comercio, 1914. 35 p. 12°.
La tradicion. Tesis presentada por Genaro A. Muiioz O. para optar el titulo de doctor
en derecho y ciencias! political. Popayan, Imp. del Depto., 1918. 62 p. 8°.
T.os ultiino.s \'irreye.s de Nueva Granada. Relacion de Mando del Virrey Don Fran-
cisco Miintalvo y noticias del Virrey Samano sobre la perdida del reino (1803-
1819). Madrid. Sociedad Espafidla de Libreria, ni> date. 226 (5) p. 8°.
Colecciun legi.slati\a. Leye.^, decretos y resoluciones de 1° de jiilio a 31 de agostd de
1913. Volumen 41. Habana, Imprenta y papeleria de Rambla, Bouza y Cia.,
1918. 902 p. 8°.
Discurso pronunciado por el Dr. Antonio S. de Bustamente en la universidad naoional
en el acto de la entrega de la bandera donada a la universidad por el club rotario
de la Habana, el 10 de octubre de 1918. Habana, Imprenta y papeleria de
Rambla, Bouza y Cia., 1918. front, port. 19 p. 8°.
Memoria leida por el Lcdo. Jose Cabarrocas Horta. Fiscal del tribunal supremo en el
acto de la solemne apertura de los tribunales el dia 2 de septiembre de 1918.
Habana, Imp. "Cervantes," 1918. 56 (6) p. 8°.
Obras de la Avellaneda. [Por G. G. de Avellaneda.] Edicion nacional del cen-
tenario. Tomos 2-3. Habana, Imprenta de Aurelio Miranda, 1914. 4°. 2 v.
Practicas parlamentarias. Las asambleas legislativas. Tomo 3. [Por] Vicente Pardo
Suai-ez. Habana, Imprenta y papeleria de Rambla, Bouza y Cia., 1918. 236 }).
12°.
Seccion de estadistica. Comercio exterior. Segundo semestre del aiio calendario de
1917 y ano de 1917. Secretaria de Hacienda. Habana, Imprenta "La Propa-
gandista," 1918. diagrs. fold, tables, xix, 373 p. 4°.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Cuadro de asignaturas y programas de la seccion de estudios secundarios comunes.
Servicio nacional de instruccion publica. Santo Domingo, J. R. Vda. Garcia,
1918. 283 p. 4°.
Cuadro de asignaturas y programas de la seccion de ciencias fisicas y matematicas
de los estudios secundarios. Servicio nacional de instruccion publica. Santo
Domingo, J. R. Vda. Garcia, 1918. 108 p. 4°.
Memoria de la secretaria de estado de agricultura e inmigracion. (Del 1° de enero,
1916, al 1° de julio, 1918.) Santo Domingo, Tip. El Progreso, 1918. 31 p. 4°.
Manifesto de la junta patriotica nacional con motivo de la muerte del ilmo. y rdmo.
seilor doctor Don Federico Gonzales Suarez. Quito, Imprenta de la Universidad
Central, 1918. 30 p. 8°.
Memoria de la Camara de comercio y agricultura de Guayaquil. Correspond iente al
ano 1917. Guayaquil. Imprenta de E. A. Uzcategui, 1918. 72 p. 8°.
GUATEMALA.
Conferencias sobre la civilizacion de los Mayas y las ruinas de Copiin. Por el Dr.
Atilio Peccorini. San Salvador, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. frouts. ports, pis.
48 p'. 8°.
HAITI.
Bulletin des lois et actes — annee 1917. Departement de I'interieur. Port-au-Prince,
Imp. Xationale, 1918. 193 p. 8°.
Rapport de M. Louis Borno, Secretaire d'etat des Relations exterieures. Tomo l".
Xegociations diverses; reclamations et litiges diplomatiques, 1916. Port-au-
Prince, Imp. Xationale, 1918. 505 p. 4°.
242 TITE PAN AMEETCAN UNION.
MEXICO.
Directorio de los principales manufactureros y productores de materiales primas do
Mexico. Noviembre de 1918. Mexico, Depto. de aprovisionamientos generales.
Direccion de talleres graficos, 1918. 98 p. 8"".
Escuela particidar de agricultura de La Playa. Escobar Hermanos. 0. Juarez.
14 p. 12°.
Los pagos y la moneda de papel, ante los principios del derecho. Tesis presentada
per el estudiante Mario Somohano Flores en su exanien profesional para optar al
grado de licenciado en la facultad de jurisprudenciu. Merida, Yiicalan, Mexico,
1918. 95 p. 8°.
12 de octubrc de 1917. Kiesla de la raza. Pit-zas liteiarias pronunciadas en la cere-
monia con que la Universidad nacional de Mexico celebro el ODXXV aniver-
sario del descubrimient-o de America. Mexico, InijMenta de la Secretaria de
Gobernacion, 1917, IVoiif. porl. illus. map. 1:^4 p. 8°. (Signed by Adolfo
Decent is (J.]
NICARAGUA.
Discurso del representante del gobierno Ur. Dn. David Arellano, en la festividad del
dia de la paz. Managua, Tip. Nacional, 1918. 10 p. 8°.
Mensaje del sr. presidente de la republica, Oral. Dn. Emiliano Chamorro, al Congreso
nacional en sesiones ordinarias 15 de diciembre de 1918. Managua, Tip. Na-
cional, 1918. 34 p. 8°.
PANAMA.
Memorla que el secretario de estado en el despacho de instruccion piiblica presenta
a la asamblea nacional de 1918. Panama, Tip. "El Istmo," 1918. xxiv, 592
p. 8°.
PARAGUAY.
Discurso-programa (1(4 exmo. senor ])residen1e de la I'eiuiMica Dr. Don Manu(4
Franco y otros docuin(Mit,os relativos a la transmis8i(')n del mando. Asunci('»n,
Agosto de 191 (i. Asunci(')n, Talleres graficos del Estado, 1916. front. 27 p. 8°.
El instituto Paraguayo y su representaciini en el congreso Panamericano de Wash-
ington. Asuncion, Imprenta La Mundial, 1917. 19 p. 8°.
Memoria de la intendencia municipal correspondiente al ejercicio 1917. Asuncion,
Talleres graficos del Estado, 1918. maps. 117 p. 8°.
Paraguay-Bolivia. Cuestion de limites. Conferencias dadas por el Doctor Manuel
Dominguez. Asunci(m, Talleres graficos del Estado, 1917. maps. 41, (1) p. 8°.
Paraguay-Bolivia. (niesti(3n de limites. El derecho de descubrir y conqnistar el
Paraguay o Rio de la Plata. Ruina de la 2" tesis Boliviana. (2'' conferencia del
Dr. Manuel Dominguez.) Asunci(')n, Talleres graficos del Estado, 1918. maps.
'M) p. 8°.
PERU.
("ritica de las dis])(jsici()n('s d(4 (•('xligo de comercio del Peru sobre averias. Tesis
para el grado de doctor de jurisprudencia. Por .]os(' Maiuid l^odn'gucz y l\Ion-
toya. Lima, Lit. y Imp. T. Scheuch, 1918. 76 ]). 8°.
.\icmori;i, . . . d(4 ministro de justicia, instrucci(')n, culto y benelicencia. Tomn
1. Lini;i, "La ()pini(')n Nacional," 1917. fold, tables. Ixxxviii, 368 ]). 8°.
Necesidad de uniformar la legislacion universal de comercio sobre averias gruesas y
las reglas de york y amberes. Tesis para optar el grado de bachiller en la facultad
de jurisprudencia. Por Jose M. Ro(higuez y Montoya. Lima, Lit. y Tip. T.
Scheuch, 1916. 38, (1) p. 8°.
Plan de educacion y disposiciones relativas al mismo. [Ministerio de instrucci()n
publica.] no imprint. [1916.] 43 p. 8°.
PUin de estudios y programas para los colegios. Direcci(')n general de instriiccii'm
pul)li(;i. Lima, "La ()pini(')ii Xacional," 19b8. 135 p. 8°.
BOOK NOTES, 248
Presupuesto aclminisirutivo de insliucciun primariii para el afio 1!)18. [Ministerio
de instruccion publica.] Lima, "La Opinion Nacional," 1918. 222, (1) p. 4°.
Presupuestos de los colegios nacionales de la republica para el afio economico de 1918
a 1919. Ministerio de justicia, instruccion, culto y beneficencia. Lima, "La
Opinion Nacional," 1918. 335 p. 8°.
Reglamento de la escuela normal de preceptores. Ministerio de instruccion piiljlica.
Lima, Imprenta Peruana, 1916. 54 p. 8°.
Reglamento de la escuela normal de preceptoras de Lima. Direccion general de ins-
truccion publica. Lima, Imprenta de E. Z. Casanova, 1916. 39 p. 12°.
SALVADOR.
Anuario de legislacion de la repul.»lica de El Salvador 1916. Coleccion de leyes
emitidas por el poder legislativo seguida de un indice de materias, ])or orden
cronologico y de otro por orden alfabetico. Ministerio de justicia. San Salva-
dor, Imprenta Nacional, 1917. 188 p. 8°.
Aritmetica recreativa i)ara nines. San Salvador. Imprenta Nacional, 1915. xi,
152 p. 12°.
Cartilla consular. Escrita para ubo de las personas que se dedican a la carrera consular
y en especial para los senores consules Salvadoreiaos. Por Abraham Ramirez
Peiia. Primera edicion. San Salvador, Imprenta Nacional, 1916. 369 p. 8°.
Codigo de instruccion criminal de la republica de El Salvador. Edicion que com-
prende todas las reformas decretadas desde el afio 1 904 hasta 1917. Arregladapor
el doctor don Rafael B. Colinch-es. San Salvador, Imprenta "Arevalo," 1917.
iii, 210 p. 12°.
Codigo de procedimientos civiles de la republica de El Salvador. Nueva edicion en
la que se ban intercalado las reformas decretadas hasta 1916. Arreglada por el
Dr. DonBelarminoSuarez. San Salvador, Tip. La Union, 1916. vi, 233 p. 8°.
Coleccion de cantos escolares. No imprint, no date. 16 p. 4°.
Comentarios sobre instruccion civica y moral practica y social. Por el Dr. l)a\i(l ,1.
Guzman. 1"^ edicion (propiedad del gobierno de EI Salvador). Revisada y
corregida. San Salvador, Imprenta Nacional, 1914. xxi, 318, (1) p. 8°.
Cm'so elemental de historia de la lengua espafiola. Precedido de las nociones indis-
pensables de filologia clasicay etnologia lingiiistica. Por Santiago 1. Barberena.
San Salvador, Imprenta Nacional, 1901. xi, 229 p. 8°.
Division territorial-administrativa de El Salvador en 1916. Direccion general de
estadistica. San Salvador, Imprenta Nacional, 1917. 28 p. 8°.
Escritos. Articulos escogidos del presbitero Dr. Don Juan Bertis. Samuel C. Daw-
son, Editor. San Salvador, Imprenta "La Republica,'' viii. 197, (2) p. 8°.
Himno a la bandera Salvadoreiia. Letra de Francisco Davidia. Miisica de G. Jesiis
Alas. San Salvador, Imp. Nacional, 1917. 4 p. 4°.
Himno nacional de El Salvador. Letra de Juan J. Canas. Miisica fie Juan Al)erle.
San Salvador, Imp. Nacional, 1917. 7 p. 4°.
Historia moderna de El Salvador. [Por] Francisco Gavidia. San Salvador, Imj).
Melendez, 1917. vi, 242 p. 8°.
Historia moderna de El Salvador. Tomo 3. 195 p. 8°. 1918.
Historia de EI Salvador. Tomo 2. Epoca colonial. Por el Dr. Santiago I. Barbe-
rena . . . San Salvador, Imprenta Nacional, 1917. 457 p. 8°.
Informe de los trabajos de la contaduria municipal de la republica en 1917. Enero
10 de 1918. San Salvador, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. 82 p. 8°.
Memoria de gobernacion, fomento y agricultura correspondiente al afio de 1917. San
Salvador, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. 29 p. 4°.
Memoria de la instruccion publica. 1909-1910, 1910-1911, 1911-1912 y 1917. San
Salvador. 3 pamphlets. 1 v. 8°.
244 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Memoria de hacienda y credito publico. Correspondiente al afio de 1915. San Sal-
vador, Imprenta Nadonal, 1915. 323 p. 4°.
Memoria del ministro de guerra y marina. 1910, 1911, 1912. 1917. San Salvador.
4 pamphlets. 8°.
Nociones de historia del Salvador, precedidas de iin resumen de hisloria universal.
Escritas por Rafael Reyes. Barcelona, Jose Casamajo, 1910. 399 p. 8°.
Obras de Francisco Gavidia. Poemas y teatro lirico. Parte 1 — Libro de los azahares.
Poesias. San Salvador, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. xv, 498 p. 4°.
Plan escolar de educacion primaria. [Ministerio de instruccicui publica.] San Sal-
vador, Imprenta Nacional, 1906. 7) ]). S°.
Prontuario de elocucion, estilo, declamacion y elocuencia. \'ade-mecum del orador
Salvadoreno. Filosofia del arte oratorio por el Dr. David J. Guzman. San Sal-
vador, Imprenta Nacional, 1915. pis. 202 p. 8°.
Publicacion de la direccion general de agricultura. No. 1. Selecci(')n de las semillas
del maiz. No. 2. Cultivo y beneficio del tabaco. No. 3. Cultivo del algodon.
No. 4. Cultivo de la papa. 4 pamphlets. 8°.
Recopilaciones relativas al ramo consular Salvadoreno. Ministerio de relaciones
exteriores. San Salvador, Imprenta Nacional, 1915. 88 p. 8°.
Reglamento de abastos piiblicos. (Emitido en decreto del ejecutivo del 18 de abril
de 1902, y reformado por el de 7 de septiembre de 1904. San Salvador, Imp.
Nacional, 1905. 12 p. 12°.
Reglamento interior del consejo superior de salubridad. San Salvador, Imp. Na-
° clonal, 1914. 15 p. 12°.
Relations between the United States of America and El Salvador. A special survey
prepared by Seiior Carlos Melendez. "Washington, Pan American Union, 1918.
front, port. 20 p. 8°.
Repertorio de legislacion 6 coleccion de leyes. 1911 [y] 1912. San Salvador. 8°.
2 vols.
Tarifa de aforos. Para el cobro de los derechos fiscales sobre importacion y exportacion
de mercaderias en las aduanas de la repiiblica de El Salvador. San Salvador,
Imprenta Nacional, 1915. 322 p. 8°.
UNITED STATES.
Annual report of the chief of bureau of Foreign and domestic commerce to the Secre-
tary of commerce for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1918. Washington, G. P. O.,
1918. 93 p. 8°.
Annual report of the director of the census to the Secretary of commerce for the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1918. Washington. G. P. O.. 1918. 28 p. 8°.
Annual report of the governor of the Panama Canal for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1918. Washington, G. P. O., 1918. 392 p. 8°.
Annual report of the surgeon general of the public health service of the United States
for the fiscal year 1918. Washington, G. P. O., 1918. 373 p. 8°.
A Central-American bank for Chicago. By Jules F. Brower. 7 p. 12°.
Una comparacion de los records verificados de la produccion de mantequilla hechos
por las diferentes razas de ganado lechero. Brattleboro, Vt., The Ilolstein-
Friesian Association of America, 1918. illus. 28 p. 8°.
A creditor country. George E. Roberts. An address before the Investment Bankers'
Association of America at Atlantic City, N. J., December 10, 1918. 18 p. 8°.
Ye crown coffee house. A story of old Boston. By Walter K. Watkins. Boston,
Fidelity Trust Company, 1917. front, illus. 59 p. 8°.
Digesto del acta de la reserva federal de los Estados Unidos. (Carta organica banca-
ria.) Aprobada por el Hon. Congreso con fecha diciembre 23 de 1913 con modifi-
caciones hasta el 21 de junio de 1917. Buenos Aires. 1918. 60, (16) p. 12°.
BOOK NOTES. 245
Directorio Hispano-Americano y gui'a dc comprarlores en Estados Unidos. Publicado
por la Spanish-American directory co.. jwr el Prof. J. Acevedo J. Contiene listas
clasificadas en Espanol. de articulos y productos de E^tados Unidos especialmente
adaptados para la exi)ortaci(3n, con sus equivalentes en Ingles. Portugues y
Frances, y listas de sus principales fabricantes interesados en la cxportacion.
191S-1919. New York, front, illus. 550 (3) p. 4°.
Export trade combinations. Permitted by the "Webb law approved April 10. 191S.
New York. Guaranty Trust Co.. 1918. 40 p. 12°.
Facilities offered to American and foreign banking institutions and im])orters.
Foreign department Guaranty Trust company of New York, 1918. 10 p. 12°.
Free zones in ports of the United States. Letter from the United States tariff com-
mission transmittin<r in compliance with the request of the Senate committee
on commerce a report upon the policy of establishing free zones in ports of the
United States, together with an analysis and comment concerning the bill
(S. 4153) to provide for the establishment, operation and maintenance of free
zones in the ports of the United States, and for other purposes. \\^ashington,
G. P. O., 1918. 92 p. 4°. (Senate committee print, 65. cong. 2nd sess.)
A handbook of American private schools. An annual publication, 1918. Boston,
Porter E. Sargent, 1918. 711 p. 8°. Price $2.50.
Journal d'une Frang-aise en Amerique (septembre 191(3-juin 1917). Par E. Altier.
Paris. Librairie Plon. 1917. 352 p. 12°.
Kutenai tales. By Franz Boas. Together with texts collected by Alexander Francis
Chamberlain." Washington. G. P. O., 1918. xii, 387 p. 8°. (Bureau of Ameri-
can Ethnology. Bulletin No. 59.)
Mensagens, allocufoes e discursos do Presidente Wilson concernentes a guerra actual
com um prologo e traducfao de Jose Carlos Rodriguez. Rio de Janeiro, Jacintho
Ribeiro dos Santos, 1918. front, port. 149 (1) p. 8°.
En la metropoli del dollar. Por J. Lara. New York, The Spanish-American Pub-
lishing Co., 1918. illus. 188 (4) p. 8°. Price $1.50.
Notes sur les Etats-Unis. La societe; la politique; la diplomatic. Par Andre Tardieu.
Paris. Calmann-Levy. Editeurs, [1908]. 381 p. 12°.
Report of the governor of Porto Rico to the secretary of war 19LS. Washington,
G. P. 0., 1918. xviii, 760 p. 8°.
Report of the Librarian of Congress and report of the sui)erintendent of the library
building and grounds. For the fiscal year ending June 30. 1918. Washington,
G. P. O., 1918. front. 191 p. s°.
Taking stock of the future. Outlines of the plans of various foreign countries for
commercial reconstruction. New York, Guaranty Trust Company, 1918. 162 p.
12°.
World almanac and encyclopedia 1919. New York. The Press Publishing Co. (The
New York World), 1918. 196.944]). 8°. Price 35 cents.
URUGU.W.
Actas de comision de constitucion. (1916-1917.) H. Convencion N. Constituyente
de la republica Oriental del L'ruguay. Montevideo, Imprenta Nacional, 1918.
123 p. 4°.
Diario de sesiones de la h. convencion n. constituyente de la republica Oriental del
Uruguay. (1917.1 Tomo 3, sesiones del 6 de junio al 8 de agosto. Montevideo,
Imprenta Nacional. 1918. 529 p. 4°.
El pontifice del radicalismo. (Vida y milagros de un monje.* Doctor Darquier.
Montevideo. Imprenta Socialista. 1916. 15 p. 8°.
246 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
VENEZUKLA.
Leyes de la instruccion, Ministerio de instrucciun publica. Caracas, Imp. Nacional,
1915. vi, 121 p. 8°.
Primeras observaciones de fiebre recurrente eu San Cristobal. For el Doctor Carlos
J. Bello. y Doctor Hector Sanchez B. San Cristobal, Emp. Horizontes, 1918.
9 p. 8°.
MISCELLANEOUS.
El ahnirante Don Manuel Blanco Encalada. Correspond encia de Blanco Encalada
y otras Chilenos eminentes con el libertador. Benjamin Vicuna Mackenna.
Madrid, Sociedad Espanola de Libreria, no date. 222 p. 8°.
Archive general de indias. Catalogo— cuadro general de la documentacion— centro
oficial de estudios americanistas. For Fedro Torres Lanzas y German Latorre.
Sevilla, Tip. Zarzuela, 1918. 165 p. 8°.
Colonial reports— Annual. No. 976. British Guiana. Report for 1917. Presented
to parliament by command of his Majesty. London, Published by his
Majesty's stationery office, 1918. 16}). 8°. Frice2d.net.
Commercial Spanish. By C. F. McHale. iioston, D. C. Heath d- Co., Publishers,
1918. front, map. illus. ix, 322 p. 8°.
Fabulas y cuentos. A Spanish reader. Edited by Clifford G. Allen. Yonkers-on-
Hudson, New York, World Book Co., 1918. front, illus. vii, 180 p. 8°.
Price 88 cents.
La guerra ante la historia y la ciencia. Los derechos de Italia. La liga de las na-
ciones para el derecho y la civilizaciun. Las Americas ante el conflicto Europeo.
La obra jjatriotica de las colectividades de los aliados en el continente Latino
Americano. [For] Einico Ficcione. Santiago de Chile, Imprenta y enc. Antigua
Inglesa, 1917. illus. 416 p. 4°.
Himno de la raza. Dedicado a Espana y a las repiiblicas Latino-Americanas. En
conmemoracion del descubrimiento de America. I^etra por Francisco Quer de
Barcelo. Musica por S. Spada. Arreglo por A. G. Alfonso. Los Angeles,
Editado por la "Asociacion Hispanoamericana," 1918. 5 p. 4°.
Impresiones de viaje. [PorJ N. Bolet Feraza. New York, Las Novedades, 1906.
front, port, viii, 173 ]). 8°.
Jungle peace. By William Beebe. New York, Henry Holt and co., I'.tlS. front,
pis. 297 (8) p. 8°. Price $1.75.
Meeting of the International labor conference at Laredo, Texas. November 13, 1918.
104 pages, typewritten. (Stenographic minutes.)
Metodo de lengua francesa. For D. Jesus Guzman y Martinez. Madrid, Imp. de
Gabriel Lopez del Ilorno, 1916. 224 p. 8°.
Pan-American poems. An anthology. Compiled by ,\gnes Blake Poor. Boston
The Gorham Press, 1918. 80 p. 8°.
Vida del libertador Simon Bolivar. Edicion modernizada. [PorJ Felipe Larrazabal.
Con prologo y notas de R. Blanco-Fombona. Tomo 1. Madrid, Sociedad
Espaiiola de Libreria, no date, front, port. map. Ixv, 486 p. 8°.
The weights and measures of Latin America. By Frederick A. Halsey. To be pre-
sented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
29 West 39th St. New York. December 3 to 0, 1918. 34 p. 8°.
MAPS.
Mappa do estado de Sergipe e da parte nordeste do estado da Bahia. Pelo engenheiro
Ralph H. Soper. Topographia segundo as observagoes de R.' H. Soper e do
mappa parcial do estado da Bahia. Julho de 1914. Escala 1 : 1,000,000. Size
20^ by 24^ inches. [Miuiaterio da via^ao e obras publicas. Inspectoria de obras
coulra as seccas. Publicafilo No. 35. Serie I-G.]
BOOK .NO IKS. 247
Mappa jjarcial do t'-sUulu da Bahia. Orgaiiizado wob a direc(;ao do cngenheiru (iuilherme
Lane, chefe topografo, pelo engenheiro Roberto Miller, segundo os trabalhos dos
engeuheiros Henrique Pyles, Virgilio Pinheiro, G. T. Peekema, Otto Lofgren e
Roberto Miller. Outubre de 1913. Escala 1 : 500,000. Rio de Janeiro, Hart-
mann-Reichenbach, 1913. Size 30 by 31 inches. [Ministerio da viagao e obras
publicas. Inspectoria de obras contra as seccas. Publicacao No. 29. Serie
Mappa do estado de Pernambuco. Julio de 1915. Organizado sob a direc(;ao do enge-
nheiro Guilherme Lane, chefe topographo, pelo engenheiro Roberto Miller,
segundo os trabalhos dos engenheiro Virgilio Pinheiro, G. T. Peekema, Guilherme
Lane, Roberto Miller e Henrique Pyles. Escala 1 : 500,000. Rio de Janeiro,
Hartmann-Reichenbach, 1915. Size 20 by 58 inches. [Ministerio da viagao e
obras publicas. Inspectoria de obras contra as seccas. Publicayao No. 42.
Serie I G.] •
Mappa parcial do estado do Piauhy. Pelo engenheiro Horatio L. Small. Escala
1 : 1,000,000. Size 16 by 34 inches. 1914. [Ministerio da viayao e obras publicas.
Inspectoria de obras contra as seccas. Publicacao No. 33. Serie I-G.]
Mappa do estado de Alagoas. Junho de 1917. Organizado pelos engenheiro Giulherme
Lane, chefe topographo, ad dido, e Virgilio Pinheiro, conductor de la classe.
segundo sens trabalhos de campo. Escalal : 500,000. Size 16 by 28 inches.
[Publicagao No. 44. Ministerio da viacao e obras publicas. Inspectoria de
obras contra as seccas.]
Mapi^a do estado da Parahylia. Organizado sob a direccilo do engenheiro Guilherme
Lane, chefe topographo, pelo engenheiro Roberto Miller, segundo os trabalhos dos
engenheiros Henrique Pyles, Virgilio Pinheiro, G. T. Peekema, Otto Lofgren e
Roberto Miller. Escala 1 : 500,000. Rio de Janeiro, Hartmann-Reichenbach.
Size 21 by 36J inches. [Ministerio da viacao e obras publicas. Inspectoria de
obras contra as seccas. PubUcafao No. 30, Serie I-G.]
PERIODICALS.
(Not luTi'toforo listed.]
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Atlantida. Buenos Aires. Monthly.
Boletiu de la Hiblioteca "Americ'a" de la I'uiveri^idad de Santiago de Compostela
Buenos Aires. Monthly.
Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires. ANeekly.
La Electricidad y la Maquinaria. Buenos Aires. Moiilhly.
Idea Nacional. Buenos Aires. Daily.
La Nota. Buenos Aires. Weekly.
Nuestra America. Buenos Aires. Monthly.
La Patria DegU Italiani. Buenos Aires. Daily.
Revista de Bancos, vSeguros, Comercio y Navegacion. Buenos Aires. Semimonthly.
Revista Zootecnica. Buenos Aires. Monthly.
El Tan-Tan. Buenos Aires. Weekly.
BOLIVI.\.
Bnleti'n y ('atalogo del Archivo General de la Naciuii. Sucre. Monthly.
El Industrial. Oruro. Daily.
Revista de Aduanas de Bolivia. La Paz. Monthly.
Boletim Bibliographic •() da Bibliotheca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro.
Quarterly.
Folha do Littoral. Camocim. Daily.
248
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
A Gazeta da Bolsa. Rio de Janeiro. Weekly.
() Nordeste. Rio Grande do Norte. Daily.
Rebate. Oeara. Daily.
CHILE.
La Provincia. Iquique. Daily.
Revista de Gobierno Local. Santiago de Chile. Monthly.
COLOMBIA.
Boletin Esladistica. Medelli'n. Monthly.
Boletm de la Libreria Ooloml)iana. Bogota. Monthly.
Boletin de Medicina e Higiene. Barranqnilla. Monthly.
El Colombiano. Medelli'n. Daily.
Registro Municipal. Bogota. Irregular.
Sur America. Bogota. Irregular.
COSTA RICA.
Lecturas. San Jose. Weekly.
ECUADOR.
La Francia. Guayaquil. Weekly.
MEXICO.
Ideas. Merida. AVeekly.
Mujer Moderna. Mexico, D. F. Monthly.
Patriay Hogar. Mexico, D. F. Daily.
Revista del Ejercito y Marina. Mexico, D. F. Monthly
NICARAGUA.
Boletin Agricola. Managua. Monthly.
El Centroamericano. Leon. Daily.
SALVADOR.
Alba. San Salvador. Monthly.
URUGUAY.
Sintesis Esladistica. Monlevideo. Monthly.
-Uf
j:m'irmr;^m7m?^^'f:r-:'^'':r'::'' 'i^ ""^^■;^py^n!il'>"'*?^jy^
DR. BALTASAR BRUM, PRESIDENT OF URUGUAY.
equal..! u '' 7';;1 '" !( ' ' , ' f ^,,^' ^ ;V I iH-.^.^n-r of l.n.l,,, „l I,awsml908.
Upoiif;mclN;ilin ihci nail •'■''\V' '7 \\ ;;;''',,,,,,, ,,,,,, .,,|,,,..,,i/, pari y, (Mmv(>ii(-.l to nanu' a can^
In 1910he wa- .WW..u^U,.u ^i' " ; // \ ' ! /tnn , ' i^.k^'nuu, of all Ih. ddOKates of the
date for tli. I'','' '''';,>■ ■,',, 111:; Dr. Hnun iK'amr Minister of i'nblic- Instruction
Republic of Uruguay.
VOL. XLVIII
MARCH, 1919
No. 3
LJMl DJto iJr IiIxihlAlj hf%l)
IIYEI CITIES
M
-VXY hours before we expected to see the shore of Grao
Para, the vessel was slowly plowing its way through the
tawny waters that had originally swept down from the
Brazilian mountains. We were really in the waters of
the Amazon, whose peaceful flood subdued even the waves of the
Atlantic and paved a friendly way through the ocean as a welcome
to the traveler. The waters through which we sailed bore the soil
and sands of Brazilian territory, and the extraordinary King of
Rivei-s thus carried them far out into the sea, wliich in turn deposited
them on the shores of other American nations, from tlie southern
coast of the Unite(l States on the north, down to the shores of Argen-
tina on the south, forming a fraternal bond between the nations of
our Western Hemisphere, a phenomenon of telluric emigi-ation well
described by the Brazilian writer, Euclydes da Cunha, in his literary
masterpiece, "A Margem da Historia."
As my mind dwelt (h'eamily on some of the liistorical events whicli
had taken place in the immense territory, such as the founding of
Belem by Francisco Caldeira Castello Branco; the occupation of the
Amazon basin by the gallant Pedro Teixeira, who defeated and
expelled the foreign invaders and then sailed up the Amazon to
carry the invincible Portuguese flag even to Quito; and various
other interesting scenes, some friends aroused me to call my atten-
tion to a bright wliite spot on tlie far-off horizon. vSlowly the spot
became larger, until we Anally distinguished the outlines of a small
sail. An hour later, much to the interest and satisfaction of all on
board, the little canoe reached the steamer, and it developed that
By J. de Siqueira Coutmho, of Pan American Union stafl
249
Court--sy of Fidanza Studio, Bolom, Para.
MONUMENT OF DR. MALCHER, BELEM, PARA.
This monument was erected to perpetuate the memory of the famous and kind-heatted physician, Dr.
Gama Malcher, and is situated in the beautiful square of Visconde de Rio Branco, in the busmess
section of the city. Stately and magnificent palms surround the monument and the square is embel-
lished by luxuriant vegetation.
O 3
252 THE PAK AMPmiCAN UNION.
with characteristic Brazilian boldness its mission was to deliver a
cable to the captain of our vessel, still over a hundred miles from
shore.
Some two hours later land could be discerned, ancl my joy and
enthusiasm reached their highest state when some of my Brazilian
and French co voyagers and friends surrounded me and bade me
welcome, by the reading of a beautiful little poem written especially
for the occasion by one of them, Mr. GahUno Lima. This touching
and appreciative welcome was l)ut another demonstration of char-
acteristic Brazilian hospitality.
After the lapse of another two hours we could distinguish Salinas,
the first Brazilian town to be seen ])y anyone who visits the Amazon
region by ocean steamer. Soon we would be in the river itself, that
''fresh-water sea" (Mar Doce), of which the great writer, Affonso
Celso, tells the story that a certain historical person once asked ''if
the ocean did not owe its existence to that river, and if indeed it
were any more than a receptacle to hold the water that the Aniazon
constantly poured into it."
As a matter of fact, the great Amazon basin covers an area five-
sixths as large as that of the continent of Europe. It is larger than
the basins of the Mississippi, tlie Rio de la Plata, and the Orinoco
combined, while the volume of water it discharges into the Atlantic
is five times as great as that of the Mississippi. The Amazon,
together with its system of tributaries, offers the world 40,000 miles
of fluvial navigation.
Late in the afternoon, a special pilot having come on board, our
vessel entered the Para River through a wide channel, on the right
bank of which and on a widening of the river known as Guajara Bay
lies the city of Belem. It is through this opening that a part of the
waters of the Amazon and of its tributary, the Tocantins, reach the
ocean.
We seemed now to be in a new world — a world still in formation.
"Men, there," says Euclydes da Cunha, "are still impertinent
intruders. They came without being expected or desired when
Nature was trying to build its largest and most gorgeous salon.
Everything is still in a magnificent disorder." The land that borders
on this stupendous volume of water is generally low and covered
with forests wliich sometimes touc-h the very water's edge. As
night slowly descended and shrouded the scene with its dark mantle
we could see the glimmer of lights in several j)laces we passed,
marking such summer resorts as Mosqueiro and Chapeu Virado.
Our vessel at last cast anchor, and toward the south, quite a distance
away, we saw the diff'used light of a large city, the city of Belem,
metropolis of the Amazon, destined in the course of time to grow
into one of the world's greatest ports, perhaps the greatest port of the
. studio, Belem, Para.
ONE OF THE HOTELS OF BELEM, PARA.
This picture shows one of the largest hotels of Belom, where the traveler finds every comfort. In the
late afternoon and evening the tables on the terraces of the hotel are occupied bv'people of the best
societv of Para.
EXECUTIVE PALACE, BELEM, PARA.
This imposing structure was built in colonial times, and for more than half a centurv after the inde-
pendence of Brazil the government of the Amazon Basin was located in this palace. The building
has been remodeled several times, and its paintings and historical relics are worthv of a visit.
GLl.MPSES OF BRAZIL AXI) ITS ItlVKR CITIES. 255
Atlantic; for is not Bcleni at the liead of the greatest river system
of the world, at the entrance of the earth's largest river hasin, whoso
soil can l)e made to produce food enough to supply tlie luim.an race,
and with a geogra[)hical location tliat places it in (hrect toucli with
all the greatest centers of the woi-ld's commerce.
The city of Belem, capital of the State of Para, was founded in
1616 by Francisco Caldeira de Castello Branco. the captain general
who was sent from Maranhao to maintain Portuguese supremacy in
tlie Amazon valley, to establish forts, and to expel the French,
Dutch, and English invaders who were trying to settle in the country.
Soon after the erection of the first fortress. Pedro Teixcira. a bold
and intrepid officer, who subsequently became captain general,
succeeded in clearing the country of these foreigners. Here. too.
some years later. Portugal's greatest preacher. Father Antonio
Vieira, raised his eloquent voice in defense of the native tribes
against the colonists, and at the same time defended the rights of
Portugal against all other claimants.
Captain General Castello Branco. after an inspection of the country,
marked the site of the first fortress on the banks of the Guama River
where it flows into the Para River, this confluence forming what is
now known as Guajara Bay. Alternately built, destroyed and
rebuilt, the fort has weathered the ravages of time and still holds
a commanding view of the harbor of Belem. Close to it the first
inhabitants built their homes, and a short distance from the mihtary
settlement was erected the beautiful church of St. Alexander by
the Society of Jesus, commonly called the Jesuits.
As time passed the city grew, and the Portuguese Government
found it necessar\- to erect a commodious building for its adminis-
trative offices. The city soon became a center for the exportation
of colonial products, while from its shipyards were turned out mer-
chant vessels, as well as several warships for the Portuguese navy,
built from the excellent timber supplied by the Amazon forests.
Belem, a city of 200,000 inhabitants, offers to the traveler every
comfort and modern convenience, whether he be on a trip for pleasure
or for business. Besides the material comfort of the hotels, street
cars, and automobiles, its people are very hospitable, highly educated,
and refined. Its newspapers are very well edited, and the Historical
and Geographical Institute and Press Association of Para are sup-
ported by a large number of distinguished writers, archeologists.
historians, and geographers. Art also finds its admirers in Belem
among several artists, musicians, and composers of no mean ability.
The city has reason to be proud of its beautiful theater, its schools,
theMesericordia Hospital. Beneficencia Portuguesa, Portuguese Read-
ing Room, Goeldi Museum, and many other public buildings.
The boulevard of the Republic bordering on the ba\' makes a
magnificent promenade. Several picturesque streets and avenues,
THE VIRGIN FOREST OF THE AMAZON.
The vegetation of the Amazon section is very thick and composed of a great variety of plants. As
shown in the picture the forests are impenetrable and it is necessary to use a hatchet to cut a path.
258 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
shadowed by mango trees, lead into the residential section of the
city and from time to time widen into small parks, where the luxuriant
tropical vegetation and stately palm trees seem to have reclaimed
their natural forest home.
The harbor of Belem has: good facilities for loading and unloading
vessels of every description. At Valle de Cas, a short distance from
Belem, are excellent dry docks and facilities for making repairs.
Belem is a terminal for much of the river shipping and a stop
for the ocean boats carrying freight and jjassengers for Manaos
antl Iquitos. There are always hundreds of river boats, known
locally as gaiolas, in Belem harbor, and at times one may see several
large ocean-going steamers at the docks.
The Amazon River not only serves Brazil, but provides Iquitos,
Peru, with a water route to the Atlantic Ocean. The river was
officially opened by Brazil to international traffic in 1867, a fact
which is symbolized and perpetuated by the beautiful Amazon
monument erected at Manaos in the square of the Theatro do Ama-
zonas.
Agassiz lias said that the numl)er of distinct specits of iish found in
the Amazon River is twice as great as the ninn])er found in the Medi-
terranean Sea. The best known of the inhabitants of the Amazon
waters are the pirarucu fish, the river cow or goaraba, dogfish, turtles,
crocodiles, and many others. The forest along the river banks is the
home of many wild animals, such as several species of simians, the
leopard, the jaguar, the capivara (from whose fat the oil of capivara
is made), the paca, and the tapir. Flitting from tree to tree are
innumerable species of birds, the best known being the urubu, the
urubu-tinga, the tucan with the white or yellow beak, the parrot, the
macaw, the gallinae, the jurity, the beautiful guara (whose feathers
change with its age), and a large number of smaller birds with vari-
colored plumage.
Gliding through th(> forests several species of snakes go in quest of
their living. Butterfhcs fdl the air with their gorgeous and brilliant
colors, dodging in every direction and adding enchantment to this
paradise of the naturalist.
Hundreds of kinds of trees grow in the vast forests, affording
excellent cabinet woods and building material. Industrial and medi-
cinal plants abound. Palms, which have already been classified into
more than 400 species, grow everywhere. The beautiful mirity palm
and the assahy, from whose fruit tlie assahy drink is made, also grow
in abundance. The rubber tree, th(> cocoa tree, and many fruit trees
also grow along the banks of the Amazon.
A few hours aftcM- l(>a\'ing Belem we arrived at the niouth of the
Tocantins River and [)roceeded to sail through tlie Narrows of Breves,
which are of unsurpassed interest and beauty. We felt as if we were
literally in the heart of the forest. The branches of the trees were
Courtesy of I'hotograph'a Alli'ma, Manaos.
MONTALEGRE, A TOWN OF THE LOWER AMAZON.
This town has a picturesque location on the lianJ; of the Amazon.
■-' ' - - - — ^ '
CoUTtesy of Photoeraphia ,\llfn
THE BEACH AT SANTAREM.
'^"^Wtl?! finVheUh '''B'V.'"' "''?^n.l^e awakes early in the morning in Santarem, a beautiful little town
beonenfthparo^- , '^'^"^arem is situated at the mouth of the Tapajoz River, and in a few years will
oe one ol the great business centers of the lower Amazon.
FATHER AN'PONIO VIKRIA, S. .1.
Fathor Antonio Vioira, one of the greatest preachers of his time, spent his life in llie defense of the natives and the
rights of Portugal to the Basin of the Amazon. This picture reproduces llic excellent painting of Pr. Theodore
Braga, one of the leading artists of to-day
GLIMPSES OF BRAZIL AXD ITS RIVER CITIES. 261
const jiiitU' touching the bout, and as we sat on deck it seemed as
though we were miles away from civilization. Here and there the
tucans and macaws and birds both large and small were singing or
making a noise according to their musical instinct. \Mi.en we left
Breves we again floated out on the broad expanse of the Amazon,
which in many places resembles a lake rather than a river. On its
banks we could see the houses and huts of the rubber gatherers,
usually with a boat attached.
About two days after we left Belem we arrived at the attractive
town of Santarem, which commands the entrance of Tapajoz River,
and is the center of commerce of a large surrounding country. At
Santarem we saw a great many beautifully decorated receptacles
made of calabash shells, locally known as cuias. The making of these
calabash receptacles is an industry in which the natives have achieved
great skill.
The next stop was at Obidos, a small interesting town which was
formerly a fortress, and soon after we arrived at Parintins, the first
town of the State of Amazonas. A little further on we passed Itacoa-
tiara, the last port before Manaos. Here the river is banked by high
red rocks. This is the place where was found a most interesting
inscription that Col. Ramos, the famous Brazilian epigraphist, suc-
ceeded in deciphering.
All the towns we had passed on the voyage up the river enjoy a
strategic location on the trade routes of the Amazon, and as civiliza-
tion advances in its victory over the tropics they will grow to be large
and enterprising cities.
An interesting phenomenon on the Amazon River occurs at its
junction with the Rio Negro. At this point the two currents raise
a white bar of foam across the mouth of the Rio Negro. The black
waters of the Rio Negro may be seen on one side of the foam bar and
the blue waters of the Amazon, which beyond this point is known
as the Solimoes, are seen on the other. The waters do not mix, and
as the boat passes through the bar of foam its wake is marked by oil
spots.
As we proceeded up the Rio Negro we could see, glimmering at a
distance, the city of Manaos. The city is situated on a hill on the
summit of which stands the beautiful theater of the Amazon.
Manaos, a healthy and picturesque town, is indeed a dignified
princess of the Amazon. It is not a shrine where one goes to worship
the Omnipotent, as are some of the ancient towns of the Old World,
nor a sanctuary devoted to the sciences, as were man}' cities of the
Middle Ages, but it is a place where art in its most complex form —
the theater^ — is worshipped.
Under the direction of the energetic and clever executive, Dr.
Eduardo Ribeiro, captain of engineers, Manaos was completely
10905S— 19— Bull. ,3 2
(\Hni,.-> .,1 l'liMt.,-r:iphia Allema. Mani'io=.
SAN SABASTIAX CUURCH, MANAO.^'.
The San Saliastian clmrcli is located in the San Sabastian Square, where stands the famous theater of
the Amazon. On the right may be seen the monument commemorating the opening of the Amazon
to international traffic.
Covirtpsy of Photugraplua Alluiiifi. Man;'if)s.
AVKNIDA EDUARDO RIHEIRO, MANAOR.
The Avenida Eduardo Ribeiro is the principal thoroughfare of the city. It is a wjde street with good
buildings and many cafes.
Courtesy of Photographia AUema. Manaos.
THE FORUM OF MANAOS.
This buiklingjs the Palace of Justice, where the courts of the State meet regularly.
Courtesy of Photographia All
THE CUSTOMHOUSE AT MANAOS.
The customhouse at Manaos is located near the dock, and its appearance, different from'many of the
other public buildings, attracts the traveler's at tentior..
264
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
rel)uilt along the most modern lines. From a small town it was
made into a most progressive city with modern improvements, offer-
ing every comfort to her inhabitants and visitors; and excellent
facilities for trade and commerce. Manaos of to-day is the great
commercial center of the upper Amazon.
In this country of wilderness and jungle, where nature is constantly
trying to show the smallness and helplessness of man, Manaos stands
as a monument testifving to the energv and industrv of the Brazilian
THE MONUMENT OF THE AMAZON, MANAOS.
This picture shows the ma'jnificent Theater of Amazonas and the monument erected to commemorale
the date of opening the Amazon River to international traflic in 18()7.
of tlie present genei'ation. The city is splendidly laid out with
beautiful streets and avenues, magnificent buildings and charming
gardens, and the visitor is attracted by the fine sculj)tural master-
pieces wrought by the celebrated artists of Europe. Its location on
the water routes of the Amazon is unsurpassed. Its excellent wharf
and docks make it a desirable port, while its theater, Portuguese
hospital, and pul>lic buildings, among which are the Forum, the
Benjamin Constante Institute, the Gymnasium,' the Rio Negro
Palace, and the Barracks, are all worthy of any of the large cities
of Europe,
GLIMPSES OF BRAZIL AXD ITS RIVER CITIES. 265
The excellent newspapers of Maiiaos, its university, historical and
geographical institute, numismatic niusemu, and public library,
which are supported by a large body of scholars, scientists, writers,
and artists, most of them worshij^pers of St. Cecile, make the city a
spot where the most advan'.-ed civilization of Europe seems to have
been transnlanted into the heart of the Amazon forest.
All this improvement and ])rogress can be credited to the industry
and culture of a few thousands of rubber gatherers who have taken
from the forest tons of raw material to build their modern city.
^Yhat will be the progress of this country when a few millions of
settlers begin to work out systematically the agricultural resources
of this seemingly inexhaustible land, where two or three crops may
be obtained every year and where there lie hidden untold amounts
of wealth of other kinds, no one dares estimate. It seems, indeed,
as if the prophecies of Humboldt and of Bonifacio are now becoming
real, tangible facts.
T
T
/^- /'"I "WJ f"""'- "O "f^" C? C^' f"\ "^"7"' A "%T f""'' f% ^"""'^
THE 15th of February last marked the date of the first cen-
tennial of one of the most important steps in the process of
formation of the Spanish American States. It was on this
day in the year 1819 that the second congress of the Prov-
inces of Venezuela met in the city of Angostura, now Ciudad Bolivar.
This Congress not only reestablished the independent government
created by the first congress of 1811, held in Caracas — a government
which later disappeared through the fortunes of war — but also laid
the foundations for a greater nation than that formed by the Caracas
congress.
Angostura was the cradle of the Greater Colombia, that j)owerful
nation made up of Venezuela, New Grenada, and Ecuador; that
magnificent State whose arms placed forever the seal of independ-
ence on the former Spanish colonies of America. From the stand-
point of the political organization of the new States, the congress of
Angostura is of paramount importance, because it was before this
body that Bolivar, in a document w^hich commands the admiration
of posterity, established the principles of the organic law of Colombia
VIEW uF A.\(;u,si'ri;A.
Angostura, to-day the city of Bolivar, is situated on tlie right bank of the Orinoco River. It was here that the second
Congress of Venezuela vi'as convened and great achievements accomplished for South American liberty. This
city is a prosperous commercial center of a rich territory.
HOUSE WHERE THE CONGRESS OF ANGOSTURA WAS CONVENED.
This historic building was constructed for a college in the second half of the eighteenth century by the Spanish governor
Centuri6n. It was here that the fundamental laws of th e Republic of Colombia were^ drawn up as a result of the
deliberations of the Congress of Angostura.
FIRST CKXTFA'XIAL OF THE CONGRESS OF ANGOSTURA. 267
and outlined the general features of tlic eonstitntion most suitable
to the needs of the wSpanisli Ameriean eountries.
The legislative assembly of the State of Bolivar, by decree of March
10, 1917. resolved to celebrate with due pomp and solemnity the fii-st
centennial of the meeting of the august senate responsible for the
great events which culminated in the emancipation of Venezuela,
New Grenada, Ecuador, and Peru and the foinidation of Bolivia.
The Government of Venezuela, likewise, believing that no docu-
ment could express more fully the scope of the action of the congress
of Angostura and the transcendent views of the Liberator in con-
voking this Congress, than his famous address at its opening meeting,
also issued a decree on December 19, 1918, directing that a reprint
be made in Spanish and a translation into English of the address as
a part of the commemoration by the goverimient of the first cen-
tennial of that great assembly.
The Bulletin takes pleasure in reproducing below the introduc-
tion to the reprint ordered by the Venezuelan Government, as it is
a masterly analysis of the political ideals set forth by Bolivar in
that paper, which, together with the Manifesto of Cartagena, the
Kingston Letter, and the Message to the First Congress of Bolivia,
is the embodiment of lofty political thought inspired by a scholarly
education and natural genius.
THE POLITICAL IDEAS OF BOLIVAR AT THE CONGRESS OF ANGOSTURA.
From its earliest inception the revolution of Venezuela tended, unconsciously as
well as instinctively, toward clearly defined ideas— absolute independence, a repub-
lican form of government, community of interests with all other countries, and the
closest touch with European culture.
Documents relating to the revolution, both from Miranda and from the revolutionary
leaders of 1797, 1808, and 1810, prove that the aims of the leading men capable of
concei\-ing and achieving the political and economic transformation of the colony,
were more far-reaching than a mere change of authorities.
Scarcely free from the rule of the captain general, the members of the Venezuelan
colony, although invoking, as a matter of form, the rights of Ferdinand VII, pro-
ceeded in fact to carry out substantial reforms in the political and economic life of the
country. They broke away from old prejudices, opened up a new field to the aspira-
tions of the popular classes, even encouraging and fostering their desires; they acted
as if they felt thoroughly at home; they performed acts of sovereignty; they initiated
Latin-American diplomacy by sending representatives to New Grenada, the United
States, and Great Britain; and gave eN-ident proof, in the most solemn manner, of
their sentiments of solidarity with the other Spanish colonies of America.
These facts, however, may be considered as not yet clothed with the prestige of
law. But the first congress of Venezuela set its seal on the process by the well-consid-
ered declaration of independence of Venezuela, and the constitution of 1811, its
immediate result, endowed the newborn State with all the attributes of a regular
government. A new act was thus accomplished in the history of the Spanish colonies
in America. On the American continent, besides the United States, there was now
another constituted nation ha^'ing the form and the essence of all free States, such as
separate and definite powers, citizens' rights, and an electoral system for securing the
FIRST CEXTEXXIAL OF THE CONGRESS OF AXGOSTI'RA. 269
necessary change of the autliorities. Tims the Republic oi the United Provinces of
Venezuela came into being.
The first constitution of Venezuela was the expression of the mind of the men of
letters in whom the thought and the spirit of the revolution dwelt. An e\'idence of
the genuineness of their intentions, it was a digest of the most beautiful principles of
democratic doctrines, and in theory a monument of political and social progress
which might have been deemed inconceivable in Spanish America. It was, however,
the fruit of doctrinal speculation without the clarifying assistance of experience. Put
to the test by subsequent events, it could not surWve on the angry waves that the
revolution had stirred up in the heretofore almost dormant sea of the colony. The
rural and illiterate classes, ha^■ing been called by rights and, above all in fact, to a
decisive activity, while acting in accordance with their instinct and ignorance, far
from being the foundation of the Republic, became the direct instrument of its destruc-
tion. The new democracy perished by the action of its own internal forces, rather
than because of its enemies from without.
■' A son of Caracas escaped from its ruins, physical and political," at Cartagena de
Indias, with that clear vision which ever was the guiding star of his purpose, analyzed
the causes of the crumbling down of his country, and looking ahead, just as he always
did until his death, for the interests of America, he warned the other colonies which
were on the road to emancipation, of the dangers to which the sad experience of
Venezuela clearly pointed. That very same son of Caracas becoming later through
the power of his genius the armed leader of the revolution, patterned his political
action on the counsel he had so clearly stated in his "Manifesto of Cartagena." While
f<!eling the most profound respect for the ideal aspirations of a perfect democracy he
did not lose sight for a moment of tne well-established fact that when idealization
misses contact with reality, failure ensues, and, what is much worse, the prestige of
those very ideals is lost, for the success of which an ineffectual struggle has been
waged.
Above all, he was always guided by the principle that anarchy does not lead to
liberty; that the first condition of success lies in harmonious efforts: and that such a
goal could not be reached except through a powerful authority, gi^■ing the Republic
unity of will and unity of purpose.
Such was the political and military work of Bolivar from 1813 to 1819 — to master
the anarchical attempts of the idealistic patriots who overlooked reality, and to master
the anarchical attempts of the patiiotic leaders who sacrificed the ideals of the revolu-
tion to their personal ^-iewpoint. Bolivar is the great unifier; and when the task had
been done we find the idealists and men of action all imited — those of the east with those
of the south, the center, and the west. And when the revolution had achieved the
dream of imification, and all were agreed as to its final pmpose. it was then, and only
then, that Bolivar deems the time ripe to recommence — as a basis, and at the same
time, as a sign of the normal era which the Republic was triumphantly approaching — the
onward march of republican institutions, and thus convokes the second Venezuelan
congress, which was to meet in the historic city of Angostura.
With all the authority obtained at the cost of numberless sacrifices, firm in his
belief, justified by six years' experience, Bolivar expresses once more the same funda-
mental ideas of the Manifesto of Cartagena and the Kingston Letter. This is a de-
cisive moment for the fate of the yoimg nation. AVas there to be a repetition of those
errors springing from a generous spirit which had already proved to be incapable of pro-
tecting and fostering the onward march of the revolution, or was the new era of regular
government to rely on the wealth of experience gained through contrast, sacrifice,
and failure? It would have been an impardonable mistake to fall a prey to the
same disappointing illusions of the Republic's first legislators. Eight years of stren-
ous life in the midst of the hardships of a war which did not tolerate indifference
nor remissness, had definitely enlisted in political and social activities the classes
CORREO DEL ORINOCO.
N°. 19.
ANGOSTURA SABADO 20 DE FEBRERO DE 1819. 9*
Tom. H.
CORREO BRAZILENSE.
Conlinuacion tie la Refulacion del Correo
Brazilense.
Supongamos que el rey Jiian fuese indife-
rente a esta peticion ; y veamos qual seriaj
la conJucta de sus Consejeros y Rlinistros.
Cien safcIJa es la de toJos lo» que sirven estas
plazas en Gobterr.os despot icos ; pero para
demostrar la Je los empleados de la Corte del
Br.zil ategirenios el dictanien del Correo
Biaz:U'ne.
Confiesa que hay abusos , principalmente
t-n la forma de la administracion piibUca deli
Brazil — ijue son iiecesarias muchas rcformas '
tanto en lo legislative) , como en la adminis-
traiivo — y que las Icyes del Brazil, quando
*ra colonia y c'espoblada, no cunvieuen al
Urazil de^colonlzado , poblado, y Hco.
Dice i,ue lus honibres buenos y espirltuosos
son los que el (Jobierno debe contemplar y
(i'livencerlos de sus inienciones de mcjca-
micino en las co'^as publicas : porque la geiue'
ignorinte va con la ccirrienie, y los cnipleadcs [
V a '.'iladoros del Gobierno 6 egoisias no cui-lan
del bitn gener.d : con tal que reciban su
stclJo y co.Tiin y beban descmsados , todo
lo denui Ics es indiferente. Los que est.in
en podiT y ajtoridad, lucpo quese Ics habia]
de nfonn^ , tem. n perder 5u> coniodidades , j,
T de cnuiijuiente llaman revoluclon loJa re-i|
fi.nia, y jacobinisnio toda dcn.oitracion de
.-.busn;. Fer(urbadorei del so.iogo publico son
llainados Ins que animados de patriotismo'
dnuMcian estOi males r porque pcrturb»n la'
fnicion de los maJganados pl.iceros de esto«
fff.iistas. Son seniencias del Correo Bra-
zite'.sr en el nuinio numero
imp'.ignando.
( Y si los que han de prover la peticion , son
esot niismos empleados, egoistas, yaduladotts
(1-1 Gobierno , que aborrecen y dete^Ian la
r.torma' ^- como podra ella lener lugar ^ Mas
c' \ri^; el Gobierno .-e compore de esns niismo*
empleaJos; ellos son los que gobiernan i'
i.-.mbre del rey , y los mas opuestos a todj
rJorma que desquicie su despoliinao : ^ como
paes esperar de ellos el suceso de la peticion t .
Si tl rey fueie un hombre de vinud y talentoi
cxtraordina.-io , lal vez progeria contra el.
diciamen y voluntad de sus ministros y con--
sultores; pero siendo tal , qual lo describio uo
papel Ingles despues de su eniigracion al Brazil,
rada de provccho podia esperars* de el. " Un
hombre de e>caso» lalenios , de un cararter)
debil e irresoluto , y enterameolo cntrcgado
a sus favoritos. Asi esia definido en
" A Sketch of the causes and consequences of.
the late emij^ration to the Brazils. By H. '
Jiryla nee."
" Ni la Filosofia , ni larcveLuion pudieron j
'nseriaile al Editor del Correo Brazilense
que los hombres , creados a imagen y seme-
j.inza dt Dios, dcblan dependerde la voluntad,
humor y pasion de un individuO tal como el
que esia reinardo en el Brazil. Y quando'i
fuese mas sabio que Salomon , mas fuerte que
Hercules, y mas virtuoso que Trajino, tampoco'
tendril derecho para mandar a su antojo, y sin f
las trabas de una Constitucion dictada por el
pueblo, 6 sus reprtsentantes. Tod» autfliridadj;
que no se derive de este piincipio, es ilegitima
y tiranica. Todo Gobierno que no redundc
en utilidaddelosgobernados, debe ser abolido .
6 reformado. No se congregaron Iqs hombrW "
en soiiedad pari sacriccar ju5 derettcsij
que
interest s las cornodidades f plaeeres «I« una
sola persOnao familia ; el mejor estar de tcdos
los congregados, su s.ilud y felicidJd fue la
mira de su congregacion. Jls un crttncn de
blasfemia el dec it que Dios, variando poste-
riormente sus designioj en la creacior> del
hombre , lo. destino al servicto y uc^idad de
cierio numero de sus semejantes , abatiendolo
a la" clase (^e los brut.^s , y detrras cosas que
hacen la propiedad de los ricos y se trasmiten
a sus hercderos. Kstos son los efcctos y estas
las conscq'uencias de la ii\i^ doctrirra que haee
derivar inmcdiatameme del Cielo el poder de
los monarcas absolutes, dcspojando al pueMo
de su soberania. Scbre esta falsa doctrina lian
cirado los di'parates que repro^luce el Coiieo
Braztlensr , quando censura la revolucion de
Pemanibuco.
Adclantando su critica el escritor de este
periodico , duda que hubiese ele.mentos anii-
guos para esia empresa , y desde lucgo la llama
obra del memento , parto de ir.coftsideracion ;
se quexa de la precipitacion, error, cinjusticla
de sus conductorci j y los lacha de ignorantts
en materlas de Gobierno, administi acion , y
mo\lo de conducir los negocios publicos j y no
como qoiera ignoranies , sino con una total
ignorancia. Le contcstaremos capltulo por
capitulo.
Los antigiios,5lementos de toda re^'olucion
tal como la de Pernambuco , n»&en otra cosa
que los sentlmientos naturales contra la opre-
sion : el deseo innato de la libertad en el
hombre es el resorte principal qne da ionpulso
\ 5(1 maquina para recuperar sus derechos usux-
pados. Si estos nobles sentimientos no eran
penerdes en todo el Brazil , al sistema de su
Gobierno debe atribuirse esta tnengua j al
habito inveterado de las cadenas es imputable
la indiferencia y apatia con que el pueblo las
lolera , L-s besa , y las bendice. A esta degra-
dacton brutal debio el desp6ta el que la mayor
partcde los habitantes de aquellas Provincias
se hiibiesen declarado contra la revolucion ,
ofreciendo en obsequio del tirano , con la
mayor prontitud po-)ible, sus personal y bienes.
^ Y de donde nace principalmente este embru-
tecimiento ? De doctrinal tal« como las del
Correo Brazilense. Esta es la lethe que
maman quantos tienen la desgracia de nacer
en monarquiai tales como la de Portugal. A
esta lactancia debe el Editor de aquel Correo
la baxeza a que ha descenJido su pluma ,
acujando a los Pairiotas de Pernambuco , y
tribuiando incicnso a la Casa de Braganza.
De ella dice que es la mas popular que
jaiT«.s goberno a los Portugueses : que la
revolucion de Pernambuco nada tenia d< comun
(on el odio que se supon'ia contra la dinastia
reinante : que en oposicion a los poquisimos
facciosos que levantaron su desconiento h'asta el
puntode rebelion , se podia alegar la-inmensa
mayoria , 6 totalidad de los habitantes. ejel
Bra/ il que se declararon contra ellos , ofre
ciendo en defe nsa del rey sus personas y blene,s
con la mayor pron'itud posible. Asi se explica
en la pag. 210 del Correo de Febrero del aiio
pasado, y as;coopera a perpetuar la esclavitud
de los Brazilense.
Que fuese obra del momento la revolucion ,
parto de la ioconsideracion , del error , y de
la precipitacion , tanto quiere decir en el con-
ceptodel escritor como revolucion no bien me-
ditada ni combinada. Pero quisieramos que
nos seiialas^ $n la historia ie- las rev'olucionei
qualesaoB Ui que lun ttnida^buea czjto.
siempre que.Jus prooiotores han cjtierido mvdi-
tarlas y combinarfas del modo que prrtfnde el
Correo Brazilense. E.n la tardan^a luiif*li-
grado todas las que se han preparado.y madtf.
wdo conforme al tnetodo que alia en su menie
tenia concrbido el Editor t}ua'ndb reprobsba
fa de Pernambuco. Tpdas bs veces flUimrjflba.
prolongado el tiempo de la erupcron pam
^umentar el numero de adeptos y de me()(d;t>
mas alia de lo' que sc acosiumbra en semejantes
empresas , todo se ha malogndo per las dehi-
tiones y fcrfidias de alguno de toJ cohiJdentes.
Los hoinbres buenos y espirituokos. son en'
ioiit partes los que conciben y forman las
revoluciones ; en todas partes son pocos lo»
individuos de esta cali;adi <llo^son los que
debcntrazary cxecutar las operacionesirtsurrec-
cionales contra el despotismo ;. ql secf«lo de
ellas no debe fiarse a la multitud : esta »a con
la corriente , y cast nunca deia de se^ir el
grito y alarma de sus corifeos.
Nos valemos de la misma razem que olega
el Correo Bi azilense para decrr qoe los hombret
buenos y espirituosos son los qoe debe conieni-
pl.ir el Gobierno y convenCerlos de sus 'intcn-
ciones de mejoramiento en lasarosas publicas ,
porque la gente ignorante va con la cofrient^.
Casi todas las revoluciones empie^.afl ppr el
rompiniiento de muy pocos ii|dividu6s.'. Lease
la del Duque de Braganza en Portujjal , y se
hallara comprobadcr ei hecho J hde los Espa-
fioles contra Bonaparte fue iniciaiip por iiii
punado de geiite en Madrid y por el grito dc
una verdulera ; la dp Venezuela Wnlra la»
autoridades que se' inclinaban i estaf y jiasar
por las cesiones y abdicaciones de Bayona , no
tuvo mas principio qije el de un,oiic>al que
etclanio diciendo " Viva Fernando VII. v
mueron los Franceses." La otra revolucioa
de Venezuela por su independencia y libertaii
fue obra de un nimero muy reducido de
personai^«vecindadas en la capital, y de muy
pocas semanas d^ concierito ( la de Esfufta en
Mayo de 1908 , y la de Caracas en Julio del
raismo ano fueron obra del momento y no
premeditadas. Parte de inconsicieracion , de
error , y precipitacion era la de Espaiia en el
juicio de Napoleon, y sus partidarios ; y la
de toda la America insurrecta le merece el
mismo concepto a Fernando , y sus servidofes.
( Se contmuar^yj
,r - 1 • ■
LA MEDIACIO^I
Conclusion de la Exposicion sobrrla Media-
cion entre la EJpaSa y ia Afiihica. -
Si Fernando te resuelve a c«W granje opera-
racion politica , que pnede'c6staT dificaldad at
amot proprio; pero no al'diTyeJi y d« la Palria,
se hallara de un solo paso transportadt^deliiglo
en que ^1 vive al en que vive Europai, se Uara a si
mismo ya su nacion una nueva existenCia y'cam-
biar'aa un tiempo lafazdela EuropaydelMundo.
— i Sombra de Henrique IV. ! vuela del Bearni
inics que past este rapldo inttante dado 'j tu
August© Nitto para talvar 6 para perder su
trono y su pais ! ! — Eleva su imaginacion a la
dtura de tus ideas , mnestrale la senda de U
,;lori<i y del heroismo , hazle conocer cl precio
le un mfiroentoen que tanlinmensftitaal«j pue-
Jen evilarse y tan inmcnsos Wenetadaulrirse ,
y eicitalo cii fin a adoptar Us dos unicas medi-
Jas , de que depende la salud y el'Sngnndeci-
Tiiento de Espaiia ! — Gobierno reprcsentaiiyo
y alianza con America , < de qu< otra conyxtc^a
sua tlla para levantarse deese lecho de ra^.^'rifj
y elevarst a un grado de poder y de prospcispii
FACSIMILE OF NUMBER 19 OF
The "Correo del Orinoco," (he first number of which appeared on the 27th of June, 1818, was edited by many of the
(he 20th of February, 1819, the beginning and the last part of the speech
|< Pnlrid lo, itntfciofjf U lii«rt«d" CotdaUh
(U conteilacion pidto pfrniso para relirarsr , y^el
PresiJenle sf lo oonudio , nombrando anit Diputa
don de din Mifmbrm para juf lo acompimmse
En tfgiiidn ,«• Iralo »n (•' Cnnirreio de liomirnr
101 Preiidtnleiiileriuodfln RepMtca ; prro ocnr.
riendo mucht^ difcnltades i.a>n In tUccion , se
acordnqiLecl General boLiVAU fXcaV.f t:tt Hodrr
jmr 2\ o A lo ninv por +8 horns , ,y Sf maudo -^-"i
Dipuliicion u comurucarte e^'a rtiulucion. ^1 ,
enteral conlciti cue tnln por coi'td<i'uion u la
ur^rndciadmitia el eacn'^o, bain h prensa Con-
diciun df que ioln Juese pnr cl l^mi'io prfJij:ado.
' Alsigmenle din , df.puFi de largas d'sciu.«"<r! ,
urecon-idi mianimeit.'nlc In o'isoluta neceudnddc
f»e en las ncluales drctntlalidas coitlinuase i>)te-
Tinamrnie ct General Caiv \k fn /a Presidrnci
del Eilndo, y una Dipulncon /ut rncargnd(t dt
eumnnicarle e:.la d^terwinndon, mnaijclnndole taf
DO term.a% razones en que te/iii. laba. So obitO/ttf
insi^tti d ei< l.t iirsniiva .' ./ ./.riioeqmner prt
e^cri/n hi mmivos do >u rciisuncu. An Itt
lerijicQ en el dguienie .--f
CilCIO DEI. GENl.RAL SIMON B01-1VA«. AL
CONCRfSO DE ViiNEZUELrt.
" Sfnor Secrelarto del Congreso !
" Ell f stc iiist.uiie me hi honrado et Corf
gf so SoberAno con una segiind* Dipufacioo
prqsidld.1 por el honor .iblt Senor General Uhua.
kETA para anunci^rme mi cnntinnrtcion eft' ll
Presideiicia del Esudo. Yo eituy confuso".
me hallo opiimido con el cumalo de semt
miehtos de respeto , cunslder^cion , y gric'ilud
que me inspira la bmcvolenci.i del Sobeiano
Conijreso. Si no coniultasc mas que mi cbtd;-
tiicia , y los votos de nii corazon volaiia, corno
lie sidoiiivitado, h tnmar posesion de ladigniJad
J<PrcsiJ-nie de Venezuela; piro la conviccion
ta que tbtoy de ser incapaz de llenar debida-
jneiiie las obiigacionesde primer Magiiirado ,
Blc fuerzA a repffscntar snmisaraenle las ju^t.is
c.t'.is.is que mc impiden servlr a la Republita
en I'l Podcr Eiec^invo.
" Una dolorosa expcriencia ba mostrado quan
Jnc^irnpjiibks son las functonei de Ma^istrado ,
y A- Defensor de la RepuMiea : muthus
h-.'nios sutViJo poresur rounidos cl Poder Mili-
•t:n-,"y rt Civil ; puis que un hombre sola rif
puede atender a la conscrvaciou de la paz, y^
al exercicio de la guerra, y un hi-mbre solo
dilicilniente reane las virtujes y los lalenlot qur
reqniereii el Tribunal y el Campo. Ademas he
reconocido en la pnictica de los negocios piibli-
c>'S que mis fuerrzas son insuBcieiites para sopor-
lir la formidable carga deun E^tado Militanie ,
f al misnio tiempn en la infancia. Los Rcpre-
fent^ntes del Plieblo deben saber que apcnas
Krian bastantes toJas las facultadfk de todos
nuestrosConciudadanos para cumponer un Go-
bierno repaiador de tantas cal.imidades ) {' que
podra • pues , reparar un !>oldado ?
" El Scberano Congreso ha nombrado un
Vice-Presidenie para suplir mi ausencia de la
Capital. Yo debo estar siempre , prr mi estado ,
ausentede la residencia del Giibiemo ; por c
sigiiiente este Vice Presiderte sera siempre el
primer Magistrado de la Nacion ; y siendo Un
acertadi y sabia la eleccion que ha recaydo en cl
honorable RepresentanteZEA » actual Preiidente
del Congreso , yo me alrrcvo a rogar a los Re-
prcsentantes del Pueblo , se dignen admitir la
rcspetuosa rcnuncia que hago de la Presidcncia
del Estado.
" Mi amor por la Patria y mi deseo por con-
tribuir a la expulsion de los Tiranos de Vene-
zuela me instan imperiosamente a representar \p
q-.>e tcngo el honor de coixunicar a V.S.
" Dios guarde a V.S. muchos aiios.=Angos.
turaa 16 de Febrero de 1819. 9°. = Bolivar."
me'nto dehtdo : ha acordadj'ii ^iJjera^o O.n^md j| Vleslro n ahora el aOfirstrt rtebet- da C( nsArm-
.e pMijuen s.M mmbramtei.tus : te /a^/7°i..in ros » la fellcidad de h Kepiibliei - •- •■•-"—>
lOrr.ionfi,
lulirt y di-
lu Suplcmci
ficiocn el Congriso, se ii
irr que hubo largas d
MQludo M dari Qotici
a cfta Gazcu.]
, dr lai
al publim por
talvo de ArllUeria por ell'H ; i/A^ rnnnir llii fttWT
generrjmente et!a Cnj:i:al per h y^oc/ir J^ c^'e 'Aa *
y yiit al irlento y.E i.omvn:<j'{t iui retpecHVif
Ordrnrs a Ui Cornandanaa ite^^eiai
•• 'J'cv^-> e'. honor de Irantmiiirlo u V I'-ih
orden del Snberano Congrnn.^r^ Dtoi ^mi-'l' h /*i*..i
ninhot o;i.,o.= Huludo Jd C'i/v; '■'•■'" <■" ^"-
17 de fcbr erode 1819. V.= i'.i
Vocal Si'cre'atto iiifirinosxijht^o Iti-ntutn I rtii
neja^=LjiCntn. Seilur I're^identt detu litputlhn*
fll-fiJ
manos esia la baUnza dc iiutitro< dr!tiro< , Id
fnetfida- de nuCiira jjloria : iliji sellaran lc«
Djcretos o,ue fij;en m.e.tra L'te'/a,!-. Ln
es»(^ momento cl Gefe SuiTciiio <!e la Refur
blica no cs mas que un biiii|ilc Ci'jdJrl/nrf, 'Y
t»l quierc ijueii.ir lusta la niuerte. Scriifi^strt
"-'"""''' I ftrtbargj en la carrira de las anna-, ir.i,-iitr44
h^lla eiiemijios en V'cneziicl i. ^:uUilUd dt
bi.'iiciiii.-liOi liiios liere la I'jtria CMp.icr»dft
dlrij^irla: talcnios, virtiijc, c.\i'erieiiiia yquait«
to ic re.,'aicre para inandar a litiM bres librei ,
ion el patriiiionio de muchos de los que »Oui
I rcpfeseniaii el PuebU>, y hiera de cmp bobcraiio
Ciicrpo Se encuentrafi CiudadJtio? ijiie en tix'nj
ipocas han moeirado valor parj arrostrnr lot
pelijros , prudencia para cvriTrlos , y cl arte en
fin de goburnars* y de goSei'r.ar a otros- Lstrt
Hus(re» liaronei fr.erfcerRii , iin ttudJ , lo«
SulragioS d<l .Congfe?o y .'I ell^ sc *ntarfar.\
del Gobiertio , <|uc tan cordirfl y' Jiriterimtntt
Scabo de renuiiciar jiara siempre.
" La cntiiHiaciou de la ailoiidaj eh un
ml^rtio inJivitt'io trtqiiv'tuemente ha sxto cl tcf-
mino de loi Gobieriiin Dcmocratica*. Liil
repeti'das eUcciones ytt e encialis en loi sij.
lem.is populaies, por que nada es tan pcligrtiu
comu dej.ir pel manecer Urgo tlempo eu qii rnis»
mu Ciudad.iu" el Poder. LI Pdeblo »» acos-
tumbra a obeJecerle-, y cl »e ncostumbia a
iiiaaJarlo , de donde sc ongina la usurpation
y la tirani.i. Unjimo zelu es la garaniia de
la Libettad Repi'oliear.a , y nu'estms CiiiJaJ.i-
iios J..l,,n tcmer con sohrada jtiiti<.ia que el
niisnio Maj;is.iadii, <|uc los ha in ind.nJo niuel.j
tienipo , \\>^ nrande perpetUHnieiire.
" Va , pues I que poi esie acto de mi adlie.
cioil a la Libcrt.id dc Veiie<.ueta puedo a-piiaf
a la gloria de ser criitado er.tre siis ma. fiilr<
aniaiues; permitiJme , Ja-nur , q:ie eiipon;;.i
con la traiiqueza de uii verd.ideroRepubiie.in.i
mi respeiuuso diet jmen en este l'rc^i,.i.i ilrCoit.
ili;ijt.t^/n t q.ie nie tomu U libcrfaJ de ..:*.eteri «
en lestinrunio de la siiiceii.l.id y del em Ji i dj
mu scimniieiitos. Coiiio sc traia de la salu.l
de todos, nie atrevo a crecr que tenj;o dertclii*
p..la sir olJo pur los Representanics ilil Puiblo.
Yo sc may bieil que vuestra s:ibi-Iuiia no ha
mcne>ter dc consejos , y se tanthi n que nii Piu.
)ecto ac.iso os paiecera erroneo , iirpr.ic'-iciblr.
Peio, ^cnor , aceptad con b;-t-.ij^r.idad cstr ira-
mas bitu es el tril>'(:u de mi sii.eeia
1 CoNciif-oque eKfectode una Use
itun-a. Pot olra parte , tiendo vi.ts-
la creacion de un cuerpo poiiiico.
OLSCWkSO ^ ^
ProniinciaJo por el Otunvl Uoliv.ir r.t Cnii-
•pisoj^-iural de I cueiutla eit e/ ailu u'c ju
Insldtdcion i —
" SEnoK — I Dichoso el CiutUdano que baxn
el escujo de las aimas de su mando ha cniivo--
pado U Sobcrinia National , para que exeria
SU voluntaj absolota ! Y'o , pues , me cuenrd
entre los seres m^s f.tvoreci.los de la Divina
Providcncia, jra que he teniJo el honor de
reunir a los Repre.cntartes del I'ueblo de
Venezuela en este Augjsto Coiigrc>o , fuente
€!e la Arno idad leg'itima, deposito de la volun-
lad sob«rJna y arbivro del Dcstiiio Je la
isadon.
" Al irarrsmitir a los Representanics del
Pueblo el PoiJef Suprsmo que se me habii
c/^nfiado , coIqioIo* voios de mi. corazon , los
de mis CoiKiudadanos y losde fitrtstras futuras
gcncracioncs , que tojo la'esperan dc vueiiia
sabiduria , rectiud, y-|>rudeiici?v Quandocum
plo con este dulse Jeber,v me hberto deb
inmensa auiori.-'ad que.ltie agoviaba como de h
responsabilidad UuUUada que pesaba sobre mis
debiles fuerzas. Solamente una nccesidad
forzosaunida alavoluntad imperiosa del Pueblo
me habria soicetida al terrible y peligroso en-
cargo de Dictador Gefe Hupremo de la Repii-
llica. Pero ya respiro devolviendoos t"ts
autocidad , qje con tanto rlesgo , dificnllad »
fifxu> he logrado nwni«o«r en media dc -la-
tribubcioncs mas horrorosas que puedcn adigli
ffonoierpo social.
•' No ha sido la fpoca de la Republica ,
que be presidido , una mera tempestad politica,
ni una guerra sangricnta , n'l una anarquia popu-
lar , ha;^dOi si i el desarroUo de todos los
elememos desorginijadores : ha sido la inun- | \jj^-.„
<luiOn de un torrente infernal que ha sumer- | ju,nl
gido la tierra de Venezuela. Un hombre dao
j y urt hombre touio yo! j <J«e diques podria j ti.»
cponcr al impetu de estas devaslacicnc. ?— y aun se podria diiir la creacion de
Er medio de este pielapj de angustias no he I: i^i entcia, rodeada de trdoslos incorvenle ntes
sido mas que un vil juguete dcl.huracan revo- f I"' prescnta una sltuacion la mas singular y
lucionaric que me arrebataba como una debil / ^'^^'^ \ S^'Z-^s el giito dc un ri-id..da. o pueje
paja. Yo no he podido hacerni bien ni mal. '' »'';""' '•*. presenua de un pc^u c,<,.'..urto
fuerzas irresistible* han dingido la marcha de , '' ^'^""O'^'Jo- ( ' )
Duestrosjucesos. Airibuirmelosno seriajusto,
y serla darme una iiJiportancia que no merezco.
: Quereis conocer los autores de los aionteci-
mienios pasados y del orden actual ? Consul-
tad los arales de Espana , de America, de
Venezuela ; examinad las leycs de Indias , el
regimen dt los antiguos mandatarios , la intlu-
encia dc la religion y del dominio exiranpero ;
observad los primcros actos del Cobicrno
Rej>ublicanO( la ferocidad de nucstros enemigv>
T el caracter nacional.
.^1 I r a.- _..-_
No
" Legisladoies .' Por el Proyecto de Cons-
titucion que rcverenienicnte someio a vuestra
sasidiiria, observareis cl c-p'iritu que lo hi
dictado. Al proprncros la division dc les
Ciudadanos en octivos y pasivos , he preten-
dido excit:ir h prosperidad nacional por !.is
dos mas graiijcs pal.mcas de la indu.tria,
el trab.jo , y el saber. Lstimi.ianuo ejlu*
dos podcrosos rcsories dc la .'Otic-ljd ,
jobre loseCectos de cslos trastornos para siem
pre bmenlablcs , apcnas se mc puede suponer
simp'e instrumcnto de los grandes moviles
que han obrado sobre Venezuela. Sin embar-
I go mi vida , mi corducta, todas mis acciones
I publicas y privadas estan sujetas a la censura-dcl
!( pueblo. — Representantes ! vosotros debeis
- -^SPUESTA DEL SECRETARlO DEL CONGRESO !) iuzgarlas. Y'o someto la historia de mi mando
AL GENERAL BOLIVAR. f i ^.^^^^^^ imparr^al decision , nada afiadire para
"Excno. Senor: No habitndo el Soberano Con- . escusarla: ya he dicho quanto puede hacer rrti
greso Naaonal , acceJtdo a lot repcndas renun. ^| apologia. Si merezco vuestra aprobacion habre
"<"/'/" '^yj^d'-nca .nierina dd Estado que » , ,iVanzado el sublime litulode buen Ciudadano ,
conSno a V .E. en In Sesion Urdtnaria de oyer , y, .__,..■., •. ,i j. r .a_»„,;. , „.,. r,,. .i;„
"•^p ' * 1 preferible para mi al de Libertadur que me jJic
"I''. .^75"""!." ' •■'Icanza !o ...as dificil entrc lo, hou.b.es, l..i-
cerlos hei'.ra.los y feliccs. I'oniendo restrit-
ciones jusias y prudentes en las Ascmble.ii
Primarias y Electorales , ponemos cl primer
Dique a la licencia fopular, envHsii.lo U
concurrencia tunmltuaria y cie^ra >pic cii lodo:
tietnpos ha imprimido el.desacorto cii las
Elecciones, y ha iigado pbr co;i :;i'icr.tc, Ic
desacierto a los Nhgistr.idos , y "; M in.ircLv
del Gobiemo; i-ues este acio pr; : od: il'. •-,
el ado generalivo dc la Liben.ix: , o i^- -i
Esclavitud de un Pueblo.
"Aunicrii.irdo er la balaiiz.- .'e !e- pudcrcs cl
(..) . S'
conjirmado este nombramiento , y el de VieePresi- \ •-, ,• t j u r j _ j
denteddn,ismcenlaper.ona del lienor D,p,Uada ' Y«n«"ela , al de Pac,/,cadcr que me d
Franc.sco Antonio Zea, por fa </e%A«/a ju, ,. Cundinamarta , y a los que el mundo entcro
*tlot deitinot scan cotuliUdmtimente etegidds ; i f^^' darme. >,.lamenit cl principioy fin dclU.,
> i conitfiiencia d* la ttfntniwcin Qut i V.£. f " l^giiladeies ! Yo deposito en vuestw , anprimiiie luJu pw Kpaiidu.
THE "CORREO DEL ORINOCO."
most prominent men of Gran Colombia, such as Roscio, Zea, and Palacio Fajanlo. In this number appearing on
of Bohvar at the Congress of Angostura was printed for the first time.
272 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
constituting the majority of the population of Venezuela. They had to be accepted
with their good qualities, their defects, their potential energies, their natiu-al limita-
tions. The idea was to establish a republic, not philosophic and abstract, but a
concrete democracy whose subjects and direct agents stood out clearly and precisely
in that midst. This is the wide difference existing between the exalted Congress
of Angostura and the exalted Congress of 1811.
At the opaning of the congress, Bolivar submits his report as to the exercise of the
authority vested in him, which he siu-renders to the representatives of the people.
Having thus become a plain citizen, exalted because of the services rendered by
him to the country and by his experience in such service, he addresses those in
whose hands rests the future of the nation, and fralnkly asks of them all that he deems
indispensable for the stability and happiness of Venezuela. He delves into history
to find that the success of a government does not lie so much in its extrinsic form as
in its harmonious relations with the people to be guided and led. Thus, even in
praising with sincere enthusiasm the excellent features of democracy, he does not
fail to admit that democracy is not per se the only factor in the welfare of nations;
this must be sought for in something more permanent and deep than the outward
form of a system of government. His conception of a political ideal is condensed
in this doctrine: "the most perfect system of government is that which gives the
greatest possible sum of happiness, the greatest sum of social security, and the greatest
sum of political stability." But it is not possible to attain these ends when the
status of the men for whom legislation is made, ha,s been disregarded. Thus, after
making an ingenuous analysis of the population of Venezuela, pointing out its char-
acteristics, Bolivar emphatically advises against the thoughtless copying of the
institutions of other peoples, no matter how far advanced they be in the matter of
pure doctrine, and demands original measures to meet the needs of the people of
Venezuela. Stability is his great anxiety. He is personally aware of the manner
in which authority is challenged by the individualistic instinct which is latent in
every one, but which develops in a violent manner among those who having dis-
tinguished themselves because of their qualifications, audacity or success, feel that
they are fit to grasp such authority and exercise it. Bolivar fears ana,rchy as much
as he fears tyranny, and his earnest desire is to safeguard the sta,te against either of
these extremes. Hence the idea of a hereditary senate, which in his own words
"would be an intermediate power between the government and the people, that
would blunt the shafts these two eternal rivals direct against each other." His
entire system is inspired by the thought of the imperfections of the people and the
risk there is in trusting them with instruments of go\'ernment, by far too delicate
for their uneducated, inexperienced hands. In everything Bolivar shows, besides
the greatest appreciation for liberty as the acme of human aspirations, the fear,
tempered by prudence, before the possibility that, in aiming at an impossible per-
fection, the effective benefits of a moderate and dignified freedom be sacrificed.
He desires, above all, as the foundation of public happiness, the formation of a
"ational character, more effective than all the written laws. He proclaims union as
the motto of the new-born Repuljlic and urges "as the paramount care of the paternal
love of congress," popular education. As a statesman he believes that nothing stable
can be founded unless based on justice and righteousness, and exacts that morals be
a part of the government of the people.
After earnestly requesting the adoption of these principles, Bolivar still finds new
words, not merely to urge, but to beg for measures which are a consequence and crown
of the great sacrifices he has undergone. "I leave to your sovereign decision the
reform or abrogation of all my statutes and decrees; but I implore of you to confirm
the absolute freedom of the slaves, as I would beg for my life and the life of the
Republic." This is conclusively national unification, which otherwise would not
"^ "S W)
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274 THE PAN AMEEICAN UNION.
l)e understood; it is the application of moral principles, and a safeguard against
contingencies and social cataclysms.
Finally, the Lil>erator asks congress to sanction the grand political idea of the forma-
tion of a great State inspiring love and respect, with the necessary force to guarantee
its own existence and to carry on its liberating action far beyond its frontiers.
The congress of Angostura fulfilled in a large measure the dreams of Bolivar; it
was worthy of the trust and discharged a historic mission. A gathering of tried and
illustrious men, the congress of Angostura was worthy the importance which the
revolution had assumed, and in creating the powerful and splendid Republic of
Colombia, it ceased to perform a Venezuelan task in order to fulfill an American
mission.
After a century the political ideas of Bolivar appear to l>e endowed with that
eternal life found in all that is drawn from nature by a deep and sincere mind. Leav-
ing aside all that which circumstances of the moment bring into the thoughts of every
statesman, there yet remains, as a store of teachings justified by the history of 100
years, a wealth of clear, consistent principles, still having the novelty and freshness
of the most glowing political doctrines. It is toward the unity of national character;
toward a just democracy, free from tyranny and Jacobinic exaggeration; toward the
apotheosis of morals as the only possible basis of social redemption and stability;
toward the abolition of slavery, the homogeneity of peoples, and the effacement of
caste; it is toward the community of continental interests, based on a harmonious
conception of right, fraternity, and respect among all the nations of America; it is
toward all these ideals which might have appeared to be dreams without foundation
had they not been proclaimed by one who had already shown himself to be so capable
in action as to secure the liberty of entire countries; it is toward these different goals
that the peoples of America have been marching, some over wdde, smooth, firm, and
safe roads, others through difficult paths, between falls and blows, among precipices
and chasms. Before the recent test to which humanity has seen civilization sul)-
mitted, when it boasted of most admirable material progress, an awe-stricken world,
its faith shattered, turns its eyes to that oljsolete institution which, under the name
of moral power, Bolivar brought to light "from the depths of oliscure antiquity."
Does it, perchance, differ from the court of nations which, due to the happy inspira-
tion of President Wilson, is to precede the supreme reign of justice among all peoples?
Bolivar himself thought that some day "his ingenuous dream," improved through r
experience and knowledge, might become most efficacious.
May the memory forever linger of that day in which a great citizen of the world,
inspired by a great ideal, divested by his own volition of the unlimited power he had
exercised, asked the representatives of the people, as the reward for his invaluable
services, to deign to grant his country "a government preeminently popular, preemi-
nently just, preeminently moral, which would hold in chains oppression, anarchy,
and guilt; a government which would allow righteousness, tolerance, peace to reign;
a government which would cause equality and iilierty to triumph under the protection
of inexorable laws."
LQUE AND OTHEl MA-
GUEY PRODUCTS' '.- /.
THE peones claim it lends strength to their hack muscles, and
witnesses to the prodigious feats of these human trucks, the
cargadores of Mexico, can say naught to the contrary : invalids
suffering from Bright's disease, stomach, and bowel troubles,
and nervous disorders give cheerful testimony to its efficacy as a pana-
cea for all their ills, and their testimonials bear a silvery ring that carry
conviction to the most doubtful; while the generous Mexican host,
through all the disturbed annals of the country's history from the
glorious reign of Moctezuma down to the present day, desires no
richer offering wherewith to regale the guest within his gates as an
aid in his effort to sustain the reputation of the far-famed hospitality
of his people. As vodka to Russia, pisco to Peru, and sake to Japan,
such is the relation that pulque bears to Mexico. Pulpue is the
Mexican national drink, and is found nowhere else; and, despite the
threatening clouds of prohibition looming up on the world's horizon,
until a more profitable disposition can be made of the plant to which
this beverage owes its being, the last, lingering echoes of the "Chin-
chin" of the Chinese, the "'Skold" of the Scandinavians, and the
"Good health and prosperity" of the Yankees will have long since
died away and been forgotten before the curtain is rung down on
the expressive and soul-satisfying "Salud y pesetas" that is daily
toasted over a bowl of fizzling pulc[ue.
People ever^nvhere know that pulque is a ])roduct of a species of
the cactus, but comparatively few are acquainted with the general
appearance of the liquid or are certain as to whether it is distilled
or fermented; and still fewer have a correct knowledge of the extent
to which the maguey plant may be utilized ; for herein are found the
means for food and drink, shelter, fuel, and clothing, as well as soaps,
medicinal properties, and other products of necessary and daily
employ. The maguey is the most highly prized heritage of the
country just south of the Rio Grande; its multifarious supplies have
satisfied the corresponding demands of the natives for centuries;
and future generations are certain to sing its praises with still greater
fervor when laboratory improvements and new discoveries place its
beneficent properties within the reach of all mankind.
Closely related to the lily, the genus agave of the cactus family
of plants numbers approximately 160 species, of which about 130
' By Luthur K. Zabriskie, vice consul of the United States of America at Mexico City.
275
Photo by W'aite, M
THE MAGUEY IN FULL BLOOM.
This flower, the century plant of northern greenhouses, has a much more beautiful growth in its native
habitat. The central stalk springs upward at the rate of 2 or 3 inches a day, sometimes to a height of
25 feet, and then throws out a cluster of wonderful golden blossoms.
109058— 19— Bull. 3 3
278 THE PAN AMEEICAN UNION.
are indigenous to Mexico. Two groups of the agave are popularly
recognized here — the amoles and the magueys — which latter variety
is subdivided into so-called pita magueys, mescal magueys, and
pulque magueys. The pulque magueys claim only 10 out of the 160
species constituting the genus agave, and these are characterized
by huge, fleshy leaves and by an abundance of sweet sap that appears
at the period of maturity. This sap varies in quantity and quality
with the varying conditions of season, altitude, soil, character of
cultivation, et?.; but its culture reaches its highest development
on the Mexican tablelands at an altitude ranging from 2,200 to 2,700
meters above sea level.
The fresh, unfermented sap of the pulque maguey, commonly
designated in Mexico by the word aguamiel, is one of the most
ancient remedies known to the Western Hemisphere, and the spread
of its use and the consequent increase to its fame from age to age is
chiefly attributable to the fact that up to the present day it is the
only recognized power to radically and permanently overcome the
dread ravages of Bright's disease. By reason of the fact that fresh
aguamiel ferments very rapidly, and because all attempts to preserve
it without alteration to its medicinal properties have until recently
proved futile, its employ has necessarily been limited to the district
wherein the plant is cultivated on a large scale, namely, in the valley
of Mexico. Hence, physicians throughout the world have for years
been sending patients suffering from kidney troubles, stomach affec-
tions, nervous disorders, and the like to the original source of aguamiel
supply, where marvelous cures have been effected. This remedy is a
powerful nutritive, being rich in the phosphates of magnesium,
potassium, and calcium, as w^ell as in a peculiar sugar called agavose,
which is said to differ from all other sugars of the same group. Agua-
miel has been employed by Mexican physicians and by the native
population of the high mesa lands about Mexico City for centuries,
in the treatment of urinary disorders, in cases of malnutrition, and
as an aid to chronic and acute indigestion, as well as for making the
national drink called pulque.
The existence of pulque dates from the remotest times, having
been utilized by the Aztecs not only as a common beverage but also
as a sacrificial libation. It is a watery, slightly viscous, chalky-
looking fluid of a peculiar and not very agreeable odor and with a
taste resembling that of sour apple cider. The liquid is perishable
and should be consumed within a few hours; for if the fermentation
is carried too far it turns into a thick, sirupy composition possessing
a disagreeable taste and smell and with marked hitoxicating effects.
Taken fresh and in moderation pulque is not an ardent spirit, but
when drunk to excess it appears to be a rather dangerous intoxicant
Photos by Waite, Mexico Citi .
THE MAGUEY PRODL'CTS INDUSTRY OF MEXICO.
Upper picture: Cutting the leaves of tlie sisal agave in Yucatan. The workmen are gathering the fiber
leaves to send to the mill. Lower picture: Extracting the pulque. The tlachiquero inserts a tube,
made from a gourd with a hole at each end, into the incised heart of the plant, and sucks into it the
.secreted sap.
rULQUE AXl) OTHER MAGUEY PRODUCTS, 281
and is responsible for nuidi of the criminality of the Mexiean lo^ver
classes.
The estimated average daily consumption of pulque in Mexico City
alone for the past 15 years is placed at 2,000 baiTels, containing 250
liters to the barrel. P'ive pesos per barrel has been the usual price
paid to the hacendado by the wholesaler, who, in addition, was
obliged to pay to the Government another 5 pesos on every barrel
imported as a kind of excise tax. The total cost to the cit}' dealer,
therefore, is 10 pesos per barrel in addition to the charges for hauling;
and this is retailed at prices ranguig from 8 to 12 centavos per
liter. According to the terms of a recent law. after January 1,
1918, the Mexican Government will impose a tax of 7 pesos per barrel
for the introduction of pulque and 5 pesos per barrel for its sale, there
being demanded besides that sellers shall deposit the sum of 400 pesos
with the proper Government authorities as a guarantee against
infractions of the law. The pulque used for purely local consumption,
along the highways and at the small pulquerias, is usually conveyed
in sheepskins, whose wool has been closely shorn, which are tunu d
inside out and calked with maguey fiber but not tamied. Some of
these skins are provided witli a cock and valve at the nose aperture
for conveniences of retail sale. The manufacture of pulque skins is
of itself a considerable imdustry, and is conducted by concerns
locally kno\\^l as colambrerias. In some localities these people are
given Government protection by prohibitions against the shipment
of pulque in any other class of receptacles. For long-distance trans-
portation pulque is put into native-made barrels and sent by train
aboard cars especially adapted for the purpose. The arrival of a
pulque train in Mexico City, after having come as frequently happens
over a long distance, is one of the interesting early morning sights.
The latest statistics available on the subject show a yearly production
of superior pulciue for the whole of Mexico amomiting to 3,177,344
hectoliters, which was valued at 6,053,558 pesos (one Mexican peso
being nearly equal to $0.50 United States currency) ; while the corre-
sponding output of common pulque totaled 917,844 hectoliters,
which was valued at 1,940,209 pesos. The most important pulque
haciendas are found in the high-plateau States of Mexico, Puebla,
Tlaxcala, and Hidalgo, the plains of Apam in the last-named State
yielding the choicest product. Due to the certainty and regularity
of the market, and the meager attention called for by the plant, the
profits of a pulque farm are generally very large.
The cultivation of the maguey plant and the successive processes
in the manufacture of pulc^ue afford much, that is of interest to the
uninitiated. The ground is generally plowed at first but not
manured, and the plants are set out in rows about 3 meters one way
284 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
by 4 meters the other. These original phints are the ratoons or
suckers that spring from the root of an old plant, and are trimmed
and wilted before the first planting in the nursery. When these have
grown to about 3 feet in height they are again subjected to the root-
trimming process, and, as a mere stump, are rudely thrown to the
ground to wilt for two or three months, after which and just before
the rainy season sets in they finally find their alloted place in the
field. Barley and corn and such like are frequently planted in be-
tween the maguey rows, but excepting the benefits from this cultiva-
tion the maguey receives no special attention. The root of the
maguey extends down into the earth only a short distance, but
branches out 10 or 12 feet. A plant that has matured on properly
l^lowed and rich soil may reach the proper age for tapping after four
or five years, but seven years is the usual period. Field hands of
experience can readily determine the proper time for tapping, when
the central cluster of spear-like leaves is cut away (a process called
castration) and the fleshy, truncated portion is rasped or scraped
into a kind of hollow cup, which is covered with a flat stone or other
suitable protection. The juice exudes naturally into the hollow and
is removed twice every day for three or four months by the
tlachiquero by means of an elongated gourd and a cow's horn, called
tecomate, into which the juice is drawn by suction and then emptied
into a sheep or goatskin receptacle which he carries on his back.
Every few days the hollow in the plant is scraped afresh to foster the
exudation of the juices. Under ordinary conditions a plant can be
made to yield from 2 quarts to a gallon of aguamiel per day, but it
rarely lives more than 120 days after the tapping process has begun.
The total gross return from each plant to the hacendados has been
estimated at from 12 to 14 pesos, which is no inconsiderable amount
when one considers that it requires practically no care, is not subject
to rainfall or other variable climatic conditions, and that many
pulque haciendas claim from 500,000 to 3,000,000 plants.
The juices thus obtained are then conveyed by burros to the
tinacal or vat shed, where they are strained through a primitive
sieve of fiber and poured into ox-hide vats, which have been specially
prepared for such service, and which are said to impart a particular
flavor to the brew, where they are left to settle and ferment for
several hours. To the liquor, now known as aguamiel (honey water),
there are added scrapings of the pulp of the plant itself, which effect
the desired ferment; and this fermentation, which begins almost im-
mediately, is allowed to proceed for 16 days, when the pulque is
ready for consumption. Thereafter, the daily quantities of pulque
that are taken away are replaced with equal amounts of the aguamiel
until a period showing bad fermentation sets in, when the same
I Jl
3 I?
2: j':^
286 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
process is repeated. Pulque has no foreign matter, and may be
compared in this particular with our apple cider.
Mescal, or tequila as it is frecpiently styled, is also a })roduct of the
common or wild maguey or agave plant, but it is distilled instead of
fermented, and corresponds to whisky with its powerful, intoxicating
(jualities. It sells at retail for about !§ pesos per gallon. To-day
the principal center of the mescal manufacture is found in the State
of Jalisco, whose District of Tequila, where the best quality originates,
lias given to the liquor the name by which it is most commonly
known. From 7 to 12 years are required for a plant to mature for
tlie manufature of the best tequila, and it is the bulbous root of the
maguey that is used for this purpose. At the time of harvest these
bulbs are stripped of all appendages, transported by burro to the
distillery, where they are reduced by different methods, according to
the machinery or mill, to a pulj) which is left in vats to undergo
alcoholic fermentation, following which the ferment is distilled.
The ([uality of the liquor turned out is said to depend, first and
foremost, upon the age of the plant (the older the plant the finer
grade the tequila), and, secondly, upon the method of distilling.
Fre({uently, the richer hacendados wiio make a specialty of tequila
name their product after their hacienda.
While the hiirous outputs of the maguey are not as yet entitled to
any distinct place among the recognized varieties of fibers, still its
so-called center hber is l)y no means despised, and the better kinds
are employed, principally among the native folk, for the manufacture
of coarse cloths and bagging, while the coarser strains are made up
into rope, strings, handbags, baskets, and purses. Up to date no
satisfactory machine has been devised to develop this fiber on account
of the huge amount of gums the leaves exude, which render a long-
continued machine operation on them impossible.
Otlier uses are made of the plant and its products, moreover, in
adchtion to those mentioned in the foregoing relation. wShingles and
sheathing for the cottages of the peasants are devised from the
dried leaves; and these are also employed as dishes and cooking
utensils, as well as for fuel, when they produce a splendid fire by reason
of their rich oil content. Furthermore, the green leaves of the
maguey, choi)ped up in small bits on the plan of our corn fodder, are
regarded as a most excellent milk producer, and are regularly fed to
dairy cows, who thrive well on this article of diet. The scrapings
from the inside of the plant yield gratifying results when given to
fattening hogs, which are styled in Mexico as "the poor man's savings
bank"; and a change from mother's milk to the sweet aguamiel
always calls forth gurgles of delight from the 6-months old youngster.
Ill olden times a parchment was made from the leaves of the maguey
•SALUD Y PESETAS.'
"Salud y pesetas" is the Mexican toast wherever two or more are gathered together to drink a glass of
pulque. The native Mexican Indians claim it as their ancestral beverage and it is drunk fresh iin<I
comparatively pure with no bad results. In Mexico City the average dailv consumption of Du'aue is
estimated at 2,000 barrels.
2gg THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
for writing purposes; and even at the present day the needle and
thread that are extracted from the center shoot of the plant by a
skillful tlachiquero serves as a satisfactory substitute for the real
article for every-day working purposes. The stalk or stump of the
maguey plant is commonly found taking tlie place of a chair in the
humbler dwellings; or, with the inside of one end scooped out, it
furnishes a most attractive flower pot. Certain portions of the
roots and leaves of the amole family of the cactus are sold in the
markets throughout Mexico as a substitute for soap; and the funda-
mentals for numerous medicinal concoctions are herewith jjrovided
also. Maguey sirup is to the Mexican as maple sirup is to the
Vermonter, while its sugar, though not produced just now in any
considerable quantities, is of a very hue quality; and its opposite
output, the maguey vinegar, ranks high with Mexicans and foreigners
alike.
The guzano de maguey, or maguey worm, is the result of a butterfly
sting on the leaf of the plant, and when full grown it is about 2 inches
long by one-half of an inch broad, and resembles our white grub worm
in general appearance. These might also be included in the list of
maguey products; for they are fried in butter and eaten by a numerous
group, many of whom prefer to see no more delectable dish set before
them.
Consequently, the Mexican dreads the advent of a world-wide
prohibition wave, which must surely compel him to ])urn the up-
turned maguey as so much worthless stul)ble, and to hang on the
w\all of his tinacal as a memento of blissful by-gone days the tecomate
which he has handled for so many years in the gathering of the
delicious aguamiel. The red-cheeked maiden, who has lived all her
days in a maguey-leaf cottage, who has never worn a better frock than
that provided by the maguey fiber, and who, as a little girl, learned
her first sewing lesson with a maguey thorn and its attendant fiber
thread, will likewise lament the radical change. A violent trans-
formation of life and customs must ensue if the favorite beverage of
the common people is placed under the ban; but it will be felt most
keenly by the brawn and sinew of the mesa lands, who, at the present
day, with but 6 centavos left in the folds of his blue jeans, is able to
join a thirsty comrade at the bar and say, "Have one on me."
""%:r "¥"%. £■% T>, ^r*' "r mx r'\ 'r-w-- r\ T A ^T** T
\ % i r% \i i %i
PART II.
SELLING.
THE SALESMAN. — No one can be successful in the Latin
American markets who beheves that there are pecuHarities
in Latin American temperament or in ways of conducting
business which require short cuts, cure-alls, panaceas, or
nostrums of any kind. The man who thinks that '"jollying" is the
secret of Latin American selling had better stay at home; in fact, if
he believes that there is any secret, he is unfit for the enterprise.
Courtesy, of course, is requisite, but no good business man needs to
be told that. A certain degree of ceremony is more common and
there is more deliberation and less haste in concluding transactions,
but this is all seen and comprehended at the first glance. The sales-
man must be flexible, able to accommodate himself to the mood of
his customer: but if he is not that then he is not a salesman an}-
where, at home or abroad. Latin America is no place for cast-offs
or failures, and it is not an especially good field for experiments, but
least of all is it a field for the man with "special qualifications."
The salesman must be courteous and considerate, but he must avoid
the error of being extreme, and so leading his customer into believing
lie is being played upon or aped. It is seldom safe, least of all for a
Yankee, to ])lay out of character. The Latin American is naturally
courteous and a bit ceremonious. Occasionally he appreciates a
slight touch of the same in the Yankee, but not too much. To his
keen perception even a little bit ma}' seem strained and more is cer-
tain to produce nausea and a feeling that he is being mocked. In
Latin America it is much better for a salesman to be an out-and-out
boor, if boorishness be natural, than to attempt being ''simpatico''
and end in being ''de pacotilla."
Tlie marlvet. — A prospective exporter must consider many things
before he commits himself to entering the foreign field. First among
these is the C[uestion whether in this field there be a market for the
particular article he manufactures or proposes to export. This is
som.ething about which more has been written and less of it worth
while than about almost any other subject. The reason for this is
not that those who write are not well inform_ed, for some of them are,
but that they attempt to answer the question in a way that no such
I By William C. Wells, of Pan American Union Staff.
289
290 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
(jucstiou can ])e iiitolligently answered; that is, with a hst by name
of articles saLable in the export teiTitoiy. A man may be ecjuipped
with sufficient general knowledge of the principles of international
trade and ]:)articular and technical knowledge of some one or more
manufacturing industries, and he may have in addition a complete
knowledge of the foreign field where it is proposed to exploit the
products of these industries; and yet a list of goods, salable in this
field, prepared by such a man, is worthless, and even worse than
worthless, misleading to everyone except to the owner of the par-
ticular factory which was in the mind of the maker of the list. You
may, if you be equipped as indicated, advise Smith & Co., manufac-
turers of furniture, with entire confidence what of their ]M'oducts are
salable in China or Peru, and you may be able to indicate necessary
changes or new articles of furniture suitable for these markets, but
you can not prepare a list of chairs, desks, tables, etc., particularized
or general, which can be of any service to Brow^n & Co., or to the
hundreds of other furniture manufacturers who may be expected to
read the list. But it may be possible to present the subject so that
all furniture manufacturers can derive profit from the presentation.
In nearly every case where the question is propounded whether
goods of a certain character are salable in a particular foreign market,
the propounder of the question, himself a manufacturer or prospective
exporter, is better qualified to answer the question than anyone else:
or, rather, it would be more correct to say that of the elements which
must ])e taken into consideration in answering the fpiestion the greater
number and the more weighty are those which he knows better than
anyone else can know. The province of the foreign-trade adviser is
to supply the incidental facts which may serve to bring into relief
that which is already known to the manufacturer or exporter.
But one says, "I am a manufacturer of roll-top desks. I have
never sold any desks abroad and I want to know whether I can sell
my desks in Brazil or Argentina. It seems nonsense to me to say
that I, who have never been outside the United States, know more
about this problem than you who have spent half your life in these
countries engaged in studying the trade. ¥7hat do I know about the
market there, about what kind of desks they use, where they get
them, and wiiat they pay for them?" The answer is that one may
know all about what kinds of desks are used in Brazil and Argentina,
where they come from, and what they cost and yet be no nearer
the solution of the probl(>m, which is whether you can sell your
desks in these countries, than if he, like you, had never been there.
One must know whether your roll-top desk is as good or better than
that of some one else, for this someone already is, or may be,
your competitor. One must know what tlifficulties you find here
at home in meeting the competition of flat-top desks. One finds all
kinds of desks ii) Latin America -roll-top desks, flat-top desks,
EXPORTING TO LATIX AMERICA. 291
(losks with legs and desks without legs, metal desks and \voodeu
desks — ^jiist as he finds the same here in the United States. The
only difference is that here nearly all desks are of domestic make and
there nearly all are imported, a large proportion from the United
States. Among all the varieties of desks one finds here or there, no
one except yourself or some other desk manufacturer can say what
is the appeal of any particular kind of desk as against some other
kind to the user of the desk. If the desk has won against competi-
tion here it will wan against the same kind of competition there. If
this competition, as it often is in Latin America, is with a foreign
(European) desk manufacturer, then you must go to Europe and find
out how your factory methods, your output, 3'our invention, compare
with European. After all, it may not be necessary for you to seek
information in Europe, which in all probability you could not obtain
of a kind having any value, even less so than you could obtain the same
kind of information as to your competitors here. You can find out
what the European is doing in desks in the same way that you find
out what your competitors here are doing — that is, by statistical
results. You know that your factor}' and selling methods, your in-
vention, your output, are as good as your neighbor, Brown's, not
because Brown allows you to inspect his factory, question his em-
ployees and examine his books, but because you successfidly meet
Brown's competition in the selling market. It is just here that the
foreign trade adviser, if he knows the statistical facts, can be of
service to you. He can teU you if Browni is selling desks in Brazil
and Argentina, and that is all that he needs to tell you. That fact —
viz, that Bro\m does sell his desks there — is the one fact, and the
only one, necessary to bring into relief all the other pertinent facts
within your own knowledge, which go to answer the question affirma-
tively that your desks can be sold in Brazil or Argentina. It makes
no difference that Bro\ni's desk is a flat top and yours a roll top.
RoU tops and Ihit tops compete there just as they do here. The
appeal of the one over the other to the desk user is the same. It
makes no difference that the English or French desk has legs and
yours and Brown's have not. The appeal pro or con of legs and no
legs is just the same as of flat tops and roll tops. The important thing
is that the American desk, no matter what its form, has in Kio or
Buenos Aires met the competition of the European desk whether of
the same or a different form.
But suppose, on the other hand, the American desk has not been
able to enter the field, that Brown and other desk exporters have
failed, then, unless you are c^uite sure that in invention, factory
methods, and output you have a ver}' considerable advantage over
Brown and the others, you may safeh' conclude that the European
has in these matters, advantage over all American desk manufac-
turers, and 3'ou had better stay out of the export field.
292 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Ability to compete with the foreign manufacturer in quality,
style, and price is the basis of success in the foreign field, and in no
way is this ability better discoverable than from the results obtained
by others with whose work and methods it is possible to measure
one's self.
If the article ])e one of new manufacture, in which case there would
be no statistical standard to apply, one must trust to his judgment.
If his faith is well founded that the world which he knows — the
United States — has need for the new article he is about to offer it,
then he may be sure that other worlds, in all probability, have a
like need. The new things, when they were new, the sewing machine,
the cash register, the automobile, the moving picture, were seized
on by Latin America just as soon as it was given the opportunity.
The new inventions of the future, whatever they may be, will be
seized on in the same way provided that they have the element of
appeal that these inventions have had.
Within certain limitations anything which has a market in the
United States has also a market in Latin America. If it be a new
article of manufacture and serves a useful purpose, its appeal there
is just as forceful as its appeal here. Advice which takes the form
of an enumeration of articles which may have a market in this field
is not intelligently given, because it can not be intelligently applied.
Furthermore, if, as it usually is, it is merely an enumeration of articles
bought and sold in Latin America, it misses the point of change of
styles and methods of manufacture — in other words, the ever chang-
ing effects of invention and progress — and, what is of even more
weight, it offers no basis upon which to estimate the strength of the
competition which the prospective exporter must meet.
It is not sufficient to tell the exporter that people in Latin America
are wearing shoes or hats or coats or that they have locks on their
front doors — he might have guessed this without help — you must
tell him something more, and perhaps the best way to do this is not
to enumerate the articles at all, but to propoiuid a formula such as:
Everything is salable in Latin America except those things which
do not fit in with the climate or with the industrial development of
the several countries. All market differences, with the rarest excep-
tions and these the most apparent, which have any weight can be
brought under one of these two heads: Difference of climate; dif-
ference of industrial development. All other differences, such as race,
habits, culture, language, customs, temperament, or ethics may be
brushed aside as having no worth while bearing in one case of a thou-
sand. Where these things have a bearing, it is direct and apparent,
and where it is not so, then it may be discarded. To illustrate:
One sees at a glance that language must have a weight when the
question is one of selling printed books. No one need expect a large
market for English books in a Spanish-speaking country. The lan-
o"uag6 difference is in this case direct and apparent. On the other
KXPORTIX(i TO LATIX A.MEItlCA. 293
haiul. wluMi it conios to selling funiiture. shoes, clothing, tools, ma-
chiiierv. etc., while there is no apparent and (Hrect bearing of differ-
ences of habits, customs, race, etc., yet the prospective exporter at the
beginning is almost sure to expect some hidden obstacle. He is
almost sure to reason sonu>wliat ahmg this line: "People who speak
a different language, whose habits are different, and whose race is
(hfferent are certainly going to want and to demand products unlike
those wanted and demanded by the people I know here at home."
Not so; the experience of a thousand exporters and manufacturers
here and in Europe has proven just the contrary to be the general
rule. If the difference be one the bearing of which anybody, whether
he knows much about Latin America or not, can see and a])preciate
at the first glance, then heed it; but if, on the contrary, it be one,
the bearing of which must be reasoned out, sought for, or inquired
about, then it is safe to assume that no such bearing exists.
None of the Latin American countries are manufacturing coun-
tries, and consequently have no domestic standards of manufacture.
Their standards are all those of the Tnited States, England, France,
Germany, and other manufacturing countries.
The real dift'erences which do limit the kinds of goods which arc
salable in Latin American countries are those due to differences of
climate and of industrial development. There should be no real
difficulty in the mind of any prospective exporter to know precisely
the extent to which climate, hot or cold, wet or dry, limits or facili-
tates the sale of his i)roduct. In some cases it has a large influence
and in others it has little or none. No one could expect to sell fur
coats, house-heating appliances, and ice skates in hot tropical coun-
tries; nor raincoats in northern Chile, where it does not rain; nor
distemper ])aints in Para, where it rains too much; and yet he might
expect to sell the same kind of table cutlery anyvvhere. In determin-
ing the effect of climate on the salability of goods of a certain kind,
one should discard all statistical information of every kind except
geographical. One should api)ly the same set of facts to the problem
of climate effect in the foreign field as he would apply at home to
what is precisely the same problem — i. e., differences in salability
of given articles in Maine and in Florida or in Minnesota and in Ari-
zona. A good commercial geography is all one needs, and the less
it dogmatizes about trade and commerce and the closer it sticks to
the facts of temperature, rainfall, and altitudes the better it is.
Climate limits not only the articles themselves, like raincoats and
ice skates, but it limits also qualities and especially protective cov-
erings and containers. One need not consider the kind of glue for
joining furniture if the furniture is intended for Antofagasta, Iquique,
or Lima. Any kind of glue strong enough to answer the purpose
will do for these cities where rain never or seldom falls and where the
atmosphere is always dry. But it is a different problem if the fur-
10905S— 19— Bull. .3 4
294 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
niture goes to Pernambiico or Manaos, whore the air is heavy with
moisture and rainfall is excessive. So it is with varnishes, paints,
metal plating, and all other protective or ornamental coverings or
dressings — heat, cold, and moisture must he taken into considera-
tion. The intelligent and successful manufacturer will not allow
himself to he pulled this way or that way by o])inions or advice about
how to prej)are his product for a certain Latin American or any other
market except this advice goes directly to the point — rainfall, tem-
perature, altitude.
The second set of differances which do limit the kinds of goods
which are salable in Latin America are those due to differences of
industrial development.
In reality these are as simple of api^lication as the climatic differ-
ences, but they are not so easily ascertained. They are facts that
require a thorough and intimate acc{uaintance with all of the 20 coun-
tries in order to be aide to aj^praise them at their true value. Fortu-
nately, however, there ai'e a few broad, general conditions which can
be stated and which suffice in most cases, but not in all. There are
exceptions and these occur often in imlooked-for ])laces.
One must remember that differences in industrial development do
not affect many things; that most articles are salable anywhere with-
out respect to the differences in industrial development between the
United States and I^atin America as a whole, or the differences
between Brazil and Argentina in the part. Climate has a much
broader effect in differentiating trade than has industrial develop-
ment. Climate touches more things, but not often so vitally as does
industrial development. It is rare that climate of itself excludes
articles; for the most part it acts as a modifier and can be circum-
vented and is circumvented. But industrial development, narrower
in its application, is more vital when if does apply. If grain is not
grown there is no need for drills and binders, and nothing except a
change in the industrial situation can create such a need. If there
are no minerals to mine then mining machinery can not be market-
able. If there are no factories then products and materials which
only such factories can use are not needed. Nothing short of indus-
trial change can alter these facts. But one may ask, "After all, is
not industrial development but anothcn- phase, a resultant, of climate
and other natural causes T' In a limited view, yes. But this view
when applied to commerce is confusing, because it fails to take into
account man himself and the extent to which he is master of his
environment. It is perfectly simple to treat climate and other
natural conditions on the one side and industrial development on
the other side, as entirely distinct. The one is nature unsubdued;
the otbei- the handiwork of man, by grace of or in spite of nature.
Imports are restricted by both sets of conditions.
The Latin American countries are not manufacturing countries;
that is, they are not such in the way that England and the United
Exroirnxc to latin America. 295
States air niaiiufactuiinu- couiitrios. The biji- power jylaiit is almost
nonexistent. l)ut tlie hand trades and repair and assembly shops arc
miieh in evidence. These faets determine the kind and character
of many kinds of imports. If one will keep clearly before him the use,
or, it may be, the identity of the user, of any commodity, he need have
but little difficulty in saying whether or not this commodity is salable
in Latin America. For example, take the case of automobiles.
Climate or industrial development can have little direct l)earing on
the automobile. It supphes a need and a want in any country in
the world, and is salable anywhere. But what of automobile parts
and accessories? One must draw distinctions resulting from differ-
ences in industrial development. The manufacturer of such auto-
mobile parts which enter into manufacture and can only he used by
the manufacturer need expect no market for such products in Latin
America, because there are no automobile factories in any of the
countries. (There is at present one, and soon may be more automo-
bile assembly plants.) On the contrary, the manufacturer of parts
which can be set in place by repair shops or by the owner himself
can expect a market proportionate to the market for automobiles.
So it runs through all the trades. If the user of the commodity be
the ultimate consumer — that is, if it be something hi a finished state
like a sewing machine, an automobile, or a pair of shoes; or if the
commodity be something that a handicraftman, a small shop, or a
repair man can make use of, like leather, wagon spokes, hubs, spark
plugs, tires, paints— then aU of these things are salable. On the
other hand, if it be raw or even finished material of a kind which the
handicraftman or small shop can not use, then in all probability
Latin America offers no market for the product in that form. There
are exceptions, however.
Advertising. — At the beginning one must know that advertising
goes farther in Latin America than it does in the United States. A
dollar spent in printer's ink will show a larger return than several
dollars si)ent in the United States. Latin America has not been
overfed with advertising. But to be successful the advertisuig must
be intelligently placed. Here, as in other cases, one must discard all
notions that there are peculiarities, short cuts, or tricks about Latin
American advertising. The closer one follows well tried-out methods
as applied in the United States the more successful will be the results
in Latin America in the application of the same methods. Not every
article is advertised here in the same way nor through the same
agencies of publicity. One manufacturer finds that the billboard is
of no service to him, while the daily newspaper is. Another finds
the monthly magazine the best medium. Another that demonstra-
tion work counts most. Another depends upon the circular letter
or the pamphlet. What is the cause of this variety in advertising?
Answer this question, and every successful advertiser does answer it
for his o\m product, and you have the secret of successful advertis-
296 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
ing ill the United States and at the same time the secret for Latin
America. The same agencies are there as here, and the human
appeal of the advertisement is exactly the same and comes from the
same direction. If the daily newspaper is the best medium to adver-
tise a certain product here, the corresponding newspaper will be the
best medium there. And so as to every other agency. Find out
among what classes the newspaper circulates, and if this is the class
one wisiies to reach then advertise in that paper; if not, then find
the newspaper that docs reach the right class. If some new scheme
or some new medium for advertising in Latin America is proposed,
reject it or accept it solely for the same reasons that one would reject
or accept the same scheme for advertising the same product in the
United States. There is no safer rule than this; in fact, there is no
other intelligent rule.
Language, use of technical and trade terms. — Portuguese is the
language of Brazil and French of Haiti. The remaining 18 Latin
American countries are Spanish speaking. One is often asked the
question whether it be not i)ossil)le to do business in Latin America
without a knowledge of any other language than English. It is
possible to the same degree, and to no greater, that it is possible to
do ])usiness in the United States without a knowledge of English;
but this is so heavy a handicap that no sensible person would want
to take it up unless he were compelled to do so. There are cases,
however, where the nature of the business is such that only one
person (or one of a class) is competent to act, and this person does
not know Spanish, then one must do the best he can and employ
the services of an interpreter. Occasionally in Latin America he
may find some one with whom he wishes to do business who knows
English, but this can not be depended on there any more than the
corres])onding condition can be dei)ended on here. Nothing takes
the place of a knowledge of the language of the country. The fact
that some Latin Americans know English, or that there are some
British or American foreign traders in Latin America, does not in
any very material degree do away with the need for Spanish in
18 of the countries, and for Portuguese in Brazil, or French in Haiti.
In other words, English or German or French or Italian no more takes
the place of the country's language in Latin America than does any of
them, or Spanish, take the place of English in the United States.
It is true that English is of more value than any other foreign lan-
guage in Latin America, but one must not lose sight of the fact that
it is a foreign language.
Spanish and Portuguese are nearly related languages, both based
upon the Latin and having many identities, so that it is comparatively
easy for any one speaking the one language to accpiire the other.
Notwithstanding, one must be very careful, especially in Brazil,
not to appear to confound the two languages. There is nothing
that a Brazilian resents more ([uickly or more decisively than this.
EXPORTIXG TO LATIX AMEUICA. 297
Ho takes tho position, and ((uito correctly, that if he knows Spanish it
is because he has acquired the huiouage in just tiie same wav as lie
may have acquired French or Eno-hsli, and not because his own
tong-ue, Portuguese, is so near akin to Spanish that any one knowing
one must of necessity know the otlier. Furtliermore, the assumption
to him smacks of the behef that Portuguese is but a diak'ct of Spanish.
Oiu' must uiuier no circumstances write letters or send circular adver-
tisements to Brazil iu Spauish. If one can not secure a Portuguese
translation for such correspondence or for labels on goods, then it is
better to use English or some other lar<guage, but in no case Spanish.
In Haiti the case is difl'erent, there is no prejudice whatever against
Spanish or any other language, but very few people understand any
other European tongue than French. N"ext to French, English
goes furthest in Haiti.
In the translation of technical and trade terms one can not lay
down any general rules which can be of much service, exce])t to say
that in advertising and C()rrespon(kMice not enough attention is
given to these matters. Advertisers generally do aj^preciate tlie fact
that Spanish and Portuguese translations should be correct from the
literary point of view, but they are ])rone to overlook the fact that the
technical and trade point is of equal and often of more importance.
To call a thing by a name which no Spanish-speaking person can
recognize merely because that name is the literal renckn-ing of the
English word is an absurdity, but one which crops out in nearly all
the Spanish and Portuguese translations made in the United States
for circulation in Latin America. The fault of course is primarily in
the translator to whom the manufacturer or exporter has intrusted
the work and on whom he must rely. But the manufacturer should
know that in translation two things are necessary: a kn()^vde(lge of the
language and a knowledge of the thing itself and that it is scarcely
ever possibU' tt) find a single man e(iuippe(l in both branches of
knowledge. No man, native-born Spaniard though he be, and perfect
in both Spanish and English, can make anything except a ridiculous
mess of translating electrical goods catalogues or machinery cata-
logues unless he knows as much about the subject matter of the
catalogue as the man who wrote it in English knew. A literary knowl-
edge of English is not sufficient to steer one clear of using mechanical
and trade terms incorrectly in English, nor is a like knowledge of
Spanish sufhcient in avoiding the like mistakes in Spanish.
One asks, What must be done if, as seems impossible, a Spanish
or Portuguese translator can not be found equipped on both the
literary and the technical side ? The answer is that very much has
already been done when one appreciates the fact that such translators
are not to be had, more when the translator himself appreciates his
lack of technical equipment. It is then possible to detail two men
on the job who. if they work together sympatheticallv, may expect
to turn out something which, although it may contain minor flaws,
298 THE PAK AMERICAN UNION.
is yet iiu(lerstaii(lal)l(' and not ridiculously incompiohensiblo, as
much of such advcitisemcut at the present time is. One man must be
the ordinary translator with a correct literary knowledge of the
language — it is assured that such a one can be c[uite readily found —
and the second must be a man taken from the business itself who
knows the use, purpose, and proper designation in Enghsh of every
article and every part described in the advertisement — it is assumed
that this man knows no Spanish. The first man can never be trusted
to work out the problem alone ; he must have the second at his elbow
to explain and reexplain the make, the use, and the purj^ose of every
article set out in the English copy. One can test out this idea very
easily if he be, for example, the manufacturer of grain drills. Let
him show his catalogue and advertising descriptions to his next-
door neigh})or, a college prefessor, a doctor, a lawyer, or anybody
except a farmer or an implement dealer, and observe what his
neighbor makes out of the advertisement. Ask this neighbor to put
down in his own language, after having read the advertisement but
without referring to it, what the grain drill is and what it is used for,
and like as not he will receive the astonishing information that grain
drills are agricultural implements intended for harvesting wheat.
Remember that the Spanish translator has the added difficulty of
having to render all this into another language.
Wliat is known in English as a monkey wrench is in Spanish an
English key (Have inglesa). The writer has seen an im])lement
catalogue in Spanish prepared in the United States in which a monkey
wrench is given a hteral translation (torno de mono). Such a
ridiculous mistake as this could not have been made if the manu-
facturer had explained to the translator what the inij)lement was
and what it was used for. The Sj^anish translator, even though he
knew little about tools, would no doubt in that case have recognized
the implement as an English key used for screwing or unscrewing
bolts and not something to ]nit in a monkey cage.
Inaugurating business. — What agencies shall one use and how?
The answer is: In the same way that the particular business was
inaugurated at home and through identical agencies. One would not
undertake the introduction of a new j)atent medicine, a new weave
or design in textiles, and a novelty in })uil(ling hardware all on the
same lines. The appeal is different, the })uying public is different,
the channels through which th(> j)ublic buys are different, a different
kind of advertising is needed; in fact, the whole selling scheme must
})e dill'erently planned in each case. Then, again, when one considers
the proportion of expense to the volume of business, he can not
afford the same expenditure for traveling salesman, and advertising
if it is a case of finger rings as he might afford if it was a case of steel
bridges. The salesman is as p()t(>nt in one case as in the othei", but
the same outlay does not bear the same proportion to tlie ])robable
voIumTTTrl" busin(>ss. The fingei'-ring manufacturer must exj^ect his
KxiPORTiXG To Latin amErua. 290
product to he inti'oduced as a sido voutiire or as included in the
larger group ol" jewelry. Generally speaking — that is, in so far as
such comparisons can l)e made — the cost of keeping a traveling
salesman on the road in Latin America is greater than in the I'nited
States.
Ordinarily there is no good substitute for the traveling salesman.
Advertising by means of circidar letters, catalogues, or whatever other
means may seem advisable seldom takes the place of the personal
appeal of the salesman with his sample case. This is true here and it
is true in the same degree there. If there be exceptions to this
general rule that the salesman is the best selling agent, and no dou})t
there are such, for experience has proven it, then one may confidently
assume that whatever agency has proven better than or as good as
the traveling salesman in the United States will prove as good or
better in Latin America. For example, the mail-order house does
not employ traveling salesmen; it could not very well, if for no other
reason than that the line of goods it sells is too large. There are other
reasons, but this is of itself sufficient. It would be the height of
folly for a mail-order house in the United States in entering the Latin
American field to change radically its methods in this or any other
material aspect. The reasons which cause the illustrated catalogue,
w^hen placed in the hands of the ultimate buyer, to be a powerful selling
agent have the same application in Latin America as in the United
States. The catalogue is in eff(>ct the same, but there must be
surface differences. In other words, one must place the catalogue
before the buyer in Latin America — and this applies to all catalogues,
mail order or any other — in just the same way as he places it before
the buyer in the Ignited States. In the L^'nited States he prints his
catalogue in English because this is the language of the country; for
circulation in Argentina or Mexico he must print it in Spanish, and
in Brazil in Portuguese. In the Ignited States he gives weights and
measures by the English system — pounds, yards, inches, etc.; in
Latin America he must use the metric system — kilograms, grams,
meters, centimeters, and liters. Why? For several reasons; but
at this point it is necessary to state only one, in order that his customer
may more readily understand. In his Ignited States catalogue he
would not tliink of listing a 2-liter teapot, and for the same reason he
should not list the teapot at 2 quarts in Latin America. Farther
on an attempt will be made to state the relation of the measure sys-
tem to the article itself in respect to exporting; at this point reference
is only to cataloguing measures, the assumption being that the meas-
ure itself is not vital (which is true in many cases, but not in all),
and the only need being to translate^ the little understood English
measure into the better understood metric measure — a mere con-
version of terms with no essential difference. Of the essential dif-
ferences we will treat later.
300 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Ill a csitalogiio, price list, or other price stateinent it is very neces-
sary that there be no misuii(lerstaiidiiig on the part of the customer
as to what this price is; in other words, in what funds it is payable.
More errors are made and more misunderstandings are occasioned
in this matter than in any other. In the United States one gives
prices in dollars and cents without any qualification. Every one
understands what $1.75 means, but every one in Latin America does
not understand what $1.75 means. That is not to say that Latin
Americans do not know the Ignited States money system, for, as a
rule, they do, all lousiness men at least do; but that they are not able
from the catalogue to determine whether it is the L^nited States or the
local currency which is meant. The doUar mark ($) so called in the
United States is the peso mark of about half the Latin American coun-
tries. Ill Argentina, for example, it is as freely used as it is here, but it
means standing alone the Ai-gentine paper peso, of which $100 at the
par rate are equal to about $42.45 United States. The Argentine buy(>r
understands by $1.75 a value less than 75 cents United States
($0.7429). On the other hand the dolhir mark ($) is used in Chile to
denote the Chilean peso, which is worth less than the Argentine peso ;
and other countries use the dollar mark ($) with the same local sig-
nificance. This mark standing alone may mean anything from a few
cents (in Guatemala or Paraguay) up to $1.08^ (in Uruguay).
Some have sought to overcome this difficulty by having separate
price lists for each country. In the case of catalogues this is not
practical because of the extra expense of printing and the liability
of error in mailing; but, worst of all, it creates a new set of misunder-
standings, which are even more likely to occur than in the use of the
unex]ilaiiied dollar mark. In some of the countries the peso fluc-
tuates in value; this is where the currency is irredeemable paper, as
in Chile, or where it is })ased on silver, as in Salvador. In such cases
unless new lists were issued (even the daily fluctuations are occasion-
ally great) to meet the rise and fall of the gold prcMiiium the whole
basis of the price lists would be destroyed. Then, again, commercial
or bank exchange also varies, so that a draft in Argentine or Chilean
currency (even supposing the gold premium to be constant) would at
one time net $100 in New York and a (h-aft for the like amount at
another time net only $85 in New York. Stating prices in the local
currency is from no standpoint to be advised, nor is it necessary.
The statement in aU cases should be in Ignited States funds, but this
fact must be clearly indicated. Th(^ l)est way is to add to each price
statement the words "United States gold" (oro de los EE. UU., or
oro americano), thus $1.75 oro americano. Another way is to print
at the top of every price statement and on the outside cover and at
the head of each catalogue page the words, "Todos los precios son
(k' oro americano." Any method which clearly indicates that the
])rice is stated in United States curfency and that the draft or other
remittance is expected to be in doUar funds is sufficient.
11 i km i-wi t y f Mmfn ¥ W I
b 1 U JJllW 1 b ill 1 lit U 11 1 1 Ji JJ
ST /I TF^
BY decree of May 20, 1918, the Brazilian Minister of Agrieulture,
Iiuliistry, and Commerce was authorized to ofi'er to the best
students in the schools of agricultural, veterinary, and indus-
trial training in the countr}', prizes of tri])s abroad for post-
graduate study, in order to raise the standard of professional
instruction in these branches and develop a body of well-trained
technical men. The students, who are chosen on a competitive
basis from among the graduates of federal, state, or municipal
schools meeting the recj;uirements of the decree, are required to send
in regular reports on their progress and plans. The Government
furnishes traveling expenses to and from the foreign country and a
monthly allowance for living expenses abroad during a period of
two years from the date of leaving Brazil. The maximum number
of students to be sent during the first year is 50.
In November, 1918, a group of 27 students arrived in New York
to study in United States institutions, and a second group of 7 came
a few weeks later. They were met by Dr. Jose Custodio Alves de
Lima, inspector general of Brazilian consulates in the United States,
who has been designated by Dr. J. G. Pereira Lima, the Brazilian
minister of agriculture, to look after the welfare of the students
during their two years' stay in this country. He was assisted in
welcoming the students and locating them at various agricultural
and technical colleges by officials of the committee on friendly
relations among foreign students, the American Council on Educa-
tion, and others, especially Mr. Arthur W. Manuel, director of the
Latin-American division of the former committee, who has recentlv
returned from Brazil. The section of education of the Pan American
l^nion was able to secure the concession of free tuition for some of
the young men more conversant with the English language.
The students, who are in the main graduates of Brazilian agricul-
tural schools, a few having had electrical or other technical courses,
have been sent to various institutions all over the United States
where they could most advantageously pursue the special branches
in which they are interested, such as veterinary surger}^, plant
pathology, cotton cultivation, fruit culture, agricultural chemistry,
the leather industry, electric railway construction, and hydro-
electric plants. They are young men of a very high type, and con-
30]
STUDENTS SENT BY liKAZlLIAN (iUVEUNMENT FOR UUADUATE STUDY IN TTTE
UNITED STATES.
Tho Brazilian Department of Agriculture has sent several students to the United States for firadnale
study. Most of them came to this country in Novemlj:'r, I'JIS, l)ut a smaller party arrived in the
early part of 1919. Ujiper picture-Upper row from left to rii;ht: Octavio ("abral de Vasconcellos,
Octavio Gomes de Moraes \'asconrellos, Joaquim de Rocha Madeiros, Taulo Ferreira <h' Souza,
Archimedes Pereira (iuiinaraes, iienediclo I'aiva, Benedictode Oliveira. Middle row: Jose Vizioli,
Jose Rodrigues Seabra, Theopliilo Harreto Vianna, Dulphe Tinheiro MachadB, Mario Ferraz de
Magalhaes, Antonio Peixoto Alves de Souza, Oelavio do Espirito Santo. I>ower row: Moacyr Alves
de Souza, Alberto Alves Peres, Uarlo Basios 'I'iu'vc, .\rthur ^V. Manuel, Dr. Jose Cuslodio Alves de
Lima, Dr. Charles Evers, Arthur oln'rlander Tihau, Jose Ernesto Monteiro, Octa\io (iongalves
I'eres. Lower picture- Seated: Jose Cuslodio .\lves de Lima, in charge of the students in the United
States. Standing (left to riijlit): Jose iie I'aulo Brito FelisliiTto de Comargo, Francisco Fragoso
Filho, Joaquim Herlino de Moraes Carvalho, Hermes Cunlia de Barros Lima, Arthur W.Manuel,
Director of Latin American Plvision, Conuiiiltee oti Friendly Relations among the Foreign Students,
New York City.
COAL AND OIL IX COLOMBIA. ,^03
stitiitc a iU)tal)lo addition to tho already largo contingent of Biazilian
students in the United vStates. They have been cordially leceived
by the various colleges which they have eiiteied, in some cases
special faculty advisers being provided. It is to be hoped that these
young Brazilians will have a most profitable period of study in the
United States, and that they will be followed year by year by other
groups of students, who will carry back to their own country not
only valuable technical knowledge, but many friendships which will
knit closer the strong ties already bintling together the two republics.
IJi"i,L^ l±L%. iJ iJLLjf, 111 %Aj
Oi/l.lJl.il.
NEARLY all who have traveled in South America or who have
studied conditions there and the possibilities offered bv the
countries of that continent for the development of agricul-
ture, mining, industry, and commerce seem to agree that
Colombia is one of the South American nations having a great poten-
tiality of production and a vast field for colonization, owing to its
area of 476,900 square miles — an extent of territory only surpassed
by three of its sister Republics — and to its remarkable natural
resources. In fact, only those who have traveled in that country
and observed the number and variety of natural products scattered
along the valleys of its marvelous rivers, in its dense forest regions,
and in its numerous mountains, can fairly estimate the value of its
soil and the vast range of fertile lands so well adapted to the produc-
tion of large crops of sugar cane, wheat, rice, maize, cotton, and
practically every product of the tropical, the subtropical, and the
temperate zones.
Some geographers say with reason that the fertility of Colombia's
soil is astonishing, and many people are inclined to believe that the
progress and development of that country depend largely on its
agricultural production: but if credit be given to those who have
explored the country from one end to the other, mining will be perhaps
the real leading industry in the near future, and the industry from
which the country will derive its principal revenue, due to the fact
that its mineral wealth is something surpassing all calculations.
In coal, for instance, very few countries rival Coloml)ia, and very
few will be able to equal it in production when the coal industry is
' By J. M. Coronado, of Pan American Union staff.
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\(jLLME of oil from well no. 2 OF THE MiXA 1M-. I.N ]■ A.\ I AS.
From this picture the force of the oil, in the fir.st well sunk in the oil region of the Colorada River by the
Tropical Oil Co., may be judged. After capping a well it is sometimes necessary to let out some of
the oil, even if it must be wasted, in order to prevent the forte of the stream from" destroying the well
entirely.
CARHYIXC; .Sri'I'LIF..-^ To THK <lIL WKLL.s.
("aterpillar tractors are used by the oil companies to carry supplies over the rough roads to the oil wells.
This tractor is used in hauling heavy machinerv from the Magdalena River to the oil fields in the
vicinitv of the Colorada River.
306 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
developed on a large scale. The extension of its coal fields is estimated
at 8,288 square miles, containing 27, 000, ()()(), 000 metric tons of coal.
According to "Anales of Ingenieria" of Bogota, the Colombian coal
fields are practically unexplored, coal being mined at a few localities
only on a very moderate scale.
The coal-bearing formation is ])robably of post-Cretaceous age,
and, judging l)y the outcrops, it must underlie very extensive areas.
Tlie formation consists of sandstr)ne and clay shales, witli which the
coal seams are interbedded. Tliree coal seams are known to occur,
varying in tliickness from 0.6 meter to 1.2 meters each, witli one
having an ap})roxinnite average thickness of 2 meters. They are
fairly regular in character. The coal is Intmninous, the c[uality being
very uniform tlu'oughout the country.
The De])artments of Cauca and Valle have, pr(d)ably, the largest
coal-bearing areas, although no coal has yet been mined there.
Next in importance are the Departments of Cundinamarca and
Boyaca, where small quantities of coal are being produced for rail-
way, metallurgical, and domestic consumption. Tlie coal fields in
the De])artment of Antio(|uia are of less importance and very little
mining is behig undertaken. In the Department of Narino, in the
region of the Putumayo River, there are, in all jU'obability, extensive
areas un<kM'lain by the coal-bearing formation. In addition to the
well-known areas already mentioned, there are small patches of coal
formation found in many other departments, as well as outcrops of
coal differing from the typical post-Cretaceous Colombian formation
and referable to the Paleozoic; they are, however, of less importance.
From what has been said it can be seen that the possibilities of
Colombia as a coal-producing country are very great. Valuable as
these may be, however, the reports published lately in regard to the
considerable cjuantities of oil discovered in Colombia would indicate
that on this industry, more than on any otlier, may depend the
development of the country. The oil wells, which are being drilled
there, despite the fact that the work is only in its initial stages, are
already ranked next to those of the big oil-producing countries, such
as Mexico, the United States, and Roumania.
Geologists have divided the oil zones of Colombia into two regions —
one formed by the solid wall of the we-^tern range of the Andes,
which serves as a count(U'foi t to the Cauca valley on the western side,
and which extends adong {ho water courses running to the Pacific
Ocean, and the other foj-nied by the extensive valley of the Mag(Uilena
River and its tributaries, which ramifies and opens more and more
in an eastern and western dii^M'tion iti a])])roaching the coasts of the
Caribbean Sea. The area of both zones has hcen esthnated at more
than 34,000 square mdes, but of these only 650 or more are con-
sidered of real coinmei'cial value. This, however, is merely an esti-
CAPPIXG AX OIL WELL IX THE MIXA DE IXFAXTAS.
This is a very difTicult operation, for at times the oil flows with a tremendous force and it frequentls'
happens that much of the valuable oil is wasted before the stream can be stemmed.
ROBERT FlLToX • LEAVIXG THE PORT OF IXFAXTA-
The Robert Fulton has the distinction of being the only steam vessel to plow the Colorada River. It
was purchased by the Tropical Oil Co. to carry pro\-isions and machinerv, but its operation was not
successful because of the manv narrow and shallow places in the river. "In the background mav be
seen a few buildings erected at Infantas by the same companv.
308 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
mate, and only a goological survey cmikl verify it. Along the western
plains and in the southern region of the country there are also many
indications of oil, hut as yet nothing has heen done to determine if
the}^ are of any gi-eat value as oil fields, probably because of the lack
of good roads.
About the first zone very little information has been published
up to the present, due to the fact that it has not been carefully
explored and that only unimportant investigations were made some
time ago in tlie neigliborhood of the Baudo River, which rises in the
mountainous district of the same name and flows through the district
of San Juan, parallel to the Pacific coast, in an opposite direction
to the Atrato River. That river, which has a total length of 280
kilometers, of which 100 only are navigable by small boats, is entered
from San Juan through the Suruco River.
The oil zone of the Magdalena Valley, of which the oil regions of
Catatumbo in the Department of Santander seem to be an abundant
and lich branch or continuance, lias been very well known for many
years, more than oO geologists having explored this section in different
directions. Howevei-, active steps for its development were not
taken until a few years ago, notwithstanding the fact that at the
beginning of the nineteenth century the noted geologist Baron
Alexander von IIuml)oldt discovered in the vicinity of Cartagena
some flow or escape of natural gas, some asphaltum deposits, and
other indications of the existence of oil sources. Regarding the
quality of oil that is produced it can be said that the analysis of
samples found in Colombia reveal that the various deposits contain
mineral oils, some with an asphaltum and others with a paraffin base.
In regard to this zone a prominent American geologist who visited
it two years ago said :
It can be affirmed that all the Magdalena Valley, from far inland to the seacoast,
is a very large subterranean "bag" of oil, whose existence is being confirmed more and
more every day by the superficial exudations produced by the great pressure exerted
on it by the two surrounding ranges of mountains. Any part of the land may be
drilled and oil will flow. The only thing is that in large sections the upper part of
that "bag" is located at a depth which can not be reached by the methods known;
but in others, oil is very near the surface of the earth; so the latter are the zones which
may be qualified accurately as oil lands.
According to the same geologist, one of the regions wdiere oil may-
be found near the surface is located in the vicinity of certain tribu-
taries of the Opon River. This has been definit(4y confirmed by an
xVmerican company working near the Oponcito and La Colorada
Rivers, tributaries of the former, with such success that at the
beginning of last year oil was found in great quantities at a depth
of only 1,500 feet in well No. 2 of the Infantas Mine oh the Colorada
River; and about the end of the year oil gushed from well No. 1 of
the same mine. The coluum of oil in well No. 2 gushed with such a
CRAFT USED l-<>\i Tl; \ \< I', n: TIM ; M ACHI.VK in' ri;n\l THK \[ \i I H V LF V \. RIVFR
TO THE PORT OF IXFAXTAS OX THE COLORADA RIVER.
These barges, which are usually equipped with gasoline engines, cover the 4S miles between the port
of Barraa a Bermeja, on the Magdalena, and Infantas, on the Colorada River, in six or seven hours.
VIEW OF THE PORT OF BARRAXCA BERMEJA OX THE MAGDALEXA RIVER.
Barranca Bermeja, situated 42tj miles from Barranquilla, is the doc-k for traffic gomg to the oil region
near Infantas. Infantas is 41 mUes inland from this port, or 48 miles if the trip is made by water.
109058—19— Bull. 3-
310 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
force into tlio air that it could not bo controlled for a week, spreadinij;
oil over a vast area of land and over the surface of the neighboring
rivers to such an extent that the Colcn-ada River seemed to be the
outlet of a large oil lake. Both wells have been duly capped pending
the arrival of the necessary material for the construction of a pipe
line which is to convey the oil wells to the Magadalena River, thence
to be transported to the seaport of Cartagena, where it will be loaded
into special vessels to carry it to the markets of the world. In the
meantime, drilling is being continued in several i^laces.
The oil region of Infantas is located 41 miles by land from the port
of Barranca Bermeja on the Magdalena River, or 48 miles if the trip
is made by water. The latter requires the ascent of 2 leagues of
the Magdalena River to the mouth of the Opon, then proceeding for
a quarter of a league on this river to the mouth of the Colorado, and
the ascent of the latter to the port of Infantas— a trip which can
be made in five or six hours in a motor boat. This journey will be
considerably shortened in the future by a railroad that the company
is building from the Magdalena port to the center of the oil fields.
In Infantas there is a very good road from the river port to the
l)uildings of the company, situated on a hill, and from there to a large
opening in tlie nearby woods, which is covered with a thick layer of
asphalt containing considerable quantities of a dark and bituminous
matter. There a tower rises 120 feet, and underneath, moved by
l)owerful machinery, are the driUs boring down into the earth for
the placement of vertical piping. The road extends through the
wood to where two more towers are doing similar work. It was
from well No. 2 that oil first gushed.
The concession for the exploitation of the oil lands of that part
of the Department of Santander embraces an area extending from
the mouth of the Sogamosa River up the Magdalena to the mouth
of the Carere River; up this river to the foot of the eastern range;
then, following the foot of this range to the Sogamoso River, and
this river down to its confluence with the Magdalena. This concession
was secured from the National Government some years ago by Senor
Roberto de Mares, a prominent Colombian, who may be called the
pioneer of the oil industry in Colombia. As it was not possible to
secure enough money in Colombia for an enterprise of this kind, Mr.
de Mares succeeded in interesting a group of American capitalists
of Pittsburgh, Pa., who after hearing the report of the commission
of geologists, which they immediately sent to investigate and study
the ground, made a contract with the grantee for the exploitation
of tliese oil lands and organized a company, with a capital of
$50,000,000, for the development of the business.- Under the
direction of that company, known as the Tropical Oil Co. (Ltd.),
the work of finding oil in Coloml)ia has l)een made a success.
;^]2 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
While no information has been published concernino; the output
of C'olombia's oil regions, probably offieial statistics will soon show
how much oil is gushing from wells Nos. 1 and 2 of the Infantas mine,
and how many more have been drilled there.
Considerable work has been done also in some of the od fields in
the vicmity of Cartagena and in the valley of the Sinu River, but up
to the present very little information has been published about
them. Five or six years ago a local company began drilling n(>ar
the town of Turbaco, about 15 mdes from Cartagena, and in May,
1913, a depth of 2,400 feet had been reached. While considerable
quantities of gas were encountered at various stages, and there was
said to be a strong showing of oil with marsh gas, no gusher has yet
been developed. On the vSinu River the results have been more
encouraging, considerable quantities of oil having been obtained
at very little depth. This made possible the establishment of a
refinery in Cartagena for the utilization of that oil and other products.
According to local information, the Stantlard Oil Co. is also developing
a large oil field in that vicinity.
CjODO Y'S TRANS- AM IJ£ AM
A YOUNG officer of the Chilean Army, Lieut. Dagoberto
Godoy, on December 12, 1918, accomplished one of the
most remarkable feats known in the history of aviation.
^ In his flight from Santiago to Mendoza Lieut. Godoy
crossed the Andean Range at a height of 17,300 feet (5,675 meters),
thus breaking the world's record for height in crossing mountain
ranges. The trip was made in a Bristol monoplane with a 110-
horsepower Le Rhone motor. He flew the 210 kilometers between
Santiago and Mendoza in a straight line in 1 hour and 28 minutes,
at an average velocity of 130 kilometers an hour.
The crossing of tlie highest peaks of the Andean chain had been
the greatest ambition of Chilean and Argentinian aviators, as it
would rank as by far the most monumental achievement in the
annals of high mountain flights.
The talented and venturesonn^ Argentinian engineer, Jorge New-
berry, was the first to l)e killed at the foot of the Andes in an attempt
to accomplish the ol)ject. A short time later another Argentinian
engineer, Sefior Mascias, also attempted the flight, but met with
similar disaster. Later, Lieut. Zani got within a few kilometers of
LIEUT. DAGUBEUTu V.ODOY.
Dagoberto Godoy was born in Temuco, Chile, on
July 27, 1893, and is a lieutenant in the Chilean
army. On December 12 he succeeded in flying
over the Andes at an elevation of 17,500 feet.
He covered the distance of 210 kilometers be-
tween Santiago, Chile, and Mendoza, Argentina,
in 1 hour and 2S mmutes.
E:DL'AliDu iJKADEi':Y.
Eduardo Bradley crossed the Andes in a balloon
on the 24th of June, 1916, by practically the
same route taken bv Lieut. Godoy in his recent
aeroplane flight.
LIEUT. LUIS C. CANDELAKIA.
Lieut. Candelaria, of Argentina, made a balloon
flight over the southern part of the Andes be-
tween Zapala and Cunco m April, 1916.
CLODOMIHO FIGUEKOA.
The Chilean aviator Figueroa made an ineffectual
attempt to cross the Andes Range by the same
route as his more fortunate countryman, Lieut.
Godoy.
314
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION,
the divide, when lie in turn had to renounce his purpose. The
popular Chilean aviator, Figueroa, failed in like fashion. To the two
intrepid Argentinian aeronauts, Bradley and Zuloaga, belongs the
honor of having made the first successful flight over the Andes in
a balloon, on July 24, 1918. In April of the same year a lieutenant
of engineers, Luis C. Candelaria, desirous of rending the veil of
mystery which enshrouded the range, had traversed the southern
ridge, vying with the condor for sovereignty as he crossed from Zapala
to Cunco, at a height of 2,000 meters, thus driving the opening wedge
for those who were later to undertake pathfinding over the most
(Hfficult part of the Andean region lying between Chile and Argentina.
JOKiiE XKWBEKUY.
This noted Arfjentinian aviator met his death while trying to cross the Andes by way of the Uspallata
Pass. "
Tlie name of the victorious Lieut. GcMloy has been indelibly traced
in the annals of aeronautics, in which he won fresh laurels for his
country's gallant army. No description of his flight and of the in-
numerable difficulties he overcame can exceed in color and interest
that which the aviator himself has given in the following paragraphs:
At last I was to get a bird's-eye view of the peaks upon which I had so often gazed
from the track of my airdome. The Bristol mounted into space for a time. I had
not yet looked downward. I had to watch my altimeter, my compass, the regular
throbs of the oil engine, and the revolutions of the motor. I had to change the car-
l)urization continually and regulate the Le Rhone; and then, when my altimeter
had passed the 17,000 feet, I looked downward.
I was in an unknown world. The mountain range stood out wonderfully clear;
everywhere were canyons, immense black-mouthed valleys, gentle foothills, and
icy slopes. At the left Tupungato rose near me to my own height, or perhaps higher,
PAX AMERICAN XOTES.
315
like an enormous skyscraper, a magnificent yet graceful tower rearing itself toward
heaven. On one side it had a long, gradual, almost horizontal slope, like a palm of
the hand, white and frozen, but hospitable, inviting me to alight and linger. But the
impre.-i.-'ion was fleeting. The Bristol told me I was going 180 or 190 kilometers an
hour, hence the scenery altered rapidly. A moment later I crossed the frontier.
My' country was behind me; before me lay the sister nation and triumph — my slight
but longed-for victory.
At that moment the motor missed and nearly stopped. I guessed what was the
matter. The automatic engine was not working and the gasoline couldn't reach the
carburetor. I worked an instant and the engine and rotary started up again before
the change had affected the apparatus. I had to land. So I lessened the supply of
gas slightly and began to descend slowly. The needle, which had reached a maxi-
mum of 17,300 feet, gradually lowered. Then the battle began, which lasted perhaps
three or four minutes. The plane seemed to be crazy. That morning there had
been a windstorm on the Argentinian side. Perhaps that was the result of the cyclone.
Then — calm again. And there in the distance amongst the far-away foothills, insig-
nificant when contrasted with the huge bulks I had just left, rose the outline of Men.
doza, beyond the great plain, covered by a heavy veil of clouds.
Ten minutes later I was over the historic city. I could not see Tamarindos, the
aviation camp, anywhere. I searched anxiously until I despaired of finding it
As there was a good field 2 leagues farther I started for it, unfortunately. I broke the
screw propeller and the landing gear. I came to ground a little worn, my hands
knotted from the cold, still rather uncomfortable from the rarity of the atmosphere
in the heights, as I had not carried oxygen with me. I sprang to the ground and
experienced a new, awesome emotion: I had realized the fulfillment of my dream — I
had crossed the Andes.
^^ .... ........ ..... 'IM'
B.m if. im i:^ i\ 1 %. fi.
.m,„A
THE XEWLY APPf)IXTED AMBASSADOR OF ARGENTINA TO THE
UNITED STATES.
DK. TOMAS A. LeBRETON, the new ambassador of Argen-
tina lo Washington, is one of the most widely known mem-
bers of the party in power in his country. He was one of
the coterie of men that instituted a vigorous and successful
campaign for the betterment of the electoral laws of the country.
At the time he was fighting for this cause he was also devoting him-
self to professional duties, especially to the subject of tratk'-marks.
He represented several Argentine organizations at various continental
congresses in which the matter of trade-marks was under considera-
tion. He continued in the office of Deputy to the National Congress
(to which office he was elected in 1914) until his present appoint-
ment. His career as a legislator was brilliant. The passage of many
laws highly beneficial to the Republic can readily be traced to his
initiative. As a member of the Budget Committee he displayed a
thorough accjuaintance with the commerce, trade, political, economic,
and ffiiancial relations of his country. At the beginning of the Euro-
pean conflict, in a debate in the Argentinian National Congress, he
advocated the rupture of diplomatic relations with Germany. Having
renounced his office as deputy in order to visit Europe, the people of
the Federal capital again elected him to Congress. He has alternated
legislative duties with private enterprises, thus complying with per-
sonal obligations as well as the duties of citizenship. Dr. LeBreton
was one of the most enthusiastic promoters of the popular universi-
ties of Buenos Aires, Rosario, and Santa Fe. His zeal for the edu-
cation and the well-being of the laboring class extended in every
direction. One practical manifestation of his philanthropy consisted
in the erection of a municipal ])ath-house, which bears the title
"LeBreton Bath" (Balneario LeBreton). His tireless energy and
inclination toward the practical, together with his sympathetic com-
prehension of American institutions, will, without doubt, result in
still further strengthening the cordial relations between his country
and the United States. Dr. LeBreton was officially received by
President Wilson on Marcli 3, and a few days thereafter left for Paris
for a short stay before resuming his duties in Washington.
LUNCHEON IN HONOR OF THE MINISTER OF PARAGUAY.
Tlie Pan American Society of the United wStates on January 30,
1919, gave one of its characteristic luncheons at the Bankers' Club in
316
niS EXCELLEXCY SEXOR TOMAS A. LeBRETOX, THE ARGEXTIXE AMBASSADOR.
318 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
New York, the guest of honor on tlie occasion being Seiior Don
Manuel Gondra, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of
Paraguay. In introducing his excellency, Mr. John Bassett Moore,
president of the society, spoke as follows :
Speaking only of inanimate things, I feel at liberty personally to testify that one of
the most delightful objects daily to be seen at the International Exhibition at Buenos
Aires in 1910 was the effigy of a bride draped in lace. It was, indeed, no ordinary
vision. So strong was the verisimilitude and so striking were the effects that the
beholder seemed in fancy to await the slow procession moving in measured cadence
to the music of the hymeneal march. Nor do I intend to deprecate the merits of an
important modern industry when I say that the bridal trappings in the present instance
were no machine-made product. On the contrary, they were the work of the human
hand inspired by that innate sense of beauty which, while incurring infinite labor
and pains for its own satisfaction, enriches the world with the creations of art. When,
however, in the ordinary course of human emotions the visitor presently inquired as
to the origin and significance of what he saw, he learned that it was an ingenious
exhibit of Paraguayan lace, of which Buenos Aires and Montevideo were then perhaps
the chief markets.
The poet has assured us that "a thing of beauty is a joy forever." We accept the
assurance, but, as experience unfortunately teaches, we are obliged to accept it with
the qualification that joys often linger only in memory. Hence it is that we learn to
prize the union of strength with beauty as the ideal combination. And if objects of
beauty are produced by Paraguayan hands, so strength may be derived from the
products of the Paraguayan soil.
When I say this I do not speak at random. I approach the subject with a grave
and definite purjjose, and under the benevolent impression that I may at once confer
a boon upon my fellow countrymen and a favor upon a friendly people. I will there-
fore proceed to render my meaning intelligible and precise.
The posses.sor of a well-known name, which, because of its genial associations, is soon
to be banished from an important part of the Western Hemisphere, was wont to remark
that he had gained his fortune, not by leaps and bounds, but by hops. In the United
States this process, which proved to be so successful in the case of Sir Michael Bass, has
now been placed under the ban; and having lengthened the Decalogue by constitu-
tional amendment, we find ourselves in quest of a universal beverage, tonic in its
effects without undue stimulation, that shall preserve beauty, minister to strength,
and tint the future with the roseate hues of the dawn. These properties, I venture to
affirm, may be found in what is technically called "yerba mate," otherwise known
as Paraguayan tea. Often, as the feathered denizens of the forests chanted their vesper
song, have I seen the hardy boatmen of the affluents of the Plate produce their simple
cups, and brewing from that native product a delectable draft return to their sober
tasks reinvigorated and refreshed. Wlierever tried, its restorative and sustaining
qualities have been fully demonstrated. Indeed, we are told that the surveyors of
the Argentine-Chilean boundary largely relied upon it for sustenance in the remote
and barren altitudes in which they were so frequently obliged to carry on their work.
Paraguay, although she has a past, may be said to be a C(nintry of the future. Lying
more or less removed from the great lanes of commerce and industry, her resources
have to a great extent remained undeveloped; but with the extension of railways and
steamer lines, she is beginning to come into her own. With a climate partly tropical
and partly temperate, her productive capacities are capable of great development.
Her soil may be made to contribute most abundantly to the sui^ply of the world's
wants, while her forests, rich in woods of various kinds, will furnish materials essential
to the comforts and conveniences of life.
PAX AMERICAN NOTES. 319
Xor is our interest or our pleasure on the present occasion diniiui.shed by the fact
that Paraguay, politically speaking, is one of the so-called "small nations." This
title is by no means derogatory, since it apparently embraces all the nations of the
world except the great powers which are coming to ])e irreverently known in the press
as the "big five." Within that supreme and restricted circle we find unciuestionable
strength, but not as yet a monopoly of territory or of population, nor by any means a
monopoly of virtue. Xor should we forget that, for what may from time to time be
lacking in permissive representation, it is always possible to make up something in
individual character.
In this high sense Paraguay is most fitly represented to-day by the eminent citizen
whom we have the honor to entertain. Statesman and diplomatist, he represented
his Government as minister to Brazil from 1905 to 1908, and was one of its delegates
in the Third Internatitmal American Conference at Rio de Janeiro in 1906. In 1910
he held for a time the exalted post of President of his country. He had previously
served for two years as minister of the interior. From 1910 till 1918 he held, under
two successive presidents, the portfolio of minister of foreign relations; and while
holding this position he availed himself of the opportunity to extend to the United
States, in a great crisis, an expression of the cordial sympathy of his Government.
His reputation as a scholar, as a historian, and as a man of varied accomplishments,
has likewise spread throughout the Americas, calling forth many striking and well-
deserved tributes. We therefore welcome him in his personal as well as in his repre-
sentative character, feeling that in assuring him of our admiration and respect we are
paying honor where honor is due.
I ask you to rise to the health of his excellency, Dr. Manuel Gondra, envoy extra-
ordinary and minister plenipotentiary of our sister Republic of Paraguay.
In response to the happy introduction of President Moore, Minis-
ter Gondra spoke in part as follows:
Some moralist has said that he who rejects a eulogy only desires to receive it twice.
At the risk of incurring such a suspicion, I must be grateful for, without accepting,
however, the kind expressions which your president has addressed to me. At the
same time I treasure those he has offered to my country, since I am not unaware that
this demonstration is made properly to me in my official and representative charac-
ter, rather than to me personally for any merits I may possess.
Xot with any desire merely to reciprocate the good will of your president, since
a person of his character and scientific attainments is above praise, but because it is
mj' sincere opinion, I must say, gentlemen, that Prof. John Bassett Moore, as the
president of the Pan American Society of the United States, is, according to an Ameri-
can saying with which I am familiar, "the right man in the right place." When a
society like this, in which there are members so conspicuous in the politics, the letters,
and the banking of this great Nation, designates as its leader an illustrious master of
international law, that society has personified, perhaps instinctively, the ideal that
vitalizes it; it has desired to indicate that the spiritual nexus that ought to bind
together all the societies of America is not to be found principally in the occasional
community of political tendencies, nor in the simultaneous cultivation of the same
esthetic ideals, nor in the ties of economic interests, which for the very reason that
they strongly unite, are exposed to severance, but in the higher bond of justice,
stronger than that of interest, more beautiful than that of art, and more lasting than
that of mere political contingencies.
Because, gentlemen of America, I must say to you, who hear me at this moment,
that the essential forces of the great Nation that you form are rooted in the justice, that
might be called innate, of her historical actions, a justice from which she will never
recede without diminishing, you may be sure, her potency. These ideals of justice
320 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION,
won in your war of independence; they triumphed in your Civil War, a war that was
civil in two senses, because it was between brothers, and because from it sprang,
with the plentitude of civil rights, millions of men; and, finally, these ideals of jus-
tice glowed in the bosoms of your soldiers at the battles of Chateau Thierry, Belleau
Wood, and Saint Mihiel, where they, hghting against superior forces, made gf)od the
words of Shakespeare, "Thrice is he armed who hath his ([uarrel just. "
In speaking to you thus, believe me, I express to you sentiments that are grounded
in the consciousness of my people. In Paraguay the name of the United States
spontaneously awakens the idea of justice. Let me explain why, by reference to
brief reminiscences of our history.
In 1857 the relations V)etween my nation, small l>ut ])roud, and yours, great and
strong, suffered a jiainful interruption. Incidents of a character merely diplomatic,
at first, and complaints of American citizens with interests in Paraguay, later, so
much impressed the American Government that it formulated against my Govern-
ment a demand that was with the authorization of the Congress to be supported
materially by force, if it should be deemed necessary, under the circumstances.
The American Government made use of such authorization, and it honored Paraguay
by ordering there the largest American squadron ever sent to South America as a
war measure. We had "the honor," I have said, ])ecause the anger of the great is
produced only by the worthy. Nineteen vessels, equipped for war, with 200 cannon
and nearly ;i,000 men, went to uphold the diplomatic action of the American envoy.
The opportune mediation of a friendly Government facilitated the solution of the
conflict, and an agreement was signed between the United States and Paraguay to
submit the pending questions to the investigation of two commissioners, one of whom
should be an American and the other a Paraguayan, who were empowered to desig-
nate a third in case of a tie. The commissioners met at Washington; they took into
consideration the allegations and proofs presented ]:)y both parties; and on March 12,
18()0, the American judge formulated his award — accepted l)y the Paraguayan — in
which he declared that:
"Upon the proofs aforesaid the Government of the Republic of Paraguay is not
responsible in any damages or pecuniary compensation whatever in all the premises."
That judge was ex-Postmaster General C. Johnson, regarding whom President
iiuchanan could not refrain from saying: "The American! commissioner is as pure
and honest a man as I have ever known."
This issue of the difficulty strengthened the relations of friendship l)etween the
United States and Paraguay, and it taught us that there is something stronger than
an American fleet — the American justice.
A decade later, in 1870, came the termination of the long five-year war which we
had maintained against the trij)le alliance — a war whose history is our pride and
whose memory is our glory, issuing from it almost annihilated, and having been called
upon to yield territory that we, even vanquished, ought not to have yielded. We
remembered that in your country we had once found a judge; so, in agreement with
the opposing party in litigation, we carried the case to an American President. That
President, who was Rutherford B. Hayes, gave a decision in which he recognized
our clear right to the territory of the Chaco — that in dispute. In token of gratitude
the congress of my nation passed a law which gave the name of President Hayes to
a town in the territory mentioned. Thus the name of a great American citizen was
the first name of a foreigner incorporated l)y reason of justice into the nomenclature
of our political geography.
Now you comprehend, gentlemen, why I said to you that in my country the name
of your Nation suggests the idea of justice, because in your country we have found
judges who decided even against the interests of their fellow countrymen.
You will now understand also why it is that Paraguay hastened to accept the Pan
American doctrine, enunciated in 1890 by Mr. Blaine, with the support of your
PAX AMERICAN XOTES. 321
Government, coniplementins: the historic declaration of Monroe; why she adjusted
to it her international attitude in the great war that has just reached a happy conclu-
sion; why, finally, she accepted with spontaneous adherence the leases that President
Wilson offered for the consideration of the other States of America lookinir toward
the creation of a <;reat continental treaty, which was to signify the consummation of
the Pan American ideal.
\Maat now will be the future of this ideal, since it appears that all the civilized
nations desire to unite in a closer community? Will continental solidarity be dis-
solved in a more ample and comprehensive human solidarity? Who can say? I
think, nevertheless, that, although the physical laws that regulate all the waters are
the same, and although all the seas are united among them.selves, each of them will
continue eternally to receive the rivers of its own slopes, subjected to the rhythm
of its own tides, moved by its own currents, and agitated by its own tempests. So it
is in history. The moral laws that govern man are equal. The different human
civilizations will be spiritually united among themselves in the future; but each of
the great continental societies will continue to be moved by its own historical forces,
experiencing its particular ethnic reactions, agitated by its peculiar interests, and
impelled by its own ideals.
If those ideals are summed up in the greatest happiness for individuals and the
greatest justice for nations, which is the formula that perhaps summarizes the desid-
erata that your Government has proclaimed, believe me, gentlemen. Pan American-
ism will continue to grow and it will l)ear fruit throughout the long future.
Gentlemen of the Pan American Society, in concluding I desire to thank you for
the courtesy that you have extended to me, and to assure you also of the sincerity
of the effort with which 1 shall cooperate in the work of your organization.
DEVELOPMENT OF AIR MAIL ROUTES.
The report of the Postmaster General of the United States for the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1918, contains a section devoted to the
aerial mail service, including the lines in operation and those soon
to be established. With the inauguration of the mail route between
Washington and New York on May 15, 1918, the transportation of
mail by aeroplane became a permanent and j)ractieal feature of the
Ignited States postal service.
One round trip daily except Sunday is being made without fail.
The trip from Washington to New York is performed on an average
of 2 hours and 30 minutes, and from New York to Washington in
2 hours and 50 minutes, the difference in time being due to the
resistance offered by the prevailing winds, which are usually from a
westerly direction. A stop for the exchange of mail on each trip is
made at Philadelphia. By this service mail between New York and
Washington is advanced from 2^ to 3 hours over the train service.
Other routes soon to be established are as follows:
1. New York to San Francisco, with feeders from^
(a) Chicago to St. Louis and Kansas City.
(6) Chicago to St. Paul and Minneapolis.
(c) Cleveland to Pittsburgh.
322 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
2. Boston to Key West, with feeders from —
(a) Philadelphia to Pittsburgh.
(h) Washington to Cincinnati.
(c) Atlanta to New Orleans.
3. Key West, via Hahana, to Panama.
4. Key West, via the West Indies, to South America.
Negotiations looking to the conclusion of special aerial mail con-
ventions between the United States and the foreign countries involved,
for the establishment of these routes to the West Indies and Central
and South America, are now in progress. It is realized that these
overseas routes will require the most powerful aeroplanes with wireless
installation and special construction to make them safe over the seas,
but the enormous commercial advantage that will result by materially
reducing the time between this country and Central and South
America will justify the expenditure that such a service will entail.
Brazil also has plans underway for the development of an airplane
mail and express service. By decree of October 28, 1918, the Presi-
dent of Brazil granted to Joao Teixeira Soares and Antonio Rossi
a concession to establish an air])lane service between the prmcipal
cities of Brazil. The stations to be established will include the
capitals of all the states with further extensions whenever the demand
seems to warrant such action. The service between the capitals must
be in operation within two years, the Government reserving the right
to extend the time for two years more. The concessionaires' activi-
ties wiU com])rise the carryuig of small packages and mail; but with
the further development of aviation, passenger transportation will be
permitted upon the approval of the Government. The concessionaires
nmst admit Government student aviators to their machines and
hangars, and in time of war the Government reserves the right to take
over the service, paying a rental based on the profits for the three-
month period preceding, and being fully responsible for the restitu-
tion of all materials taken over. "
PARCEL POST CONFERENCE.
A conference was held on February 11, 1919, in Washmgton be-
tween postal officials and exporters and importers interested in the
subject of mternational parcel post. The conference was held under
the direction of the Hon. Otto Praeger, second assistant postmaster
general. It was attended by a large number of importers and ex-
porters, in particular those interested in the trade of Latin American
countries. In addition speakers from the United States Departments
of State and of Commerce, from the International High Commission,
and the Pan American Union w^ere present. A number of sugges-
PAN AMERICAN NOTES.
323
tious were receiveil Inun the business representatives looking to the
further extension and the ini])rovement of international parcel ])ost
exchange between tlie United States and Latin American countries.
COURSES IN LATIN AMERICAN DIPLOMACY AND THE CONSULAR SERVICE
IN LATIN AMERICA.
Seiior Jose F. Godoy, formerly dean of the diplomatic corps in ('id)a,
ex-Mexican charge d'affaires in Washington, D. C, and at one time
a member of the governing board of the Pan American Union, is
])resenting at Uolumbia University courses in Latin American
diplomacy and the consular service in Latin America. The course
in Latin American diplomacy comprises briefly the origin and nature
of diplomacy in Latin America, fitness and appointments, ceremonies
and official and social functions, treaties and international agree-
ments, the Pan American l^nion and Latin American diplomacy in
the present world's war. The course in the consular service in Latin
America includes lectures appertaining to the various geographical
divisions of Latin America, comparison and survey of the service of
American consuls and of those of other countries in Latin America,
protection of American citizens and extradition proceedings, letters
rogatorv and notarial duties.
^AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY^
^ ; AND COMMERCE; "
ARGEXTIXE REPUBLIC.
The CHAMBER OF COMMERCE of the United States recently
commenced work in Buenos Aires, dividing its activities into three
branches, namely, education, protection, and development. Accord-
ing to C. M. Whittemore, its president, its object is to furnish the
people of the United States with reliable information concerning the
Argentine Re])ublic, and the people of the Argentine Republic with
correct information about the United States, since "the more we
know each other, the better we will understand each other." The
board proposes to work with the object of extending and strengthen-
ing the bonds of friendship and good will which now happily bind the
two nations together.
According to estimates made by the general bureau of statistics
of the Argentine Hepublic, using "real values" as distinguished from
statistical values, the FOREIGN COMMERCE of that country in
1918 was as follows: Im])orts during the first half of said year
amounted to 209,896,111 gold pesos, or 44,024,037 more than during
the same period of 1917. The exports during the term referred to
aggregated 381,696,567 gold pesos, or 76,424,554 more than during
the same period of 1917. The value of the exports in the six-months'
])eriod referred to may be itemized as follows: Stock products,
232,663,065; agricultural products, 132,167,495; forestal products,
5,328,254, and sundry products, 11,537,753. The estimated com-
merce for the year 1918, based on the figures of the first nine months
of that year, is 1,112,536,553 gold pesos, made up of imports, 434,-
567,518 gold pesos, and exports, 677,969,035 gold pesos.
During the first nine months of 1918 immigrant and passenger
TRAVEL of the Argentine Republic was as follows: Number of per-
sons arriving from abroad, 93,482, and number of persons leaving,
98,236. The excess of outgoing to incoming travel was due to the
European war, many citizens and subjects of the allied nations having
returned to enlist in the armies of their respective countries.
The year 1918 was the most prosperous year in the CATTLE IN-
DUSTRY ever experienced by the Argentine Republic, not only on
account of the volume of exports but also because of the exceptionally
liigh prices obtained. Wools, hides, and meats were sold at ])rices
which left a good margin of ])rofit to the producer. ' From January 1
to November 30, 1918, the following meat products were exported:
1,423,842 muttons, 6,069,567 ((uarters of frozen beef, and 21,256
324
ACRicrLTrni:, ixdustry, axd commerce. 325
(luartersof clnlkHl hovf. i\>vomin\ivd with 1 .520,939 muttons, 4,974,478
quarters of frozen beef, and 629,688 (|uarters of chilled beef during
the same ])eriod of 1917.
In January last the WHARF of the new port of Buenos Aires was
opened to public service, the works of said port having cost 25,000,000
pesos gold. The water alongside the new wharf is 33 feet deep, and
the anchoring walls have a length of 365 meters. The warehouses
are two stories high, built of cement, and are fireproof, each one having
a capacity for the storage of 10,000 tons of cereals.
BOLIVIA.
The National Congress has apj)roved the law jirojected by the
president by which 50 per cent of a capital of 300,000 bolivianos is
guaranteed >or the establishment of a RUBBER GOODS FACTORY
in Santa Cruz or Cochabamba.
A NEW TAX on mining profits has been ordered, by which every
individual, company, or society exploiting one or more mines of
whatever nature must pay to the national treasury 8 per cent of
their net profits, with the exemption of those enterprises whose net
profits do not amount to 20,000 bolivianos annuall}'.
An ADDITIONAL TARIFF of 40 cents has been levied on exports
made through all the customhouses of the Republic, of every hundred
kilograms of tin, silver, bismuth, and tungsten sent from the Depart-
ment of Potosi and Oruro. This tax is to be used for various pur-
poses by the respective Departments.
According to press notices, an organization of Italian, Belgian, and
Argentinian capital has been formed in the Bolivian town of Nazareno
situated on the slope of the Tupiza Valley 60 kilometers from La
Quiaca, the object of which is the construction of a navigable and
irrigating CANAL connecting Nazarena and Salta, Argentina. The
canal will follow the Pilcomayo and Bermeja Rivers and will cost
several millions of dollars owing to the sinuous character of the route
it must traverse. Nazareno is located in one of the wealthiest
agricultural and mining sections of the Republic, there being at
present three large companies exploiting the lead mines of the
vicinity.
BRAZIL.
The governor of the State of Sao Paulo has temporarilv authorized
an automobile PASSENGER AND FREIGHT SERVICE along the
route of the branch of the Campinheiro Raibvay from Joaquim Egydio
to Dr. Laciada, in place of the present steam railwa}' service.
The Department of Agriculture of Brazil has been invited by the
Department of Agriculture of the L^nited States to send to the latter
country a number of technical emplo^'ees of the Brazilian PASTORAL
INDL'STRY service. This invitation is an evidence of the good wiU
109058— 19— Bull. 3 6
326 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
and desire of the Government of the United States to cooperate with
the Government of Brazil in developing and perfecting the pastoral
industry of that country, and especially in regard to the inspection of
meats, which service is so well organized in the United States.
The Government of Italy has contracted for the transportation from
Brazil to Italy during the present year of 60,000 tons of BRAZILIAN
PRODUCTS, representing a value, including freight, of $25,000,000.
According to a report of the Department of Agriculture the steam-
ship, passenger, and immigration STATISTICS of the port of Rio de
Janeiro during the 10-year period from 1908 to 1917 were as follows:
Entrance of steamers from abroad, 5,752, of which 1,750 were English,
1,153 French, 1,128 German, 830 Itahan, 308 Dutch, 236 Austro-
Hungarian, 236 wSpanish, 156 Brazilian, 6 Japanese, 6 Norwegian,
6 Argentinian, 5 North American, and 1 Portuguese. The number of
immigrants arriving was 427,958, of which 384,248 were from Euro-
pean ports, 15 from Asiatic, 4,125 from African, 35,706 from South
American, 3,833 from North American, and 31 from Australian ports.
The following figures show the principal nationalities which arrived
during this period: German, 20,328; Austrian, 14,905; Argentine
1,215; French, 5,363; Spanish, 53,879; Dutch, 2,850; Italian, 35,816;
English, 3,399: North American, 1,230; Portuguese, 213,326; Russian,
42,087; Swiss, 1,436; Swedes, 1,268; and Turco-Arabic, 17,291. Of
the total immigrants arriving, 305,684 were males and 122,274 females.
Dr. Gonzaga de Campos, director of the geologic and mineralogic
service of Brazil, has submitted to the Minister of Agriculture an
extensive and detailed report concerning his trip to the vState of Santa
Catharina. According to that report, there are four important
COAL BASINS which have not yet been explored in the south of said
State, namely, Alto Tubarao, Alto Mai-Luzia or Treviso, Crissiuma,
and Urussanga, near the sources of the river of that name. Lage
Bros., who have just completed the construction of a railway con-
necting with the Thereza Christina line, work the first deposit,
shipphig therefrom 1,200 to 1,500 tons of coal per month. The
Treviso field has numerous veins of coal, and the Urussanga coal
deposits are of great importance because of the numerous veins which
extend through the valleys of the upper streams which enter that
river on the right-hand bank. The Urussanga Coal Co. has com-
menced the exploitation of the coal of the valleys of the Deserto and
Caiti Rivers.
The Government has contracted with the Aranja Coal Co. for the
construction of a 30-kilometer spur from its branch railway for the
piu'pose of giving a better outlet for the coal output of the Deserto
and Caiti mines.
A decree of November 6, 1918, authorizes the State of Maranhao to
construct works for the IMPROVEMENT OF THE PORT of S. Luiz
do Maranhao and to use and operate same for a term of 60 years.
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 327
Tho COMMERCIAL ASSOCTATIOX of Rio do Janeiro rocoivod and
entertained at a special meeting held on January 9 last a committee
of the Board of Trade of the United States. In the addresses made on
that occasion a number of wa3's of promoting trade and binding closer
the commercial rehitions between the two countries were discussed,
special preference being given to commercial arbitration.
In accordance with an order of the State government, the city of
Sao Paulo is authorized to inaugurate an agricultural, industrial, and
stock EXPOSITION on April 21 next.
In 1916-17 the production of SUGAR in the State of Sao Paulo
consisted of 612,924 sacks, valued at 22,226 contos (paper conto =
about $250), and 103,186,255 liters of aguardiente, valued at 31,929
contos.
A prime factor in the industrial prosperity of the State of Sao Paulo
was the development of the RAILWAY SYSTEM from 2,894 kilo-
meters in 1895 to 6,277 in 1915. The merchandise transported over
this railway S3^stem in 1895 aggregated 1,170,176 tons, as compared
with 6,082,863 tons in 1915. The receipts in 1895 and in 1915 were,
respectively, 55,417 and 110,234 contos, and the expenditures 27,473
and 59,614 contos.
In 1917 the imports of AUTOMOBILES through Santos numbered
1,133, valued at 3,608 contos. Of these machines 1,127 came from
the United States.
CHILE.
The Chilean C0M:MERCIAL COMIVIISSION which the Govern-
ment is sending to study the economic conditions of the Ignited
States, will arrive in April to begin the tour which it is hoped will
develop more intimate commercial relations between the two coun-
tries. The commission is composed of Sr. EHodoro Yaiiez, formerly
Minister of the Interior and at present senator of the Republic, who
is chairman, and Juan Enric[ue Tocornal, formerly Minister of Foreign
Relations, and Augusto Villanueva, ex-superintendent of commerce
and director of the Bank of Chile. Sr. Manuel Amunategui, consul
general of Chile in France, will act as commercial adviser.
With the object of carrying into effect an agricultural propaganda
to stimulate the production of wheat, the writers on agricultural
topics of the fourth agricultural district have decided to open a
WHEAT CONFERENCE in which aU cultivators of the grain who
request the privilege may take part upon the presentation of their
applications to the authority of the district.
The English company, Vickers Sons, has just presented a proposal
to the Minister of Industries, through the legation in Lomlon, for
the establishment of CO^DIERCIAL AERO-NAVIGATION in the
country. The enterprise is to undertake the aerial transportation
of mail, passengers, and freight.
328 THE PAN ameeica:n^ iTNiOiSr.
On January 11 of the present year the Association of NITRATE
PRODUCERS of Chile was organized in Valparaiso and its statutes
approved. The principal object of the new association is to compete
aggressively with other fertilizers with which the market has been
flooded since the opening of the war.
Since the 15th of January the wireless telegraph station of Valpa-
raiso has been making daily reports of the METEOROLOGKV\L
CONDITIONS of certain points on the coast and the island of
Juan Fernandez.
The Chamber of Deputies recently approved the President's
project of encouraging THE FISHINGINDUSTRY by the payment
of bounties for the period of 10 years.
An Italian CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, composed of prominent
members of the colony, heads and representatives of Italian com-
mercial houses, etc., has recently been organized in Santiago.
The Government has taken steps to encourage beet cultivation in
every possible way in order to foster the SUGAR INDUSTRY.
The recently completed MAIX'O CANAL, fed from the Aconcagua
River in the Department of Quillota, has been opened by govern-
mental decree. The canal, which is 80 kdometers long and will
irrigate 5,000 hectares, cost 2,150,000 pesos, and it is estimated that
the value of the land it irrigates will be increased by 10,000,000
pesos.
A British C^OMMERCIAL MISSION is at present visiting Val-
paraiso with the purpose of promoting trade between the two coun-
tries concerned and preparing the field for English manufacturers.
A contract by which the Arica-La Paz Railway Co., is authorized
to run freight as weU as passenger trains over the lines of the Anto-
fagasta-BoUvia Railway line as far as the city of La Paz was recently
signed by the directors of the two companies.
The board of directors of the Federal railways (Ferrocarriles del
Estado) will hold a RAILROAD CONFERENC^E in Santiago in
September with a view to improving the service by methods to be
discussed at its sessions. The conference will be divided into the
following sections: General administration, exploitation, traction and
employees, and extension and improvements.
A decree fixing the requirements of concessions for the construction
of PRIVATE DOCKS has been issued. The decree states the data
which applicants must present before permission is granted.
The general hoard of directors of the Federal railways has been
authorized to set aside 2,000,000 pesos for various RAILWAY
IMPROVEMENTS.
COLOMBIA.
The diilean legation in Colombia is fostering COMMERCIAL
RELATIONS with Colombia in every possible way. Chilean boats
hereafter will call at Colombian ports on the Pacific.
AGPJri'LTrHE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 829
A machiiio lor SPINNING SILK, invented by a business man of
Bucaramanga, has been tried in that city and found very satisfactory.
The National Congress of 1918 passed a huv encouraging the ex-
portation of COLOMBIAN PRODUCTS according to which every
article intended for exportation shall bear a card, wrapping paper,
or tag, depending upon the shape of the package, marked ''Made
in Colombia"' (Producido en Colombia), without which it will
not be permitted to leave the country. Every year two medals,
one of gold and the other silver, are to be awarded the exporter who
has packed and presented his goods in the manner most convenient
for shipment to foreign coiuitries. The law also contains stipula-
tions tending to foster agriculture.
The government of the Department of XaWe has signed a contract
with G. Amsinck & Co., of New York, for the construction of the
PIER AT BUENAVENTITIA. The firm will lend a million dol-
lars to the Department, part in cash at S per cent interest and the
remainder in necessary materials, bearing 6 per cent interest. The
pier will be 152 meters long and 36 wide.
A decree has been promulgated which amplifies the measures to
be considered at the meeting for the election of chief and assistant
chief of the officers of information and COMMERCIAL PROPA-
GANDA of the Republic, created by Law 11 of 19 IS, and associated
with the consulates of London, Paris, and New York.
The press of Barranquilla states that the Emergency Fleet Corpo-
ration of the United States has released a fieet of MERCHANT
SHIPS to the United Fruit Co. The 12 vessels in the fleet will
furnish a regular service between Colombian and L'nites States ports.
According to a recent presidential decree an industrial, agricul-
tural, and commercial exposition is to be held in Bogota August 7.
The Government is desirous of making the event a worthy celebra-
tion of the date it is to commemorate by difiusing information con-
cerning Colombian products, especially those suitable for exporta-
tion. A committee composed of the Afinister of Agriculture and
Commerce, and the presidents of the National Agricultural Associa-
tion and the Chamber of Commerce of Bogota has been appointed
to promote the exposition.
The Chamber of Commerce of Cali has adopted an agreement to
inscribe on the BLACK LIST of the organization the names of
business men who fail, who do not pay bills, who fail to meet obliga-
tions, etc.
According to advices received bv the Colombian press from the
legation of Colombia in London, ENGLISH STEAMSHIP SERV-
ICE will soon be reestablished on the prewar basis, and English
vessels will call at Colombian ports at regular intervals.
The number of GOLD MINES denounced in the Department of
Antioquia in the year 1918 totaled 289.
330 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
CUBA.
Regular FRENCH MAILBOAT SERVICE is soon to l)e reestab-
lished between the ports of St. Nazaire, El Havre, La Habana, and
Vera Cruz. For the present the transatlantic liners Espagne and
Lafayette, which formerly were named Cuha and Flanders, will con-
duct the mail service.
The Quaker City Supply Co., a merchant corporation of Phila-
delphia, which conducts a large export and import business, has
decided to establish a LINE OF STEAMSHIPS between Phila-
delphia and Cuban ports. The trip will be made every two weeks
by two steamships, both of 4,000 tons.
By a presidential decree the Cuba Central Railways Co. has been
granted an extension of one year for commencing and three for
completing the PORT WORKS at Isabela de Sagua, the construc-
tion of which was authorized on June 29, 1917.
According to the report of the Secretary of Agriculture, the
CUBAN SUGAR CROP this year is normal. By the end of Febru-
ary 192 mills were running at capacity rates and 979,200 metric tons
of sugar had been received at port cities and 512,120 tons had been
exported. By the last week of February, 955,844 tons had been
received at ports and 398,669 tons exported.
Owing to the extraordinary demand for passage to Spain, the
Pinillos Steamship Co. has agreed to place five of her best TRANS-
ATLANTIC LINERS on the line between Cuba and Spain during
the coming summer. The boats selected are the Infanta Isabel, the
Cadiz, the Barcelona, the Valbanera, and the Conde Wilfredo, which
will also transport cargoes of merchandise.
During the first part of December the CHAMBER OF COM-
MERCE of Holguin was organized. A provisional governing
board was elected, of which Sr. Saturnino Garcia was made president.
In Cienfuegos a company called the Cienfuegos Molasses &
Fuel Co. (Compania de Mieles y Combustible de Cienfuegos) has
been organized with an aggregate capital of $550,000. The company
will exploit MOLASSES, its exportation, and the manufacture of
products in which it is a prime element. The company has issued
bonds to the value of $450,000, which have been bought by members
of the board of directors.
Steps are being taken in Habana toward the estabhshment of an
ENGLISH CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. Although not very nu-
merous, the English colony in the Cuban capital is rich and influential,
and the commerce conducted by Cuba with Great Britain is quite
extensive.
The production of HONEY in 1917-18 amounted to 165,000,000
gallons, of which 125,000,000 gallons were exported.
The SUGAR (^lOP of 1919, estimated at 4,000,000 tons and having
a value of over $500, 000,000, ])romises to exceed all previous records.
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AXD COMMERCE. 331
The steamshij) Morro Castle of the Ward Line hist January mau-
gui-ated weekly STEAMSHIP SERVICE between the United States,
Cuba, and Mexico. The route wiU be run by the steamships Mexico,
Esperanza, and Monterrey, which will leave New York and call at
Habana, Progreso, Vera Cruz, and Tampico.
During the latter part of January work was commenced on the
ELECTRIC RAILWAY of Sancti Spiritus, which will connect the
city with Guayos, Neiva, Cabaiguan, and Santa Lucia.
DOMINICAN EEPUBLIC.
The chamber of commerce, industry, and agriculture has recently
opened an office of COMMERCIAL INFOR^LITION in the city of
Santo Domingo, presided over by Sr. Abelardo R. Nanita.
During the last quarter of 1918 the TRAFFIC AXD FREIGHT
movement of the Dominican Central Railway reached a total of
11,090,545 kilograms of merchandise and products transported.
The fu-st section of the EASTERN HIGHWAY has been entu-ely
completed. It is 16^ kilometers long, and connects the city of Santo
Dominigo with San Fech'o de Macoris.
ECUADOR.
A presidential decree of the 10th of January, 1919, authorizes the
customhouse at Guayaquil to permit the EXPORTATION OF
PROVISIONS to the extent of 500 quintals of potatoes and 50 quin-
tals of butter per month.
GUATEMALA.
According to official statistics, Guatemala manufactures annually
about 100,000,000 cigarettes, valued at $185,000, and 3,000,000 cigars,
worth $75,000, the principal factories being located in Guatemala
City and Quezaltenango. Since Guatemala produces very little
TOBACCO, most of the prime material is iinported from Honduras
to be made up, but almost the entire product of the factories is con-
sumed within the Republic, except for very small quantities that are
exported to neighboring countries.
The 1918 production of white SUGAR is unofficially placed at
42,000,000, and of brown sugar at 100,000,000 pounds. Of these
amounts, some 30,000,000 pounds of white sugar were exported, and
3,000,000 of brown sugar, as the latter is used extensively within the
Republic in the making of alcohol and liquors. Brown-sugar mills
are numerous tkroughout the country, whereas white sugar is pro-
duced almost exclusively in the Department of Escuintla, on the
Pacific slope. Although in 1918 exportation of sugar was prohibited
except by special license from the President of the Republic, 75 per
cent of the total crop was sent to foreign markets. By far the greater
part of this sugar went to Mexico, some to British Honduras, and the
remainder to the Republic of Honduras.
332 THE PAK AMERICAJiT UlsriON.
HAITI.
A large iiKToasc took jjlace in nearly all the EXPOliTS from
Haiti in 1917, and many articles were shipped during the year that
did not enter into the export trade in 1916. Corn was a new export
item, the shipments of which amomited to 1,219,536 pounds, nearly
all of it going to Cuba, where the merchants realized a good price.
In consequence a considerable increase occurred in the production
in Haiti. Two crops can be raised a year on this island.
The export of CASTOR BEANS has largely increased, and at this
time much attention is being paid to their cultivation, to which none
was previously given. The plant grows wild in aU parts of the coun-
try, and the industry will certainly prove to be a profitable one.
A large SUGAR COMPANY has expended more than $2,000,000
in erecting an extensive plant, providing buildings for the employees,
and clearing for cultivation large tracts of land, principally in the
plains of the Cul-de-Sac. This company gives employment to about
1,500 laborers, in addition to the skilled workmen.
According to the official report of the American consul at Port au
Prince, the more important HAITIAN PRODUCTS exported to the
United States in 1917 were as follows: Logwood, $110,546; coffee,
$466,270; castor beans, $92,857; cotton, $60,235; goatskins, $59,508;
lignumvitje, $28,249; honey, $23,721; cocoa, $19,531; hides, $15,583.
The total value of the exports for the year amounted to $903,102, an
increase of $333,191 over 1916.
MEXICO.
With the object of encouraging intensified farming in the State of
of Morelos, the President of the Republic has authorized the Depart-
ment of Agriculture to present to the government of the State a large
assortment of AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY, including 500
plows with harness equipment, thrashing machines, and other farm
implements. The department will endeavor to obtain the implements
from the United States at such a price as will make it possible to sell
them at cost to individuals and companies who are undertaking the
reconstruction of farms and ranches in Morelos.
The President has issued a decree by which the EXPORT TAX
ON COTTON is lowered to 2 centavos a kilogram, with the hope of
creating a foreign market for the surplus of the crop produced in
Laguna and Lower California in 1918. By another presidential decree
the TAXES ON DOMESTIC WINES are lowered for the purpose
of increasing the foreign demand.
The Mexican MERCHANT SHIP Rafael Miranda has just been
launched in the ])()it of Mazatlan, where it was constructed for a
Mexican owner. The new vessel dcaws 2^ meters and has a capacity
of 148 tons.
AGRlcrLTrRE, IXDUSTEY, AND COMMERCE. 333
In accordance with the wish of the President, the Secretary of the
Treasury and Pubhc Credit has commenced the consideration of vital
reforms of CUSTOMS TARIFFS tending toward more efficacious
protection of Mexican commerce with Central and South American
countries. AVith the same end the Secretary of Industry is consider-
ing a project presented to him suggesting the organization of a steam-
ship company with a capital of 32,000,000 mexican pesos to be sul)-
scribed by the Governments of Mexico, Peru, Chile, Venezuela,
Nicaragua, Salvador, Guatemala, and certain other countries which
later will become interested in the extension of their trade relations.
Press reports state that the results of the governmental measure
by which FREE RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION is given to
business men en route to any part of Morelos were entirely satisfac-
tory, since during the short time the system has been in use the com-
mercial life of the State has become normal.
During 1918 the production of PETROLEOI was 63,838,326
barrels, or approximately 10,000,000 cubic meters, a quantity which
exceeds the production of 1917 by 8,000,000 barrels, as in the year
cited the amount produced was 55 millions of barrels.
The Secretary of the Treasury has granted permission for the
exportation of 10,000 bales of COTTON to Spain. This is the first
permit granted for exportation of this character.
In accordance with a presidential resolution, on March 1 a confer-
ence of MEXICAN CONSOLS who are stationed in the United States
was held in El Paso, Texas, presided over by the Mexican consul
general at large for the southern part of the United States and by
the financial agent of the Mexican Government in El Paso. At the
conference everything relating to the tariti's to be fixed for the legali-
zation of contracts between Mexicans in the United States, and for
the collection of duties on commercial accoimts of United States
products exported to Mexican markets, was discussed.
A TECHNICAL COMMISSION will shortly be sent by the National
Geological Institute to the western States of the Republic to study
the natural resources of the Pacific coast region of Mexico, with
especial reference to oil sections which are said to exist in the territory
to be explored.
The Secretary of Agriculture and Industry has authorized the allot-
ment of land and necessary materials to the first 300 English settlers
who have arrived at the port of Mazanillo with the object of founding
a BRITISH COLONY in the State of Colima.
The Chamber of Conunerce of Valparaiso has informed the Mexican
Government that early in February the new CHILEAN COMMER-
CIAL AGENT to Mexico, Sr. Juan Duhamey, sailed for Salina Cruz
on a vessel laden with Chilean commercial products.
In a detailed and scholarly report which the engineer, Trinidad
Paredes, has presented to the Secretary of Industry and Commerce,
334 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
it is estimated from the OUTCROPPINGS OF IRON in Mexico that
the deposits will yield 242,978,000 tons of mineral as a minimum,
and its exploitation is urged as a paramount need ol the country.
The National Biological Institute recently sent one of its agents to
the State of Puebla to conduct an investigation of the MOSS known
as "Sphagnum papillosum," an absorbent far superior to cotton,
which is found in abundant quantities in the marshy sections of the
wStates of Puebla Oaxaca and Mexico. According to data published
in regard to it, this moss is smoother, softer, and finer than cotton
and has greater equalities of absorption, absorbing 18 times its own
weight. The best-known species are: "Papillosum," "compactum,"
"wulfiamin," "aquarrosum," "cuspidatum," "subsecundin," and
"capillaceum." The Government intends to use the vegetable
product in Mexican hospitals exclusively, not only because of its
desirability from a professional point of view, but also because of its
economical cost. Its principal characteristic is that it absorbs pus
three times as c^uickly as the finest cotton and retains liquid so com-
pletely that recoveries when it is used should be effected in the major-
ity of cases because irritation is practically absent.
According to telegraphic notices, RAILROAD TRAFFIC on the
line of the Northwestern Railway of Mexico was reestablished the
middle of February from the city of Chihuahua to the frontier at
Ciudad Juarez, over the western part of the State across the Sierra
Madre Range.
NICARAGUA.
Nicaraguan farmers are congratulating themselves upon the
HIGH PRICES brought by their jiroducts in foreign markets.
The high quotations on coffee are gratifying owhig to the abundant
crop just harvested of this commodity. Rice also was cultivated in
large quantities last year with happy results, due to the establish-
ment of modern milling appliances in various parts of the Republic
for its preparation. Corn and kidney beans were produced so
extensively that they were exported in quantities.
PARAGUAY.
During the i)ast six years the FOREIGN COMMERCE of Paraguay
amounted to the following sums in gold cohi: 1913, importation,
$8,119,997, exportation, $5,630,929; 1914, $5,149,465 and $4,584,358;
1915, $2,405,888 and $5,616,172; 1916, $4,680,024 and $4,861,678;
1917, $5,098,581 and $6,494,802; and 1918 (11 months), $5,783,183
and $5,632,093.
The Stock Raising Association of Paraguay recently organized a
STOCK FAIR which will l)e held annually beginning next May.
The organization docs not intend to confine tlie exhibition to cattle
only but will exhibit domestic animals of various kinds. In order
AGRUTLTUHE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 335
to widen the scope of the fair, business men of the neighboring
Republics, as well as those of Paraguay, will be invited to attend.
PERU.
A sA'ndicate of capitalists and manufacturers has been organized
in Lima to work the Huaday COAL DEPOSITS, Department of
La Libertad. To facilitate this undertaking a wagon road 70 kilo-
meters long will be built to Pinchaday. It is proposed to change
this highway into a railroad as soon as the mining of coal on a large
scale is begun.
A committee of civil engmeers has been appointed to recommend
to the Government the most feasible and desirable of the different
surveys made for the construction of the Jatunhuasi RAILWAY.
The Lima to Lurin railway, the construction of which was com-
menced under the administration of President Billinghurst, was
completed and opened to traffic during the latter part of 1918. The
road is 46 kilometers long.
Congi-ess has authorized the executive power to build a BRANCH
RAILWAY from kilometer 76 on the Chimbote to Recuay line to
Cajabamba.
A decree of January 7, 1919, construes article 4 of Law 2727 as
meaning that the export duty on all grades of wool shall be 2 shillings
per Spanish quintal of 100 pounds, gross weight, when fu-st quality
Arequipa washed wool is quoted m Liverpool at 14d. per pound, in
addition to the 10 per cent on gross value, according to grade, of
the exported wool.
The municipal council of Lima has appomted a commission to
regulate the BAKING INDUSTRY, with authority to prescribe
weight of loaf, quahty, prices, etc. The object of the law- is the
protection of consumers.
The Treasm-y Department has fixed 45 soles (sol = about SO. 50)
as the maximum selling price per ton of PETROLEOI in Lima and
Callao.
SALVADOR.
The presidential decree prohibitmg the exportation of BROWN
SUGAR AND SIRUT has been waived until March 31, 1919.
The CHAMBER OF COMMERCE of Salvador has been reorgan-
ized with the following board of directors: President, Sr. Felix
Olivella; vice president, Sr. Herbert de Sola; secretary, Sr. Jose
Dutriz; treasurer, Sr. Valentin Sesti; librarian, Sr. Mauricio Dreyfus.
URUGUAY.
In almost all ])arts of Uruguay there are deposits of MANGANESE
ORE, some of considerable extent. One of the most valuable is in
the Department of Rivera near Zapucay Creek, there being two
336 THE PAl? AMERICAN UNIO:^.
veins from which, according to estimates, 80,00(^,000 tons of the
mineral may be extracted. The beds occm" in an area of 22,000 acres
owned by the Uruguay Manganese Co., a company formed several
years ago in Montevideo and composed largely of English capitalists.
During the past five years — that is to say, while the war was in
progress — FOREIGN COMMERCE was conducted to the following
extent: 1914, importation $32,4.31,791, exportation $48,555,429; 1915,
$29,031,697 and $60,194,284; 1916, $29,643,547 and $56,327,951;
1917, $30,923,835 and .$83,506,267; 1918, $30,408,807 and .$94,618,914.
The Japanese steamship company Osaka Shosen Kaisha in January
started a NEW JAPANESE LINE between the ports of the Orient
and those of the Rio Plata and Brazil. Three steamships are to ply
at present, all of 10,000 tons capacity and with large passenger ac-
commodations, from Brazil to Cuba and certain ports of the United
States, returning to Japan via the Panama Canal. As will be noted,
the trip is a much longer one than any other in operation, since the
round trip will require nearly eight months.
VENEZUELA.
An idea of the increasing importance of the industry of PEARL
FISHING in the island of Margarita may be obtained from noting
that since January, the 0])ening of the season, more than 4,000 fisher-
men and 800 boats have been engaged in the traffic, which is one of
the most inijiortant of the region. By the 1st of February 52,700
bolivars had been received in the treasury ior privileges and exclusive
rights.
The President of the State of Bolivar has ordered the publication
of a book to be called ESTADO BOLIVAR which will contain data
and information concerning the industrial and economic development
of the State.
To the end of saving the channel of the Caurimare River from
destruction by erosion and of enlarging the territory in use by the
agricultural and forestry experiment station, the President has con-
demned the private ])ro])erty known as San Rafael, or ''Cero de
Arvelo," situated on the southern bank of the river within the
boundaries of the municipality of Pachoco in the Sucre district of the
State of Miranda, to be incorporated in the experiment station.
In view of the fact that different articles of merchandise grouped
together under the same number of the tariff law frequently are not
described by the im])orter by their ])roper terms and by correct
numbers, but in the consular invoice the entire paragraj)h relative
to the merchandise is inserted, annoyance and inconvenience is
thereby caused to the customs officials and in the preparation of
statistics. On this account the President recently issued new tariff
regulations, according to which, wlien distinct articles of merchandise
ECONOMIC AND FIXANCIAL AFFAIRS.
337
are im])orted which are com])roheiided under the same tariff schedule,
they ma}^ be designated in the consular invoice b}^ the name under
which they are listed in the tariff law, goods being considered im-
pro])erly classified wlion they ajjpear in the invoice under names
which are not particularly applicable to such goods. The decree will
become effective in the customhouses of the Republic on Maj^ 1, so
that goods which arrive from Europe after that date, or from other
foreign ])arts beginning A])ril 1, must be shipped with regard to the
foregoing regulations.
ECONOMICanbFINANCIAL
j1 e
^
AFFAIRS
a
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
During the first 11 months of 1918 the CUSTOMS AND PORT
DUEwS of the Argentine Republic amounted to 65.599,961 gold pesos
(gold peso --SO. 9645), consisting of import duties, 35,905,866 pesos;
export duties, 20,722,941 pesos; and other receipts, 8,971,154 pesos.
During the first nine months of 1918 the sale of REAL PROPERTY
in Buenos Aires had a total value of 72,636,181 pesos, as compared
w^ithll3, 351,526 pesos in 1917: 112,860,884 pesos in 1916; 103,892,208
pesos in 1915; and 140,266.807 pesos in 1914.
According to a report of the Bureau of Commerce and Industrv
the number of STOCK COMPANIES in operation in the Argentine
Republic in 1917 was 840, of which 69 per cent, or 581, were Argen-
tine, and 31 per cent, or 259, were foreign companies. Among the
foreign corporations the English occupied the first place with 150
companies, or 58 per cent, followed by the United States with 28
corporations, Belgium with 25, France with 19, and Germany with
12. The Argentine commercial companies had a paid-up capital of
718,422,594 pesos currency, and the foreign companies 459,914,551
pesos currency. The capital of Argentine industrial corporations
is given as 303,350,085 pesos, and that of foreign corporations
220,863,057 pesos. The paid-up capital of Argentine companies
engaged in the exploitation of railways is 22,565,000 pesos, as com-
pared with 2,923,570,753 pesos invested by foreign companies.
The Argentine stock companies employ 80,470 persons, including
directors, employees, and workmen, whde the foreign companies
employ 154,021 persons.
338 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
BRAZIL.
A TAX ON CONSUMPTION collected in the State of Sao Paulo
in 1917 amounted, approximately, to $7,515,000, or an increase of
over 25 per cent on the collections of 1916.
CHILE.
The BANK OF CHILE, which was the result of a fusion of the
Valparaiso agricultm-al and national banks on January 2, 1894, and
which began business with a subscribed capital of 40,000,000 pesos
and a paid-up capital of 20,000,000, recently completed the twenty-
fifth year of its existence. In 1906 the subscribed capital of this
bank was increased to 60,000,000 pesos, in 1910 to 80,000,000, and
in 1917 to 120,000,000, and the paid-up capital to 40,000,000 and
60,000,000, respectively. At the present time the bank has a reserve
of .36,000,000 pesos paper and 5,000,000 gold, and in addition to
its offices in Valparaiso and Santiago it has its own office in London
and 46 branches in different parts of Chile.
An executive decree postpones the conversion of legal tender
PAPER MONEY until December 31, 1919, and forbids exports of
gold under penalty of confiscation.
A CHATTEL MORTGAGE BANK has been organized in the
city of Valparaiso. Loan banks which were formerly inspected by
the Department of Justice have now been placed under the super-
vision of the Department of Finance.
According to a report of the Minister of Finance the national
revenues in 1918 amounted to 109,174,000 gold pesos and 132,202,000
pesos currency. The liabihties in gold were 48,414,000 pesos, leav-
ing an excess of gold pesos of 60,760,000. The gold excess, reduced
to pesos, was eciuivalent to 85,063,000 pesos cm-rency, which added
to the 132,202,000 pesos currency already mentioned made an
available currency fund of 217,265,000 pesos, and left, after liquidat-
ing the currency expenditures of 215,722,000 pesos, a currency sur-
plus of 1,543,000 pesos.
The total amount of the CONVERSION FUND, which on De-
cember 31, 1917, was 94,144,558 gold pesos, rose on January 1, 1919,
to, approximately, 110,000,000 gold pesos.
On January 1, 1919, according to a statement published in the
Revista Economica the PUBLIC DEBT of Chile was as follows:
Internal debt, gold, 157,589,000 pesos; internal debt, currency,
76,600,000 pesos; guarantees and interest for construction of rail-
ways, gold, 100,000,000 pesos, and foreign debt, gold, 400,000,000
pesos. The debt, including interest and amortization, requires an
annual expenditure by the State of nearly 40,000,000 pesos, gold,
consisting of the following items: Foreign debt, 29,576,000 pesos;
ECOXOMIC AND FINANCIAL AFFAIRS. 339
fiscal guarantees, 8,1 97,000 ;~internal gold debt 390,000 aiKrinternal
cmTency debt 1,812,000 pesos. These payments amount to about
30 per cent of the usual revenues of the State.
The inventory of Government properties issued at the beginning
of the present year show 9,542 properties belonging to the State, with
a value of 330,156,517 pesos, of which 5,335 registered properties arc
valued at 303,101,478, and 4,207 nonregistered properties are valued
at 27,055,038 pesos.
According to a report of the superintendent of customhouses the
CUSTOMS REVENUES of Chile in 1918 amounted to 384.766,635
pesos gold, made up of imports, 167,360,403; exports, 111,817,376;
and surcharges, etc., 105,588,856.
COLOMBIA.
According to a decree which establishes the by-laws to article 92
of Law 15 of 1918 concerning certificates of GOLD BLT:.LI0N, any-
one may deposit gold bars properly assayed in the mints of Bogota
and Medellin, receiving in exchange certificates representing the cash
value of the gold so consigned reduced to Colombian money.
A banking institution under the name of BANCO LOPEZ has
recently been founded in Bogota with a capital of $2,000,000 dis-
tributed in shares of $100 each. The primary object of the bank will
be to foster the exportation of Colombian products.
It has been decreed that Federal officers accounting for national
funds may receive at par in payment of all public revenues on the
footing of national currency the British jjound and half pound ster-
ling, and bills representing the same, issued by the English Govern-
ment or by the Bank of England.
COSTA RICA.
By a law promulgated Deceml)er 14, 1918. the President is author-
ized to issue BONDS to the sum of 10,000,000 colones, payable to
bearer, to be used for the conversion of the part of the internal debt
represented by government bonds on internal obligations in the form
of promissory notes, coupons, or cbafts on the Treasury for salaries,
miscellaneous expenditures, and rentals, extended prior to the 30th
of last September, and for interest to the 31st of December on loans
which remain subject to an exteiLsion of two years after the signing
of European peace. These bonds will bear interest at the rate of 9
per cent ammally, payable quarterly. To liquidate the interest and
payment of the bonds a tariff is established on the consumption of
leaf tobacco and manufactured tobacco, on benzine, cigar lighters,
all kinds of playing cards, foreign liquors, and public theaters.
On January 6 the President of the Republic issued a RIFLING
concerning the conversion of the internal debt and the creation of
340 THE TA^ AMERICAN U^^IOX,
fiiiuls for this purpose by the execution of hxw No. 3 of December 14,
1918. Tiie Minister of the Treasury will issue bonds payable to
bearer of the denominations of 1,000 and 100 colones. The 16th of
next September was fixed for the first drawing of bonds and the same
date of every coming December, March, June, and September. The
payment of bonds and interest-bearing coupons to the holders will
be made by the chief administrator of funds on the day following that
of the publication in La Gaceta of the results of the drawing.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
The government has authorized the PAYMENT OF IMPORT
DUTIES, established by the internal-revenue law of 1918, in stamps
of current legal issues in use October 1, 1918, until the supply of such
stamps be exhausted.
On December 9, 1918, the BUDGET LAW for 1919, in which the
general receipts are estimated at $7,973,000, was passed. The
expenditures are distributed in the following manner: Interest and
payment of the Dominican loan, interest and payment of the debt of
1918, appropriation for public instruction, expenses of the municipal
government, public works and reserve fund, $3,550,500; legislation,
$8,280; executive department, $28,360; judiciary department,
$558,630; interior administration and police, $1,175,095; exte-
rior relations, $65,583; commerce and finance, $487,304; justice and
public instruction, $462,500; agriculture and immigration, $198,545;
public works and communications, $532,516. The figures of receipts
and expenditures show a surplus of $33,686.
According to presidential decree No. 247 the municipalities whose
receipts exceed 10,000 pesos annually shall set aside not less than 15
per cent of such receipts for SANITATION, beginning January 1,
1919.
The amount expended for RKPAIRS OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS
during the period between July 1, 1917, and November 30, 1918,
totaled $84,963.39. During the same period $2,960.85 was used in
the repairing of wharves and $18,774.56 in the establishment of the
agricultural station at Haina.
During the fourth quarter of 1918 the receipts of the TELEPHONE
STATIONS of the Republic were $15,263, as against $6,343 of the
corresponding period of 1917.
The receipts and expenditures of the DOMINICAN CENTRAL
RAILWAY were $487,657 and $295,765, respectively, in 1918, com-
pared with $381,824 and $271,988 in 1917. The profits of 1918 were
$191,894 and of 1917, $109,836.
GUATEMALA.
According to the reports of the banks of Guatemala for the second
halj of 1918, the profits of the BANK OF GUATEMALA
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL AFFAIRS, 341
amounted to 2,123,132 pe^os natioual cuireucy, of wliu-ii 127,387
pesos were distributed among the organizers in conformity with
Article XVI of the statutes of the bank. 1,000,000 were paid in divi-
dends, 106,156 to eleemosynary institutions, 304,975 for an increase
in the reserve fund, and 584,612 for an increase in the emergency
fund. The Banco de Occidente reports profits of 2,553,212 pesos,
distributed as follows: Keserve fund, 1,000,000; emergency fund,
650,000; dividends, 40 pesos per share, 660,000; additional divi-
dend of 5 pesos per share, 82,500; tax for eleemosynary institutions.
126,247; loss and gain account, 34,465 pesos.
HONDURAS.
The general condition of PUBLIC KEVEXUES in the hscal
year 1917-18 was as follows: The net receipts reached 4,805,781
pesos, or 801.67S pesos less than in the year 1916-17. As the expendi-
tures of 1917-18 amounted to 5, 423,073 pesos, a deficit of 617,292
pesos remained, which was met by the 213,107 pesos which were
available July 31, 1917, and 404,184 pesos which the Atlantida
Bank lent the Government for meeting obligations.
MF.xiro.
The ue\vs])apei-s of Mexico aunoimce that, in conformity with the
authorization of Congress to the President to contract for three
foreign loans, the assistant secretary of the Mexican treasury is at
present in the United States negotiating in behalf of the Government
with various bushiess houses for a LOAX FOR ROLLIXG STOCK
to the sum of 50,000,000 pesos.
The MEXICAX XATIOXAL MIXT in the fii-st 50 days of the
l)resent year couied slightly over 3,000,000 pesos in Hiihilgo quarters,
pesos, and new testones.
According to a table recently jniblished by El Uni\-ei-sal of Mexico
iUustratmg the condition of the PUBLIC XATIOXAL DEBT,
this sum in round numbei-s totals 575,000,000 in Mexican pesos.
The principal items are the interior consolidated debt of 3 per cent,
the internal amortization debt of 5 per cent, the foreign municipal
loan of 5 per- cent, the foreign loan of 1899 of 5 per cent, the foreign
loan of 1904 of 4 per cent, the foreign debt of 1910 of 4 per cent and
unpaid interest on various sums.
Xlf'AHAGUA.
By a law of December 31, 1918, Congress voted that the
XATIOXAL BUDGET for 1919 should carry the same appro-
priations as did that of the previous year.
109058— 19— Bull. .3 7
342 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
PANAMA.
The municipality of Panama has been authorized by the National
Assembly to contract a MUNICIPAL LOAN, as prescribed by
Law 43 of 1913, at 9 per cent interest annually, and to arrange for
advances in installments as needed, in order that payment of interest
upon the who^e sum or the entire time may not be necessary.
PARAGUAY.
The following statistics show the CUSTOMS RECEIPTS in the
three past years: 1916, 717,067 pesos gold and 27,260,337 pesos
paper; 1917, 952,430 pesos gold and 39,705,149 pesos paper; and
1918 (11 months), 813,076 pesos gold and 29,313,071 pesos paper.
By a presidential decree of January of the present year a tax of $2
gold was levied on every head of BEEF CATTIjE to be refrigerated
or salted. The decree applies to male beasts of any age or size and
to female animals of over 9 years.
PERU.
The Peruvian BUDGET FOR 1919 estimates the receipts and
expenditures at £5,169,147, distributed as follows: Ordinary receipts
£3,972,997; extraordinary receipts, £1,196,150; total ordinary-
expenses, £2,680,767, distributed in the following manner: Govern-
ment, £634,690; foreign relations, £52,765; justice, £314,732:
treasury, £454,304; war and navy, £806,064; industry, £418,209.
Extraordinary expenses, to the amomit of £2,286,570, distributed
as follows: Government, £22,414; foreign relations, £19,955;
justice and public instruction, £469,065; treasury, £1,386,103;
war and navy, £34,444; industry, £355,587; and expenditures for
the National Congress, £201,809.
SALVADOR.
The President has completed the reorganization of the Salva-
dorean section of the INTERNATIONAL HIGH COMMISSION,
with the following personnel: President, Sr. Jose E. Suay; secretary,
Dr. F. Tomas Miron; members, Dr. Francisco A. Lima, Dr. Lucio
Quinoncs, Dr. Miguel Gallegos, Dr. Belarmino Suarez, Dr. Isidro
Moncada, Dr. Rafael Guirola Duke, Sr. Roberto Aguilar, and Sr.
Mariano Zecena.
According to the report of the BANK OF SALVADOR (Banco
Salvadorefio) for the second half of 1918, its profits during that
period, after deducting general expenditures, were 248,793 pesos,
silver, its assets in cash being $1,190,607, gold, which, at 140 per
cent of exchange, gives a total of 2,933,543 pesos, silver, which
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL AFFAIRS. 343
aiiiouiit added to discounted open credits and obligations to be
collected, shares of other institutions, mortgage loans, removable
stock, furnishings, etc., gives a total of 11,765,611 pesos, silver. The
net profits of the AGRICULTURAL COTvIMERCIAL BANK
(Banco Agricola Comercial) in the same half year were 35,327 pesos,
silver, its profits reaching a total of 4,388,194.61 pesos. The author-
ized capital of this bank is 5,000,000 pesos; its paid capital, 1,300,000 ;
its reserve fund, 130,000; and its fund for contingencies, 202.275 pesos.
URUGUAY.
For the month of October, 1918, the RESERVE FUNDS in
gold in the banks amounted to $48,027,158, as agamst $47,973,754
during the previous month. Of the total $43,847,768 was deposited
in the Bank of the RepubUc and $4,180,390 in other banks.
By a law of December 5, 1918, the Bank of the Republic was
authorized to extend a CREDIT TO FRANCE on account current
of $15,000,000, gold. The loan will fall due at the expiration of two
years from the elate of its granting, will be renewable by mutual
agreement, and bears interest at the annual rate of 5 per cent. The
balance will be paid when due in gold coin.
By a law of December 5, 1918, the Bank ol the Republic was
authorized to extend the CREDIT TO THE BRITISH GOV-
ERNMENT agreed upon February 2, 1918, to $20,000,000. gold.
A part ol this loan, and likewise a part of that conceded to France,
will be employed in the purchase of cereals.
VENEZUELA.
According to the latest report of the Bank of Caracas, the net
profits of this institution in the second half of 1918 amounted to
310,129 boHvars. On December 31 the reserve fund of the bank
was 1,118,358 boHvars and collateral 500,000 bolivars. The deposits
in the savings department on the same date amounted to 925,859
bohvars.
The municipal council ol Caracas has estimated the probable
PUBLIC EXPENDITURES of the Department Libertador in
1919 at 3,610,000 bolivars. Of this sum 130,000 are to be used
lor public improvement, 550,000 for pubhc illumination, 137,700
for public instruction, and 150,000 for public works. The probkble
revenue for pubhc expenditures in the Department of ^'ar^^as is
estimated at 330,000 bolivars. ^
c
INTERNATIONAL
S> TREATIES \i
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The Governments of ARGENTINA an4 PERU early in January,
1919, signed at Buenos Aires a convention on commissions to take
testimony, letters rogatory, and other documents intended to simplify
points agreed upon in the treaty of law procedure signed at Monte-
video in 1889. According to the convention last signed, rogatorv'
commissions issued by one comitry to take effect in the other need
not. when such commissions are presented through diplomatic
agents, or in default of diplomatic, through consular agents, be legal-
ized as to the signatures thereof. If the commissions are granted
on the petition of a party in interest, then there shall be set out
thereui the name of some attorney or agent who within the country
where the commission is to be executed sh*ill be responsible to the
authorities of the country for the expenses incurred. When the
commissions are of an official character, the expenses occasioned
thereby are at the charge of the country to which they are sent.
The convention has no fixed period of termination, but may be
terminated bv either country on one year's notice.
HOIJVIA.
On the 6th of January, 1919, in Bvienos Aires, a treaty of
FRONTIER PATROL was signed between Argentina and Bolivia.
The convention stipulates reciprocal response from the border guards
at the first alarm along any point of the frontier. The police may
cross the frontier of the neighboring country only to effect immediate
capture of a known marauder and safeguard the interests of the
citizens in botli countries. Military garrisons are authorized to
detain saspects until their presence may be explained satisfactorily
and the reasons for their crossing the frontier made clear; in every
case indictments must be sent to the coimtry from which the sus-
pects came and telegraphic reports 1)0 ]u-ocured before allowing
them to proceed.
BRAZIL.
An ARBITRATION CONVENTION with Peru, concluded on
July 11, 1918, and which had previously been approved by the
Brazilian Congress, was ratified by the President of Brazil on Decem-
ber 23 last.
. 844
INTP^RNATIONAL TREATIES. .S45
After the approval bv the Brazihan Congress of the treaty between
iirazii and Uruguay concerning the LIQUIDATION OF DEBTS,
said treaty having been concluded in Rio de Janeiro on July 22.
1018. the same was duly ratified by the President of the Republic.
ECUADOR.
On the 21st of June, 1918. ratification of the GENERAL TREATY
OF ARBITRATION was exchanged between Ecuador and Italy in
Rome as signed in Quito February 25, 1911. By this treaty the
contracting parties agi-ee to submit to arbitration all questions
which may arise between them provided that by diplomatic chaimels
a direct solution is not arrived at, except in those cases which affect
their \'ital interests, their independence, or their national honor.
In questions of the competence of judicial authority, according to
the territorial law the parties have the right to refrain from submit-
ting the litigation to arbitral judgment until after the local tribimals
have definitely failecl. In every case each party names an arbiter
and both will agree upon the selection of the third, and in case of
disagreement they shall appeal to a third power; as a last resort
they shall appeal to the Queen of the Netherlands or her successors.
Every controversy which arises with respect to the interpretation or
execution of the sentence will be submitted to the judgment of the
tribunal or of the arbiter who has ]:)ronounced the decision. The
convention shall remain in force for a period of 10 years; and it is
intended to be renewed for periods of like duration if not denounced
6 months before the expiration of any period, and so on indefinitely.
On September 10, 1918, the French Government denoimced the
commercial and maritime reciprocal CONVENTION agreed to by
Ecuador and France on May 30, 1898. The French Republic took
this ste]) owing to the fact that it had decided upon denoimcing
generally the commercial treaties and other agreements which con-
stitute the statute law of her economic relations with the allied and
neutral nations. According to the note of denimciation, France
intends that after September 10, 1919, the date of the expiration
of the treaty, its operation shall be extended for three months
and may then be renewed indefinitely, a pro\asion which has been
agreed to by the Government of Ecuador.
HONDURAS.
On May 4, 1918, a treaty concerning the interchange of POSTAL
MONEY ORDERS was signed m San Salvador between the Repub-
lics of Honduras and Salvador. Orders will be made on the basis
of United States gold according to the rate of exchange for the day,
and the maximum that may be drawn on one order is S40. The
treaty went into effect July 1, 1918.
346 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
URUGUAY.
On December 16, 1918, the ratification of the obligatory GENERAL
ARBITRATION TREATY was effected between Uruguay and
Italy as projected August 19, 1914, as was also the additional protocol
added October 1 of the same year.
VENEZUELA.
By official documents exchanged in Caracas January 8, 1919, the
Governments of Colombia and Venezuela signed an agreement con-
cerning DIPLOMATIC MAILS, by the terms of which mail sacks
containing official correspondence for the Venezuelan legation in
Bogota and for the Colombian legation in Caracas will be sent free
of transportation charges and by the regular routes used by the post
in both countries concerned.
BOLIVIA.
By a recent presidential decree the beds, strata, or seams of
SALINE DEPOSITS are declared Government property, mcluding
nitrates, carbonates, and other inorganic material of similar proper-
ties m the Department of Cochabamba. The decree does not limit
their use as established by custom and does not interfere with the
industries at present engaged in their exploitation. The execution
of the decree is left to the Minister of Industry.
COSTA RICA.
Beginning with its issue of December 7, 1918, La Gaceta, the official
daily paper, wiU publish the NEW PENAL CODE of the Republic
sanctioned by Congress the same month.
ECUADOR.
According to a presidential decree of December 11, 1918, the fol-
lowing rules in regard to TELEGRAPHIC TARIFFS hold good:
Two cents a word will be charged on telegraphic messages, the origin
and destination, hour of transmission, and address of the sender
being sent free; half a cent per word will be paid for press notices
transmitted within the Republic; 1 cent per word on telegrams for
the press in Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia; 4 cents a word
for telegrams in foreign languages and for rush messages, and 6 cents
a word for those in code.
LEGISLATION. 347
By a legislative decree of the 2oth of October, 1918, the 3d of
November of every year was declared a NATIONAL CIVIC HOLI-
DAY, in coniniemoration of the independence of a large part of the
old Department of the Azuay.
MEXICO.
wSeven States of Mexico have enacted laws concerning ACCIDENTS
TO LABORERS, namely: Nuevo Leon, Sonora, Vera Cruz, Zacate-
cas, Hidalgo, Chiapas, and Yucatan. The law of Nuevo Leon dates
from November 2, 1906, of Hidalgo from 1915, of Zacatecas from
1916, of Yucatan from 1917, and those of Sonora, Vera Cruz, and
Chiapas from 1918. Among other benefits, the law of Nuevo Leon
establishes the following: For death, the payment of the entire wage
for 2 years, 18 months, 1 year, or 10 montlis, according to the amount
of debt left by the deceased; for total incapacity, the payment of
the entire wage for 2 years; for partial incapacity, either temporal
or permanent, the payment of from 20 to 40 per cent of the wage
for 2 years, 1 year, or 6 months. The law of the State of Hidalgo
establishes in case of death the payment to the heirs of 50 per cent
of the salary or wage for 3, 2, or 1 year, according to the debts the
deceased may have contracted; in case of perpetual incapacity a sum
equal to the salary or wage for 1 year and work of which the injured
man is capable must be supplied. According to the law of Vera Cruz
in case of death the sum of 1 or 2 years' wage must be paid to the
heirs; in case of permanent incapacity an amount equal to the wage
for 4 years or a life pension equal to half the wage earned by the
laborer at the time of the accident must be supphed; in case of partial
incapacitj' a sum equal to 2 years' wage or a life pension equal to a
quarter of his wage is obligatory. The ruling in Yucatan is that in
the first and second cases cited payment shall be made of a sum
equal to the salary of 2 years; and in the third event labor must be
provided for which the victim is capable or his fuU wage of 1 year
be paid. The law of Chiapas concedes to laborers and their employers
the right of agreeing upon the amount of the indemnities and the
terms of payment. In Sonora the general manner of the payment
of indemnities in case of deatlis or total or partial incapacity is
established as well as the penalty for nunor accidents, such as the
loss of a finger, in cases where the injury was the direct result of the
work in which the victun was engaged or was caused by lack of proper
precautions and safeguards on the part of the employer.
PANAMA.
By a law of December 11, 1918, the followmg changes in the
JUDICIAL CODE were made: (1) The Federal attorney general and
other agents of the pubhc- administration shall be subject to appoint-
348 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
ment and removal by the President; (2) the magistrates and judges
may not be suspended from office except in cases and after formahties
prescribed by national laws, or removed from office except by legal
sentence; (3) the salaries of judges may not be withheld or decreased
to a degi-ee that would impair their functioning.
PERU.
A law of January 9, 1!)19, mak(^s a num}»er of changes in the PENAL
CODE and in the code of penal procedure. Modifications have been
made of article 278, the second part of article 53, and the last para-
gra})h of article 93 of the penal code, and article 70 of the code of
penal procedure. Furthermore, articles 284, 285, 288, and 298 of
the penal code, and article 76 of the code of penal procedure have
been repealed.
URUGUAY.
The NEW CONSTITUTION of Uruguay whicli went into effect on
March 1, 1919, is in substitutioji of the constitution of September 10,
1829, in force with some amendment for 90 years.
Many of the provisions of the old constitution are preserved in the
new, but there are some very notable clianges.
The balance of power between the three branches of government,
the legislative, the judicial, and the executive in the main remains
about what it was in the old c(mstitution, but there is a fuller and
clearer demarcation of the limits of these powers, whicli unquesti(»n-
ably will have the effect of lessening friction between the three.
All power of legislation remains in theOeneral Assembly, composed.
as in the old constitution, of two bodies, a Chamber of Representatives
and a Chamber of Senators, the former elected directly and the
latter indirectly by the people. With the exception of impeachment
proceedings, and bills to raise revenue which, as under the United
States Constitution, must originate in the lower chamber, any legisla-
tion, may originate in either the Senate or the Chamber of Re])re-
sentatives. The General Assembly elects the members of the high
court of justice and approves or rejects all treaties entered into by
the executive power. As under the British form, legislation l)ills
may be proposed in either chamber by the executive through members
of the cabinet sitting and taking part in the legislative discussions.
By a vote of one-third of either chamber cabinet ministers may be
called in to answer such questions as may be propounded. During
the recess of the General Assembly a permanent committee of two
senators and five representatives elected by their respective chambers
sits as representative of the assembly in all affairs to be transacted
with the executive. This committee is responsible to the General
Assembly and may in case of urgency (toTivoke the assembly in ordi-
nar}'' or extraordinary^ session. Article 176 of the new constitution
LEGISLATION. 349
provides : " It shall be within, the exclusive jurisdiction of the General
Assembly to interj3ret or explain the present constitution." Students
of the United States Constitution will recognize in this article of the
Uruguayan constitution something that has- no comiterpart in their
own. Plenary power to interpret the United vStates Constitution is
nowhere conferred upon the executive, the legislative, or the judicial
branches of the United States Government. But in Uruguay the
written constitution conforms to the British theory, applied to an
unwritten constitution, that the power to interpret rests with the
legislature.
' The judicial power in Uruguay rests with the high court of justice
and subordinate courts of appeal and original jurisdiction. The high
court is given exclusive jurisdiction in judging all violations of the
constitution. This it will be observed is altogether a different
function from that of interpreting the constitution, although in the
United States the two functions in modern practice are exercised
together or even without distinction.
The high court has also original jurisdiction in offenses against the
law of nations and in admiralty ; in questions arising under treaties
or negotiations with foreign Govenmients, and also in matters
affecting foreign diplomats and diplomatic agents.
The most notable change made in the new constitution is in respect
to the executive p)ower. It has been repeatedl3' asserted in the United
States that Uruguay has adopted the commission form of govern-
ment, and this has been taken to mean a form similar to or identical
with the commissions recently established for the government of
some of the western cities and towns, or that longer existing for the
government of the District of Columbia. The idea in these is a
joining of legislative and executive powers in one body, a commission,
which in the case of municipaUties becomes mayor, board of aldermen
and head of the police department, tax department, and all other
municipal agencies. This form, which more or less resembles the
government of an industrial corporation through a board of directors,
might be extended to State or national units, and the notion is
current in the United States that Uruguay has so extended it to
embrace its owti National Government. Nothing of the kind is true.
The balance in Uruguay between legislature, executive, and judicial
remains as it always was, with the basis of this balance more clearly
differentiated than ever before. Not only is the whole Government
of Uruguay not put into commission, but a single branch, the execu-
tive, is only in part b\' commission.
The executive is divided into two branches, or, as the new consti-
tution puts it (article 70): "The executive power is delegated to the
President of the Republic and to the National Commission of Adminis-
tration. " In the old constitution it was (article 72): "The execu-
350 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
tive power of the nation shall be exercised by one single person under
the title of President of the oriental Repubhc of Uruguay." Under
the old constitution the President was elected by the General As-
sembly and under the new constitution is elected directly by popular
vote.
The splitting of the executive power into two parts, of which the
one part is intrusted to an achninistrative commission, is all there is
of commission form of government under the new Uruguayan con-
stitution.
The powers of the President are comprehended under 24 heads,
the more notable of which may be summarized as follows : To repre-
sent the State within and without the country; to preserve order at
home and abroad; to exercise supreme command of the army and
navy — the exercise of command in person, however, is only with the
consent of a two- thirds vote ot the General Assembly; to appoint
and to dismiss the ministers of loreign relations, of war and navy,
and of the interior together with the attaches of these ministries; to
inform the legislative power as to the state of the country and the
measures and reforms deemed necessary; to make concrete proposals
for new laws or for modifications of old laws; to call the legislative
power in extraordinary session; to appoint the personnel of the con-
sular and diplomatic service — in the case of chiefs of diplomatic
missions the consent of the Senate or of the permanent committee
when the Senate is in recess is necessary; to receive diplomatic
agents and to grant consular exequaturs; to declare war after reso-
lution by the General Assembly; to take measures for public security
against interior or exterior attack; to present an annual budget to
the administrative commission and to conclude treaties, but prior to
subscribing the same the advice of the commission must be taken
and the treaties must be submitted for ratification to the legislative
power.
The national commission of administration is composed of nine
members elected for six years directly by popular vote. As in the
Senate of the United States, one-third of the membership of the
commission is elected each two years. As in the British system,
minority representation is provided for by plurality voting (doble
"voto).
The powers of the administrative commission are all administrative
powers not expressly reserved to the President or some other branch
of the Government, especially such as relate to public instruction,
public works, labor, industries and finance, pubUc charitable and
health service. The commission renders a particularized account
to the General Assembly of the collection and expenditure of rev-
enues and prepares and submits the final general annual budget. It
provides regulations for holding elections and in general exercises
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION AND EDUCATION. 351
supervision over all matters of administration not reserved to the
President.
A striking provision of the new constitution is that which pro-
hibits the President of the Republic from leaving the national terri-
tory for more than 48 hours without the consent of the legislative
power, and a like prohibition applicable to members of the adminis-
trative commission, \\athout consent of a two-thirds vote of the full
commission.
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
kANDEDUCATION;
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
On December 16, 1918, the RAFAEL HERRERA VEGAS
SCHOOL BUILDING, which was constructed in Buenos Aires with
funds given the National Council of Education by the children of
the lamented educator after whom the school is named, was dedicated
to public use.
During the fiscal yeai- 1918 secondary, normal, and special
INSTRUCTION in different branches was given in 36 national
• olleges, 1 lyceimi for girls, 77 normal schools, 7 schools of commerce,
4 industrial schools, 3 schools of arts and crafts, 1 grammar-school
teachers' institute, 1 school of modern languages, 1 high school of
physics, 1 school of industrial chemistry, 1 national school of fine
arts, 16 professional schools for women, 2 deaf and dumb institutes,
jind 1 mstitute for the blind, or a total of 152. These schools had
67,631 matriculates and an average attendance of 61,133. Each
student represented an annual expense of 293.79 pesos. Of these
students 94.49 per cent were Argentines, and o.ol per cent foreigners.
The instruction was given by 5,169 teachers, of which 56.64 per cent
were males and 43.36 per cent females. Of the teachers 87.79 per
cent were Argentines and 12.21 per cent foreignei-s. There were also
51 private schools, representing a registration of 5^110 students,
operating in cooperation with the official schools.
The executive power has been authorized by a law of August 23,
1918, to cooperate with the government of the Provinces in taking a
census of provincial and municipal teachers, theu" classification, pay,
length of service, etc.
BOT.IVLV.
According to recent reports, public instruction has widened in
scope to a considerable extent in Bolivia in recent years owing to the
352 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
efforts of the Government and the measures adopted, such as estab-
lishment of rural normal schools which train all teachers employep
in primary schools in cities. The number of DISTRICT SCHOOLS
has increased considerably in the past 18 years, from 84 in 1900 to
612 in 1914. In 1915 the number fell to 540 and in 1916 to 430, but
in 1918 it again rose to 450, the temporary decrease being due entirely
to the economic crisis through which the country was passing. In
1918 the total attendance at the schools was 58,400, of which 2,559
were students of secondary schools, 331 of normal schools, and 1,318
of special courses. The Government spends 3,020,672 bolivianos
annually in public instruction.
Sr. Norberto Galdo, Director of the National Institute of Commerce
of La Paz, who was named by the Government as delegate to the
Fu'st Congress of Economic Expansion and Commercial Studies held
in Montevideo January 29, has been appointed by the Minister of
Public Instruction to make a detailed study of the organization and
progress effected in the preparation of commercial teachei-s in the
cities of Santiago and Buenos Au-es.
By an agreement reached between the president of the municipal
(council of La Paz and the agent of the electric railway company of
that city, henceforward the company will grant a reduction of 50
per cent on SCHOOL CHILDREN'S FARES.
By a law passed by the National Congress January 7, 1919, credit
toward entrance into any of the colleges or higher schools of the
Republic is given for all studies in the MILITARY COLLEGE,
after such students have complied with the governmental requh-e-
ments. Second lieutenants graduated from the college will receive
the degree equivalent to the bachelorate of universities. Cadets
when they become almnni must serve at least six months in the army
after the proper preparation in the college, and those who receive
tuition free are bound to serve two years in the active army, at the
expiration of which period they may retire as reserve officers.
A group of young workmen of Oruro have organized a STITDENT
CENTER to collect information and data desired by them.
The school term for 1919 was begun January 6 for both higher and
lower INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING.
COLOMBIA.
The governor of the Department of Bolivar has issued a decree b}
which students in official "colegios" of the Department are obliged
to take part in the RECREATIONAL GAMES held in the schools.
(OSTA RICA.
By an executive decree of November 18, 1918, the President of
the Republic reestablished the LECTl^E COURSES given hi
vacations in the capitals of Provinces and other cities of the Republic
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION AND EDUCATION, 858
which have libraries and other advantages necessary where 25
teachers or more may meet to hear the 160 lessons which make up
the courses. The work is of three grades; the first will be for teachers
holding certificates and for the aspirants who have had two years
of creditable experience, and the other two for teachers of similar
experience and holders of the higher certificate.
CUBA.
The first annual NOK^LIL SCHOOL INSTITUTE of Cuba was
held in Ha])ana December 27-31, inclusive. The institute was the
result of the eftorts of Dr. Alfredo Rodriguez Moreno.
GUATEISfAI.A.
On February 9 the President of the Kepublic formally opened
the new classrooms and ofiices of the MILITARY ACADEMY of
Guatemala with impressive ceremonies.
HONDURAS.
The SCHOOL CENSUS of 1918 showed a total of 93,004 boys and
girls of school age, of whom 33,127 were registered as actual students.
In 1918, 965 SCHOOLS were in operation with a teaching stafi"
of 1,197, of whom 461 held degrees and 72 had certificates of pro-
ficiency.
In 1918 various institutions of higher learning conferred the
following ACADEMIC TITLES: Bachelors, 15; commercial experts,
15: bookkeepers, 4; teachers, 64. During the same year 3 lawyers
were admitted to the bar as specialists in political science; 6 physicians
and surgeons, 3 pharmacists, and 2 dentists licensed.
The EXPENDITURES for elementary instruction in 1917-18 were
633,041 pesos, of which sum 110,159 pesos were supplied by the
National Government and 522,882 by municipalities.
MKXKX).
With a view to fostering interest in aviation a civilian SCHOOL
OF AVIATION has been established in the capital, to which every
person who wishes to become an aviator will be admitted, without
being subject to military discipline, upon the payment of a monthly
fee and the cost of any damage to apparatus used.
The National School of Agricultm-e, established by a recent dis-
position of the President, makes it possible for a student to take a
complete course in SCIENTIFIC AGRONO^IY in Mexico City in
six years, receiving at the successful completion of the work set for
this period the title granted by the Secretary of Agriculture and
Commerce.
354 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
On the morning of February 7, 1919, the formal opening of the
UNIVERSITY TERM of the colleges of the National University
took place.
The NAVAL SCHOOL of Vera Cruz, which has for some time
been undergoing reorganization, was oflEiciall}^ reopened by the
governor of the State on February 5. The student body which has
already enrolled is most enthusiastic.
PANAMA.
The President has been authorized by the National Assembl}^ to
organize a full-year course of FREE PUBLIC LECTURES through
the Secretary of Public Instruction, these lectures to become a
permanent feature in the educational system. Lectures are to be
given by professors, specialists, or other persons familiar with the
phase of the subject they themselves choose to discuss, and shall
be held in public schools, institutions of higher learning, colleges,
universities, theaters, parks, or preferably in buildings most con-
venient for large public assemblies.
On January 31, 1919, the LECTURE COURSE TERM for the
school year of 1918-19 closed in the institutions of higher or pro-
fessional instruction.
PERU.
A recent executive decree provides for the establishment of a
MILITARY AVIATION SCHOOL using for this purpose as a basis
the equipment and personnel now available in the Republic.
According to the report of the rector of the UNIVERSITY OF
LIMA, in 1918 that institution had 1,471 students in the following
departments: Theology, 50; law, 227; medicine, 567; political science
and government, 184; science, 208, and letters, 235. During the past
year the university conferred 65 bachelor and 50 doctor degrees.
The report gives a detailed account of the SCIENTIFIC EXPOSI-
TION held by the Department of Junin and Huanuco, under the
direction of Dr. Carlos Rospigliosi y Vigil, and with the cooperation
of the Government. It also reports upon the formation of a historical
museum of the university. This museum is to be enlarged bj^ the
addition of archeologic and historical collections.
SALVADOR.
Sr. Manuel Sanchez Peralta, a lieutenant of Salvador, was gradu-
ated in the middle of January from the School of Aviation of Mexico
as a PILOT AVIATOR. He has the honor of being the first Salva-
dorean to receive the coveted title.
The formal opening of courses of the NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
took place the morning of January 19 in the presence of the President
GENERAL NOTES.
355
of the Republic and man}' high governmental officials. Later the
title of honorary professor of the faculty of medicine was bestowed
upon Dr. William C. Gorgas, the American scientist and physician.
URUGUAY.
A group of engineering students of Montevideo has undertaken
the organization of a PEACE CONGRESS to which the American
Universities will be invited. They propose the naming of a com-
mittee whose duties shall be to draw up a program and solicit the
cooperation of public officials and other prominent men.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Tiie Argentine Government has appointed a commission of
engmeers to study the proposed construction of a GREAT BRIDGE
over the Parana River, ferryboats being used at the present time in
crossing this stream. The bridge planned will probably be the longest
in the world, inasmuch as it will have a length of from 24 to .30
kilometers and will not cost* less than 30,000,000 pesos. The con-
struction and use of this bridge will reduce by several hours the time
of the railway journey from Buenos Aires to Asuncion, Paraguay.
On December 8 last Carlos Arias delivered to the municipality of
Alberti the ASYLUM HOSPITAL of our Lady of Mercy, erected and
fitted up in accordance with the provisions of a will made by his
brother. Gen. Jose Xnocencio Arias. The hospital possesses all the
hygienic features required for this kind of an institution, and is
adequately and modernly equipped.
Dr. Estanislao S. Zeballos is actively participating in organizing
in Buenos Aires a branch of the British Association of International
Law. It is believed that other countries will follow the example of
the Argentine Republic and that these branches will be established
in all of the Latin- American countries, and that they will greatly
facilitate the realization of a plan to call a congress to meet in one
of the South American capitals to consider the reconstruction of
INTERNATIONAL LAW. The celebrated institute of international
law which was founded in Europe by Rolin-Jacquemyns having been
disorganized, the British association has taken the initiative for the
holding in some neutral country of an international congress to con-
sider this subject.
356 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The number of licenses issued in Buenos Aires authorizing
VEHICLES to use the streets of the city is 34,702.
During the first nine months of 1918 there were slaughtered in
the city of Buenos Ahes for the use of the national capital 476,995
BEEVES, 739,180 sheep, 1 1 1,592 hogs, and 3,193 horses. Estimating
the average weight of the beeves at 300 kilos, 180 of which are
available for food, the consumption of beef during the months referred
to was 85,859,100 kilos, or at the rate of 52 kilos per inhabitant.
During the first six months of 1918 the markets of Buenos Aires
received a supply of 7,526,200 kilos of fish, which would indicate
that the total supply during the year was not less than 13,000,000
kilos. In 1918 there were 666 bakeries in o])eration in Buenos Aires,
the output of which was about 177,575,200 kilos of bread. The milk
consumed in Buenos Aires annually is estimated at about 180,000,000
liters. The annual consumption of vegetables is estimated at
220,000,000 kilos and of fruits about 150,000,000 kilos.
According to information from the municipal statistical bureau,
the POPULATION of Cordoba on November 30, 1918, was 156,100.
The National Government has reorganized the GEOGRAPHIC
MILITARY INSTITUTE, and has arranged for it to make a mihtary
map of the ('ountry and to continue its geodetic work.
BOLIVIA.
By a law of the National Congress tlie President was authorized
to lease the TIAHUANACU PALACE in which to establish the
headquarters of the national museum and the mineralogical mliseum
when reorganized as one institution.
Sr. Francisco Bai-riga has recently given a beautiful building in
the city of La Paz to the Sisters of St. Vincent to be used as an
ASYLUM FOR TilK POOR, under the auspices of the order.
In a session held b}' the members of the COLLEGE 01^ LAW of
La Paz the middle of January the following executive officers were
elected: President, Dr. Claudio Q. Barrios; first vice president, Dr.
X^rancisco Iraizos; second vice president, Dr. Manuel Alan on M;
secretaries. Dr. Eduardo Rodriguez and Dr. Roberto Zapata; treas-
urer. Dr. Julio J. Eyzaguirre.
In view of the fact that Spanish steamship service with Buenos
Aires is more frequent than with Panama, the postal officials of Spain
have ordered that CORRESPONDENCE TO BOLIVIA, as well as
correspondence from Bolivia to Spain, shall be sent via Argentina to
avoid unnecessary delavs.
On ^January l,"l919,"the installations of MUNICIPAL COUNCILS
hi all cities of the Republic were held with impressive ceremonies.
By a recent presidential decree the territory of the Republic was
divided into MILITARY DISTRICTS. everyon(> presided over by a
GENERAL NOTES. 357
brigadier general or coliinel; the districts are made up in the following
manner: (1) Northern district, consisting of the department of La
Paz; (2) central district, the departments of Ornro and Cochabamba;
and (3) southern district, the departments of Potosi and Chuquisaca.
The departments of Tarija, Santa Cruz, El Beni, and the national
Territory of Colonias will constitute tliree military commands,
headquarters of the first being at La Paz, of the second in Oruro, and
of the third in Potosi. The decree makes further stipulations in
regard to tlie commands of the frontiers.
From the middle of January du'ect WIRELESS SERVICE between
the radio stations of Viacha and Riberalta has been resumed, the
rates approved b}' the minister of Government being in vogue.
By laws of the National Congi^ess the President is authorized to
begin the laying of the SEWERAGE SYSTEMS of the cities of
Cochabamba and La Paz, and with this object to obtain two loans
of 1,000,000 ])oliviaiios for Cochabamba and 2,000.000 bolivianos for
La Paz.
BRAZIL.
Congress has authorized the President of the Republic to raise the
«liplomatic representation of Brazil to the Government of Great
Great Britain to an EMBASSY.
The PORTUGUESE HOSPITAL at Recife, one of the oldest
eleemosynary institutions in Brazil, has provided, among other im-
provements, two operating haUs, a hall for the administration of
chloroform, a wardrobe room for physicians, a microscopic and bac-
teriologic laboratory, a haU for surgical instnunents, a dark room,
and two bath halls for fever patients with high temperatures.
CHILE.
On January 12 the solemn CONSECRATION of the new archbishop
of Santiago, lUmo. Sr. Crescente Errfizuriz, took place. The cabinet
ministei-s, members of the diplomatic corps, high pubhc officials, and
many members of social fraternities were present to witness the
ceremony.
By a decree of the Minister of Foreign Relations the CONSULATE
OF CHILE in Buenos Aires is recognized as of first rank.
The Government has appointed Sr. Enrique Bravo Miranda to
study in the United States the organization, management, etc., of
RAILROAD SHOPS, with a view of establishing the same system
in Chile.
The Chilean citizen, Sr. Victor Pretot Freire, of Paris, has recently
made a gift of $10,000 to the Navy League of Chile to assist in the
foundmg of a SEAMEN'S HOME, one of the objects of the organi-
zation.
109058— 19— Hull. 3 8
358 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
On January 1 the first Chilean AIRSHIP M^ilL SERVICE route
was established between Santiago and Valparaiso.
COLOMBIA.
An interestmg PREHISTORIC FOSSIL was recently discovered on
the Casanare plam. The specimen, measuring 36 meters in length,
is to be placed in the national museum at Bogota.
The National Government has appointed a committee to organize
the festivities by which the FIRST CENTENARY of the Battle of
Boyaca will be celebrated in the capital of the Repubhc August 7 of
the present year.
According to the report of the general board of statistics of Co-
lombia, the POPULATION OF BOGOTA, which in 1912 numbered
121,251 reached i:-;7,890 in 1918, having increased by 16,639 in the
past six 3^ears.
TELEPHONE SEVICE has been established between the cities of
Bucaramanga and San Gil in the Department of Santander.
During the middle of January the NEW MINISTER plenipoten-
tiary of Mexico to Colombia, Sr. Gersain Ugarte, and the Secretary
of the Legation, Sr. Jose Juan Tablada, arrived in Bogota.
Dr. Julio Betancourt, ex-minister of Colombia in Washington, has
been appointed FEDERAL ATTORNEY (Abogado de la Repubhca)
by the President, with the character of plenipotentiary, to serve
wherever the Government may station him.
The Spanish-American Commercial Bank (Banco Comercial His-
pano-Americano) of MedeUin has bought the building occupied by
the telegraph company on the Plaza de Berrio on the site of which
it wiU erect a three-story BUILDING of reinforced concrete in which
to install its offices.
The VITAL STATISTICS of the city of MedeUin give a total of
1,488 births and 1,439 deaths during the year 1918.
The director of Section III of the Ministry of Foreign Relations,
Sr. Alberto Sanchez, has been appointed to edit a BOOK OF INFOR-
MATION and propaganda concerning Colombia.
CUBA.
During the mi(hlle of December, 1918, the President of the Republic
officially received the envoy extraordinary and MINISTER plenipo-
tentiary of Brazil, Dr. Anibal Velloso Rebello.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
The POSTAL AND TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS of the Republic,
hitherto under separate management, were consolidated January 1
of this vf ai'-
GENERAL NOTES. 359
A NEW NEWSPAPER of ^^eneral interest has been founded in
the city of Moca under the direction of Sr. Porfirio C. Morales and
Sr. Diogenes del Orbe.
Two steel towers 150 feet m height have been erected m the city of
Santo Domingo for the RADIO STATION there established. These
towers, supplemented with wooden masts, have a total height of 225
feet.
The weU-known A\Titer, Dr. Jose Ramon L6pez, is about to publish
a book caUed UN MANUAL DE LA REPUBLICA DOMINICANA
which will contain much valuable data concerning the Republic,
including detailed descriptions of Provinces, communities, and rural
sections.
ECUADOR.
Desirmg to contribute as fully as possible to the celebration of the
first centenary of the independence of Guayaquil, the Equadorian
Press Association has decided to publish a SPECIAL VOLUME
with the title "Free America" ("America Libre"), which shall set
forth the progress accomplished by the Iberian section of the Ameri-
can Continent in its first century of independence.
On the program to be carried out in celebrating the centenary of
the independence of Guayaquil, which will take place October 9,
are the following features : Completion of the new wateinvorks :
finishmg the pavmg of various sections of the city; contest in the writ-
ing of the best history of Guayaquil from its founding to the present
date (the author of which will receive a prize of 500 condors, a gold
medal, and the publication of the work) ; imveiling of the statue' of
Columbus on October 9, 1920; awarding of a prize to the best hotel
in the city erected according to hygienic prmciples and mimicipal
ordmances with a view of accommodating visitors to Guayaquil (the
prize to consist of a sum of gold equal to 5 per cent of the cost of its
erection); issue of postage stamps commemorating the centenary;
erection of a monimaent to Abdon Calderon, the hero of Pichincha;
construction of an arcade four blocks long and thi'ee stories high; and
the organization and holding within that budding of an international
exposition of manufactures.
GUATEMALA.
Whereas Guatemala is enjoying a period of calm and tranquillity
in which she may devote her energies to the sacred duties of citizen-
ship and to the task of reconstruction following the seismic dis-
turbances occurrmg since December 25, 1917, the President by a decree
recently promulgated has proclaimed December 25 as a DAY OF
THANKSGIVING.
360 THl'^ PAN AMEUHIAN UNJOiV.
By a recent presidential decree a SANITATION INSPECTION
COMMI,TTEE has been established to work under the direction of the
national sanitary commission which will name the members of the
committee. The inspectors wiU number 25 policemen and a chief,
who will be under orders of the national commission.
iiArri.
A recent report of tlie sanitaiy enguieer of Haiti, Dr. M. T, McLean,
on the organization of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE of that
country, shows that in August, 1915, an earnest ])ropaganda was
started by naval medical officers, connected with the public health
service, with the object of improving the health conditions of the
Republic. This movement was continued throughout 1915, 1916.
and 1917, and in October of the latter year an organization was
formed which gave the chief sanitary engineer of Haiti full control
of the sanitary affairs of tlie nation, including street cleaning. In
November, 1917. this organization also took over the hospital and
quarantine service of the country.
The work of the organization was considerably ham})ered by a
shortage of funds available from the Haitian treasury. This was
partially offset, however, by the hearty and efficient cooperation of
the Gendarmerie d'Haiti which induced a number of ])hysicians and
hospital corps men to serve as sanitary agents in the Provinces,
which were divided into a central, a southern, and a northern dis-
trict, with headquartei-s, respectively, at Port au Prince, Cape Haitien,
ajid Aux Cayes. The entire work is carried on through the sanitation,
hospital, and quarantme divisions.
Immediately after these plans were perfected the central (Uvision
at Port au Prince made use of improved methods in handling the
sanitary work of the national capital, where there are at present
employed in this service 5 motor trucks, 30 mule duni]) carts, and 60
hand carts. Incinerators were built and the rubbish of Port au
Prince collected and dis])osed of in a scientific manner. The facili-
ties, however, for quickly, and properly handling this work are still
inadequate.
The sanitary conditions of the Jiorthern and southern proviiices
have also greatly im])roved, and especially is this noticeable in the
towns. The French Sistera de la Sagesse and St. Rose of Lima, who
have been in charge of hospital and poorhouse work throughout the
country, have rendered the health department invaluable services.
These noble workers, imbued with a spirit of loyalty, devotion, per-
severance, and patience, have performed the arduous and humani-
tarian work which came witlun the scope of their activities in a manner
that is worthy of th<^ highest praise.
GENERAL NOTES. 86 1
The hospitals at Port an Prince, Cape Haitieii, and Aiix Cayes are
in charge of experienced physicians. The Citj^ General Hospital in
the national capital, now a charitable institution, is the outgrowth of
the old Military Hospital and the Hospital of St. Vincent de Paul.
It has 8 wards with an average of 40 beds each. The location is most
desirable, the grounds are spacious, the natural drainage good, and
the view exceedingly beautiful. In addition to the wards there have
been erected on the grounds a sistere' home, a home for nurses, offices,
and other necessary buildings. The hospital also maintains a dental
department, and in October, 1918, established a training school for
native women nui-ses.
The following statistics show the work done at the General Hospital
from December, 1917, to November, 1918, inclusive: Admissions,
2,349; discharges, 2,383; births, 64; deaths, 309; average daily
census of patients, 292 ; average daily out-patients, 40 ; major opera-
tions, 64, and numerous minor operations.
With the reorganization of the financial system of Haiti the new
public health service has been included as a subdivision of the Depart-
ment of the Interior. Its operation during the first A^ear was most
satisfactory. A public health law has been drafted and submitted
to the Conseil d'Etat for approval. It is believed that the law as
prepared will be approved and become operative in the near future.
The report recommends a general vaccination of the entire popula-
tion of the country as soon as funds are available for this purpose,
as well as a strict segregation of persons afflicted with leprosy. As
the commerce of Haiti is rapidly increasmg, it is hoped that during
the next fiscal year such an increase of funds will be made available
as will enable the sanitary authorities to properly carry on in all of
its branches the sanitary" work of the Republic.
HONDURAS.
The following statistics concerning the ARMY on July 31, 1918.
are official: Active army, 46,106; reserve army, 21,505, or total
77,611 men. On July 31, 1917, there were 62,229 members of the
army, or 5,312 less than in 1918.
At the session of January 6 of the ])resent year Congress made the
following nominations for VICE PRESIDENTS (Designados):
Sr. Dr. Don Francisco J. Mejia, Dr. Don Nazario Soriano, and Gen.
Don Leopoldo Cordova. Owing to the death of Dr. Mejia on the
31st of the same month, Congress appointed Dr. Soriano as first
vice-president, or designate, and Dr. Francisco Bograu as second.
MEXICO.
On the 1st of May a WORKMEN'S CONGRESS will meet in the
City of Mexico to study the problems of the working class and the
362 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
laws which at present affect them. It will also la}' out the work of
the delegates to represent Mexico at the Pan American Laborers'
Congress which will meet in New York on the 1st of the coming
July.
Since the 1st of February nimibers of the MORMON COLONIES
have been reestablished in the State of Chihuahua, where they
previously had founded the colonies Dublan and Juarez, removing
in 1913 to the United States. They have again taken up their
residence in Chihuahua, bringing with them large supplies of agri-
cultural machinery with w^hich to carry on the ranch M^ork in which
they have made a remarkable record.
NICARAGUA.
Sr. Dr. Don Manuel Esquerra, MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY
from Colombia to Nicaragua, presented to the President his creden-
tials as minister on January 30, 1919. Greetings and expressions of
friendship w^ere exchanged at the reception of the new diplomatic
representative.
By legislation of December 21, 1918, the hymn in use as the
NATIONAL ANTHEM was formally declared such and permission
granted the President to change the wording as he may deem fit
and to standardize the form of rendering honor to the hymn and
the flag.
On December 23, 1918, the municipality of Granada and neigh-
boring cities signed a contract for the establishment of an ELEC-
TRIC LIGHT SYSTEM, whereby the other towns agree to con-
tribute $80,000 toward the installation of a plant equipped to meet
the public and private needs of the ch-cuit.
A large estate in Granada has been purchased by Dr. Rodolfo
Espinosa for the instaUation of a MODERN SANITARIUM which
will employ nurses from the United States. Accommodation for
100 patients will be prepared.
Sr. Don Adolfo Cardenas has been named SECRETARY OF THE
LEGATION in Washington by a presidential appointment of De-
cember 9.
On January 1 the following new judges of the supreme court were
sworn in: Sres. Santos Flores L., Estanislao Vela, Carlos Rosales,
Emilio Alvarez, Juan Manuel Siero, and Daniel Gutierrez Navas.
PANAMA.
According to information received from the Secretary of Foreign
Relations, the President has appointed Dr. Hermodio Alias, Dr.
Evenor Hazera, and Dr. Gregorio Miro members ad honorem of the
PAN AMERICAN COMMISSION created bv decree No. 41 of 1908
GENERAL NOTES. 363
to bring about the api)roval of the resolutions adopted by the Pan
American conferences and to collect data for the Pan American
Union in Washington. The appomtment was made to fill the
vacancies caused by the deaths of Mi-. Demetrio H. Brid and Mr.
Francisco V. de la Espriella and the resignation of Gen. Don Santiago
de la Guard ia.
In Colon a BUREAU OF SAFETY has been created which shaU
administer safety measures within the city, guard property or
materials that might cause fire, explosions, or other catastrophes,
and exercise police authority.
By a recent law of the National Assembly, the 14th of July, the
day celebrated by France in commemoration of her revolution, and
the 4th of July, anniversary of the independence of the United
States of America, were set aside as NATIONAL HOLIDAYS.
Mr. Osvaldo Lopez has been named FEDERAL ATTORNEY
GENERAL for the remainder of the constitutional term.
The National Assembly has granted a COPYRIGHT to the author
of the biography of Dr. Justo Arosemena; the complete works by
the author are ordered to be printed at the expense of the Federal
treasury and are to be sold at cost; 2,000 balboas have been appro-
priated as the nation's share toward the erection of a statue of Dr.
Arosemena. Tlie biography in question won a prize in the contest
conducted by the Secretary of Public Instruction.
Permission has been granted by the President for the organization
of a company to be called the ITSMENA WOOD COMPANY in the
city of Colon.
The NATION.YL POLICE FORCE of the Repubhc is composed of
the following personnel: One inspector general, 2 assistant inspec-
tors, 10 captains, 16 lieutenants, 40 second lieutenants, and 750
policemen.
PERU.
Congress has enacted a law appropriatuig Lp. 2,000 for the erec-
tion of a MONL^MENT to Sebastian Lorente in University Square,
city of Lima.
In accordance with a law of the National Congi-ess providmg for
the establishment of a NATIONAL ARCHR^ in Lima, the President
has appointed Dr. Horacio H. L>teaga, a learned univei-sity professor
and Peruvian historian, du-ector of the same.
An executive decree of January 17 last postpones the taking of the
GENERAL CENSUS of the Republic provided for under a decree of
June 7, 1918.
With the object of stimulatuig professional work and in order to
encourage closer relations between physicians of the hospitals m
Lima, an association of HOSPITAL DOCTORS has been formed in
364 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
the national capital. The officers of this association are: Dr. Ernesto
Odriozola, president; Dr. Julian Arce, vice president; and Drs. Carlos
A. Bambaren and Cesar A. Zevallos, secretaries.
In February last Miss Maria Wiesse, a Peruvian writer, commenced
the publication of a new weekly ILLUSTRATED REVIEW entitled
"Familia" (Family).
Under date of January 27 last the President of the Republic issued
a decree for the ELECTION of President and Vice President for the
next constitutional period which, according to law 2128, begins on
August 18 next, and for the election of senators and deputies whose
term of office expires in July next.
The DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS of Lima durmg the five years
from 1914 to 1918, inclusive, show a total of 27,664 births and 26,160
deaths. In 1918 there were 6,271 bnths and 6,575 deaths. The
number of marriages durmg the five-year period referred to were
4,224, of which 1,012 were in 1918. Tuberculosis was the cause of
the greatest number of deaths.
Constmction work has been actively renewed on the San Martin
PLAZA in the city of Lima, and on the extension of the Nicolas de
Pierrola Avenue.
The President has made the followuig diplomatic and consulai-
APPOINTMENTS: Dr. Victor M. Maiirtua, mmister to HoUand;
Dr. Jorge Polar, mmister to Cuba and Venezuela; R. McLean, consul
general to Ecuador; Eduardo Herrera, consul general in Lisbon; and
Dr. Cesar .Ajitonio Ugarte, secretary of the legation in HoUand.
SALVADOR.
Sr. Jorge Melendez and Sr. A. Quiiiones Molma were elected Presi-
dent and Vice President of the Republic for the constitutional period
from March 1, 1919, to March 1, 1923, at the ELECTIONS held
throughout the Republic on January 12, 13, and 14. According to
press reports, the total number of votes cast in all the cities of the
country was 185,492 for President and 89,582 for Vice President.
By a presidential decree of January 23 of the present year the sum
of 5,000 francs is authorized to be remitted by cable immediately to
the order of Don Miguel Du6nas, the Salvadorean minister to France,
imder article 1 of the budget. The amount is contributed by the
Government of Salvador for the constniction of a monument which
the "Latin Fraternal League" ("Liga de Fratemidad Intelectual
Latina"), of which the French literateur, Paul Adams, is president,
will erect m Paris bi honor of the noted Central iUnerican poet,
Ruben Dario.
Within a short time a MILITARY-CIVIC RECORD wiU be pre-
pared by an officer of the army in collaboration with eminent men of
(GENERAL NOTES. 365
lettei-s of tlie cuimtiv, which will contani interesting historical data
concerning the Republic, biographies of prominent citizens, presi-
dents, soldiers, artists, literati, and tradesmen who have figured in
the history of the nation.
On January 28 the President issued a decree by which the
SUPERIOR HEALTH COUNCH. is reorganized and divided into five
sections: (1) Bacteriology, vaccination, and preventive mnocida-
tions; (2) sanitation of ports and frontiers; (3) departmental hygiene;
(4) engmecrmg, medical, and supervised sanitation; and (5) con-
sulting and legal measures for the execution of the laws enacted.
The council will be composed of Dr. Juan C. Segovia, the president,
and Dr. Rafael V. Castro, Dr. Salvador Calderon. Dr. Pedro S. Fon-
seca, and Dr. Leonilo Montalvo.
URUGUAY.
Since the 1st of March, the date of the inauguration of Dr. Baltasar
Brum as President, the followmg CABINET has been appomted:
Minister of Foreign Relations, Dr. Juan Antonio Buero; Mhiister of
War and Navy, Gen. GuiUermo Ruprecht; Minister of the Inte-
rior, Dr. Javier Mendivil; :Muiister of the Treasury, Dr. Ricardo
Vecmo; Minister of Pubhc Instruction, Dr. Rodolfo Mezzera; Mm-
ister of Industries, Dr. Luis C. Cavigha; and Mhiister of Pubhc Works.
Ing. Humberto Pittamiglio. During the absence of Dr. Buero. Dr.
Daniel Muiioz wiU act as Minister of Foreign Relations.
The national COL^CIL OF ADMINISTRATION recently elected
is as follows: Dr. Fehciano Viera, president; Dr. Alfredo Vazquez
Acevedo, Dr. Ricardo J. Arico, Dr. Domingo Arena, Don Pedro Cosio,
Dr. Carlos A. Buero, Dr. Francisco Soca, Don Santiago Ruvas, and
Dr. Martin C. Martinez.
Durmg the past year m Montevideo the first ROTARY CLUB of
South .Vinerica was organized and is now afEhated with the Inter-
national .Lssociation of Rotary Clubs of Chicago. Foreign members
of the association when visiting Montevideo mav commimicate with
Herbert P. Coates, 469 CaUe Sarandi.
Durmg the middle of December a handsome MONUMENT was
miveiled to Jose Pedro Varela, the reno\^Tied reformer of the system
of public mstruction m LTmguay. The statue is the work of the
weU-kno\sTi Spanish sculptor, Miguel Blay.
The Council of Post, Telegraphs, and Telephones has authorized
the Western Electric Co. to make the necessary technical and
financial estimates with a view to estabhshing an underground
TELEPHONE SYSTEM in the Department of Montevideo.
366 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
VENEZUELA.
B}" presidential decrees of January 24 of this year the construction
of an ISOLATION HOSPITAL in accordance with modern scientific
prhicipies was authorized in the vicmity of Caracas, as well as the
erection of two quarantine bases within the boundaries of the ports
of La Guaira and Puerto Cabello. Both buildings must meet the
requirements of the departments in which they are erected as well
as the general rules laid dowTi for such establishments.
A MODERN HOTEL is to be erected on the site now occupied by
the San Pablo Market in Caracas in the center of a handsome park.
The architecture is to be similar to that of some of the most famous
hotel buildings in existence, and the Government, which is directing
its construction, has resolved to make it an addition of beauty,
utihty, and convenience to the city.
The Government has appointed Dr. G. T. Villegas Pulido to act as
Federal Attorney General in place of Dr. Alejandro Urbaneja,
resigned.
In honor of SIMON BOLIVAR, the hberator, the municipal
comicil of Lisbon, Portugal, has decided to confer the name of Bolivar
upon the fourth street in Bario da America of that city. The
street runs parallel to the second street of the same district, called
Washington Street. In this manner the names of two great American
liberators, one from the Southern and the other from the Northern
Continent, wiU be associated by a delicate suggestion.
On February 15, 1919, the first CENTENARY of the opening of the
Second National Congress of Venezuela was celebrated, kiio'v\m
historically as the Congress of Angostura. In commemoration of the
event the Government is to pubhsh a Spanish and an Enghsh edition
of Bolivar's inaugural address to the assembly.
Dr. Esteban Gil Borges has been named MINISTER OF FOREIGN
RELATIONS to replace Dr. Bernardino Mosquera, resigned. The
new chancellor was counsellor of the Venezuelan legation in Washing-
ton from 1911 to 1914.
On January 25 of the present year the Government ordered the
construction of a CREMATORY in Caracas to dispose of garbage
and other refuse necessary for the sanitation of a city the size of
Caracas.
A NEW STADIUM, to be used for pubhc spectacles, was ofhcially
opened in Caracas on January 26. The building is of remforced
concrete, has a seating capacity for 12,000, and was built at a cost of
1,200,000 bohvars.
SPECIAL COMMISSIONS have been appointed to study questions
relative to carrying out the terms of the treaty of arbitration entered
into between Venezuela and Colombia on November 3, 1916, and to
GENERAL NOTES.
867
report concerning certain claims against the Govermnent submitted
to their consideration. Dr. Pedro Itriago Chacin has been designated
as adviser to the Minister of Foreign Relations.
By presidential decree the provision concernhig VACCINATION .
formulated by the office of the sanitation commission, in accordance
with the power designated to it by the health Law of 1912. was
accepted.
Dr. ALBERTO DIEZ DE MEDINA, Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary of Bolivia to Venezuela, was received in
formal public audience by the provisional President on February ;>.
1919. The reception was also the occasion of the presentation of an
oil portrait of Marshal Sucre, executed by the noted Venezuelan
painter Arturo Michelena, to the new minister, in attestation of the
friendship of Venezuela toward Bolivia.
As a feature of the celebration of the centenary of the Battle of
BoA'aca, the National Academy of History of Caracas wiU hold a
LITERARY CONTEST in which all citizens of the American
Repubhcs will be mvited to participate. The subject of the essays
is to be "The Battle of Boyaca and its military and political signif-
icance." Two prizes will be offered, one a diploma and 4,000 boUvars,
the other a diploma and 2,000 bohvars. Manuscripts to be sub-
mitted for the contest must be typed and sent to the secretary of the
academy by July 2 of this year at the latest, in a sealed envelope and
bearing only a distinguishing title. The name of the author and his
address together with the special title should be sent in another
sealed envelope.
[Publications received in the Columbus Memorial Lil.rary during Feiiruary, 1919.1
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
El ilustre Monteagudo. [For] Adolfo S. Carranza. Buenos Aires, Imprenta de Jose
Tragant, 1918. 19 p. 4°.
Impuesto a la renta su inoportunidad y peligros. (Encuesta preliminar.) Confereu-
cia argentina del comercio, de la industria y de la produccion. Buenos Aires.
29 p. 4°. (Estudio de problemas nacionales, No. 5.)
Informe leido per el presidente Sr. Antonio Leon Lanusse en la asamblea general
ordinaria de 27 diciembre de 1918. Liga de defensa comercial. Buenos Aires,
Imp. E. Frigerio, 1918. 59 p. 4°.
Land in the Argentine Republic. Pan American Union. Washington, 1919.
10 p. 8°.
Lenguaje del Rio de la Plata. Diccionario de las voces, modismos y refranes de uso
corriente en las Republica Argentina, Repiiblica Oriental del Uruguay y
Repiiblica del Paraguay con sus equivalencias en castellano segun la decima-
tercia edicion del diccionario de la lengua por la Academia Espaiiola. Obra
que ha escrito Washington P. Bermiidez y . . . Sergio Washington Bermiidez.
Entrega Nos. 1-6. Buenos Aires, Talleresgraf., L.J. Rosso yCia., 212p. 4°.
Memoria de la cdmara arbitral de cereales 1918, 20° ejercicio. Bolsa do comercio.
Rosario, A. Caubarrere, 1918. 138 p. 8°.
Programas de los colegios nacionales vigentes durante el curso de 1915. Conforme
al texto oficial. Primer ano— quinto ano. Buenos Aires, Libreria de A. Garcia
Santos, 1915-1918. 12°. 6 paraps.
Apendice de la memoria del ministerio de hacienda, preseutada al congreso nacional
de 1918. La Paz, Imp. Velarde, 1918. 457 p. 8°.
Memoria del ministro de hacienda, Nestor Cueto Vidaurre, al honorable congreso
nacional de 1917. La Paz, Imp. Velarde, 1917. Fold, tables. 114, 105 p. 8°.
Memoria presentada a la legislatura de 1918. Por el aoctor Julio Zamora, ministro
de gobierno y fomento. La Paz, Talleres Graticos La Prensa, 1918. map.
140 p. 8°.
Tacna y Arica. La solucion del problema mediante su transferencia a Bolivia.
Opinion de Don Agustin Ross. La defensa de los tratados de 1895. Por Barros
Borgono. La Paz, Lit. e Imp. "Moderna," 1918. 92 p. 8°.
CoUecgao das leis e decretos do estado de Minas Geraes 1906 to 1917. Bello Horizonte.
8°. .12 vols.
Compilayao das leis, decretos e regulamentos do Estado de Sergipe. 1889 to 1899,
1916. 1917. 8°. 7 vols.
Consolidagao das leis de organisagao judiciaria do estado do Maranhao, pelo Bacharel
Henrique Jose Coato. Maranhao, Imprensa Official, 1918. 117, iii p. 8°.
Mensagem dirigida pelo presidente do estado ao congresso mineiro 1915. 1916. 1917.
1918. Bello Horizonte. 4°. 4 vols.
Mensagem enviada a assemblea dos representantes do estado do Rio Grande do Sul
na 2a sessao ordinaria da 8a legislatura em 20 de Setembro de 1 91 8. Porto Alegre,
Officina graphicas d'A Federa^ao, 1918. 77 p. 4°.
368
BOOK NOTES. 369
(Me a Ruy Barbosa. [Pelo] Corr^a de Araujo. Marauliau, J. Fires & Comp., 1918.
21 p. "8°.
O que se deve comer. Adapta^ao do systema de alimentagao vegetariana para uso dos
brazileiros. For Domingos de Castro Perdigao. Maranhao, J. Fires & Cia..
1918. front, port. 135, x p. 8°.
Relatorio apresentado ao presidente do estado de miuas geraes pelo secretario d'estado
dos negocios do interior. 1916. 1917. Bello Horizonte. 4°. 2 vols.
Relatorio de directoria da companliia industrial agricola e pastoril d'Oeste de S. Faulo
para ser apresentado d assemblea geral ordinaria em 29 de agosto de 1918. S. Paulo.
Secffiode Obrasd"'0 Estado de S. Faulo," 1918. fold. 32 p. 4°.
llae'ia el poi\euii normal. I'or Juan Emiqiie Laganique. Santiago de Chile. Afio
64 de la Era Normal, 1918. 82 p. 12°.
Markets for boots and shoes in Chile and Bolivia. By Herman G. Brock. Wash-
ington, G. P. O., 1918. front, pis. 192- p. 8°. (Bureau of foreign and
domestic commerce. Special agents series No. 174. Price, 25 cents.)
Memoria de la primera travesia de la Cordillera de los Andes en aeroplane. Editora
por la Compania Argentina de Tabacos. Buenos Aires, Talleres giaf. Argen-
tinos de L. J. Roddo y Cia., 1918. front, port, illus. 217 p. S°.
Plan de estudios i programas de instruccion secundaria. Aprobados por el consejo
de instruccion publica para los liceos del estado. Santiago, Soc. Imprenta
Litografia Barcelona, 1916. 344 p. 4°.
Sociedad agronomica de Chile. Memoria. Primera, 1911. Segunda, 1912. Ter-
cera i cuarta. 1912-13 i 191:^14. Octava, 1917-18. Santiago de Chile. 8°. 4
pamps.
COLOMBIA.
Anales diplomaticos y consulares de Colombia. Fundados y publicados por el Ur.
Antonio Jose Uribe. Tomo quinto. Edicion oficial. Bogota, Imprenta Na-
cional, 1918. xii, 1152, xhdLii p. 4°.
La.s cajas escolares y su accion en Bogota. [For] A. Nieto CabaUero. Con un pro-
logo de Tomas Rueda \'argas. [Bogotd], Arboleda & Valencia, front, illus.
42, (5) p. 12°.
<'6digo fiscal (ley 110 de 1912). Edici6n oficial re\isada por la comision legislativa
y por consejo de estado, y seguida de un suplemento que contiene las leyes
correspondientes a los auos de 1913, 1914 y 1915, relacionada,s con el ramo fiscal.
Bogota, Imprenta Nacional, 1915. 161 p. 8°.
Codigo de regimen politico y municipal. Leyes 4", 97 y 111 de 1913. Edicion
oficial hecha bajo la direccion de la comision legislativa. Bogotd, Imprenta
Nacional, 1913. 168 p. 8°.
Colombia joven. Primera serie. [Por] L. E. Nieto CabaUero. Bogota, Arboleda
i!^- Valencia, 1918. 320 p. 8°.
1 '-onf erencia dictada en el "Centro Obrero" por el senor don Fernando E. Baena el
dia 14 de octubre de 1917. Barranquilla, Imprenta Americana, 1918. 17 p.
8°.
Decretos dictados por el poder ejecutivo en uso de las autorizaciones conferidas por
la ley 51 de 1917. Edicion oficial que se hace en cumplimiento del articulo 6°
de la misma ley. Bogotd, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. 213 p. 8°.
Directorio de Bogota 'Infantine." Agosto, 1916. Bogota. Tip. Augusta, 1916.
474 p. 8°.
Guia del comercio de Bogota. Compilacion especial y desciiptiva de la^ principales
empresas y entidades profesionales existentes en la ciudad para 1917. For Julio
Parga Polania. IJogota, Tipografia Editorial Calle S, N. O. 94 bis. 1917. 14<)
|.. 8°.
370 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Historia de Colombia para la ensenanza secundaria. For Jesus Maria Henao y Gerardo
Arrubla. Tomo 1. Bogota, Escuela Tipogrdfica Salesiana, 1916. illus. 545
p. 8°.
Informe y balance presentados a la asamblea general de accionistas. Banco central,
Bogota. 1" semestre de 1918. 2 p. 4°.
Informe del ministro de guerra al congreso. 1914, segunda parte, anexos. 1915, 1916,
1917, and 1918. Bogotd. 4°. 5 vols.
Informe del ministro de baciendo al congreso de 1914. 1915, 1916 y 1917. Bogotd.
191^17. 4°. 4 vols.
Informe que rinde el secretario general de la gobernacion al senor gobernador de
departamento del Atlantico. BaiTanquilla, Imprenta Electrica "El Siglo,"
1918. 45 p. 8°.
Liquidacion general de los presupuestos nacionales de rentas y gastos, para el ano
economico de 1914, 1915. Apendice 1916 y 1918. Bogotd, Imprenta Nacional.
4°. 4 vols.
Memoria del ministro de agricultura y comercio al congreso de 1916, 1916 anexos,
1917 anexos, y 1918. Bogota, 4°. 4 vols.
Memoria del ministro de gobierno al congreso de 1914, 1915; primera parte, 1916
y 1917. Bogotd, 1914-17. 4°. 4 vols.
Memoria del ministro de obras publicas al congreso de 1916 y 1918. 4°. 2 vols.
Memoria del ministro del tesoro al congreso de 1915 y 1916. Bogotd. 4°. 2 vols.
Monografia del rio Magdalena 1916. Resena hist6rica del descubrimiento y de la
navegacion del rfo. Dates y cuadros estadisticos referentes al movimiento de
BUS transportes. [For] Enrique Naranjo Martfnez. Barranquilla, Mogollon,
Editor, 1917. front, port. 40 p. 4°.
Monografia de Medellin 1917. Escrita para el "Libra Azul de Colombia" por los
senores presidente y vicepresidente del concejo municipal, Dr. Mariano Ospina
P, y Dr. Jorge Rodriguez. Medellin, Imprenta Editorial, 1917. 21 p. 8°.
Muelle de Buenaventura. Facultades legales de que esta investido el gobierno
nacional en relacion con un posible contrato sob re muelle en Buenaventura.
Cali, Imprenta del Faclfico, 1918. 57 p. 8°.
Situaci6n en 30 de junio de 1918. Informe de la junta administrativa y del revisor.
Asamblea general de accionistas del 19 de julio de 1918. Barranquilla, Talleres
Mogollon, 1918. 19 p. 8°.
Tarifa fluvial de fletes y pasajes en el bajo Magdalena. Acordada por las siguientes
empresas de navegaci6n: The Colombia Railways and Navigation Co., Ltd.
Compania Antioquena de Transportes. Empresa de vapores "F. P6rez Rosa."
Empresa del vapor "Palmar" Vigente el 15 de abril de 1917. Talleres El^ctricos
La Nacion, 1917. 19 p. 8°.
Tarifas de pasajes y fletes. Ferrocarril del Norte. Bogotd, Imprenta de "La Luz,"
1916. 16 p. 8".
COSTA RICA.
Informe del director general de estadlstica. Anuario estadistico, aiio 1917. San
Jos^, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. xxxix, 1.05, 16 p. 4°.
Discursos por Fernando Sdnchez de Fuentes. Publicados por la comisi^n nacional
Cubana de propaganda por la guerra y de auxilio a sus victimas. Habana, 1918.
Imp. El Siglo XX, 69 p. 8°.
La France h^roique dans sa musique militaire, guerrifere et patriotique. Editada
por la comision nacional Cubana de propaganda por la guerra y de auxilio a bub
victimas. La Havane, Imp. El Siglo XX, 1918. 103 p. 8°.
Organizacidn de la ensenanza. Universidad de la Habana. Habana, Imprenta El
Siglo XX, 1917. fold, tables. 125 p. 8°.
BOOK NOTES. 371
Las sociedades Francesas de socorro a las victiinas de la guerra. Comision nacional
Cubana de propaganda por la guerra y de auxilio a siis vfctimas. Habana, Inii).
El Siglo XX, 1918. 40 p. 8°.
Informe que el niinistro de instruccion publica, bellaa artes, justicia, etc. Presenta
a la naci6n, 1918. Quito, Imprenta y Encuademaci6n Nacionales, 1918. Ivii,
231 p. 4°.
Plan de estudios para la ensenanza superior. Quito, Imprenta y Enc. Nacionales,
1916. 16 p. 12°.
Plan de estudios para las escuelas elemen tales y medias de la republica. Oficina de
fomento de instruccion primaria. Quito, Imprenta y Enc. Nacionales, 1916.
76 p. 12°.
Plan de estudios para las escuelas modelos anexas a los institutes normales de la
republica. Segunda edicion. Quito, Imprenta y Enc. Nacionales, 1917. 39 p.
12°.
Programas para las escuelas modelos anexas a los institutos normales de Quito.
Quito, Imprenta y Enc. Nacionales, 1917. 57 p. 12°.
Plan de estudios para las escuelas normales de la republica. Quito, Imprenta y Enc.
Nacionales, 1916. 46 p. 12°.
Plan de estudios para las escuelas superiores de la republica. Quito, Imprenta y
Enc. Nacionales, 1916. 47 p. 12°.
Reglamento de ensenanza secundaria. Quito, Imprenta y Enc. Nacionales, 1914.
26 p. 12°.
Reglamento general de la segunda ensenanza. Quito, Imprenta y Enc. Nacionales,
1917. 31 p. 12°.
Reglamento del regimen escolar. Quito, Imprenta y Enc. Nacionales, 1916. 35 p.
12°.
Reglamentos general y de examenes. Para los institutos normales de la republica.
Quito, Imprenta y Enc. Nacionales, 1915. 47 p. 12°.
HONDURAS.
Memoria del secretario de estado en el despacho de guerra y marina presentada al
congreso nacional 1917-1918. Tegucigalpa, Tipo-Lit. y Fotograbado Nacionales,
1919. 16 p. 4°.
Mensaje dirigido al congreso nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de 1919. Por el don
Francisco Bertrand. Tegucigalpa, Tipografia Nacional, 1919. 22 p. 4°.
El perfume de la tierra natal. [Por] Rafael Heliodoro Valle. Tegucigalpa, Tipo-
Lit. y Fot. Nacionales, 1917. 44 p. 12°.
Informe admiuistrativo rendido por el C. Gobernador constitucional, en la apertura
del tercer periodo de sesiones del XXI 11° congreso el 16 de septiembre de 1918,
compendiendo el periodo de 1° de julio de 1917 a 30 de junio de 1918 y contesta-
cion que dio al anterior informe el C. Presidente de la H. Legislatura del estado.
Queretaro, Oficina Tip. del Gobierno, 1918. 48 p. 12°.
Ley agraria del estado de Zacatecas. Guadalupe, Zac. Tipografia del Hospicio de
Ninos, 1917. 12 p. 12°.
Ley fiscal del estado de Zacatecas. Guadalupe, Grandes Talleres de Imprenta del
Hospicio de Ninos, 1918. 72 p. 12°.
Ley de instruccion primaria elemental y superior y adiciones y reformas a la misma.
Edicion 1913. Zacatecas. Tip. del Hospicio de Ninos, en Guadalupe. 1913.
52 p. 8°.
372 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Ley de instruccion secundaria y profesional. Zacatecas, Talleres del Hospicio de
Niiios en Guadalupe, 1909. 35 p. 8°.
Ley organica de los tribunales del estado. Guadalupe, Talleres del Hospicio de
Ninos, 1918. 21 p. 8°.
Ley sobre pesas y medidas de 6 de junio de 1905 y reglamento de la misma ley. Secre-
taria de fomento, colonizacion e industrial. Merida, Edicion del "Diario Oficial,"
1917. 69 p. 12°.
Ley sobre relaciones familiares expedida por el C. Venustiano Carranza y adoptada
para el estado de Zacatecas por decreto de 11 de diciembre de 1918. Edicion
oficial, Tip. de la Camara Obrera, 1919. 62 p. 12°.
Mexico to-day and to-morrow. By E. D. Trowbridge. New York, The Macmillan
company, 1919. 282 p. 8°.
Presupuesto de igresos y egresos de la tesoreria general del estado para el aiio de 1919.
Decreto numero 394. Yucatan, gobierno del estado. Merida, Imprenta Consti-
tucionalista, 1918. 112 p. 4°.
Resena del estado de Tamaulipas. Por Adalberto J. Argiielles. C. Victoria, Oficina
Tip. del Gobierno del Estado, 1910. front, illus. 326 p. 8°.
NICARAGUA.
El case Nicaragua. Conflicto entre la fuerza y el derecho de las naciones. Por
Leonardo Argiiello. Leon, 1917. 80 p. 8°.
Discurso del representante del gobierno, Dr. Dn. David Arellano, en la festividad
del dia de la paz. Managua, Tipografia Nacional, 1918. 10 p. 8°.
Estatuto constitutive: programa y declaracion de principios del partido liberal nacio-
nalista de Nicaragua. Segunda edicion. Matagalpa, Imprenta de Gonzalez y
Medina, 1913. 29 p. 8°.
Labor de la convencion unionista reunida en la ciudad de Diriamba, seccion de
Nicaragua, America Central, del 1° al 3 Abril de 1917 y 96 de la independencia
nacional. Managua, Tip. de Sofonias Salvatierra, 1917. 41 p. 8°.
Mensaje del sr. presidente de la republica, Gral. Dn. Emlliano Chamorro, al congreso
nacional en sesiones ordinarias. 15 de diciembre de 1918. Managua, Tip. Nacional,
1918. 34 p. 8°.
PERU.
(yompania administradora del guano, memoria del directurio correspondiente al (i°
ano economico de 1° de Abril de 1914 d 31 de Marzo de 1915. Oompania adminis-
tradora del guano, limitada.
7» memoria. 1° de Abril de 1915 d 31 de Marzo de 1916.
8» memoria. 1° de Abril de 1916 a 31 de Marzo de 19] 7.
9» memoria. 1° de Abril de 1917 k 31 de Marzo de 1918.
Rstadistica del comercio especial del Peru en el aiio 1917. Publicacion oficial.
Secci6n de estadistica general de aduanas. Lima, 1918. fold, tables, xxxiii,
429, xvii p. 4°.
Wearing apparel in Peru. Prepared by William F. Montavon. Washington, G. P. O.,
1918. 64 n. 8°. (Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce. Miscellaneous
series No. 74. Price 10 cents.)
SALVADOR.
i>a8 relaciones entre los Eatados Unidos de America y El Salvador. Estudio especial
del Senor Carlos Melf^dez. Washin<rton, Unicni Panamericana. 1918. front.
port. 22 p. 8°.
ICotitinvicd in .^piil iuunbpr.|
S71-
VOL. XLVIII
APRIL, 1919
No. 4
SO
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L,M,li: AltlEWb Ut
Ill
4-/> J. .
lERIC
THE name with which Licenciado don Gonzalo Jimenez de
Quesada and his warring hosts christened the Andean
plateau was Santa Fe. To that nobleman nothing seemed
more fitting than to give to the land he had discovered the
name of his birthplace — that classic Santa Fe founded upon the
royal command of Ferdinand and Isabella opposite the opulent
Granada, to vex the multitude of heretic Mohammedans who aroused
the jealousy and resentment of the Spanish by their fiestas and tour-
neys, the valor of their sons, the Moorish beauty of their women,
and the unequaled romance of their arched windows, stone lace-
work, and balconies adorned by expert goldsmiths.
And what a thrill the concjuistador must have felt, yet what home-
sickness must have been awakened within him as he gazed upon a
plain watched over by tw^o somber hills, so like that of his own land,
with the Moorish Granada guarding the Castilian city. But the
Valley of Castles (Valle de los Alcazares), the TeusaquiUo or recrea-
tion spot of Zipa de Bacata, its rightful possessor, was renamed by
the new lords in mail and gorget. Bacata fled, abandoning his
dominion, to die in the heart of the forest, never knowing that after
centuries justice should be paid him; that the "very noble and loyal
city" should bear his name, slightly modified, as decreed by the
Emperor Charles V in 1540. On December 3, 1548, it was given a
coat of arms portraying a black eagle on a gold field, with an open
pomegranate in each claw, and bordered by golden branches on a
blue field.
1 English version of an article prepared in Spanish by M. F. Anzola Samper.
373
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BOGOTA, THE ATHENS OF SOUTH AMERICA. 377
Its first lieiitonant governor was Herman Perez de Quesada,
brother of the founder, and its first cliaphiin, Fray Domingo de las
Casas, of the Dominican order. Following Perez de Quesada five
captains governed in quick succession; but as the Court of Spain
was at variance with these governors, in 1564 it was resolved to
name as president, invested with extraordinary power, Don Andres
Dias Venero de Leiva, the founder of the Colombian nationality.
Twenty-two governors later governed at intervals, administrations
now lost in the shadows of time, although among the group shines
the name of the noble Knight Don Francisco de Borja, nephew of
the Duke of Gandia, who governed for 23 years.
In the meantime Quesada, the learned Don Gonzalo, had died.
His adventurous life had undermined his naturally strong constitu-
tion, and his death occurred in the little city of Mariquita, a town of
his own founding. His arms and accouterments were transferred
to Madrid, together with a volume of poetry inspired by his visionary
imagination — the most cherished heritage he left to the city of
Bogota, in which a school of wi'iters has sprung up, noteworthy for
the purity of the Spanish it employs.
Santa Fe developed rapidly. It became an intellectual center;
college after college was founded. Aristotle and Plato, having
traversed thorny ground, navigated fabulous rivers and ascended
abrupt peaks, had at last become the patrons of the Creoles of the
New World.
The primary academy (Seminario Menor) was opened in 1585; the
College of St. Bartholomew in 1597; and Santo Domingo in 1605.
The first Muisca grammar was printed by the order and at the ex-
pense of the president, Francisco de Borja. The College of San
Francisco Javier was opened under the Jesuits, and eager auditors
filled the lecture haUs devoted to the mystic philosopher of the
*'Suma Teologico" at St. Thomas College. The influential Rosario
College was established by Archbishop Cristobal de Torres in 1653.
The native race was becoming fewer and fewer in number. The
cupidity of the conquistadores and the thirst for gold possessed by
many of the governors led them to maltreat and, it might almost be
said, to exterminate a large proportion of the natives. Intermarriage
reduced the pure aborigines to a considerable extent. Entire tribes
fled far into the interior, into mountain recesses practically impene-
trable. When Hernan Perez, the first captain, sought El Dorado, he
alarmed the tribes dwelling in the southern sierras, who fled to
refuges the conquistadores never attained.
In 1673 curiosity led the President, Melchor Lenan y Cisneros, to
have a census taken of the city, which was found to number 3,000
inhabitants. A stream of sturdy immigration poured in from Spain,
attracted hj the riches of Santa Fe's fruitful plain of emerald green
astronomk;al observatory.
The institution established in tliis building is one of the oldest of its kind on the continent, foinided in 1803
by the renowned scientist, Don Jose Celestino Mutis, a leader in the investigations coiulucted during liis
generation. This observatory is one of the highest in altitude of South America.
OLDER ASPECTS OF BOGOTA.
Upper: Appearance of Cuarta Calle de Floriano some years ago. The street is now modernized tlu-oughout
most of its length. Packs of animals are now prohibited to enter the city by municipal ordinances, so
that the traffic nowadays is conducted bv modern vehicles. Lower: St. Charles Palace (Palacio de San
Carlos), formerly the President's mansion, but now the headquarters of the minister of foreign relations.
To escape assassination, the liberator tlirew himself from the balcony, upon which the commemorative
tablet appears, on September 25, 1828, when an attempt was made lipon his life.
I'UIMATK CATHEDRAL OF COLOMBIA, BOGOTA.
This place of worship, elevated to the rank of Minor Basilica by Pope Pius X, was begun in 1572 by Juan
de Vergara, and completed in 1823. It occupies an entire side of the Plaza de Bolivaf, and in one of its
chapels the remains of Licenciado Gouzalo Jimdnez de Quesada, the founder of the city, are interred.
BOGOTA, THE ATHENS OF SOUTH AMERICA. 381
and of a fortility comparable to only the lands bordering the Nile
Nobles and plolioians alike (locked in. The great senor himself ar-
rived after a journey full of almost incredible incidents, in which he
fraternized with the common people, sharing the common dangers.
A political transformation, the result of the importance of New
Granada and of its fiscal situation, then took place, adding pres-
tige to the {)rou(l blason of New Granada — the bud which was to
produce dangerous fruit for the Spanish Crown. New Granada was
elevated to a viceroyalty by a decree of King Philip V, and al-
though the chimerical attempt of former years and his Viceroy Villa-
longa had failed, in 1740 it was an accomplished fact, and His Excel-
lency Don Sebastian de Eslava regally began his governorship,
invested with the title of viceroy.
Peaceful Santa Fe, accustomed to her simple, democratic President,
bore the change in resignation, though she found herself involved in
the turmoil of the court, and beheld the viceroy driven through her
tortuous streets, after his customary siesta, in a coach of state drawn
by mules in gay trappings.
The period of the viceroyalty forms a romantic story, fleeting,
like everything which transpires at court, involved in obscurity, in
intrigues, m picturesque romances in which the convent cell is often
the penance for a life of dissipation. From time to time Santa Fe
was surprised by good news. The Viceroy Don Jose Solis Folch de
Cardona, the terror of beautiful women, abandoned the viceroyalty
and retired into the monastery of San Diego, leaving his chest of
lapis-lazuli and gold to the poor and giving his jeweled shoe buckles,
worth a fortune, to the monastery, and pouring out his fortune of
doubloons for charity. The people commented upon this event in
amazement.
Another viceroy, de Guirior, died suddenly two days after his
inauguration. The suspicious imagined he had died from poisoning.
The tolling of the bells saddened the populace and produced a morbid
effect upon them. As the courts had taken the precaution of naming
a temporary successor, and as he w^as in Santa Fe at the time of
the death of Guirior, he was accused of the deed, so that Archbishop
Florez took the ofhce, suspected of bearing the infamy of the Borgias.
Then entered a viceroy who astonished all. His consort was the
most beautiful woman whom Santa Fe had ever seen. They were
showered with tournaments and festivals in their honor; the courtiers
performed remarkable genuflections; regal bouquets were thrown at
the feet of the first lady of the land, and evening parties at the palace
became so frequent as to give rise to the expression "to dance in
order to rule."
Fmally, when the viceroy, who was the proudest of his ancestry,
arrived m Santa Fe, New Granada had undergone remarkable changes.
PATIO OF THE POST OFFICE liUILDING.
Tlio post oHicc was, until the middle of the past century, the principal cloister of Santo Domingo, one of
the oldest and largest monasteries of the city. The departments of the post oflice, treasury, commerce,
industry, and admmistration are all now housed within it.
384 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
New channels had been opened by the continual importuning of
science; the lecture halls had sent forth a scientifically trained
generation; the tempests which were let loose in France had carried
across the highest peaks of the Andes to Santa Fe the dawn of a
splendid new day with the translation of The Rights of Man; every-
thing conspired to form a dark cloud over the head of Don Antonio
Amar y Borbon, the last of the viceroys and a member of the royal
family of Spain, whom the dawn of liberty caught unawares, with
his lace ruffle about his neck and the viceroyal staff in his trembling
right hand; and he yielded like a slender reed to give the right of way
to a true Republic.
Santa Fe of former years is so intimately linked with colonial
history and with the war of independence that it is impossible to pass
on without pausing to speak of Bogota, the intellectual and cultured
capital city, molder of thought, home of savants and thinkers, which
surrounded by a legendary glamour, lies at the feet of the peaks of
Guadalupe and Monserrate, whence the Conquistador Jimenez de
Quesada saw the replica of the rocky crags of Moorish Granada.
Striking changes have taken place. Bogota, formerly Santa Fe, is
a metropolis which, while offering to the tourist no startling display
of New York or Parisian skyscrapers, boulevards, or Broadways,
claims attention by reason of the gifts with which nature endowed it.
Spring is there eternal; the climate is ideal; the fertility of the soil
surrounfUng is extraordinary.
Bogota conserves vestiges of her colonial period. Over the portals
of rambling old houses which have defied the ages are to be seen
coats of arms. The century-old churches, venerable relics of the
past, guard beneath panels of gold and costly wood collections of
masterly paintings; Byzantine cornices of arabesque designs abut
the granite pilasters which support arches, and under dais of wrought
gold and silver the choir lofts are to be seen; long spiral staircases,
massive towers, and belfry spires stand out against the clear sky,
just as they did centuries ago.
On the other hand, the tendency toward twentieth century build-
ing is irresistible, and the most up-to-date talent is displayed in the
erection of luxurious homes or public buildings in Bogota to-day.
The national capitol, situated on the southern side of the Plaza de
Bolivar, resembles the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, and is con-
sidered one of the best stone edifices in South America. Its construc-
tion covered a period of 77 years, owing in part to the fact that work
upon it was suspended at intervals of considerable length because
of almost insurmountable difficulties that arose. It is the head-
quarters for the minister of war, supreme court, the minister of pubhc
instruction, the senate, and the chamber of representatives. In the
central patio stands the statue of Gen. Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera,
PARKS OF BOGOTA.
Upper picture: Pond in the Parque de la Independencia. situated in the outskirts of the citv. The
Paseo Bolivar, which circles about the feet of the mountains Monserrat and Guadalupe, begins at the
park, which is the principal recreation center of the citv. Lower pictiu-e: Centenary Park (Parque
del Centenario). Onlv the central part of this new park is seen. The bust in the foreground is of
Antonio Ricaurte, the hero of San Mateo, which was unveiled in 1910 during the celebration of the
first centenary of independence.
11280S— 1&— Bull. 4 2
STATUE OF THE HERO OF THE BATTLE OF AYACUCHO.
The statue ot Gen. Antonio Jose de Sucre, the work of the French sculptor VerlcJ, is placed in the Plaza
deAvacucho facing the building formerly occupied by the military school. Sucre, one of the heroic
flgutes in South American independence and first President of the Republic of Bolivia, was born in
Cumana, Venezuela, in 179.5.
BOGOTA, THE ATHENS OF SOUTH AMERICA. 387
a conspicuous figure iii the great war and President of Colombia
during several periods. The general himself laid the first stone of
the building.
Along the entire western side of the plaza extend buildings uni-
formly of pure French style, and along the northern side, modern
buildings occupied by banks and commercial houses; the eastern side
is occupied by the cathedral, a massiye structure, the towers of which
rise 30 meters, and some few old houses.
In the heart of the plaza there is a small park which attracts
notice principall}' because of the statue of Bolivar the Liberator
which rises upon its marble pedestal in the center of the square,
being one of the finest works of the Italian sculptor, Tenerani.
From the Plaza de Bolivar the main thoroughfares extend in every
direction, almost aU ])aved with asphalt and kept in excellent condi-
tion by the municipalit}'. Calle Real, the principal business street,
and Florian Street are the most bustling of the city. The former, a
wide thoroughfare, merges into Republic Avenue (Avenida de la Re-
piiblica), flanked by modern buildings and traversed by electric cars.
Colombus Avenue (Avenida de Colon) is interesting. A bronze statue
of the discoverer at its head faces a statue of Queen Isabella.
Bogota has commemorated the leaders of Colombian independence
by naming parts of the city after them and by erecting statues in
their honor. A heroic-size monument of Gen. Santander stands in
the park bearing his name; another of the scientist Caldas in the
Plaza de las Xieves; stiU another of Gen. Antonio Xariho, the pre-
cursor of independence, in the Plaza Xariiio; of the " Gran Mariscal
of Ayacucho" in the Plaza Sucre; busts also have been placed in
various localities of the valiant Gen. Hermogenes Maza, of Pola
Salavarrieta, the heroine of Graduas, of the Gran Capitan Ricaurte
and of the savant Camilo Torres. Similar homage has been paid to
her scientists, including her contemporary sons, Rufino Jose Cuervo,
the noted humanist and philologist, and to Miguel Antonio Caro.
Cervantes, author of the immortal Quixote, is commemorated by a
bust in the Plaza de Espaha.
Among notable buildings Bogota boasts of the Columbus Theater,
of such architectural soundness and beauty of form as to rank among
the foremost examjdes of the tyjie in America. Several other
theaters, including that owned b}^ the municipality, and five com-
modious motion-picture houses, one of which has a seating capacity
of 4,000, are popular amusement places. The Colombian capital
has long been the patron of science: The astronomical observatory,
National Library, the academies, museums and universities form a
group of institutions which maintain the right of Bogota to be
considered the "Athens of the South," the name with which a
European scholar christened her.
THE CATARACT OF TEQUENDAMA.
This cascade is a favorite subject with Colombian bards. Humboldt and otlier explorers have given
us picturesque descriptions of the waterfall, which is situated 13 miles out from Bogota.
PKESIUEXTIAL PALACE.
The official residence of the Presidents of the RepubUc is located two blocks from the Plaza de Bolivar on
Calle de la Carrera. It was constructed and opened under the administration of Gen. Rafael Reyes.
390 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The observatory owes its existence to the efforts of the naturahst,
Jose Celestino Miitiz. It is octagonal in form, 2,636 meters above
sea level; hence, is one of the highest of the world and possesses a
valuable set of instruments for taking observations.
The National Library contains rare and even unduplicated books,
and, in all, the most complete collection of colonial archives.
The academies were established by devotees of science and art.
The Language Academy recently took possession of a new building.
The Museum of Bogota contains objects of ])eauty and considerable
historic worth. A Museum of Natural History founded by the
Christian Brotherhood (Hermanos Cristianos) possesses exhaustive
collections.
The universities happily own adequate buildings. Recently the
building to be used for anatomic lecture halls w\as com])leted, equipped
much like the corresponding building of the University of Paris.
Public instruction is becoming constantly more widely diffused and
Bogota is the center of secondary schools supported by the Govern-
ment. The Minister of Public Instruction strives earnestly to fulfill
his trust, and statistics concerning the number of students in attend-
ance at public schools are an evidence of the steady diminution of
illiteracy in Colombia.
Among the buildings owned by the Government the Palace of St.
Charles (San Carlos) and that of La Carrera should be particularly
considered. The former was the official residence of Bohvar the
Liberator and all of the long series of presidents in office from the
birth of the Republic until 19 OS, the year in which La Carrera, a
magnificent presidential palace, was finished. The St. Charles
Palace was then set aside for the office of the chancellor, and although
not of imposing proportions, the severe simplicity and grace of its
lines make it a structure worthy of governmental purposes.
The city has a number of parks in which tropical flora produce
handsome specimens. Independence Park, opened in 1910, is a bit
of beautiful forest; its deep green meadows, varied shrubs and ever-
blooming plants lend it an irresistible charm. The east entrance to
it is the head of the Paseo Bolivar, a picturesque drive from which
the city is seen impressively reposing upon the plateau.
An electric line leaving the northern part of town links the city
with Chapinero, the Versailles of Bogota, a recreation center sur-
rounded by villas and castles set in the midst of gardens. The
architectural unity or harmony, the good taste manifested in the
arrangement of grounds, the contour of every country seat, the
abundant clear water, the perennial springtime, the proximity of
the city, the moderate price of provisions, everything, indeed, con-
tributes to the attractiveness of the place as a recreation spot. At
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THE CAi'JTuL OJ' llOGUl'A.
This building is one of tlit' most noteworthy examples of classic architecture in America. It was half
a century in l)uil(ling, the fust stone having been laid by President Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera.
The capitol faces the Plaza de Bolivar, in which the statue of the liberator sculptured by the Italian
Tenerani is placed.
BOGOTA, THE ATHENS OF SOUTH AMERICA. 393
present many cottages are being built and the car line extended in
that direction.
Bogota, by the refinement of its inhabitants and the luxury in
evidence, might be taken for a European city. Culture is marked;
foreign news is received promptly; desirable features of Paris and
London are imitated to stimulate progress. Unfortunately, owing
to the extreme narrowness of the streets, many of the architectural
features of the city can not be apj^reciated; nevertheless, upon con-
temj)lating the constant progress of the ca])ital and its development,
one is forced to the conclusion that Bogota will })ecome an imperial
city in the western world, the heart of the plateau which extends 16
leagues from north to south and 8 from east to west.
The mean temperature of Bogota, which lies under 4° 36' north
latitude and 76° 34' 8" longitude west of the meridian of Paris, and
at 2,611 meters above sea level, is 15° C.
The population of Bogota has quadrupled in half a century. In
1850 it had 35,000 inhabitants; to-day, 150,000. In 1835 a careful
census of urban property revealed 2,720 houses, and during the pres-
ent year there are estimated to be more than 10,000. It is to be
noted that the houses of Bogota are usually very roomy, coverino-
space sufficient to allow for large open patios. The extent of the
city from north to south is 8 kilometers and from east to west 4 kilo-
meters. In the outskirts east of the city rivers of potable water
rise, one being an outlet of Verjon Lake, which is situated at an alti-
tude of 3,260 meters.
Economically Bogota is on a sound footing, being a commercial
and banking center of constantly growing importance. There are
five banks of large capital, the American Mercantile Bank (Banco Mer-
cantil Americano) having been established last year, and at present
the establishment of another is under consideration. Several insur-
ance companies contribute to the success of financial enterprises.
Large export houses have founded headquarters there and importa-
tion is conducted on rather a large scale. Foreign credit companies
in the United States and Europe are an added factor in Bogota's
development. Industry also is being exploited. Thread and textile
industries compete with foreign establishments in the production of
fabrics and cloth. Stock raising is increasing considerably on the
plain, the strains having been carefuUy selected from stock brought
from England, and the wool market is plentiful. Tanneries and shoe
manufactories have grown up; tobacco is made into cigarettes which
rival those of Habana. Plants for making matches, soap, beer, ce-
ramics, soft drinks, liquors, porcelain, moldings, cement tiles, and
glass are well ec[uipped with modern appliances and inventions.
Electricity in aU its phases receives great attention. The car serv-
ice which crosses the city at almost all angles is quite creditable;
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396 THE PAN AMERICAN ITNION.
scientifically installed plants, operated by the municipality and indi-
viduals, furnish power and light. The Electric Power Co. (Empresa
de Energia Electrica) is the most important of its kind in the country.
The total capacity of its dynamos is 3,635 kilowatts. The generators
produce energy of 6,700 volts 60 j)eriods, which is. transformed and
then transmitted to Bogota by a 26-kiJometer aerial line.
Well-established telephone service connects the city with distant
towns. At present the government is considering the erection of
barracks modeled after P^uropean plans. The project of changing
the old Spanish ones for modern ])uildings is feasible, since the army
of Colombia is a permanent national feature. There are several hos-
pitals for the sick and aged, one orphan asylum, and various chari-
table establishments sustained by the municipality or individuals.
Bogota is particularly generous in public charities. An addition has
recently been made to the cemetery just outside the city. Private
mausoleums in this cemetery are works of art surrounded by cypress
and pine trees.
As has been noted, Bogota is possessed of many advantages both
in itself and in the varied climates and temperatures of neighboring
towns. A few hours from the city warm and hot districts may be
reached by a railway which leads down the mountainsides. The
northern part of the country, with a climate similar to that of Bogota,
is also reached by a 62-kilometer railway; the southern by a 30-kilo-
meter railway which passes the Tequendama Falls, an astonishing
cataract. The plain to the west is penetrated for 30 miles by a line
which connects with the Girardot Railroad.
That Bogota is progressing with extraordinary strides is evident.
Improvements are being- made daily. At the centenary of the battle
of Boyaca this year the city will render tribute to her forefathers by
inaugurating a wide avenue, bordering a large part of her western
boundary, patterned after a French model.
Patriarchal traditions are conserved with religious fidelity; hospi-
tality toward the foreigner and gallantry, qualities characteristic of
Bogota, unite to give her the dignity of triie aristocracy. Her intel-
lectual power, the innate intelligence of her sons, her halls of science,
and the pure Castilian spoken in her streets have caused her to be
called the Athens of the continent, the fountain of science, the "city
of light."
PRESSIONS OF
UNIVERSITY
IX the December number of the Review of Law, History and
Letters C'Revista de Derecho, Historia y Letras") of Buenos
Aires appeared the lecture, given in August, 1918, in the Uni-
versity of La Plata by Dr. M. de Oliveira Lima, the distinguished
Brazilian historian and diplomat, concerning his professorship at
Harvard University. The Bulletin takes pleasure in reproducing
below a free translation of practically the entire address, not alone
because of the prestige its author justly enjoys in intellectual circles
of the continent, but also because in it he dehneates the very spirit
and atmosphere of that institution of higher learning which is un-
doubtedly the oldest and perhaps the most thoroughly organized in
the United States. Dr. Oliveira received in 1915 the signal honor of
being called by the university to take charge of the recently created
department of South American history and economics, the first time
such a distinction had been conferred upon an Ibero-American,
The address, entitled "My Professorship at Harvard," origmalW
delivered in Spanish, was substantially as follows:
My professorship at Harvard was of six months' duration, or rather five — tlie length
of time considered a semester in the United States. It was made possible by the
creation of a special chair of South American history and political economy, to form
part of the regular curriculum, at the New England University, the oldest and most
conservative in the country. The founders of the department hoped to invite intel-
lectual men from our southern continent successively to fill the chair, but the great
war and attendant contingencies prevented canying the project into effect as originally
planned, so that since my term the department has been conducted by members of
the permanent faculty.
However, persons capable of this task are not lacking in the United States. Latin
America is now the ' ' cynosure of neighboring eyes, ' ' the object of inquirj- and investi-
gation on the part of scholars as well as commercial and industrial houses. It might
be more accurate to say that the two mentioned factors in stimulating curiosity unite
to produce a single effect.
The fact is that at Harvard there is a professor of undisputed competence in all
matters pertaining to Ibero-America — Mr. Merriman, the author of a scholarly history,
recently published, of Spain from the Visigothic invasions until the reign of Ferdinand
and Isabella. In Yale Prof. Hiram Bingham is an authority on Peruvian subjects;
at Colombian University in New York City. Prof. Shepherd has reviewed the southern
continent in various phases; at the State university in Urbana, 111., Prof. Robertson,
the biographer of Miranda, is familiar with our liistorj^ especially that portion of it
397
- 2
400 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
known as the period of independence; at Stanford, Prof. Martin is possessed of an
acquaintance equal to his vast intellectual curiosity as to the development of political
institutions in New Spain.
In order not to unduly extend the list I will omit other names equally meritorious
of attention. I wish, however, to refer particularly to the learned president of Leland
Stanford Junior University, Dr. John C. Branner. An eminent geologist, he has
since 1874 studied the geological formation of Brazil, in which country he traveled
extensively, being so familiar with the language as to have written a Portuguese
grammar. Dr. Branner, more fortunate than some scientists, has succeeded in seeing
the National Geographic Society of the United States publish his geological map of
Brazil, accompanied by his treatise upon the territory.
My experience as a teacher leaves one of the most delightful memories I possess.
Years ago, indeed, before I had been superannuated by my appointment as diplomatic
minister, I had visited the 12 principal universities of the United States, giving a
series of lectures which were later compiled in a volume. However, I realized that
the lectures were for professors rather than students, who lack the experience, judg-
ment, and collateral information necessary for an adequate conception of the matter
I was discussing. Hence when I became a professor I made a digest of a mass of
literature and prepared a course of 25 lessons at once the simplest and most advanced
I believed my pupils capable of comprehending. The result was pleasing. By
personal study together with the statements of the professor, the pupils made extra-
ordinary progress in five months, as was demonstrated by both the written examina-
tions they took every month upon specified subjects and by the theses upon themes
chosen from 80 I presented for individual selection.
It is the custom in North American universities for the professor to lecture one or
two hours a week besides conducting the regular recitation classes, explaining in such
lectures how the subject matter should be understood and what books may most
profitably be read to furnish side lights.
Since the student is allowed to elect his particular courses from the curriculum—
that is, from the department of history he might prefer Latin-American to that of
the French Revolution, for instance— it naturally follows that he is actually inter-
ested in the matter. No one obliged him to take the course, so e\ddently in choosing
it he had a direct object in view. Of my 56 pupils, some were preparing for the teach-
ing profession, intending to specialize in Latin- American subjects; others expected
to enter the dii)lomatic or consular service and felt the need of becoming acquainted
with the history and political economy of the countries to which they might be sent;
still others looked forward to commerce and trade only, but were convinced of the
value of studying the intellectual and spiritual aspects of Latin character with which
they were to deal; while others were to enter upon scientific investigations, such as
natural history, and were desirous of rounding out their knowledge of the field of
future exploration.
Under such ideal conditions, the course having been selected with a definite object
in mind, it is natural that it would be pursued diligently and seriously. At Har.
vard no other class of work is tolerated. During my professorship on two occasions
I received requests for information about moml^ers of my class who were not making
a credit al)le record in other classes. I was asked my ojiinion concerning the reason
for their attitude, whether I attributed it to mental deficiency or mere indolence.
At the same time students take active interest in competitive and social affairs.
Their enthusiasm for athletics is notorious; football is a veritable institution, not
unlike the Grecian sports. In the great amphitheater of Cambridge, the seat of the
university, facing Boston on the opposite side of the Charles River, 40,000 spectators
from all parts of the country flock to witness the famous Yale-Harvard match.
Besides these pastimes, the students make merry in their clubs, some departmental ,
and others simply fraternal. For admission to societies of the latter type a myste
NEW BUILDIXGS, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
The number of students at Harvard increases graduaUy from year to vear, and to accommodate the^e new
buildings must be erected. AVestmorley Hall (upper) and Randolph HaU (lower) are two modem
private dormitories.
112808— 19— Bull. 4 3
^^f
DK. OLIVEIRA LIMA's IMPRESSIONS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 403
rious burlesque initiation is undergone. Admitted in total darkness, the neophytes,
of whom is required the presentation of a written thesis, are submitted to a trial con-
sisting of a cross-examination put in absurd terms, to all of which the candidates, must
reply without becoming angry or confused. I attended the initiation of Quentin
Roosevelt, who subsequently met a tragic death as a flyer at the front, into the Signet
Club. At the time of the ceremony, which took place toward the close of 1915, no
one dreamed that the young man's life would so soon be forfeited.
Professors attend such frolics, not to spy upon the students, but rather to share in
the hilarity, without in any degree relaxing their authority, prejudicing their influ-
ence, lessening their dignity, or causing any liberties or undue familiarity to be
shown toward them by the students.
I do not know how this system is regarded at the University of the Rio de la Plata.
In my country professors generally consider it a lack of sedateness, if not actually a
breach of propriety, to mingle informally -with their students, although their aloof-
ness from such occasions does not in anywise increase the admiration won by every
individual member of the faculty for what he is or for his erudition. I believe, in
fact, that respect is engendered in inverse proportion to the distance maintained
between the faculty and the student body.
It was not unusual, after my class, which was held at 1 in the afternoon, for one of
my pupils to invite me to lunch with him at his club. I never refused such an invi-
tation, and we both profited by the conversation. He would gain supplementary
information on South America and I on the States. In Harvard, as at other univer-
sities, j'oung people are accustomed to the social life, or what is commonly known as
sociability — "mingling." Every Saturday the wives of the professors give a tea for
the students alone, and at Harvard these occasions are seldom shared with young
women, as in the West, particularly, where coeducation is common.
Every Sunday evening, also, the president and his wife open their home to the
students. I say "open" where possibly "used to open" would be more accurate,
because the war has changed all phases of normal student life and made it necessary
to disregard even the venerated university traditions, with the departure of both
students and faculty, the former to prepare for active service in Europe, the latter
group to assist in allied actiA-ities.
Another marked feature of North American universities which speaks volumes in
their favor is the veneration felt toward the old professors, as well as the fondness
they themselves demonstrate toward the younger instructors, untainted by envy of
the passing generation for the rising. This Janus-faced devotion is so cordial that
when retired professors not infrequently choose to continvie to live upon the campus.
Such was the case with David Starr Jordan, scientist, pacifist, and president of Stan-
ford; with Angel, minister in China and president of Ann Arbor; and Andrew White,
ambassador to Petrograd and Berlin and delegate to the first peace conference.'
Andrew WTiite takes the same interest in his Cornell University that he did while
administering its affairs before he was sought for diplomatic missions. He lives
on the campus, a beautiful little city set apart from the bustling, sordid city. He
gave his library to the institution, carefully placing it where it would be of most
convenient access, and he takes pains to have the buildings beautified, especially the
chapel, erected by him, in which all cults worship alternately, the Catholic, Protes-
tant, and Jewish. Andrew ^Tiite goes so far as to permit himself pontifical pri\'ileges;
in showing me a window in which the most exalted types of womanly \drtue were
exemplified, all the figures being of saints from our Roman calendar except that of
Florence Nightingale, the heroine of the Crimean War. He remarked, "She was
canonized by me."
' Dr. White died Nov. 4, 1918, four months after Dr. Oliveira Lima delivered his address.
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DR. OLIVEIKA LIMA's IMPRESSIONS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 405
I consider North American universities ideal for their pedagogical spirit. Such
was the impression I received during my visits to them. They vary among them-
selves, certainly; every one is noted for the college of which it makes a specialty:
Princeton excels in theological training; Cornell is superior in her college of engineer-
ing; Johns Hopkins in medicine; Wisconsin in agriculture; Yale in law; Harvard
in what was formerly known as arts. The feature I consider ideal of the institutions
treated collectively is the eagerness with which they seek intellectual development,
in the zeal they display for mental activity.
It is true that not all who are sent forth from the American university are savants.
It is even possible that the half never reach brilliant success. But though only a
portion of the graduates attain it. the institution is vindicated. Moreover, if not all
pupils dedicate themselves with identical devotion and wholehearted ness to mental
discipline, and if all pupils do not show the same advancement, it may be said, how-
ever, that among the body of professors there are very few who think lightly of their
responsibilities.
It must first be noted that the professors of the United States are almost never
politicians in the professional sense of the word. They endeavor to enlighten and
guide public opinion, to influence public thought by precept upon precept, and at-
tempt to prove the logic of their judgment and win prestige for their theories. In
this light they do participate actively in politics without, however, becoming involved
in partisanship, although everyone has his favorite party: indeed, it would be im-
possible to imagine a North American who did not ally himself with some party.
This forms part of his civic life. He adds his vote to the party in whose hands he
wishes to see placed controlling power.
By politics is meant, then, the nobler and loftier significance of the term. The
professors are truly such and do not attempt to play any other role, as they devote
their lives to instruction and further investigations in what is known as original
research. The library recently installed at Harvard University, which was a gift
of the value of 82,000,000, seems to have been planned with the very end in view
of facilitating precisely such studies. Every professor has his section of independent
works kept in the corresponding bibliographical division. There are about 200 such
lay Benedictines, who enjoy immediate access to the books they want without the
intervention of others Every man arranges his office as he chooses. Some are
luxurious, with soft, thick rugs and ample easy chairs; others are simple and austere.
Only one requirement is made, that there shall be no curtain at the door, half of
glass, which closes the office. In that manner it was ascertained that one professor
spent five hours over a cup of tea he had prepared in his office, after which he enjoyed
a voluptuous siesta in the dark, silent quarters.
A very desirable custom is the interchange of professors, so that the western instruc-
tors give occasional courses in eastern universities, and vice versa. This system
has undoubtedly contributed to the growth of a national spirit, tending to resist
political disintegration and the social upheaval which to-day imperils the world.
Some such method should be adopted by all nations desirous of preserving their
unity of purpose and character. By going from one university to another, instilling
the traditions of a common past and demonstrating the identity of interests in the
future of all sections of the Republic. American professors are best ser\dng the cause
of patriotism, at the same time gathering fame among the intellectual aristocracy.
The professor's renown often is the result exclusively of his intellect alone, and it
not infrequently happens that the Federal Government seeks in universities, not
only for members of scientific and administrative commissions, but also diplomatic
representatives. Until a short time ago the president of Cornell was minister in
Greece; Prof. Reinsch, of Wisconsin, is at present minister in China; Ambassador
Morgan, who for some time has been very successful as representative of his govern-
ment in Brazil, was called from an assistant professorship at Harvard. The universi-
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DR.
OLTVEIRA Lima's impressions of harvard rXIVERSITY. 407
ties, then, are the molclers of scholars whose ideals, untarnished hy tlie thought of
"back-door politics," are oi the utmost value in training the political conscience of
the American youth and in preparing him for citizenship.
A further commendable aspect of life in the typical North American University is
the absence, or apparent lack of religious contention. I say apparent, because,
naturally enough, denominational schools exist in some places which tend to exploit
their certain cults, though taking care not to come into open conflict with the others.
Since Mr. Rockefeller had endowed the University of Chicago with millions, it is only
to be expected that it should be Baptist in spirit, like its founder and patron. Harvard
is essentially reformist, which led the Catholics of Boston to create their own uni-
versity.
Nevertheless, these universities do not live in a perpetual state of war. All roads
of the new world lead to Washington, as those of the old led to Rome. American
Catholicism is forced to assume a militant attitude for the simple reason that it has
not the protection of the state and it is surrounded by such strong competition. And
this rivalry does not reveal itself in open hostility, but by modern appeals to the
intellect rather than medieval compulsion. Rivalry is displayed in the construction
of beautiful buildings, arrangement of programs, and in the fitness of the teaching
staff.
Centers of culture these universities are, in the moat intense, widest, and at the
same time most refined sense. In a large proportion of educational establishments
boys and girls receive instruction from the same professor, in the same classroom, and
join in sets of tennis and golf. Many of the American universities are located in
small towns, which in fact owe their existence to their presence, or at least are estab-
lished at great distances from large cities, so that the student life differs widely from
that in South America.
There are dormitories for boys and girls, great houses like hotels, under a rigid
system, in which every student has his room or room and study, with a common
dining hall. Every available room in such a dormitory is taken because of the ad-
vantages of being the most independent and economical system. There are also
house clubs, fraternities, and sororities, in which a score of students live together,
electing a directorate, which delegates the administration to a manager. Some of
these clubs have commodious headquarters, others less pretentious, depending upon
the expenditure upon which the members of the organization agree.
^ii 1 111 ij M All .11 r iil*LA
SO much attention has deservedly been given to the important
supplies of platinum and of the platinum metals that have been
derived from Colombia- that the deposits existing in Brazil
have been somewhat neglected. In view of this it seems
timely to offer some important information thereon, communicated
by investigators who have carefully gone over part of the ground.
Unquestionably platinum is to be found in many places in Brazil
where its existence is still unsuspected, and when the deposits now
know^n antl the others which will be discovered later are systematic-
ally worked, Brazil will be able to contribute largely to the world's
stock of the valuable metal, and also of the related metals.
The occurrence of platinum in Brazil was already known in 1801,
when it is noted by Jose Vierra do Conto.^ He notes the finding of
the metal in the sands of the Lages, near Conceipao, municipality of
Serro (Minas Geraes), and in the Rio Abaete (Nova Lorena Diam-
antina). Doubtless at this time gold with palladium was sometimes
mistaken for gold with a platinum content, since the former metal
had not yet been determined. It was only in 1805, and more fully
in 1809, that Wallaston gave a more detailed description of Brazilian
platinum, calling attention to the fact that there were met with in
the sands many microscopic crystals of zircon, considerablj" rolled,
and contrasting sharply in structure with the grains of platinum
which totally lacked the characteristic of being rolled.
A platinum locality in Brazil was reported as long ago as 1812 by
the English mineralogist, John Mawe, who traveled in the interior of
Brazil by authority of the prince regent of Portugal.* In the course
of his journey he came to a place which he says proved one of the
most interesting, in a mineralogical point of view, that he had
hitherto visited. It was called Largos (sic), but also bore the name
J By George F. Kunz.
2 "Platinum and its relation to Latin America," by George F. Kunz, Bull. Pan American Union, No-
vember, 1917, pp. 4-23.
"Platinum, The World's Present and Past Supply," by George F. Kunz, Mineral Industry, 1917, pp.
'Platinum, The AVorld's Present and Past Supply," by George F. Kunz, Mineral Industry, 1918, pp.
' "Memoria sobre as minas da Capitania de Minas Geraes," written in ISOl, first published in 1842 in Rio
de Janeiro, see pp. 12-15, 122.
* John Mawe, "Travels in the Interior of Brazil, particularly in the gold and diamond districts ol that
country, by authority of the Prince Regent of Portugal," London, 1812, pp. 157, 209.
408
PLATINUM AND PALLADIU:M IX BRAZIL. 409
ouro branco (white <^()\d) "in allusion to a i^ranular substance, not
unlike *2:(^1(1 in size and wei^^ht. ft)untl in a gokl washing in the bed of a
stream. This substance, which has since proved to be platina, was
discovered many years ago in the cascalhao (gi-avel) below the
vegetable earth, and incumbent on the solid rock, accompanied with
gold, and black oxide of iron." This composition induced the belief
that it was gold united with some other metal, from which it could
not be easily separated. As, however, the amount of gold was small
and no one then recognized the value of platinum, but little effort
was made to utilize the deposit, which was fmally abandoned.
Mawe secured a specimen of the substance, and states that it
seemed to contam osmium and iridium, and that the gi-ains were
rougher than those found in the Province of Choco, Colombia. He
suggested that as the substance was at the time of this writing
known to be platinum, work could scarcely be profitably resumed.
"as the demand for that article is at present so small tliat the quan-
tity sold would hardly pay expenses."^ TTliat a difference from the
state of things at present.
The platinum found in the Rio Abaete, State of Minas Geraes,
Brazil, and in greater quantity in its tributaries, is pronounced to be
strikingh' similar to that of the Urals, although the deposits of this
metal from Condado differ markedly in tliis respect. According to
Dr. Eugen Hussak the character of the occurrence in the fii-st-named
deposits may be thus formulated :-
1. Richness of the fine and heavy sands in iron minerals, magne-
tite, chi'omite. and also to a characteristic extent in perovskite.
2. Occurrence of olivine rocks, with Iherzolite and picrotopor-
phyros, in the surroundings of some affluents of the Rio Abaete,
which are known to be jdatiniferous and which rise in the Serra da
Matta da Corda.
3. Similarity of the chemical composition of the platinum, as well
in richness in iron, and thus in s])ecific gravity, as in magnetic action.
4. Structm-al similarity of the ])latinum grains in both occur-
rences in the Urals and in the Rio Abaete. When they are larger
than 1 millimeter they show themselves to be much rolled, while
in the finest sands there not rarely appear minute crystals, clearly
formed, of iron-platinum and osmiridium.
5. Finally, a likeness consisting in the regular inclusions as
described in the platinum of Xizhne Tm-insk, of particles of osmi-
ridium, having six clearly defined faces, parallel to the octahedral
faces of the cubic crystals of platinum.
' Ma-n-e adds later on (p. 277): " Platina may be obtained in tolerable quantities at Largos, but the place
which produces it has been abandoned from want of a market."
- Eugen Hussak, "O Palladio e a Platina no Brazil," Port, trans, by Miguel Arrojado Ribeiro Lisboa,
and Manoel Arrojado Ribeiro Lisboa, Annaes da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto, Xo. 8, 1906, pp. 181, 182.
410 THE FA^ AMERICAN UNION.
An analysis of a combined specimen of magnetic and nonmagnetic
platinum (the latter in small proportion) gave the following results:
Percent.
Insoluble residuum 7. 57
Iron 9. 62
Palladium trace
Copper trace
Metals of the platinum group 82. 81
100. 00
The specific gravity of this platinum, simply isolated and freed
from gold, was determined to be 17.5.
The region whence comes the platinum of Condado, municipality of
Serro, Minas Geraes, is situated at the foot of the Itam])e do Serro,
whence flows the stream Bom Successo. A nugget of j^latinum the
size of a nut was found in this locality, and after having been shown
in the exposition of 1889 it was placed in the museum of the School
of Mines of Ouro Prato. The bed of the little stream Bom Successo
is formed of schistose c^uartz, with a strong dij); in some places this
is traversed by formations of amphibolized diabase, precisely as
occurs in the neighborhood of Diamantina. The minerals accompany-
ing the platinum are also similar to those of that diamantiferous
region, and may be classified as follows :
1. In the finest sands: A quantity of zircon, rolled, colorless, or
partly pink; a great deal of oligiste and octahedra of magnetite; a
number of fragments of black tom-maline; rare fragments of rutile;
and crystals of monazite.
2. In the coarse sands : Rolled c^uartz in c{uantity, generally large
pieces; fragments and aggregations of black tourmaline, the "feijao"
of the miners of Diamantina; a considerable quantity of xenotime,
as well prisms as octahedra; much hematite, ologiste, martite, and
pyrite, but no anastase.
3. Very rarely there are also met with disthene, zircon, and
colombite.
In view of the perfect conformity of the occurrences here and at
Tijucal, Dr. Hussak attributes both to the same source, emphasizing
the fact, however, that in no case can we think of a primary forma-
tion, such, for example, as a secretion from an eruptive basic rock,
rocks with olivine and gabbro, since the forms of the ])latinum clearly
indicate that we have to do with some secondary formation. Prob-
ably we have here a deposition of platinum in solution, derived from
the decomposition of i)latiniferous ])yrites, or of a combination similar
to sperrylite, minerals originating from the schistose quartzes of the
neighborhood, or from the upper conglomerate quartzes. The spe-
cific gravity of the Condado ])latinum, from specimens weighing 0.312,
PLATINTM AND PALLADIUM IX BRAZIL. 411
0.267, and 0.2492 gram, is demonstratod to he lo to 15.75, differing
notably from that of the Tijucal platinum. ^
Among the various platinum localities of Brazil may be noted
Goiigo Secco, where it appears hi the auriferous jacutinga, between
the itabirites; the River Bruscasin in Pernambuco, in gold-bearing
quartz among crystalline schists; the east side of the Espinha^o,
from Itambe de Matta Dentro to Itambe da Serra, State of Minas
Geraes, in the diamantiferous cascalho; the Abaete River and its
tributaries, where the deposits come mainly from olivine matrices;
the veins of primary schist at Serro, Minas Geraes, and the alluvial
deposits of the Matto Grosso rivers, State of Parahyba do Norte."
The wide dissemination and the varied character of the formations
in which Brazilian platinum occurs would seem to preclude the
advisability of confining the search for it to any one of a number of
possible localities, and its discovery here or there will probably
contmue to be, as it has been in the past, dependent upon its recovery
in the course of mining operations for other deposits.
A number of manuscripts, charts, and designs believed to con-
tain some hiteresthig and valuable information upon the platinum
deposits in Brazil appear to be buried either in the archives of that
country or in those of Austria. They represent the result of years
of investigation pursued in Brazil by Virgil von Helmreichen, an
Austrian mining engineer, who was occupied in this region from
1831 to 1851, during which period he traversed a wide extent of
Brazdian territor}-. His long residence in the State of Minas Geraes
coincided with the most brilliant epoch of the gold-mhung industry —
that of the exploitation of the subterranean mining m Gongo Secco,
Cata Branca, Morro Velho, Itabu-a, and Condado — and it was while
in the service of the English mining companies that he had an oppor-
tunity to make valuable observations regarding the deposits. The
fact that most of these mmes were later abandoned makes the loss
of Von Helmreichen's notes especially regrettable. Many of the
items were contamed in a correspondence he carried on with Hocheder,
the engineer and geologist of the English mmes. Among the few
papers by the Austrian engineer that have been preserved in print
are "Reisebericht aus Minas Geraes von 6 Mai 1846," and "Ueber
das geognostische Vorkommen der Diamanten und ihre Gewinnungs-
Methoden auf Serra do Grao Mogol." This latter is one of the most
excellent of the older contributions to the knowledge of these deposits.
On Helmreichen's death Wilhelm Heidinger, then president of
the Vienna Academy of Sciences, caused his manuscripts to be sent
lEugen Hussak "O Palladio e a Platina no BrazU," Port, trans, of Miguel Arrojado Ribeiro LisboB
and Manocl Arrojado Ribeiro Lisboa, Annaes da Escola de Minas de Oiiro Preto, No. 8, 1906, pp. 167-169.
-3.C. Oakenfull," Brazil in 1911," third annual ed., February, 1912, London, n. d., p. 293.
412 THE PAN AMI<:RICA]Sr UNION.
to Vienna to be deposited ill the academy. However, when, in 1896,
Prof. Suess, Heidinger's successor, made an examination of them, he
discovered that precisely the geological portion referring to Brazil
had disappeared, and he learned that this had been sent to the
Brazilian consul at Dresden to be copied out. Shortly after this the
consul died and all trace of the manuscript has been lost. It is
believed, however, that there should still exist copies, made in Brazil
before the originals were sent to Europe, but all efforts to find these
in Brazilian archives have proved fruitless'.^
The existence of palladium and gold in the granite of Candonga,
Minas Geraes, was already reported by W. J. Henwood, in 1875.^
His details were almost exclusively derived from a manuscript of
V. von Helmreichen, who had been active for many years in the mines
of Minas Geraes. He noted that in the granite of Candonga there
were disseminated sparsely grains of gold in a mixture of quartzite,
feldspar, and magnetite. At times the auriferous rock entirely lost
its granitic character, owing to the diminution of the quartz and the
predominance of the magnetite. The particles of gold were irregu-
larly distributed and formed an alloy containing from 5 to 8 per cent
of palladium, the color being a yeUow so light as to make the metal in
some cases resemble native silver.
From these and other data furnislied by Von Helmreichen, Dr.
Hussak reaches the following conclusions: -
1. That the auriferous rock of Candonga forms deposits included
m the itabirite which plays an important part in the formation of the
Serra of the same name.
2. That these itabirites, as well as the auriferous deposits, are
traversed by granitic veins, certainly outcrops of recent granite,
which exists in the depths. Von Helmreichen states that granite
was here observed even above the itabirite.
3. The gold was unequally distributed, sometimes appearing con-
centrated in clumps in a rock characterized by a yellow silicate
(gehlonite); sometimes, however, this is lacking in gold.
4. That the gold of this deposit, as in all the deposits of the
jacutinga of itabirites in Brazil, is marked ])y its relatively high-
palladium content.^
In the Morro Velho mine at Villa Nova de Lima, Minas Geraes,
Bi-a/il, said to be the greatest gold producer in the State, there are
many occurrences of what is locally calhul ouro bianco (white gold),
which consists of an alloy of gold and palladium. ^ Although this is
1 Preface of Miguel Arrojado Ribeiro Lisb6a to E. Hussak's "O Palladio e a Platina no Brazil," Annaes
da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto, No. 8, 1906, pp. 79-84.
2 "Observations on metalliferous deposits," Penzance, 1871, vol. 1, p. 175.
3 Eugcn Hussak, "O Palladio e a Platina no Brazil," Port, trans, by Miguel A. R. Lisboa and Manoel
A. R. Lisboa, Aimaes da Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto, No. 8, 1906, pp. 99-103.
PLATINUM AND PALLADIUM IX BRAZIL. 413
met with in many places it is nowhere found in abiuKhmce. This
mine is operated in a vein in the Piracicaba schist.^
An altogether exceptional example of a platinum nugget was found
in the Approuague River, French Guiana. An analysis of it by
A. Daumer ^ gave platinum, 41.96; gold, 18.18; silver, 18.39; and
copper, 20.56 per cent.
Although the gold used in making the folloAnng imitation coins
scarcely came from Brazilian mines, their existence is a matter of
some interest.
Counterfeit United States gold coins struck (never cast) in
platinum, which was then plated with gold, have turned up at the
Philadelphia mint from time to time. In some cases there was a
small admixture of silver in the platinum, as this small quantity of
silver would not reduce the weight unduly. The vicissitudes of metal
values are illustrated in the experience of Mr. Eckfeldt, assayer at
the mint, who last year sold a number of counterfeit eagles and half
eagles he had collected in past years at a large profit. These pieces,
dated in 1850, were of platinum gilded. That such pieces are still at
large, though very rare, is proven by the recent detection, among
the uncurrent gold coins sent in for recoinage to the Philadelphia
mint, of a half eagle counterfeit in gilded platinum, dated in the
sixties. This piece reached Philadelphia from the Chicago sub-
treasury and had circulated for some years without detection. Of
course it could now be sold for several times the value of the genuine
gold coin.^
That this adulteration of the United States gold coinage with
platinum was practiced in 1850 suggests that the platinum may have
been found in connection with the gold-mining operations in Cali-
fornia and Oregon. As the less valuable metal it may often have
been thrown away b}' the miners who secured it or was sold very
cheaply. The silver in these spurious coins may, of course, have
been an impurity. However, silver was both cheaper and of lighter
weight than platinum, and the admixture would bring down the
weight of the composition to a close parity with that of gold.
1 E. C. Herder and R. T. Chamberlain, "The Geology of Central Minas Geraes, Brazil;" reprinted for
private circulation from "The Journal of Geologj'," Vol. XXIII, pt. II, No. 5, July-August, 1915, p. 412.
2 Comptes Rendus of the Academie des Sciences, vol. .52, 1S61, p. 682.
3 Communicated to the writer by Dr. T. L. Comparette, of the Philadelphia mint, in letter dated May
31, 1917.
AMtKltA
Part III.
Samples. — A salesman in Latin America should carry a broader
and more complete line of samples than is ordinarily found necessary
in the United States. The Latin American merchant does not like
to buy without seeing the exact thing he is buying. He hesitates to
accept the statement of the salesman, when the exact sample is
not satisfactory, that something a little better at a higher price, or
even something at a lower price, varying in this or that detail from
the sample can be furnished. He wants to see samples of the full
line of goods offered. He does not like to buy from photographic
or other picture representations. Li many cases he refuses to have
anything to do with such. There are exceptions, but the above
statements are true in the majority of cases. In making up a line
of samples one should keep in mind that the Latin American buyer
wants to see a sample of everything it is proposed to offer him, and
if it be possil)le within reason to meet this view it should be met.
Where it is not possible to do so and representations must be used
more care should be taken in the preparation of the photographs
and models. There sliould be more of them and more in detail, and
on a larger scale. In machinery and large tools especially there
should be fuller printed specifications.
In what is said it is not intended to convey the idea that there is
any essential difference in the relation of samples to selling between
the United States and Latin America. Good jjractice here is good
practice there. But there are modifications due to distance from
the supply market and unfamiliarity on the part of the purchaser
with that market which must be considered. It is chiefly for this
reason that the line of samples must be more complete. The case is
the same as that of a New York salesman accustomed to traveling
the Connecticut circuit being called to go to Colorado. The Colorado
merchant, it is assumed, knows the Chicago supply market, styles,
shapes, finish, etc., and does not know the New York market quite
as well. The New York salesman must show his New York goods
to the Colorado merchant to an extent he does not have to show the
same goods to a Connecticut nicrcliajit. So tlie same salesman when
he goes to Rio or to Buenos Aires must show the merchant there
even more fully than he shows the man in Colorado, for in all prob-
1 By William C. Wells, cf Pan American Union Stafl.
414
EXPORTING TO LATIX AMERICA. 415
ability that merchant is accustomed to handling British, French,
or German goods. Understand the buyer does not expect the goods
to be the same as the European goods he has been handling, nor is
there any need that they should be, but he wants to know what are
the differences or what are the identities as the case may be. Difl'er-
ences may present advantages to him as great or even greater than
identities, but he wants to see with his own eyes what they are.
With time and better developed connections between buyers and
sellers the need for large assortments of samples becomes less;
although the new buyer will always demand the sample and the old
buyer will want to see a sample of the new thing. Scarcely anyone
reaches the point of being entu-ely satisfied with a picture or a de-
scription of something he has not seen and touched.
It will be recognized that these considerations have weight in the
United States in the domestic trade. The difference is one of degree.
Although the sample is more often needed in Latin American than
in the domestic trade, the new exporter nearly always seems disposed
to take the contrary view. Perhaps the reason for this lies m the
well-known fact that the carrying of samples in Latin America is
always a bothersome and sometimes an expensive matter. On this
account one more or less naturally seeks to limit the line, the bulk,
and the weight of samples. This inclination can not be safely
followed.
Customs difficulties with samples. — One hesitates to write anything
on the subject of the difficulties that the salesman encounters in
Latm America in entering and clearing samples through the customs-
houses, for nothing that can be said is likely to prove of much value
to the man who for the first time has to encounter these difficulties.
It is C£uite possible that he will find the trouble to be something
different from what he has been told or is here told to expect. How-
ever, many years' observation of Latin American customliouse
methods and a close acquaintance with the laws, regulations, and
practices warrants the writer in saying that almost every difficulty
the salesman may expect to encounter is due du-ectlv or indirectly to
the disposition of customs officials to treat samples as ordinary
imports. To be called on to pay regular duties in each country,
when one contemplates using the samples for five or six countries,
or after having entered the samples at one port to find that reshipment
to another port in the same countr}^ entails a new entr}' and clearance,
or to be threatened with fines and forfeitures because the entry is
irregidar (it is next to impossible to make such entries regular), pre-
sents an intolerable burden to the salesman. Whether or not he is
able to avoid the demands or able to circumvent the difficulty if it
be something else, depends upon his own skiJl and temperament, for
there are no mles or formulas to be followed. The occasion makes
416 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
its own rule. He must keep his temper, not try to "bluff," not
argue, answer all questions frankly, whether he sees they have any
bearing on the matter or not, and above all keep to the job. Each
of the 20 Latin American countries has more or less comprehensive
laws and regulations differentiating samples from ordinary imports,
but the writer does not believe that any digest or brief of these laws
is likely to be of service to a new man. The regulations themselves
admit of laxity and even greater laxity exists. The experienced
salesman scarcely ever cites a customs law or regulation in his favor
or answers directly the citation against him. What he does is to try
to show his own good faith, and particularly that he has no purpose
of selling his samples, but intends to take them away with him.
The truth is that the customs official and the salesman are looking
at the matter from different angles. The laws are devised to meet a
particular condition, and if the customs official believes that condi-
tion exists he is going to apply these laws to the exaction of the last
farthing. But if, on the contraiy, the official believes that condition
does not exist, the salesman will be surprised with what liberality his
samples are treated. The writer on numerous occasions has seen
samples enough to stock a store admitted free without any difficulty
whatever.
The writer believes that if it be possible to be of any assistance
to a new man it is only by pointing out to him what is in the Latin
American customs official mind and what the condition is that this
official is trying to meet. If the salesman understands this other
point of view and adjusts himself to it, is honestly what he pretends
to be, and does not display bumptiousness, the chances are a hundred
to one that he will have less trouble with his samples in any Latin
American country than in any European country. But he must
understand and be sympathetic to the point of view.
Primarily it is historical and regional. The Latin American official
looks at every travelmg salesman as being more or less a peddler or
packman, and so he was originally and so he is yet in a large part of
the world. We in the United States have lost sight of this fact,
because here traveling salesmen (drummers) and peddlers may be
sharply differentiated. Elsewhere they can not be, not even in
England, where the peddler and the drummer (Anglice, bagman)
shade one into the other and are often the same man. Most bagmen
expect to sell their samples, their employers keeping them supplied
with a constant flow of samples to meet this demand. Meanwhile
the same bagman, like the American drummer, takes orders for direct
delivery from his employer to customer. According to the trade
and the corresponding weight and bulk of the samples the Enghsh
bagman may be peddler or drummer or both. More than in England
is this true in France and Germany, while in southern Europe it is
EXPORTING TO LATIX AMERICA. 417
scarcely worth while to try to differentiate the pechller from the
drummer ; they are aU one wherever it is practical to carry samples
at all. Latin America is overrun with peddler-salesmen — Spaniards,
Germans, French, Italians, English, hut especially Syrians. These
men are past mastere in the art of getting their goods through the
customhouses without paying duties. Latin American customs
officials and Latm American lawmakers have had a century's expe-
rience with this kind of salesmen and are not quick to believe that
there is any other kind. Officials and lawmakers do not recognize
that trade customs m the United States are so different from those
of aU the rest of the world that the salesman by samples may not be
at times a salesman of samples.
Although in what has been said above the assumption is made that
there is this clear-cut difference between the American drummer and
the European bagman, the writer by no means holds to such a belief.
The assumption is made in order that the salesman who in reality
has no intention whatever of selling his samples, and who is inclined
to resent any such suggestion, may see the other side of the matter and
therefore be tlie better able to refrain from showing resentment or
impatience toward the official who at the best has a difficult problem
to handle. He should remember that every Latin American custom-
house is defrauded of thousands of dollars every year by allowing free
clearance to samples which never leave the country but which enter
the customary channels of trade, and which in justice should pay
duties and be otherwise treated as ordinary imports.
Qualities. — The impression is abroad that Latin America is a buyer
of cheap goods; that it buys the low-priced and consequently low-
quality thing, cheap clothing, cheap tools, cheap furniture, cheap
everything. This is not true and could not be true, as all inter-
national traders will recognize, unless Latin America was an excep-
tion to the general rule controlling imports as applicable to non-
manufacturing countries. This rule operates in all such countries
against the low-priced and in favor of the high-priced commodities.
Instead of Latin America being an exception to the general rule it is
one of its best exponents.
Some who have recognized the fact have failed to see the reason
why Latin America does not buy cheap qualities. It is not that
Latin Americans in any marked degree love fine feathers more than
other folks, or that they are more inclined toward practicing the
higher economy of buying the good and serviceable rather than the
cheap and unserviceable. It is that Latin Americans never get the
chance to buy cheap goods at the comparative cheap price. They
never will get this chance until the countries themselves develop
manufacture on a scale comparable to that of England, the L'nited
States, and Germany, and then they will produce their own. Cheap
112808— 19— Bull. 4 4
418 THE PAN AMEEICAN UNION.
goods are ordinarily for sale only in the coiuitries where they are pro-
duced, for the good and sufRcient reason that the farther away one
gets from the point of manufacture the more the price lines of the good
and of the poor quality converge to the same point. Every added cost
from the factory door to the consumer is the same, or nearly the same,
for the $1 article as it is for the $5 article. The price relation of 5 to
1 at the beginning becomes 4 to 1, 3 to 1, 2 to 1, and finally but little
more than 1 to 1, as the two articled travel alongside accumulating
at every step each the same load of added cost to the man in Central
Asia or the highlands of Bolivia. This man has not the choice that the
man at the point of production has of saving 80 per cent on the price by
accepting the low quality. His saving, even in such an extreme case
as $1 and $5, may be only 20 per cent, and between the S3 and the
$5 articles may be only 5 or 10 per cent. Countries as a rule import
only luxuries and things they can not do without. Imported goods
are high priced and high price acts as a constant drag toward high
(juality. Im])orts in Latin America as elsewhere are luxuries or things
that Latin America must have.
We have said that the added costs from the factory to the consumer
are aj^proximately the same for the low priced as for the high priced.
The only price advantage is that gained at the beginning (and per-
haps insurance costs). The price advantage is, therefore, a con-
stantly diminishing quantity, while the quality advantage is a
constantly increasing quantity. Customs tarfffs, contrary to what
many Americans familiar with the operation of ad valorem tariffs
only might think arc not an exception to the general rule. Latin
Ameiican tariff rates pull in the same direction as transportation
rates, i. e. to favor high quality and high price as against low
quality and low price. It is natural to expect under the United
States tariff that a $5 article will j^ay five, or even more than five,
times as much duty as a $1 article, and such is the general rule in
the United States and in a limited number of other countries. But
not so in Latin America. Latin American tariffs with very few
exceptions are specific — so much per weight, per number, or per
volume, and not so much per value. Even in Latin America when
the tariff is per value (ad valorem) according to the letter of the
law, it is not such in reality. For example, in Argentina pianos are
in three classes — grand, ])aby grand, and upright — and in its class
every piano pays the same duty. The law says the duty is 25 per
cent ad valorem (there are some additionals) , but this duty is com-
puted on a fixed valuation of 500 pesos for grand, 300 pesos for
baby grand, and 150 pesos for upright pianos. In reality pianos pay
a specific duty according to their shape in three classes and not ac-
cording to their value.
The application of all of this is that it is a mistake to send poor
quality to Latin America. Even where it is possible to build up a
EXPORTIXG TO LATIX AMERICA. 419
business in low qualities, as it often is where the article is a new one
and there is no competition, it is not good business because the foun-
dation is unsafe. Later the ])etter article comes into the market and
then for reasons given above the poor c|uality has no standing.
Weights and measures. — In all the Latin American countries the
metric system of measures is the only system in general use and the
only one known to the great majority of people. Most importers,
especially those importing from England and the United States, know
English measures of weight and length, and among the people in gen-
eral, but more particularly among the less educated classes, there is
some acquaintance with a few old Spanish and Portuguese measures,
at least b}' name. These are for the most part measures of land areas
and volume measures of agricultural produce. But old measures,
in Latin America or elsewhere, may be left entirely out of considera-
tion in connection with foreign trade. Modern manufacture post-
dates the introduction of metric measures, so that to-day all foreign
trade in which measure is an essential or even a ponderable factor,
no matter where or what that trade be, is based upon production and
manufacture conforming to one of two scales — viz, English or metric.
Latin America, along with France, Germany, Italy, and about all of
continental Europe, has the metric, and the United States, with Great
Britain and most of the English colonies and dependencies, has the
Englisli scale. The word English is of course used in its historical
and not in its geographical sense, since in volume measures, c{uarts,
bushels and their derivatives, England and the United States have
different scales, and the United States has a whole series of weight-
volume measures (so many pounds for a bushel of this, or so many for
a barrel of that) and box, bale, crate, and other volume measures
not used in England. So in England there are measures not used
in the United States. In reality England, the United States, and
the British colonies and dependencies are quite far apart in their
measure systems, which as a whole are less systems than masses of in-
congruous and unrelated crudities derived from old Saxon, Venetian,
and Byzantine sources (witli an origin no doubt further back in
Greece, Assyria, or Egypt) , upon which in the United States have Ijeen
grafted special absurdities. Nevertheless for England, most of the
British colonies, and the United States measures of length and weight
being the same or rather having the same bases, and weight and length
being the most essential measure factors in manufacture and trade,
it is quite feasible to speak of English measures as one when con-
trasted with metric measures.
The Latin American countries are not manufacturing countries,
and this fact lies at the root of whatever confusion there may be in
their international trade with respect to measures, since it permits
the foreign manufacturer to dictate to a degree the kind of measure.
420 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION",
In a country, itself manufacturing and also importing, this is not
true of any kind of imported goods, the like of which is manufactured
in the country. If foreign manufacturers send their products to
such a country they must send them in the measures used by the
country itself in manufacturing. Thus England sends manufactures
to France, Germany, Italy, etc., conforming to the metric scale, and
these countries send goods to the English measure countries con-
forming to the English scale. These are old and well-understood prac-
tices which can not ordinarily be disregarded. It is only when a
country has a monopoly in manufacture that it can afford to disregard
the customs of those who buy its goods, or where the measure itself
is a factor of no real consequence, as in bulk goods, coal, pig iron,
wheat, and the like, or such manufactures as watches, clocks, axes,
shovels, spades, where the completed article has little or no measure
relation to its use or to any other and complemental article. But
the Latin American countries willy-nilly must take what is offered.
There is little or no domestic production such as there is in England,
France, Germany, or the United States to exert a compelling
pressure in forcing the foreign manufacturer to a use of the domestic
S3^stem.
Latin America has its own measure system, which is metric, but it
has no large manufacturing industry to act as an exponent to this
system. The only pressure that can be brought effectively to bear
upon the American and English manufacturer to force the use of the
metric system in exports to Latin America is competition with
French, German, and Italian rivals who use the same system as the
Latin American does. The pressure is in the choice the Latin
American has between the thing he knows and is accustomed to use
and the thing he knows but little and is not accustomed to use.
Whenever in fact such a choice exists naturally English measured
goods suffer a handicap, provided always that they be of a kind where
measure is of consequence. But in Latin America there is not always
such a choice. England to a slight degree, but the United States to
a very much larger, has had a monopoly in certain Latin American
imports. Some of these imports are of goods where measure is of
no consequence in selling, but some are of goods where measure is
important. In this last class other basic factors of international
trade such as control of supply of raw material, greater efficiency of
manufacture, and of selling priority in the market, better transporta-
tion or financial connections, have overweighed the liandicap of meas-
ure and created a monopoly in spite of the handicap. But the measure
handicap is always there, even when the monopoly seems the most
firmly established, and like a well-tempered coiled spring lies in wait
to exert a full influence whenever the pressure of the other factors is
released or becomes less. It is not safe to build too confidently upon
EXPORT! XC. TO LATIX AMERICA. 421
the fact that Latin America has always taken certain kinds of English
measured goods without protest. It may he that Latin America
ma>" in the future itself manufacture such kinds of goods; and if so, it
will assuredly use metric measures; or it may be that Germany,
France, Belgium, or Italy may acquire greater efficiency or secure a
better supply of raw material and enter the field; if so, the spring
will uncoil.
The significance of measure to the purchaser and user is quite a
different thing from its significance to the manufacturer. Because
this is true it is possible most often to readjust the measure from the
manufacturer's to the user's standard. We may difl'erentiate a
number of classes from the standpoint of the manufacturer and a
number of different ones from the standpoint of the user. From the
manufacturer's standpoint:
A. Includes those products which are dependent for their measure
upon costly patterns, molds, forms, and tools, which can not be
adjusted or altered for measure. In other words, measured products
resultant from tool equipment where the manufacturer can not
change the measure of the product except by scrapping the equip-
ment and providing new equipment.
B. Includes products which are dependent as above, but where
the ec[uipment is not costly, or, if so, can be adjusted to measure
without serious added cost or loss of time.
C. Includes products which are not dependent for their exact
measure (at least in no large degree") upon the equipment but upon
the workman or upon plans and specifications.
D. Includes products which are dependent for their measure upon
the container used.
E. Includes products where there is no exact measure in manu-
facture, the measure being mainly quantity as viewed by the ship-
ping clerk.
The above five classes shade more or less one into the other, but in
the main they represent the different phases of measure as from the
manufacturer's standpoint. It will be observed that these phases
as classified have scarcely any relation to the user's standpoint.
Products of class A, where exact measure is of supreme importance
to the manufacturer and unchangeable, may be the same products
in which exact measure is of little or no consequence to the user.
This might be true of a clock, a lock, or a watch. Again, products
of another class — C, for example — when the manufacturer is not
tied to exact measure in manufacture, may be the ones where the
user is so tied in use.
From the user's standpoint the classes are more in the nature of
degrees than of class differentiation. In a sense measure, more or
less exact, is always of consequence in some degree to the user.
But this degree may vary according to the particular user, according
422 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
to the article itself, and according to any one of a number of uses.
We may distinguish broadly the following classes:
X. Where exact measure is of little or no consequence to the user.
This includes most bulk goods and complete apparatus and utensils
which function without exact measure relation to other things. Coal,
oil, foods (especially in bulk or in large containers), sewing machines,
cash registers, watches, clocks, padlocks, furniture, some kinds of
building material, agricultural and mming machinery, many other
kinds of machinery, vehicles, ready-made clothing, boots, shoes,
and trunks. The user in none of these things ordinarily requires
exact measure, although the repair man may require it in some cases.
The most that the user requires is that the measure be given in the
familiar units.
Y. When exact measure is of some greater consequence to
the user. This includes many of the things above when used for
a particular purpose; most textile goods in the piece, in these
the measure of width being the important one; building material
partly finished, especially millwork; all machinery, tools, equipment,
and utensils which function in partial measure relation to other
things; locks, as to exterior dimensions, builders' hardware, canned
and bottled goods. In all of these the want of exact metric measure
is a handicap in some degree which can not be overcome entirely by
orivino- the measure in the famihar metric unit.
Z. When the want of exact metric measure excludes the product
or lays upon it a handicap too heavy to be overcome by any favorable
condition whatever. This is a small class, including, generally pipe
fittings, precision tools, empty containers for domestic products,
repair parts for metric machinery, apparatus, and utensils; some
kinds of machinery and railway supplies, ornamentation and fur-
nishings; in broad, anything where the measure must be exact and
metric, because the use so demands.
In view of what is said above it should not be difficult for any
prospective exporter to know just how far it is necessary for him to
go in adjustuig his measures to Latin American trade. Labeling
in metric measures without any change in manufacturing practice
sufiices in many cases, and slight changes when such are permissible
will sufiice in many more. The real difficulty is where class A above
connects with class Z. In such cases the exporter must choose
between new factory equipment and the relinquishment of the trade,
unless the trade faU in the class mentioned above of monopolies,
where the Latin American must buy English measured goods be-
cause no metric measure country is able to supply him with them.
In most other cases the difficulties are in reality not great and can
be overcome at trifling expense,
PacJcing.— The constant prodding of American exporters for bad
packing to Latin America has a certain amount of justification if
EXPORTING TO LATIX AMERICA. 423
such prodding were only less general in its scope and less insistent
that the fault is one common to Americans only. The latter is by
no means true, for unquestionably the best packing that goes to
Latin America is from the United States. Bad packing is because
of inexperience; it is the beginner's mistake, from which the experi-
enced exporter, be he English, French, German, or American, is
more or less free. For the last dozen or so years, and especially
since the beginning of the war, there have been more American be-
ginners than any other and consequently more American bad packing.
Had the condition been reversed no doubt the bad packing would
have come from Europe, and much of it does. Experienced American
exporters, as a class, pack well for the Latin American trade, as a
rule better than English and French and much better than German.
There are several factors to be taken into consideration in packing,
and often it is necessary to strike a balance between conflicting
factors. The fault of German packing has been that this balance was
scarcely ever struck or attempted, the residt being that the more
important factor was sometime sacrificed to the less important.
Particular rules for packing in general are not worth much, but
more or less a general grouping of pertinent facts can be made which
will give the beginner an insight into what is required for good
packing in many if not in most cases.
This grouping takes into account five factors: (1) Safety; (2) con-
venience of handling and freight rates; (3) tariff law tare allowances;
(4) relative value of goods; (5) cost of container to exporter and value
of container at destination.
In order to constitute good packing it is sometimes necessary to
strike a balance between two or more of the above factors when thev
operate, as they frequently do, in conflict.
1. Safety is the pomt toward wliich most criticism of American
packing methods has been directed, and it is not to be denied that
the use of insecure and insufl^ciently protective packing is the most
common fault of all beginners. One does not have to seek far for
the cause of this. Railway transportation is about the only kind
the domestic trader is familiar with, and such transportation admits
of shght and rather hisecure packing. He does not know that
railway handling at its worst is very gentle as compared with steam-
ship handling. The milading of packages to railway platforms or
even to the ground is quite a different proposition from unlading
ships m Latm-American ports. The steam winch is by no means
so kind a tool as the hand truck, and a drop of 40 feet onto a lighter
requires something in the way of boxing much stronger than a drop
of 4 feet to the ground. The jolts and jars the packages get when
the railway train takes a curve or comes to a sudden stop are slight
in comparison with what goes on in the hold of a ship at sea in a
storm. Stenciled notices ''Tliis side up," ''Handle with care,"
424 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
and "Place nothing on top," may as well be left off of packages
intended for ocean carriage. Your frail box is just as likely as not
to be in the ship under 10 or 20 tons of hammering weight, and be
unladen in a big net, with a jumble of 50 other packages, that comes
down on the wliarf with quite a thump. Small packages are more
or less scooped out of a ship's hold hke coal from a dumping wagon,
everything comes tumbling, by means of steam-operated devices,
pell-mell, helter-skelter. Ship carriage is necessarily rough carriage,
for which the ship is in no way responsible, but unquestionably
it is much rougher than it should be. The radically different bases
in law of carrier's liability for damage at sea and on land; as admin-
istered at common law and in admiralty, in effect enables the sea
carrier to escape all liability resulting from rough handling. This
condition more or less forces, or at least it encourages, the Latin-
American importer, whose goods are damaged in transit, to lay his
claim for damage against the foreign exporter, allegmg insecure pack-
ing. In all fairness many of these claims should be against the steam-
ship company for unnecessarily rough handling. ' ' Reasonable care ' '
in no event would be interpreted by the courts to mean the same
kind of handling and storing at sea and on land, for the former is
necessarily much more destructive than the latter, but there is no
good reason why reasonable care should not be exercised by both
classes of carriers.
One must understand, tlierefore, that, considering the rougher
handling of sea-borne than land-borne trade, he must pack stronger
and more securely; where he has used half -inch boarding he must
use inch stuff, and where inch, H inch or 2 inch; that boxes should
almost always be strapped, the larger and heavier with stout inch
or Ij inch strapping; that the boards must be clear or first grade
and ordinarily matched; that crates must be of heavier stuff, strapped
and braced every way; that unboxed or uncrated goods, if the sur-
faces are liable to be injured, must be completely covered with good
burlap, or the equivalent, well sewed over excelsior or paper. The
above are only a few hints and necessarily applicable in only a few
cases. The best rule is to keep in mind what is said above about
unlading in Latin-American ports and to devise a kind of packing
suitable for the particular article which will resist this kind of usage,
remembering that packing for sea carriage must be protective from
strains or blows from all directions, for the package is as apt to go
upside-down as any other way.
There are differences in manner of handling freight in the several
Latin-American ports which experienced exporters take into account
in the manner of packing. To insure safety, packing for some
ports should be stouter and stronger than it needs to be for others.
Uniformity among steamship lines, or among ships of the same
line, as to the degree of care exercised in handling and storing freight
EXPORTING TO LATIN AMERICA. 425
unfortuiiatoly does not exist, although it is not to such lack of
uniformity that reference is here made, but to chfTerences relating
to port facilities and the degree the same are used in unlading ships.
Unlading to lighters, perhaps miles out at sea, is almost always much
rougher work than unlading to docks in harbor. One could classify
Latin-American ports as to whether there are, or are not, docks at
which ocean-going ships may discharge; but since much unlading
is done by lighter, even at ports — for example, Rio, where there are
very excellent docks — the classification would not be of much value
as a determining factor in packing. With the ship company it is
a question of expense, so if the vessel can be unladed cheaper by
hgliter than by paying dock fees the hghter is used. At Rio, Monte-
video, and other ports much unlading is done by lighter, which if
the safety of the cargo were the chief consideration would be done
at the docks. Ships are generally unladed at docks along the north
coast of South America and at most ports of the West Indies and at
Buenos Aires and other ports in Argentina, and at Santos in Brazil.
They may or may not be unladed at the docks in other ports on the
east coast of South America. Ships are scarcely ever unladed at
docks anywhere on the west coast from Mexico to Chile. In addi-
tion the harbors on the west coast are not so good as on the east.
Much of the unlading on the west coast — for example, at Mollendo —
is practically unlading at sea.
From these general observations one can say that all west coast
packing must be stronger and stouter than east coast packing; that
packing for the West Indies and the north coast of South America —
La Guayra, Puerto Cabello, Cartagena, etc. — can be less strong than
packing for any other sections of Latin America. Indeed, packing
for these last -mentioned localities should be about the same as pack-
ing for Liverpool, Bremen, and other protected European ports,
where unlading is customarily at the docks.
2. The subject of convenience of handling and freight rates as
touching packing is upon a somawhat different basis for sea than for
land carriage. Large and heavy packages can be handled more con-
veniently on and off ships than on and off railway cars, so that where
transportation to the export wharves is convenient and where there
are no difficulties arising from reshipment on railways at the port of
destination, larger and heavier packages are available for export
than for the domestic trade. Railway freights are computed by
weights applicable to the several classes into which aU goods are
divided. This classification takes account of bulk, value and liability
to injury, and the weight rates of the classes vary accordingly. Sea
freights are classified on entirely different basis and the ship generally
exercises the privilege of charging by bulk or by weight as it may
elect. Most often it elects, in cases of miscellaneous cargo, to charge
by bulk. Compactness is, therefore, the object to be aimed at in
426 THE PAN AMERICAlSr UlSTIOlSr.
export packing and this is the reason why one big case is ordinarily a
freight saver as compared with three or four small cases carrying the
same amount of goods.
3. The question of tare allowance in tariff import laws is one that
only occasionally and in a few localities touches the matter of packing,
but in such cases it may have a very considerable bearing. Nearly
all Latin American tariff rates are specific as distinguished from ad
valorem rates — that is, the basis of the customs import is quantity,
either number, volume, or weight, and not value. It is not necessary
in treating of packing to consider any other customs import basis
except that of weight, and not even weight in such countries as
Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil, and others
where tare allowances are in general adequately made. The applica-
tion of the tariff to packing relates to the Central American countries,
except Panama, to Colombia, Peru (in a degree), but especially to
Venezuela. In the latter country the general basis is by weight,
with little or no tare allowance. In all the countries last mentioned
it is good practice to keep the weights of packing as low as is consis-
tent with other considerations, the chief being safety. Whenever a
lighter can be substituted for a heavier packing without sacrifice,
even though at a higher cost, it is generally best to make the sub-
stitution. Metal containers can sometimes be substituted for wooden
and thereby a gain made in weight without a loss in strength; some-
times it is the other way. Many articles can be safely baled with
burlap coverings where wooden boxes are now used. Interior con-
tainers that add nothing to packing strength can be made lighter or
omitted and the exterior cases can be selected with a fuller apprecia-
tion of the necessity of combining lightness with strength. In some
cases it is good practice to take a little risk on safety in order to gain
in weight. This might well occm* in the classes 5 to 9 under the
Venezuelan tariff, where the rates run from 18 cents to $2.74 per
pound. Fortunately the principal Venezuelan ports — a fact also
true of the Central American and Colombian ports — are docking
ports, where the handling in general is not so rough.
4. The relative value of goods frequently determines the amount
of security which should be given by the packing, it may also deter-
mine the cost of the packing. Where a balance is to be made between
the tare factor treated of above and safety it is generally worth
while to take in the third factor of value. For example: Class 9 of
the Venezuelan tariff makes goods thereunder dutiable at the rate of
20 bolivars per kilo. With surtaxes this rate is increfTsed to 31.31
bolivars per kilo ($2.74 per pound). Even at this rate it would not
be good practice in shipping diamt)nds, jewelry, gold watches, etc.,
to stint in packing to any extent that might render the goods less
secure from injury; but boots and shoes, bookbindings, and some
kinds of ready-made clothing are also in class 9 and pay the same
EXPORTING TO LATIX AMERICA. 427
rates of duty l)v weight as do diamonds and gold watches. ]\hini-
festly it would ])e good practice to pack watches and like goods
without special thought to the weight of the packing, since no matter
how heavy, in reason, the packing may be, the duty paid thereon
would l)e but a very small per cent of the value of the goods, and so
would add but little to their cost. It is otherwise when the importer
is called on to pay 82.74 a ])ound duty for the containers of goods of
relatively low values, like boots, shoes, bookbindings, and ready-
made (dothing, or SI. 37 a pound (class 8) for shirts, suspenders,
handkerchiefs, and unmanufactured tobacco. Overpacking for Vene-
zuela would add materially to the cost of such goods. Even the kind
of packing one should use for Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, or Brazil
would have the same result. Balancing all the factors, underpacking
in many cases would be good packing.
5. Cost of container to exporter. Value of container at destination.
The general rule in export trade is to charge for the container, the
general rule in domestic trade is to the contrary. In the former
trade the purchaser expects to pay the fuU cost of packings, but he
expects skill in packing on the part of the exporter. He is buying
packing along with the goods, and expects all the factors which
affect his interest to be taken care of in a reasonable and skillful way.
To be a skilled packer for the Latin American market it is not
enough to consider the factor of safety alone. Strong metal lined
and strapped shipping cases by no means teU the whole story of good
packing. That was the mistake the Germans frequently made, and
that was the error the really skillful packers, mostly American, verv
seldom made.
A factor which the Latin American purchaser nearly alwavs takes
into consideration as touching the charge made to him for packing
is the sale value of the disused container. Most disused containers
in the United States go into the furnace or the trash pile, very few^
ever reach such destinations in Latin America. They nearly aU
have an economic use and seU for a good price, and even where the
box, case, can, or other container is not of use as such, the boards,
sheets, and other material will bring more than the cost of the
container at the place where it was made.
Skilled packing is an art, subject to an almost infinite number of
rules and conditions. It can not be taught in general phrases and
trite maxims. It takes into account not only the protection of the
goods, but the protection of the other interests of the purchaser of
the goods from the time they leave the seller until they reach their
fuial destination, and even beyond, for it takes into account the
salvage from packing material. Skilled packing is a price element in
selling, and is itself one of the best salesmen that sails to the Spanish
Main.
On March 1 last Sefior Don Jorge Melendez, elected to the presi-
dency by a majority vote of the citizens of the Republic ot Salvador,
was inaugurated into ofhce for the coming constitutional term.
The new president has long ])orne an enviable reputation as an
upright and honora])le business man with marked executive ability,
and with his conciliatory spirit and open mind his administration
of the high office to which he has been elected will doubtless be
successful in a high degree.
The inaugural ceremonies were held at a session of the National
Legislative Assembly in the Blue Room (Salon Azul) of the National
Palace in San Salvador. The President elect was accompanied by
the retiring President, Dr. Alfonso Quihonez Molina, and having
taken the oath, received the usual insignia of office.
President Melendez then read his inaugural address, in which he
was frequently interrupted by enthusiastic acclamations from the
audience. The message explained his political program, in which
patriotic zeal and desire for the common good is revealed throughout.
Especially noteworthy are the following excerpts, which set forth his
ideals for fraternity and unity of purpose upon the American con-
tinents:
By cherished traditions, which my Government will strive to maintain, Salvador
must be considered a distinct unit of the old Central American nation. Consequently,
her relation to other Isthmian States will be liased not upon cold di])lomatic formulas
l)ut uj)on a spiritual communion of ideas, strengthened continually by mutual
esteem and reciprocal sympathy.
The judicial bonds created in 1907 by the treaty of Washington having been severed,
the growing necessity for strengthening and enlarging the common and international
interests of the sister republics of Central America is manifest, and the governments
should give thought to the reestaljlishment of such common ties, not perhaps in
identical terms but in measures that will meet the changing conditions and great
problems confronting Central Americans in the light of the spirit of coo])eration which
prevails in the world to-day.
Let us look to Spanish America, and zealously cultivate political, moral, and
intellectual relations with the countries that are akin to ours and which, by virtue
of then progress and by their pronounced and ])ractical republicanism, have been so
potent in shaping the destiny of this continent. May a new current of interrelation
and sympathy, added to those already established, open a wider horizon to our policies
and place us in a position to cooperate, if only to a limited extent, in the work of union
and solidarity to which Hispano-Americans aspire.
Toward the powerful northern democracy which, under the wise and clear-sighted
guidance of President Wilson, has i)ointed to the world the new course which will
428
SR. DON JORGE MELEXDEZ, PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SALVADOR.
Sr. Don Jorge Melendez was inaugurated as President of the Republic of Salvador on March 1, 1919, for
the constitutional term 1919-1923. President Melendez was born in the city of San Salvador April 15,
1871. A man of va.';t energy, he has contributed much to the material progress of his country. In his
political career he has been" notable for his UberaUty, integrity, and democratic spirit.
DR. ALFONSO QUINONKZ MOLINA, VICE-PRESIDENT OF SALVADOR.
Born in 187S, Dr. Quinonez Molina has been one of tlie most prominent figures in the political and intel-
lectual life of his country. Noted as an eminent physician, he has also held very responsible positions
in pohlical and diplomatic branches of the Govermneht, having just completed a term as Vice President
of the Republic, to which office he was again elected for the term beginning March 1, 1919.
INAUGURATION DAY FESTIVITIES, SAN SALVADOR, SALVADOR.
Upper picture: The Diplomatic Corps and prominent Salvadorean ofBcials leaving the capitol after attend-
ing the inauguration ceremonies. Lower picture: Inaugural procession showing (1) President Don
Jorge Melendez and (2) Vice President Dr. Alfonso Quinonez Molina.
INAUGURAL PROCESSION, SAN SALVADOR, SALVADOR.
Tho inaugural procession Ipaving the National Palace after the ceremonies, March 1, 1919.
OLAVO BILAC. 433
lead to a just and stal)le peace, based upon fraternity and justice, my government
will have uothin<; other than sentiments of adhesion and feelin2;s of sympathy and
accord, inspired hy our national conscience after having seen that noMe nation con-
verted into a disinterested defender of weaker nations and its President into the
armed knight of the democratic ideal, acclaimed the leader of humanity.
At the conclusion of the ceremonies President Melendez received
the congratulations of the diplomatic corps and attended the Te
Deum in the Santa Iglesia Cathedral of the capital.
OLA'
%^
OLAVO BILAC, Brazil's great poet, writer, orator, and educa-
tor, died in Rio de Janeiro on December 28, 1918. In his
own country he was generally accorded the title of "Prince
of Brazilian poets," his genius having been recognized as
preeminent even in such a brilliant galaxy of poetical writers as that
country has produced.
Although primarily a poet and literateur, Bilac took a lively in-
terest in many more prosaic activities. Early in his career he became
connected with the public press, first as a contributor and subse-
quently as coeditor of one of the leading political journals of the
country. While yet a very young man he joined with that great
statesman and diplomatist, Joac{uim Nabuco, and other contempo-
rary leaders of thought in the great struggle which culminated in 1888
in the abolition of slavery in Brazil, and in the year following took an
active part in the establishment of the Republic.
In educational matters Olavo Bilac's work was constructive and
productive of lasting results. For many years he held the office of
inspector of schools in Rio de Janeiro, arousing the interest and en-
thusiasm of the young generation by his forceful and eloquent lec-
tures, and contributing much of his time and labor in the preparation
of a series of school readers which have become standard throughout
the country.
In the field of international relations Bilac's ardent participation
in the Pan .\merican movement entitles him to the special regard of
all those who are seeking to promote the spirit of cordiality and real
friendship among the peoples of all the iVmericas. He was the Bra-
zilian secretary of the Third Pan American Conference, held in Rio de
Janeiro in 1906, where he was also, incidentally, the int<^rpreter of the
speech delivered before the conference by Hon. Elihu Root, then Sec-
retary of State of the United States. In 1910 he was a member of
112808— 19— Bull. 4 5
OLAVO BILAC.
OLAVO BILAC.
435
the Fourtli Pan America ii Conforenco, hold in Biionos Aims, being
one of the Brazilian delegates and rendering in that capacity a mem-
orable service to the cause of Pan Americanism.
In his poetical works Bilac always sought the ideal of i^erfection,
neyer yielding to the demands of fads or fashions unless these con-
formed to the basic laws of real poetry. Nothing of the uncouth,
prosaic, or friyolous is to be found in his works. He wrote on many
practical things in prose, but these matters, however important for
the time being, were rigidly excluded from his poetical contributions
to the literature of his country. Eyen in his didactic compositions
he neyer lost sight of the classical purity which characterizes all of
his yerse. An instance of this may be cited in his ''Hymno da Ban-
deira" (H^-mn to the Flag), so dear to the heart of eyery Brazilian.
Incidentally, the singing of this hpnn by a group of Washington girls
on the occasion of the Fourth of July celebration last year on the
esplanade of the Pan American Union, was a touching tribute to the
great Pan American poet as well as to his beloyed country.
Born on December 16, 1865, a ripe scholar and profound student of
all great human problems, member of the Brazilian Academy of Let-
ters and of many other learned societies, an orator who could sway
great audiences by his elociuence, Bilac had practically just entered
upon what doubtless would haye proyen the greatest period of his life
when death claimed him. In his passing his natiye land has lost per-
haps the brightest of its literary stars, one of its greatest patriots, and
one of its most beloyed sons; the cause of Pan Americanism has lost
from its ranks one of its most powerful advocates and friends; and all
America joins Brazil in mourning the distinguished dead.
{ '^.kU (
p J I f I f
The foreign trade of Chile for the year 1917 shows a remarkably
large increase over the trade of the preceding year, both in imports
and exports, and as appears from the tables below shows also a
large increase over prewar trade of 1913.
For 1917 the total of imports was 355,077,027 pesos gold
($129,603,115), and of exports, 712,289,028 pesos ($259,985,495).
IMPORTS.
[Values in United States gold.]
United States
United Kingdom .
Peru
Argentina
India
France
Spain
Mexico
Italy
Japan
Brazil
Sweden
Bolivia
Ecuador
Australia
Cuba .
1913
Switzerland
Panama
Norway
Uruguay
Denmark
China
Netherlands
Guatemala
Germany i 29
Portugal
Belgium i 5
Austria-Hungary I
Other counrties
089, 158
109,211
810, 376
262,654
187,043
623, 260
135,883
231
176, 284
141,1.54
971,917
30, 408
53,525
452,415
,343,832
188, 929
192, 801
49, 197
49, 848
635,766
3,889
103,944
67,211
62, 781
, 578, 138
146,111
,671,427
14, 225
122, 383
1914
$20, 148, 576
22,309,086
5,380,220
2,164,939
1,979,472
4,206,107
905,684
3,386
1,976,513
94,491
725,975
23,711
124,014
449, 409
6, 269, 379
169, 821
135,931
9,3.59
153,828
528,083
24, 427
66, 478
200, 466
48,525
25,889,771
104,370
4,151,372
20, 587
197,215
Total 120,274,001 j 98,461,195
129,603,115
The Chilean imports representing increases in 1917 were: Beef
cattle from Argentina to the value of 4,636,188 pesos; rice, 19,000
metric tons, nearly all from the United States, Peru, and Japan;
sugar, 20,998 tons, practically all from Peru. A considerable part of
this sugar was reexported to Argentina. Textile piece goods,
60,336,521 pesos, of which a little over one-half from the United
Kingdom, and about 12,500,000 pesos worth from the United States;
the remainder from Spain, France, and Italy principally. Iron and
steel goods, especially bars and sheets, machinery, and manufactures,
principally from the United States. Railway and tramway mate-
rials, especially steel rails, 9,340,842 pesos, between 80 and 90 per
436
FOREIGISr TRADE OF CHILE FOR 1917.
437
cent from the United States. Aiitoni(>l)iles, 9,014,658 pesos, 95 per
cent from the United States.
EXPORTS.
[Values in United States gold.]
1913
United States $30, 413, 386
United Kingdom 55, 548, 341
France 8, 847, 8&5
Argentina 1, 034, 881
Italy , 652,032
Japan j 1, 333, 481
Bolivia 547, 274
Netherlands 4, 470, 103
Java
Polynesia . . .
Spain
Peru
Australia
Egypt
Denmark
Brazil
Cape Colony.
Canada
Uruguay
Panama
Sweden
Russia
Germany
Norway
CUna
Mexico
987, 174
933,297
22
410,506
525,367
424,037
34,059
43,891
1 105, 055
Belgiiun ' 5, 674, 869
Portugal [ 657
Other countries 42, 517
Foreign merchandise exported ' 1, 851, 735
On orders '
$31,434,^11
40,041,307
4,245,128
1,511,508
738,493
823,498
289, 715
3,290,996
1916
$50, 199, 243
40,582,411
3,554,092 '
3,509,474
1,708,846 j
1,779,629 I
172,598
1,443,628
3,376
356,882
154, 778
1,041,704
508,642
151,829
106, 194
234, 379
61,550
832,450
18,078,986
926,699
1, 610, 520
233,095
1,971,. 569
2,388,234
1,517,897
8,159
523, 976
46,684
141,568
96,667
397,075
1,827,425
$92, 033, 567
48, 146, 599
14,088,459
4,491,903
1,885,652
1,408,876
757,086
2, 415, 233
1,393,348
1,566,7.36
942,076
1,177,787
329,902
1,419,295
28,284
128, 265
371,763
30,738
46,045
859,404
6,971,695
22, 797
3,444,558
54,302
1,954,221
Total ! 144,653,312
109, 381, 534
700, 916
125, 775
1,923,528
2,011,919
192,002
65,044
2,781,967
4,054,971
119,529,892 187,458,432
1917
$15.5,006,103
5.5,388,670
11,657,554
8,517,479
4, 799, 0S9
3, 645, 100
3, 1.36, 612
2,764.480
2, 580, ISO
1,696,595
1,570,057
1,. 560, 502
1,. 333, 390
1,231,407
659,800
481,234
467,857
199,173
116,210
61,952
11
1, 215, 160
1,896,880
259,985,495
' $3,191,894, classified as follows and included in the above totals: United Kingdom, $119,475: United
States, $62,641: France, $14,298: Argentina, $940,270: Bolivia, $1,683,602; Peru, $294,542; Brazil, $44,285;
Japan, $.5,642: Panama, $-399; Italy, $;5,665; other countries, $23,075.
The foregomg table shows some rather remarkable changes in posi-
tion as to several of the minor countries of export, noticeably Den-
mark, of the Scandinavian countries, Portugal, Russia, Java, Cape
Colony, and Egypt. All of these changes were due almost exclusively
to shiftmg in destinations of nitrate exports durmg the war. This
shifting was an indirect result of the war. The more direct result of
the war is shown ui the entire cessation of exports to Germany and
Belgium after 1914.
Although there was an increase of 138,800,000 pesos in the value of
nitrate exports m 1917, as compared with the preceding year, there
was an actual decrease of 1,688,058 metric quintals (quintal = 220.46
Pounds) in quantit}'. The United States increased its takings of
nitrate to more than one-half of the total exportation, 16,000,000
quintals out of 27,978,719 quintals.
Of agricultural exports the principal increase was in the legumes
(beans, peas, etc.). The total export of legumes amounted to
17,750,719 pesos, of which nearly 11,000,000 pesos was to the United
States. This is principally represented by frijoles. The export of
sugar to Argentina was 3,580 tons.
\E
J,. X'l
ECONOMIC SURVEY OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA.
D\\. CLARENCE J. OWENS, Director General of the Southern
Commercial Congress, has been called by President Belisario
Porras to the Republic of Panama to direct a survey of that
Repul)lic with a view of solving the internal economic prob-
lems of the country, with especial reference to agricultural finance.
Upon the recommendation of President Porras, the Congress of
Panama recently passed a law empowering the President to invite
Dr. Owens to direct the important task. Dr. Owens has been
granted leave of absence from the Southern Commercial Congress in
order to undertake this vital stop in practical Pan Americanism.
He is empowered to select a staff of experts to accompany him, and
will likely begin tlie work in May.
Tliis liigli lionor conferred upon Dr. Owens is based upon his work
along similar lines in the United States. He was appointed by
President Wilson in 1913 as a member of the United States Com-
mission on Rural Finance, and he served also as the Director General
of the American Commission with which the United States Commis-
sion Cooperated, in the survey of agricultural organization in eighteen
countries of Europe. Based upon this evidence, tlu> Federal Farm
Loan Act was passed by Congress and approved l)y the President
July 17, 1916.
As is well known, the Federal Farm Loan Act has to a considerable
degree financed American agriculture and rendered a vital service
during the world w^ar, for the law makes li([uid forty billions of
wealtli and makes an acre of land tlie basis of cre(ht for a long-time
mortgage loan at a low rate of interest and on tlie amortization
plan. Tliere are approximately four thousand farm loan associa-
tions in the United States operating un(h'r the law, and more than
two Imndred millions of dollars liave been loaned to date by the
twelve great regional banks, and the system is still in its infancy.
Dr. Owens is often referred to as the ''Father of tlie Federal Farm
Loan vSystem," since he assembled the American Commission from
36 States and 5 CanacHan Provinces for the European survey;
secured the incorporation of a plank in the platforms of the great
political parties approving the adoption of the system; prepared the
initial literature publislied by the Government on the subject; had
tlie i)rivilege from President Wilson of nominating liis six associates
on the United States Commission; ])repared the joint resolution
unanimously adopted by the Congress of the United States, invoking
438
Photograph by G V. Buck, Washington, D. C.
DR. CLARENCE J. OWEXS, DIRECTOR GENERAL OF THE SOUTHERN COMMERCIAL
CONGRESS.
Dr. Owens has recently been called by President Porras to the Republic of Panama to direct an agri-
ciiltuial survey of that countrj'.
440 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
diplomatic recognition for the Commission; personally directed the
survey of investigation in America; and as a member of the United
States Commission aided in the preparation of the law.
President Porras has in contemplation a similar law for the
Republic of Panama, according to a statement by Acting Minister
Lefevre. Mr. Lefevre also stated that Dr. Owens is no stranger to
Latin American problems and achievements. Dr. Owens, he said,
conducted a trade commission to Latin America in 1913 and was
the guest of the Panaman Government. He published the book by
William A. Reid, "The Young Man's Chances in South and Central
America," and arranged for the initial program at the Pan American
Union for the inauguration of the work of preventive medicine for
the Rockefeller Foundation in Latin America. He also conducted
the Congress at Mobile, Ala., in 1913, attended by President Wilson,
and made notable by the President's declaration as to Latin America,
an address that has strengthened the unity of the Western Hemis-
phere.
AVIATION IN SOUTH AMERJCA.
In previous numbers the Bulletin has published information
concerning projects which are under discussion for the establish-
ment of regular airship service in various South American countries.
From Brazil, Chile, and Colombia data have been received which
demonstrate the decided interest being taken in the matter in those
countries at present.
The Handley-Page Co. has offered to establish a service between
Pcrnambuco, Rio de Janeiro, and Rio Grande do Sul, with an ex-
tension to Buenos Aires. This system would form the South Ameri-
can section of a projected trans-Atlantic service, linking Europe and
the New World.
The Italian iirm of Caproni also is treating with South American
countries, one of its important proposals — all of a far-reaching
character— including no less than a regular service between Chile
and Genoa.
The minister of Chile in London, Senor don Agustin Edwards;
has communicated to the Govenmicnt of Chile the terms of an offer,
emanating from the English firm of Vickers, relative to the estab-
lishment of a service of aero navigation in Chile. According to the
account in the South Pacific Mail, the terms of the offer, in con-
densed form, are as follows:
1. The establishment of a small aerial transport company with a
capital sufficient to acquire six hydroplanes and six aeroplanes, to
transport correspondence, passengers, and merchandise between the
coast ports and interior towns. Later, when this service has taken
PAN AMERICAX NOTES. 441
root niul (Icinoiistratcd its eommorical utility, other developments
may result, such as the ])uil(liug- of machines and establishing a
school of aviation.
2. The characteristics of the hydroplanes would be as follows:
Distance, 400 kilometers: Time, 3 hours; cargo ca])acity, 2,700 kilo-
grams, or 30 passengers. Distance, 1,000 kilometers: Time, 12
hours; capacity, 1,360 kilos, or 15 passengers.
The capital necessary to acquire these machines would be approxi-
mately §500,000, and also about $400,000 for cost of ex]:)loitation
for one year. If there was charged 0.31 peso gold per kilometer
per passenger and 0.S3 peso gold per kilometer per ton of cargo, and
if each machine Hew during 750 hours per year, a turnover of $750,000
per annum could be calculated upon.
3. The characteristics of the aeroplanes would be — capacity to
carry 10 passengers or 1,360 kilos of cargo a distance of 850 kilo-
meters (500 miles) at least, with a velocity of 129 kilometers (80
miles per hour). The capital necessary to purchase the machines
would be S300,000; costs in one year, S300,000. It is estimated
that the turnover would be $600,000.
To demonstrate the economy of time that would result from such
a system the following examples are cited : The trip from Valparaiso
to Santiago (a distance of 100 kilometers in a straight line and 183 by
rail) would take 46 minutes and cost every passenger 31 pesos gold
and 80 pesos gold per ton of cargo. The voyage from Punta Arenas
to Puerto Montt (1,300 kilometers in a straight line) would last 12
hours and cost 400 pesos gold per passenger and 1,000 pesos gold
per ton of cargo. From Los Andes to Santiago (70 kilometers in a
straight line and 140 by rail) the trip would take only 35 minutes and
cost 21 pesos per passenger and 58 gold per ton of cargo. From Los
Andes to Valparaiso (79 kilometers in a straight line and 131 by
rail) the cost and time would approximate that given for the trip
between Los Andes and Santiago. It will be noticed that the trans-
l)ortation of correspondence would be especially atlvantageous in
this and the former case.
According to a report of United States Consul Claude E, Guy ant,
of Barranquilla, the Colombian Government is considering a project
for contract submitted by Handley-Page Co. and Urquhart, Carvalho
& Co. of London. The basis of the contract, as announced, is to be
as follows:
The contractors are to establish a semiweekly service between
Bogota and either Barranquilla or Cartagena on the coast, and a
weekly service between Manizales, Medellin, and either Barranquilla
or Cartagena. Mail shall be delivered at destination 24 hours after
havmg been received by the transporting company. The prelimin-
arj^ work, including meteorological studies, etc., shall be com-
442 THE PAIST AMERICAN UNION.
menced within six mouths after the signing of the contract, and the
service shall be estabhshed not later than one year after the signing
of the contract, the duration of which shall be 10 years, and the
contractors are to have the right of preference in contracting for all
aerial transportation service in the Republic. The Government is
to pay 25 cents per kilogram for correspondence, 15 cents per kilo
for postal packages, and, in addition, 2 cents for each letter and 25
cents for each package. The weight of ]iiickages is limited to 5
kilos ( 1 1 .02 ])ounds) .
Since the Colombian Government had already received three offers
for the establishment of a similar service, and close competition is
the probable result, bids for airplane mail service will probably be
received from various foreign companies according to an announce-
ment of the minister of state of (V^h^mbia.
HOPKINS MEN TO EXPLORE ANDES.
The following account of an expedition to explore the geology and
mineral resources of the Central Andes in Peru and Bolivia is taken
from The Johns Hopkins News-Letter:
The newer South America, with its wonderful possil)ilities in the fields of commerce
and science, has not been overlooked by tlie .Tolms Hopkins University. Through
the munificence of Mrs. George Huntington Williams and lier family, a foundation
for lectures and research has been established in memory of the late Prof. Williams,
the first professor of geology at Hopkins. With aid from this fund the University
plans to send an expedition to explore the geology and mineral resources of the Central
Andes in Peru and Bolivia.
The expedition will be in charge of Edward W. T'orry, professor of paleontology,
and Joseph T. Singe wald. jr., professor of economic geology, who have already Ijecome
authorities on the geology of this region by the publication of the results of earlier
investigations leased upon materials collected by Dr. Singewald during his extended
travels in South America in 1915. Dr. Singewald has in press a textbook entitled
"The Mineral Deposits of South America," wliicli will shortly be issued by the
AIcGraw-IIill Book Co.
The members of the party will leave Baltimore early in April, making their fust
stop at Guayaquil, Ecuador. From there they will proceed southward along the
west coast, stopping at Pacasmayo to study the carboniferous deposits of that region.
They expect to visit the cinnabar mines of Iluancavelica, Peru, as well as various
slightly develoi^ed coal fields scattered over the district. Time will also be spent
in studying the coal fields of Chile, and the silver and tin mining districts of Bolivia,
including La Paz and Potosi, where Dr. Singewald has already made preliminary
investigations of the famous "Mountain of Silver."
Besides the study of the.se commercial areas and the gathering of large collections
of igneous rocks, ores, and fossils for subsequent investigations by the staff arid graduate
students of the geological department, it is hoped that facts may be gleaned which
will throw new light on the recent great changes of level of the high plateau of Bolivia —
the land of the Incas. To this end, several geological sections will be measured across
the eastern Andes from La Paz, Oruro, or Potosi, to determine the manner and geologic
age of the formation of the Andes. Already, from a study of fossils from this area,
Prof. Berry has shown that the prevailing ideas regarding this broad geologic problem
PAX AMERICAX NOTES. 443
arc incorrect and in need of serions revision. Tlie elevation of the mountains and the
extensive mineralization of the whole Andean re<rion have been very modern events
geologically.
South America is of special interest to Baltimoreans, and the sending of an expedi-
tion from this city to study the prospective development of its mineral resources
and its geologic history is especially appropriate, in view of the intimate trade relations
which have emanated from this city for generations. It will be recalled that a few
years ago it was proposed that local bankers and business men should charter a vessel
and visit the principal South American ports to cement our commercial relations with
the rapidly growing lands of the South. In 1915 Baltimore was chosen as the North
American terminal of the Peruvian steamship line. War conditions, unfortunately,
soon forced a suspension of this service. However, the Bethlehem Steel Co. has iron
properties on the west coast, and much North American capital is invested in copper
and other mineral developments, while proposed railroad construction will open iip
•"egions of untold wealth and great commercial possiliilities.
It is hoped that the devotion of the Williams fund to the study of Soiith American
geology will establish closer relations between the ancient and scientific Ijureaus of
Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, with the Johns Hopkins University, which is beginning
to receive geological students from these countries.
SECOND PAX AMERICAX AEROXAUTIC COXVEXTIOX.
The Second Pan American Aeronautic Convention and Exhibition
is to be held at Atlantic City, New Jersey, from May 1 to June 1,
1919, inclusive. The venture is under the auspices of The Aero Clul)
of America, The Aerial League of America, and the Pan American
Aeronautic Federation. Supplementing the ordinary exhibition
features a series of contests will be held each Saturday, these to
include such interesting events as seaplane contests, Curtiss marine
flying trophy and prizes, intercollegiate seaplane contests, land
aeroplane contests, dirigible contests, kite ])alloon contests, parachute
competition, aviette races, etc. Exhibitions and demonstrations
of the latest inventions in all forms of aviation will form the main
features of the daily activities.
The Governments and aeronautic, sporting, scientific, industrial,
and civic organizations of the United States and all countries of the
world, excepting Germany and her allies, have been invited to send
representatives and to participate in this great aeronautic event.
On arrival in the United States foreign representatives are requested
to call at the headquarters of the convention committee at Xo. 297
Madison Avenue, New York City, to register and receive badges and
official programs.
SUMMER SCHOOL OF EXGLISH FOR LATIN AMERICAN STUDENTS.
Many students coming from the Latin American countries to com-
plete their education in the colleges and universities of the United
States are handicapped by an insufTicient knowledge of English, and
sometimes they also need to make up some subject in order to meet
444 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
the entrance requirement here. The Section of Education of the
Pan American Union has made arrangements with the authorities
of the Summer School of the University of Georgia, at Athens, to
receive such students and help to fit them ])etter to take up their
work in the fall at the various colleges and universities where they
are to study.
The regular session of the Summer School is from June 30 to
August 2 or 22, depending on the subjects taken, and students can
arrange, if desired, to continue their work under pi-ivate tutors until
they enter college in September. Expenses for room and board and
for instruction are estimated at about $10 to $12 a week, exclusive of
private tutoring. Then^ will be a special class in Englisli for Latin
American students, and courses are offered in j:)ractically all high-
school subjects and many college subjects which will provide an
opportunity to make up any work in whicli sucli students may be
deficient, such as mathematics, science, American history, etc. The
Latin American students will be specially looked after by a Spanisli-
speaking member of the faculty, who will hel]) them in planning their
courses and in securing suitable living accommodations.
The entire ])lant of the university, including gymnasium and other
recreational facilities, is placed at the disposal of tlie students.
Athens, the seat of the University of Georgia, has a pleasant and
healtliful situation among rolling hills, and may be reached in about
24 hours from all the principal cities of the East. From New Orleans,
the port of entry of large numbers of Latin American students, it is
easily reached as a stopping place on the way to northern educational
institutions. It is also conveniently located with reference to colleges
in the Southern States. Even students wlio are already in tlie
Northern States may be glad of the opportunity to become acquainted
with the southern section of the L^nited States.
All Latin American students who are interested in this school may
communicate with the Section of Education of the Pan American
Union, Washington, D. C, or with the superintendent of the Summer
School, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.
^AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY^
-^<i ; AND COMMERCE ; ^/'
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
According to the report of the ministry of the treasury presented
through the director general of statistics, ARGENTINE FOREIGN
CO^DIERCE for the year 1918 gave the following results: Cash value
of foreign commerce, 1,307,392,000 pesos gold, distributed as fol-
lows: Importations, 480,896,000, and exportations, 826,496,000; bal-
ance in favor of Argentina, 345,600,000 pesos gold. The figures vary
widely from those of previous j^ears. The exportations of 1918 exceed
those of any former year, both in bulk and value, surpassing the
highest value previously recorded by 244,000,000 pesos gold, since,
in 1915, the value of the total exportation conducted was 582,179,000
pesos gold. However, the quantity of articles imported in 1918 is less
than any year of the past 15, representing a sum equal or slightly
greater, in proportion to the population, than that recorded 15 or 20
3'ears ago and something over one-third that of the year of greatest
importations. Indeed, the commercial balance in favor of the Republic
is the highest yet attained, exceeding any previous record b}"
68.900,000, as in 1915. hitherto the highest, the balance totaled only
276,600,000 pesos gold.
By a resolution of the ministry of the treasury of February 15,
customs officers are authorized to permit the EXPORTATION OF
CEREALS (wheat, oats, flax, and corn) providing that the shippere
can prove to the aforesaid officers that their produce was bought at
prices not lower than the minimum established by the agreement of
February 4.
The general board of agriculture and agricultural defense has nomi-
nated Senor Carlos Fangeaux to go to Misiones and study the meth-
ods there employed for the preparation and conservation of YERBA
^L\TE. He will attend the yerba mate growers' convention to be
held at the close of the year under the auspices of the Argentine rural
association C'Sociedad Rural Argentina").
By a decree of the minister of public works the section of the
Bn:NOS AIRES CENTRAL RAILWAY (Ferrocarril Central de
Buenos Aires) between Rojas and Villa Maria was defuiitely made
ready for pubUc service. The line includes kilometers 304 and 315.
In the same decree the period of three months is fixed in which the
company is to present plans for the mstallations it wiU construct at
the station located at kilometer 314^.
445
446 THE PAlsr AMERICAN UNION.
With the purpose of stimulating interest in the pUmting and culti-
vation of fruit trees, tlie agri(^ultural museum of the Argentine rural
association is organizing a FRUIT GROWERS' CLUB, which will
meet at intervals between November of the present year and April,
1920.
According to information received from the Argentine legation in
Rio de Janeiro, ARGENTINE FRUITS are to be imported free of
duty to Brazil by the terms of a recent law wliich abrogates previous
regulations concerning the matter.
Tlie ministry of agriculture reports the following statistics con-
cerning tlie PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF MEATS in
the year 1917; through the directorate of statistics and rural economy
it is learned that during the aforesaid year 762,449 tons of meats were
shipped by the refrigerators and })acking plants exclusively as fol-
lows: For export, 681,293 tons; for domestic consumption, 81,156
tons. Ot this total, 90.5 percent was beef , 7.4 mutton, and 2.1 pork.
A conference of engineers and agriculturists is being organized in
Buenos Aires to encourage the exploitation of the NORTHERN
TERRITORIES of the Republic, with the following specific objects:
Detailed study of the various probl(>ms related to the develo]:)ment of
the territoiies under consideration; i)resentation of such problems to
capitalists and to the consideration of ofhcial means of their solution;
liolding of kn^tures upon the productive capacity of the territories;
and the publication of minutes of the deliberations held at all ses-
sions.
According to an announcement just made, the Brazilian Lloyd Co.
will establish a NEW STEAMSHIP LINE between New York and
Buenos Aires, calling at Brazilian ports. The first vessel to ply on
the line is the Vheraha, which wiU leave New York early in May.
The Uberaha, formerly called the Henry Woerrnann, is a steamship
of 6,062 tons displacement, owned at present by the Government of
Bi-azil, and which was constructed in Hamburg in 1911.
BRAZIL.
Plans for the construction of a RAILROAD in the State of Sao
Paulo are unch'r consich'ration. The line is to extend from Peder-
lu'iras through Agua Limpa, Saturno, and Po^o Alcalino de Quilombo
to the Batalga River at Raiidia dos Anjos do Batalha, thence north-
west to Miguel C^almon, traversing 111 kilometers through a very
fertile region rich in woods.
It is ])laniu'd to run a RAILROAD LINE which will connect the
three moujitain towns Petroj^olis, Therezopolis, and Friburg. The
route will be one of the most picturesque and fascinating in the
country.
The Swift Co. of Rio Grande has concluded a contract with the
"Nelson Line" of London by which the latter agrees to reserve six
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 447
vessels of its lloet for the TRANSPORTATION OF FROZEN
MEATS from the Braziliiin port to various ports of Great Britain.
Voyages will be made fortnightly, every lioat trans])()rtiiig Ix'twem
1,300 and 1,400 tons of meats.
According to a report made to the ministry of the treasury by
Dr. Ozorio de Almeida, the assets of the BRAZILIAN LLOYD CO.
which in June, 1918, amounted to 78,809 contos (conto paper = $270
United States gold), now total 197,125 contos. In this sum is
included the value of the German steamships in its possession,
calculated at 111,394 contos, 80,354 of which represent the vessels
ceded to the French Government and 31,040 coiitos those in the
service of the Brazilian Lloyd Co.
The Brazilian Government has granted permission to the Govern-
ment of Italy for exportation from Brazil of 400 tons of LARD
bought recently by that country.
In the 13 months since the creation of the central bureau of
domestic production (Delegacion Central de Produccion Nacional)
2,071,026 kilograms of grain, fodder, and vegetable SEEDS have
been distributed by the bureau among agriculturalists of the countrv.
A Brazilian newspaper states that the CONSUMPTION OF
MANIOC is becoming quite general in England, and predicts the
popularitv of the Brazilian product.
The State of Parana this year plans to commemorate the definite
inauguration of WHEAT CULTIVxVTION in the section by holding
a wheat exposition and establishing the fiesta de pan (bread carnival) .
The inspector of wheat fields estimates the WHEAT CROP this
year at 200 tons in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, or double that
of the previous crop, and the largest yet attained in the country.
In the annual general nK^eting held in Rio de Janeiro the IGNITED
STATES CILVMBER OF COMMERCE. OF BRAZIL elected the
fo]Io%\'ing officials of the board of directors for the present year:
President, Senor Louis R. Gray; first vice president, W. V. B. Van
Dvck; second vice president, H. M. Sloat ; and treasurer, William
Lowry.
On February 22 a COTTON CONFERENCE was held in the city
of Sao Paulo to discuss plans and methods to be employed in the
development of the industry in the country.
According to official statistics of the port of Rio de Janeiro, 893
families of IMMIGRANTS, consisting of 2,707 persons, and 4,544
immigrants without families, entered the country during 1918
through that port. They consisted of the following nationalities:
Argentinian, 112; German, 1; Brazilian, 485; Belgian, 8; Chilean,
5; Chinese, 2; Colombian, 1 ; Danish, 2; French, 21 1'; Greek, 8; Span-
ish, 790; Dutch, 4; Itahan, 215; English, 67; Japanese, 5; North
American, 45; Norwegian, 2; Portuguese, 5,058; Peruvian, 6; Rus-
448 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
sian, 119; Koumanian, 5; Swiss, 15; Swedish, 3; Servian, 1; Turks,
37; and Uruguayan, 44. During the same period 4,069 emigrants
left through this port.
Capitalists of Puerto Alegre, Pelotas, and other points in the State
of Rio Grande do Sul have organized a TELEPHONE COMPANY
which will install and operate a modern telephone system in those
cities, bringing workmen and equipment from the United States.
According to data pubhshed by the Commercial Statistical Bulletin
of the Mmistry of the Treasury, Brazil exported between January 1 ,
1915, and October 31, 1918, a total of 126,419 tons, 9,562 tons, and
119,620 tons of FROZEN MEATS, DRIED MEATS, AND HIDES,
respectively. Of the frozen meats, 56,778 tons were exported during
the first nine months of 1918, 4,339 of the dried meats during the same
period, and 37,651 of the hides.
According to the Caracu Association Herd Book just published, on
January 31 of the present year there were 159 calves, 1,663 cows, and
119 bulls of CARACU CATTLE in Brazil.
CHILE.
The Government of Chile has contracted to furnish 200,000 metric
quintals of NITRATE to tlie Government of Holland at 13^ shillings
per metric quintal. Holland is to supply the ships for transporta-
tion, which will bear cargoes of rice, tea, coffee, sugar, and other
products to merchants of Mejillones.
Some months ago the "Sociedad Nacional de Pesca," a corporation
fostering the FISHING INDUSTRY, was established with a capital
of 500,000 Chilean pesos. One of the objects is the placing of several
varieties of fish along the entire Chilean coast. This has been done
between Coquimbo and Valdivia. The company has also installed a
plant in Talcahuano where fish are cleaned, packed, and shipped.
The establishment has a large refrigerator where fish are kept until
ready for shipment by train.
MARITIME TRAFFIC WITH SWEDEN, interrupted by the war,
is about to be reestablished. One of the first steamship lines to
conduct direct service between the two countries is the Johnson Line,
a well-known Swedish company, which will have four vessels of over
6,500 tons operating on the line. Formerly these vessels transported
manufactured articles to Chile in exchange for Chilean products.
On February 26 the minister of the treasury issued regulations
relative to the BITILDING OF DRY DOCKS and other works used
in the repairing of ships in the ports of the Republic.
The MINERALS EXPORTED by the Chile Copper Co. and the
Chile Exploration Co. during the three months ending September
30, 1918, were valued at .$3,276,944— an increase of $1,270,273 over
the exports of the previous quarter, which amounted to $2,006,671.
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 449
COLOMBIA.
In the latter part of February competitive examinations were held
for candidates for the positions of chief and assistant chief of the
bureaus of information and commercial propaganda of Colombia,
authorized by law 11 of 1918 to be establislied in connection with the
consulates of London, New York, and Paris. The contest proceeded
in accordance with the rules set forth in a presidential decree of
January 22. After a thorough consideiation of the papers presented
the judges appointed by the President decided in favor of Gonzalo
Cordoba, Alberto Dupuy, and Roberto Pinto Valderrama, who were
thereupon appointed to the London, New York, and Paris offices,
respectively.
By law*^No. 43 of 1919 the MARITIME SALT MINES of the
Atlantic coast were ordered exploited.
According to municipal statistics the Antiocjuia Railroad during
1918 transported 175,750 parcels of MERCHANDISE, weighing
10,880,505 kilos, to Medelhn.
The leading capitalists of the Department of Tolima have organized
a STOCK-RAISING ASSOCIATION in Ibague to promote cattle
raising in that section.
The minister of the treasury lias contracted with Tracey Bros, of
London for the sending of 100,000 SACKS OF JUTE FIBER to
Puerto Colombia free of duty. The jute is to be used for packing
salt at the salt works along the coast.
Under the title 'A NEW VEGETABLE PRODUCT" a paper in
Bogota publishes an account of a tree that grows along the margins
of the Magdalena and Opon Rivers in the Department of Santander,
which secretes a sap locally known as "perillo," which has the taste
and nutritious elements of cows' milk. It is condensed in cakes for
shipment and is populai in confectioners' shops. In the region
where it is produced in abundance it is used for coffee in preference
to other milk, being considered more palatable.
The governor of Tolima has signed a contract for the construction
of a BRANCH RAILROAD from Espinal to Saldana via Guamo.
The projected line will pass through a wealthy stock-raising and
agricultural section.
CUBA.
The Cuban Steamship Co. has voted to substitute petroleum in
place of HARD COAL formerly used as the motive power on the
ships of the Une. The first vessel to use the new combustible was
the steamship Santiago de Cuba.
In Camaguey large tracts have been set to castor-oil plants with a
view to the establishment of a LUBRICATING OIL FACTORY in
112808— 19— Bull. -4 6
450 THE PAN AMP^RICAN UNION.
Cuba. The experiments made up to the present time give promising
results, and it is expeeted that the industry will lecome a considerable
factor in the economic life of the Republic.
In the several ports of the Republic 1,373,798 tons of sugar from the
PRESENT SUGAR CROP had been received before the 15th of
March of this year. Between the 15th and the 20th the mills had
produced 125,000 tons, which, together wath the foimer figure, gives
a total of 1,498,798 tons produced by the 20th.
The following officers were elected at a general meeting of the
BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE CHAMBER OF COM-
MERCE OF HABANA: President, Don Carlos de Zaldo; vice presi-
dents, Don Sabas E. de Alvare, Don Ernesto B. Calvo, and Don
Carlos Arnoldson; treasurer, Don Charles C. Dufan; and general
secretiary, Don Jose Duran.
AN INSURANCE COMPANY called ''La Union Latina" was
established in Habana in February. The company will insure
against accidents as a result of the occupations stipulated in the law
of June 12, 1916.
Sefior Hannibal J. de Mesa has been named as COMMERCIAL
AGENT of the Repubhc to study the economic conditions in Poland
and other European countries in the wake of the war, report concern-
ing the steps which should be taken to increase the trade with coun-
tries already maintaining commercial relations with Cuba, and advise
as to the means of establishing such relations with other countries.
By a presidential decree of March 7 the SALE OF RIFLES of
over 22 caliber or 5.5 millimeters has been prohibited, as well as of
cartridge shells, during the closed season.
By a presidential decree of Fel)ruary 27, 1919, the increase of 15
per cent on STORAGE RATES authorized by a law of January 13
has been abrogated in the case of sugar.
Recently the INTERNATIONAL TRADING CO. was organized
in Habana with a capital of $100,000, the ol)ject being to represent
various European and North American mainifacturing interests in
Cul)a. Tlie president. Dr. Pedro Zayas, is president also of the Cuba
Electrical Supply Co.
The EXPORTATION OF REFINED SUGAR produced from
crude sugar of the 1918-19 crop was authorized by a presidential
decree of Marcli 10, 1919.
ECUADOR.
A presidential decree of the 30th of January authorizes the
EXPORTATION OF PEANUTS through the warehouses of the
Repu])lic upon the payment of 5 per cent ad valorem, fixed according
to the price of the prockict in the market from which it is shipped.
AdllK TLTUEE, INDUSTRY, AXD TOMMERCE. 451
Tho governor of Guayaquil lias requested the consuls of Ecuador in
Panama and New Orleans to permit the depositing of GOODS
SHIPPED TO ECUADOR in Panama upon orders, that they may
be taken to Guayaquil by boats of any company.
The value of ECUADORIAN COMMERCE in the year 1917 was
54,498,111 sucres (sucre = $0,480 U. S.), as against 55,349,513 in 1916
and 43,845,028 in 1915. The foregoing figures may be analyzed as
follows: 1915, exportation, 26,533,064 sucres, and importation,
17,309,964; 1916, 36,151,629 and 19,197,884, respectively; 1917,
33,558,014 and 20,940,097, respectively. The percentage of imports
by countries, for 1917, was: United States, 59 per cent; England,
25; Spain, 5; France, 3; Peru, 2.5; Italy, 2; Chile, 1.5; all other
countries, 2. Percentage of exports, by countries, for the same year
was: United States, 78 per cent; France, 9; Spain, 4; Chile, 4; and
all other countries, 5.
HAITI
The steamship Jimo left Port au Prince recently with a cargo of
5,000 sacks of SUGAR. Le Matin, a daily newpaper, which gives this
news, declares that this is the first export of Haitian sugar since the
declaration of independence. The Juno sailed for New York bedecked
with flags.
Le Moniteur, the official newpaper of Haiti, pubhshed in a recent
copy the articles of incorporation of a new commercial firm, which
has been organized under the name of ''Societe Commerciale d'Haiti,"
with a capital of $500,000. The company is authorized to under-
take any kind of commercial transactions within the Haitian terri
tory and abroad.
HONDURAS.
Permission has been granted by the Government to lug. Ruben
Bermiidez H. to estabhsh a FLOUR MILL in San Pedro Sula to
o]K'rate for the period of 10 years, with a cai^acity for milling 25
barrels, of 200 pounds each, of wheat flour daily, the plant to be
exempt from all fiscal or municipal taxes in operation or to be estab-
lished during the term of the concession.
MEXICO.
The department of agriculture and commerce has appointed a com-
mittee of engmeers to make a detailed study of the waters of the
COLORADO RIVER \\'ith a view to irrigating a large territory in
the northern part of Lower California, the fertihty of which has been
neglected because of the lack of water.
According to official statistics, from the year 1910 to the present
time 10,000 MINES HAVE BEEN DENOUNCED in the Repubhc.
The chamber of commerce of the State of Veracruz reports that
452 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
the CORN CROP this year shows an increase of 20 per cent over
former years, and the corn is of a superior quality. From the 1st of
March the market was flooded, so that the prices quoted have been
low.
The Secretary of commerce has received official data to the effect
that the COFFEE CROP in the territory of Quintana Roo has been
excellent, exceeding that of last year by 10 per cent.
In response to petitions received by the department of commerce
from small agriculturalists setting forth their ability to cultivate
Government lands, the new LAND ALLOTMENT has been com-
menced in the State of Chiapas, small parcels of land being given the
farmers of that section for cultivation at their own expense. Lately
over 70,000 hectares, which previously had reverted to the State
upon the declaration of invalidity of the concessions which Sr. Rafael
Dorantes and other landholders had granted for them, have been
distributed and are under cultivation by the concessionaires.
Recently 50 boxes of articles were shipped from Mexico to the
United States for display in an EXHIBITION OF MEXICAN
EXPORTS which will be opened in New York shortly for an indefi-
nite time.
The Mexican press amiounces that the first shipment of AGRI-
CLTLTURAL MACHINERY ordered by the National Government
to sell to agriculturalists at cost in order to stimulate agriculture,
has been received at Mexico City, and the plan has proved so satis-
factory that a further order has been placed with several United
States firms for plows, cultivators, seed-drillers and harvesters of
various classes and sizes.
An OIL DEAL unprecedented in the history of the industry in
the country has been closed between certain oil companies of Mexico
and a well-known American corporation, Cochrane, Harper & Co.,
by which the latter agrees to purchase 50,000,000 barrels of oil from
the Mexican companies, to be mined from wells which have not been
in operation for some time. The oil will, in turn, be supplied to the
railways of the northern part of the United States, with whom the
company has entered into contracts obligating itself to furnish the
oil necessary for operating their lines. The purpose is to experiment
thoroughly with the project in the hope of further enterprises of
greater magnitude in the future, as it is feared that at present serious
difficulty may be experienced owing to the shortage of tank boats.
The GOVERNMENT VESSEL Rafael Miranda^ was recently
launched in the port of Mazatlan, where it was constructed by a
Mexican shipowner.
A Merida newspaper reports that the New York agency of the
Ilenequen Market Comptroller (Comision Reguladora del Mercado
del Henequen) has recently sold 63,500 bales of henequen to the
United States Food Administration at 15 centavos a pound in the
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AXD COMMERCE. 453
ports of the United States on the Gulf of Mexico and at 15^ centavos
in the warehouses operated by the Comptroller in the United States.
The fiber is to be delivered during the present month of April.
Several planters from the interior of the country have interAnewed
the secretary of industry and commerce for the purpose of obtaining
exact data as to the most profital)le methods of CULTIVATIXG
HEXEQUEN and the sections of the interior where it might be
planted on large tracts of territory well adapted to the purpose. It
is evident that interest is growing widely in the henequen industr}'
throughout the Republic.
A HIGHWAY has been constructed in Lower California which
links the capital of tlie Northern District with Tijuana and Ensenada.
The work cost 1,000,000 pesos.
NICARAGUA.
According to recent legislation the price of AGUARDIENTE ma}'
not exceed 20 centavos per liter, except on the Atlantic coast, where
it may be sold for as high as 35 centavos, and in Chontales, where
25 may be charged.
PANAMA.
A United States snidicate which is exploiting a ]\L\XGANESE
MINE near Portobelo, in the Province of Colon, haA^ng exported to
the United States more than 20,000 tons of the mineral, is making
a minute study of another bed of greater magnitude in the same
region, ^Wth a view to exploiting it on a large scale if it is deemed
profitable to transport the ore to the port of Portobelo, 12 or 15 miles
away.
The fact that in the city of Panama alone there are over 10 agencies
for United States flour indicates the popularity of WHEAT FLOUR
im^ported from the United States, since most of the toAnis of the
Republic are supplied through Panama City. Owing to the restric-
tions in 1918 in the United States, Panama imported m that year
less than m 1917, when 4,104,000 kilograms of flour, valued at
$428,000 were imported, of which 3,800,000 kUograms, worth $398,000
were wheat flour from the United States.
An American company is constructing a two-story reinforced con-
crete buildmg in the citv of Colon preparatory to the instaUation of
a COCONUT AND PALM OIL FACTORY and derivatives, includmg
glycerine, caustic potash, carbonated potash, soda, etc. The produc-
ing capacity will be 1,500 gallons of coconut oil and 200 of palm oil
daily.
In 1918 the EXPORTATIONS conducted thi-ough the port of
Bocas del Toro to the United States were valued at $2,423,680, as
compared with $2,602,197 the previous ye&r, bananas in both years
454 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
being the chief value, as in 1918, 4,466,540 bunches were sent out,
valued at $2,297,66.3, and in 1917, 4,843,512 bunches, valued at
$2,467,442.
PERU.
The President, in consideration of the fact that law No. 2886
authorizes the investment of tlie net receipts of the tax on tobacco
in the promotion of certain railway projects, and that its expendi-
ture in the construction of such railroads would be of manifest
advantage to the public, on February 5, 1919, issued a decree by
which a limited company is organized, with legal headquarters in
Lima, which will l)e known as the PERinaAN RAILWAY
CO. (Compania de los Ferrocarriles del Peru), with the object
of constructing and exploiting the railways ordered by the Gov-
ernment at State expense. Tlie aggregate capital will be 300,000
Peruvian pounds, distributed in 30,000 shares of 10 pounds each.
The decree also makes stipulations relative to the manner in which
the capital is to l)e expended and subscri])ed, the railroads con-
structed and administered, the commission which the company will
derive from it, etc.
By law No. 2912 of the national Congress tlie President is author-
ized to close and settle accounts and compromise upon questions
pending with the concessionary LIMA-HUACHO RAILWAY
CO. and to organize a federal company to exploit it, modifying the
proposed route so as to lead directly to the capital in a straight
line. Tlie surplus material may be utihzed on one of the projected
extensions of the main line.
The GOVERNMENT VESSEL Quiruvilca, constructed in a dock-
yard at Callao, was auspiciously launched last February in the port
of Callao.
According to data published in El Financista of Lima concerning
PERUVIAN-ECUADORIAN TRADE, in 1917 Peru exported
1,689,407 kilos to Ecua(h)r of products valued at 824,205 sucres and
imported in exchange 2,219,918 kilos, valued at 289,718 sucres.
The importations were composed principally of cacao, coffee, manu-
factured and leaf tol)acco, and chopped sugar cane. Peru also
imported 61,659 kilos of hat straw for use in the manufacture of
hats, worth 18,994 sucres; 53,527 kilos of ''macora" straw, valued
at 65,846 sucres; and 321,719 kilos of mangrove l)ark for tanneries,
valued at 10,286 sucres.
SALVADOR.
During the first nine months of 1918, 32,011 metric tons of prod-
ucts were EXPORTED, with a declared value of 24,059,893 pesos
silver. Compared with the same period of 1917 it is found that
there was a decrease of 7,690 in tons exported ])ut an increase in
value of 581,409 pesos.
acrhtlturp:, tnhustry, and commerck. 455
IMPORTATrONS to the extent of 15,699 metric tons, valued at
4,601,437 pesos gold, were received in the first nine months of 191S.
By February 203 kilometers of the RAILROAD under construc-
tion between the pier of Punta Cataco of La Union port to the
frontier of Guatemala were completed. At the same time tlie
sector from Santo Domingo to Santa Cruz Michapa, 21 kilometers in
length, was ready for the rails to be laid. Tu 1918 the roadbed was
extended 45 kilometers and will be ready for use at an}^ time.
URUGUAY.
In order to meet certain claims the national congress has created
a specific tax of one-half centisimo per kilogram of refined YERBA
MATE received in the country, in addition to the regular tax. After
the payment of the obligations the new tax is to be a})rogate(l.
The^■egulations in force concerning the INSPECTION OF TO-
BACCO FIELDS have been modified, it being agreed, among other
things, that tobacco growers (k^clare before the proper authorities
the plantations they have made, stating the area and num])er of
plants and other details. A record of the tobacco growers of the
vicmity is to be kept in a municipal registry.
On the 15th of March a SOUTH AMERICAN STOCKMEN'S
EXPOSITION was held in Montevideo, following the South Amer-
ican Inchistrial-Agricultural Exposition orgaiiizetl ])y the national
commission of rural industry and held at the close of January. The
stockmen's exposition was one of the most important that has yet
taken place in South America.
A law has been passed bv the national congress creating the
NATIONAL BOTANICAL GARDENS AND NURSERY "La
Estanzuela," in which tlie methodical selection of plants on a scien-
tific basis is to be undertaken, with especial reference to wheat, oats,
barley, corn, flax, and the leguminaceae. The adaptation of plants
cultivated, including fodder plants, and agricultural experimenta-
tion in general also will be considered.
By the terms of a presidential decision of February 5, all VETER-
INARIES appointed to the animal sanitary commission may prac-
tice their profession, subject to the regulai- ol)ligations and penal-
ties, providing such practice is not allowed to interfere with then-
admhiistrative duties.
The President has sent Senor Guido (V)rneo to Euroj)e to study
the DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE-STOCK PRODUCTS OF THE
COUNTRY, since the sending of such exports to the principal mar-
kets of the world is exceedingly difficult at this time owing to ab-
normal conditions prevailing.
The President has organized the CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL
DEFENSE COMMISSION, naming Senor Benjamin S. Viana as
president.
456 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
VENEZUELA.
In conformity with article 92 of the law passed June 25, 1915, the
Provisional President of the Republic has recentty issued a decree
regulating the EXPLOITATION OF WOODS on Venezuelan terri-
tory, either on lands belonging to the Government or to private
citizens.
A newspaper of Caracas announces that a company has been
organized in the United States by the name of the Caribbean Sea
Co., with the object of exploiting the PEARL FISHING industry
in the Isla de Margarita.
Since the law concerning COAL, PETROLEUM, AND SIMILAR
RESOURCES determines the maximum number of hectares wdiich
may be contained in one project, but does not stipulate the number
of contracts which an individual may enter into with the federal
executive, the Provisional President of the Republic has decreed
that one person may enter into as many contracts as may be neces-
sary to include a territory of 100,000 hectares of coal (bituminous,
anthracite, and lignite) and 40,000 of asphalt, petroleum, and similar
resources, which is the maximum which may be acquired by transfer,
according to article 20 of the cited ruling.
By presidential disposition the rights to the exploration and ex-
ploitation of COAL, OIL, AND SIMILAR DEPOSITS are to be
granted to successful bidders at public auction in the free zones of
the Uribante, Ayacucho, Bolivar, and Capacho districts, of the State
of* Tachira; and in the districts of Betijoque, Bocono, Carache,
Escuque, TrujiHo, Urdaneta, and Valera of the State of TrujiUo.
The department of pubhc works has recently signed a contract
with Senor Jose Antonio Redondo, by which the National Govern-
ment leases to him the SANTA BARBARA-EL VIGIA RAILWAY,
a national property in the States of Zulia and Merida.
By a recent presidentiaP decree a POLITICAL-COMMERCIAL
BUREAU was created, to be under the direction of the minister of
foreign relations, with the following functions: (1) The compihng of
data concerning the economic and commercial life of the country
and of information furnished by the Venezuelan legations and con-
sulates in regard to the economic and commercial life of their several
territories; (2) the preparation of reports on commercial, economic,
or financial variations in foreign countries w^hich might affect internal
conditions, and the consideration of navigation and other means of
communication necessary in conducting international trade; (3) con-
sideration of international treaties and agreements reached, as well
as laws passed in foreign countries relative to matters that might
influence Venezuelan economic and commercial conditions; (4) prep-
aration of re])orts on the economic and commercial situations of
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL AFFAIRS. 457
foreign rouiitries, to serve as a guide in the formulation of treaties,
pacts, or agreements with reference to the economic and commercial
situation of Venezuela; (5) information as to the probable develop-
ment or coming status of various countries or sections in the light
of the desirabilitj' of estabhshing, mollifying, or doing away with
consulates; (6) the consideration of treaties, conventions, or matters
relative to international policies which Venezuela has proposed or
may propose; (7) the establishing of an international advertising
campaign for Venezuelan products, resources, and possibihties;
(8) the formulating of comparative studies of legislation which has
been adopted relative to economic subjects; the recommendation of
projects of law which might facilitate international commerce or the
notation of undesirable features of such laws as are now in vogue, and
means for their reform.
ECONOMICandFINANCIAL
;.* AFFAIRS "k^^
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
According to oflTicial information from the ministry of the treasury,
the STATE OF THE BANKS on January 31, 1919, was as follows:
Payments on time and savings accounts, 10,777,728 pesos gold and
2,820,681,096 pesos paper; discounts and advance payments,
3,747,576 gold and 1,938,590 paper; existing in the country,
54,572,029 pesos gold and 830,884,403 paper; capital realizable in the
Ai-gentine Republic, 47,864,833 gold and 353,603,860 paper. The
totals in December were : Deposits on current accounts, on time and
in savings accounts, 11,249,068 gold and 2,818,040,054 paper;
discounts and advance payments, 3,949,890 gold and 1,875,825,358
paper; existing in the country, 54,146,333 gold and 830,399,985
paper; capital realizable in the Argentine Republic, 47,864,833 gold
and 353,265,216 paper.
On February 11, 3,024,007 pesos gold was deposited in bonds in
the conversion treasury, having been withdrawn from certain
Ai-gentinian legations. Together with 279,465,449 gold pesos,
balance from local deposits, there was on hand at that time a CASH
BALANCE of 382,056,650 pesos. At the depositing of the sum
referred to the monetary circulation increased by 6,872,745 pesos
paper, the national currency throughout the Republic totaling at
that date 1,161,328,800 pesos.
458 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION,
The Argentine Government has DEPOSITED in one of the
Federal reserve banks of the United States the sum of $2,917,800
or 6,872,745 pesos Argentine, representing the profit of the exchange
by the transfer of £8,000,000 from England to the United States by
way of France and Spain.
BOLIVIA.
By legislative enactment of February 3, 1919, the MORATORIUM
for obligations payable in gold will be further extended to September
30 of the present year in cases where the creditor will not accept
payment in notes issued by banks of the Republic.
The President has authorized the prefect of the Department of
Potosi to contract a LOAN FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION.
The principal is to be 500,000 l)olivianos, with interest not to exceed
8 per cent annually and 2 per cent amortization fund. Of this sum,
400,000 l)olivianos will be set aside for the construction of an auto-
mobile highway between Atocha and Tupiza, and 100,000 l)olivianos
for a similar road between Catagaita and Camargo.
On Januray 2, the new TAXES ON IMPORTED LIQUORS were
announced. Following is the list, per dozen bottles: Bitters, 19.20
bolivianos; white wines, 24; li([Uors, such as cognac, whisky, and
gin, 24; sweet wines, 24; beer in ordinary bottles, 3; beer and ''chicha"
in other containers, 0.40 per liter; mineral waters, 0.05 per kilo;
soft drinks, 0.05 per kilo; table wines in ordinary bottles, 9.60 per
dozen; in other containers, 0.08 per liter; liglit sparkling wines in
ordinary bottles, 8.40 per dozen; in other flasks, 0.70 per liter;
champagnes and other heavy sparkling wines, 24 per dozen; dry
wines in ordinary bottles, 10.80 per dozen, and in other containers,
0.90 per liter. The national treasurer will deposit 20 per cent of the
income from these taxes to the account of the Potosi-Sucre Railway
and 30 per cent to the Cochabamba-Santa Cruz Railway.
BRAZIL.
The BANK OF BRAZIL, in which the Federal Government is
the principal shareholder, has been an increasmgly important factor
in the economic life of the Republic during the past three years. Its
balance, which at the close of 1915 revealed a total of 696,620,474
milreis (approximately $174,155,118 United States gold), at the end
of 1917 was 1,113,709,590 milreis Oipproximately $278,427,398).
The profits of the institution during this period were as follows: 1915,
$1,237,819; 1916, $1,504,275; and 1917, $1,573,503. Those of the
first half of 1918 were $1,431,977, the largest amount ever recorded
by the institution for that length of time, and in fact almost as large
as that of any previous year.
The National (^ity Bank of New York has been autliorized by the
mhiistry of the treasury to establish a BANKING AGENCY' in
ECOXOMIC AND FINANCIAL AFFAIRS. 459
Porto ^Vlegre and a subageiicy in the city of Kio Grande, ]x)tli in the
State of Rio Grande do Sul.
Ac'cording to official statistics the assets of the BKAZILIAX
BAXKlS, domestic and foreign controlled, on July 31. li)ls, amounted
to SI, 408,721, 250 gold, as against SI, 111, 043, 500 on tlie same date
of 1917.
The receipts of tlie GOYAZ KAILWAY for the lirst 11 months of
1918 were 454 contos (conto paper = S270 United States gold), com-
pared with '.U'2 contos in the entire year of 1917 and 241 in 1916.
The NATIONAL Bl^DGET for 1919 fixes the running expenses
for this year at 80,953 contos gold (conto gold = S546 U.S.) and
504,483 contos paper, distributed among the various ministries.
The net receipts of the Sao Paulo Railway Co. for the 3'ear 1918
were approximately 13,000 contos, which added to those remaining
from the previous fiscal period (2,728 contos), total 15,728, allowing
the companv to issue two dividends during the year on the basis of
10 per cent, or a total of 9,200 contos.
During the year 1918 the tax-collecting office of Santos collected
18,507 contos paper in TAXES OX^ PRODUCTS subject to State
taxation. The production amounted to 292,712,148 kilos of mer-
chandise representhig an official value of 205.916 contos.
The American Foreign Banking Corporation of the United States
has just established a BANKING BRANCH in Rio de Janeiro with
a declared capital of §1,200,000.
Senor Milciades de Sa Freire has been named acting president of
the BANK OF BRAZIL. Seiior de Sa Freire has been acting as
president since the resignation of Dr. Homero Baptista.
CHILE.
The EXPENSE BLT)GET for 1919 has been fixed at 234,935,607
pesos paper and (56,858,245 pesos gold, distributed in the following
manner: Department of the interior, 50,802,519 pesos paper and
179,573 pesos gold; department of foreign relations, 410,633 pesos
paper and 1,342,828 pesos gold; religious service section, 1,490,410
pesos paper and colonization section, 453,574 pesos paper; department
of justice, 11,166,308 pesos paper; department of public instruction,
44,425,530 pesos paper and 140,000 pesos gold; department of the
treasmy, 34,868,174 pesos paper and 48,649,662 pesos gold; depart-
ment of war, 42,419,693 pesos paper and 137,063 pesos gold; depart-
ment of the navy, 24,826,538 pesos paper and 16,204,013 pesos gold;
department of industry and public works, 18,056,691 pesos paper and
233,272 pesos gold; and department of the railways, 6,024,533 pesos
paper and 1,833 pesos gold.
A law has been passed authorizing the president of the Republic to
collect an ADDITIONAL TAX in 1919 of 2 per 1,000 as decreed in
460 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
article 29 of the law of April 5, 1916, establishing a tax on district
property.
According to a report of the minister of the treasury by the 31st
of December, 1918, the following NATIONAL FUNDS were deposited
by the Government: In London, £2,909,097 ; letters of credit payable,
£715,010; in the United States, $1,437,602: in the mint, 2,904,846
pesos gold and in fiscal treasuries of the Republic, 52,674,025 pesos
in paper and 519,855 pesos gold.
The statistics given below are from the reportof the fiscal inspector
of banks relative to the CHILEAN BRANCH OF THE NATIONAL
CITY BANK of New York in 1918: Bills of exchange bought, in
pounds sterling, 7,026,232; in dollars, 53,504,787; in francs, 321,326;
in liras, 9,500; and in Argentine currency, 555,123 pesos. Bills of
exchange sold in pounds sterling, 6,778,425; in dollars, 55,359,081 ;
in francs, 202,288; and in Argentine currency, 559,167 pesos.
During the year 1918 the RECEIPTS OF THE RAILWAYS from
Arica to La Paz were 4,605,113 pesos paper, according to the min-
ister of railways.
The balance in the SANTIAGO SAVINGS BANK on December 31,
1918, was 53,764,006 pesos paper, distributed among 262,607 ac-
counts. The balance the former year was 38,810,034 pesos in
235,997 accounts. Consequently, the increase in 1918 was 14,954,042
pesos and 26,610 accounts. The bank statement showed that the
mortgage bonds deposited in the bank totalled a balance of 9,265,657
pesos. Adding this balance to the increase in deposits, a total of
63,029,734 pesos in savings accounts is obtained.
COLOMBIA.
The receipts of the SOUTHERN RAILWAY (Ferrocarril del Sur)
in 1918 amounted to $133,381.57. The railway is 35 kilometers in
extent.
In the NATIONAL BUDGET for receipts, expenditures, and
public credit for the fiscal period from March 1, 1919, to February
28, 1920, the receipts of the year are placed at $15,207,350 gold, the
expenses to be distributed as follows: Department of government,
$6,392,301; foreign relations, $351,320; finance, $995,297; war,
$1,785,549; public instruction, $835,017; agriculture and commerce,
$207,247; public works, $1,133,718; and treasury, $3,606,896.
The department of agriculture and commerce has contracted in
behaK of the Government a LOAN of $320,000 gold, subscribed by
the following commercial organizations: Commercial Bank, $100,000;
International Banking Corporation, $100,000; Banco Sucre, $50,000;
Angel Lopez y Cia, $25,000; Roberto Restrepo y Cia, $15,000;
Vazquez, Correa y Cia, $10,000; Banco Dugand, $10,000; and Banco
Republicano, $10,000. The Government also obtained a loan of
$200,000 in Cartagena with advantageous conditions.
ECONOMIC AXD FINANCIAL AFFAIRS. 461
The NET RECEIPTS of the Government in the second half of
1918 amounted to So, 143, 438.
In 1918 the receipts of the TREASURY OF THE DEPART-
MENT OF ANTIOQUIA were $2,069,318 as against $1,939,359 in
1917 and $1,736,902 in 1916.
By hiw No. 126 of 1919 the admission of coined sterhng pounds
and bills representing pounds is permitted to the national treasury.
The BITDGET OF BOGOTA for the present year has been fixed
by the municipal council at $1,281,247 gold, including the receipts
from the street railway, the slaughterhouse, and the aqueduct.
During the middle of February the steamship *S'o?/.sa docked at
Puerto Colombia with a cargo of $1,000,000 in AMERICAN COINS
for tlie Banco Mercantil Americano of Colombia, which will dis-
tribute them among its branches in Bogota, BarranquiUa, Medellin,
and Cartagena. Including this shipment, the bank has imported
$2,126,000 in gold coin within the past eight months.
COSTA RICA.
The administrator general of the PACIFIC RAILWAY (Ferro-
carril del Pacifico) reports that the receipts of the department were
728,669 colones during the first 10 months of 1918 (January-October,
inclusive), while the expenditures amounted to 571,704 colones,
leaving the net receipts at 156,965 colones, as against 78,869 colones
for the entire year of 1917, 14,129 in 1916, 83,679 in 1915, and 43,169
in 1914.
At a general meeting of the stockholders of the CREDITO AGRI-
COLA OF CARTAGO held early in February it was voted to increase
the aggregate capital of the bank to 200,000 colones. Almost the
entire new issue of shares (amounting to 100,000 colones) was sub-
scribed to by the stockholders present at the meeting.
A recent presidential decree provides for the execution of law No.
3 of December 14, 1918, for the conversion of a part of the INTER-
NAL DEBT and the creation of funds for that purpose. The
minister of the treasury wiU issue bonds payable to bearer and to
the account of the public treasury in denominations of 1,000 and
100 colones upon appUcation of holders of State obligations. A
total of 8,000,000 colones will be issued in bonds of 1,000 colones
(series A) and 2,000,000 in those of 100 colones (series B). These
bonds are to be known as bonos de conversion, 1918 (convertible
bonds, 1918).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
The Government has ordered the printing of 170,000 internal-
revenue STAMPS to be used in payment of taxes on legal documents.
Stamps of the following denominations will be issued: $0.25, $0.50,
$1, $2, $4, and $6.
462 THE PAISr AMERICAN UNION.
ECUADOR.
011 October 28, 191S, the new law concerning TAXES ON AGUAR-
DIENTE and domestic and foreign wines was approved and went
into effect January 1. The consumer pays a tax of 15 per cent on
the declared value of wines, licj[Uors, and other foreign alcoholic
drinks, the declaration being accepted in the consular lists in the
customhouses. The new law does not abrogate the customs tariffs
on imports previously in force.
On December 20, 1919, the President promulgated the new law
fixing taxes on aguardiente, alcohol, and other foreign and domestic
lic{uors.
The loan section of the Quiteiia Agricultural and Industrial Co.
(Compania Quitena de Credito Agricola e Industrial) has been very
active in the past year. The balance drawn up December 31, 1918,
show^s that 3,296,967 pesos silver were lent during the year, for which
mortgage bonds (cedulas) to the value of 3,049,575 were issued. In
1917 loans of 2,993,907 were made, with 2,655,975 pesos in mortgage
bonds issued.
GUATEMALA.
The following statistics are reported concerning REAL PROP-
ERTY for the year 1918: Sales and donations, 12,897,267 pesos
paper money; mortgages, 92,586,607 pesos paper; and cancellation
of mortgages, 53,818,687 pesos paper.
During 1918 the Government treasury reports the following con-
cerning ORDINARY EXPENSES: Receipts, 110,937,325 pesos
paper; expenditures, 77,666,023 pesos paper, leaving a balance of
33,271,302 pesos.
MEXICO.
According to information pul>lished by the department of Finance,
the NATIONAL REVENUES received in 1918 amounted to
149,141,373 pesos Mexican, distributed as follows: Interior taxes,
90,874,696; foreign trade, 37,637,908; taxes on founding, refining,
assaying, and coining, 475,664; postal system, 4,375,073; telegraphs,
3,851,853; general treasury of the nation, 1,926,178; and heneciuen
sold to the R(>guladora (k^mmission, goods intercepted, consulates,
and other sources, 10, 000, 000, totaling as given above.
The Mexican ])rcss announces that the BALANCE OF RECEIPTS
AND EXPENDITURES of the national treasury shows that in 1918
55,000,000 pesos in round numbers were saved, since the budget
provided for exjxMises of 205,000,000, but the actual expenditures
were only 150,000, 000 pesos.
By the beginning of March 1 1 ,240, 000 pesos were coined in SILVER
in the new series, according to the report of the mint of Mexico. The
ECONOMIC AXD FIXAXCIAL AFFAIRS. 463
minting report of 1918 is as follows: Gold coins of 20 pesos,
56. 610, ()()() pesos: of 5 pesos, 3,0-45,000: and of 2.50, 4.260,000, a
total of 63,915,000 pesos. Silver coins of 1 peso (new series),
3,050,000 pesos; of 0.50 (old series), 660,000; of 0.50 (new series),
1,330,000: total, 5,090.000 pesos. Copper coins, 0.05 pieces, 66,000
pesos; total, 66,000 pesos; total amount coined in 1918, 69,071,600
pesos. The minting during January and February of the present
year is as follows: Gold, of 20 pesos, 4,000.000 pesos; of 10 pesos,
300,000 pesos: and of 5 pesos, 1,000,000 pesos; total, 5,300,000
pesos. Silver, of 1 peso, 2,330,000; and of 0.50 centavo, 4,480,000;
total, 6,810,000 pesos. Hence the total sum coined before February
28, 1919, was 81,181,600 pesos Mexican.
NICARAGUA.
On January 2, 1919, the President approved the NATIONAL
BUDGET prepared by congress. The budget for the present year
is identical with that passed December 15, 1917, with the additional
clause of June 12, 1918, congress reserving the right to make such
modifications as may be deemed advisable.
PARAGUAY.
The INTERNAL RE^TENUE RECEIPTS during the 12 months
of 1918 amounted to 11,839 pesos gold and 20,994,081 pesos paper.
According to the report of the general auditorship and office of the
treasury, 42,389 pesos goM and 1,220,152 pesos paper were derived
from TAXES ON REAL ESTATE during the years 1912-1918,
inclusive. Of this amount, 19,204 pesos gold and ;343,485 paper
were received during 1918.
During the middle of February the President issued a decree
which establishes the new LAND TAXES in force during tlie present
year.
SALVADOR.
During the year 1918 TAX RECEIPTS in the Republic totaled
10,409,018 pesos paper, distributed in the following manner: Cus-
tomhouse receipts, 5,742,506 pesos; Hquor taxes, 2,586,616; docu-
mentary revenues, 400.377; direct taxes, 393,274: miscellaneous
taxes, 567,193; and governmental services, 719,051 pesos. Com-
pared with the year 1917 there was a decrease of 2,076,113 pesos in
tax receipts. The expenditures of 1918 were 11,699,775 pesos, or
973,249 less than in 1917.
URUGUAY.
The taxes collected through the BUREAI' OF SUPPLIES,
OCTROI TAXES, AND MERCHANDISE during the year 1918
amounted to l,;i54,673 pesos.
64 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
f According to the latest presidential message, during 1918^4,271,736
pesos wore received into the MUNICIPAL TREASURY OF MON-
TEVIDEO, and the expenditures for the same period amounted to
4,135,290 pesos, leaving a pleasing surplus in the treasury at the
end of the year.
The receipts of the office of PUBLIC CHARITIES during the past
,year were 2,715,762 pesos and the expenditures 2,683,540, leaving a
fund of 32,222 pesos in the treasury.
According to statistics officially reported concerning the FINAN-
CIAL SITUATION of the country for the fiscal year ending with
June, 1918, a DEFICIT of 2,627,396 pesos remained at that time,
covered by an issue of convertible internal debt bonds at 6^ per cent
interest and 1 per cent amortization, amounting to 3,000,000 pesos.
The deficit for the current year is estimated at 2,513,142 pesos, or
114,254 less than that of the previous fiscal year.
The total IMPORT TARIFF RECEIPTS for the past eight fiscal
years — that is, the term 1910-11 to 1917-18, inclusive — amounted
to 100,683,255 pesos, 58,706,749 pesos of this amount being the
receipts of the period 1910-11 to 1913-14, and 41,976,506 the amount
received during 1914-15 to 1917-18, showing a difference of 16,730,243
in favor of the former period.
The NATIONAL EXPENDITURES during the fiscal years
1914-15 to 1916-17, inclusive, amounted to 111,315,987 pesos,
omitting the expenses of departments which have independent
incomes.
Liquidation of the ANNUAL DEFICITS took place to the fol-
lowing extent: 1914-15, 933,032 pesos; 1915-16,3,503,605; 1916-17,
1,448,204; and 1917-18, 2,627,396, showing a total of 8,512,238
pesos. This sum is increased to 11,330,368 pesos in Government
internal debt bonds, by the sums added to the receipts before the
close of the respective fiscal years, this amount showing the results
obtained by balancing the budget, as done during the four fiscal
years cited.
The National Banking Inspection reported the following statistics
concernhig the STATUS OF THE BANKS: Gold in the banks
December 31, 1918, 49,404,033 pesos; gold on the same date of 1917,
46,103,389.
During January the BANCO DE LA REPUBLICA held 45,049,211
pesos gold.
VENEZUELA.
On December 31, 1918, the PITBLIC DEBT of Venezuela amounted
to 145,527,628 bolivars, distributed in the following manner: Inter-
nal consolidated debt at 3 per cent, 46,623,077 bolivars; recorded
debt, 2,098,652; treasury bonds, 349,102; debt due under inter-
national conventions (known as diplomatic debt), 96,456,797. The
debt in 1916 totaled 160,566,756 bolivars, so that in the past two
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES.
465
years 15,093,127 has been paid. Since b}^ December 31, 1917, the
population of the Republic was 2,844,618, the quota of every citizen
in the public debt is slightly under 51.16 bolivars, or about $10, if
one considers the increase in population in 1918.
The net profits of the CARACAS ELECTRICAL COMPANY
(Companla de Electricidad de Caracas) in 1918 amounted to 538,267
bolivars, distributed as follows, by vote of the board of directors:
Reserve fund, 26,699; securities fund, 26,699; amortization fund,
26,699; dividends, 455,000; and for surplus of the first half of 1919,
3,168 bolivars. The company's reserve fund is at present 356,068
bolivars, and the securities fund, 167,357 bolivars.
The BANCO DE \^NEZUELA reports receipts of 1,170,968
bolivars during the second half of 1918, and expenditures for the
same period of 428,366, leaving a net profit of 761,602 bolivars, of
which 15 per cent was set aside for the securities fund, 10 per cent
for the reserve fund, 10 per cent for furnishings, 4 per cent for divi-
dends, and the remainder for a surplus for the first half of 1919.
^
INTERNATIONAL
^ TREATIES %.
BOLIVIA-VENEZUELA.
By an exchange of diplomatic notes February 15 and 18, a CON-
VENTION CONCERNING DIPLOIMATIC MAILS was agreed
upon between BOLIVIA and VENEZUELA for the accommoda-
tion of the legations in Caracas and La Paz. According to the terms
of the treaty, diplomatic mails are to be inviolable and to be trans-
ported free of charge over whatever mail routes the two countries
have, no package to exceed 15 kilograms in weight.
UNITED STATES.
By an agreement of August 23, 1918, ratifications of which were
exchanged in Washington December 13 of the same year, the Gov-
ernments of the UNITED STATES and JAPAN have agreed to
extend for another period of five years, beginning August 24, 1918,
the ARBITRATION CONVENTION concluded between them on
May 5, 1908, which previously had been extended for five years by
an agreement of June 28, 1913, upon the expiration of the term
originally stipulated for its duration.
112808— 19— Bull. 4 7
466
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
URUGUAY.
On February 11,1919, ratifications of the TREATY OF GENERAL
OBLIGATORY ARBITRATION were exchanged between URU-
GUAY and GREAT BRITAIN in Montevideo, as subscribed to
April 18, 1918.
On December 16, 1918, ratifications were exchanged in Monte-
video of the TREATY OF GENERAL OBLIGATORY ARBI-
TRATION agreed upon in 1914 between URUGUAY and ITALY.
BOLIVIA.
By a presidential decree of January 31 the CONSOLIDATION OF
RUBBER PROPERTIES and perfecting of their titles, which by a
law of November 8, 1917, the owners were directed to make in parcels
of 75 hectares per "estrada" was prescribed for the territory of
Colonias to be made before the land tax commission. The proprie-
tors are to present their titles to the commission within the peremp-
tory period fixed. The original proceedings and decisions of the coni-
mission will be submitted to the national delegation, whose final
decision will be conveyed to the minister of colonization, who will
in turn file the necessary documents in the national registry of con-
cessions at cost of the party interested. The grantees of rubber
estates who do not present their titles within the time prescribed by
the commission will lose their right to resurvey and to subsequent
claims, the commission being authorized to render judgment by de-
fault, in accordance with the evidence received from the notary's
office from the delegation in the northwest. When the task is ac-
complished in Colonias, the commission will institute the same pro-
ceedings in the departments of Beni and Santa Cruz.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
By an Executive decree of the 21st of February last the military
Government has established the following modifications in the com-
mercial code of the Republic: (1) Companies heretofore denomi-
nated companias anonimas (corporations) wiU hereafter be known
as companias por acciones. Such companies as desire to change
their names in accordance with the new nomenclature will do so in
conformity with the statutes of the code which stipulate the method
LEGISLATION. 467
for making changes in names of corporations. (2) Articles 29 and
30 of the commercial code are repealed. (3) The companias por
acciones may adopt whatever names the partners choose, providing
that no company by the same name has been estabhshed already, and
providing it contain the term compania por acciones or the letters C.
por A. (4) The names of companies of hmited partnership shall contain
the letters C. en C. por A. (5) Article 42 of the code is modified to
read : In announcements and advertisements companias por acciones
or companies of hmited partnerships will use their legal names as
well as the ones by which they are generally known, and if they have
exercised the prerogatives granted by article 62 of the code they
shall add the words "De capital variable" (variable capital). (6)
All companias por acciones and companies of hmited partnership are
to be regarded as commercial, whatever may be their object as set
forth in their rules and by-laws.
HAITI.
On February 26, 1919, a law was promulgated estabhshing a
NATIONAL BOAED OF PUBLIC HYGIENE. Accordmg to the
law this board wiU control aU existing boards of pubhc health,
quarantine, hospitals, etc.
A law promulgated on December 16 last, and pubhshed in the
official newspaper on March 1, 1919, places the PRISONS under the
direction of the gendarmerie and estabhshes new rules regardmg
the treatment of prisoners.
NICARAGUA.
By a recent legislative enactment which will go into effect Janu-
ary 1, 1920, FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION must
be conducted by officials resident within the country. Owing to
the nature of their mission, representatives of the Vatican are
exempt from the rulmg. Neither does it apply to diplomatic agents
already recognized with residence outside of Nicaragua, but then-
successors must comply with it. The decree includes consular
agents also.
By legislation of January 2 it was enacted that the presidency and
vice presidency of the SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE wiU be
held in succession for one year, begmning January 1, 1919, by the
justices alternating in the order of their election.
The appellate court and corresponding offices will be regulated in
the same manner.
URUGUAY.
A presidential decree of January 22 authorizes the insurance of
NATIONAL REALTY in the State Securities Bank (Banco de
468 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Segiiros del Estado) against fire. By the same decree automobiles,
trucks, and other vehicles for motor transportation in the service
of public works are also insured against aU loss, risk, and liability
for damages.
On February 1 the President of the Kepublic promulgated the
law passed by congress on January 23 relative to MILITARY
RANK.
Rules governmg DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVES IN
CHARGE OF LEGATIONS in the absence of accredited diplomats
were fixed on February 11 of this year. According to the rulings
the person lq charge ad interim is entitled to 50 per cent of the
regular diplomatic disbursements, and the fuU rent and expenses
of the house assigned to the accredited diplomat during the entire
term he remams in charge.
The OLD-AGE PENSION LAW, passed by congress February
10 was promulgated on the 11th. According to its terms, every
person 60 years of age or older, who is totally incapacitated for
self-support, is to receive from the State a minimum pension of 96
pesos annually or its equivalent in direct or indirect assistance.
Foreigners or naturalized citizens must have lived in the country
at least 15 years in order to enjoy the pension. To meet the
pensions, taxes have been fixed for owners of real estate worth not
less than 200,000 pesos, employers of laborers, and on imported or
domestic playing cards, certain liquors, and imported wines.
A law of January 14 provides that the discoverer of a new use
for national resources or of the most profitable use thereof shall
hold the INDUSTRIAL RIGHTS OF EXPLOITATION of such
resources for a time and according to the conditions established in
the law of November 13, 1885. Such persons as find an industrial
use for parasitic plants or animals deemed injurious to agriculture
or stock raising and which have been considered a pest, may have
the privilege extended for an additional period equal to half the
time originally allotted them.
^
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
kANDEDUCATION;
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
The Argentine Government has offered six SCHOLARSHIPS
TO NICARAGUAN STUDENTS through the Government of
Nicaragua. Two of the scholarships are for the school of agricul-
ture of Tucuman and four for the school of agriculture at Mendoza.
Sefior Jorge Duchout, consulting engineer of the College of Physi-
cal, Natural, and Exact Sciences of Buenos Aires has made a
DONATION OF 2,500 volumes to the library of the institution.
The faculty has voted to keep the books in a special section known
by the name of the donor.
BOLIVIA.
The chamber of deputies recently authorized the expenditure
of a sum of money for the establishment of a SCHOOL OF PAR-
LIAMENTARY STENOGRAPHY in La Paz. The bill was passed
owing largely to the influence of the chief clerk, Senor Agustni
de Rada. The school was established February 1, 1919, with courses
in shorthand, parliamentary composition, etc.
A presidential decree of January 24 last, provides for closer rela-
tions between the School of Arts and Crafts of Cochabamba, in
which there is a COLTRSE IN SILK CULTURE, and the silkworm
growers of the country. The board of directors of the school w^ill
furnish proper seeds to mulberry tree growers who have demon-
strated their efficiency.
After receiving the degree of bachelor. Miss Amelia Chopitea
Villa has registered in the College of Medicme, where she is the
first WOML\N TO STUDY MEDICINE in Bolivia.
The Argentine Government has granted eight fellowships to
Bolivian students in schools of agriculture and three for technical
schools. One student will be selected from every department of
Bolivia for the former scholarships, and the three latter will be
given to young men from the districts of Chuquisaca, La Paz, and
Santa Ciaiz.
Recently a YOUNG WOMEN'S ACADEMY was established
in the city of Potosi with a limited number of students. At the
completion of the course given in secondary instruction the title
of bachelor will be conferred.
469
470 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
CHILE.
The executive board of the SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY AND
CLINIC HOSPITAL which has recently been established by pri-
vate funds and fiscal aid in Concepci6n has opened university courses
in the following subjects: First-year dentistry, industrial chemistry?
first-year pharmacy, preparatory course in higher mathematics,
and first-year pedagogy (in English).
DOMINICAN EEPUBLIC.
By presidential decree of February 24, 1919, the AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATION was declared a public utility and its ex-
pansion was provided for, to be conducted under the direction of
the department of agriculture and immigration. The land necessary
for its enlargement will be purchased or condemned by legal methods.
According to a report of the secretary of agriculture and immigra-
tion the Government is taking necessary steps preliminary to the
establishment of a COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE on land joining
the experimental station in the city of Santo Domingo. The build-
ing to be erected will accomodate 36 or 40 students, one being sent
from every province annually to take advantage of the training here
offered. These students will have only their board and laundry to
pay for, since the Government is to defray the expenses of the three-
year course, including therefor instruction, general equipment, books,
etc. The college will operate in connection with the adjoining experi-
mental station, the advantages of which will be of great benefit to
the students.
A SCHOOL OF COMMERCE has been established in Santo
Domingo under the direction of Senor Miguel A. Pardo. Bookkeep-
ing, commercial and general arithmetic, English, Spanish grammar,
shorthand, and typewriting will be among the branches taught.
GUATEMALA.
The Government has issued the following regulations concerning
the "ESTRADA CABRERA UNIVERSITY" recently founded by
governmental decree : All higher professional instruction will be super-
vised by the national university and the corresponding faculties.
The university wiU be governed by a superior council, composed of
the president, elected by the professors, and the deans of the several
colleges. The university for the present wiU be made up of the
colleges of law, social and political sciences, medicine and surgery,
mathematics, natural sciences and pharmacy, philosophy, literature,
and speculative sciences, and agronomy. Every college will have a
board of directors for internal government. Aside from the inspec-
tion of professional instruction, the superior council will determine
the branches to be taught by the various professors and will formu-
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION AND EDUCATION. 471
late the university rules. The colleges are separate and distinct and
independent in internal administration.
Senor Lie. Don Mariano Cruz and Senor Lie. Don Salvador FaUa
were elected PRESIDENT and VICE PRESIDENT, respectively,
OF THE ESTRADA CABRERA UNIVERSITY.
HAITI.
Under date of February 25, 1919, the secretary of public instruction
issued the new RULES AND REGULATIONS governing the direc-
tion and administration of the lycees nationaux (high schools).
These rules and regulations were published in Le Moniteur, the
Haitien official gazette, of March 8, 1919.
HONDURAS.
By a presidential decree of February 1, 1919, 31 young men from
various towns of the Republic were given SCHOLARSHIPS to
study pedagogy in the men's normal school of Tegucigalpa. They
have agreed to serve the Government in whatever capacity desig-
nated upon graduation. It is probable that they will be sent to
teach in the primary schools of their native cities for a length of
time equal to that spent in studies at governmental expense.
NICARAGUA.
The President has authorized the sending of Senor Pedro J. Cerna
Martinez to the LMted States at the expense of the Government
TO STUDY MEDICINE, making a specialty of public and house-
hold hygiene.
By legislation of the 7th of February, $2,000 has been appropriated
for the establishment of a YOUNG LADIES' SEMINARY in
Managua under the direction of some religious order. The money
will be presented to the committee of young women organized for the
purpose of founding the school.
By legislative enactment of February 7 the Executive was author-
ized to send Senor Alejandro Alonso Rochi abroad at Government
expense to study PAINTING in the centers of fine arts.
PERU.
In order to foster primary education and encourage all children
of school age to matriculate in governmental or private schools, and
thus generalize the advantages of early education, now enjoyed by
only a small number of children, the President has issued a decree
creating NATIONAL JUVENILE GUARDIANSHIP, providing that
in the capital of every department or coast province a guardianship
board be organized, in charge of a president, two vice presidents,
three members, a treasurer, and a secretary, all of these officers to be
women. This board will have entire governing control.
472 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
By a vote of tlie general directorate of public instruction a course
of studies preparatory to professional education is to be established
in the WOMEN'S NORMAL SCHOOL OF LIMA.
A PRACTICAL SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE has been estab-
lished in Santa Maria district of the Campina de Huacho, in which
free practical instruction in agricultural subjects will be given to
residents of that section. The system of instruction to be employed
is practical and intensive.
The press of Lima announces that the art of teaching MUSICAL
SHORTHAND, by which any musical conception of a composer may
be transcribed to paper with the velocity of thought itself, was
introduced by Senor Esteban M. Caceres, the Peruvian professor of
music and author of various interesting articles on the teaching of
music and esthetics. The theory of musical shorthand was com-
pletely unknown until very recently.
SALVADOR.
The SCHOOL OF GRAPHIC ARTS reports an enrollment of 313
pupils in the year 1918, with an average attendance of 190. During
the same year one diploma was granted in topographical drawing,
two in photoengraving, and two in typewriting.
ARGENTINA.
The President of the Republic officially received Senor Dr. Don
Amador del Solar, MINISTER FROM PERU, late in February.
The President of the Buenos Aires charities association (Sociedad
de Beneficiencia de Buenos Aires) has been notified that Senorita
Dona Angela Massini de Silveyra left in her will a LEGACY OF
300,000 pesos in trust to the association, to be administered for
the foundlings asylum and the hospitals of the city. The amount
will shortly be delivered to the association.
The Syndical Chamber of Commerce of Buenos Aires has pre-
sented to its President, Senor Eugenio C. Noe, an ALBUM signed by
over 500 of the leading industrial and commercial men of the city,
in token of Senor Noe's efficient leaderehip and his zeal in everythmg
pertaining to the organization.
The director general of immigration reports the following statis-
tics in regard to IMMIGRATION in 1918: Passengers arrived from
beyond the sea, 5,096; from Montevideo, 59,274; total, 64,370,
GENERAL NOTES. 473
Immigrants from overseas, 13,701; from Montevideo, 36,961; total,
50,662. Of the oversea immigrants, 9,188 were Spaniards, 1,076
Argentinians, 855 Italians, 761 French, 320 Portuguese, 288 Bra-
zilians, 235 Russians, 195 North Americans, 169 English, and 614 of
various nationalities.
BOLIVIA.
On January 30 the President appointed Dr. Ismael Vazquez
mNISTER OF ADMNISTRATION AND JUSTICE.
The war department has named Dr. Claudio Sanjines T. DI-
RECTOR GENERAL OF SANITATION IN CANTONMENTS.
The minister of administration and justice has authorized Senor
Mario G. Araoz to publish a "CODE OF LAWS and important de-
crees of Bolivia," the district attorney of La Paz to be responsible
for the authenticity of the subject matter and its accuracy.
Senor Julio Zamora has been named minister plenipotentiarv on
SPECIAL MISSION TO THE UNITED STATES, to be accom-
panied by Senor Jorge de la Barra, attache.
BRAZIL.
The ARCILEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE OF
PERNA^IBUCO has been declared an institution of public utility
by recent legislation.
Senor Barbosa Lima and Senor Andrade Pinto have been elected
PRESIDENT and director of traffic, respectively, of the Brazilian
Lloj'd Line.
By legislative decrees, ratified by the president, the Brazdian
diplomatic representations in England and Italy have been raised to
EMBASSIES, beginning with the present year.
Press reports state that the population of the city of SAO PALT^O,
which in 1900 was 239,820, at the end of 1918 had reached 504,278—
an increase of 115 per cent in eight years. In 1900 there were 22,407
buildings in the city, valued at 33,306 contos (conto paper = $270
United States gold). In 1918 fuUy 55,356 buildings were reported,
valued at 89,456 contos.
CHILE.
The foUowing DIPLOJ^IATIC NO^NATIONS have been made
recently by the President: Don Emilio Bello Codesido, minister to
Bolivia; Don Diego Duble Urrutia, minister to Colombia; and Don
Julio Garces, minister to the Republics of Central America.
COLOMBIA.
According to the census recently completed the POPULATION
OF THE DEPARTMENT DEL VALLE is 274,800— an mcrease
of 70 per cent in the past six years. The capital city of Cali has a
population of 45,500.
474 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The centenary committee of Boyaca has opened a CONTEST
in the flower festivals ("Juegos Florales") in which three prizes will
be bestowed — one for the three best epic poems; another for the
best original treatise on some scientific, artistic, or industrial subject;
and the third for the most practical invention of any kind.
By a decree in accordance with law 60 of 1918 the PENAL
COLONY OF META is established for persons found guilty of
robbery in the Departments of Cundinamarca and Boyaca, the
District of Meta, and the comisariats of Arauca, Vichada, and Vaupes.
The President has issued orders for the establishment of TELE-
PHONE SERVICE between Bogota and the towns which the
administration general of telegraphs may determme, over existing
telegraph lines, the tolls for telephone messages and calls being the
same as those now collected for telegraphic service.
According to the statistical report of the MUNICIPAL STREET
RAILWAY OF BOGOTA, the number of passengers accommodated
in 1918 was 6,895,730; the gross receipts, $345,091; the expenditures,
$159,953; and the net income, $185,137.
The board of directors of the SABANA RAILWAY has ordered
the purchase of rolling stock and rails necessary for the extension
of the line to the Magdalena River.
The TOLIMA RAILWAY extension has proceeded beyond the
Gualanday slope, leaving only the Ibague plain to be traversed.
Although this plateau is at a higher elevation than any point between
Flandes and Gualanday, the minister of public works expects the
line to be completed to Tolima, the capital, by August 7, 1919.
The President has appomted a SPECIAL DIPLOMATIC MIS-
SION in Paris to represent Colombia at the Peace Conference and
League of Nations. The mission is composed of Dr. Ignacio Gutierrez
Ponce, minister from Colombia near Great Britain; Dr. Francisco J.
Urrutia, minister from Colombia near Switzerland ; and Dr. Antonio
Jose Restrepo, counselor of the latter legation.
VITAL STATISTICS of the city of MedeUm reveal a total of
2,357 births in 1918 and 1,935 deaths — an increase of 422 in the
population. During the same year 328 marriages were recorded.
On February 9 the new STATION OF MEDELLIN was formally
opened in the presence of the President of the Republic, who visited
the Department of Antioquia for the purpose of witnessing the
opening celebration.
The press of Colombia announces that in the Gaceta Oficial of
Bogota of October, 1852, the patent for the MANUFACTURE OF
SUBMARINE BOATS was published. The submarine was said to
be invented by Lambert Alexander, from whom the patent privileges
passed to Gen. Tomds Cipriano de Mosquerd; hence Colombia was
the first South American country to attempt the establishment of
submarine service.
GENERAL NOTES. 475
On February 22 the President of the Republic received the new
ENVOY EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENIPOTEN-
TIARY of the United States to Colombia, His Excellency, Mr. Hoff-
man Philips, in public audience.
By a presidential decree of February 19, Gen. Don Roman Gonzalez
Valencia, ex-President of the Republic and one of the leaders of the
conservative party, was appomted MINISTER PLENIPOTEN-
TIARY of Colombia to Venezuela.
COSTA RICA.
GENERAL ELECTIONS were held throughout the RepubUc
March 2, 1919, for members of congress and for mayors of the mimici-
pahties. The election was of especial interest inasmuch as very
important matters are tocomebefore the next congress and themunic-
ipal authorities, in accordance with the constitutional regulations
contained in the new ''Carta Fundamental" issued by congress two
years ago.
The municipality of Cartago has ordered a bronze BUST of Don
Jose Francisco de Peralta, the eminent priest of that city, to be exe-
cuted by Don Juan Ramon Bonilla, the Costa Rican sculptor. It is to
be placed in Central Park, Cartago.
The President has named Don Ricardo Mora Fernandez to succeed
Don Santiago GiieU as GOVERNOR OF THE PROVINCE OF
SAN JOSE in view of the resignation of the latter.
The following officials have been elected to the board of directors
of the RED CROSS OF COSTA RICA for the present year : Presi-
dent, Senor Francisco Segreda; vice president. Dr. Solon Niinez;
secretaries, Senors Elias Granados and Macabeo Vargas; attorney,
Senor Manuel Vicente Blanco; and treasurer, Senor Adriano Ari6.
Besides those named, there mil be 10 members of the governing board,
including young women and matrons.
The department of pubhc works has initiated a program prelim-
inary to the CONSTRUCTION and repair of bridges, roads, and
highways, which will %^ithout doubt contribute considerably to the
development of the country. Among other projects is that of an
automobile highway to extend from Alajuela to Cartago.
CUBA.
In an interview recently held between the President of the Republic
and the postmaster general it was agreed to estabhsh AERIAL
POSTAL SERVICE between la Habana and Santiago de Cuba.
The Government of Cuba is negotiating with the Governments of
Haiti, Dominican RepubUc, and Jamaica relative to the estabUsh-
ment of similar service between Habana, eastern Cuba, Kingston,
Haiti, and Santo Domingo. It is expected that powerful machines
for service on these routes wiU be ordered within a short time.
476 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Maj. Gen. Enoch H. Crowder, the distinguished military man and
lawyer, is at present in Habana with the purpose of revising the
ELECTORAL LAW framed by him during the Magoon administra-
tion.
The 1919 FINE ARTS ASSEMBLY was opened m the Academy
of Arts and Sciences on March 24 with an address by Dr. Jose M.
Collantes, who sketched briefly the history of the organization.
In Habana an ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN is being conducted
in the interests of the evening daily paper, La Nacion, founded by
Don Manuel Marquez Sterling, the journalist, who will continue as
its editor.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
By an order of the secretary of the interior and police, no official
or member of the military corps of the Republic may be connected
with MUNICIPAL INVESTIGATIONS, either officially or other-
wise, except upon the receipt of orders to that effect from the
secretary.
On February 28, 1919, the HIPPODROME of the city of Santo
Domingo was formally opened with horse races. The hippodrome,
measuring 850 by 20 meters, was erected by the Deportiva Stock
Company for sports of vaiious kinds. The stadium is surrounded by
comfortable benches and tiers of boxes.
Following orders from the Government of the United States,
Rear Admiral Thomas Snowden assumed charge of the military
government of Santo Domingo and the mihtary representation of
the United States in Haiti on February 25 last. The new governor
has declared the laws and regulations dictated by his predecessors
in force.
The founding of a NATIONAL COLONY OF LEPERS under the
direction of the department of health of the interior and police was
authoiized by a law of February 15, 1919, and the sum of $80,000
gold appropriated for its establishment.
On February 15 the estabhshment of a NATIONAL PENITEN-
TIARY was ordered, the institution to be under the direction of the
secretary of justice and public instruction. An appropriation of
$100,000 was made to cover the cost of construction.
The superior council, provincial delegations, and alternate delega-
tions of the MEDICAL BOARD were dissolved by a decree of Feb-
ruary 6, 1919. The duties formerly exercised by them will now be
performed by the superior health commission, the chief officials of
the various provinces, and by the health officials of the distiict.
The board of directors of the COLLEGE OF LAW has been ap-
pointed as follows: President, Lcdo. Francisco J. Peynado; vice
president, Lcdo. Enrique Enriquez; librarian, Lcdo. M. de J.
Troncoso de la Concha; treasurer, Lcdo. Ramon O. Lavaton; secre-
tary, Lcdo. Joaquin E. Salazar; and assistant secretary, Lcdo.
Eudaldo Troncoso.
GENERAL NOTES. 477
ECUADOR.
Most of the material has arrived in Guayaquil for the WIRELESS
TELEGRAPH system for which the Government of Ecuador con-
tracted with the French Radio Electric Co. (Sociedad Radio Elec-
trica Francesa). The remainder of the material will arrive shortly,
together with the engineers who are to install the plant.
The municipal council of Quito has voted to receive bids foi the
construction of an ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER PLANT from
native and foreign concerns. The city is ready to establish the plant
either directly as a municipal public work, itself carrying out the
plans agreed upon and contracting for machinery and necessary
materials, or through some private company, in which case the city
would become a stockholder in whatever company might be organ-
ized to carry through the enterprise.
On February 11 the President appointed Senor Don Miguel G
Hurtado MINISTER OF THE TREASURY.
Don Rafael Andrado Lala, captain in the Ecuadorean Navy, has
invented an apparatus of great importance in nautical enterprises,
which he patented in the United States after a series of successful
trials. The ECUADORIAN INVENTION provides vessels with
an apparatus that verifies automatically the course the ship is to
take, as predetermined before sailing, while a signal or signals will
give warning of deviation from tliis course to the captain without
knowledge of the under officials. Such a mechanism will make
accidental or criminally intentional deviations impossible and in-
sures the safety of passengers and crew.
At present 621 day laborers are at work on the Tumbaco section
of the QUITO-ESMERALDAS RAILWAY and on the northern
section, 515.
The Rev. Dr. Manuel Maria Polit succeeded the late Bishop Gon-
zalez Suarez as ARCHBISHOP OF QUITO on January 21, 1919.
Having received an invitation to take part in the Congress of
American History to be held in Rio in 1922, the Ecuadorian Society
of History has opened a CONTEST for the best theses presented
by its members upon the following topics: "Prehistoric Ages,"
"Colonial History," "Independence," and "The Republic." The
works which receive the prize in this contest as weU as the report
of the society will be presented at the Congress in Rio.
The sum of 3,500 pesos is to be appropriated fortnightly for the
completion of the SEWER SYSTEM and potable water supply now
under construction in the capital.
GUATEMALA.
Senor Don Jose Rodriguez Cerrea has been appointed CONSUL
GENERAL of the Repubhc of Guatemala in San Francisco, Calif.
The firm of Charles E. Doddige & Co., of New York, proposes to
invest $20,000,000 gold in the RECONSTRUCTION OF GUATE-
478 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
MALA. The company will build houses costing from $1,000 to
$200,000 or more, so that any person may buy a home upon the pay-
ment of 10 per cent of the total price of the house, the remainder
to be paid in installments extending over a long period.
By a presidential decree of February 21, 1919, the suspension of
INDIVIDUAL SECUKITIES created by decree No. 735 was ordered.
HAITI.
M. Andre Faubert, who has been appointed CONSUL GENERAL
of Haiti in New York, left Port au Prince a few days ago for the
United States to enter upon his new duties.
HONDURAS.
In February the NEW PUBLICATION known as the Revista
Cientifico-Militar, the official organ of the military academy of
Tegucigalpa, was. put in circulation. The magazine is edited by
the officers of the institution and will publish articles written by
professors of the academy upon subjects of interest and use to the
students, and is designed to take the place of a textbook in courses
where an adequate text is lacking.
The minister of war in the yearly report just published gives an
account by Col. Pedro Rivas, professor of geography, military his-
tory of Central America, and military history of Honduras in the
military academy, concerning the SCIENTIFIC EXCURSION
conducted by students of the institution in March and April, 1918, to
the ruins of Tenampua and the Valley of Comayagua. Valuable
geographical and archeological data are embraced in the report.
The municipalities of the Republic will contribute toward the
erection of a MONUMENT TO LAVARRE in the capital of Guate-
mala as their share in the celebration of the first centenary of Central
American independence. It will be remembered that Don Mariano
de Lavarre was the ''first mayor" of Gautemala City when he pro-
claimed the freedom of the country on September 15, 1821.
On February 12, 1919, Don Andres Soriano was appointed MIN-
ISTER OF WAR AND THE NAVY. Until recently Col. Soriano
held the post of consul general of Honduras in New York.
The Vaccaro Bros. Co. is about to establish a POSTAL AERIAL
SERVICE between Honduras, Nicaragua, and the United States.
The city of Tegucigalpa, the Honduran capital, is to be the base of
the new service.
By a decree of January 25, 1919, the President declared the death
of Dr. Francisco J. Mejia, secretary of state, an occasion for NA-
TIONAL MOURNING. Dr. Mejia had also been minister of war and
navy and minister of administration and justice.
NICARAGUA,
According to the terms of a contract signed between the munici-
pality of Managua and Senor Malcolmson, work is soon to be begun
GENERAL NOTES. 479
on the ^lACADAiVIIZED PAVING OF THE STREETS OF
MANAGUA. The work will be under the direction of Senor Hocke,
a prominent engineer, and it is estimated that 150 yards per day
may be completed.
On December 31, 1917, the POPULATION OF NICARAGUA
was 746,000. At that time Managua had a population of 41,538
and a rural population of 17,462; Leon an urban population of 73,520
and rural of 17,007; and Granada an urban population of 20,133 and
rural of 8,211.
The minister of public works has named a committee to make a
detailed investigation of the WATERFALLS on the Mico, San Jose
de los Remates, Murra, and other rivers with the object of obtaining
electric power for various industrial establishments which it is pro-
posed to establish in the cities of Managua, Masaya, Granada, and
Rivas, providing the water power be found sufficient to warrant
their installation.
The following delegation is representing Nicaragua in Paris at
the PEACE CONFERENCE: Don Salvador Chamorro, delegate;
Don Pedro Cabrera and Don Carlos Chamorro Bernard, secretaries;
Don Luis N. Jimenez, attache; and Dr. Salvador Guerrero, consulting
counselor.
PARAGUAY.
Senor don Silvano Mosqueira, ex charge d'affaires from Paraguay
to Brazil, has been named by the President for CHIEF OF THE
POLITICAL-DIPLO^L\TIC SECTION of the ministry of foreign
relations.
A recent presidential decree fixes the CEREMONY for the recep-
tion of diplomatic representatives accredited by foreign powers
before the National Government.
PERU.
The President has made further stipulations to the decree of
July 31, 1846, concerning the UNIFORM TO BE WORN BY
DIPLOMATIC AND CONSLTAR AGENTS OF PERU. According
to the late decree, all such representatives, of whatever rank, are to
wear, as a social uniform, a dark blue dress coat with lapel of the
same material, velvet collar of the same color, gold buttons bearing
the arms of the Republic, white waistcoat with similar buttons of a
smaller size, and trousers of the same color as the coat.
The general national budget is hereafter to include an item of
1,150 pounds gold for the UCAYALI MISSIONS.
On February 23, 1919, an enthusiastic PUBLIC GATHERING
IN HONOR OF PRESIDENT WILSON was held in Lima under the
auspices of the Peruvian Federation of Students. Committees from
laboring and manufacturing centers, guilds, recreational organizations,
and representatives of the principal business houses of the country
were present.
480 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Dr. Amador F. del Solar and Dr. Vicator Andres Belaiinde have
been named envoys extraordinary and MINISTERS PLENIPO-
TENTIARY to the Republics of Argentina and Uruguay, respectively.
SALVADOR.
Dr. Don Pio Romero Bosque, Dr. Don Francisco Martinez Suarez,
and Dr. Don Baltazar Estupillan were elected first, second, and third
vice presidents respectively, for the year 1919 by the national legis-
lative assembly, according to constitutional procedure.
President Melendez's CABINET is composed of the following
members: Minister of foreign relations, justice, public instruction,
and charity, Dr. Juan Francisco Paredes; minister of administration,
industry, and agriculture. Dr. Miguel Tomas Molina; minister of the
treasury and public credit, Don Jose E, Suay; and minister of war
and the navy, Dr. Pio Romero Bosque.
UEUGUAY.
On February 13, 1919, the envoy extraordinary and MINISTER
PLENIPOTENTIARY OF COLOMBIA, Senor Dr. Roberto Ancizar,
was received in public audience before the Uruguayan Government.
A decree of January 17 delegates various new functions to the
MINISTRIES of public instruction, industries, and public works.
In virtue of the dispositions of the law of May 15, 1911, the OFFICE
OF TELEGRAPHIC CODES AND COMMUNICATIONS is to be
under the direction of the ministry of the interior.
The President has ruled that a CONGRESS OF INSPECTORS
employed by the national bureau of labor shall be held during the
fore part of February in Montevideo annually.
A presidential decree of February 1 1 establishes the rules governing
DIPLOMATIC OFFICIALS in charge of legation offices.
A commission composed of the president of the press association
and various other competent persons has been selected to pass upon
the artistic value of the model of the MONUMENT to be erected to
the Baron de Rio Branco in Montevideo. The model under con-
sideration is the work of the Uruguayan sculptor, Senor Pablo Mane.
In accordance with the law by which the department of MILITARY
JUSTICE was reorganized, the higher officials have been selected for
the supreme court of justice, the superior council of war and navy,
and the permanent war council, created by that law.
Work on the President Wilson drive (Rambia Presidente Wilson),
begun late last year, is proceeding rapidly and it is predicted that this,
one of the widest thoroughfares of the territory, connecting all the
beaches on the east coast, Ramirez, Pocitos, Buceo,, Malvin, and
Carrasco, will increase the popularity of the district with tourists and
compare favorably with European boulevards.
GENERAIi NOTES. 481
In spite of the scarcity of materials and their high prices, the
bureau of municipal works of Montevideo issued 5,062 BUILDING
PERMITS during the past year.
Volumes VII and VIII of the REVISTA DEL AKCHIVO GEN-
ERAL ADMINISTRATIVO have been published. The contents wUl
be of great value to students of Uruguayan history.
The section charged with the VERIFICATION OF CONSULAR
DOCUMENTS last year examined 121,601 documents, which, after
being reviewed by them, were copied in the special registers kept by
the section.
By a presidential decree issued January 31, 1919, the SECOND
CHILDREN'S CONGRESS OF AJMERICA, previously postponed, is
to be held in Montevideo May 18 to 25. The governments of all the
American nations will be notified to this effect.
VENEZUELA.
By a presidential decree of February 19, 1919, Dr. Jose Santiago
Rodriguez is made AGENT OF THE REPUBLIC ON A SPECIAL
MISSION to the United States and Europe, with the object of study-
ing the economic conditions of international commerce and maritime
transportation in the several countries he visits. The press of
Caracas considers Dr. Rodriguez's mission of the utmost importance
to the economic future of his country.
On February 20 last the LEGISLATURES of the various States
were convened and the elections of corresponding administrative
sections were held.
A COUNSELLOR OF THE LEGATION has been appointed to
the Venezuelan legation in Switzerland, and a special minister
plenipotentiary with extraordinary powers in Colombia, to which post
Dr. Caracciolo Parra Perez has been appointed.
Dr. Isaac Capriles, former fiscal inspector of the banks of Caracas
and Venezuela, has been made POSTI^IASTER GENERAL.
A STATLTE TO DON FRANCISCO ANTONIO ZEA, Colombian
writer and patriot, has been erected in Bolivar City in commemoration
of the first centenary of the congress of Angostura, of which he was
president.
Senor Henry Lord Boulton, one of the most prominent business men
of Venezuela, has recently presented an excellent ASTRONOMICAL
INSTRUMENT, made at a famous factory of astronomical and
meteorological instruments in Dublin, Ireland, to the National
Government, together with the observatory dome. The instrument
consists of an equatorial telescope of 450 magnitude, the lens being 8
inches in diameter. Senor Boulton has for some years interested him-
self in astronomy and it was owing chiefly to him that the astro-
nomical and meteorological observatory was established on the Colina
Cajigalof Independencia Avenue in Caracas in 1888.
112808— 19— Bull. 4 8
REPORTS RECEIVED TO MARCH 12, 1919.
Title.
ARGENTINA.
Imports of coke during the last eight years, 1910-1917
Requirements for the practice of dentistry in Argentina
Market for tin plate in Rosario
Cotton in northern Argentina
Sugar-cane industry in Argentina
Argentine imports of textiles for 1917 and 3 months of 1918.
Market for toys and games in Argentina
Market for chemical products
Market for trunks, traveling bags, etc
Imports of raw cotton
Regarding the market for marine motors
Importation of cumin, anise, and other spice seeds .
BRAZIL.
Automobiles and trucks in southern Brazil
Annual fair at Rio de Janeiro
American International Steel Corporation authorized to operate
in Brazil.
American Railway Co. authorized to operate in Brazil
Statistics of imports and exports to and from Pernambuco,
Maceio, Cabedello, and Natal for 1916 and 1917.
Brick manufacture
Norwegian lumber company to operate in Brazil
Brazil Central Railway to install electric furnace for smelting
ferromanganese.
New Brazilian Colonization Co., organized
Castor bean crop
Market for saccharin .
Automobiles, market for. .
Stock raising in Colombia .
COSTA RIGA.
Coffee industry in Costa Rica
Tobacco crop report
CUBA.
Imports of caustic soda and soda ash during 1918.
Fiber known as "Lengua del Vaca"
Market for steel office equipment
Market f oi tractors
Lumber market
Paper imports
ECUADOR.
Manganese mines in Ecuador
End of peonage in Ecuador, decree of Oct. 20, 1918
HONDURAS.
Telephone lines In district
Report on slaughtering cattle and preparation of beef for market
482
Date.
1918.
Nov. 13
Nov. 26
..do
..do
Dec. 5
Dec. 11
Dec. 14
Dec. 16
Dec. 18
Dec. 19
Dec. 27
1919.
Jan. 22
1918.
Nor. 29
Dec. 6
Dec. 11
..do
Dec. 13
Dec. 20
..do
..do
..do
Dec. 28
1919.
Feb. 3
..do.....
Feb. 17
Jan. 24
Jan. 25
Jan. 17
..do....
Jan. 21
..do....
Feb. 8
Feb. 10
1918.
Dec. 19
1919.
Jan. 16
1918.
Dec. 13
Dec. 19
Author.
W. Henry Robertson, consul
general at Buenos Aires.
Wilbert L. Bonney, consul
at Rosario.
Do.
Do.
Do.
W. Henry Robertson.
Wilbert L. Bonney.
Do.
Do.
W. Henry Robertson.
Do.
Do.
Samuel T. Lee, consul at
Porto Alegre.
Richard P. Momsen, vice
consul at Rio de Janeiro.
Do.
Do.
A. T. Haeberle, consul at
Pernambuco.
Do.
Richard P. Momsen.
Do.
Do.
Chas. L. Hoover, consul at
Sao Paulo.
Claude E. Guyant, consul at
Barranquilla.
Do.
A. J. Lespinasse, consul at
Cartagena.
Benjamin F. Case, consul at
San Jose.
Do.
Paul I. Clugston, vice consul
at Matanzas.
Do.
Do.
Charles S. Winans, consul at
Cienfuegos.
H. W. Harris, consul general
at Habana.
Geo. A. Makinson, consular
agent at Cardenas.
Frederic W. Coding, consul
general at Guayaquil.
Do.
John L. Bradley, consul at
Puerto Cortes.
Chas. N. Willard, consul at
Ceiba.
SUBJECT MATTER IN CONSULAR REPORTS.
Reports Received up to March 12, 1919 — Continued .
483
Title.
HONDUH AS— continued.
Opportunities for mail, order business between the Upited States
and Honduras.
Transportation facilities
MEXICO.
Commercial congress to be held in Mexico in April, 1919.
Large sale of ready-made clothing in State of Sonora
Market for saccharin
Market for tractors
Trade extension— commercial conditions, etc.
Road improvements in Monterey
Public reading room in Monterey; jotimals, books, catalogues,
or illustrated pamphlets wanted.
Public utilities at Monterey
Agriculture, fertilization of soil, etc
Jewelry
Textiles and cotton fabrics
Use of Cuban sugar in northern Mexico
NICAR.\.GUA.
Coffee industry in Nicaragua
Slaughtering of cattle and preparation of beef for market .
Price of grazing lands In Nicaragua
Cattle industry in Nicaragua
PANAMA. c
Coffee cultivation
Motor-car conditions in Panama
Imports of lumber, wood, and manufactures thereof for 1917.
PARAGUAY.
The climatic conditions of Asuncion
Concrete construction In Paraguay
Importation of lumber, and articles manufactured from wood
for 1916.
URUGUAY.
Congress of production in Uruguay
Telephone service at Montevideo
Central Uruguayan Railway not to change hands.
Dairy industry
Market for traveling luggage
Profit sharing in State industrial institutions ,
Bond issue in Uruguaj' ,
Bridge building in Uruguay
Reference to the sale of lightning rods in district. . .
VENEZUELA.
Commercial finance
Trade conditions and opportunities for trade development and
investment of capital m western Venezuela.
Trade and industrj- in consular district of Maracaibo
Venezuelan plans for pubUc works
Poor American packing of plate and sheet glass
Mining compames operating in district
Cement imports
Rope imports and prices
Regarding the market for steel products
Imports of drugs, medicines, chemicals, etc., 1917
Imports of heavy chemicals in district
Tramways in district
Date.
1919.
Jan. 2
Jan. 17
Jan. 6
Jan. 14
Jan. 15
Jan. 22
.do.
Jan. 28
Jan. 29
Jan. 31
Feb. 5
..do....
..do....
Feb. 7
Jan. 14
Jan. 18
Jan. .30
Jan. 31
Jan. 7
Jan. 11
Jan. 20
1918.
Nov. 28
Dec. 20
Dec. 23
Dec. 7
Dec. 9
..do
Dec. 12
Dec. 13
..do
Dec. 16
Dec. 17
Dec. 19
Author.
Dec. 7
Dec. 13
Dec. 30
1919
Jan. 10
..do
Jan. 18
Jan. 20
Jan. 23
Jan. 25
Jan. 26
Jan. 27
Jan. 29
John L. Bradley.
Do.
George L. Chamberlain, con-
sul general at Mexico City.
Bartley F. Yost, consul at
Guayamas.
Do.
Claude I. Dawson, consul at
Tampicio.
W. E. Chapman, consul at
Mazatlan.
Wilbur T. Gracey, consul at
Monterey.
Do.
Do.
W. E. Chapman, consul at
Mazatlan.
Do.
Do.
Edward A. Dow, consul at
Ciudad Juarez.
John O. Sanders, consul at
Bluefields.
Andrew J. McConnico, con-
sul at Corinto.
John O. Sanders.
Do.
Julius D, Dreher, consul at
Colon.
Alban G. Snyder, consul gen-
eral at Panama.
Do.
Hem-y H. Balch, consul at
Asuncion.
Do.
Do.
William Dawson, consul at
Montevideo.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Homer Brett, consul at La
Guaira.
Emil Sauer, consul at Mara-
caibo.
Do.
Homer Brett.
Do.
Emil Sauer.
Do.
Homer Brett.
Emil Sauer.
Homer Brett.
Emil Sauer.
Frank -Vnderson Henry,
consul at Puerto Cabello.
484 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
REPORTS RECEIVED UP TO APRIL 4, 1919.
Subject.
Date.
Author.
ARGENTINA.
Exportation of potatoes and beans permitted
Conccmins; the market for player pianos and player music rolls. .
American bank at Rosario
Approved plans for grain elevators— translation of the decree of
Dec. 10, 1918.
OiBcial estimate of areas under cereals, peanuts, and cotton
Road race at Rosario
Market for bakers' machinery in Rosario
Norwegian bank for Argentina - - •
Exemptions from Executive decree regulating the exportation
of metals, manufactures, etc., under law No. 9R52.
Destination of Argentina's principal exports for 1918
Argentine foreign trade during the first half of 1918 with special
reference to imports of textiles.
BRAZIL.
Dissolution of Rio de Janeiro labor union
Assets of Brazilian banks show increase
British engineering mission to visit Brazil
Financial statement of Dutch foreign bank in Rio de Janeiro
Standing army of Brazil limited for the coming year, decree of
Jan. 6, 1919.
Activities of Government bank in Rio de Janeiro
New patent regulation of Brazilian Government
Budget of expenditures of Brazilian Government during year 1919
Brazilian college to teach English
New bids are opened for furnishing coal for central railways of
Brazil.
Brazilian diamond mining company organized
Congress of Brazil passes workingmen's compensation law (trans-
lation of decree No. 3,724 of Jan. 15, 1919).
Possible new steamship line between Brazil and Holland
Brazil nut crop
American corporation to operate in Brazil
Tin-can industry in Brazil
Brazilian Government aids in importing thoroughbred animals ..
COLOMBIA.
Increase in import duties
Collector ofciistoms at Cartagena instructed to receive American
gold coin in payment of duties.
COSTA RICA.
Market for dairy macliinery undeveloped
Motion-picture theaters ,
CUBA.
Sale of the equipment of the West-India Sugar Co., an American
concern, to a Cuban company.
Sancti Spiritus electric railway project ,
The imports of gunny sacks for sugar during 1917
Meat-packing plants — stock raising
ECUADOR.
Census and Statistical Office for Guayaquil
Commerce and industries for month of January, 1919
GUATEMALA.
1918.
Dec. 16
Dec. 26
Dec. 27
Dec. 28
1919.
Jan. 4
Jan. 7
Jan. 10
..do....
Jan. 14
Jan. 31
Feb. I
1918.
Dec. 5
1919.
Jan. 2
Jan. 4
Jan. 8
...do....
...do....
Jan. 10
...do....
Jan. 11
Jan. 17
Market for structural steel.
Coffee plantations
Jan. 23
..do....
Feb. 4
Feb. 5
Feb. 13
Feb. 14
Feb. 17
Jan. 23
Feb. 5
Feb. 6
Feb. 11
Feb.
..do...
Feb. 18
Feb. 19
Jan. 31
Feb. 10
Feb. 12
Feb. 18
W. Henry Robertson, consul
genera! at Buenos Aires.
Wilbert L. Boimey, consul
at Rosario.
Do.
W. Henry Robertson.
Do.
Wilbert L. Bonney.
Do.
W. Henrv Robertson.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Richard P. Momsen, vice
consul at Rio de Janeiro.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Geo. H. Pickerell, consul at
Para.
Do.
Augustus I. Hasskarl, vic«
consul in charge at Rio de
Janeiro.
Do.
Do.
Claude E. Guyant, consul at
Barranquilla.
A. J. Lespinasse, consul at
Cartagena.
Stewart E. McMillan, consul
at Port Limon.
Do.
Charles S. Winans, consul at
Cienfuegos.
Do.
Geo. A. Makinson, consular
agent at Cardenas.
John S. Calvert, consul at
Neuvitas.
Frederic W. Goding, consul
general at Guayaquil.
Do.
E. M. Lawton, consul at
Guatemala City.
Do.
SUBJECT MATTEB IN CONSULAR EEPOETS.
Reports Received up to April 4, 1919 — Continued.
485
Title.
Date.
Author.
HONDUBAS.
Annual report on commerce and industries of district .
MEXICO.
Lumber and cement in Monterey
American Chamber of Commerce at Monterey
Sale of machinery and hardware in district
Sale of automobile accessories in district
Market for candies
Decree modifying paragraph No. 64 — export duties . . .
Overland transportation in northwestern Chihuahua.
Possibility of manufacture of paper from white pine..
Annual report of district for 1918
Report on coal mining industry in district
Economic conditions in southern Sonora ,
Report regarding the irrigation of the Juarez valley .
NIC.VRAGU.\.
Mining companies of Nicaragua
The monetary unit of Nicaragua
Imports of chemicals, drugs, and medicines ,
P.VNAMA.
The coffee industry in Panama
PAKAGUAY.
Imports of belting for 1916, 1917, 1918
PEEU.
Annual report of Peruvian Corporation for 191S
American coal in Peru
VENEZtTELA.
Tramways in district
Discovery of newbalatA fields
Coffee crop in Puerto Cabello district
1919.
Feb. 10
Feb. 6
Feb. 8
Feb. 10
Feb. 14
...do....
Feb. 17
Feb. 19
..do....
Feb. 20
...do....
Imports of cotton goods for years 1916 and 1917
Regarding opportunities for capital and employment in Vene-
zuela
Mar. 5
Mar. 7
Jan. 29
Feb. 8
Feb. 15
Feb. 26
Jan. 30
Jan. 21
Jan. 29
Jan. 5
Jan. 29
Jan. 31
Feb. 5
Feb. 21
Chas. N. Willard, consul at
Ceiba.
Wilbur T. Gracey, consul at
Monterey.
Do.
Edward A. Dow, consul at
Ciudad Juarez.
Do.
Do.
Joseph "W. Rowe, vice consul
at Mexico City.
Edward A. Dow.
Do.
Do.
WilUam P. Blocker, vice
consul at Piedras Negras.
Hartley F. Yost, consul at
Guaymas.
Edward A. Dow.
A. J. McConnico, consul at
Corinto.
John O. Sanders, consul at
Blueflelds.
Do.
A. G. Snyder, consul general
at Panama.
Henry H. Balch, consul at
Asuncion.
William W. Handley, consul
at Lima.
Do.
EmU Sauer, consul at Mara-
caibo.
Homer Brett, consul at La
Guaira.
Frank Anderson Henry, con-
sul at Puerto Cabello,
Emil Sauer.
Homer Brett.
BOOK NOTES
[Continued from the March number of the Bulletin.]
UNITED STATES.
American library annual 1917-1918. Including list of American libraries of over
5,000 volumes; libraries of Latin America; library schools and short courses;
library and book-trade periodicals and organizations; book publication statistics;
etc. New York, R. R. Bowker Co., 1918. 43 p. 4°.
American newspaper annual and directory. A catalogue of American newspapers.
Philadelphia, N. W. Ayer & Son, 1919. maps. 1295 p. 4°.
Annual report, 1918. United Fruit Company, Medical department. Boston, Press of
Geo. H.Ellis Co., 1919. 73 p. 8°.
Annual report of the Philadelphia Museums. The Commercial Museum. For the
year 1915.
Report for the years 1916 and 1917. 4°. 2 pamps.
Appropriations, new offices, etc. 1918-1919. Sixty-fifth Congress, first session,
April 2, 1917, to October 6, 1917. Second session, December 3, 1917, to November
21, 1918. Washington, G. P. O., 1918. 808 p. 4°.
Are you ready for peace? (Printed December 5, 1918.) Reprints from the standard
daily trade service. New York, Standard Statistics Company, Inc. 64 p. 8°.
Cooperation as a necessity in developing foreign trade. An address before the Mis-
sissippi Valley Association foreign trade convention, New Orleans, La., January
13, 1919. By R. L. McKellar. no imprint. 8 p. 8°.
Facilidades ofrecidas a los estudiantes extranjeros en los colegios y universidadee de
los Estados Unidos la America del Norte. Por Samuel Paul Capen. Traducido
bajo la direcci6n de la divisi6n inter- Americana de la asociaci6n Arnericana para
la conciliaci6n internacional por Carmen Torres Calder6n de Pinillos. Wash-
ington, Imprenta de Gobierno, 1919. illus. 222 p. 8°. (Oficina de Educa-
ci6n. Boletin, 1918. No. 16. Price, 20 cents.)
If the war ended to-morrow where would you be? (Printed Oct. 21, 1918.) Reprints
from the standard daily trade service. New York, Standard Statistics Company,
Inc. 1918. 54 p. 8°.
Latin-American export company. St. Paul, Minn. 7 p. 8°. [Prospectus of the
company.]
Official report of the fifth national foreign trade convention. Held at the Hotel
Gibson, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 18, 19, 20, 1918. . . . New York. Issued
by the secretary National Foreign Trade Convention Headquarters, 1918. xxx,
667 p. 8°. ^. ,
Patterson's American educational directory, Vol. XV. . . . Compiled and edited
by Homer L. Patterson. Chicago-New York, American Educational Directory
Co., 1918. iv, 908 p. 8°. Price, $6.
Report on the international exchange service. Under the direction of the Smith-
sonian institution. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1918. Washington,
G. P. O., 1919. 10 p. 8°.
Second report of the Provost Marshal General to the secretary of war on the operation
of the selective service system to December 20, 1918. Washington, G. P. O.,
1919. xiv, 607 p. 8°.
Thomas's register of American manufacturers and first hands in all lines. The largest
classified reference book in the world; the only one in the United States covering
all lines. New York, Thomas Publishing Co., 1919. xx, 920 p. 4°,
Viaje al pais de la libertad. Por M. Luis Jacolliot. Almacen del dla, Bogota. 20 de
Julio 1910. 102 p. 8°.
VENEZUELA.
Divi8i6n politico territorial del Distrito Federal desde su creaci6n en 1864 hasta hoy.
Caracas, Imp. Bolivar, 1917. 22 p. 8°.
La enseiianza del castellano. [Por] Jesus Semprum. Caracas, Tip. Americana, 1916.
61 p. 8°. . .
Estadfstica mercantil y maritima; semestre de Julio a Diciembre de 1917. Edici6n
oficial. Ministerio de hacienda, Caracas, Empresa El Cojo, 1918. 129 p. 4°.
Influencia del elemento venezolano en la independencia de la America Latma. Por
el Doctor Pedro Manuel Arcaya, 1911. Caracas, Imprenta Nacional, 1916. 20 p.
8°.
486
BOOK NOTES. 487
Ligeras apuntaciones sobre morfologia m^dica. Contribuci6n al estudiode loscuatro
tipos humanos en Venezuela. [Por] Jesiis Sanabria Bruzual. Caracas, 1919.
11 p. 8°.
Una vista a San Mateo el 25 de junio de 1916. Publicaci6n hecha baio los auspicios
del senor Doctor Ezequiel A. Vivas. Caracas, Lit. y Tip. del Comercio, 1917.
front, port. pi. map. 15 p. 8°.
GENERAL BOOKS.
Actas memorias y proyectos de las sesiones de la Habana (Segunda reunion de
institute) 22 a 27 de enero de 1917. Institute Americano de Derecho Inter-
nacional. New York, Oxford University Press, 1918. xxxvi, 383 p. 4°.
America during and after the war. By Senor Don Ignacio Calderon. Washington,
1918. 8 p. 8°.
Asociacion internacional Americana. Los Estados Unidos ante las naciones Ameri-
canas. Discurso por Dr. Cesar Gondra, Buenos Aires, al 18 de octubre de 1917.
Buenos Aires, Talleres Jacobo Peuser, 1918. 8 p. 8°.
Beginners' French reader. By Peter J. Scherer. Yonkers-on-Hudson, World Book
Company, 1919. ix, 181 p. illus. 8°.
Catalogue of library of Brevet Lieutenant Colonel John Page Nicholson. Relating
to the war of the rebellion 1861-1866. Philadelphia, 1914. front. 1022 p. 4°.
Department of agriculture. Administration report of the acting director of agri-
culture for the year 1917. Trinidad and Tobago. Port au Spain. Printed at
the Government Printing Office, 1918. 56 p. 4°.
Effects of the war upon insurance, with special reference to the substitution of
insurance for pensions. By William F. Gephart. New York, Oxford Univer-
sity Press, 1918. vi, 302 p. 4°. (Carnegie endowment for international peace.
Preliminary economic studies of the war. No. 6.)
Elementary Spanish reader. By Aiu-elia Borquez. Los Angeles. Published by
Aurelia Borquez, 1917. illus. 157 p. 8°.
Far away and long ago. A history of my early life. By W. H. Hudson. New
York, E. P. Dutton & Company, 1918. front, port, xii, 332 p. 8°.
The financial history of Great Britain, 1914-1918. By Frank L. McVey. New
York, Oxford University Press, 1918. iv, 101 p. 4°. (Carnegie endowment
for international peace. Preliminary economic studies of the war. No. 7.)
El futuro politico de America. Publicada en El Mundo de la Habana, el dia 11
de octubre 1918. Alejandro Rivas Vdzquez. front, port. 67 p. 8°.
Getting together with Latin America. By A. Hyatt Verrill. New York, E. P.
Dutton & Company, 1918. x, 221 p. 8°.
Isagoge historico apologetico general de todas las Indias y especial de la provincia
de San Vicente Ferrer de Chiapa y Goathemala de el orden de predicadores.
Libro inedito. El general D. Jose Maria Reina Barrios. Madrid, Tipografia
de Tomas Minuesa de los Rios, 1892. 445 p. 4°.
A league of nations. New York, American association for international conciliation,
1919. 132 p. 12°. (January, 1919. No. 134.)
A list of books on foreign countries. Compiled for the United States shipping board.
By the Free Public Library of Newark, N. J. Washington, G. P. O., 1918.
25 p. 8°.
A list of books on foreign languages. Compiled for the United States shipping board.
By the Free Public Library of Newark, N. J. Washington, G. P. O., 1918.
7 p. 8°.
A list of books on ships, commerce, and the merchant marine. Compiled for the
United States shipping board. By Free Public Library of Newark, N, J. Wash-
ington, G. P. O., 1918. 6 p. 8°.
A list of books on world trade. Compiled for the United States shipping board.
By the Free Public Library of Newark, N. J. Washington, G. P. O., 1918.
8 p. 8°.
Naval power in the war (1914-1918). By C. C. Gill. New York, George H. Doran
Company, 1918. map. illus. xiv, 302 p. 8°. Price, $1.50.
Readers' guide to periodical literature supplement. Sixth annual cumulation 1918.
Author and subject index to a selected list of periodicals not included in the
readers' guide. New York, The H. W. Wilson Company, 1919. 207 p. 4°.
Review of the manganese situation. By C. M. Weld. Washington, 1918. 12 p.
4°. (War mineral investigations series. No. 7, Dept. of the Interior. Bureau
of Mines.)
MAPS.
Nuevo mapa de la repiiblica de Colombia. Construido por J. Forest, ge6grafo.
Paris, Forest Editor, 17-19 Rue de Buci. Escala 1:2,000,000. Size 37x46
inches. Price, $3.50 Colombian gold.
488 THE PAN" AMERICAN UNION.
[Publications added to the Columbus Memorial Library, during March, 1919.]
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Business conditions in Argentina. Report No. 143. Ernesto Tornquist & Cia., Ltd.,
Buenos Aires, December 30, 1918. 29 p. 4°.
Companias Inglesas en la Argentina. Transferencia "causa Mortis" de sus acciones
nominales ante el derecho internacional prlvado. Compaiila primitiva de Gas
V. Sucesi6n Diaz V61ez. Buenos Aires, Tall. Grdficos de L. J. Rosso y Cia., 1918.
80 p. _ 8°. (Estudio del Dr. Carlos M. Coll.)
Conferencia inaugural del curso libre de 6ptica farmac^utica dada en el Museo de
La Plata. Por Lucas F. Defelice ... La Plata, Christmann & Crespo, 1918.
44 p. 8°.
Escuela industrial de la Naci6n. Extracto de la Memoria correspondiente al ano
escolar de 1917 elevada al Ministerio de Justicia e Instruccion PubUca. Buenos
Aires, L.J. Rosso j^Cf a., 1919. 50p.illus. 8°.
Memoria del Ministerio de Justicia 6 instrucci6n piiblica. Ano 1917. Tomo 4.
Buenos Aires, Tal. de la Penitenciaria Nacional, 1918. 4 v. 4°.
Los m^todos de gobierno y las relaciones intemacionales. Conferencia en el Prince
George's Hall el 11 de diciembre de 1918. Rodolfo Rivarola. Buenos Aires,
Est. Grdfico Rodriguez Giles, 1919. 46 p. 8°.
El Ekeko. Contribuci6n al folklore Boliviano. Prof. Ing. Arthur Posnansky.
La Paz, 1918. 6 p. illus. 12°.
Memoria que presenta el Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto, Dr. Ricardo
Mujfa, al Congreso ordinario de 1918. La Paz, Imprenta "Moderna," 1919.
430 p. 4°.
Tacna y Arica. Pdginas histdricas. [Por] Jose M. Baldivia G. La Paz, Imp. Artistica,
1919. 75 (2) p. 12°.
Tacna y Arica. The solution of the problem through its transfer to Bolivia. Opinion
of Don Agustin Ross. The Defense of the treaties of 1895 by Barros Borgoiio.
Translation by F. D. Duerr. New York, Union card and paper co. [1919]. 85 p.
8°.
Una costa para Bolivia. [Por] Miguel M. Mercado M. La Paz, "El Tiempo," 1919.
18 p. 12°.
BRAZIL.
Brazilian green book. Consisting of diplomatic documents relating to Brazil's atti-
tude with regard to the European war. 1914-1917. As issued by the Brazilian
ministry for foreign affairs. Authorized English version, with an introduction
and notes by Andrew Boyle. London, Geo. Allen & Unwin. New York, Mac-
millan co. (1918). 126 p. 8°.
Campanha contra a ancylostomose. Pelos Drs. Octavio Gonzaga, Delegado del Saude,
J. Carvalho Lima. Trabalho apresentado ao VIII congresso Brasileiro de medi-
ciaa. Sao Paulo, Secgao de Obras D' "O Estado," 1918. 95 p. 8°.
Relatorio apresentado ao Presidente da Republica . . . pelo Ministro de Agricultura,
Industria e Commercio Dr, Jose Rufino Beserra Cavalcanti. Anno de 1915.
Rio de Janeiro, Typ. da Directoria Geral de Estatistica, 1915. xxiv, 224 p. 4°.
Revista do Museu Paulista. Tomo 10. Sao Paulo, Typ. do "Diario Official,^' 1918.
XV, 1003 p. 8°.
Revista da Sociedade de Geographia do Rio de Janeiro. Tomos 18-21. 1905-1908.
Rio de Janeiro, 1915 & 1918. 2 v. 8°.
What Brazil buys and sells. Rio de Janeiro, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. xxiii, 95 (6)
p. 4°. (Publication of Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce.")
Anuario estadfstico de la Repiiblica de Chile. Demografia; Beneficencia, Medicina
e Higiene; Politica y Administracion; Justicia, Policia y CriminaUdad ; Instruc-
ci6n; Industria Manufacturera; Comunicaciones. Del ano de 1916. Santiago,
Imp. Universo, 1917-1918. 7 v. 4°.
Same. Del ano de 1917. Hacienda; Comunicaciones; Agricultura. Santiago,
1918. 3v. 4°.
Clamores de intervenci6n diplomdtica por Joaquin Walker Martinez. Santiago de
ChUe, Imp. Chile, 1919. 96 p. 12°.
BOOK NOTES. 489
Derrotero de la costa de Chile desde la isla de Guafo a Punta Sama. Compilado y
redactado conforme con las informacionea y documentos mas recientes. Publi-
cado por la Oficina de Hidrograffa y Navegacion de Chile. Vol. 5. Valparaiso,
Imprenta de la Armada, 1918. xxvi, 312 p. plates. 8°.
Memoria del Ministerio de industrla i obras pubucas presentada al Congreso Nacional
en el ano 1918. Santiago, Imprenta Barcelona, 1918. Ixxx, 379 p. 4°.
Memoria del Ministerio de relaciones exteriores, culto y colonizaci6n. Octubre de
1911-Julio de 1914. Santiago de Chile, Imp. de la Penitenciarfa, 1917. 440 v
8°.
COLOMBIA.
C6digo de aduanas de la republica de Colombia. Edicion arreglada y publicada por
el Ministerio de Hacienda. Bogota,, Imp. Nacional, 1918. 473 p. 4°.
Compendio de la historia de Colombia para la enseiianza en las escuelas primarias
de la republica . . . Por Jesus Maria Henao y Gerardo Arrubia . . . Quinta edi-
cion corregida. Bogotd, Escuela Tip. Salesiana, 1917. 226 p. 12°.
El fique: su cultivo y su preparacion. Por M. T. Dawe. Bogotd, Imprenta Nacional,
1918.^ 25 p. 8°. ^ > f ,
Liquidacion general de los presupuestos nacionales de rentas y gastos. . . Anos 1913
1916 & 1918-19. Bogota, Imprenta Nacional, 1916, 1918. 3 v. 4°.
Reglamento de la facultad de matemiticas e ingenieria de Bogota. Universidad
Nacional. Bogotd, Imp. Nacional, 1918. 30, (1) p. 8°.
PiepubUca de Colombia. Informe sob re posicion comercial, recursos 6 industrias,
presentado al departamento de comercio y trabajo de los E. U. por Charles M.
Pepper, agente especial. Traducido del Ingles por P. Guzmdn. Washington,
1908. 73 p. 8°. ^
COSTA RICA.
Memoria del Colegio de abogados de Costa Rica correspondiente al ano 1917 . . .
San Jos6, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. 19 p. 8°.
CUBA.
Biblioteca cientifica Cubana. Por Carlos M. Trelles . . . Tomo 2. Ciencias m^dicas.
Ingenieria. Matanzas, Juan F. Oliver, 1919. 505 p. illus. 8°.
Informe del estado actual de la prevalencia de la uncinariasis, malaria y tifoidea en el
interior de la republica . . . por los Doctores Jos^ F. de Pazosy Juan B. Pons . . .
Habana, Imprenta de Aurelio Miranda, 1918. 94 p. 8°.
Significacion intemacional de la revolucidn Rusia. Trabajo leido en la Sociedad
Cubana de derecho intemacional por Luis A. Baralt y Zacharie. Havana, Imp
de Espinosay Ca., 1919. 15 p. 8°.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Viaje oficial por el interior de la republica. Por Octavio A. Acevedo. Santo Do-
mingo, Tip. El Progreso, 1919. illus. pis. 44 p. 8°.
ECUADOR.
Actas de las seaiones efectuadas por el ilustre concejo municipal de Guayaquil en
1915. Segundo trimestre. Guayaquil, Imp. Municipal, 19,18. 281, iv p. 8°.
Columna a los proceres del nueve de octubre de 1820. Madrid, Angel de San Martin,
1918. front., illus., 50 p. 8°.
Informe del presidente del concejo a la M. I. Corporacion municipal en 1918. Guaya-
quil, Imprenta Municipal, 1918. 24, Ixxiv p. 4°.
Primer curso de dibujo y lectura de cartas militares. Por L. T. Paz y Mino . . .
Texto aprobado por el supremo gobiemo en derecho de 29 de enero de 1915.
Quito, Linotipo Nacional, 1917. 179 p. 8°.
Resumenea generales de la importacion y exportacion de mercaderiaa durante el
ano de 1917. Quito, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. Cover title. 10 p. 8°.
Tratado de trigonometrla plana y esferica. Por el P. Juan Bautista Menten . . .
Quito, Imp. Nacional, 1871. Fold, tables. 105 p. 8°.
GUATEMALA.
Memoria de la Secretaria de Fomento correspondiente a 1916 y presentada a la Asam-
blea Nacional Legislativa en 1917. Guatemala, Tip. Nacional [1918]. 200, vii
p. 8°.
Mensaje dirigido por el Presidente de la RepribHca de Guatemala a la Asamblea
Nacional legislativa al inaugurar feta sus sesiones ordinarias el 1° de marzo de
1919. Guatemala, Imprenta "Minerva" [1919]. 16 p. 4°.
490 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
HONDURAS.
Cuesti6n de limites entre Honduras y Guatemala. Centilada ante el Gobierno Media-
tor de Ids Estados Unidos de America. Vol. 3. New York, M. D. Danon & Co.
[1918]. 255 p. 8°. . J ,
Memoria del Secretario de Estado en el despacho de instruccion piiblica presentada al
Congreso Nacional. 1917-1918. Honduras, Tip. Nacional [1919]. 23 p. 4°
MEXICO.
Arte de la lengua Tarasca. Dispuesto con nuevo estilo y claridad por R. P. M. Fr.
Diego Basalenque. En Mexico, por Francisco Calder6n, ano de 1714. Reim-
preso en 1886, bajo el cuidado y cbrreccion del Dr. Antonio Penafiel. Mexico,
Oficina tip. de la Sec. de Fomento, 1886. xxxii, 86 (1) p. 4°.
Arte Mexicana compuesta por el Padre Antonio del Rincon, en Mexico en casa de
Pedro, BalU, 1595. Se reimprime en 1885 bajo el cuidado del Dr. Antonio Pena-
fiel. Mexico, Oficina tip. de la Sec. de Fomento, 1885. 94 p. 4°.
Cartilla para el manejo, uso y transporte de los explosives industriales en las minas
escrita de orden de la Secretaria de Fomento. Por Abraham Ferriz y Savinon
. . . Mexico, Imp. y fob. de la Secretaria de Fomento, 1911. illus. 54 p. 8°.
Conferencias del curso popular de astronomia. Desarrollado por la sociedad astro-
n6mica de Mexico en el anfiteatro de la escuela nacional preparatora durante los
meses de agosto, septiembre, octubre y noviembre de 1911. Mexico, Imp. de la
Sec. de Fomento, 1912. 416 (1) p. illus. 8°.
Debt of the United States of Mexico and of the National Railways of Mexico as of
1919, by T. W. Osterheld. New York, Lansburgh Brothers, 1919. 32 p. map.
go
Estatutos de la federacion de estudiantes del Distrito Federal. Mexico, Oficina Imp.
de la Secretaria de Hacienda, 1918. 16 p. cover title. 8°.
Gran registro de la propiedad de la republica; instrucciones acerca de la manera de
llevar a cabo la incsripcion de los titulos de un predio arreglados por orden de la
Secretaria de Fomento por el ingeniero civil Jose Villasenor y Villasenor. Mexico,
Imp. y Fot. de la Secretaria de Fomento, 1911. 44 p. 8°.
Informe rendido por el C. General Manuel M. Dieguez, Gobernador constitucional del
Estado de Jalisco el dia 1° de febrero de 1919. Comprende la documentaci6n
relativa al periodo administrativo de 8 de julio de 1914 a 31 de diciembre de 1918.
Guadalajara, "Diario de Jalisco" [1919]. Portraits. 41 p. 4°.
Informes que rinden los CC. Lie. Augustin Alcocer, Gobernador Constitucional del
Estado y el Presidente del Supremo Tribunal de Justicia del mismo, ante la
xxvii. L. Legislatura del Estado al inaugurar 6sta su primer periodo de sesiones
ordinarias el 15 de septiembre de 1918. Guanajuato, Imp. del Estado, 1918.
20 p. 4°.
Instrucciones para el aprovechamiento de Corteza curtiente y para la extraccion de
resina. Por el Inspector Forestal L. Gainet . . . Mexico, Imp. y Fot. de la
Secretaria de Industria y Comercio, 1914. illus. 15 p. 8°.
Lacas barnices y esmaltes. Compilado por MaximiHano M. Chabert . . . Segunda
edicion. Mexico, Imp. de la Secretaria de Fomento, 1912. 331 p. 8°.
Interprete huasteco. Ayuda valiosa para los que quieran hablar este idloma. Forma
por Serapio D. Lorenzana . . . Mexico, Oficina Tip. de la Secretaria de Fomento,
1896. 43 p. 12°.
Memoria de la comisi6n del Institute geologico de Mexico que explor6 la region Norte
de la Baja California. Mexico, Imp. de la Sec. de Fomento, 1913. 446 p. maps.
plates. 8°.
Ordenaciones forestales 6 dasocracia. Cartilla forestal o resumen de la enseiianza
que se da a los alumnos de la escuela nacional forestal. Numero 5. Mexico,
Imp. y fot. de la Secretaria de Fomento, 1912. 101 p. 8°. (Publicaci6n del
Departamento de Bosques, Dependiente de la Secretaria de Fomento.)
Penalidad del porvenir. Tesis que presenta en su examen profesional de abogado el
alumno Jose I. Guzman. Oaxaca de Juarez, Tali. tip. de Julian S. Soto, 1918,
35 p. 8°. . , , . .
Petroleo en la republica Mexicana. Estudio geol6gico econ6mico sobre los yacinaien-
tos petroliferos Mexicanos. Por el ge61ogo e ingeniero de minas, Miguel Busta-
mante. Primera parte. Mexico, Tall, de la Sec. de Comumcaciones, 1917.
216 p., maps, plates. 4°. (Boletin Num. 35, Instituto Geol6gico de Mexico).
Preparaciones y procedimientos para limpiar, lavar, desmanchar, pulir y renovar
diversa clase de articulos. Contiene mds de 1,000 f6rmulas. Compilado por
Maximiliano M. Chabert. Mexico, Imp, de la Secretaria de Fomento, 1911.
264 p. 8°.
BOOK NOTES. 491
Proclamation. (F61ix Diaz, Commander-in-Chief of the National Army of Reorgani-
zation and the undersigned generals, chief, and officers in said army.) Veracruz,
October 1, 1918. 15 p. 8°.
Rafz de cacat6n y su explotacion. For el senor profesor Ignacio R. Martinez . . .
Mexico, Imp. y fot. de la Secretaria de Industria y Comercio, 1914. map, illus.
26 p. 8°.
Reforestacion. Cartilla forestal o resumen de la ensenanza que se de a los alumnos.
Aspirantes al cargo de guardia foretsal. Numero 3. Mexico, Imp. y fot. de la
Secretaria de Fomento, 1911. 57 p. 8°. (PubUcacidn de Junta Central de
Bosques y Arbolados.)
Revoluci6n y reforma. Libre primero. Genesis legal de la revoluci6n constituciona-
lista. For M. Aguirre Berlanga. Mexico, Imp. Nacional, 1918. xxix, 269 (4)
p. maps, illus. 8°.
Sinonimia \'ulgar y cientifica de las plantas Mexicanas. Arreglada por el Dr. Jos6
Ramirez, con la colaboracion del Sr. Gabriel V. Alcocer. Mexico, Oficina tip.
de la Sec. de Fomento, 1902. xii, 160 p. 4°.
Viveros de drboles. Cartilla forestal e resumen de la ensenanza que se da a los alumnos
de la escuela n. forestal. Niimero 1. Segunda edici6n. Mexico, Imp. y fot.
de la Secretaria de Fomento, 1912. 35 p. 8°. (Publicacion del Departamento de
Bosques, Dependiente de la Secretaria de Fomento.)
PANAMA.
La ciencia del dolor. (Poesia). [Por] J. M. Blazquez de Pedro. Panama, Tip.
Diario de Panama, 1917. 15 p. 8°.
C6digo administrativo. Edici6n oficial. Barcelona, Talleres de Artes Graficos de
Henrichy Cia., 1917. 420 p. 8°.
C6digo de instruccion piibHca. Edici6n oficial. [Panama, 1917.] 34 p. 8°.
Compilaci6n de las disposiciones sobre organizacion judicial expedidas en la repii-
bUca de Panama desde el aiio de 1904 a 1914. Por Manuel A. Herrera L. Pa-
nama, Imp. Esto y Aquello, 1916. 77 p. 8°.
Compilation of the legal measures in force governing the customs tariff, the stamp and
liquor taxes and other revenues. (Translated from the fiscal code and subsequent
enactments.) Official publication. Panama, National Printery, 1918. 122 p.
o .
Decreto ndmero 3 de 1912 de 12 de enero sobre ceremonial diplomdtico. Panama,
Imp. Nacional, 1912. 13 p. 8°.
Desarrollo de la instruccion pubUca en Panamd. [Por] Octa\io Mendez Pereira.
Panama. Tip. Modema, 1916. 68 p. 8°.
Destilacion de la madera. Por el Dr. Guillermo Patterson, jr. Panamd, Imp.
Nacional, 1918. 25 p. 12°.
Discursos pronunciados en el acto solemne de la posesion del nuevo Presidente de la
Republica Dr. Ramon M. Valdes el dia 1° de octubre de 1916. Panamd, Tip.
Diario de Panamd, 1916. 13 p. 8°.
Documentos historicos relatives a la fundaclon de la repubUca de Panamd. Recopi-
lados por Rodolfo Aguilera. Edicion oficial. Panamd, Tip. de M. R. de la Torre
6 hijos, 1904. 83 p. 4°.
Facultad nacional de derecho y ciencias politica. Documentos oficiales sobre su
fundacion. [Panama], The Star and Herald, 1918. 11 p. 8°. Cover title.
Frases historicas. Su origen y uso en el idioma. Tomadas de obras de autores renom-
brados. Por J. J. Mendez. Panamd, Imprenta Nacional, 1917. frontispiece.
338 p. 8°.
Gufa del consul Panameno. Por Manuel M. Valdes ... Compilacion de leyes . . .
Bruxelles, Guillaume de Cuyper, 1912. xii, 216 p. 8°.
Ideal educative del presente y etros discursos por Jeptha B. Duncan . . . Pr61ogo
de Cristobal Rodriguez. Panamd, Imp. Nacional, 1919. x\ii, 54 p. 8°.
Impueste comercial de la Republica de Panama. Panamd, Imp. Nacional, 1912.
7 p. 8°. Cover title.
Informe del alcalde de Panamd al senor gobernador de la provincia. Panami,, Tip.
Diario de Panamd, 1916. xl, 89 p. fold, tables. 8°,
Informe que presenta la comision de legislacion uniforme de la repjiblica de Panami
al secretario general en Wdshington. Panamd, Imp. Nacional, 1915. 77 (1) p.
8°.
Informe que presenta el Inspector General de Ensenanza Primaria al senor Secretario
de Estado en el despacho de Instruccion Publica. 1918. Panamd, Imp. Na-
cional, 1918. 195 p. 8°.
Informe rendido por los HH. Dd. Julio Arjena Q., Joaquin Barahona, Crist6bal Rodri-
guez, Leopeldo Aresemena y David Alvarado, integrantes de la comision nom-
brada para distaminar acerca de los codigos aprobados en las sesiones extraordi-
narias de 1916. Panamd, Imp. Nacional, 1916. 56 p. 8°.
492 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Legal provisions governing the exclusion of Clunese, Syrians, Turks and North Africans
of the Turkish race, from the Republic of Panama. Ministerio de Relaciones
Exteriores. Panamd, Imprenta Nacional, 1917. 52 p. 8°.
Ley orgdnica y reglamento del registro piibUco. Panama, Imp. Nacional, 1914. 53,
(v)p. 8°.
Ley 32 de 1914 de 19 de diciembre y decreto No. 4 de 1916 de 1° de marzo sob re extran-
jeria y naturalizacion. Panamd, 1916. 17 p. 8°.
Leyes expedidas por la Asamblea Nacional de Panamd en sus sesiones extraordinarias
de 1917 y decretos del poder ejecutivo que las reglamentan. Edicl6n oficial.
Panamd, International Publishing Co., 1918. 64 p. 8°.
Leyes sobre patentes de invencion y registro de marcas de fdbrica y de comercio.
Edici6n oficial. Panama, Secretaria de Fomento, 1915. 37 p. 8°. (Text in
Spanish and English.)
Memoria que el Secretario de Estado en el despacho de Hacienda y Tesoro presenta
a la Asamblea Nacional de 1916. Panamd, Imp. Nacional, 1916. xxxv, 267 p.
8°.
Memoria que el Secretario de Estado en el Despacho de Instruccion Publica presenta
a la Asamblea Nacional de 1916. Panamd, Tip. "El Istmo," 1916. Ivi, 451 p.
4°.
Memoria que el sub -secretario de fomento encargado del despacho, presenta a la
Asamblea Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de 1916. Panamd, Tip. Moderna.
Ixi, 433 p. 8°.
Mensaje del Presidente de la Republica a la Asamblea Nacional de 1908. Panamd,
El Istmo [1908]. 13 p. 4°.
Poesias por Jorge Enrique de Ycaza. Serie "Frutos Silvestres. " Primeros retofios.
Olimpicas. Panama, Tip. Hospicio de Huerfanos, 1917. 148 p. 8°.
Proyecto de presupuesto de rentas y gastos para el bienio de 1° de julio de 1919 al 30
de junio de 1921. Panamd, Imp. Nacional, 1918. 30 p. 4°.
Reglamento de la escuela de institutoras. Ministerio de instrucci6n publica. Pa-
namd, Tip. Moderna [1915]. 33 p. 8°.
Reglamento del instituto nacional. Panamd, Imp. Nacional, 1915. 33 p. 8°.
Reglamentos generales de sanidad y construcciones para las ciudades de Panamd y
Colon. Decreto niimero 14 de 1913, de 15 de marzo. Panamd, Imp. Nacional,
1913. 42 p. 4°.
Rosas de juventud y de ilusion. Prologo de Octavio M^ndez Pereira. [Por] Gui-
llermo McKay. Panamd, Tip. Moderna, 1917. 93 (2) p. 8°.
Los segundos preludios. [Por] Ricardo Miro. Panamd, Tip. Moderna, 1916.
125 p. 8°.
Tratado de canal celebrado entre la Republica de Panamd y los Estados Urudos y
Oficios, 1910. 17 p. 8°.
PARAGUAY.
Cuerpo consul Paraguay© y extranjero. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. [Asun-
ci6n], 1919. 44 p. 4°.
Disposiciones sobre recompensas y penas a los miembros de la policfa nacional. (De-
cretos nos. 138 de 1913 y 85 de 1914.) Panamd, Imp. Nacional, 1914. 21 p.
nar. 8°.
Registro Oficial. (Republicadel Paraguay.) 1869 to 1909, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916.
Asuncion. 12 vols. 8°.
Estado actual y porvenir de la industria mlnera en los departamentos del Sur. Por
Carlos Basadre y G. LirAa, Imp. Americana, 1918. Maps, illus. 64 p. 8°.
(Boletin No. 93, del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Peru.)
Informe preliminar de irrigaci6n de las Pampas de Chancay. Por Carlos W. Sutton
y Juan N. Portocarrero y C. Lima, Imp. Torres Aguirre, 1918. Map. 24 p.
8°. (Boletin No. 94 del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Peru.)
El Peru y la gran guerra. [Por] Juan Bautista de Lavalle. Lima, Imp. Americana.
1919. XV, 439 p. 8°.
Los petr6Ieos del Peru y de Pennsylvania. Por Ricardo A. Deustua. Lima, San-
marti y Cia. [1919]. 34 p. 8°.
SALVADOR.
Mensaje inaugural dirigido a la honorable Asamblea Nacional legislativa ... el dfa
1° de marzo de 1919 . . . [San Salvador, Imp. Nacional, 1919.] 15 p. 4°.
Mensaje presentado a la asamblea nacional por el Senor Presidente de la Repd-
blica . . . (12defebrerodel919). San Salvador, Imp. Nacional, 1919. 31 p. 4°.
.BOOK NOTES. 493
URUGUAY.
Banco de Seguros del Estado. Memoria y balance correspondientes al ejercicio
vencido en 31 de diciembre de 1917. Montevideo (Imprenta Nacional, 1918).
14 p. 8°.
Datos estadisticos sobre el movimiento del Puerto de Montevideo en el primer semes-
tre de 1918. Montevideo, Administraci6n nacional del Puerto de Montevideo,
■ Oficina de trafico, Julio, 1918. 48 p. 4°.
Defensa agrfcola. Memoria correspondiente al ano 1917. (Ministerio de Industrias,
Comisidn central de la defensa agricola.) Montevideo, Imp. Nacional, 1918.
67 p. 8°.
Diario de sesiones de la H. Cdmara de representantes . . . Tomos, 249 & 250, 2 de
junio al 13 de julio 1916; Tomos 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, febrero 8 a julio 9 de 1918.
Montevideo, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. 7 v. 4°.
Diario de sesiones de la H. Convencion N. Constituyente de la Republica O. del
Uruguay. 1917. Tomo 4, Sesiones del 9 de agosto al 25 de octubre. Montevideo,
Imp. Nacional, 1918. 536 p. 4°.
Estudios sobre la fruticultura nacional. Deducciones sacadas del andlisis qufmico-
agricola en relacion con las cualidades de los frutos y las industrias derivadas.
Tercera parte, otras frutas comestibles y hortalizas. Por Juan Puig y Nat-
tino. . . Montevideo, Imp. Nacional, 1918. 97 p. 187 pis., fold, tables. 8°.
(Publication No. 32, Inspeccion nacional de ganaderia y agricultura, Ministerio
de Industria.)
Leyes de organizacion y de arancel consulares. Nueva reglamentaci6n anotada,
concordada y ampliada con un formulario consular. Por el c6n8ul del distrito de
primera clase Constante Fontan Fernandez. Bajo la Direccion del Dr. Enrique
E. Buero, Subsecretario de Estado en el Departamento de Relaciones Exteriores.
Montevideo, Imp. Nacional, 1918. 377, Ixxiv, 278-767 p. 8°. Map, plates.
Memoria correspondiente al ano 1917 elevada al Ministerio de industrias por el consejo
S. de la ensenanza industrial. Montevideo, Imp. Nacional, 1918. 215 p. 8°.
Memoria del banco hipotecario del Uruguay. Correspondiente al26° ejercicio. Mon-
tevideo, Tip. Modema, 1918. 73 p. 4°.
Memoria del Ministerio de relaciones exteriores. Septiembre de 1916 a 15 de febrero
de 1918. Montevideo, 1918. Ixii, 699 p. 8°.
Oficina de crMito publico. Deuda publica de la Reptiblica O. del Uruguay. 1917.
obi. 4°. 13 p.
Porvenir del derecho publico extemo. De la justicia intemacional. Por Federico
E. Acosta y Lara. Montevideo, editor Claudio Garcfa, 1918. 74 p. 8".
Primer Congreso de expansion econdmica y ensenanza comercial Americano. A cele-
brarse en MonteAddeo del 29 de enero de febrero de 1919. Secciones y temas.
Montevideo, Imp. Nacional, 1918. 14 p. 8°. _
Principales trabajos realizados por la Inspecci6n Nacional de Ganaderia y Agricultura
y BUS dependencias durante el ano 1917. Resumen de la memoria anual elevada
al Ministerio de Industrias. Montevideo, Imp. Nacional, 1918. 22 p. 8°.
(Boletin No. 33, del Inspecti6n Nacional de Ganaderia y Agricultura.)
Proyecto de constitucion sancionado ... 15 de octubre de 1917 . . . Montevideo
Imprenta Nacional, 1917. 45 p. 12°. [Corrected copy. This constitution was
ratified by popular vote Nov. 25, 1918, and took effect Jan. 5, 1919.]
Reglamento interno. Banco hipotecario del Uruguay. Montevideo, Tip. Modema,
1918. 100 p. 8°.
Relaci6n de un viaje a la barra del Pirahy, relacionado con la pulverizaci6n del carb6n.
Informe acerca de la investigacion geol6gica efectuada en la republica. Informe
referente a los estudios efectuados de las principales cuencas carboniferas de Rfo
Grande del Sur. Por Antonio Llambfas de Olivar . . . Montevideo, Imp.
Nacional, 1918. 71 p. 8°. (Boletin No. 3, Institutode geologia y perforaciones.)
Resumen anual de estadistica municipal. Ano 15, 1917. Montevideo, Intendencia
Municipal, Direccion de censo y estadfstica de Montevideo, 1918_. 346 p. 4°.
Resumen de la memoria correspondiente al ano 1917. Institute nacional de agrono-
mfa. Montevideo, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. 15 p. 12°.
UNITED STATES.
Annual report of the directors of the American telephone & telegraph co. to the stock-
holders for the year ending December 31, 1918. New York, 1919. 60 p. 8°.
Carnegie Institution of Washington. Yearbook No. 17, 1918. Washington, The
. . . Institution, 1919. xvi, 331 p. 4°.
Food investigation. Report of the Federal Trade Commission on canned foods.
Canned salmon. Wadiington, Government Printing Office, 1919. 83 p. 8°.
494 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Galusha A. Grow, father of the homestead law. By James T. DuBois and Gertrude S.
Mathews. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917. front, port, xi,
305 p. pis. 8°.
Guaranty Trust Co. of New York: Export trade combinations. Permitted by the
Webb law, approved April 10, 1918. New York, Guaranty Trust Co., 1918. 46 p.
12°.
National Bank of Commerce in New York: Federal revenue act. Complete text with
reference notes, tables, and index. New York, The bank, 1919. 236 p. 8°.
National Shawmut Bank of Boston: An introduction to the Webb Law. An act to
promote export trade and for other purposes. Approved April 10, 1918. Boston,
The National Shawmut Bank of Boston, 1919. 32 p. 8°. (Shawmut Series
No. 109.)
New revenue law. Revenue act of 1918. New York, Guaranty trust co. of New
York, [1919]. 223 p. 12°.
Principles of American diplomacy. By John Bassett Moore . . . New York, Harper
& Brothers, [1918]. xiv, 476 (1) p. 8°.
Report of the Governor of Porto Rico to the Secretary of War. (Annual report, War
Department, fiscal year ended June 30, 1918.) Washington, Government Print-
ing Office, 1918. xviii, 760 p. 8°.
Speech of Hon. Felix Cordova Ddvila of Porto Rico in the House of Representatives,
February 12, 1919. Washington, G. P. O., 1919. 15 p. 8°. Cover title.
Speeches and literary contributions at fourscore and four. By Chauncey M. Depew,
New York, 1918. front. i)ort. 409 p. 8°.
Summary of the report on reciprocity and commercial treaties, with conclusions and
recommendations of the commission. Washington, G. P. O., 1919. 46 p. 8°.
United States Library of Congress: A list of atlases and maps applicable to the World
War. Compiled under the direction of Philip Lee Phillips, chief Division of
Maps. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1918. 202 p. 4°.
United States revenue act. 1918. Annotated and indexed. Passed 1919. New
York, The National City Co., 1919. 95 p. 8°.
VENEZUELA.
Brevlario Galante y Rebelde. Versos en noviembre de 1918. Antonio Spine tti-Dini.
Ejido. Venezuela, 1918. 18 p. 12°. Cover title.
Convenios postales de Venezuela. (Publicacion de la Direccion General de Esta-
distica y Comunicaciones.) Caracas, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. 151 p. tables.
4°.
Discurso de Bolivar en el Congreso de Angostura, 15 de febrero de 1819. Reproduc-
cion ordenada por el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela, en conmemo-
racion del primer centenario de la instalacion de la Asamblea. Caracas, 1919.
39 (1) p. front. 4°.
Translated from the original Spanish by Francisco Javier Ydnez. Wash-
ington, Byron S. Adams, [1919]. 39 (1) p. front. 4°.
Exposicion que el Gobernador del Distrito Federal presenta al concejo municipal
. . . 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914 y 1919. Caracas. 5 pamphlets. 4°.
Reglamento de la escuela de artes plasticas. Edicion oficial. Caracas, Empresa El
Cojo, 1917. 24 p. 8°.
Reglamento de la escuela de farmacia. Edicion oficial. Caracas, Empresa El Cojo,
1917. 16 p. 8°.
Reglamento de la escuela de musica y declamacion. Edicion oficial. Caracas,
Empresa El Cojo, 1917. 22 p. 8°.
Reglamento de la inspecci6n oficial de la instrucci6n. Caracas, Tip. Cosmos, 1917.
26 p. 8°.
Reglamento general del Congreso Venezolano de Medicina. Caracas, Tip. Gutten-
berg, 1917. 10 (1) p. 8°.
GENERAL BOOKS.
American methods in foreign trade. A guide to export selling policy. By George
C. Vedder. First edition. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co. (Inc.), 1919.
xii, 197 p. 8°.
American yearbook. A record of events and progress, 1918. Edited by Francis G.
Wickware . . . New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1919. xvui, 850 p. 8°.
Bibliography of foreign trade publications. By Herbert Stanley Shuey. San Fran-
cisco, The Ten Bosch Co. (1918). 77 p. 12°.
Book of Duarte Barbosa. An account of the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean
and their inhabitants, written by Duarte Barbosa. Translated from the Portu-
guese text . . . Edited and annotated by Mansel Longworth Dames . . . Lon-
don, The Hakluyt Society, 1918. Ixxxv, 238, xxxix p. 8°. Map,
BOOK NOTES. 495
Clasificacion decimal de Melvil Dewey. Para bibliotecas. Tablas generales com-
pendiadas. Publicadas por la Oficina Internacional de Bibliografia de Bniselas.
Traduccion. Mexico, Oficina tip. de la Secretarfa de Fomento, 1900. 125 p. 8°.
Conciliagao internacional. A sancyao do direito internacional. Discurso pelo Sr.
Elihu Root, 1908. Traducgao Portugueza conforme ao texto publicado nos
documentos da secg-ao americana da conciliagao internacional, Julho, 1908.
Coimbra, Brazil. Franga Amado, [1908]. 15 p. 32°. Cover title.
Cosmos: La base de una paz diiradera. Artfculos escritos por in\-itaci6n del New
York Times. Por Cosmos. Traduccion autorizada. New York, Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons, 1917. ix, 150 p. 12°.
Constitution of the league of nations. Text of the plan presented to the peace con-
ference at Paris and the addresses delivered before the conference by President
Wilson, L. Leon Bourgeois, Lord Robert Cecil, Primier Orlando. New York,
League to Enforce Peace, 1919. 23 p. 8°.
Diccionario terminologico de ciencias medicas . . . Dirigido por el Dr. Leon
Cardenal . . . Barcelona, Casa Editorial P. Salvat, [1918]. 1027 p. 4°.
Exporters' encyclopaedia. Containing full and authentic information relative to
shipments for every country in the world. New York, Exporters' Encyclopaedia
Co., 1918-19 edition. 1331 p. 8°.
Filosofia constitucional. Por Jose Gil Fortoul. Madrid, Editorial American, [1890].
293 p. 12°. (BibUoteca de ciencias politicas y sociales.)
Hakluyt Society. Prospectus and List of members, with index to publications.
London, 1918. xxxix p. 8°.
Hazell annual and almanack for the year 1919. By P. A. Ingram . . . London,
Henry Frowde, 1919. liv, 996 p. 12°.
Historio del derecho de mineria hispano-americano y estado de la legislacion de
minas y petroleo en Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chile y Republica Argentina. Por
Carlos E. Velarde . . . Buenos Aires, Tall, grdficoa Argentines de L. J. Rosso
yCia.,1919. xviii, 216 p._ 8°. _
Lucia de Miranda 6 la conquista tragica. Novela hist6rica Americana. Por Ale-
jandro R. Cdnepa. Barcelona, Casa editorial Maucci, [1919]. 295 p. 8°.
(Coleccion de escritores Americanos dirigida por Ventura Garcia Calderon, No. 6).
La mision de los Estados Unidos en America. Conferencia en la Universidad de
Columbia, New York, el 18 de enero de 1919. New York, 1919. 12 p. 8°.
Office National des Valeurs Mobilieres. . . . Annuaire 1913-14. Paris, [1914]. 877
p. 8°.
Problems of reconstruction. International and national. Edited by Lindsay Rogers.
New York, American Association for International Conciliation, February, 1919.
167 p. 12°. (Publication No. 135.)
South and Central American trade conditions of to-day. New and revised edition
with complete information to 1919. By A. Hyatt Verrill. New York, Dodd,
Mead & Co., 1919. xii, 212 p. 8°.
Who's who in 1919. An annual biographical dictionary, with which is incorporated
"Men and women of the time." London, A. & C. Black (Ltd.), [1919]. 2,727 p.
8°.
World shipping data. Report on European mission. By Edward N. Hurley, chair-
man, United States Shipping Board. Washington, March 1, 1919. Cover title.
32 p. 9°.
MAPS.
Map of the active sugar plantations of the island of Cuba, giving the names and show '
ing the location of all centrals. Published by the Munson Steamship Lines,
New York, 1918. Size, 10 x 28 inches.
Map of the Republic of Panama. Published by I. L. Maduro, jr., Panama. Size,
21 X 39 inches. No date.
Mapa de las regiones agricolas de la Republica O. del Uruguay. Montevideo,
Oficina de estadistica agricola, 1917. Size, 32 x 34 inches.
PERIODICALS.
[Not heretofore listed].
ABGENTENA.
BibliotecadelCongresoNacional. Boletfn. Buenos Aires. Monthly. [Anol,No. 1;
September, 1918.]
La Defensa de Chile. Buenos Aires. Weekly.
Inter-Nos. La Plata. Daily.
496 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
La Nueva Epoca. Buenoa Aires. Weekly.
Nuestra Tierra. Bueno3 Aires. MontMy.
Revista del Ateneo Hispano Americano. Buenos Aires. Quarterly.
The River Plate American. Buenos Aires. Weekly. [Vol. 1, No. 1; Feb. 8, 1919.]
Sud America. Buenos Aires. Irregular.
Tattersall. Buenos Aires. Semimonthly.
BRAZIL.
Boletim Agricola de Pernambuco. Pernambuco. Monthly.
Boletim da Directoria de Industria e Commercio. S. Paulo. Monthly.
Jornal de Noticiaa. Bahia. Daily.
A Mundial. Rio de Janeiro. Monthly.
A Politica. Rio de Janeiro. Weekly.
O Republicano. Itacuy. Weekly.
Revista Contemporanea. Rio de Janeiro. Weekly.
O Sete de Setembro. Rio de Janeiro. Weekly.
CHILE.
Anales de la Universidad. Santiago de Chile. Bimonthly.
EI Colona. Angol. Daily.
COLOMBIA.
El Campesino. Zipaquira. Irregular.
Revista Contempordnea. Cartagena. Monthly.
COSTA RICA.
La Semana. San Jos^. Weekly.
CUBA.
Crdnica M^dico-Quirurgica. Habana. Monthly.
Cuba. Habana. Daily.
Teatro Cubano. Habana. Monthly. [Ano 1, No. 1; Jan. 1, 1919.]
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
EI Tiempo. Santo Domingo. Daily.
ECUADOR.
Revista del Centro de Estudiantes de Medicina. Quito. Monthly.
GUATEMALA.
Revista. Totonicapam. Weekly.
La Tribuna. Guatemala, Guatemala. Daily.
MEXICO.
Boletin Oficial. Estado de Sonora. Hermosillo. Daily.
Confederaci6n de Cdmaras de Comercio. Mexico, D. F. Monthly.
El Estado de Colima. Colima. Irregular.
El Estado de Jalisco. Guadalajara. Daily.
Figaro. Monterrey. Monthly.
El Liberal. Saltillo. Daily.
Monitor Comercial. Mexico, D. F. Weekly.
Mundial. Mexico, D. F. Monthly.
El Observador. Queretaro. Daily.
Periodico Oficial. Campeche. Daily.
Periodico Oficial. Guanajuato. Irregular.
Periodico Oficial del Gobierno del Estado. Tlaxcala. Daily.
La Prensa. Pueblo. Daily.
PERU.
Revista Ciencias, Letras, Artes. Huards. Semimonthly.
SALVADOR.
Boletfn del Ministerio de Guerra. San Salvador. Monthly.
URUGUAY,
La Propiedad Territorial. Montevideo. Monthly.
Selecta. Montevideo. Monthly.
^
fji
VOL. XLVIII
MAY, 1919
No. 5
7i
Ik. .
88
K It
* 9
*
A T a meeting of the Governing Board of the Pan .Vinerican
/\ Union, held on April 9, it was voted to authorize the Direc-
/ \ tor General, on behalf of the Governing Board, to call an
informal and unofficial Pan American Commercial Con-
ference for the first week of June. A subcommittee of the board,
composed of the Mexican ambassador, the minister of Venezuela,
and the minister of Ecuador, having carefully considered the plan
and purpose of the conference as submitted to them by the Director
General, reported favorably to the board and their recommendations
were unanimously approved.
In determining upon this step the board recalled the successful
Pan ^imerican Commercial Conference held under the auspices of the
Pan American Union in February, 1911. Having in mind also the
great present interest in Pan American trade, they hoped that much
good would result to all concerned — governments, organizations,
firms, and individuals — from an informal and unofficial but compre-
hensive exchange of views and of information between the official
and unofficial representatives and experts and other interested parties
of both Xorth and South America.
At the meeting of the board held May 7 the Director General
reported on the progress he had made in the preparations for the
conference and on the interest in it that was being shown among
those having to do with Pan American trade relations. He recom-
mended that the actual dates for the conference should be Tuesday,
Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, June 3, 4, 5, and 6, with the
inaugural session at 10 o'clock on Tuesday, June 3, which would be
presided over by the Secretary of State or the Acting Secretary of
497
PAX AMERICAX COMMERCIAL CONFERENCE. 499
wStatc as chairman of tlic board and addressed by tlio I^rosidont of tlio
United States if he should have returned, or. in his absence, by the
Vice President, and also by the rankinor ambassador and minister
of the Latin American (h])lomatic corps, and one or two othei- r(^|)re-
sentative nicMi. In the afternoon of the od and in the morning,
afternoon, and evening meetings of the following (hiys, the conference
would be continued in both general and special sessions, with the
thought of making them as practical as possible through limiting
papers and addresses to 10 minutes in their reading or delivery, and
th(>n having a discussion open to all participating in the conference.
Among those to be invited by the Governing Board to attend and
participate will be the following: (a) The diplomatic, consular, and
special commercial and financial representatives and experts in the
United States of the Latin American Governments; (b) representa-
tives of Latin American firms and houses, Latin American experts,
and other Latin Americans interested who are now in the United
States; (c) such other representatives of Latin American Govern-
ments, commercial organizations, and firms who may be able to
attend; (d) the officials and experts of the different departments and
bureaus of the L^nited States Government having to do with Pan-
American economic and financial relations; (e) commercial and trade
organizations, institutions, firms, or houses, or representatives
thereof, and individuals in the L'nited States directly interested in
Pan American trade.
Among the notable men of the United States who have been espe-
ciall}^ invited to deliver addresses are the Secretary of the Treasury,
Hon, Carter Glass; the Secretary- of Commerce, Hon. William C.
Redfield; the chairman of the Shipping Board, Hon. Edward N.
Hurley; former president of the Emergency P'leet Corporation, Hon.
Chas. M. Schwal); Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, Dr. L. S.
Rowe; and Hon. Frank A. Vanderlip, president of the National City
Bank of New York. In addition to this list will be others of ecpal
distinction, aside from Latin American ambassadors and ministers,
consular and commercial representatives, who will discuss the rela-
tions of their respective countries to the Pan American situation.
Dr. Burwell S. Cutler, chief of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce, Department of Commerce, and Julius G. Lay, acting
foreign trade adviser of the State Department, have been invited to
cooperate for the success of the convention through their own partici-
pation and that of other officials of the State Department and Depart-
ment of Commerce. The various other bureaus of different depart-
ments of the L^nited States Government having to do with Pan
American trade will also be invited to give their expert aid.
When the convention of the National Foreign Trade Council and
that of the United States Chamber of Commerce were held recently in,
500 THE PAN AMERICAlSr UNION.
respectively, Chicago and St. Louis, announcements were made of
this proposed Pan American Commercial Conference, with the result
that great interest was manifested by those present in the practical
good that might be accomplished by it. The indications now are
that there will be a very large attendance at the conference of all those
who are in any way concerned with, or engaged in. Pan American
commerce. The proceedings will be published, as were those of the
conference of February, 1911, and should provide a most complete
review of the entire Pan American trade situation.
llClW iM \JBX}kki}kM.
M
ARCH 1, 1919, marked the beginning of a new era in Uru-
guayan history, for on that date Dr. Baltasar Brum was
elected and inaugurated President of the Republic for the
ensuing term of four years, and on the same day the new
constitution of Uruguay, a brief summary of which was published
in the April number of the Bulletin, went into effect.
The election of a President by congress took place for the last time,
inasmuch as the new constitution provides for the election of the chief
magistrate by the direct vote of the people, and for the first time a
national administrative board was chosen to cooperate with the presi-
dent in the discharge of the duties of his office. As a matter of fact,
under the present administrative organization the president will only
have charge of affairs relating to the departments of the interior,
foreign relations, and war and marine, while the administrative board
will have charge of the departments of finance, public instruction, and
pul)lic works.
The ceremonies referred to were held in the Hall of Public Sessions
of the University of Montevideo. As a manifestation of esteem for
the people of Uruguay naval detachments from the Brazilian cruiser
Barroso, the English cruiser Bristol, and from a number of North
American war vessels, formed in dress parade in front of the university
building, while on both sides of the university and on part of the front
were di'awn up mounted guards from the Blandigues regiment of
Artigas and a number of other detachments from the republican
guard and firemen's organizations.
Seated in the diplomatic section were the special embassies appointed
to be present when the new President took the oath of office, and who
502
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
conveyed to him the good wishes of their respective governments.
The heads of the (hfferent embassies, accompanied ])y their staffs,
were as follows: Dr. Cyro de Azevedo, Brazil; Robert E. Jeffery,
United States; Modesto Giiggiari, Paraguay; Dr. Ricardo Miijia,
Bolivia; Dr. Carlos Estrada, Argentine Republic; Dr. Roberto
Ancizar, Colombia; Dr. Carlos F. Hultgun, Sweden; Enrique Cuevas,
Chile; Andre Auzouy, France; Dr. Victor A. Belaunde, Peru; Amado
Nervo, Mexico; and Chin Lin Woo, China. There were also present
the persons who comprised the regular missions accredited near the
Government of Uruguay in Montevideo.
COLLEGE OF LAW, UNIVERSIT'i
MONTEVIDEO.
The inauf;uration ceremonies of Dr. Baltasar nrum. recently elected President of Uruguay, wore
held in the Hall of Public Sessions in the College of Law build"ing of the Jniversity of Montevideo.
After the members of the administrative board were elected and the
oath of office was administered to them, Dr. Baltasar Brum was
chosen president by a vote of two-thirds of the representatives of the
national assembly. After taking the oath of office the president made
an eloquent address in earnest and convincing terms, explaining his
views and sketching the program of the Government. Because of
the experience which President Brum has had in international affairs
while minister of the department of foreign relations of his country,
and the general recognition of his pure and fearless Americanism
ill all of the Republics of the Western Hemisphere, some of the most
striking paragraphs of his address are given herewith, freely translated :
In the course of the events of the terrible war which the Central Powers brought
upon the world, I took occasion, rehdng upon the earnest support of Presidents Batlle
and Viera, of all the opportunities wliich were available to the country to bring out
its noble idealism and its determined stand for continental solidarity.
PRESIDENTIAL IXArGURATION IX URUGUAY. 503
And hence I supported the bill which made July 14, the glorious day of heroic
France and the culminating date in a long series of events tending to the establish-
ment of human liberty, as well as the bill passed by the National Assembly, which
made July 4 the memorable date of the revolution for the independence of the United
States of America, national holidays in Uruguay; I intervened in the events caused
by the absurd pretensions of the Imj)erial German Government concerning the sub-
marine blockade, and in the study of the case relating to the sinking of the steamer
Goritzia; and I believe I correctly interpreted the overwhelming oi)inion of the
country and the firm stand by which she Avished to make known her attitude con-
cerning said events.
Answering the communications which our- sister Republics of this hemisphere sent
us concerning the war, I repeatedly proclaimed, in accord with public opinion, the
fraternal sympathy which they inspii'ed in us; and I had the honor of signing the
decree of June 18 which set forth in a practical manner our actual and real aspii-ations
concerning American solidarity.
I took part also in breaking off relations -^-ith the Imperial German Government
and in ending our neutrality, which acts, supported by public opinion, culminated
in our entrance into the war, thereby opening to the nation the doors of the league
of honor.
All these things show my \'iews on the foreign situation, and I will uphold them in
the sense indicated.
I will continue, then, to maintain and extend our cordial relations with all nations,
and shall alwaj's be an enthusiastic supporter of Pan Americanism, which does not
contain, as you well know, an absiu'd spii-it of hostility and i-eserve toward other con-
tinents, but, on the contrary, a strong desire for friendly organization among peoples
destined to a life of common interests because of their* geographic situation, their
ethnic composition, their historic relations, and their democratic institutions. I will,
furthermore, cultivate with special care our friendship with neighboring countries
from which we have received such strong manifestations of affection and considera-
tion, and will endeavor to strengthen the bonds which unite us to the allied nations
whose destinies we joined in the great war, and out of whose immense sacrifices there
will arise a new era of justice and peace.
After the remarks which Dr. Espalter, speaker of the assembly,
adth'essed to President Brum, expressing to him the satisfaction with
which the congress had heard the outhne of the Government's pro-
gram, and after offering to cooperate with him m the same, Dr. Viera,
the retiring president, transferred his power to the new executive.
A few moments thereafter, and in the midst of general rejoicmg by
the people, who cheered the recently elected president on leaving the
miiversity, Dr. Brum entered the government palace and there
received the congratulations of the special embassies and of the resi-
dent diplomatic corps.
W h ¥? W T f f F r T T V f I F
SITUATED only 8 miles from New York City, Newark, the
largest city of the State of New Jersey and ranking among the
largest in the United States, is essentially an industrial city.
Not excelling in any one particular branch of industry, unless
it be the manufacture of jewelry and patent leather, Newark's indus-
tries in a variety of commodities are among the foremost in the
country.
Newark was settled in 1666 by a party of Puritans who had emi-
grated from their native State of Connecticut because of disagree-
ments between the church and government. They were able to
buy from the Indians practically all of what is now Essex County,
in which Newark is located, for "fifty double hands of powder, one
hundred bars of lead, twenty axes, ten coats, ten guns, ten swords,
four blankets, and thi^ee trooper's coats," together with a number of
other things not even as valuable as those mentioned above. The
town was governed largely after the Mosaic law and continued
essentially Puritan for over 50 years. Partly because of its Puri-
tanic origin and partly because of its independent manufacturing
interests, Newark, in spite of its nearness to New York City, has kept
a distinct character of its own. The city received a large part of its
foreign population immediately after the revolution of 1848, when
many Germans settled there. It was incorporated as a township in
1693 and was chartered as a city in 1836.
The city has grown with remarkable swiftness. In 1790 it could
scarcely be recognized as a village with its population of 1,200. In
1825 it was a busy manufacturing center, with a population of over
8,000. From then on with constant steadiness the city grew. During
the 10 years ended with 1910 the population increased 41.2 per cent,
and according to the last census numbered 347,469, ranking four-
teenth in size of the cities of the country.
As the population increased so did the industries of the city, but
the industries were not confined to any one class. They have been so
varied that Newark today has probably a greater number of diver-
sified industries than any city of the United States. It has over
250 distinct lines of industry and over 2,000 manufacturing establish-
ments. In the aggregate value of its manufactured products it
ranks ahead of 30 States. The capital invested in the city's manu-
504
w S
^ — ■ — I . m
508 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
facturing industries employing 10 or more hands amounts to S154,-
233,000, and in these particular fields of labor 59,995 operatives are
engaged. In 1914 seven industries of the city had an annual output
exceeding $7,000,000 each in value. These industries were the
tanning, currying, and finishing of leather; smelting and refining of
copper; the manufacture of foundry and machine-shop products;
malt liquors; jewelry; electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies;
and paints and varnishes. Other industries with products valued
over $4,000,000 each were the manufacture of chemicals; bread and
other bakery products; slaughtering and meat packing; manufacture
of corsets; printing and publishing; and the manufacture of copper,
tin, and sheet-iron products.
The industries mentioned above are the chief ones of Newark, and
a consideration of their diversification gives an idea of the character of
the city. Excelling as it does in certain lines, a hundred or two
other lines are by no means lacking in representation. Laborers and
skilled operators in every line of manufacture can be found in this
metropolis. Some cities have an overwhelming majority of laborers
accustomed to working in a particular kind of industry, but Newark
contains all kinds. And as the industries differ so do the national-
ities, habits, tastes, and customs of the wage earners. Here the
natives of every country in the world find a home and employment
suitable to their taste. Newark is cosmopolitan more than any other
city of its size in the United States. A good index of the many
different classes of wage earners is the number of trade-unions. Sec-
retaries of 80 distinct trade-unions have their headquarters at Newark.
Through the aid of local building and loan associations many of the
foreigners have succeeded in building their own homes as well as
in accumulating savings accounts.
A recent school census shows that Newark is a veritable "city of
many nationalities." Statistics show that in the public schools there
were 17,329 American children of native ancestry, 9,166 Hebrews,
6,513 Germans, 5,498 Itahans, 1,417 English, 827 Irish, 483 Scotch,
277 Poles, 257 Magyars, 226 Kussians, 202 Swedes, 199 French, 171
Canadians, 135 Slovaks, and a fairly large representation of Chinese,
Japanese, Javanese, Finns, Guavians, Syrians, Turks, Greeks, Egyp-
tians, and a score of other nationalities, as well as 1,172 Negroes.
With a varied population of this kind disturbances and breaches of
the peace might be expected, but in fact the city is surprisingly free
from petty crimes.
Newark, while far enough away from New York to be in no way
identified with that city, is still near enough to make it easily acces-
sible. Travel to and from and within the city is made quick and
comfortable by six railroads, the Hudson and Manhattan tubes, which
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512 THE PAN AMEEICAN UNION.
connect the city with the business and financial center of New York,
and 23 trolley lines. Newark is daily served by 254 freight trains,
and has a water frontage of 10^ miles on Newark Bay and the Passaic
River. Over 800 passenger trains daily give service to and through
the city. Closely related to a city's transportation facilities, from
the viewpoint of the manufacturer and merchant, are its possibilities
in the way of providing gas and electricity for power or fuel to be used
in the transformation of raw materials into finished products. Because
of the good facilities ofTered by Newark along these lines many of the
industries formerly operating with soft coal have changed to elec-
tricity, which, aside from the economic advantage resulting therefrom
also diminishes the soft-coal nuisance and improves the hygienic con-
dition of the city.
As the center of the leather industry, Newark has a world-wide
reputation. In patent-leather making it leads the world, and is the
largest leather manufacturing city in the United States and as such
does a business with foreign countries amounting to several millions
yearly. In 1914 Newark had 79 leather manufacturing establish-
ments turning out products valued at over $20,000,000. As a manu-
facturer of jewelry Newark stands at the head of the industry in the
United States. In 1914 fully 167 establishments in Newark were
engaged in the manufacture of jewelry. Resulting naturally from
the fact that so many jew^elry establishments are located in the city,
it is one of the largest buyers in the world of diamonds, pearls, rubies,
and a variety of other precious and semiprecious gems. Allied with
the jewelry trade is the manufacture of numerous other articles, such
as jewelers' tools, brushes, and optical goods. Compared to the
entire United States the city in 1909 had approximately 7 per cent
of the establishments devoted to the currying, tanning, and finishing
of leather-, and the value of the product was 6 per cent of the entire
country. In the jewelry trade Newark had 1 0 per cent of the number
of establishments and put out 16 per cent of the value of jew^elry
products. This record is that of a single city arrayed against the
entire United States.
There was a time when the mention of an industrial and manu-
facturing city would call to mind pictures of grimy buildings, a
smoke-filled atmosphere, and ill-kept streets, ])ut in recent years we
have come to believe that a really progressive city must keep its
streets in perfect concHtion, and be ecpiipped with pubhc parks and
playgrounds in order to maintain the efficiency of its industries.
Newark has 25 parks ranging in size from plots covering a square or
triangular block to green-shaded tracts covering many acres. Two
of the parks are in the center of the business district, and the others
are scattered throughout the city. Branch Brook Park, situated
THE POST OFFICE, NEWARK, NEW JERSEY.
HEMLOCK FALLS, SOUTH MOUNTAIN RESERVATION, NEWARK, NEW JERSEY.
516 THE PAjST AMERICAN UNION.
near the geographical center of the city, has an area of 280 acres;
and, evidently believing that such a park in the center of the city
should be of more benefit to pedestrians than to vehicles, the Essex
County Park Commission constructed the park with 11 miles of
walks and only 4 of roads. The park improvements cost considerably
over a million dollars. Tennis courts, cricket grounds, and ball
fields are to be found in this park, as well as gardens, lakes, and
beautiful lawns. Weequachic Park, another of the county garden
spots, contains a large lake, where boating and canoeing may be
enjoyed in the summer and skating provided for the lovers of winter
sports. East Side Park, located in a thickly settled section of the
city; Riverbank Park; and several others are scattered in and
around the city. Incidental to the parks are a number of statues
of men not only prominent in Newark and New Jeisey aff'airs, but
known throughout the country and the world. Playgrounds, recrea-
tion centers, and free shower baths are other benefits given the people.
Newark's educational system enjoys a high reputation. It is
interesting to note that the College of New Jersey, now Princeton
University, was situated here from 1747 to 1756, under the presidency
of the Rev. Aaron Burr. Boston alone of the 20 largest cities of the
country equals Newark in having the largest percentage (16§) of its
population enrolled in the public schools. As parts of its public
school system the city maintains several summer or vacation schools,
a normal and training school for the education of teachers, a school
of drawing, and a technical school. Variety and diversity of manu-
factures, proximit}^ to the chief marts of commerce and trade, and
other important local conditions have enabled the city to attain the
material means to maintain scliools, both public and private, of a high
stanchird. The Newark Acach'my, founded in 1792, is the leading
private school, and there are a number of Roman Catholic academies.
The public library contains nearly 200,000 volumes and the library
of the New Jersey Historical Society about 26,000 books, 27,000
pamphlets, and many manuscripts. The Prudential Life Insurance
Co., one of the largest in the world, has its headquarters at Newark
and maintains a law library of over 20,000 volumes, and the Essex
County Lawyers' Club has one of 5,000 volumes or more. The total
number of books loaned to card holders amounts to over 1,000,000
annually.
With such a varied population and diversification of industries it
is safe to say that the city of Newark will not only keep its place of
rank among the cities of the country, but will gradually forge ahead.
Its name is known all over the world wherever United States manu-
factured products are used or sold, and in this way the city is fast
assuming international im2)ortance.
MINERAL MONOPOLIES OF
THE distribution of the mineral products of the earth, as
shown on mineral maps of the world, presents many striking
features, many of which are still without scientific ex-
planation. In one region certain kinds of rocks, particular
structures, or peculiar characteristics of one sort or another, may be
used as indicators of valuable deposits of minerals, but another
region with similar features may be entirely barren. Although our
knowledge of the economic mineral products has advanced to a
point where an experienced mining engineer or geologist can dis-
tinguish between favorable and unfavorable localities, the remark
is often heard that ore should be found in such and such a place
despite the fact that repeated efforts to discover it have met with
discouragement. The failure of the particular mineral after the stage
being all prepared for it, as it were, in many cases baffles all our
scientific research and forces us to admit that the explanation of
the seeming capricious acts of Nature are as yet beyond our ken.
Perhaps the one determining factor has not yet been recognized or
possibly the requisite combination of causes may be at fault. We
only know that with or without recognized cause some sections seem
to have been especially favored in the distribution of the valuable
economic mineral products whereas others are markedly deficient.
Fortunately the mineral products on which we are at present most
dependent have a wide distribution and few countries of the globe
are entirely lacking in them. Coal and iron ore, the two most impor-
tant mineral products, are the best examples of such mineral sub-
stances. We may claim, however, that these are our most important
mineral products simply because of their abundance and wide dis-
tribution, and that other less common materials would be equally
useful could they but be procured in sufhcient quantities at equal
costs. Platinum, for example, might well replace many of the more
coDomon metals, even iron, in hundreds of uses if it were not for its
rarity and consequent high cost.
The fact remains that certain regions are rich in minerals that the
inhabitants of other sections desire and for which they are willing to
pay reasonable prices. The country that is rich in some product
that is highly necessary for the development of important industries
in other countries can always secure favorable terms in the barter
1 By Bpnjamin L. Miller.
517
SCENES OF THE MINASRAGKA \ \:..AiiILM KEGION.
Upper picture: The writer and his companions on the way to the Minasragra vanadium mine. Note
the rope bridle of the Indian boy. Lower picture: Principal open-cut workings of the Minasragra
vanadium mine. This mine produces more vanadium than any other in the world.
MINERAL MOiSTOPOLIES OF THE AMERICAS. 519
and exchange that constitutes international commerce. In some in-
stances the favored country may not be the only one possessing de-
posits of the desired product, in which case severe competition may
result. It may be, however, that active competition may so stimu-
late the industry that the accruing benefits may be far greater than
without such an incentive.
It is rare that a country possesses an absolute monopoly of any
mineral product, although there are a few cases of that kind. There
are many more in which a restricted area or a certain country may
possess so large a proportion of the world's known occurrences of a
certain product that it has practically all the effects of a complete
monopoly. Germany did not contain the only potash; Russia was
not the only country furnishing platinum; South Africa is not the
only diamond region; and yet these countries have so largely domi-
nated in the production and sale of these particular commodities that
little additional value could result in absolute monopoly. Many
other instances come to mind from other parts of the world, but it is
scarcely necessary to enumerate more.
A monopoly nearly enough complete to control the world's markets
is a desideratum which is possessed by not a few of the independent
countries of the world, and in this respect the Republics of the West-
ern Hemisphere are especially fortunate. Not until the war dis-
turbed the international exchange of the raw mineral products,
largely because of the shortage of ships, was there much necessity for
the consideration of the advantages of national supplies of aU neces-
sary mmerals. An illustration of this kind is furnished by man-
ganese. The supplies of manganese ore from Russia and India,
required by the steel manufacturers of the United States, were at
once cut off on the outbreak of the war in Europe, thus necessitating
the importation of BraziUan ores at considerably greater expense.
Soon after the United States entered the war the urgent need of ves-
sels to transport men and supplies to Europe caused the shortage of
shipping to become so serious that it became necessary to still further
curtail imports, and domestic supplies were sought even though the
cost was much greater. Fortunately, the United States contained
undeveloped manganese deposits, and in a short time, had the war
continued, the necessity for the importation of foreign manganese
ores would have entirely disappeared.
Similar stories might be told concerning the development within
the United States of pyrite mines to remove the necessity of sending
ships to Spam for the necessary supply; the opening of numerous
chromite mines in Cahfornia and Oregon to supply domestic needs,
previously satisfied by the importation of ores from Turke}', Russia,
New Caledonia, and Rhodesia; and the search for tungsten deposits
to furnish the tungsten needed for the manufacture of tungsten steel
THE MINING REGIONS OF PERU.
IJpppr pioturp: Tyake Punrum, one of the mosi Ix-aiiliful lakes of the Peruvian Andes, with the great
limestone walls in the background. Lower iiicture; Typifal view in the Minasrafrra mine region.
Llamas and alpacas may be seen grazing on the sparse vegetation that grows at the elevation of 14,500
to 10,500 feet above sea level.
MINERAL MONOPOLIES OF THE AMERICAS. 521
and to replace the supplies formerly obtained from Burma. Attempts
were made to develop the graphite industry by increasing the domestic
production, thus removing the necessity of importing (\>ylon graphite,
but in this respect the undertakhig was only partially successful, as
the graphite manufacturers insisted that the Ceylon product was
necessary for graphite crucibles on account of its peculiar physical
properties.
The other countries of the world were handicapped in a like manner,
in many cases much more seriously, by their lack of essential raw
mineral products. Frequent stories have been told of the straits
to which the central powers of Europe were reduced, due to their
deficiency in copper and nickel, as well as several minor products.
National independence in the raw mineral products in time of war
is fully appreciated if not in time of peace. It is certain that if the
nations are ever again threatened with a world war, one of the ways
in which preparation will be made will be by the accumulation in
advance of enormous stocks of all necessary raw mineral products
not produced in each country in sufficient quantities to meet the
domestic needs. So great have been the difficulties of international
exchange during the war, and, in some instances, so bitter is the feeling
even yet between the late beffigerents, that in many quarters there
are urgent demands that nationalism take the place of internation-
alism and that the nations should so develop their latent resources
that they become independent of all other countries. Such aspira-
tions, as far as it applies to national independence in the minerals,
can never be fully realized by most countries owing to the lim_ited
distribution of certain necessary ores, and also it is questionable
whether the citizens of any country would be willing to continue
indefuiitel}^ to pay higher prices for domestic products than for similar
materials obtainable as imports from other countries at lower prices.
Reasonable tariff barriers for the promotion of infant industries will
no doubt continue or even increase, according to the present outlook,
as indicated by the writings of prominent men in various countries;
but such tariffs should not be excessive or continue beyond the period
necessary to determine whether the local or domestic ventures can
become successful on their o^^^l merits. On this subject many differ-
ent points of view are being expressed and one can not foretell the
outcome.
If not at once, at least within a few years, however, it seems pro])a-
ble that we will again be back on much the same basis as in prewar
times, with each country^ freely exchanging its products with the
other nations, the deficiencies of one supplied by the surplus of
others. In the full development of such a plan only those domestic
supplies will be utilized that can be obtained more cheaply than
similar substances of other countries, and free international com-
*>i^
VIEWS OF THE ROCK FOREST NEAR MINASRAGRA, PERU.
The route to the vanadium mines of Minasragra, Peru, leads through the famous Reck Forest. The
wind and rain have carved the rocks into various fantastic shapes, and the spot has a strong attraction
for the traveler.
MINERAL MONOPOLIES OF THE AMERICAS. 523
petition will result except for the imposition of moderate tariffs
which are necessary for revenue, and perhaps at the same time
giving protection to industries requiring a minimum amount of
assistance. Under these conditions the possession of monoplies or
practical monopolies of any of the necessary raw materials becomes
a distinct national asset unless the league of nations should at some
time formulate rules for the international control of minerals as has
been suggested.^
The value of a mineral monopoly of world-wide use is twofold. It
initiates international trade with various other countries and con-
stitutes a source of national revenue tlii'ough the levying of export
taxes. It has long been regarded as legitimate and desirable that
foreign buyers of a monopoly should contribute to the support of
the government of a nation so favored, inasmuch as revenues from
some source are essential. Especially is this true as applied to
raw mineral products that are exported as the country exhausts its
resources and becomes poorer thereby. The danger in the levying
of export taxes is the possibility of stifling the industry through
excessive rates.
In general that country, is most favored in the variety of its min-
eral products that has had the most varied or complex geologic
history. The geologic conditions that are necessar}- for the forma-
tion of one type of mineral product are apt to be entirely unsuitable
for the accumulation of other materials. Certain economic prod-
ucts such as coal, petroleum, salt, etc., are confined to regions of
sedimentary rocks; most of the iron and manganese ores of promi-
nence, together with certain other metallic products, are commonly
associated with ancient rocks of igneous or sedimentary origin but
which have subseciuently undergone metamorphism, whereas the
bulk of the gold, silver, copper, tin, and mercury ores are intimately
related to later igneous rocks. We also find that certain kinds of
igneous rocks are more frequently ore bearing and certain structures
are also very important. The chances are therefore much in favor
of varied mineralization in a section where varied geological activities
have taken place.
Both of the American continents possess the variety of geologic
formations that might be expected to result in the formation of
many kinds of mineral deposits, and taking each continent as a
whole w^e find few of the important minerals lacking. In general,
in each continent ancient rocks which once formed the cores of
lofty mountain chains are represented in the eastern portions, sedi-
mentary strata which have undergone little change are found in the
interior, and recently disturbed sedimentary strata intruded by
' C. K. Leith: International Control of Minerals. Mineral Resources of the United States, 1917, Ft. I,
pp. 7a-16a, U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington, 1918.
GRENVILLE CRYSTALLINE LIMESTONE, NEAR WANUP, ONTARIO, CANADA.
NICKEL BASIN, AZILDA, ONTARIO, CANADA.
View of the interior of the nickel basin. The nickel-bearing rock formation of the Sudbury district has
the shape of a canoe jwiUi thcTedges outcropping and the central portion occupied "b.v ol her kinds of
rocks. The canoe-shapod basin'is 35 miles long and 16 miles wide. The ore bodies are' found at inter-
vals all about the rim, and presumably there are many equally rich ones in the central portion deeply
covered by the rock strata.
MINERAL MONOPOLIES OF THE AMERICAS. 525
comparatively young igneous rocks are abundantly represented in
the western mountain systems. The newer mountains of the Pacific
Ocean side contain the bulk of the mineral wealth of the continents,
the interior sections have considerable coal, and the eastern lower
mountains or hills are rich in the baser metals and the gem minerals.
With such a distribution Canada and the United States would be
expected to have the most varied mineral resources in comparison
with the other American countries, inasmuch as they extend from
the Atlantic to the Pacific. The other countries whose borders are
washed by the waters of the two oceans, such as Mexico, Guatemala,
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, lack the ancient rocks so
prominently developed in eastern Canada, the United States, and
Brazil. No South American country, unless we except Colombia,
borders both oceans, and none of them contains the three belts
described above. This means that the United States is the only
one of the American Republics that should be expected to ever
become reasonably independent, so far as its mineral requirements
are concerned; and yet in spite of its varied mineral wealth, it lacks
several products. Fortunately, most of these can be furnished by
some of the other American Republics.
Brazil, notwithstanding its great size, does not contain any repre-
sentatives of the younger mountains and recent igneous rocks, and
consequently lacks in many of the important mineral deposits.
Peru, for example, with its great wealth of copper, mercury, sulphur,
borax, lead, zinc, etc., might well supplement Brazil with its iron ore,
manganese, gems, etc. Both of them contain gold and silver,
although these precious metals are more widely distributed in paying
quantities in the mountains of the Pacific slope than in the eastern
ranges of the continent. Together Brazil and Peru, extending from
the Atlantic to the Pacific, include the same wide range of geologic
conditions possessed by the United States with a consequent wide
variety of mineral deposits.
The importance of Brazil in supplementing the deficiencies of the
Pacific coast countries in regard to mineral resources has not yet
been fully realized. This is on account of the limited consumption
of the raw products within the South American countries. With the
exception of gold, of which probably the bulk is retained within the
countries of origin, by far the larger proportion of the mineral output
goes to Europe or North America, where the manufacturing industries
have become much more highly developed. This will not always be
the case, however, for the future holds promise for a much greater
poj^ulation in every one of the southern Republics; and with this
increase will come improved transportation facilities, both of which
are necessary- forerunners of an extensive manufacturing industry.
"^Tien that time comes railroads will cross the heart of the continent,
116263—19— Bull. 5 3
"THE KING."
A remarkable n ck furmalion in the Rock Forest near Minasragra, Peru.
MINEEAL MOXOPOLIES OF THE AMERICAS. 527
permitting free and ready exchange of the mineral prochicts of the
eastern and the western countries of ISouth America. Not until then
will the benefits afforded by one country being able to supply the
deficiencies of its neighbor of the other ocean slope be fully appreci-
ated.
Leith says that "the annual world production of minerals approxi-
mates 1,700,000,000 tons, over 90 per cent of which consists of coal
and iron. Of this amount about two-thirds is used within the
countries where the minerals are produced and one-third is shipped
to other countries. The mineral production of the United States
amounts to about one-third of the total."
As the United States uses far more mineral products in its manu-
factures than any other of the American Republics it is important
to know what its deficiencies are. Leith names these as follows:
Tin, nickel, platinum and metals of the platinum group— antimony,
vanadium, zirconium, mica, monazite, graphite, asbestos, ball clay
and kaolin, chalk, cobalt, Naxos emery, and grinding pebbles, with
nitrates, potash, manganese, chromite, and magnesite that can be
produced within the country but only at higher prices than they
could be obtained from foreign sources. A casual glance at the list
shows that other sections of the American continents can readily
supply most of these deficiencies. Canada possesses ample supplies
of nickel, asbestos, and cobalt; Brazil is well supplied with man-
ganese, circonium, and monazite, and probably mica; Bolivia is
rich in tin and antimony; Colombia yields platinum; Peru supplies
the world with vanadium, as does Chile with nitrates; and the other
materials in the list, although now obtained largely from the Old
World, may eventually be found in sufficient quantities in these
newer countries. All of them are already produced in limited
amounts at the present time, but in the known occurrences the
question of quality, quantity, or excessive costs have forced the
United States to seek European or Asiatic supplies. Indeed some of
the materials in the list that might be obtained from the Western
Hemisphere have actually been imported from European sources,
due to better transportation facilities or superior quality, although
these conditions which now favor the European producer may not
necessarily always remain the same.
If the resources and needs of any of the other American Republics
were examined in a similar manner it would be found that the obsta-
cles to complete mineral independence would be much the same, and
likewise that the deficiencies could be supplied in almost ever\- case
by the sister republics. With the future of the world still uncertain
and the bonds of mutual sympathy and helpfulness becoming con-
tmually stronger between the nations of the American continents it
is reassm-ing to realize the possibility of complete independence of
^ 6
w
J3
o
S
*s
w
«
5
MINERAL :\rOXOPOLIES OF THE AMERICAS. 529
Pan Aniorica if the exigencies of the future should ever recjuire such
combination of interest.
Let us now consider the min(>ral products of the American conti-
nents in whicli practical monopohes or market control exist and the
countries which possess them. The list seems to ])e as follows:
I'mducts possessed b>/ Americmi countries as absolute or practically complete monopolies.
Metallic:
Vanadium Peru.
Nickel Canada.
Xonmetallic:
Nitrates Chile.
Iodine Chile.
Borax Chile, Peru. X'nited States, Argentina,
Bolivia.
Black diamonds Brazil.
Monazite Brazil.
Zirconium minerals Brazil.
Products possessed bi/ the American countries in quantities sufficient to dominate and
control the irorld's marJcets.
Metallic :
Radium ores United Slates.
Copper United States. Chile. Peru.
Bismuth Peru, Bolivia.
Nonmetalllc:
Sulphur United States. Chile.
Petroleum United States, Mexico.
Gems —
Emerald Colombia.
Topaz Brazil.
Amethyst Brazil.
Graphite for pencils Mexico.
In the above table the two metallic products hsted anions; the
nearly complete monopolies are vanadium and nickel, both of which
attain their greatest use in the manufacture of high-grade steel
adapted for special purposes. Along these lines there have been won-
derful improvements during recent years, since it has been recognized
that the addition of small amounts of other metals would unpart de-
sirable qualities to the steel. The number of these substances now
being employed in the manufacture of ferroalloys is alread}' great and
is continually increasing.
One of the most fascinating stories connected with mining is the
discover}' and development of tlie now famous vanadium deposits of
Minasragra, Peru. The deposits are located in the high Andes,
Junin Province, at an elevation of 16,500 feet above sea level. They
are about 25 miles from the nearest railroad, without even a wagon
road leading to the mines, and yet in spite of these obstacles they
control the world's vanadium markets and furnish 80 per cent, or
possibh^ more, of vanadium used. Furthermore, tliis position was
■v >— ;3SB^,
MINERAL MONOPOLIES OF THE AMERICAS. 531
jittainod almost immediately ui)()n the discovery of the (h'posit. and
the supply of ore still available seems to indicate that its j^remier
position will lonu^ be retained.
When it was found that the adcHtion of vanachuni to steel greatly
increased its strength, and especially where resistance to shock was
demanded, search was made for this desirable material in various
parts of the world, and although found in limited amounts in several
places, the ruggcnl Andes finally furnished the choice dejwsit. Fortu-
nate indeed it is that the Minasragra deposit was discovered before
the outbreak of the war, for vanadium steel has been extensively em-
pkn'ed during its continuation in the manufacture of the steel of aero-
planes, machine guns, heavy artillery, armor plate, etc., enabling
the manufacturer to produce equal strength with less weight than
would otlierwise have been possible. In times of peace vanadium
steel has pro])a])ly found its greatest a])plication in the manufacture
of automobile parts and in connection with tungsten in high-speed
tools.
For many vears a mass of black asphaltic substance had been ob-
served to the southwest of Cerro de Pasco, and because of its resem-
blance to coal M'as mistaken for a fuel. Several tinn^s tlie properties
were denounced as coal lands, but as the material would not burn
readily and contained much sid])hur the claims were abandoned.
In 1905 some of the mat<M-ial was brought to Seiior Antenor Rizo
Patron, one of the ablest mining men of the Peruvian Andes, who
ma(h' an analysis, which to liis surprise showed a high })(>rcentage of
vana(hum. He denounced the claims at once for vanadium. 7he
control of the pro])erty sliortly passed into the possession of the
American \'ana(Hum Co., l)y wliom it lias been operated ever since.
The trip nnuh^ by the writei- to Minasragra will eve?- be remembered
with delight. Leaving th(^ smelter of the Cerro de Pasco Mining Co.
on horseback on a crisp morning, a short ride brought us to tlie Hau-
raucaca smelter of E. E. Fernan(hni, managed by Sehor Patron,
where we stopjxnl tor a short time a.nd then continued over the gently
rolling pampa for S to 10 miles. The temptation was to urge the
horses into a pace such as one might take in a plains region in most
sections of the world. However, tliis comi)aratively fhit pampa has
an elevation of about 14, ()()() feet above sea level, which necessitates
slow riding. Horses as well as men quickly feel the effects of exercise
in the rare atmosphere no matter how long they may have lived in tlie
region. Sparse vegetation covers the pampa except along the water-
courses and occasional marshes, where there is sufficient vegetation
for good grazing.
The route we took led near the famous Rock Forest, where wind
and rain have carved the rocks into various fantastic shapes suggestive
of ruined castles, stumps of trees, gnomes, hobgoblins, and grotesque
532 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
animals of various kinds. In few other places, if any, can one find
more interesting rock forms than are exhibited in this place, and one
can readily appreciate the attraction it holds for the residents of the
Cerro de Pasco region.
The pampa gives way as one goes westward to a more rugged coun-
try, and finally Lake Punrum comes in sight. This is one of the most
beautiful of the lakes of the high Andes and most attractive with the
gi-eat wall of white limestone along the western side. Various wading
birds frequent this body of water and add to its attractive features.
Our course now veered somewhat to a place where the limestone wall
had been cleft forming a narrow gorge, and through it we entered the
more rugged country of the vanadium district. The trail is steep for
the last, few miles, so that it was well past the noon hour before we
arrived at the mine, it having required about eight hours to make
the trip of about 25 miles. In general, the farther one travels from
the centers of population the gi-eater hospitality one encounters, and
Minasragra is no exception, yet at best life is strenuous and lived
with few of the ordinary comforts at such elevations as this and
remote from railroads. As soon as the sun disappears it is uncom-
fortably cold, and snow banks and glaciers are always in view in the
near-by mountains. Since the fuel consists of small slu'ubs or else
coal brought in on the backs of Uamas from a considerable distance,
little can be used for heating purposes, and one is apt to recall the
comforts of steam heat and hot baths, and longing for these unob-
tainable luxuries colors one's dreams.
About this interesting deposit now worked in part by open-cut
and in part by underground mining, a smaU settlement has grown up.
The rich vanadium ore is mined, sent to the roaster which has been
erected near-by, and thence in sacks transported on the backs of
llamas, the most useful animals in the Andes, to the railroad, whence
it goes to the steel centers of the world.
The Minasragra deposits have competition from various sections of
Europe and North America, and during the war considerable amounts
were produced in the United States and some of the European coun-
tries. This was, however, due mainly to the difficulties encountered
in shipping the ore from Peru. With the return to peace times it
seems probable that Peru will be called upon to furnish an even
larger percentage of the world's demands than ever before, which it
can well do for a great many years from the akeady-developed
deposits.
The history of the world's greatest nickel region presents many
features similar to that of the Minasragra vanadium district. In 1856
a land surveyor of Ontario, Canada, found a magnetic disturbance of
the compass needle while surveying in what is now the Sudbury
nickel region and suggested that an examination should be made of
:^nxERAL :\roxopoLiEs of the amekicas. 533
the locality. This ^vas done aiul led to the (Hscovery of a great mass
of iron sulphide (p^Trhotite) containing considerable copper and
nickel. The (k^posit was remote from railroads, there was little
demand for nickel, and the copper was present in such small (juan-
tities as to be valueless. Consequently little attention was given to
the discovery.
In 1883 the Canadian Pacific Railway, the first railroad built to
connect eastern and western portions of Canada, reached the Sud-
bui-y region, and the nickel-copper-p\Trhotite deposits were redis-
covered, although the presence of nickel was overlooked until an
investigation was made to discover the cause of the difficulties expe-
rienced in smelting the copper ore. Even then it was several years
before the nickel was considered especially desirable in comparison
with the copper. Gradually, however, the importance of the nickel
began to be appreciated, and the Canadian nickel industry was
developed to the foremost position which it now holds.
Xoi-way led the countries of the world in its nickel production
from the forties until the discovery of the rich deposits of New
Caledonia in 1874. Since then the Norwegian nickel industry has
declined, although stimulated to renewed activity diu-ing the war.
New Caledonia controlled the world's nickel market until the
Canadian industry became well established. Since 1905 the New
Caledonia production has decreased about 30 per cent whereas the
Canadian production has increased nearly 400 per cent. In 1915
there were 34,039 tons of refined nickel produced from Canadian
ores and only 2,569 tons from New Caledonia ores. The ore reserves
of Caledonia are estimated to amount to only about four years'
production of the Canadian mines, consequently it can readily be
seen that Canadian control of nickel practically amounts to a com-
plete monopoly, which it bids fan to maintain for many years with
its millions of tons of ore reserves.
During the war about 75 per cent of the nickel produced was used
in the manufacture of nickel steel which, under normal conditions,
accounts for about 60 per cent of the output. The balance is used
as pure nickel or alloyed with various other metals for a great variety
of pm-poses. Nickel steel is especiall}- desirable on account of its
great tensile strength and its resistance to corrosion, and is more
widely used every year.
The nickel-bearing rock formation of the Sudbury district has the
shape of a canoe with the edges outcropping and the central portion
occupied by other kinds of rocks. The canoe-shaped basin is 36
miles long and 16 miles wide. The ore bodies are found at intervals
all about the rim, and presumably there are many equally rich ones
in the central portion deeply covered by the rock strata.
534 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
There are several extensive ore bodies known in the Sudbury
district, the greatest of which is the famous Creighton mine deposit.
It consists of a great body of practicahy pure ore which has been
explored in depth to a distance of 2,000 feet, measured along its
dip, has a length of 1,000 feet, and a width at the surface of 180 feet.
The hand-picked ore contains 4.44 per cent of nickel and 1.56 per
cent of copper.
Until recent years nearly all the nickel of Canada was refined
within the United States, but the situation in this respect is changing,
so that Canada is gradually extending its control over all phases of
the nickel industry of the world.
[To be continued.)
A. A,. A. 3,,.
II /^
i>j /t
I, i
fxr-'w-r-'w "17% 1 ^, n ^. p.
IN the midst of the trou'olous days that ushered in the Republic of
Chile the founders of the nation did not lose sight of the finer
aspects of life even before ]>olitical sta])ility was attained. In
1813 the Government established the national institute and i\\^
first pul)lic li])rary of the country with a view to the diffusion of
culture among all classes of her citizens.
The foun(hition of the library, which was installed in the Fac-
toria General del Estanco under the direction of Don Agustin de
Olavarrieta, was the old Jesuit collection, consisting of 5,000 volumes,
which since the expulsion of the order has been conserved in the
University of San Felipe. As was to be supposed, the collection was
of too limited a character and of too old a date to meet the require-
ments of the time and satisfy the eager minds of the period of transi-
tioii to a republic as they groped toward scientific satisfaction of
their questionings. Hence the Government inserted in "El Monitor
Araucano" the following request for the contribution from private
citizens of books which might be valuable in a public library:
"Citizens of Chile: A foreigner, upon entering a country, formu-
lates his estimate of its culture by the libraries he finds and similar
institutions; and the first step which people take in the quest for
wisdom is the establishment of great libraries. For this reason the
government is sparing no expense or effort in creating a national
library, and on the 10th you heard the list of the collection it has
• English version of an article by Alcides Fuenzulida iii " La Inforinacirm '' of Santiago, Chile.
■3S
^ -sg
eg
c o
536 THE PAN AMERICA1S3' UNION.
prepared for you. But this library is not yet worthy of the Chilean
nation. The world must learn to know the interest which every
citizen has in the welfare of the others and that Chile is one family."
Realization of the aml)itions of the government was delayed, how-
ever, by the episodes of October, 1814, at which time the institution
was closed temporarily, to be reopened in 1818, the year in which
independence was made definitely possible, under the direction of
Don Manuel de Salas, the keenest mind of his time. In 182.3 he was
superseded by Camilo Henriquez, the indcfatiga])le leader of the rev-
olution, who resigned during the same year, to be supplanted by Don
Manuel G and arill as .
At first the library did not become a potent factor in the intellec-
tual life of the country, owing chiefly to the difficidty in obtaining
new books, not only because of the lack of l)ookstores, Init also be-
cause of the condition of the national treasmy during the war. The
lack of perfect accord in governmental plans was evidenced in a decree
by which the library was converted into a reading room alone during
the time of Senor Gandarillas. Don Francisco de Borja Garcia
Huidobro, appointed in 1825, was the librarian for 25 years. He
added many volumes, particularly works on law, the sciences, ancient
classics, and French literature.
In 1834 the law of literary copyright was passed, from which year
all books ])ublished in the country were collected. At the death of
Don Mariano Egafia his valuable private library, composed chiefly of
European works, became the property of the library. The next
director, Don Vicente Arlegui, issued the first catalogue, divided
into two parts — the general list and Senor Egana's collection. Later,
Director Ramon Briceilo, a man especially fitted for research, pub-
lished the Bibliogra2:)hic Statistics of Chilean Literature, a catalogue
which contains a list of all the press production of Chile from 1812 to
1860, later revised by its author complete to the year 1876. Senor
Bricefio also established a system of exchange with the other Amer-
ican Republics.
Don Luis Montt, a distinguished literateur of the time, who suc-
ceeded him as director, created new sections, modified old, and placed
the institution upon a scientific basis in accordance with the demands
of the day. Senor Montt died at the close of 1909 and was succeeded
l)y Don (^irlos Silva (^ruz.
The statistics given ])elow demonstrate the success with which he
has guided the affairs of the libraiy, with the help of efficient assist-
ants, such as Don Ramon A. Laval, the assistant director.
The various functions of the institution are accomplished through
the following sections: Administration; general supplies:; Chilean sec-
tion, divided into the book and pamphlet section and the newspapers
and periodicals section; home reading; manuscripts; reading room;
exchanges and acquisitions; information; bibliographical section; cen-
THE XATIOXAL LIBRAEY OF CHILE.
537
tral cxchaiioe of [)ublications and depository and sale of otticial piil)-
lications. The duties of every one of these sections, as will be seen,
are well defined, and some do a prodigious amount of work yearly.
This is particularly true of the home-reading and bibliographic
sections.
Toward the close of 1916 the library contained 211,911 bound
volumes, which shows an interesting increase compared with previous
years: 1911, 164,460; 1912, 176,894; 1913, 184,099; 1914, 194,103;
1915, 200,603; 1916, 211,911. To this number, 90,000 unbound
volumes, acquired as duplicates or exchanges, should be added as
well as a large number of books and pamphlets which it was impossible
to have bound; the total number of books, pamphlets, files, and
periocUcals possessed by the libary toward the close of 1916 was over
300,000.
Total number of readers during the past four years.
1913
1914
1915
1916
50,547
9,000
892
85,479
10,398
745
104,965
12,386
743
115, 576
12 283
Manuscript section
965
60,439
96,622
118,094
128, 824
Total number
of tools rea
d.
1913
1914
1915
1916
Reading room
60,267
12,959
3,626
112,397
14,317
2,490
159,858
15,228
2,455
181,581
Home readinfc
25, 192
1,660
76,852
129,204
177,541
208,433
In other words, the number of readers in 1914 increased 59 per
cent over 1913, 95 per cent in 1915, and 113 per cent in 1916. The
increase in the number of books read is 68 per cent in 1914, 131 in
1915, and 171 per cent in 1916. During 1917, 110,315 men and
2,289 women made use of the reading room in 341 legal days (an
average daily attendance of 330), and 172,150 works were consulted.
The languages used in reading room books are shown by the follow-
ing: tables:
1917
1916
1915
Spanish
159,321
6,732
4,751
685
564
89
8
164,504
11,819
3, 149
1,439
516
153
1
145,014
French
9,920
English
2,301
Italian
1,765
German ...
326
Russian
532
Dead languages
172, 150
181,581
159,858
The 12,292 books acquired in the past two years are for the most
part Chilean, Argentine, Ecuadorean, Mexican, Brazilian, North
538
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
American, Italian, and English works, of which the percentage of
the two latter countries predominates, whereas the other countries
show a slight diminution.
The exchange and interchange of puhlications is shown from the
fact that in 1915 not less than 350 packages of books and in 1916
fully 400 were received from foreign countries, as indicated below:
Publications received for the library from foreign parts .
Publications sent to foreign countries
Publications sent to branches of the hiirary
1914
719
733
1,432
864
1,987
3,105
1,325
The legal depository of Chilean pul)lications and the literary copy-
right registry, established by the laws of 1872 and 1834, respectively,
have been improved as indicated:
Legal depository.
Literary
copyright
registra-
tion.
Books
and
pamph-
lets.
Maga-
zines.
1912 .
1,147
1,291
1,228
496
507
549
507
347
202
1913
142
1014
175
1<J15
1,405
1,602
269
1916
267
The bibliographical section since its creation in 1910 has ha,d the
task of cataloguing the library in conformity with the decimal sys-
tem of classification adopted by the International Congress held in
Brussels in 1895. In this period it has catalogued 61,387 works of
51,389 volumes, in which work the typing of approximately 400,000
cards was involved. This exacting method, used now in the prin-
cipal libraries of the world, and the scientific advantages of which
are b(^ginning to be realized by the Chilean public, must be continued
until the entire contents of the library have been classified, and will
be accom])lished under the competent guidance of the present chief
of the section, a specialist without peer in the country.
One of the most valuable sections of the library is that of manu-
scripts, of which, by December 31, 1916, there were 10,334 bound
volumes and 2,413 unbound; that is, a total of 12,747 volumes.
This section, in charge of a man whose investigations have attracted
attention both within and ()iitsi(h' of the country, has had some of
the contents copied and has mad(^ several reports concerning the
historic value of certain documents and the finding of data in paro-
chial and notarial archives, etc. By this jirocedure the desirability
of collecting all the records of the country in one centralized library
540 THE PAIS!" AMEEICAF UNION.
has been demonstrated. This will be realized when the section is
installed in the new building.
The home reading section, which, as its name indicates, lends
books to be perused outside of the library, upon the payment of a
sum in proportion to the value of the book lent, attends also to the
branches established by the present directorate in 1913. The crea-
tion of this branch service has been of great value to the working
class which lives at a distance from the center of the city and whose
duties make it impossible for them to borrow from the central library.
The service was created in 1913 with 5 branches, now increased to
12; with 10 agencies scattered in various districts of the city, the
majority being in charge of principals or teachers of primary schools.
In these branches there are reading rooms, but the chief object is to
encourage home reading. In fact, the agents attend to only the
latter.
It remains to be stated that for the past five years the section has
extended its activities outside of Santiago, providing books which
have been requested in the provinces after the payment of the deposit.
In this way persons studiously inclined, although residing in towns
where libraries do not exist, may keep in touch with the progress of
the scientific and literary world, and at a nominal expenditure keep
pace with modern intellectual life.
Other sections, created in answer to the constantly increasing de-
mands of the complex life of to-day, are performing ecjually essential
work. One of these, known as the bibliographic consulting section,
was created in 1912, and has responded to queries in the following
number in the five years intervening: 1912,740; 1913,1,045; 1914,
1,210; 1915, 1,307; and 1916, 1,480. The section, directed by one
of the ablest men on the staff, publishes the Chilean and Foreign
Bibliographical Review, a work much consulted by all who wish to
keep well informed. The General Bibliography of Chile has been
published also since 1914, which is likewise of great value in refer-
ence work, as it contains lists in chronological, alphabetical, and
index order of all the works published in the country from the colo-
nial period down to the present time.
The section of exchanges and acquisitions, which has supervision
of the lecture courses, arranges lectures on art, science, and industry
in the reading room for such hours as it is not in use by readers.
The attendance at such lectures is select and the results are pleasing,
as a marked increase is noted in the demand for works dealing with
the subject of each lecture delivered. In 1912 there were 24 such
lectures given; in 1913 the number increased to 28; to 40 in 1914;
to 73 in 1915; and to 45 in 1916.
In 1916 this same section olfered courses in German, English,
French, and shorthand without cost to the State and with pleasing
THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CHILE. 541
results, since the number of readers who were able to use the books in
foreign languages was thereby greatly increased. The average hours
of classes given monthly was 125 and the average attendance 130.
But the principal task of this section is the acquisition of new books,
for which careful selection is made from Europe and the United
States, the subjects most used being works on applied sciences, not
only as a result of the lectures given at the institution but because
of the general interest and industrial awakening being experienced
in the country to-day. The needs and requests of the patrons arc
taken into consideration as well as the deficiencies in the library, and
the result is that modern textbooks, for example, in engineering,
architecture, beaux arts, technical subjects, sociology, and medicine,
are acquired.
With the American section a bureau of general information is con-
nected, with its material classified in a convenient form. It is
observed that questions usually deal with the organization and
methods used in North American universities, which are of great
mterest to Chilean young people. This office was created in response
to the resolution approved at the Second Pan-American Scientific
Congress held in Washington in 1915-16, by which it was decided
to found a "Pan-American Bibliographical Union" with a bureau
of information concerning Pan-American subjects to be established
in every national library of America. The Chilean National Library
was the first to respond, and is indebted to the governments, the
universities, and libraries of the entire continent for their coopera-
tion in the matter. Most of the data, tracts, and pamphlets received
are from the United States and refer to mining and agricultural
problems and experiments of importance to the mining and cattle
industries of this country.
Many literary and scientific organizations have been organized
with headquarters in the library, such as the Chilean Geographical
and Historical Society, which gives lectures and publishes the Chilean
Geographical and Historical Review, which describes the discoveries
and progress made by the society. The Chilean Language Academy,
corresponding to the Royal Spanish Academy, also is established in
the library, as is the Chilean Scientific Society— both influential
organizations fortunate in having authoritative collaborators.
The Library would never have been able to conduct these various
activities had not the Government given it hearty support and en-
couragement. In response to the imperious need of the hour, when
it was seen that the library was receiving periodicals and books which
it had no space to file, the Government provided for a new building
and appointed a commission to select a suitable site.
The sum of 3,300,000 pesos was appropriated for the purchase of
the old Monastery dc las Claras, on the Alameda de las Dehcias, at
the foot of the Santa Lucia hill, with an extent of 11,900 square
116263— 19— Bull. -J 4
542 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
meters, upon which, in adcHtion to the h})rary building, the historical
museum and the general archives of the nation will be housed. The
first stone of the new building was laid in August of 1913. Five
large buildings are to be erected, three of which are to be occupied
by the library and the other two for the ]iurposes mentioned. In
the center of the square the large reading room, of reinforced con-
crete, and the women's reading room will be built, with a dou])le
dome and adequate space for three sections for storing books, with
steel shelving for 1,000, 000 volumes. The newspapers and maga-
zines will be placed in tlie basement. Besides the larger reading
rooms there are to be four smaller ones for 60 persons each, for the.
following s])ecific purposes: News]>apers and magazine reference
work; chihli-en's material, and women's reading matter and technical
studies. A small circular hall for consultation and trying musical
scores will also be i^rovided.
Twelve small classrooms for s(Mninaries are part of the plan, as in
many such institutions of Euro])e and the Ignited States. The results
of the studies herein conducted under specialists in the several
branches of art or science are to be kej^t under lock and key in other
suites. The collection of Don Jose Toribio, the Chilean bibliographer,
is to be kept in a large hall on the second floor, as Senor Toribio has
offered to donate his entire library of 30,000 valuable volumes,
largely of bibliography and history, to the institution. The Medina
Hall will undoubtedly form the foundation of a bibliographical and
historical seminary in which researchers, utilizing the material at
hand, will be ever reminded of the generosity of the man wdio made
their studies possible.
Including the reading room, special ofhces, classrooms, etc., it is
estimated tliat the institution will accommodate comfortably 700
readers. It is interesting to study the mechanical system by which
time is to be saved to readers and unnecessary work avoided by
employees in the reading room.
The patron finds on either side of the entrance hall two special
offices of catalogues or indices, the one for scientific and historical
books and the other for purely literary matter. When he has
obtained the book desired, he goes to the reading room and there,
in absolutes silence, may study as long as he wishes. Upon leaving
h(^ ])laces the l)ook in the hands of an employee in the entrance hall.
In the index offices an employee sends for his especial book through
a ])neumatic tube and it is delivered by a mechanical carrier. In
this manner it is unnecessary for employees to lose tim(^ in hunting
hither and yon for books of divergent characters.
A large lecture hall also is being planned, with a cafTacity for 800
persons, apart fi-om other halls, in which scientific or literary socie-
ties may meet. The board of directors expects to mak(^ the lectures
an important f(>atur(> of the institution when it enters its new home.
ACROSS THE CHACO. 543
Tho historical and military museums, at preseut quartered in the
Palace of Beaux Arts, will be established in the building to be dedi-
cated to tho national historical museum. The general archives of
the nation, as previously indicated, will ])e housed in another build-
ing. They also form a distinctive group of documents, and foreign
scholars have made trips to the country specifically for the purpose
of studying tliem. In the same place the governmental, judicial,
notarial, and administrative archives will be guarded, as well as
certain parochial records and those of private citizens, which may
form valuable commentaries on tho historical significance of various
events in the history of the country. All will be arranged in the
manner most convenient for facilitating the work of students.
Work on the now edifice is proceeding rapidly, and it is not too
optimistic to predict that by the middle of 1920 its formal opening
may take place, according to the opinion of tho director general of
public works, who is directing the erection and who designed the
plans, together with the assistance of his staff.
"c% ^o. ^"\ gr\. ^"c^. "f- "w 'w"\ ^\ "T '"€ 1 z^, #^
l/il%^^ i HP i irikft
X\J\J\J .L .£..£. Kji %r^ £..£.£'
THE northern boundary of Argentina where it joins Bolivia
and Paraguay is formed largely by a picturesque territorj^,
in which tho Pilcomayo River forms large lakes or lagoons,
on the margins of which dwell tribes of somewhat rebellious
Indians of considerable importance, who still conserve, by their wild
and even savage manner of life, the manners and customs of the
primitive peoples of the Americas.
This corner of the Republic, composed of dense forests and limitless
plains, was recently visited by Don Aaron do Anchorena, Don Justo
del Carril, and other distinguished travelers from Buenos Aires, who
in an interesting hunt buried themselves deep in the Chaco region,
under the escort of regular soldiers furnished by Gen. Oliveira Cezar,
chief of that military zone.
From the town of Formosa, where the party recieved the most
courteous attentions from the authorities, especially the governor of
the territory, they proceeded by railway to the station of Frontera,
where they completed the necessary preparations for the cross-coun-
try expedition. Thence they journied northward on horse and mule
back through Ubito, a Russian colou}^, the last point inhabited by
white men, to the small Fort Pegalda. Then they went to the Yunka,
returning through the canyon which extends for 18 leagues from its
1 English version of an article by Antonio Perez- Vallentc, in " Plus Ultra," of Buenos Aires.
ACROSS THE CHACO. 545
opening between Fort Chaves on the BoUvian border and kilometer
286 of the raiboad to Embarcacion. They thus covered a distance of
approximately 160 leagues on horseback.
Senor Anchorena's fondness for the hunt had led him in former
years to undertake long journeys across many distant and varying
countries. The heart of Africa, Japan, California, the Siberian
steppes, and the regions about Tierra del Fuego had all been the
scenes of his daring hunts, in which he was never daunted by the
vicissitudes and inevitable perils pertaining to excursions of that
character.
During the 40 days the expeditionists spent in the vicinity of
Formosa they had abundant opportunities to admire that aspect of
nature in which the land is covered with an immense expanse of woods
and great swampy estuaries, the refuges of strange and ferocious
animals.
Among the thickets of the forest the aguaia, a species of Iwena or
woK, occasionally glides in search of imaginary prey even into the
camps of the natives; there, too, are to be found the ant bear; the
armadillo, which leads what might be called a subterranean life; the
deer; the sharp-tusked boar; and the agile and treacherous tiger.
Under perennial verdure, poisonous, game-destroying animals,
reptiles, and velvety spiders are hid or curled about the trunks of
trees which have stood a thousand 3-ears; and over the emerald ground
glide snakes — rattlers, '' corals," black and yellow serpents, and the
yarara, which, like the others mentioned, spreads death with his sharp
fangs.
The forest gives an impression of awesome solemnity; giant trees
extend their branches like tentacles over the dense shrubbery and
coppices, casting shadows shiftingly about the impenetrable labryinth.
Adorned with honeysuckles, jasmines and wild ivies, grow the lignum
vitse trees, the nandipa, the alisas, the precious dark violet oba-poo,
the suihandi with its medicinal properties, and the yapitsi, with its
spherical fronds and thick rough leaves. ^Vmong the riot of plants,
gay birds with iridescent breasts and crimson and purple plumage
build their nests. Oaks rear themselves next to glossy-wooded trees,
while all around are rose-colored lapachos, purple jacarandas, and the
regal "dragon's blood," handsomest of all because of its brilliant
green leaves blending into orange. Then there are the tangled
"quebrachales," hardwood forests, stretching as far as the eye can
see, and beyond them the estuaries, yellow and barren; then the
marshes of stagnant water, and the rivers dividing into a thousand
separate courses, leaving soUtar}- little islands from which the blue-
bird intones his morning song.
In the region of the Patifio estuary, chicsfly in the section called
"Lake Concentracion," the Pilagas Indians, perhaps the least
ACEOSS THE CHACO. 549
civilized chvollers upon Argentinian soil, have their habitations.
Througli Bailon Benitez, a gaiicho intimately familiar with the dis-
trict, the hunters succeeded in obtaining an interview with the
celebrated cacique, or chief, Garcete, w^ho had ordered the assassina-
tion of Ibarreta, the explorer. Xear the camp there remain to this
day vestiges of the palm cross placed in his memory by the men who
went out in search of his remains. The Pilagas, 4,000 or 5,000 in num-
ber, render tril)ute to Garcete, as the only chief of the tribe for wliom
they evince both admiration and esteem.
The customs of these ancient inhabitants of the Chaco region are
indeed curious. They live almost exclusively by hunting and fishing,
possess no cattle, and do not work for even short periods in the mills
and shops in neighboring Provinces, as do the Tobas and Matacos of
the southern section.
Recognizing the superiority of the fh'carni over prinitive imple-
ments of warfare, it may be said that w^hen they have obtained such
a weapon, they have reached the height of their ambition. To in-
sure themselves against the diseases which decimate them they build
fires in the middle of their camps and dance around them while
chanting weird vows to the moon.
The Indian knows no devotion. He looks upon his children with
indifference and considers his wife a transitory and unimportant
property. Addicted to alcohol, he gets drunk on '"aloja, " a strong
drink made of the fruit of the algarroba, and also of honey of bees,
hornets, and wasps of all kinds.
TMien a garzal (heron roost) is found in the woods, notice is given
to the cacique, who has the finder declare his rights before the entire
tribe, since this discovery is considered the greatest good fortune,
because it permits the owner to buy munitions and arms \\'ith the
price received for the rich plmnage of the bird when sold by expert
vendors in towns near by.
The crude industries of the Pilaga are reduced to the weaving
of garments with which he robes himself, and the collecting of large
quantities of stones and small calcined bones with which he makes
necklaces and similar adornments.
TMien Pilagas go to the hunt they disguise themselves with yuyo,
a wild herb, and hide in a thicket hours and hours until they discern
in the distance a bird, which, if beyond the reach of their sure aim,
they advance upon cautiously, pausing at the slightest movement of
the probable prey, and they never shoot until sure of hitting the
prey.
In fishing also they employ original methods. When flood waters
of the Pilcomayo inundate the estuaries in the vicinity they stretch
small reed nets skillfully in shallow parts of the river; then when a
fish rises to the surface they let fly their darts and cleave them
deftlv.
ACKOSS THE CHACO. 551
The (l\vollin<2;s, c()iistnict(Ml of dry hraiichcs and hardwood poles,
form a kind ol" N'illa^c in which they li\(' as ouv family. All tlicir
possessions are held in common, and food as well as clothing is (hs-
tributed according to individual needs.
The ])ronounced hatred which they feel toward (h(> white man and
his essentially warlike habits eauses the Pilao;as to live in constant
uneasiness, yet refusing to be subjugated l)y the military forces fi-om
the forts. But in spite of the menacing attitude which they present
in their frefpient raids, the nomad tribes which hide along the dis-
puted Bolivian and Paraguayan borders are even more dangerous,
foi- they use the boundary question as a subterfuge which aids them
materially in escaping punishment ])y the regulars; so they often
manage to escape just punishment for the injuries they commit in
their brutal forays, and for the cruelty and ferociousness of which
they are guilty in the attacks. In the district comprehended be-
tween the Pilcomayo River and the railroad which connects Formosa
and Embarcacion; that is, in the 18 leagues from north to south in
which rolling ground forms a break in the heart of the forest, the
aborigines live in continual insurrection, causing the greatest ths-
quietude among dwellers who venture into such perilous territory.
The result of this circumstance is that this picturesr[ue region, always
exposed to barbarous outrages, is almost entirely un])opulated.
Considering the natural state of this section of the country, now
abandoned by civilized settlers, the Government should undertake
an efficacious campaign which would permit colonization therein.
Above all, the erection of new forts and strengthening of those in
existence should be attended to and the garrisons of frontier police*
increased, since the corps of 200 mounted police now guarding the
boundary is found insufficient. This would doul)tless encourage
settling, which would be further stimulated by the granting of tracts
to the Indians, who might thus be pacified, whereas they now look
with fear upon any intrusion. They would then themselves profit
by progress and contribute their share in conquering a new and
profitable source of wealth for the nation.
f'MFIITQT'P'y
A. .L % AyJ KJ x'J J- AS: A. * tf X c>
A STALK of sugar cane somewhat resembles a bamboo stick.
The section (internode) or distance between the joints or
nodes is generally from 4 to 8 inches and extends the whole
length of the cane from the root to the top, where there is
a mass of long, ribbonlike leaves. Unlike the remainder of the
cane the top sections are not sweet, containing glucose and being
unfit for sugar making.
The height attained by cane varies considerably, depending upon
the richness of the soil, the degree of cultivation received, the rainfall
during the growing season, and the number of crops previously
gathered from the same roots. A period of drought or heavy rains
will leave its imprint unmistakably upon those sections of the cane
which are being formed at that time, drought causing them to remain
short and stunted, while heavy rains result in their growing long and
rank. Fully matured cane in Cuba, grown under normal conditions,
stands in the fields at an average height of from 8 to 12 feet, although
canes are sometimes seen growing to a height of 20 feet and over. A
field of sugar cane, especially when the cane is still young, resembles
a cornfield. Later, when the cane is fully grown and the leaves have
attained their normal size, the resemblance is much less.
The principal seasons for planting cane in Cuba are spring and fall,
the former extending from March to June and the latter from Sep-
tember to January. The cane takes from 12 to 15 months to mature.
After it has been cut down, new cane comes up from the same roots,
and the field has to' be weeded and cultivated as it was for the first
crop. The second crop can be cut after 12 months, and the oper-
ation repeated a year later. The number of crops which can be
harvested from one planting differs according to the quality of the
soil, varying from six to eight crops on medium lands to considerably
more on the best lands, some areas having been known to produce
profitably for 20 years or more. Virgin lands, from which the forests
have been cut, produce the heaviest cane, although it is not usually
as rich in sucrose as is the case in the older lands. A yield of from
1 This article by Mr. P. K. Reynolds, of the United Fruit Co., appeared in the January, 1919, number
of The Cuba Review. The story covers the sugar industry from the planting of the cane to the refining
of the final product in a most comprehensive manner. Cane sugar is one of the products of practically
every country comprised in the Pan American Union and a detailed explanation of the methods employed
in the industry by the United Fruit Co., which owns some 75,000 acres ol growing cane and two large sugar
mills in Cuba, besides a great refining plant in Boston, Mass., .should be of general interest throughout the
Americas.
552
CUTTING SL'GAR CANE BY HAND.
Cane cutting is a laborious hand process and so far no mechanical cane ciillinir
dc^•lce has been invented that gives satisfactory results. ^
HAULING (AM. i.\ w.\L.\ To mi, KAl l.liw.vi ..
The piles of cut cane arc loaded into two-wheeled bull carts and hauled to the railroad siding for
loading.
TRANSPORTING AND UNLOADING SUGAR CANE.
Upper picture: Full trainloads of cane are Ijeing hauled to the mill, or "central, 'i constantly
durinj,' the cutting season. The train shown here has 30 loaded cars. Lower picture: Liftine
cane from the cars at the mill. *"
THE CUBAN CANE-SUGAR INDUSTRY. 555
33 to 45 tons (2,240 [)()un(ls each) of cano per acre may 1)0 obtained
from virgin lands, sometimes even more, whereas the avera<:;e yiehl
in the ishind does not exceed IS or 20 tons per acre.
In preparins; vir^ijin hind for phuiting the trees and uiKk'rhrush are
first cut down and all <2;ood hard timber is taken out and saved for
buihling purposes. A certain portion of the other wood is cut up and
delivered to the mill, to ])e used later on as fuel. The r(Mnainin<^
timber and bush which can not ])e utilized in any way is allowed to
dry out after beinj:; cut down and is then burned. Patches that
remain unburned are piled in heaps and reburned so as to clear the
hind as much as possible. The land is iiow in condition for planting
and the fields are laid out generally in scpiares of about 20 acres each.
Ground for replanting is [)repared by plowing first in one direction
and then across; sometimes it is given a third plowing. Plowing is
generally done with oxen or bulls. Usually two yoke of oxen are
used, sometimes as man}' as three to each plow. The I'nited Fruit
Co. has in operation four large steam plows which are used principally
in plowing the older fields. The field is then harrowed and a light
plow traces the furrows in which cane is to be planted.
The cane to be used for planting is selected and cut into lengths of
two internodes, allowing three nodes to each length, so as to have
three buds or eyes, and is laid by hand in the bed of the furrows,
lengthwise with it, sometimes end to end, and at other times a space
of about 12 inches being left between the sticks. Occasionally two
sticks of cane are laid in the furrow, parallel to each other and a few
inches apart. A light plow is run alongside the furrow and the earth
turned over to cover the cane. If the ground is damp and in good
condition the cane may be expected to show itself above the ground
in about three weeks' time. Weeds also soon make their appearance,
and the work of destroying them should not be delayed. This is
done by hoes and by running a cultivator and a light plow between
the rows of cane. Both oxen and mules are used in the cultivation.
The operation of weeding must be repeated as often as necessary,
never less than three times, until the cane leaves have grown so that
they completely shade the ground and prevent the sun from pene-
trating to the soil. On account of the stumps remaining in new land,
even after burning, planting has to be done with hoes or else by means
of a sharp-pointed stick, in the hand of a man who walks across the
field guided by stakes previously set at proper distances, the rows
being lined out with a tapeline, and who thrusts the stick in a slanting
direction into the ground, making a hole into which one or two
pieces of cane are inserted and the earth is pressed tightly around it.
The methods of planting cane vary considerably, as do also the
distances between the rows. In Cuba cane is generally planted in
rectangles of 5 bv 5 feet to 6 by 8 feet, 5 by 5 feet and 6 feet being
Bjrp*"^
CENTRAL "liosTON" AT BANES, CUBA.
The distinction between a "central" and a refinery is tliat at tlie "central" the operation consists of only crushing
the cane and extracting the raw sugar. The sugar is then sent in jute bags to the refinery, where it is piirifled and
transformed into various grades and shapes.
DIAGRAM OF A SUGAR MILL.
^ «v^o?i'i oh!^"'^'^ '^[ I'^'"'^? horizontal steel rolls, from 4* to 7 feet long and from 24 to 36 inches in diameter, set with parallel
hPtwoo^ fh„ f?.,i" n '^^^J^^? sketch The cane passes through the top roll (A) and the first bottom roll (C), and then
between the top roll and the second bottom roll (B), so that the cane is crushed twice in each mill.
Courtesy of La Hacii
INTERIOR OF A CUBAN SUGAR MILL
The average milling plant consists of two grinding units or tandems paralleling each other, each comprising
a crusner and three roller mills, each tandem being kno-mi as a nine-roUer mill. The above picture
shows a modem null in operation. t^v-ii^c
116263— 19— Bull. 5 5
558 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION".
used in old plowed land, while 6 by 7 feet, 6 by 8 feet, and 7 by 7
feet are the custom in new forest land. Accidental fires, due to
sparks from locomotives and other causes, constitute one of the most
serious dangers to growing cane. In order to minimize the risk fire
lines are established with an average width of 30 yards, which divide
the cane fields into plots of about 20 acres. Wlien the cane is ready
for harvesting it is cut by hand with a cane knife. The leaves are
first stripped from the matured stalk by using the back of the cane
knife. The green top is then cut off and the matured stalk is cut
even with the ground into lengths of from 3 to 4 feet and thrown into
heaps. This green top, with its mass of leaves, is left in the fields,
forming an excellent mulch, which prevents the growth of weeds and
grass until such time as the new cane shades the ground. Wlien the
mulch decays it is valuable as a fertilizer. This cane trash also forms
an excellent fodder for cattle on the plantation, being, in fact, their
principal article of food during the crop season.
Cane cutting is the most serious labor problem which confronts the
sugar planter in Cuba. In the first place, to operate the miU econom-
ically, it is necessary to furnish it with sufficient q-uantity of cane to
keep it running night and day, while the sugar content of the cane is
at the maximum. In the second place, cane cutting is a laborious
hand process and the supply of labor is not sufficient for the island's
needs. Thus far no mechanical cane-cutting device has been invented
which gives satisfactory results.
The two methods used for delivering cane from the field to the
factory are animal and mechanical transportation. The piles of
cut cane are loaded into two-wheeled bull carts and hauled to the
nearest railroad switch, where they are transferred to railroad cars by
means of field cranes or sometimes by hand. The cane is then taken
in trainloads to the mill, each car containing from 10 to 20 tons of
cane, depending on the gauge of the railroad, whether narrow or
standard gauge. The floor of the cane cars is usually constructed so
as to admit the passing of iron chains underneath the cane on arrival
at the mill to facilitate unloading, and on some estates automatic
dumping devices are used.
The United Fruit Co. is now engaged in certain experiments which
it is hoped will result in putting its agricultural department on a
mechanical basis to a large extent, the idea being to eliminate as
much as possible the use of hand labor and cattle. It is the policy
of most of the sugar companies in Cuba to purchase a considerable
portion of the cane going through their factory from outside growers
who live sufficiently near the sugar mill. This policy encourages the
planting of cane by individuals within a convenient radius. These
growers are called "colonos."
At the beginning and close of the crop the sugar content of the cane
is usually at a minimum. It is always the endeavor to grind cane
THE SUGAR INDUSTRY IN CUBA.
Upper picture: Loading cane into the hoppers in a Cuban sugar mill. Center picture: Taking the
cane from the field to the factory. Lower picture: Loading cars to be hauled to the "central. "
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THE CUBAN CANE-SUGAR INDUSTRY. 561
during the period of the maximum sugar content, altliou^h where
large areas are mTolved it is necessary to commence cutting in the
early part of December and extend operations to the middle of Sep-
tember. The average crop scnison, however, may be considered as
from the middle of December to the end of June. Weather conditions
in Cuba, which vary considerably from year to year and also in
different parts of the island in any one year, materially affect the
length of the grmding season and the sugar output of both the island
and the individual provinces.
A sugar factory in Cuba is termed a ''central." Without attempt-
ing to describe the many minor processes, the ordinary method of
manufacturing raw sugar from cane may be considered under four
general heads: 1, extraction of the juice; 2, clarification; 3, evapo-
ration; 4, separation of the crystals.
The term "sucrose" is a theoretical one, mdicating a sugar content
of 100 per cent purity. The final product of a "central'' is raw- sugar
of a light bro\Ma color, polarizing 96°, or sugar 96 per cent pure.
Polarization is the method of determining the percentage of sucrose
by the use of an instrument commonly known as the polariscope.
The percentage of juice extract<3d based on the total juice in the cane
indicates the milling or grinding eflSciency. The sucrose recovered
from the sucrose extracted indicates boiling efficiency. The sucrose
recovered in 96° test sugar from total sucrose in cane denotes general
factory efficiency. These figures are of great value and interest to
the factory management, as they serve as a guide in the manufacturing
operations.
On the arrival of the cane at the sugar mill, or "central," it is
lifted from the railroad cars by an electric crane and is weighed while
suspended above the cane or feed hopper. Alter the cane has been
w-eighed it is dropped into the feed hopper and is passed to the
crusher by means of a link belt conveyor, after which it goes tlu-ough
the mills.
The average milling plant consists of two grindhig units or tandems
paralleling each other, each comprising a crusher (consisting of two
corrugated rolls) and three three-roUer mills, each tandem being
kno\\-n as a nine-roller miU. Some of the most modern plants are
equipped %vith tliree and in some instances four tandems, each tan-
dem comprising a crusher and four three-roller mills (some tandems
even having five three-roUer mills). The crusher resembles a mill,
but the surface of the roUs is corrugated, so as to cut and partly
crush the cane. Tliis crushing operation facilitates the work of the
miUs and the extraction of the juice. The United Fruit Co. has
adopted the double crusher and nine-roUer mill, wliich is an original
idea of its superintending engineer. Its centrals at Banes and
Preston are eqmpped -wath four and three tandems, respectively.
THE CUBAN CANE-SUGAR INDUSTRY. 563
In the average "central" each mill consists of tliree horizontal
steel rolls from 4^ to 7 feet long and from 24 to 36 inches in diameter,
set with parallel axles as shown in the accompanying sketch. The
rolls are set in adjustable bearings and the cane passes between the
top roll (A) and the first bottom roll (C), and then between the top
roll and the second bottom (B), which are set closer together, so that
the cane is actually crushed t%vice in each mill. The cane passes
through all of the mills in order that as much of the juice as possible
may be extracted. The cane niter it is crushed is termed "bagasse"
and is conveyed by a carrier directly to the boiler furnaces where it is
consumed as fuel. In many of the factories the cane leaving the
second mill and sometimes that from the first mill is sprayed with hot
water. This process of spraying water on the crushed cane is kno\\Ti as
"maceration" and facilitates the extraction of the sucrose or sugar
content in the cane.
The component parts of sugar cane are juice and fiber, the juice
being known as the water or moisture of the cane with aU its solids
in solution. The juice is made of sucrose, moisture, and impurities,
and these impurities, such as organic acids, nitrogenous bodies, etc.,
are partially removed from the raw extracted juice by the defecation
or clarification process and in part accumulated in the final molasses.
The mixed juice coming from aU the miUs is first strained through
\nre screens or by link-belt strainers to remove particles of floating
cane. It is then pumped to the top of the factory building and enters
the liming tanks. Here milk of lime, about 15° Baume, is added to
neutralize the acids and is thoroughly mixed Avith the juice by means
of compressed air. The limed juice is pumped into juice heaters
where exhaust steam is used to raise the temperature of the juice to
215° or 220° F., and from these heaters the juice is discharged into
settling tanks. The combined effect of the lime and the heat results
in the formation of many mineral compounds which settle to the
bottom of the tank, carrying down also some organic impurities
which envelop the mineral particles. The greater part of the
insoluble organic impurities, being lighter than the juice, is driven
to the top by the act of boiling, forming a blanket of scum which
rests on the body of juice.
The clear juice now lies between two layers of impurities, one at the
bottom and one at the top, and is drawn off by means of cocks until
the two layers meet. The entire mass of impurities called "cachaza "
is washed with water into the scum tanks below where it is heated and
settled and the clear juice drawn off, while the cachaza remaining is
sent to the mud or filter presses. Here some juice is extracted by
about 80 pounds pressure, and the impure mass, called "filter press
cake," has stiU about 45 or 50 per cent moisture. This cake is dumped
from the presses into a conveyor loaded into dump cars and sent to
THE CUBAN CANE-SUGAR INDUSTRY. 565
the fields, where after a period of several mouths it is valuable as a
fertilizer.
The juice, which has been referred to previously as being drawn off
from the settlers by cocks, is clear juice, aiid, together with the juice
from the scum tanks and that from the presses, flows to the supply
tanks of the evaporators. This clear juice is evaporated in a series
of vessels, or ''nmtiple effects,^' usually four in number, and called
"c{uadruple effects," from a water content of 80 to 85 per cent to
about 49 per cent, and is then called sirup or ''meladura." This
meladura flows into a tank on the gromid floor, and from tliere it is
pumped continuously to the storage tanks on the pan floor to be used
in the vacuum pans as needed.
The meladura is drawn into pans by means of vacuum force, and
is bofled under a vacuum of 26° to 27°. When the meladura boils
down to proper density grains begin to form, and the quantity of
grains and the buildmg up of the grain is regulated by a well-trained
man who is called the "sugar master," or ''sugar boiler." When
making first sugar, meladura is added as rec{uired until the pan is
about seven-eighths full, and then it is finished with first molasses
to reduce the average purity and to give color to the sugar. This
panful of grains and extracted liquor is called "massecuite," and
it is dropped at a density of 92° to 94° Brbc into a "mLxer" above the
centrifugals. It is run into these machines charge by charge, and
the crystals of sugar are separated from the molasses. Each charge
of a centrifugal, usually 40 inches in diameter, gives nearly a
bag of sugar. This is strictly "fu'st sugar" and the molasses is
"first molasses." The first molasses is pumped to tanks above the
pan floor, where it is heated and diluted with water to a density of
30° Baume and then run into storage tanks on the pan floor to
be used in making crystallizer sugar.
Wlien sugar is boiled for the crystaUizers the grain is made with
meladura so as to have a good nucleus. A pan is run up about
two-thirds fuU and half of the mass is cut over to another pan,
making two pans one-third full, which is sufficient grain to bufld
on. Dfluted first molasses is boiled on this grain until the pan is
fifled, then it is discharged into crystaflizers which are of the same
capacity as the vacuum pan. The length of time this massecuite
should remain in the crystaUizer depends on the kind of crystallizer
and the grade of the massecuite. At some mills it requires from
four to five days to get the best results. These crystaUizers revolve
slowly, and as they cool down the grain continues to grow until they
reach the atmospheric temperature. This process might be said
to be a mere continuation of the vacuum pan work, though it is
much more economical and satisfactory than completing the work
in the pan, a better separation of the gi"ains from the molasses and
566 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
a better polarizing sugar being <)])taincd. The crystallizer sugar
gives an average polarization of 96° and sells as first sugar.
The crystallizers are situated above the centrifugals, and the
massecuite when ready for drying is handled in the same manner
as the first massecuite, described above. The molasses from the
crystallizer massecuite is called "second molasses," and is pumped
to the storage tanks on the pan floor, where it is heated to dissolve
the fine grains, if any, before being drawn into the vacuum pan
again. This molasses, according to its sucrose, is used the same
as the first molasses, being boiled back until no more sugar can be
economically obtained, when it is sold as "final molasses, " or "black-
strap."
The refining of raw sugar is carried on in a refinery in distinction
to a factory or "central, " where the sugar is extracted from the
cane. These sugar factories send their product, consisting of raw
sugar more or less unsuitable for consumption, to the refineries,
where it is purified and transformed into the different shapes as
demanded by the individual taste or requirements of the consumer.
The cargoes of raw sugar are received at the refinery in jute bags
holding about 325 pounds each. When discharged from the ships
the sugar is weighed and sampled by employees of the Government
to determine the amount of import duty to be collected thereon. It
is then weighed and sampled by the representative of the seller and
the refinery.
When the sugar enters the refinery the bags are cut open and
emptied and the sugar carried by conveyors to the sugar bins. The
sugar is then washed with water in the centrifugal machines to remove
the impurities (mostly molasses) adhering to the outer surface of the
crystals. From here the sugar passes to the melting pans, where it is
dissolved in hot water.
This sugar solution, which is a dark-brown, cloudy liquor, is then
jiumped to the top of the filtering dej^artment, wliere the real refin-
ing commences. The solution is heated nearly to the boiling point
in tanks called "blowups" and treated with filtering medium to
make it evenly filtered. It is then passed through mechanical fil-
ters, which remove the suspended impurities, leaving a clear brown
colored liquor. This liquor is then passed through filters filled with
bone charcoal which remove all coloring matter, leaving the liquor
as clear and colorless as the purest spring water. This bone charcoal
is thoroughly washed with boiling water and burned in special kilns
and is used over and over again until worn out. The solution, after
filtration, is then pumped into the sugar house proper, where it is
drawn into vacuum pans and concentrated at a low' temperature
until it has formed a mass of crystals mixed with a small quantity
of sirup. This is a very important stage of the refining, as the
CHILEAN FINANCIAL COMMISSION. 567
temperature at wliitli the sugar is boiletl and tlie metluxl of I'ormiiig
the grain determine the grade of the finished sugar. The men who
do this work, known as sugar ])oik>rs, are men of long experience and
training, and unless their work is properly done tlie sugar will not
be up to the standard.
The crystals arc then separated from the siruj) in centrifugal
machines, after which the sugar is passed through driers and thor-
ouglily dried. The dried sugar is separated in the various sizes by
means of sieves and is ready to be put in barrels, bags, or cartons and
sent out to the consumer. Pressed cubes and tablets are made
from moistened granulated sugar. The sirup taken from the cen-
trifugal machines is reboiled and yields the soft or brown sugar, and
the final residue is sold as refinery sirup.
Lj: t± Li 1 1. 1.1 i"i. 11 \.^ 1. i'l, %,„Jl
%»' M.. M.. -M,.
\uf
THE Chilean Financial Commission, one of the most important
foreign delegations that has ever visited the United States,
reached Washington April 12, having stopped on its way
from New Orleans at Mobile, Birmingham, Chattanooga,
and other places.
The commission is composed of men of international reputation who
have taken an active and important part in the economic development
of their country. Senor Don Eliodoro Yanez, head of the commis-
sion, is a senator and former premier of the Chilean cabinet; Senor
Don Enrique Tocornal was formerly minister of finance, and Senor
Don August© Villanueva is president of the Bank of Chile.
On the day following the arrival of these distinguished gentlemen in
Washington His Excellency Henry P. Fletcher, American ambassador
to Mexico, who was formerly ambassador to Chile, gave a luncheon
in their honor, among other invited guests being His Excellency Senor
Don Beltran Mathieu, Ambassador from Chile; the Acting Secretary
of State of the United States, Mr. Frank Lyon Polk; Secretary of
Commerce William C. Redfield; Assistant Secretary of the Treasury
Dr. L. S. Rowe; Senator Hitchcock, of Nebraska, and various
officials of the Departments of State, Commerce, and the Treasury.
After several days' stay in W^ashington, during which the visitors
were extended many other courtesies, the commission proceeded to
568 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
New York, where, on April 21, they were the guests of honor at a
notable luncheon given by the Pan American Society of the United
States at the Bankers' Club.
Upon this occasion, in addition to the special guests of honor, a
number of prominent Chileans who were in New York at the time
were also guests. Among these were His Excellency Senor Don Au-
gustin Edwards, Chilean minister to Great Britain; His Excellency
Senor Don Beltran Mathieu, Chilean ambassador to the United
States ; Admiral Luis Gomez Carreiio, chief of the Chilean naval com-
mission appointed to attend the peace conference at Paris; Senor
Don Pedro Aguirre Cerda, formerly minister of public instruction in
Chile, and Gen. A. Pinto Concha, former minister of war and chief of
staff of the Chilean Army.
Prof. John Bassett Moore, president of the Pan American Society,
presided at the luncheon and welcomed the visitors in his usual elo-
c^uent manner, closing his address as follows :
Upon the present occasion, however, our thoughts are necessarily somewhat preoc-
cupied with international and particularly with Pan American relations. In survey-
ing these relations one is struck with the gradual decline, certainly in a relative sense,
of the political quality by which they were at one time almost exclusively character-
ized. This change has come about in the natural course of development. The Amer-
ican coimtries have come to look upon one another in a broader way. The interchange
of thought has widened their horizon. The study of each other's institutions, not only
pohtical but legal, social, and educational, has given them a more intimate view of
each other's life and contributed to mutual understanding.
And at length there has come about a marked expansion of commercial and financial
relations. This expansion has proceeded not from artificial but from natural causes,
and is destined to continue. The Pan American Financial Congress at Washington,
in May, 1915, was but a sagacious recognition of the fact that, while man can not live
by bread alone, he can not live without it.
Chile's greatness as a commercial and industrial power lies not behind her but before
her. She has vast resources. Do we realize the fact that her coast line is longer than
the route from New York to Liverpool, and that in this great reach she exhibits all
varieties of soil and of climate? We have all heard of her nitrates, useful in peace as
in war. When the kettle sings a cheerful accompaniment to the cricket on the hearth
we perhaps may be indebted to copper from her mines. Her mineral wealth also
(smbraces gold, silver, nickel, coal, and other invaluable substances. Her extensive
forests are almost untouched. Her fields, her pastures, her fisheries, are capable of
great development. Nor do I hesitate to affirm that the reputation abroad of the
products of her vineyards is by no means commensurate with their merits.
A great South American statesman, at the opening of the Third International Ameri-
can Conference, well observed that commerce should be regarded as an exchange of
benefits. A great statesman and orator whose name is a household word in the United
States expressed almost 70 years ago the same thought when he thanked God that he
was "not among those who regard whatsoever others have as so much withholden
from them.selves." Those just and generous sentiments constitute but an acknowl-
edgment of that interdependence which ramifies all human relations, whether indi-
vidual or national. Nations need each other; the American Repul)lics need each
other; and in the mutual satisfaction of their needs they should find themselves ever
more closely drawn together in bonds of interest and of friendship.
CHrLEAN FINANCIAL COMMISSION. 569
In this spirit, which should pervade all the relations of the Americas, the Pan
American Society to-day welcomes the Chilean Financial Commission to the financial
center of the United States. In thus limiting my circumference to national boundaries
I would avoid arousing susceptibilities abroad and trust that I shall excite none at
home. But of one thing I can give the fullest assurance. WTiorever in the United
States they may go, they will find in the warmth and cordiality of their receptions
no diversity of feeling whatever. If in this respect I have ventured to speak for New
York, so I may say that New York speaks for the Nation.
Sefior Eliodoro Yanez, though he was able to be present, was suf-
fering from throat trouble, and in consequence it fell to his excellency
the ambassador of Chile in the United States, Senor Don Beltran
Mathieu, to speak in behalf of the commission. He said:
The Chilean commission has given me the honor to reply to Dr. Bassett Moore and
to thank him and the society in the name of Chile so poetically described and ap-
preciated by its president. Yes, my dear Professor Bassett Moore, Chile, our native
land is a beautiful country, and we Chileans love it almost fiercely, with that indomit-
able fierceness of highlanders which you have given as an explanation of our patri-
otism. But, if this patriotism of ours is fiery it is not blind. We understand that
it imposes upon us duties, and that the first of these is to "do our bit," however small,
for the country is small, in the work of peace toward which the world aspires after
the gory nightmare from which it has just awakened.
We need not make a great effort, for besides entailing our own benefit, it is quite
consistent with our traditions. And were the narrative not too lengthy and out of
place here I could show how our zeal for right has urged us to act, at times, against
our immediate interests. We thoroughly appreciate the fact that, though the world
lives on ideas, it feeds on bread. And that is why we work. By doing so with
earnestness, we have succeeded in forming a vigorous and orderly population, inter-
ested in haAing good government to make certain the result of their efforts.
Nature has gifted us with riches not like the manna of the Israelites, but which
require capital, industry, and labor to exploit them. This is the reason why we need
foreign, and, to speak quite frankly, specially your help, even though it should
make more burdensome the help which this wonderful country is giving to the whole
world in order to save it from the economic wreck in which it is sinking.
Certainly, as Mr. Bassett Moore Wvidly phrases it, the copper exists in Chile for
making the kettles which sing on your hearths; the nitrate also exists to repeat the
miracle of multiplying the loaves, all the other substances exist which he mentions
as necessary for your industries.
^The^e is, in the same measure, the good will and earnestness of all Chileans, in
the protection of our laws, and the prevalent order and good government so necessary,
if all that is to be turned to useful account by capital and industrial training, by the
spirit of enterprise, in short, by the combination of the elements of success which
characterizes this great American people.
The Chilean commission considers itself most fortunate to be able to come into
contact with such a prominent group of men in this wonderful country, and it raises
its glasses to the ever-increasing greatness of the United States, the city of New York,
and the Pan American Society.
Mr. Paul Warburg, formerly member of the Federal Reserve Board
and who was a member of the International High Commission which
visited South America under the leadership of former Secretary
McAdoo, was then called upon by the chairman to speak. He
referred briefly to his trip to Chile on that occasion and spoke of the
credit facilities that were being developed in this country for the
570 THE PAN AMERICAN" UNION.
benefit of its export trade and for foreign countries, and hoped that
greater advantage would be taken of the increasing facilities in trade
acceptances.
The Hon. John Barrett, Director General of the Pan American
Union, was the next speaker, who, in a few well chosen words, spoke
of the wave of interest that had come to his notice at the headquarters
of the Pan American Union from all parts of the United States in
regard to the Chilean Financial Commission, whose members, he said,
had made a splendid impression. They were giving the people of
this country the realization of the growing importance of Chile as a
factor in western civilization. He had observed considerable interest
from all educational centers for information concerning Chile and its
progress, as well as an ever-increasing tendency toward the idea of
developing the right kind of Pan Americanism which meant a mutual
understanding tending toward a mutual benefit.
Sefior Carlos Silva Vildasola, a prominent Chilean journalist, special
correspondent of El Mercurio of Valparaiso, who has just returned
from Europe, where he witnessed the great struggle, was the next
speaker. He said he had no official position, but appeared only as a
newspaper man; but he wished to remark that there was one potent
factor which must not be neglected, and that was the press; that it
would be difficult to have real Pan Americanism or a league of
nations of a successful character to bind the world together if public
opinion can not be created to back the men who are working for those
ideals. There has been, he said, in the past some considerable mis-
understanding in Chile regarding the United States and doubtless in
the United States regarding Chile, but he said that these countries
are rediscovering one another. For many years we have been
misled and have misunderstood each other and have been victims of
journalistic sensationalism. Sehor Silva advocated some joint action
by newspapers and news agencies by which they might formulate a
definite policy toward Pan Americanism. This, he believed, was
essential to back up the acts of publicists and diplomats, without
which he thought their efforts could have little effect. He raised his
glass to the union of public opinion in the American countries and to
the success and prosperity of the Pan American Society.
Henry Prather Fletcher, ambassador of the United States to
Mexico and former ambassador to Chile, spoke briefly and referred
to the five years he had spent in that country. He had many friends
there and spoke highly of their admirable qualities. He was glad to
see that at least something concrete along the lines of Pan Americanism
was being developed. Referring to the financial situation of Chile,
he called attention to the strength of its credit and iHentioned that
during the Chilean civil war in 1S90 both the Government and its
opponents offered to be responsi})le for the foreign debt of the country,
so anxious were they that Chile's credit should not be imperiled.
TU I? 17' P f\ Wf f\ If ? C TJ "O f\ "T% T
OF SOUTH AJ
* (9
9
THE Revolution in America did something more than email
cipate the countries which for three centuries had been
subject to Iberian dominion — it liberated, in the fullest
sense. It bequeathed to us not alone states, in the cold, I
may say, Germanic, meaning of the term; it left us states-nations —
that is to say, people sovereign over themselves, complete masters
of their own destinies, possessed of the political instruments which
permitted them to lay the foundation for their own future. But
the American Revolution becomes more significant when we con-
sider that by freeing a continent it enthroned forever therein peace,
harmony, and a reciprocal understanding of the nations comprising
the vast territory. Happily we, the sons of the New World, know
that no crazed tyrant thirsts for dominion upon our soil; we are
aware that in no obscure corner is bred the germ of a criminal
despotism. Neither race hatreds, monastic caprice, implacable
religious intolerance, nor even deep or serious economic rivalries
poison our American hearts, disturb our minds or blind our eyes.
This recognition we owe to the freemen of America. Humble gen-
erations, some isolated upon the deserts, without roads, without
ports, without railroads, lacking schools and hospitals, wrote the
brightest page of American independence. Fate allotted them the
most glorious of conquests — that of human liberty, without which,
according to a philosopher, life would not be worth the living; the
invaluable attribute to the dignity of being which to-day some
nations advanced in form and economic progress still utterly lack.
In America the political frontiers are also the natural ones. Never-
theless, great turbulent rivers and high mountain ranges do not
necessarily indicate that peoples of one language, one historical
tradition, and a common ethnic origin are not living tranc{uilly
within their respective territories. The geographical accidents I
have just cited do not at aU operate as barriers; on the contrary,
they become ties that knit the more closely together, because the
mountains have been bored that gigantic railroads might pass
through the granitic bulks, and the rivers canalized to transform
them into ''mobile roads," as Pascal called them. With tunnels,
bridges, and ''mobile highways" peoples eradicate their frontiers.
If Latin-American countries have accomplished much in this field,
much more remains for them to do. The sister nations of South
1 By Italo Luis Grassi. From the Revista de Ciencias Economicas of Buenos Aires.
571
572 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
America upon crossing the threshold of independence from their
common mother must have faced the same economic problems,
since they were political entities placed upon a vast continent, as a
whole rich and fertile ; uninhabited except by peoples of equal pov-
erty, with infinite pampas and impenetrable forest throughout its
entirety. Economically considered, all its inhabitants were poor
peoples dwelling in rich territories, the reverse of the situation in
Europe, the continent of poor countries inhabited by wealthy resi-
dents, according to the graphic expression of a thinker, Argentinan
by birth but an American by the range of his works and the far-
sightedness of his genius.^
The foremost economic problem which occupied the governors
in South America after the abolition of slavery was the necessity of
a large and progressive population which should transform the
desert into cultivated fields, dotted with thriving cities. Simul-
taneously were attained the conquest of barbarism, the victory over
the desert, and the sanitation of a vast territory, which necessitated
costly public works far above the financial resources of the under-
populated young continent which was only just emerging from the
chaos of the struggle for political organization. It was then that
Juan Bautista Alberdi said:
In America to govern is to populate. Population is the paramount necessity in
South America, the gauge of the value of an administration. The minister of state
who fails to double the census of the people every 10 years has frittered away his time
in trifles and excesses.
So grave was this problem in the minds of the authors of the con-
stitution of Argentma that they declared m the preamble as one of
the prime motives for its adoption:
The promotion of the general well being and the insurance of the benefits of liberty
to us, to our posterity, and to all men who may desire to inhabit Argentinian soil.
To attract desirable, industrious immigrants and cause them to settle
permanently was the controlling thought of the founders of the
nations of South America — an idea which grew up- as a logical reac-
tion against the pernicious politics of the mother country, which was
adverse to all immigration. In Spain it was necessary to obtain
special permission to go to the Indies. As late as 1758 it was decreed:
"The corresponding exemplary punishments shall be executed in
case of those found guilty of stowing away or embarking without
permission." Then appeared agrarian laws which offered to the
immigrant a parcel of land to be cultivated and on which to erect a
home. And the governments, zealous of increasing the population,
hit upon an extreme method — artificial encouragement of immigra-
tion, the only method available in those times, when it was hardly
I Juan B. Alberdi.
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF SOUTH AMERICA. 573
to be hoped that foreign workmen naturally could be intluced to
leave a country economically far in advance of the unpromising new,
little-known countries which had only just entered the current of
international traffic. This influence gave rise to the promulgation,
on October 9, 1876, of the Argentinian law by which commissions
were created to go to other lands in search of emigrants, for whom
the State paid passage and gave lodging upon arrival m the country.
Brazil's independence was scarcely proclaimed, the martial war
cry of Iphanga yet resounded, when the Emperor Dom Pedro I,
ambitious to be known as a colonizing monarch, took advantage of
immigration from Europe to populate the southern part of the Kmg-
dom, and especially the States of Santa Catharina and Rio Grande, a
political movement which continued energetically under the decisive
leadership of Dom Pedro II. Private colonization completed the
task. In foreign countries, especially Germany, gi-eat enterprises
were undertaken with the object of colonizing the fertile lands of the
new Portugal, so that in 10 years (1890-1899) the State of Sao Paulo
received almost 700,000 immigrants — Italians, Spaniards, Portu-
guese, and Austrians. Brazilian ports received, shortly before the
European war (1911), 136,000 immigrants, the expenses of 56,000 of
whom were defrayed by the Government. The Argentine Republic,
most favorable to the current of European immigration, received in
the space of 56 years (1857-1913) more than 5,000,000 of people,
3,297,000 of whom were defhiitely incorporated and are bemg assimi-
lated. Without immigration "America would as yet be absolutely
savage,'' was the somewhat exaggerated assertion of an Argentinian
writer.
Foreign influence contributed materially to break the fruitful
virgin soil of the New World and, together with the efforts of natives,
spread the network of railroads, built cities, constructed ports, and
dug canals, made noxious regions sanitary and extermmated epi-
demics. By dint of toil and vigilance traffic into the interior was
made possible. New ways to commerce were opened and fresh
fields for industries. Europeans intermarried with Spanish-Portu-
guese-Americans, and the transfusion raised the moral and intellec-
tual level and made the South Americans to a degree European.
The influx of Europeans was entirely suspended at the outbreak of
the war. We have argued a great deal over the effects the bloody
conflict will have upon future immigi-ation. It is impossible to pre-
dict with scientific accuracy what is to be expected for the young
nations of America; and facing such uncertainty and doubt we see
the necessity of establishing a demographic policy. In using this
expression I mean nothing other than a policy that will assure the
lives of those who are coming into the world, that will prolong the
lives being lived to-day, and that will avoid premature deaths. In
116263— 19— Bull. 5 G
574 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
short, the bhth rate must be increased, death rate k^wered (espe-
cially ill the case of infant mortality), and the coefficient of the aver-
age life of the total population raised.
Fortunately, in the Argentine Republic the gravity of the problem
has been realized. I say fortunately, because I am convinced that
we are sure to arrive at a solution when we once understand and
determine the seriousness of a problem.
The. Argentinian Social Museum ("Museo Social Argentine "), a
bureau of information, research, and social activity, one of the most
prominent intellectual organizations of the country, has recently
asked the opinions of our most brilliant thinkers on the matter. The
following questions were put to them:
Do yovi l)elieve that after the war the former migratory movement toward Argentina
will be resumed? What factors, in your judgment, favor emigration in the warring
countries? What class of immigration is most needed and what methods should be
adopted to attract and retain such immigration? What class of immigration is unde-
sirable, and how may it be prevented? What is the maximum number that the
country can conveniently receive and retain yearly? What changes would you
recommend in the immigration law?
It would be very interesting to put the same questions to the
brightest minds of the other American countries, since the matter
very evidently offers various aspects owing to the diversity of the
spirit and nature of the field under consideration.
After the former immigration an abundant influx of foreign
capital took place. It was poured in in such quantities that unex-
pected complications arose, which threatened, not the political
stability of the country, but the very peace of the continent. With
this capital railroads were extended, rivers made navigable, ports
Constructed, cities reared; in fine, the colossal skeleton which formed
the framework for national advancement was erected. Here again
a serious perplexity arises. The war also places upon the tapis the
problem of the disposal of European capitals in these countries.
Will it enter in such quantities as formerly? Wliat securities will
be given for its investment in railroads, ports, public works, exploi-
tations, etc? The Spanish-American countries gained political
hidependcnce at cost of tremendous sacrifices. Their economic
independence, for which they are even now struggling, will be
attained at cost of similar hardshij^s and privations. The proceeds
from foreign capital are as veritable mortgages upon them. Hence
the imperious necessity of redeeming them, and, if that be impossible,
the lessening of these burdens in so far as is humanly possible. An
English author ironically observed that these countries "now can
not afford the luxury of permitting themselves to 1-epudiate their
debts, must not permit themselves such extravagance, because they
have reached so high a degree of economic development." What
most deeply concerns us is not indeed the payment of debts, as
THE ECONOMIC PEOBLEMS OF SOUTH AMERICA. 575
rather the lack of resources with whicli to meet them. Hence the
nationalization of mdustry should be the watch cry of the Latin-
American coimtries. It should he borne in mhid that the influx of
capital does not produce the same results as human immigration.
The latter is susceptible of assimilation by the society which receives
it, because it is made up of creatures of thouglit, sentiment, and
affections who have migrated in the hope of founding new social
unities, new families under conditions more nearly ideal. Capital,
on the other hand, is not assimilated; it remains foreign; it con-
tinues in the possession of its original o%vners. The problem, then,
consists in making political independence effectual through the
complementary economic independence.
A moment ago we referred to raih'oads, the form of commmiication
and transportation which, according to the scholarly political
economist, Marshall, constitutes ''the dominant factor in the economic
life of every civilized country." We are all agreed that railways
are not as yet sufhciently extended hi South America; vast regions
remain isolated from the world at large, with the corresponduig
detention of their economic and commercial progress. Railroad
freight rates are still high. The cost of exploitation is so high that
great ports of Latin-American countries receive manufactures and
prime materials from the Old World, while almost inexhaustible
stores of these very products lie withm a few hundred kilometers.
And freight rates are high because the produce crosses tremendous
distances to go from one center to the next, and must traverse
whole tracts in which trains make no stops because of the lack
of a workmg, producing, trading class of people.
This is the case, for instance, of the Trans-Andhie Railway l)y
Juncal. Dr. Daniel Martner, professor of economics of the Uni-
versit)^ of Chile, in his treatise upon the economic problems of that
country, spoke of the difficulties to be overcome by the railway
in the following significant words:
From the point of view of economics the Trans-Andine Railway has had to face
the obstacles and impediments offered to every such enterprise by the scarcity <^f
population in the countries through which it runs (five inhabitants to the square
kilometer in Chile and between two and three in Argentina).
A few months ago a commission of Argentine and Chilean engineers,
appomted by their respective Governments to study the problem of
the Trans-Andine Railway, arrived at the same conclusions — that
is, the high rates were the result of very limited traffic, contrary to
the prevailhig theory that the limited transportation was the result
of high railway freights. Nevertheless it is true that in this case the
customshouse duties imposed by both countries bear some relation
to present conditions; they continue to hinder an active, thriving
frontier trade.
576 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
In a lecture given in the College of Economics of Buenos Aires,
Mr. Albert Hale, commercial attache of the United States Embassy
in the Argentine capital, in discussing the similarities and contrasts
between the development of Argentina and his country, stated, in
showmg how much still remained for us to do in railroad building,
that the Argentine Republic, with a surface of 3,000,000 of square
kilometers, had 36,735 kilometers of railroad Imes, while in the
United States, of an extent of 9,000,000 square kilometers, there
were 426,000 kilometers of railroads constructed; that is to say,
in an extension three times as great there were twelve times as
many kilometers of railway built already. May I generalize this
comparison to all the South American countries? But there is
something more interesting in this respect, and that is the extension
of branches and ramifications that shall not only make possible but
foster international railway communication. I am pleased to call
attention to the interest the present Bolivian administration is
taking m the building of the railway from La Quiaca to Zupiza, a
Ime which will permit direct railroad communication between
Buenos Aires and La Paz.
The South American countries themselves should solve these
problems of unification and systematization, using their own resources
instead of leaving them to foreign holding companies, which would
finally control the railway policies of the contment. This would
be perilous in the extreme. In Brazil, as well as m Argentina and
Chile, all having long coast lines with many natural irregularities
which offer facilities for the construction of harbors, there exists the
same problem — that of deciding the proper role which the merchant
marine has played up to the present time in domestic transportation,
and in what way it has competed and does compete with land routes,
and what problems this competition wiU present to the railroad com-
panies. Chile has the serious problem of merchant marine versus
longitudinal railway lines — two methods of transportation parallel
throughout their entire length.
A similar situation exists in Argentina, which possesses a zone
traversed by railroads along which run two navigable streams, on
wliich there is developing an increasingly important river traffic.
The exploitation of the latter method of transportation and the
adoption of tariffs and customshouse procedure, which would facilitate
this traffic in every possible way, is a serious problem m Argentina
to-day, where we have already begun to burn the corn which was
awaiting shipment to Europe because we lack sufficient equipment to
carry to the great centers of consumption the fuel which nature has
bestowed with lavish hand in our forests of Santiago del Estero,
Tucuman, Chaco, and Misiones. A like situation arises in the petro-
leum of Comodoro Rivadavia. We experienced a crisis in the lack
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF SOUTH AMERICA. 577
of fuel, yet nevertheless we are possessed ol rich forests aiul almost
inexhaustible oil deposits.
We have considered population and transportation. "We will not
pause to note the almost absolute lack of trucking highways, because
this problem has been dwelt upon by Brazilians hi a number of in-
stances. The lack or shortage of roads is an evil essentially South
American. But do not let us complain too bitterly of this fact, be-
cause the roads we shall one day possess will be the result of our
economic necessities, not of a militarism which demands broad routes
over which legions are to set out for conquest, pillage, and havoc.
Let us now brief!}' consider industry, a form of activity so ultimately
Imked w^ith the problems of population and transportation that the
former is a necessity to insure the consumption of manufactures and
the second to send prime materials, working materials, and the
finished product from one place to another. For the past four years
foreign rivalry has not been formidable, owing to the isolation of the
Old World b}^ war, so tliat the growth of new mdustries in spite of
the difficulties created for international commerce by the European
struggle brmgs grave questions before our countries. When we
speak of new industries we mean the investment of smaller or larger
sums in constructions, mstallations, prime materials, etc. At the
close of the fatal conflict the economic struggle w^ill be no less keenly
severe. New markets have been opened, new industries arisen; we
have been obliged to manufacture products which it was formerly
more convenient to bring from without; so that while the new tenden-
cies of internal production must needs be defended, the old traders
also will again knock at our doors in search of a mitigant to such
disasters and detriments as the long, sanguinary war has occasioned
to their own interests. The problems are all vast and complex, and
their solution will be reached only through minute and detailed con-
sideration.
Let us proceed to another important problem — that of the com-
mercial polic}' which should be pursued by the countries of the New
World; not to regulate their relations toward Euro])e, l)ut for the
guidance of their own inter-American traffic. Protective tariffs and
free trade have furnished sul)jects for interminable debates, whether
a political economy based upon treaties were best for those countries
or it would be sufficient for them to brandish the weapon of customs
duties.
It is sought to know if the only form of protection consists in the
adoption of prohibitive duties, or if a sane and adequate protection
of national interests may be accomphshed through an intelhgent demo-
graphic system of politics, or indeed by the lowering of transporta-
tion rates, modification of the tax system and the betterment of the
technical and economic education or traming of the masses. Collat-
578 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
eral questions herein enter by logical association of ideas, such as
agricultural and industrial teaching, the mission of which is to con-
tribute to scientific advancement of production. I believe it is a
lamentable blindness which prevents us seeing how in these coun-
tries everything conspires against "protection," which I predict
unequivocally would result dismally — in a war of tariffs, precursor of
the war of men. It has been stated and repeated unto boredom
that markets are not won by bombardment. But the forces of
imperialism have not yet come to understand this axiom, the natural
result of every system of exclusive and absorbent politics. And we
are now witnessing the result of this economic tyranny in a country
like Germany, where it was taught that the economic ideal of
"cultured" nations was to be sufhcient unto themselves. To the
young nations of the New World this policy could never result
happily. Neither could it ever be adopted permanently in all
seriousness.
In this respect I may remind you of the intention Argentina held a
few months ago of founding a true free trade program. A treaty
establishing absolute free exchange with Paraguay was signed by
representatives of both nations concerned. But Congress, influenced
by local industrial interests, refused to ratify it. The attempt was
further frustrated by the fact that Argentina had treaties of com-
merce with other countries in which the clause of the most favored
nation was stipulated. The confusion which this treaty would have
Introduced in the economic relations of the Republic with other
powers was used by enemies of the convention as a decisive argument,
and Argentinian-Paraguayan free trade thus dissolved itself into a
chimerical aspiration, though one which without doubt will not be
long in becoming a reality.
Commerce, is simply the exchange of one product for another, and
in this bargaining armies and ironclads have no proper share. Norman
Angell, the genial English pacifist, cites an ironic illustration in his
book "The Great Illusion": "If the British manufacturer," he says,
"can make goods or cutlery or small merchandise at prices and
qualities ]:)etter than his rivals, the commerce will be his; otherwise,
if his products are poorer or dearer or have no advantage to offset their
undesirable qualities, the consumers will trade with his competitors
in spite of all efforts of the 'dreadnoughts.' " And he adds, "Switzer-
land, without a 'dreadnought,' will drive the British manufacturer
from the market, even in her own colonies, as she is doing even
to-day."
The nations of the New World have the worthy mission of livmg
in peace and of making of the continent a place in which' the joy of life
makes the living worth while. But to attain this ideal status it is
necessary for the various peoples to know one another, to love each
other, to be united, if not materially, at least spiritually. If our
THE ECOXOMIC PROBLEMS OF SOUTH AMERICA. 579
parents had not become acquainted with each other back in their
goklen youth; if there had not been engendered that reciprocal senti-
ment known as h)Te, we surely out! wnolt exist to-cLar. Among coun-
tries the same phenomenon takes place as amongst nations. In order
to love another and to wed him it is necessary to know him. And
differential tariffs, prohibitive taxes and ''protectionist" policies
do not bmd together, do not offer opportunities for people to become
acquainted. Since without becoming acquainted they can not love;
hence they can not beget the future generation, directors of national
destinies, who shall live peacefully together. :May we as western
nations profit by the spectacle of the dismtegi-ation of the European
continent, upon the ruins of which the concepts and forms of a new
humanity must inevitably flourish.
We have treated of some of the primary factors of economic activity
and considered the many questions that must be resolved for the sake
of progress, well being, happiness and prosperity; in fine, the greatest
good of these our American nations. What is to be said of their
present financial condition and the system of economy put into effect
l)y the state ? What of the monetary sj'stems of the Latin American
countries, which one economist defined as the regime of depreciated
money, of the inconvertible bill ^ \Miat of the tax system which
bears most heavily upon the import-export commerce ? The reform
of the system of tributes in these countries is a problem as vital as it
is gigantic. Xew sources of levy must be sought, new taxable prod-
ucts which unite the features found desirable in the hght of experi-
ence and scientific theory. Long criticisms have been made con-
cerning the present program of taxation, which Henry George, the
North American pohtical economist, qualified as taxes upon our very
progress: that is. work, hygiene, sanitation, instruction, etc.
Let us make the nations of South America rich and prosperous in
the worthier meaning of the term; not calculated in the number of
her battleships and cannons but rather, as certain Brazilian scholars
whom we have had the honor of hearing in the halls of the University
of Buenos Aires, have declared, in the opportunities offered to all for
the pursuit of happiness. Let us emphasize the greater good of our-
selves and of our sister RepubUcs, in the good of the masses, in the
abolition or diminution of want and poverty; in better housing and
clothing of the poor; in preparing to provide for the comfort of the
aged and sick: in the prolonging of life and happiness; in uncon-
scious disciphne of the character through sustained effort and the
most profitable employment of leisure: in the creation of a social
atmosphere which shaU make for family affections, dignity, and
courtesy and all life's embellishments, not alone among those few-
favored by fortune but among the majority. And this will be
accomphshed only by an intelligent understanding of what constitute
the foremost present-day problems of the continent — the economic.
d X ' M,.
A AIONG the several establishments in which engraving is done,
/\ and which are connected with the National Government of
/ \ Argentina, the mint is undou]:»tedly the most important.
Founded in the year 1880, it has been an institution of
steadily increasing prominence and utility. The development it has
already attained will in all probal)ility be still further accentuated by
certain changes projected by the Federal Government, among others
the creation of a national printing|| office, under the direction of the
THE MINT, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA.
mint. To the present director, Ing. Alfredo J. Orfila, whose ability
and devotion are self-evident, the institution owes much of its success
in recent years. Since he became director in 1911 he has introduced
striking innovations and installed machinery and equipment in
accor<hince with the latest inventions of modern technical experts.
The casting plant, engraving and coining departments, after a long
period of inactivity, have been operating for over a year in execut-
ing a contract made with the Banco de la Republica Oriental del
Uruguay for the minting of 8,000,000 silver pieces, valued at 5,000,000
pesos Uruguayan, as authorized by a law promulgated January 3,
1916.
580
" From El Arte Tipogr^flco of New York.
THE ARGENTINE MINT.
581
The Banco dc la Repul)liea Oriental del Irutjuay decided to put
the Avork in the hands of the Ar^jentine mint after considering several
bids from otlier mints, including those of Paris, Birmingham, Berlin,
Santiago de Chile, and Bio de Janeiro. The total cost of the con-
tract will be 226,752 pesos Argentine, whicli represents the precise
cost of production. The period agreed upon for the work is one year
and a half from the time the first shipment of silver is received, pro-
viding the remittance be not less than 300 kilograms daily, which
the plant could dispose of at the same rate, according to estimates.
In the last months of tlie year 1916 the coinage was 464,147 fiftv-
centesimo pieces, of which 400,000 were shipped to Montevideo
before December 31 of that year.
It is interesting to note that since 1896 gold or silver moneys had
not been minted in the country, the national mint during the interim
having coined only 5, 10, and 20 centavo nickel pieces, using for the
purpose metal from Austria, which came in disks ready for stamping.
The new Uruguayan minting, however, necessitates all phases of the
process, from the alloy and smelting of the metal to the stamping
of the finished disk. This fact has brought the added advantage of
allowing the establishment to gather a group of competent workmen
who are becoming experts in the series of processes involved. Up
to the present time the pay roll shows that 21 operators have been
used, at a daily cost of 112.40 pesos Argentine money.
During 1916 the following statistics illustrate the production and
the relative importance of the various phases of work:
Minting
Printing of bills \.\.............\\
Printing of bonds !......!!.!.!!
Printing of bonds the denomination of which was not glveii
Miscellaneous work
Total anniwl production
Number of
pieces coined.
3, .594, 09.5
21,041,320
1,407, .594, 037
7, 959, 838
1,399,445
1,441,578,735
Value in Argen-
tine pesos.
911,360. &8
162,25.3,500.00
189,783,982.90
352,948,843.78
In the past 10 years the mint has extended its functions to include
most of the printing and engraving work in the Federal offices. The
following report illustrates the statement: In 1907 the value of paid
jobs was 36,883 Argentine pesos, and in 1916 this amount had
increased to 202,172 pesos.
In addition to this number of official tasks of definite valuations,
new and independent offices have intrusted similar work to the mint,
so that at present it has the most up-to-date apparatus necessary for
work of this character, however exacting the nature. All extra
outside work paid for in cash is really beneficial to the institution,
since it reheves the cost of producing official material by means of
the receipts, all of which are added to the general treasury.
ENGRAVING ROOM OF THE ARGENTINE MINT, BUENOS AIRES.
SECTION OF RECOUNT AND REVISION OF VALUES IN THE
ARGENTINE MINT.
THE AEC.EXTIXE MINT. 583
The mint does the printing and engraving required for the ministry
of the treasury, the administration of territorial taxes, patents and
seals, internal revenue, mails and telegrai)h systems, national postal
savings hank, war administration, national lottery benefits, govern-
ments of the various provinces and national offices, national educa-
tional council, department of labor, etc. Moreover, the municipal
administration had the mint to print the first series of municipal
bonds, litliographs with two colors on the obverse and two on the
reverse, valued at 5,000. 000 pesos, distributed in certificates of 50, 100,
500, and 1 ,000 pesos, in colors varying according to value. The treasury
of the Province of Santa Fe had printed its internal consolidated debt
coupons, and the ministry of the treasury had it print 22,000,000
pesos gold bonds of the "Argentine internal credit" and 13,630^400
pesos Argentine in bonds of the "Argentine internal credit," law 6492.
The number of postage stamps issued last year was 223,299,362,
valued at 12,728,757 pesos. Also 21,041,320 bank bills were printed.'
The perfection of the new series of postage stamps is largely owing
to the new typographical system employed for lithographing and in
the apphcation of perfected revolving machines. An excellent new
macliine of this type is under construction at present in tlie United
States.
Another of the services of the mint is the burning of bills left
from a fiscal period, as provided by the laws in force, before entering
upon a new fiscal period. The mint has a place especially for the
purpose of depositing and counting such bills, a furnace, and staff of
assistants.
The mint has an ample building on the corner of Defensa and
Mexico Streets, the entrance for cars being on Balcarce Street. The
working plant is on the lower floor and the administrative offices on
the upper floors. It occupies a surface of 5,103 square meters alto-
gether, with a two-story building on one portion of it and a three-story
on another. The capital invested in the building, equipment, furnish-
ings, and goods contained therein totals 2,472,000 pesos.
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY^
^ ; AND COMMERCE ; ^~
ARGENTINA.
The Minister of Public Works decided on March 17 last that the
Bureau of Hydraulics, Bridges, and Roads should immediately com-
mence the PAVING OF THE ROAD from La Plata to Bahia Blanca.
This same office is to continue the study of the section of the road
between Olavarria and Bahia Blanca,
Tlie Minister of the Treasury issued, under date of February 27 last,
an order concerning COMMERCIAL TRANSIT from Chile, with the
object of eliminating the delays and difficulties of lading and unlading
goods originating in Chile and consigned abroad, via Buenos Aires,
A report submitted by the official in charge of the exploitation of
the Comodoro Rivadavia PETROLELTM DEPOSITS shows that the
production in 1918 was 197,000 cubic meters of oil, or 16,000 cubic
meters more than that of the previous year. The production in 1919
is estimated at 230,000 cubic meters.
BOLIVIA.
During the year 1918 there were 3,418 tons of TUNGSTEN exported
from the country, officially valued at 10,640,392 bolivianos (boliviano =
$0,389 United States gold), as against 3,890 tons, valued at 10,810,291
bolivianos in 1917. Tlie 1918 exportation of tungsten was distributed
in the following manner: United States, 2,328 tons; Great Britain
and France, 437 ; 367 tons therefore remained at the ports of embarka-
tion and en route. From 1909 to 1918 Bolivia exported 12,831 tons
of tungsten ores, valued at 30,458,161 bolivianos.
By presidential decree of February 13, Chayanta Province in the
Department of Potosi will comprise a MINING DISTRICT within
the present political boundaries. On June 1 of the present year the
new mining district will be appraised and assessed for taxation.
According to statistics from the Bolivian consulate at Puno, 564,116
parcels of FREIGHT, with a total weight of 29,719,635 kilograms,
were handled through the customhouse of that port.
The agency of Corocoro has been raised to the class of a NATIONAL
CUSTOMHOUSE, to function independently of the northern custom-
house. The new office is authorized to import merchandise for the
city of Corocoro and other cities of the Province of Pacajes, and to
export minerals, such as copper, from that Province,
Since the office of DIRECTOR GENERAL OF AGRICULTURE
lias been established the ministry of that industry has convened an
584
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 585
assembly for the nomination of the person to fill the ofTice. Candi-
dates must present a statement of the plans they would inaugurate
in discharging the duties of the office and the methods they would
adopt for its organization in case of election.
BRAZIL.
In January and February last the value of EXPORTS from Santos
amounted, respectively, to 45,951 and 65,721 contos, or a total of
111,672 contos (gold conto = S546.20). Among these exports coffee
represents 85,795 contos; rice, 9,216; chilled meats, 4,421; and
beans, 7,694 contos.
During the latter part of March last two Portuguese capitalists
visited the federal capital in connection with business concerning
the installation of a XEW STEAMSHIP LINE between Portugal
and Brazil. The enterprise is capitahzed at approximately 815,000,-
000. The capitalists referred to also propose to open a branch of
the Bank of Portugal in the city of Sao Paulo.
At the suggestion of Senhor Alcino dos Santos Silva, consul of
Brazil at Bern, a SWISS-BRAZILIAN BOARD OF TRADE has
been founded in that city under the presidency of A. de Souza Aguiar.
The Board of Trade of Sydney has taken steps to encourage an
interchange of CO^DIERCE BETWEEN AUSTRALIA AND
BRAZIL. It recommends the estabhshment of a direct line of
Lloyd Brazilian vessels to bring Brazilian products to Australian
ports, returning to Brazil laden with wheat, coal, and other Aus-
tralian merchandise.
The Federation of British Lidustries has invited BRAZILIAN
BL^SINESS MEN to visit Great Britain. Representatives of Bra-
zilian commerce and industry who accept the invitation are to be
the guests of the federation from the time of their departure until
their return, the visit to have an official character. While in Great
Britain they will be taken through the principal industrial centers
of the country and will be given an opportunity to study such indus-
trial conditions as may be of interest to tliem. Mr. Barclay, a mem-
ber of the British commission which visited South America with
Sir Maurice De Bunsen, will go to Brazil to accompany the visitors
on the trip.
The President has specified the dates for the construction and
delivery of the following RAILWAY LINES: From Sao Sebastiao
do Paraiso to Passos, December, 1920; the Biguatinga to Jacuhy
extension, February 24, 1921; and November 15, 1921, for the
Pratinha to Santa Rita de Cassia branch and the extension from
Passos to kilometer 24.5 toward Sao Jose de la Barra.
586 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
CHILE,
Among the companies engaged in the exploitation of COPPER
in Chile, the Chile Exploration Co., whose mines are at Calama,
Province of Antofagasta, occupies first place. The capital of this
company is $100,000,000, which, according to reports, is soon to be
tripled. The installations of the company cover 20 kilometers, and
the mining population numbers 14,000. The annual production is
55,000 tons of pure clectrolitic copper, all of which is exported to
the United States.
The MINING INDUSTRY is undergoing a period of great activity
in northern Chile, where the mineral wealth is enormous. A number
of commissions of Chilean and foreign engineers are now making a
study of this zone. In the Department of Elqui, Province of Co-
quimbo, the following mines are being exploited: In the vicinity of
the Tm-bio and Cordillera Rivers, 8 silver, 4 copper, and 3 gold mines;
near Claro River, 2 gold and 2 silver mines; and on the Elqui River
5 copper, 2 silver, 1 ferric sulphate, 1 iron, and 1 pyrite mines.
On the Chumay property. Province of Malleco, a number of COAL
DEPOSITS have been discovered. Mr. Felsch, an experienced
geologist, has been appointed by the Department of Industry and
Public Works to visit the property mentioned with the object of
reporting upon the richness of the mines.
The representatives of the allied countries in Santiago have advised
the government that the Interallied War Board established in Paris
has decided to deliver to the United States the German vessels
interned in Chilean ports, the delivery to be made as soon as the
United States desires. There are 84 of these ships, some of which
are steamers and some sailing vessels, and nearly all of which formerly
belonged to the Kosmos Navigation Co.
Chile's NATIONAL MERCHANT MARINE has been increased
by two vessels, built by Mario Ibar in his shipbuilding yards at
Constitucion. The two sailing vessels referred to have been chris-
tened Toqui and Cacique, and have a capacity of 450 and 500 tons,
respectively.
COLOMBIA.
Representatives of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. recently
contracted with the Department of Home Government of Colombia
to install an INTERNATIONAL WIRELESS TELEGRAPH
STATION in Bogota powerful enough to establish communications
between Colombia and the countries of North and South America.
This station will be used for commercial and government messages.
The Government of Colombia did not grant the Marconi company
any special concession, and is, therefore, free to negotiate in future
AGRICULTL'RE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 587
with other wireless companies should it l)c (kn^med expethent so to
do. The Bogotii station, aeeorcUn<^ to press reports, is to be the
most powerful in South America, and will form the center of wireless
communications between North and South America. It will have
sufficient power to communicate direct with Enojland and Japan .
Important rate concessions, amounting to not less than 40 per cent
of the cable charges, will be made on government, commercial, and
newspaper business. The plans are now ready, but it is estimated
that about two vears will be needed in which to construct and equip
the station for public service.
One of the most important matters now being considered by the
legislature of the Department of Cundinamarca is the EXTENSION
OF THE SABANA RAILWAY with the objects of facilitating
traffic and in order to avoid the inconveniences connected with the
navigation of the Upper Magdalena River. On March 1 last the
Secretary of the Treasury explained in detail to the members of the
legislature the reports of the technical commission appointed to
study the extension of the railway, stating that the enterprise is
feasible and requesting the legislature not to hesitate in authorizing
the government of the Department of Cundinamarca to negotiate a
loan to be used in the construction of the 200 kilometers of line
necessary to be built. The proposed railway will extend through a
well-watered grazing country, rich in coffee, timber, and coal. Recom-
mendations were made that the national congress give a subsidy for
the construction of this line which will penetrate territory inhabited
by at least 2,000,000 people. Legislative committees were appointed
to examine the railway and to study the legal relations between the
Department and the Nation with the object of determining whether
it is necessary to negotiate a national loan or simply a loan of the
Department.
The CARIBBEAN STEAMSHIP CO. has established an agency
at Medellin under the direction of Ricardo Lalinde. This company,
whose stockholders are nationals and foreigners, which was founded
by Alexander Angel & Co., of New York, operates a number of vessels
and is very popular in Colombia.
Representatives of the Federal Export Co., an ini])ortant UNITED
STATES COMMERCIAL CONCERN, recently arrived at Barran-
quilla for the purpose of establishing a branch there.
The Board of Trade of Cali has received a communication from the
Department of Commerce of the L^nited States inquiring as to the
prospects for EXPORTS OF COAL. Due to the location of the coal
fields on the Pacific coast, it is believed that exports could be easily
made, and would, in course of time, develop into a large business.
In order to encourage this industry the Government of Colombia last
year exempted coal from fluvial imposts.
588 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The legislature of the Department of Antioquia has approved the
first reading of the bill authorizing the construction of a RAILWAY
from a point on the Amaga Railroad and the Department of Caldas
to Antioquia. The bill authorizes the governor to negotiate a loan
of 15,000,000.
The manager of the AERIAL CABLE company, who has just
arrived at Manizales, states that the Esperanza Station, which is
three leagues from the City of Manizales, will be inaugurated in
October next.
The President of the Reimblic has approved the steps taken by
the government of the Department of Santander concerning the
reorganization of the PUERTO WILCHES RAILWAY. An agree-
ment has been made to receive at par in Santander the bonds issued
by the Government, and to use the proceeds of same, or $120,000 in
extending, in so far as possible, the present railway.
COSTA RICA.
By a presidential decree of March 22 the regulations of RAILWAY
PASSES which may be issued by government officials are stated in
such a way as to eliminate annoyance to railway companies and cause
no deficits in the public treasury.
Since the Chemical Commercial Laboratory has reported that
''MAICENA" is a corn starch extracted in the same manner that
starches are extracted from wheat, potatoes, yucca, etc., the Presi-
dent on Fel)ruary 21 passed a decree authorizing customshouses to
appraise it at the rate of starch, or at 0.20 centimes of a colon (colon =
$0.46 U. S. gold) per kilogram.
The appropriation for the President to expend in the repair of
HIGHWAYS, roads and bridges has been raised to 300,000 colones,
and he is furthermore authorized to conduct the work in the mannei
he sees fit.
CUBA.
Several caballerias (caballeria = 33J acres) of land in Camaguey
have been planted to CASTOR BEANS in anticipation of producing
raw material for the manufacture at that place of lubricating oil.
According to data compiled by the Department of Agriculture the
SUGAR arriving at Cuban ports from interior points of the Island
up to the beginning of April amounted to 1,900,000 tons, while the
stock on hand in the centrals aggregated not less than 400,000 tons,
or an average of about 14,000 sacks to each of the 195 sugar centrals
of the Republic. The ([uantity manufactured to the date referred
to in all of the sugar centrals of the country totaled 2,300,000 tons.
A new SUGAR FACTORY is being installed in the Province of
Oriente between Cristo and Songo with an estimated output of from
AGRICULTURE, IXDUSTRY, .VXD COMMERCE. 589
50.000 to 60.000 t()ii>^. Tiii^ factory is to be siii)i)lie(l from cane
grown on 100 caballerias of land.
A niinil)or of Americans rej)re^entino; brewing interests of the
United States recently visited Habana for the purpose of investi-
gating the advisability of establishing a BREWERY in or near the
national capital.
Six of the largest LOCOMOTIVES ever brought into ('ul)a have
just arrived in Habana from the United States for the use of the
United Railways of Cuba.
The Cuban XAVIGATIOX CO. has purchased two more vessels
for the i)m"pose of enabling it to more satisfactorily handle its growing
business,
DOMIXICAX REPUBLIC.
The military government has declared an AGRICUT^TURAL
ZOXE the territory composed of the section of Jamao and the
Comun and Province of Moca comprised between the following
bountlaries: South to the summit of the Cordillera Central range;
east to the Arroyo Blanco river: north to Rico Jamao; and west to
the Arroyo Frio river.
Several capitalists of the United States are interested in the project
of constructing a RAILWAY which, extending from the port of
Manzanillo harbor, shall traverse the northwestern territory, passing
near Santiago and along the southern part of the Yac^ue and extending
nearly to the pines region, terminating at La Vega.
The inducing of LABORERS to emigrate to foreign countries for
employment by means of collective or individual offers of remunera-
tion or material compensation before the 1st of April, 1921, is pro-
hibited under penalty of a fine of not less than 100 pesos or more
than 500, or imprisonment of not less than two months or more than
six, except by special permission of the President.
During the month of February the DOMIXICAX CEXTRAL
RAILWAY transported 1,481,315 kilos of freight from Puerto Plata
to the interior; 1,212.603 kilos from the interior to Puerto Plata;
and 443,659 kilos to intermediate stations.
ECUADOR.
According to the statistics contained in the GEXERAL REPORT
OF THE IMPORTS AXD EXPORTS OF MERCHAXDISE IX
1917, recently published by the Customs-House of Guayaquil, the
value of the foreign commerce of Ecuador in 1917 amounted to
54,498,111 sucres (sucre = .S0.4867 U. S. gold), or 33,558,014 sucres
for exportations and 20.940,097 for importations, which gives a differ-
ence in favor of the former of 12,617,917 sucres. It is interesting to
note that in 1913, before the European war, the exports totaled
11626.3— la— Bull. -J 7
590 THE PAX AMEEICAIsr UNION.
32,488,410 sucres in value and the imports 18,187,988. The differ-
ence of 1,000,000 sucres in the former and 3,000,000 in the hitter
shows that Ecuador's foreign trade did not suffer to the extent that
was feared.
GUATEMALA.
According; to the General Board of Customs the FOREIGN
COMMERCE in 1918 was valued at $19,785,021— an increase
of $2,919,990 over the year 1917.
During the year 1918 MINERAL EXPLOITATION was carried
on extensively in the Republic, as 4,000 tons of iron and chromium
were produced in the Departments of El Progi^eso and Jalapa; 60,000
cubic yards of earth were mined in the Las Quebradas gold mines,
Department of Izabal; and in the Department of Huehuetenango 17
seams of lead were exploited profitably.
The Central Railway Co. is completing a commodious STATION
in Guatema^la City which will add to the attractiveness of the capital
city.
In 1918 the National Government conducted many PUBLIC
WORKS and improvements, laying 77 kilometers of new highways,
repairing 577 kilometers of wagon roads and 1,479 of railway, con-
structing 83 bridges and repairing 46, and erecting 105 government
buildings, and financing 178 in various parts of the Republic.
In 1918 a VACCINATION WARD was instaUed, the maternity
ward modernized, and work was begun upon four new wards in the
Guatemala General Hospital.
HAITI.
According to Les Annales Capoises, a Haitian newspaper, an
analysis made in France of the SEEDS of the sand-box tree (Hura
crepitans) has shown that a much larger quantity of oil can be
extracted from these seeds than from the castor beans. Should the
sand-box oil prove to be as valuable to the industry as the castor
oil — and some experts believe it will — Haiti would largely benefit by
the discovery of this new vegetal product, for the tree thrives in the
greater part of the Republic.
Up to the middle of April 520,000 tens of SUGAR CANE had
been received at the plant of the Haitian Sugar Co. — a new plant
which began its operations only a short time ago.
The Government has entered into a contract with the Caribbean
Agency, of New York, whereby the latter receives for a period of
nine years the exclusive privilege of gathering the bark on all the
MANGRO^'EvS to be found in the territory of the^ communes of
Fort Liberie, Terrier Rouge, Caracol, and Limonade; the Caribbean
Agency agreed to pay a duty of $1 per ton of bark exported.
AGEICULTrRE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 591
HONDURAS.
The Xiitional Governineiit has granted certain priviloo;es and con-
cessions for the estal)lislnnent of the followincr NEW ^LVXUF AC-
TORIES: In La Ceiba, one of perfumes of all kinds; in San Pedro
Sula, of ])erfunies, sugar, and alcohols: in the Department of Cortes,
of alcoholic licjuors. both strong and light wines: and a shoe factory
with a tannery for hides in the city of Sa.n Pedro Sula.
Early in Marcli the RAILWAY whicli is being constructed by
Vaccaro Bros. Co. reached the point known as La Ceibita, which is
near the terminus of the railway whicli connects with Tela.
The National Congress has recently authorized the modification
of the contract signed between the President and the Vaccaro Bros.
Co. for the construction of a PIER IX LA CEIBA and a raUroad
connecting it with the city of Yoro. Among other concessions the
contract aUows an extension of fonr years in which the company may
complete the railway, while the company relinquishes the land it
held for the purpose cf constructing branches, witii the exception
of these within 5 kilometers of the main line.
The government has granted concessions to Mr. J. P. Henderson
for the production, exploitation, refining, and exportation of OIL,
COAL, XAPHTHA, AXD OTHER MINERALS discovered in
the Departments of Tegucigalpa, Olancho, Santa Barbara, and Mos-
quitia.
A law of the Xational Congress of Feljruarv 17, 1919, prohibits
the IMPORTATIOX OF STROXG OR LIGHT ALCOHOLIC
LIQL'ORS in barrels or other containers except bottles. Table wines
are excepted from the list.
Permission has been granted for the exploitation of NITRATE
DEPOSITS in the departments of La Paz, Intubuca, Comayagua,
Gracias, and Tegucigalpa.
MEXICO.
The Department of Industry, Commerce, and Labor has sent a
number of SAMPLES OF MEXICAN FABRICS to the Mexican
consulate at Valparaiso, Chile, to form a part of the permanent
exhibit conducted by the consuhite. A large proportion of the
samples was produced in the factories of the State of Vera Cruz, and
it is expected that the exhibit will increase the growing popularit}' of
Mexican manufactures in Chile.
According to a Mexican railroad expert the ROLLIX'G STOCK
owned by the national railways of the country to-day includes 1,300
locomotives and 19,800 cars, while 158 locomotives and 3,263 box-
cars owned or rented by private companies are operating over
federal lines.
592 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
With the object of stmiulating the RECONSTRUCTION OF
RxilLWAY SYSTEMS the President on February 15 passed a
decree declaring the raihoad equipment Usted in part 138 of the
Importation Tariff Schedule free of duty for a period of six months.
The general board of directors of the Mexican National Railways
has approved plans for the construction of a LARGE CENTRAL
OFFICE in Mexico City. The building will be modern in every
respect and will include commodious offices for the various depart-
ments.
A UNITED STATES CHAMBER OF COMMERCE was recently
organized in Monterey by enterprising North Americans of the city.
The total exportation of HENEQUEN from Yucatan for the year
1918 has been estimated at 600.000 bales. The Henequen Adminis-
tration (Comision Reguladora del Henequen) is active in developing
factories for its consumption in the territory, so that it is expected
the exportation of henequen in the future will include not only the
raw material but also manufactured sacks and twine.
A PER^LVNENT COMMERCLVI. EXPOSITION is shortly to be
established in Spain containing Mexican products. The project was
undertaken owing to the pleasing results of a similar exposition
established in New York some time ago.
The Department of Agriculture and Commerce has decided upon
the construction of a PORT and well-equipped harbor in Espiritu
Santo Bay in order to facilitate the exportation of products from the
territory of Quintana Roo by the Caribbean Sea.
NICARAGUA.
A SUGAR MILL has just been installed in the Department of
Rivas by a well-known Nicaraguan firm, the machinery having been
received at Corinto.
Recently a shipment of touring AL^TOMOBILES was received in
the country. The machines are of different makes, and since great
interest is being manifested in the improvement of roads it is expected
that the 30 autotrucks which also arrived will be of great service.
A contract signed between the Ministry of Industry and Seiior
vSamuel Zemurray, by which the latter agrees to develop SI^GAR-
CANE CrLTR^ATION in the land of the Capuzano plantation,
Department of Chinandega, and in adjacent territory w^hich may be
bought oi- rented by him, has been submitted to the legislatures for
approval. The privilege is also granted Seiior Zemurray of estab-
lishing stock farms, cheese factories, butter, and other factories for
the utilization of dairy products. As soon as possible he will estab-
lish also a steamship service between various ports of the Republic
and Europe; the vessels will call at Playa Grande or any designated
port of the Estero Real or Gulf of Fonseca.
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 593
PANAMA.
On March 14. 1919, the President signed a contract with Senor
A. H. ^'errill granting to the hitter the exclusive rights of mining
exploitations in a territory of 3.000 hectares in the districts of San
Francisco and vSantiago. the concessionaire agreeing to build at his
o\^^l expense the following MACADAMIZED ROADS: One from
the port of Aguadulce to the district of San Francisco, and one from
Puerto Mutis to .Santiago. According to the Panamanian press the
enterprise will mean a saving of not less than §600,000 for the Govern-
ment, calculating the length of the roads at 50 miles and their cost at
the rate of §12,000 per mile.
British subjects residing on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus have
taken preliminary steps toward the establishment of an ENGLISH
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE in the Republic of Panama with the
purpose of stimulating trade between the two nations.
PARAGUAY.
Senors Jose Pirotta, Enric|ue Prous, and Miguel Rueda have been
elected president, vice president, and treasurer, respectivelv, of the
CILVMBER OF CO^OIERCE of Asuncion.
By a presidential decree of February 24, EMPTY CASES intended
to inclose domestic products to be exported are hereafter to be
admitted tree of duty.
The daily newspaper La Tribuna of Asuncion has recentlv installed
a ROTARY PRINTING PRESS of the most modern type.
The Council of Agriculture and Industry of the Agricultural Bank
has voted to authorize the purchase of COTTON of the present crop,
fixing the price at 3 pesos currency per kilo of cotton of the first
grade, or white, dry, and clean, and 2 pesos for second-grade cotton.
PERU.
The traffic buieau of the municij)a]ity of Lima has published a
report showing the number of AUTOMOBILES PRIVATELY AND
PUBLICLY OWNED, as shown by the registration of cars at that
office. Since 1907, the year in which the first machine was received
in the city, automobiles have played an increasingly prominent part
in the development of Lima. According to the statistics given, in
1915, there were 171 private and 60 public cars licensed; in 1916 the
figures increased to 219 and 43, respectively, and in 1918, to 699 and
200. Beginning with 1915. many of the automobiles imported have
come from the United States.
The President has been authorized by congress to construct an
AUTOMOBILE HIGHWAY which shall extend from the terminal
594 THE PAlSr AMERICAN UNION.
point of the Vitor to Valle de Majes highway to the city of Chuqui-
bamba, capital of the Province of Condesuyos.
The sum of 5,0(30 pounds (Peruvian pound equals .S4.S665 Ignited
States gold) has been appropriated for the ACQUISITION OF
DREDGES to be employed in removing ol stacles to navigation in
the Amazon River and its tributaries. The national congress has
authorized the construction of a BRANCH RAILYv^AY from kilom-
eter 76 of the Chimbote-Recuay line at Chuquicara to CajabamI a.
URUGUAY.
The annual agricultural report for the year 1917-18 has just been
published. It contains information of interest concerning the rural
production for the term indicated, showing that Uruguay continues
to be one of the foremost stock-raising count! ies. The latest census
reveals the fact that of the 18,692,600 hectares used in agricultural
enterprises, 11,159,012 aie devoted to the bleeding and pasturage of
CATTLE and 4, 047, 805 hectares to both agriculture and stock rais-
ing. The importance of stock raising can be seen also from the
fact that in 1917 the total value of exports from Uruguay was 92,516,-
274 pesos, of which 90,383,534 or 97.7 per cent was stock products.
Cattle as well as sheep raising has suffered a marked decrease, how-
ever, since in 1908 there were 8,192,602 cattle in the countiy, as
against 7,802,412 in 1916, and in 1908 there were 26,286,296 sheep,
compared with 11,472,852 in 1916. The census of 1916 showed also
that ranchmen prefer Lincoln and similar English breeds to short-
wooled merinos.
A book has recently been published in Uruguay concerning the
GRAPE INDUSTRYin tlie Republic, according to which in 1916
there was an area of 6,170 hectares in the country employed in the
growing of vines, with 24,872,474 vine stocks. In 1916 there were
33,262,529 kilograms of grapes pnxluced, the production and im-
ports of wine in that year being 24,210,133 liteis.
VENEZUELA.
The Caribbean Steamship Co. (Ltd.), has recentlv established a new
LINE OF STEAMSHIPS between New York and Puerto Cabello
and Maracaibo. One of the compan3''s ships a short time ago weighed
anchor in Maracaibo with a cargo of 1 ] ,338 sacks of coffee, the largest
amount which ever has l)een embarked on one vessel in the history of
shipping in that j)ort.
The National Government has sent a committee of engineers to
study the i)r()ject of an EASTERN HIGHWAY which will connect
Caracas with Ciudad Bolivar, trave:sing the eastern section of the
entire countiy. The completion of tlie work will undoul)tedly
596 THE PAN AMEEICAI^T UNION.
stimulate industrial development and commerce in the wealthy
territories to be bisected, the district about Guaya, the eastern plains*
and certain portions of the central region of the Republic lacking only
a well-built road communicating with Caracas to develop their
natural resources and build up a profitable export trade.
According to a newspaper of Trinidad the Central Asphalt Co.,
which owns more than 1,250,000 acres of land in Venezuela, must add
over 10,000,000 dollars to its present investment in order to meet
the demands of its constantly increasing business. One of the pro-
jects to which it will turn its attention is the exploitation of several
OIL WELLS recently discovered in the fields of Mene Grande, in the
western part of the Republic, for the use of which iron piping has
already been installed, through wdiich the oil will be conducted to the
shores of Maracaibo Lake.
ECONOMICanbFINANCIAL
l^k.* AFFAIRS ^i^^J
ARGENTINA.
According to the balance of the BANK OF THE ARGENTINE
NATION for February last the deposits amounted to 3,174,418 gold
pesos and 1,178,738,579 paper pesos, as compared with 3,175,523
gold pesos and 1,197,254,540 paper pesos in January, 1919. The
discounts on accounts current amounted to 5,009 gold pesos and
260,547,279 paper pesos in February last, as compared with 5,009
gold pesos and 258,913,114 paper pesos during the previous month.
The cash on hand on February 28 was 36,077,283 gold pesos and
345,767,773 paper pesos, as compared with 36,085,753 gold pesos and
341,767,908 paper pesos in January of the same year.
According to a report of the Bank of the Argentine Nation for
1918 that institution endeavored to lessen, in so far as possible, the
effects of the adverse financial conditions caused by the war on Argen-
tine producers bv adopting measures tending to give them financial
aid. In January, 1918, it offered to LEND MONEY ON PRODUCTS
ready for shipment, either sacked or in bulk, the amounts being
limited in individual cases to 10,000 pesos, currency, unless a special
rec^uest was made and acted upon by the bank. In 1918 this bank
loaned to agricultural producers 60,472,218 pesos, and 108,442,008
pesos to stockmen.
In 1918 the DEBT OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF BUENOS
AIRES was made up of the following items: Consolidated foreign
ECONOMIC AND FIXAXCIAL AFFAIRS. 597
debt, 27,6o7.15o pesos, gold; consolidated internal debt, 6,107,220
pesos ciuTency; floating debt, 5,786,928 pesos, gold, and 47,770,423
pesos, currency.
The REVENUES of the municipality of Buenos Aires collected
durins: the fiscal rear 1918 amounted to .38.5o6,08.S pesos, currency.
On March 10 last the CITY NATIONAL BANK OF NEW YORK
opened to the public its branch in the city of Cordoba.
BOLIVIA.
In February the Bolivian Government decided to ANNUL THE
CONTRACT WITH CHANDLER & CO. of New York, in which the
latter company was made the fiscal agent of Bolivia for the United
States. It was annulled because of the changes taking place in the
financial market owing to the close of the European war.
During the year 1918 the net receipts of the COCILVBAMBA
ELECTRIC LIGHT & POWER CO. and of their railway lines
amounted to 72,348 bolivianos (boliviano = S0.389 United States
gold). The capital of the companv at present is 2,500,000 bolivianos.
The estimated general balance of the NATIONAL BUDGET FOR
1919 shows the receipts at 31,328,767 bolivianos and the expenditures
at 38,471,853 bolivianos, leaving a deficit of 7,143,085.
BRAZIL.
Under a decree of December 31, 1918, the President of the Republic
established the following reductions in duties on IMPORTS OF
UNITED STATES MERCHANDISE: Wheat flour, 30 per cent;
and 20 per cent on condensed milk; rubber goods; watches; colors
included under Article 173 of the tarift' (with the exception of writing
ink and varnishes); typewriters; refrigerators; pianos; scales; wind
mills; cement: dried fruits: and school and office furniture.
The GENERAL REVENUES of the Republic in 1918 amounted to
66,437 contos, gold, and 380,995 contos, paper, as follows: Import
duties, 55,219 contos, gold, and 52,567 contos, paper; tax on con-
sumption, 116,007 contos, paper; stamp tax, etc., 7 contos, gold, and
43,746 contos paper; tax on incomes, 94 contos, gold, and 14,901
contos, paper; tax on inheritances 598 contos, paper; tax on industrial
revenues, 486, gold, and 96,109 contos, paper; extra revenues, 221,
gold, and 38,933 contos, paper; special revenues, 10,407 contos, gold,
and 14,766 contos, paper; lottery, 1,067 contos, paper, and other
revenues, 3 contos, gold, and 2,301 contos, paper.
CHILE.
The year 1918 was very favorable to the development of the busi-
ness of'the SAVINGS BANKS of the Province of Nuble, as is sho^\^l
598 THE PAX AMEEICAX UXIOX.
b}^ the following figures, all values being expressed in Chilean paper
pesos, which have an approximate value of about 20 cents, American
gold: Total business, 100,953,890. Deposits in 1918, 41,084,544;
repayments, 40,142,170; increase in 1918, 942,374; balance in 1917,
4,43i,397; depositors' mortgage drafts, 729,911. Total deposits by
depositors, 6,103,683.
The spirit of enterprise of the important Yugoslav colony of Punta
Arenas, southern Chile, is attributed to the founding in that city on
January 2, 1918, of the YUGOSLAV BANK OF CHILE with an
initial capital of 1,000,000 pesos currency, which amount was in-
creased in June, 1918, to 2,000,000 pesos. At the close of its first
year's business this bank paid to its stockholders a dividend of 10 per
cent. The bank has two branches — one at Porvenir, Tierra del
Fuego, and the other at Natales, Ultima Esperenza — and now pro-
poses to establish a third bank at Antofagasta in northern Chile,
where there is an important Yugoslav colony.
COLOMBIA.
The municipal council of Medellin recently offered for public sub-
scription the third series of the MUNICIPAL LOAN, the proceeds of
which are to be used in purchasing and laying a new circuit of iron
pipes for the water service of the city.
Information cabled from London states that five large banks from
that city have formed an association with a capital of £2,000,000 for
the purpose of organizing a bank in Colombia under the name of the
ENGLISH BANK, with its main office in Bogota and branches at
Medellin and Manizales.
COSTA RICA.
The National Chief Accountant reports the following NATIONAI.
EXPENDITURES during the months from January to November,
191.S, inclusive: Total, 10,935,424 colones (colon = $0.46 United States
gold), distributed as fohows: Legislation, 228,662; administration
and police, 876,971; industry, 954,628; foreign relations, 194,388;
justice, 359,641; rehgion, 18,700; charities, 154,343; public instruc-
tion, 921,844; war and police, 2,485,625; navy, 28,090; treasury,
1,582,574; and public debt, 3,129,957. The NATIONAL RE-
CEIPTS in the same period totaled 7,263,489 colones, of which
1,021,150 were customhouse receipts, 2,232,100 were liquor taxes,
and 1,115,607 fixed import tariffs.
The total CUSTOMHOUSE RECEIPTS during the first 11 months
of 1918 were 1,021,150 colones, distributed as follows: San Jose
customhouse, 386,1 17 colones; Limon, 282,781; Puntarenas, 303,098;
and Sixaola, 49,154 colones.
By a law of national congress of February 17. the International
Bank of Costa Rica is authorized to advance to the Government dur-
ECONOMIC AXD FIXAXCIAL AFFAIRS. 599
ing the present year the amount necessary to cover the increase over
the BUDGET IX FORCE, decreed subsequent to the enactment
of Budget Law Xo. 55 of August 8, 1918. The l)ank will procure
the funds from the issue of 10.000.000 colones. authorized by a law
of October 5. 1918, and by the loan of a sum not to exceed 2.000.000
colones. as stated in by-law (a) of article 12 of that law.
CUBA.
The JIa})ana customhouse collected during March last $2,837,003,
the business on the hist day of that month having amounted to
$193,916. The customs receipts in March of the previous jeQ.r
aggregated S2, 508, 924. In February last the customs collections of
the Habana customhouse were S2. 887. 592.
The International BAXK of Cuba proposes to establish branches
in the most important commercial centers of the Republic, the first
of these branches to be located at Cienfuegos. Province of Santa
Clara. The profits of the Bank of the Island of Cuba during the j^ear
ended December 31, 1918, amounted to $751,843.
The Guantanamo and Western RAILROAD Co. increased its net
capital in 1918 by $120,472. The gross receipts during that year
were $784,664, as compared with $555,950 in 1917. The operating
expenses in 1918 and 1917 amounted, respectively, to $761,342 and
$526,220.
The board of directors of the L'nited States and Cuban Allied
Works Engineering Corporation has authorized an issue of $1,500,000
in MORTGAGE BOXDS to be sold in the United States.
GUATEMALA.
In 1918 there were 18,287,459 pesos expended in CHARITIES, of
which 1,961,625 were employed in public sanitation and 16,325,839
in charities already in operation previouslv.
The TAX OX AGUARDIEXTE produced the sum of 11,307,471
pesos in 1918 at the rate of 3 cents per bottle, but the regular tax
diminished by 2,890,813 pesos, owing to decrease in the consumj^tion
of liquor.
Interest on the FOREIGX DEBT was ])aid to the amount of
$300,000 during the year 1918.
In 1918 the national treasury withdrew the sum of 309,972 pesos
in BAXK BILLS from circulation, which makes a total of 3,631,156
pesos withdrawn.
HONDURAS.
On Januarv 24 the national congress approved a presidential
decree of August 8, 1918. by which AMERICAX MOXEY AXD
BAX'K XOTES are declared legal currencv.
600 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The subscribed capital of the ATLANTIDA BANK of La Ceiba,
which until recently amounted to $500,000 gold, with 50 per cent
paid, has been increased to $1,000,000 with $500,000 paid, the reserve
fund being proportionately increased. Besides the headquarters in
La Ceiba and the branch offices at San Pedro Sula, Puerto Cortes,
and Tegucigalpa, the bank is to establish another branch in Amapala
and various agencies at other points.
MEXICO.
During the month of March, 1919, the PUBLIC REGISTRY OF
PROPERTY AND COMMERCES indicated transactions to the value
of 15,000,000 pesos, distributed as follows: Capital of organizations
registered, 8,500,000 pesos; transfer of public or private property by
written agreements, 2,500,000; mortgjiges, 2,000,000 (approxi-
mately); leases, 1,000,000; and transfer of property by inheritance,
1,500,000 pesos. The present report is particularly significant in
consideration of the fact that in the corresponding month of 1918
only 8,000,000 pesos were involved.
NICARAGUA.
The National Bank of Nicaragua recently received 29 barrels of
COINS of 5 centavos and Ih centavos, copper pieces. With this
amount of regular fractional currency it is hoped to facilitate the
exchange in sales of small values.
PARAGUAY.
The CUvSTOMS receipts during the fourth quarter of 1918 amounted
to 386,142 pesos, gold, and 5,031,939 pesos, currency, the customhouse
of Asuncion being the recipient of 292,705 gold and 4,557,769 paper
of the total sum.
During the quarter from October to December of 1918 the FOR-
EIGN BANK DRAFTS AND LETTERS OF CREDIT drawn by all
banks of the Republic totaled 6,597,693 pesos, gold, distributed as
follows: Argentina, 6,355,859; LTruguay, 40,876; Spain, 24,439;
United States, 21,659; France, 45,522; England, 56,822; and Italy,
52,516 pesos.
The director of the treasury has been authorized by the President
to ISSUE BONDS to the value of 500,000 pesQs, gold, in accordance
with the dispositions of law No. 96 of September 25, 1914.
The net profits of the BANK OF SPAIN AND PARAGUAY in
Asuncion amounted to 1,560,482 pesos, currency, in the year 1918.
PERU.
The total FISCAL RECEIPTS for the year 1918 were 1,675,767
pounds (Peruvian pound= $4.8665 United States gold), or 91,065
ECOXOMIC AXD FIXAXCIAL AFFAIRS. 601
pounds moro than in 1917. in wliich year tlio total roceijits exceeded
those of the preceding hy 77,27S ])(>unds. Of the total for 1918 fully
890,644 pounds were coUected during the second semester.
The President has been authorized by Congress to obtain a LOAN
of 300,000 ))ounds, gold, at 7 j^er cent annual interest and an accumu
lative annual amortization of 1 per cent to ])e used in the constructio.i
of the Jatunhunsi Kaih'oad.
SALVADOR .
The national receii)ts through DIRECT IMPOSTS during the year
1918 totaled 260.441 pesos.
According to the latest rei)ort of the treasury for 1918 the PUB-
LIC DEBT is at present 29. .550, 619 pesos silver, an increase ~ of
1,045,334 over that of 1917, caused by the considerable decrease in
the federal receipts during the past year.
According to official statistics the value of the imports of COIXED
MONEY during the years 1904 to 191S, inchisive, is as follows:
Coins in American gold, S477,000; in silver of 900 milesimos,
6,811,000 pesos: fractional money of 835 milesimos, 1,050.000 ])esos;
nickel coins, 7,508,000 one-cent pieces, 75.080 pesos; 3.700,000 three-
cent pieces, 111,000 pesos; 6,000,000 five-cent pieces, 300.000 pesos.
Adding the value of the silver and nickel coins imported, there is
obtained a total of 8,347,080 pesos silver, of which the Government
imported 2,195,040; the Occidental Bank, 2,362,000; the Salva-
dorean Bank, 1,815.000; and the Agricultural Commercial Bank,
1,975,000 pesos. The total number of nickel coins imported was
17,208,000.
tTJUGUAY. ^
The BAXKS report the following statistics concerning the month
of Februar}': On hand, S60,614,683; deposits on current account,
$52,536,425: time deposits, S37,646,541; and advance i)ayments,
SI 15,708,483. The gold on hand increased from 49,578.720 pesos in
January to 50,170,467 in Februarv.
VENEZUELA.
According to the report of the board of directors of the ^'ENE
ZUELAN NAVIGATION' CO.. presented at tlie stockholders' meet
ing held early in March of the present year, tlie net receipts of the
company in the second half of 1918 were 651,881 bolivars (bolivar,
approximately 80.21 L'nited States currenc}-), distributed as follows:
Expended for dividends, 456,317: as securities fund, 130,376: as re-
serve fund. 32.594: and as guaranty fund, 32.594 bolivars.
^ INTERNATIONAL ^
p TREATIES ^ "
BOLIVIA — VENEZUELA .
On April 12, 1919, a GENEKAL TREATY OF ARBITRATION
was signed in Caracas between BOLIVIA and VENEZUELA by
which the contracting parties agree to submit to arbitration ques-
tions of whatever nature that may arise between them, providing
that by diplomatic channels a direct solution is not arrived at, and
also excepting cases in which the jurisdiction of regular Bolivian or
Venezuelan courts of justice is not called in question. The arbiters
shall be selected from the secretaries of state of the American Repub-
lics, or, when necessary, from American lawyers. In case of disa-
greement as to the election of arbiters the contracting parties shall
appeal to the permanent court of The Hague. In every case which
arises an agreement shall be signed which sets forth the nature of
the case, the constitution of the tribunal, and the rules of procedure
to be followed. The convention will remain in force for a period of
10 years, and, if not denounced by either party, will be considered
renewed for an equal period.
BRAZIL — COLOMBIA .
On March 14 last the Governments of Brazil and Colombia con-
ckided an exchange of notes for the establishment of a DIPLO-
MATIC CORRESPONDENCE SERVICE between the departments
of foreign relation.? of the two countries with legations accredited in
Bogota and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. This service will be effected
through the postal departments of the two countries by means of
special mail pouches which are to be inviolable. The post office
departments will fix the weight and volume of said pouches, which,
until further notice, are to have a maximum weight of 15 kilos, and
a maximum length, breadth, and height, respectively, of 50, 30, and
50 centimeters. The service became effective on the date of the
exchange of the notes.
HAITI.
In its edition of March 26, 1919, the Moniteur published the official
correspondence exchanged between the Haitian secretary of foreign
relations and the French charge d'affaires in Port au Prince on the
occasion of the abrogation by the French Government of the
CO^IMERCIAL CONVENTION agreed to by France and Haiti
602
LEGISLATION.
603
on January 30, 1907. According to the note of the French repre-
sentative, France has decided npon abrogating all the existing
commercial treaties with the allied and neutral nations. It was
agreed between the two countries that in order not to interrupt their
commercial relations, the treaty which will expire on Sei)tember 10,
1919, shall be extended on that date for three months and thereafter
renewed for a same period as often as necessary until the new con-
vention to be signed is put in force.
BOLIVIA.
By legislative enactment of January 20, 1919, a TAX OX MIX-
IXG RECEIPTS was created at the rate of 8 per cent of the annual
net profits. For the purposes of the tax, net receipts will be con-
sidered to include the profits obtained in the production and sale
of minerals and metals after subtractmg the expenditures. The
tax is levied upon the mining industry and the amount will be
determined by the customJiouse papers at ports of exportation.
The purchasei-s of mineral ore also will pay the same tax. but actual
mining associations which pay 2 per cent on their dividends will
be exempt.
BRAZIL.
The President of the Republic signed, under date of January 15
last, the law concerning ACCTDEXTS TO WORIQIEX. Under
this law accidents are: 1. Those occurring while engaged in work,
due to a sudden, violent, external, and involuiitary cause, prockicing
bodily or functional (Hsorders, or ]>artial or total loss, either perma-
nently or temporarily, of ability to work. 2. Ailments contracted
in the performance of work, when by their nature it is sufficient to
cause them, resulting in the death of the workman or rendering him
permanently or temporarily unfit for work. An accident occurring
by reason of work or during the performance of same, obligates the
employer to pay an indemnity to the workman or to his family, except
in case of force majeure, negligence of the victim or of third parties.
For the effects of the indenmity individuals of either sex, of legal
age, or minors who are employed for account of another in construc-
tion, repair or demolition work of any kind, or in the conservation
604 THE PAN" AMEKICAlSr UNION".
of construction works, shall be considered workmen, as shall also
those who are employed in transportation service, industrial estab-
lishments and any undertakings employing inanimate motors. The
indenmity shall be calculated in accordance with the seriousness of
the results of the accident. In case of death the indemnity shall
consist of a sum equal to three years' salary of the victim, which shall
be payable at one time to his heirs, plus 100,000 reis for expenses of
burial; in case of total and permanent incapacity a sum ecj[ual to
three years' salary shall be paid; in case of total but temporary
inca])acity one-half of the difference between the salary which was
earned and that which would be earned because of the decrease
of his capacity for work shall be paid. In all other cases the employer
is obligated to render medical and pharmaceutical assistance, and
hospital service when necessary. This law, which was promulgated
by an executive decree of March 12 last, is published in the Official
Gazette of Brazil of -January 25, 1919, and the rules and regulations
in that of March 22 last.
CHILE.
On December 12, 1918, the LAW OF DOMICILE referring to the
admission and expulsion of foreigners, and which, in substance,
contains the following prohi])itions, was promulgated: Entrance
of foreigners who have been sentenced or who are being prosecuted
for offenses classified in Chile as crimes; foreigners who do not have
or can not exercise a profession or calling; foreigners suffering from
contagious diseases; foreigners who practice or teach the overthrow
by violejice of the established political order; foreigners who advocate
doctrines incompatible with national unity, or those who incite mani-
festations contrary to the established order, or who engage in acts
contrary to good custom and public order. The governors of the
provinces are expressly authorized to expel from the country anv
foreigners comprised in the foregoing clauses through decrees issued
in accordance with this law. ^Vny foreigner whose expulsion has
been decreed may judically appeal, either personally or through a
rei)r(^scntative, to the supreme court within five days after the
})ui)lication of the decree of expulsion. The supreme court, acting as
a jury, will decide the a])peal within 10 days after its presentation.
The administrative authority may compel foreigners to register in
special records and to obtain identification cards.
CDSTA KICA.
A presidential decree of February 12, 1919, amplilies law No. 44,
of Xovemlier 19, 19 IS, which provides that, in conformity with articles
117 of the political constitution and 9 of the temporary provisions
attached to the former, the electorate of every province shall elect
LEGISLATION. 605
the following; number of acting and alternate SENATORS AXD
DEPUTIES for the coming constitutional period: Province of San
Jose, 4 acting senators and 2 alternates, 9 acting and 3 alternate
deputies: Province of Alajuela, 3 senators and 1 alternate, 7 deputies
and 3 alternates; Province of Cartago, 2 senators and 1 alternate,
5 deputies and 2 alternates; Province of Heredia, 2 senators and 1
alternate, 3 deputies and 1 alternate; Province of Guanacaste, 1
senator and 1 alternate, 3 deputies and 1 alternate; Province of
Puntarenas, 1 senator and 1 alternate, 1 deputy and 1 alternate; and
Province of Limon, 1 senator and 1 alternate, 1 deputy and 1 alternate.
The law also fixes the number of acting and alternate aldermen that
each canton is to elect for the same period and authorizes each canton
to appoint also a subtreasurer and his assistant; every district also
is to elect an attorney general and alternate.
HAITI.
A recent decree published in the official newspaper appropriates
a further sum of S2,000 for the completion of the ROAD being con-
structed between Thomazeau, Mirebalais, and Hinche.
A law promulgated on February 26, 1919, establishes new rules
governing the granting of mining rights and the working of the
MIXES and c{uarries situated within the territory of the Republic.
According to an act which was pul:)lished in the Moniteur on March
19, 1919, the number of PUBLIC NOTARIES practicing in the
Republic is limited to 32; this act establishes also a scale of notarial
fees.
NICARAGUA.
The President has been authorized to organize a board of four
members, whose duties shall consist of formulating projects for the
necessary BETTERMENT OF THE BOOKKEEPING and fiscaliza-
tion system in force, to be presented for the approval of the legisla-
ture at its next assembh'.
PERU.
On December 26, 1918, the LABORERS AND PUBLIC EM-
PLOYEES' HOUSING LAW, passed on December 17, went into
effect. The President, in conformity with its terms, will sell to the
savings bank of Lima or to securities companies of that city the land
upon which a maximum of 100 houses are to be built for workmen
and employees who have served the State for over five years and
whose montlily salar}' is not over 15 pounds (Peruvian pound =
$4.8665 United States gold). The houses waU be sold on terms of
10 and 20 years, 5 per cent of the price in cash and the remainder on
monthly installments. The construction company may issue bonds
116263— 19— Bull. 5 8
606
THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.
guaranteed by the funds obtained from the rental of the houses and
for a sum not to exceed 90 per cent of the cost of the land and houses.
On December 26 the OBLIGATORY REST LAW of December 9
was approved. According to the law, Sundays, civil holidays, and
the first days of elections are holidays, on which work in factories,
shops, warehouses, mines, building, and agricultural work in which
mechanical power is employed, is prohibited, as well as meetings or
decisions of the President, councils, charities societies, and official
instruction. Exception is made of work in stores and warehouses
when permission is granted by the council, sales customarily held in
certain towns on festivals, works of public health, irrigation, and
hospital services. In business and offices in which work on holidays
is necessitated all workmen and employees shall have 24 hours of
rest at some time during the week.
URUGUAY.
Congress has passed a law concerning domestic and foreign COR-
PORATIONS, according to which such associations, in exercising
commercial prerogatives in the country, shall remain subject to the
inspection and auditing of the general bank and corporations in-
spector, being obliged to publish their balances quarterly in the
Official Daily after inspection by the inspector mentioned, and to
present a detailed balance and the dividend budget at the close of
everv vear.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.
Tiie director of the bureau of statistics has compiled some interest-
ing data concerning IMMIGRATION during the war. Tlie total
num])er of immigrants arriving in the country from 1914 to the close
of 1918 was 272,568. During the same period the number of emi-
grants totaled 482,321, which represents a loss in population of 209,-
753. Adding the estimated natural increase in population since
1914, the same authority states that the POPULATION of the
Argentine Republic at the close of 1918 was 8,411,000.
On March 17 last the Argentine cruiser Pueyrredon, used a sec-
ond time as a SCHOOLSHIP in place of the steamship Sarmiento,
sailed from Buenos Aires on its annual voyage of instruction with
students from the naval school.
GENERAL NOTES. 607
On March 21 last the Pre-ident of tho Rejnihlie officially received
Amado Xervo. tlie new MINISTER OF MEXICO, to whom the
lite.-arv men of Buenos Aires gave a cordial and enthusiastic welcome.
BOLIVIA.
On March 21 the President of the Repuhlic made the following
CABIXET APPOIXTMEXTS: For minister of foreign relations
Sehor Dario Gutierrez; minister of public instruction and agriculture,
Seiior Luis Zalles C; and minister of the treasurv, Senor Jose Luis
Tejada S.
Tne L'niversity of San Xavier of Charcas has conferred the
DEGREE OF DOCTOR of laws, jurisprudence, and social sciences
upon Dr. Baltasar Brum, newly elected President of the Repuhlic of
Uruguay. Tne presentation will be made by the minister of Bolivia
in Montevideo.
AX AXTIALCOHOLIC LEAGUE has been organized by an
exclusive set of young ladies of the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
BRAZIL.
The Brazilian Government has ordered the mint to print a new
series of POSTAGE STAMPS to be used for official correspondence.
Tnese stamps will bear an engraving of President Wence-lao Braz
instead of that of Marshal Hermes. They are to be issued in the
following denominations and colors: 10 reis, sepia; 20 reis, violet; 50
reis, green: 100 reis, carmine; 200 reis, blue; 500 reis, orange; 600
reis, chestnut; 1,000 reis, gray; 200 reis, purple; 5,000 reis, emerald
green; and 10,000 reis, vermilion.
Dr. Gabriel de Yillanova Machado has made an important discov-
ery in the manufacture of ELECTRIC STORAGE BATTERIES
used in telegraphy. These batteries are said to be equal to those
manufactured in England and Germany, and have taken their place
in Brazil in the telegraph service of the country.
CHILE.
Iquique has been selected for the holding of the 9th CHILEAN
SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS in September, 1919. The organizing
committee has designated the President of the Republic and the
minister of public instruction as patrons of the congress.
At the suggestion of Jose Toribio Medina the Chilean Academy of
Languages, representing the Roval Spanish Academy, has petitioned
the Government to adopt the CASTILLIAN ORTHOGRAPHY
established by the academy and used by other Spanish-speaking
countries.
A MONL'^MENT to the Chilean patriot O'Higgins, which is con-
sidered by many to be the most beautiful work of its kind in the
Republic, will soon be unveiled in the cit}' of Chilian. The monu-
608 THE PAN AMERICAN" UNION.
ment was conceived and cast by Senor Negri, a noted artist. The
Chilean hero is represented in the act of removing the sash from his
breast as a sign of abdication of the supreme command.
The President of the Republic officially received Fernando Cuen,
MINISTER OF MEXICO, on March 21 last.
At a meeting of the Chiloe Maritime League, on March 24 last, a
resolution was adopted providing for the construction in Valparaiso
of a HOUSE FOR SAILORS.
COLOMBIA*
The BOARD OF RELIEF, which was organized in Bogota during
the influenza epidemic, has been converted into a permanent public
benevolent association. The new organization will give special
attention to matters of public hygiene and especially as concerns the
habitations of workmen. The association proposes to construct four
public baths in different parts of the national capital, equipped with
swimming pools, restaurants, rest rooms, etc.
CUBA.
The mayor's committee of welcome of New York, to which the
consul general and vice consul of Cuba belong, has obtained per-
mission for the city council to add the CUBAN FLAG to the flags of
the five principal nations which took part in the European war.
These flags are used in celebrating the home-coming of soldiers and
other patriotic functions in the city of New York. Cuba was the
first Latin American country to declare war on Germany.
The municipality of Habana has made a contract with the sculptor,
Ramon Mateo Montesinos, for the construction and erection in one
of the most central parts of the national capital of a MONLTMENT
in honor of the poet, Juan Clemente Zenea.
The director of a moving-picture enterprise in the LTnited States
has brought the necessary apparatus and 15,000 feet of blank film
to Cuba for the purpose of taking views of SUGAR-CANE FIELDS
and sugar factories to be shown in the LTnited States.
The congress of (Xiba has ordered the construction of a PL^BLIC
HIGHWAY out of granite blocks between Luyane and Guanabacoa.
The sum of $200,000 has been appropriated for the work.
The executive power has declared April 18, 1919, the first cen-
tenary of the birth of the Liberator Carlos Manuel de Cespedes,
a NATIONAL HOLIDAY, and has ordered that one of the principal
streets of each of the cities, towns, and villages of the Republic
be given this name; that the bureau of communications order en-
graved and printed in a dark color a 5-cent postage Stamp with an
engraving of Cespedes tliereon in a quantity sufficient for a five
months' supply; that the city of Habana erect a monument to his
memory, the design to be cliosen by an international com})ctition of
GEI^ERAL NOTES. 609
artists; that 2,000 bronze or nickel medals, properly inscribed, be
struck in commemoration of the centenary of his birth, and that they
be distributed to the principal museums, libraries, and academies of
the world; and that a collection be made of the articles, poems,
theatrical works, proclamations, letters, and other WTitings of the
great patriot to be printed in book form.
On April 19 the city council of Habana changed the name of
Reina Calzada to SIMOX BOLIVAR CALZADA in honor of the
great liberator.
Habana is to have a new five-atory OFFICE BUILDING to be
erected on Italy Avenue at a cost of about $1,500,000.
The Pan American WIRELESS Telegraph & Telephone Co. has
been granted a concession for the establishment of an international
wireless telegraph service between Cuba, the United States, and
other countries, the company agreeing to erect a number of receiving
and transmitting stations in the Republic.
Angel Solano has been appointed CONSUL of Cuba at Tampa, Fla.
DOMINICAX EEPUBLIC.
The military government of the Republic has created a committee,
to be known as the DOMINICAN TARIFF COMMISSION, whose
duties shall be the revision of the customs tarifl's subject to the
approval of the military' government. The commission is composed
of the following members: President, Seiior J. H, Edwards, deputy
receiver general; Sres. Alfredo Ricart, president of the chamber of
commerce of Santo Domingo; Julio Senior, special customhouse in-
spector; R. Albuquerque, auditor of the customhouse of Santo
Domingo; R. H. Worfeld, of Washington, D. C; and secretary,
Senor Luis E. Lavandier, official translator of the general custom-
house receivership.
The chief of sanitation has been authorized to permit the practice
of MEDICINE, DENTAL SURGERY, or pharmacy by any person
who holds or has at some time held a diploma in the professions.
The military government has declared the telephone industry
thi"oughout the Republic a public utility, and has appropriated
through the secretaryship of industry and communications the sum
of S200,000, gold, for the installation of a TELEPHONE SYSTEM
in the city of Santo Domingo and a telephone and telegraph line
between that city and Cibao.
ECUADOR.
The board of directors of the Medical and Surgical BuUetin are
holding a CONTEST of original theses on medical, surgical, and
allied scientific subjects, to which all professional men, including
foreigners resident in the country and all university students in the
610 THE PAliT AMEEICAl^ UNION.
Republic are eligible, the prizes being conferred May 24, 1919, the
twenty-third anniversary of the date of the founding of the school
of medicine.
Senor Don Carlos M. Tobar y Borgono has resigned as minister of
foreign relations to accept the office of RECTOR OF THE CEN-
TRAL UNIVERSITY for the period 1919-1923, to which he was
elected at the latest session of the legislature.
Late in March a campaign for the SANITATION OF THE CITY
OF Din^AN was aggressively begun under the direc-tion of Dr. Con-
nor, of the Rockefeller Institute in the United States. The principal
object is the extermination of yellow fever.
During the present month of Mav the third NATIONAL AGRI-
CULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION is being held in
Quito under the auspices of the National Agricultural Association.
Dr. Manuel Maria Polit, archbishop of Quito, and Dr. Carlos Tobar
y Borgono, rector of the Central University, were unanimously elected
to fill the vacancies in the NATIONAL PATRIOTIC COUNCIL
caused by the deaths of Senor Federico Gonzalez Suarez, former
archbishop of Quito, and Dr. Benigno Cueva.
HONDURAS.
The press of Tegucigalpa announces that the COLUMBUS MON-
UMENT, the erection of which was authorized by a governmental
decree of October 12, 1916, is nearly completed. The statue stands
in the Plaza de Armas of the capital city. The official date set for
the unveiling of the monument is October 12 of the present year.
A magazine called THE HONDURAN TEACHER (Magistero
Hondureno) is being published in Tegucigalpa as the official organ
of the teachers' association of which Prof. Don Juan J. Castro was
recently elected president.
The first volume of a GEOGRAPtllCAL, HISTORICAL, AND
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF HONDURAS, by Senor
Pedro Rivas, has just been published in the capital. The work con-
tains interesting geographical data relative to the departments, cities,
villages, and settlements of the country, as well as of the rivers,
valleys, islands, and other topographical features, together with his-
torical and etymological explanations.
Dr. Policarpo Bonilla, the distinguished statesman, has been
appointed HONDURAN DELEGATE to the Peace Conference in
session at Paris, and envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoten-
tiary to the French Republic.
Through the ministry of foreign relations the following CONSULS
GENERAL have been appointed : Sefiores Timoteo Miralda, Leopoldo
Cordova, Jr., and Rafael H. Valle, to New York, New Orleans, and
Mobile, respectively.
GENERAL NOTES. Gil
MKXK O.
According to statistics of tlu> (Icpartiiiciit of iiuluslrv, the POPU-
L.\TIOX OF ^^EXICO CITY, whicli ill lOlO was Vso.OOO. now
totals l,()cS(),{)0().
Seiior Don Clemcnte Austin lias been ofRciallv received in Mexico
City as CONSUL GENERAL OF URUGl'AY to tlie Mexican
Government.
In 1920 a NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF MEXICAX PROD-
UCTS wiU be held in Vera Cruz under the auspices of the national
chamber of commerce of that city, to which all similar organizations
and industrial companies, as well as foreigners making their homes
in the country, will be invited.
On March 26, 1919, the recently elected GOVERXOR OF THE
FEDERAL DISTRICT, Seiior Lie. Benito Flores, took the oath of
ofhce before the President of the Republic.
The second volume of the TREATISES OX ART IX MEXICO
(Monografias Mexicanas de Arte), edited by the general inspectorate
of monuments of Mexico, has just been published. It contains 84
illustrations of the most interesting buildings of the colonial period
existing in the capital.
NICARAGUA.
The President has been authorized by congress to sell the RAIL-
ROAD ]\LA.TERIALS belonging to the Government at public auction
after due formalities.
The President of the Republic has agreed to create a LEGATION
in Colombia as a recognition of the many courtesies that countr}' has
always extended to Xicaragua.
PANAMA.
By presidential decree of March 31, the various warehouses known
as the '' Government depositary," "Telegraph depository,'' and
''School supplies warehouse" shall be consolidated into one store-
house, caUed the "GEXERAL GOVERXMEXT SUPPLY HOUSE,"
which shall be in charge of an employee whose title shall be general
supply officer.
The Panamanian Government has received Senor Vicente Rendon
Quijano as MEXICAN CONSUL in the city of Panama.
In conformitv with a presidential decree of March 31, the offices
and personnel of the. FISCAL INSPECTOR were abohshed May 1,
1919, including the court of accounts and the judgment court, the
duties formerly performed by these offices passing to the fiscal agent,
wiio at that date was invested with the authority and privileges
granted the former officials under law 30 of 1918 and by various laws
and decrees since passed.
According to the report recently submitted by Dr. Frederick A.
Miller, delegated by the Rockefeller Institute of the United States
512 THE PAN AMERICAlSr UNIOlsr.
to superintend experimentation with and treatment of hookworm
disease in Panama, 86,525 persons have been examined from the
time work was begun in the country until December 31, of whom
68,768 were treated for the disease.
PARAGUAY.
The ministry of war has recently published a HISTORY OF THE
PARAGUAYAN WAR, with hitherto mipublished documents which
form a part of the memoranda of Seiior Gregorio Benitez, the historian
and diplomatist, who was minister of Paraguay to Paris during that
period.
A presidential decree of February 13 establishes TEMPERANCE
ZONES and laws for their regulation. By this decree the manufac-
ture and sale of alcoholic drinks of all kinds within certain sections
is prohibited, and it may not be brought into municipalities where
encampments are located. The president may also fix such zones
about industrial establishments where at least 100 workmen are
permanently employed upon application from interested parties.
The National Educational Council has adopted the MAP AND
ATLAS OF PARAGUAY recently published by Senor Federico
Gasperi in Asuncion as an official textbook in all the schools of the
Republic. The map gives colored plates of the various subdivisions
of the country, the roads, and important rivers ; indicates the pastoral,
agricultural, and mining districts; and describes the character of the
islands in the Paraguay and Parana Rivers.
The museum of the Asuncion Botanical Garden has just acquired
the SKULL OF A HIPPOPOTAMUS of prehistoric age, measuring
70 centimeters in length and weighing 75 kilograms. It was discov-
ered in the Chaco region on the bank of the Pilcomayo River.
Dr. Placido Sanchez has been made envoy extraordinary and
MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY OF BOLIVIA to the Govern-
ment of Paraguay.
PERU.
Dr. Javier Prado v Ugarteche has been unanimously reelected
RECTOR OF THE GREATER UNIVERSITY of San Marcos in
Lima.
The PERUVIAN INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION BUREAU
has recently been organized under the ministry of foreign relations,
the object of which is the establishment of a permanent political,
economic, and financial informational system. The founder and
director is Dr. Anibal Maurtua.
Dr. Isaac Alzamora has been appointed MINISTER PLENIPO-
TENTIARY of Peru to the Government of Great Britain.
The President has named Senores F. Panizo and A. Arbese Vegas
MINISTER OF JUSTICE and MINISTER OF INDUSTRY, respec-
tively, to take the places of wSenores Angel Gustavo Cornejo and
Manuel A. Vinclli, resigned.
GENERAL NOTES. 613
Volume XIX of the REPORT OF THE PUBLIC TREASURY
OF PERU has been published. The work was prepared by Senor
J. M. Rodriguez, and contains important information concerning the
history and fiscal legislation of the Republic.
SALVADOR.
Dr. Manuel Castro Ramirez was appointed CONSULTING COL N-
SEL OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT by a recent presidential
decree.
The new MINISTER OF HONDURAS TO SALVADOR, Dr.
Miguel A. Fortin, was received in public audience earlv in March.
A NEW WEEKLY PAPER called La Tribuna has appeared in
San Salvador under the direction of Senor Manuel L^garte, jr. The
periodical is the official organ of a group of Honduran citizens resident
in Salvador.
The superior health council has initiated an active ANTIALCO-
HOLIC CRUSADE throughout the Republic, having appealed to the
President for legislation which will decrease the pernicious results
of the increasmg consumption of alcohol in the country.
At the session of the national legislative assembly held March 12,
1919, the ELECTION OF MAGISTRATES AND ^ .ALTERNATES
to the supreme court of justice and the legislatures of the central,
western, and eastern districts was held. The headquarters of the
legislatures are at Cojutepeque, Santa Ana, and San Miguel, respec-
tively. Dr. Francisco Martinez Suarez was at the same time elected
President of the Supreme Court.
The newly elected president of the Republic, Seiior Don Jorge
Melendez, has organized the CABINET as follows: Minister of
foreign relations, public instruction, justice, and charities. Dr. Juan
Francisco Paredes; assistant secretar}' of foreign relations and justice,
Dr. Miguel Gallegos; assistant secretary of public instruction and
charities, Dr. Hermogenes Alvarado, jr. ; minister of state, industry,
and agriculture. Dr. Miguel Tomas Molina; assistant secretary of
state, industry, and agriculture. Dr. Arturo Arguello Loucel : minister
of the treasury and public credit, Don Jose Esperanza Suay ; assistant
secretary of the treasury and public credit, Dr. Hector David Castro;
minister of war and marine, Dr. Pio Romero Bosque; and assistant
secretary of war and marine, Dr. Francisco Tomas Miron.
URUGUAY.
During the year 1918 the following VITAL STATISTICS were
reported in Montevideo: Births, 9,794; marriages, 2,596; deaths,
6,988.
On March 4 the National Administrative Council of the Republic
of Uruguay nominated the following new CABINET MINISTERS:
Dr. Ricardo Vecino, minister of the treasury; Dr. Rodolfo Mezzera,
614 THE PAX AMERICAN" UXIOX.
minister of public instruction: Arq. Humberto Pitamiglio, minister
of public works; and Dr. Luis Caviglia, minister of industries.
Construction of the projected HOSPITAL will shortly be begun
in the city of Durazno with a capacity for 100 beds and separate
wards for medical, surgical, and special treatment cases, all with
modern appliances.
The National Administrative Council has decided upon the pur-
chase of RODO'S WORKS at 40,000 pesos, the price decided upon
by experts who appraised the yaluable collection.
" The third SESSION OF THE RURAL FEDERATION was held
late in March in Florida, which, like the previous session in Pa}'-
sandu in 1918, was very satisfactory in results.
The minister of foreign relations has accepted the plans presented
by the Uruguayan sculptor, Senor Pablo Mane, for the MONUMENT
to be erected in honor of Rio Branco as a symbol of international
justice, and a contract has been signed with Sehor Mane for its
execution.
VENEZUELA.
The president of the wState in the name of the government of Cara-
bobo has ordered the preparation of a book describing the origin and
colonial growth of the State, its share in the war of independence,
and its development up to the present time, as a part of the celebra-
tion of the first CENTENARY OF THE BATTLE OF CARA-
BOBO, which took place June 24, 1821, and in commemoration of
the liberators.
A CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL, built at the expense of residents of
the city, was opened in Caracas early in March.
A recent presidential decree establishes PARCELS POST service
throughout the country, in conformity with the authorization of
article 2 of the postal law.
On March 29, 1919, the city of Coro celebrated the first CENTE-
NARY of the birth of its native son, Don Jose Heriberto Garcia.-de
Quevedo, the poet, with appropriate festivities.
The State of Apure celebrated the first CENTENARY OF THE
BATTLE OF LAS QUESERAS DEL MEDIO, which took place
April 2, 1819, with the opening of a chemical bacteriological labo-
ratory given by the Apure government to the Charities Hospital of
San Fernando; the opening of Vuelvan Caras Avenue, constructed
by the government in the northwestern part of the city; and by the
laying of the cornerstone of the arch of triumph, which will com-
memorate the series of historic events which culminated in the bat-
tle mentioned.
The book, ''BOLIVAR STATE" ("Estado Bolivar"), edited by
Seiior Victor Vicente Maldonado by the order of the president of the
State, has been put into circulation. It contains interesting descrip-
tive data, information, and documents relative to the industrial
development of this rich section of Venezuela.
qgssisp
BOOK NOTES
[Publications added to the Columbus Memorial Library ,lurii;g April, lyi'j.]
ARGEXTIXE REPUBLIC.
Anales de la Faciiltad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Tomo J8 v 19, 191S Dirioido
por Altredo ( olmo. Buenos Aires, 1918. 2 vols " ' ^ • ^m^mo.
Contribucion a la geologia de la recrion corai)rendida entre el Rio Xe<^ro v \rrova
\ alcheta. Por el Doctor Ricardo ^\-ichmann. Con una descripcWn pe ro". fi-ca
^^,lf ^^,^f <^™PjJ^f >:n^^.tamurticas. Por el Doctor Franco Pastore. Buenos
An es, Talleres graf . de Ministerio de Agricultura de la Xaci.'.n. 1918 pis map
4o p. 4^ (Anales del Mm. de Agricultura. Tomo 13. \o 4 ) ^
El cultivo del esparrago. Manual practivo. Por Pedro A. Bo vet La Plati Tiller
de Impresiones Oficiales. 1917. ilhis. 52 p. 8° -i-a riaia, laiK i
Entermedadades mas comimes de los frutales y manera de combatirlas Por Pedro
A. Bover._ La Plata, Taller de Impresiones Oficiales, 1917. ilhis 104 p 8°
l!-studios geologicos e hidrogeologi^cos en la region comprendida entre boca del Rio
Aiies Talleres gra . del Ministeno de Agricuhura de la Nacion, 1918. pis 44 p
4 . (Anales del Min. de Amcultura, Tomo 13. Xo 3 ) '
Hacia una moral sin dogmas. Lecciones sobre Emerson v el eticismo fPorl Jo^.e
Ingemeros. Buencs Aires, Talleres Graficcs de L. J. Rosso y Cia., 1917. 210 ,l!
Infomie sobre las dunas y plantaciones de Chile. Presentado por Pedro A Bovet
mur°ma?s'.'- T|Ileres de^^Publicaciones de la Direccion ^Meteorolcgica. lail.'
Metodo de avaluacion del enhidrido tungstico en los minerales concentrados de tun-s-
teno. Por el Doctor Hercules Corti. Buenos Aires, Talleres graf. del Ministerio
Xo. fl Se,-i% '"' ^^^^- ^^ P- ^°- '^''^^*'" ''"^ ^""- ^^ -^gricSa
La practica de la conservacion de la fruta. Por Pedro A. Bovet. La Plata. Taller de
Impresiones Oficiales. 191G. illus. 92]) 8° «* xi^ia. lauer ae
Los yacimientos de minerales v rocas de aplicaci6n en la republica Argentina Por
el Doc or Ricardo Stappenheck. Buencs Aires, Talleres graf. del Ministerio de
c.%'nrlTnV%^^'T' l^'^: '"^"P" ^•^" l'" ^° ' <Boletin del Min de A,H
cultura, Xo. 19, J^erie B. Geologia. i "^
BOLIVIA.
Liga de las naciones i situacion internacional de Bolivia. Conferencia leida en el
centro de abogados jovenes. Santa Cruz. Tip. Industrial, 1919. 16 p. 8=.
BRAZIL.
Annuario estatistico de Sao Paulo, 1916. Movimento da popula<;ao e estadistica
moral ^ olume 1-2^ .Reparticao de estatistica e archive do estado. Sao Paulo
Tj-p. do 'Diano Official," 1918. 4°. 2 vols
Pan American commercial reciprocity. Proposal for an agreement between the
Lnited States ot America and the United States of Brazil. Bv Jose Custcdio
AIvesdeLima. 1918. front, port. 16 p 8° " "'"^*' ^"^^^^^^
■•La cuestion del Pacifico." Una revancha con sangre ajena. Por Joaquin Walker
Martinez. Santiago. Imp. Chile, 1919. 112 p 8°
Statistical abstract of the Republic of Chile. 1917. Santiago de Chile, Imprenta
L niverso, 1918. 146 p. 8°. ( Publication of the Oficina Central de Estadistica ,
.'-ame. In Spanish. 169 p. 8''.
COSTA RICA.
Xunca es tarde para rectificar en error. San Jose. Imp. Grenas. 1919 64 p 8°
La caida del gobierno constitucional en Costa Rica. El golfo de estado del -^7' de
enero de 1917 [Por J Rafael Orenumo.] Xew York, De Laisne & Carranza,
1919. illus. /9 p. 8°.
615
616 THE PAX AMERICAN UN102^.
Coleccion le2;islativa. Leyes, decretos y resoluciones de 1° de septiemhre a 31 de
diciembre de 1913. "Volumen cuadragesimo segundo. Habana, Imprenta y
Papeleria de Rambla, Bouza Cia., 1919. 1004 p. 8°.
Indiistria azucarera. Zafra de 1937 a 1918. Siendo presidente de la republica el
mayor general Mario G. Menocal y secretario de agricultura el general Eugenic S.
Agramonte. Habana, Imprenta v Papeleria de Rambla, Bouza y Cia., 1919.
245 p. 4°.
Industria azucarera y sus derivadas. Zafra de 1916-17. Habana, "La Propagan-
dista," 1919. 106 p. 4°. (Publication of "Secretaria de Hacienda. Seccion
de estadistica.")
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Memoria anual 1918. Sociedad la amiga de los pobres. Santo Domingo, Tip. El
Progreso, 1919. 44 p. 8°.
ECUADOR.
Lista diplomatica y consular. Diciemlire de 1918. Ministerio de relaciones exte-
riores. Quito, "imprenta Nacional, 1918. 192, ii p. 12°.
Al margen de el camino de paros. [Por] Alejandro Andrade Coello. Quito, Imprenta
Mejia, 1919. 34 p. 12°.
Orientaciones periodisticas. Don Manuel J. Calle ensayo por Alejandro Andrade
Coello. Quito, Imprenta "Mejia," 1919. 64 p. 8°.
GUATEMALA.
Boundary question between Guatemala and Honduras. Under mediation of the Hon-
orabie Secretary of State of the U. S. A. Brief on behalf of Honduras. New-
York, The Eveiiing Post Job Printing Office, Inc., 1918. viii, 168 p. 8°.
Decreto niimero 741 y estatutos. Universidad nacional "Estrada Cabrera' Guate-
mala, Tip. Xacional, 1919. 12 p. 4°.
Lista diplomatica y consular. Secretaria de relaciones exteriores. Marzo de 1919.
20 p. 12°.
HONDURAS.
Por el trabajo y la union . Sociedad de artesanos ' ' El Progreso. ' ' La Ceiba, Imprenta
Elvir[1918]. 21 (1) p. 8°.
MEXICO.
Elementos de historia de Yucatan. Por Manuel Castilla Solis. Merida de Yucatan,
Talleres "Plumay Lapiz," 1918. illus. CO p. 8°.
Indicaciones metodologicas para la enseiianza de la aritmetica en el primero y segundo
afio de la instruccion primaria elemental. Por Mauro I^pez Sosa. Segunda
edicion corregida y notablemente aumentada. Merida, Talleres graficos A. Man-
zanilla, 1918. 79 p. 8°.
Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Obispo de Pueblo y Osma, visitador y virrey de la
Nueva Espana. Por Genaro Garcia. Mexico, Libreria de Bouret, 1918. front.
illus. 426 p. 8°.
Nido de halcon drama en 4 actos v en prosa. Por Delio Moreno Canton. ]\Ierida, 1918.
93 p. 12°.
Nociones de antropologia pedagogica. Arregladas para el uso de las escuelas normales
por el Dr. Eduardo Urzaiz, profesor de educacion primaria elemental y superior.
Merida, Talleres graficos A. Manzanilla, 1918. illus. 168 p. 8°.
La ola. Comedia dramatica en tres actos escrita en prosa por Antonio Mediz Bolio,
de la Sociedad Mexicana de autores. MMda, Imprenta "Ateneo Peninsular,"
1918. 117 p. 12°.
Poema de amor y de recuerdo. Por Eucario Villamil. Merida, 1918. xii, 142 (1) p.
12°.
Sintiendo la vida. [Por] Eliezer Trejo Camara. Merida, Imp. de "La Revista de
Yucatan," 1919. 78 (2) p. 12°.
NICARAGUA.
Aisi Kaikan Waungkatava. Cartilla misquito publicada por la Mision Morava.
Bluefields, Nacaragua". 1918. illus. 30 p. 12°.
Coalicion de los partidos liberal nacionalista y progresista de Nicaragua y unionista
Centroamericano. Documentos. Managua, Tip. de Sofonfas Salvatierra, 1919.
28 p. 8°.
BOOK XOTES. 617
Dictionary of the Eiii^lish and Miskito langtiages. Bv II. Ziock. Herrnhut. Saxonv.
Printed by Giistav Winter, 1894. vi, 334 (4) p. "12°.
Grammar of the Miskito language with exercises and vocabulary. Compiled by II.
Berckenhagen. Stolpen, Saxony, G. Winter, 1894. 114 p. 12°.
Miskito Aisi Kaikaia ba Wongtaya. Compilada por el Obispo H. Berckenhagen,
revisada 191(i. Misiun Morava. Bluefields. 34 p. 12^.
PARAGUAY.
Address by Mr. Manuel Gondra at the luncheon given in his honor by the Pan Ameri-
can Society of the United States at the Bankers' Club, Xew York, January 30,
1919. 4 p." 8°.
PERU.
Anales de la hacienda piiblica del Peru, historia y legislacion fiscal de la republica.
Por J. M. Rodriguez. Tercera epoca, periodo de gobierno del General Caceres.
Tomo 17, 3 de iunio A 3] de diciembre de 1886. Tomo 18, 1887, v ler semestre de
1888. Lima, Lit. y Tip. T. Scheuch. 1918. 4°. 2 vols.
El Arzo])ispo Goyeneche y apuntes para la historia del Peru. Por Pedro Jose Rada y
Gamio. Roma, Imprenta Poliglota Vaticana, 1917. front, xlvii, 954 p. ports.
4°.
Boletin del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Caminos, Xo. 4. Ferrocarril de Huancayo a
Ayacucho. Lima, 1907. 20 \^. map. 8°.
Same, Xo. 2. Estudios de la carretera del Cuzco a Santa Ana. la Seccion:
del Cuzco a Taray. Lima. 1905. 77 p. maps, illus. 8°.
Boletin del Cuei-po de Ingenieros Civiles,. Xo. 10. Estudio de reconocimiento para
una via ferrea entre Chuquicara v Cajabamba. Memoria. Lima. 1918. 40 p.
8°.
Codigo de comercio y ley procesal de quiebras y suspension de pagos. Con notas
criticas. explicativas v de concordancia . . . Por 5liguel Antonio de la Lama . . .
Tomos 1-2. Lima, Imprenta Gil, 1902, 1905. 2 v. "8°.
Codigo de mineria anotado y concordado: apendice de leyes, decretos, regulamentos,
resoluciones supremas, resoluciones ministeriales, ejecutorias y circulares hasta
28 de febrero de 1909. Formularies y vocabulario de tecnicismos. Por los
doctores Miguel Antonio de la Lama y Pedro C. Goitizolo. Lima, Libreria e
Imprenta Gil, 1909. xxi. 457 (1 i p. S'^.
Codigos penal y de enjuiciamientos en materia criminal. Con las inovaciones intro-
ducidas por las leyes posteriores a su promulgacion y un apendice. Edicion
arreglada por Dr. Juan Jose Calle. Lima, Imprenta Gil, 1914. viii, 408 p. 8°.
El Colera. Cartilla popular formulada por el jefe de la seccion higiene Dr. D. E.
Lavoreira. Lima, Imprenta -'La Industria," 1910. 21 p. 8°.
La constitucion del Peru de 1860 con sus reformas hasta 1915. Leyes organicas, decre-
tos, reglamentos y resoluciones referentes a ellas coleccionadas y anotadas. Por
Ricardo Aranda. Publicacion oticial. Segunda edicion. Lima, Libreria e
Imprenta Gil, 1.^)16. 905 dip. S = .
Division politica en 1918. De conformidad a documentos oficiales y a la ortografia
geognifica. Lima, Imp. -Artistica,"" 1918. 463-483 p. 8°. [Signed by "Carlos
Arellano I".]
Estadi.stica minera en 1917. Por Carlos P. Jimenez. Lima, Imp. Americana, 1919.
326 p. 8°. I Boletin del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Minas del Peru. Xo. 95. i
Geografia del Peru para los colegios de segunda enseiianza y escuelas especiales. Por
Carlos Wiesse . . . Segunda edicion . . . Lima, Casa Editora G. E. Rosav,
1914. illus. 212 p. 8°.
Guia alfabetica de los pueblos del Peru . . . Por el Director General de correos y
telegi-afos. Lima, Imprenta del Estado, 1895. xxii. ISO p. 4°.
Historia de la guerra America entre Chile, Peru v Bolivia. Por Tomas Caivano,
Lima, 1917. 223 p. 8°.
Historia del Peru y de la civilizacion Peruana. Para las escuelas de primera enseiianza
por Carlos Wiesse. Lima, E. Rosay, 1917. 228 p. 8°.
Historia del Peru colonial. Dedicada a los colegios de segunda ensenanza y escuelas
especiales. Por T'arlos Wiesse. Lima. Libreria Francesa Cientifica E. Rosay,
1918. illus. 226 p. 8°.
Historia del Peru prehispanico. Dedicada a los colegios de segunda ensenanza y
escuelas especiales. Por Carlos Wiesse. Lima, Libreria Francesa Cientffica E.
Rosay. 1918. illus. 154 p. 8°.
Legislacion de minas anotada y concordada. Por Juan Angulo Puente Arnao . . .
Segunda edicion, corregida v aumentada. Lima. Imprenta de San Pedro, 1917.
1110 p. 8°.
618 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Ley organica del poder judicial, codigo de procedimientos civiles, ley de notariado y
tabla de terminos de distancia. Anotados y concordados por Francisco J. Egiii-
guren. Lima, Imp. v Fabrica de Fotograbados Panmarti v ('ia., 1914. 367, x p.
S". "
Liste alphabetique des localites du Peroii participant an service international des
colis postaux. (Direction generale des Postes et Telecraphes du Perou.) Lima,
Tip. "ElLucero," 1914. 23 p. 4°.
Memoria . . . Direccion general de correos y telegrafos. 1912,1914-1915,1915-1916.
Lima. 8°. 3 pamps.
Memoria del director del credito publico. Anexo de la memoria del ministro de
hacienda presentada al congreso ordinario de 1918. Lima, Tip. "La Ojjinion
Xacional," 1918. 212 p. 8°.
Memoria . . . ministro de fomento. Lima, 1916, 1918. 8°. 2 vols.
Memoria . . . Ministro de gobierno v policia presenta al congreso ordinario de 1903,
1905, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1910, 191l', 1912, 1916, 1917, 1918. Lima. 11 vols. 8°.
Memoria . . . ministro de hacienda y comercio. Lima. 1908, 1909, 1911, 1917.
8°. 4 vols.
Memoria . . . ministro de justicia, instruccion, culto y benehcencia. Lima. 1917,
T. 1-3. 1918, T.l. 8°. 4 vols.
Memoria que presenta la camara sindical de la l)olsa comercial de Lima a la junta
general de 27 de febrero de 1919. Lima, Imprenta Gil, 1919. fold, tables.
26 p. 8°.
Metodos de ordeiiar. Por J. Krauss. Lima, Imprenta Americana, 1911. fold.
tables. 16 p. 8°.
Montaje de una fabrica moderna. Para la elaboracion de la caiia de aziicar. Por el
ingeniero Xathan Levy AV. Lima, Imprenta Americana, 1911. 38 p. 8°.
Pratica procesal. Exjilicaciones del codigo de procedimientos civiles. Por Toribio
Alayza Paz S'oldan. Lima, Imprenta San Pedro. 159 p. 8°.
Registro oficial de fomento. Minas, industrias, beneficencia, inmigracion, agricultura
y oficina de canje de publicaciones. Lima. 1905, lersemestre to 1907. 1908, 2er
semestre. 1911, ler semestre to 1913, ler semestre. 1914, to 1915, ler semestre.
8°. 14 vols.
Seccion de industrias. Lima. 1907, ler semestre to 1911, ler semestre,
1912, 2er semestre to 1917, 2er semestre. 8°. 22 vols.
Social conditions in the Piura-Tumbres region of northern Peru. By Philip Ains-
worth Means. [Reprinted from The Scientific Monthly, November, 1918.]
illus. 387-399 p. 8°.
SALVADOR.
Plan de estudios v proaramas de clases y de examen del institute normal central de
varones. San Sah'-ador, 1918. 203 p. S°.
URUGUAY.
Anales de la I^niversidad [do la Repiiblica O. del Uruguay.] Entrega No. 100.
Montevideo, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. 586 p. plates. 8°. _ (Entire issue,
" Pneumotora.x. artificial y otras intervenciones en la tuberculosis pulmonar por
Doctor Juan B. Morelli.")
Anuario de estadistica agricola. Aiio 1917-1918. Ministerio de Industrias, Oficina
de Estadistica Agricola. Montevideo, Imprenta Nacional, 1919. xlv, 609 p. 8°.
El Dr. Juan Antonio Buero, ministro de relaciones exteriores del L^ruguay. 16 p,
8°. Text in Spanish, French, and English. [Articles published in "El LTni-
versal, of Mexico, August 5, J 918.]
VENEZUELA.
Acueductos de Caracas. Caracas, Lit. y Tip. del Comercio [1917]. front, port.
majxs. pis. illus. 32 p. 4°.
Ensayo de psicologia celular. Tesis de Luis M. Salas para optar al titulo de Bachiller
en ciencias fisicas y naturales. Merida, Imprenta "El Posta Andino'' [1918].
28(1) p. 12°.
Exposition regarding the claim of the Puerto Cabello and Valencia railway, Ijy reason
of the guaranty. Caracas, Tip. Americana, 1916. 23 p. 4°.
Same. In Spanish. 23 p. 4°. 1915.
Los ferrocarriles de Venezuela 1914. Ministerio de obras pul)licas' (^aracas, Lit. y
Tip. del Comercio. 1915. diagrs. map. 44 p. 4°.
Indicador de ('aracas y de la repiiblica 1919-1920. Propiedad de la empresa del indi
cador de Caracas y de la reiniblica. Caracas, Lit. del Comercio, 1919. illus.
map. 288, 964 p. 4°.
BOOK NOTES. 619
Memoria que presenta el ministro de oUras piiblicas a las camaras lenislativas en su
reunion constitucional ("aracas. 1910. 1912. 1913. 1914, 1915, 1917, and 1918,
4°. 11 vols.
Piisinas historiales. Por B. Tra\era-Arrsta. ('d.-Boli\ar, Tip. del Comercio, 1919.
' illus. 78 il) p. S°.
Al procer de la independencia de Venezuela Jose Tonias Machado, Capitun de navio
en el primer centenario del contrreso de Angostura durante la admiuistracic'n
del General Marcelino Torres Garcia. Ciudad-Eolivar, Imp. de B. Jimeno Castro,
1919. 6 p. 4°.
Proyecto de la conduccion y distribucion de aguas de la ciudad de ("aracas. Estudio
pt)r el ingeniero M. Centeno Grau. Caracas, Lit. y Tip. del Comercio, 1914.
maps. 31 p. 4°.
UNITED STATES.
American exporter's export trade directory. Exj^ort merchants, manufacturers'
export agents, foreign exchange bankers, foreign freight forwarders, steamship
lines, foreign consuls, etc., in principal ports of the United States, 1919-1920.
Xew York.\Johnston Export Publishing Co., 1919. 639 p. 8°.
Annual report of the director to the lioard of trustees. For the year 1918. Chicago,
Field Museum of Natural History, front, port. pis. illus. p. 229-295. 8°.
Annual report of the Federal Board for Vocational Education. 1918. Washington,
G. P. O., [1919.] 172 p. 8°.
Anuario de Filadelfia, 1919. (Filadeltia y el territorio manufacturero circunvecino).
Publicado por la Camara de Comercio de Filadelfia. Filadelfia, 1918. illus. 173
p. 4°.
Barnes' Federal Code. Containing all federal statutes of general and public nature
now in force. Edited by Uriah Barnes . . . Charleston, "W. Va., Virginian
Law Bcok Co., 1919. civ, 2831 p. 8°.
Biennial report of the National Council of Women of the United States. (Affiliated
with the international council). Held at Washington, D. C, December 8, 9, 10,
11, and 12, 1917. Port Huron, Mich. Edited "and published by Emma E.
Bower, M. D. [1917]. front, ports, 78 p. 8^
Book of New Orleans and the industrial South. New Orleans, Searcy & Pfaff, ltd.,
1919. 63 p. illus. 4°.
Census of manufactures 1914. Volume 1 . Report by states with statistics for principal
cities and metropolitan districts. Washington. G. P. O., 1918. 4^.
Foreign commerce and navigation of the United States for the year ending June 30,
1918. {\J. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com-
merce i. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1919. ' Iviii, 1031 p. 4°.
Furniture markets of Chile, Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. By Harold E. EAcrley.
Washington, G. P. 0., 1919. front, pis. illus. 165 p. 8°. U. S. (Bureau of foreign
and domestic commerce. Special Agents Series No. 176. 25 cents.)
General orders, regulations and rulings of the Y. S. Fuel Administration . . . August
10, 1917. December 31, 1918. Washington. G. P. O., 1919. 1 v. 8°.
List of references on the Panama Canal and the Panama Canal Zone. Prepared under
direction of H. H. B. Mever, Chief Bildiographer, Library of Congress, ^^'ash-
ington, G. P. 0., 1919. 21 p. 4°.
Reciprocity and commercial treatise. [Bv the] V. S. Tariff commission. AVashing-
ton, G! P. 0., 1919. 535 p. 8°.
Reconstruction after the war. Journal of the national institute of social science.
Volume IV. April 1, 1918. Boston, The Boston Book Companv, 1918. vii,
242 p. 8^
GENERAL BOOKS.
Addresses delivered on the occasion of the formal transfer of the chairmanship of the
International High Commission. Bv the Honorable W. G. McAdoo to the
Honorable Carter'^Glass. Washington, G. P. O., 1919. 10 p. 8°.
Algunas fases de la accion economica mundial sobre la America Latina. Por Luis
^ M. Gaviria. Medellin, Imprenta Editorial, 1919. 13 p. 8°.
Annual report of the Council of the corporation of foreign bondholders. For the year
1918. London. Council House. [1919]. 385 p. 8°.
Bahamas. Report for 1917-18. London. Pulilished by his Majesty's Stationery
Office, 1919. 17 p. 8°. Colonial reports— Annual No. 978.
Bermuda. Report for 1917. Annual colonial report. London, Published by his
Majesty's Stationery Office, 1919. 13 p. 8°.
Blocking liew wars. Bv Herbert S. Houston . . . Garden Citv, N. Y., Doubleday
Page and Co., 1918. ' viii, 209 p. 12°. ■
620 THE PAN AMERICAiSr UNION.
British war administration. By John A. Fairlie. New York, Oxford University
Press, 1919. x, 302 p. 4°. (Garnesie Endowment for International Peace.
Preliminary economic studies of the war. No. 8.)
Construction materials and machinery in Chile, Peru, and Ecuador. Bv W. W.
Ewing . . . Washington, G. P. O., 1919. illus. 205 p. 8°. (Special agents'
series No. 175 of the U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.)
Easy Spanish reader. By Joel Hatheway . . . and Eduardo Berge Soler. New York,
The Macmillan company, 1919. illus., 386 p. S"".
Enforced peace. Proceedings of the first annual national assemblage of the league to
enforce peace, Washington, May 26-27, 1916. With an introductory chapter and
appendices giving the proposals of the league, its officers and committees. New
York, Published by the League to Enforce Peace, [1916]. vi, 204 p. 8°.
Los Estados Unidos y los paises'de habla Espafiola. By Francisco J. Yanes. [Re-
printed from Hispania, Vol. II, No. 2, March, 1919]. p. 55-63. 8°.
El fin dela guerra mundial. Discurso pronunciado por Eduardo Poirier . . . San-
tiago, Imp. "La Ilustracion," 1919. 32 p. 12°.
Geografia de America. Adaptada a los nuevos programas de los colegios nacionales y
escuelas normal es. Trigesima primera edicion. Buenos Aires, Angel Estrada y
Cia., maps, iii, 466 p. 8°.
History of Latin America. By William W. Sweet. New York, The Abingdon Press,
1919. illus. maps. 283 p. 8°.
Independence hall conference held in the City of Philadelphia, Bunker Hill Day
(June 17), 1915, together with speeches made at a public banquet in the Bellevue-
Stratford Hotel on the preceding evening. New York, League to Enforce Peace,
1915. xii, 65 p. 12°.
Influence of the great war upon shipping. By J. Russell Smith. New York, Oxford
University Press, 1919. viii, 357 p. 4°. (Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace. Preliminary economic studies of the war. No. 9).
List of pu1)lications. Carnegie endowment for international peace. July 1, 1918.
No. 6. ^yashington, D. C. 10 (1) p. 8°.
Modern whaling and bear hunting. A record of present-day whaling with up-to-date
appliancesinmanypartsof the world . . . BvW. G. Burn Murdoch . . . Phil-
adelphia, J. B. Lippincott Company, 1917. 30° p. front, illus. 8°.
Panama Plot. Pan American adventures of Craig Kennedy. By Arthur B. Reeve.
New York, Harper Bros., 1918. front, illus. 325 (1) p. 8°.
Problems of peace. A study of the essential needs of Massachusetts during the
reconstruction period. Boston, National Shawmut Bank, 1918. 44 p. 8°.
Race appreciation and democracy. Bv Philip Ainsworth Means. Reprinted from
The Journal of Race Development", Vol. 9, No. 2. October, 1918. p. 180-188.
8 .
Race appreciation in Latin America. By Philip Ainsworth Means. [Reprinted from
Science, N. S., Vol. XLVIII, No. 1237. pages 256-269, September 13, 1918].
Race and society in the Andean countries. By Philip Ainsworth Means. Reprinted
from The Hispainic American Historical Review, Vol. 1, No. 14, November, 1918.
p. 415-425. 8°. ■ ;
Spanish in the high schools. A handbook of methods with special reference to the
junior high schools. By Lawrence A. Wilkins, A. M. Chicago, Beni. H. San-
born & Co., 1918. X, 265 p. 8°.
Speech of Hon. Philander Chase Knox in the United States Senate, March 1, 1919.
Constitution of league of nations. Washington, G. P. O., 1919. 40 p. 8°.
Suggestions for league speakers. Speech material . . . New York, League to En-
force Peace, 1919. 70 (2) p. 12°.
Vida del Libertador Simon Bolivar. Nueva edicion modernizada. [Por] Felipe
Larraziibal. Con prologo y notas de R. Blanco-Fombona. Thomo II. Madrid,
Editorial-America, front, maps. 589 p. 8°.
Win the war for permanent peace. Addresses made at the national convention of the
league to enforce peace, in the city of Philadelphia, May 16th and 171!li, 1918.
Convention platform and governors' declaration. New York, Published by The
League to Enforce Peace, [1918]. 253 p. 8°.
World's Trade in hides, skins, and leather. Washington, Tanners' Council of the
U. S., 1918. 62 p. fold tables. 8°.
■C^^^
SKNHOH DR. EPITACIO PESSOA, PRESIDKNT ELECT OF BRAZIL.
Dr. Epilafio da Silva, Passoa, who by a majority vote of his countrymen on April 1.3, 1919, was elected
President ol' IJrazil for the remainder of the constitutional period of 1918-1922, is a native of the State of
Parahylja drl N'drle and i.s a promincnl figure in his coiiiilrv. in spite of the fact that he is amoni; the
yoiii
law I
pal, I
A di
pill. I
iii.sii(
ill piililie life. 1
i IpcCore rei.resrnliM,' In
iiKuked liv iiicKM-iiij
d lri;isl;ihlM-, I'ir-idrii
;uid Ihr llr ,-in \ , :iMd .
liiir. AppiMiilc'l liiliT I
I > as jurisconsull. AVIm
da Fonseca, hercturiird
n active part in the di
-led I-
Ili'.u'e of Law of Recife lie pracii
III' III Mil' I- rdriiil Congress, after which iiciiod his
Iff iiiid frijqueul election to adniiiiisi ratne ollices.
ssoa took active inliicsl in (■\ n ylhiiig relative to
-' 111!' (.'ampos Salles adniiiii-iriiiiiui lir >\as ministerof
I 111 llie supreme court, lu' iniii iiiiicd lo evince evidence
iiri'l li'iin !lii' -iipreiiic ciiurl durum 1 lie administration
ii>i|i II - :iiii| w :i' rhcicd si.fialor fur the Slate of Parahyba
I'll! iii I \\r vi\-\\ code now in force in Ilie Iteiiiililic and was
1 laiiou in the Chamber of Reinr^nilai i\ is. In 1910 he
i|Miiii!inent to draft a code of iiii n iial ional law. \\hicli
liiiisconsults which met in Rio dc .laiieiro in 1912, and
met with the hearty approval of the distinguished bodv. At the time of his election to the presidency
ho was in Paris acting as chief of the Brazilian delegation to the Peace Conference.
Jll^llllCll
and llic
of his iiiininl ;i
of Marsha I llm
del .Vorle. ;ind i
chairman o! ilie committees 'on ju
received from the Brazilian Covt
was submitted to the Conference ol Aniei
VOL. XLVIII
JUNE, 1919
No. 6
COASTAL TOWNS OF
XJ Ja XX jLi M. JLrf « ^ a « 9 *
THE EQUATORIAL COAST.
SOON atter weleft the Amazon the aspect of the Brazilian coast
was entirely changed. The thick vegetation which was a
delight to the eyes was changed into monotonous hanks of
sands. We were following the equatorial coast.
Sao Luiz de Maranhao was the first town at which we called on
our way down the coast. It is the capital of the State of Maranhao
and shelters to-day over 50,000 people.
Sao Luiz looks proudly over the beautiful bay. From the dock of
our boat we had a splendid ])anoramic view of the city, showing a
compact mass of houses of variegated colors standing out in l)()ld
relief in the bright sunlight, with green spots here and there, ft)rmed
by the trees of several dehgbtful i)lazas that beautify the place.
The Prafa Gonci-alves Dias is in view, and the high and imi)osing
m.tniiment of the poet surrounded by beautiful palm trees brings
unconsciously to our mind his verses of the "'Chanson of the Exile."
We impatiently awaited the time of landing to pay a visit to this
heroic town, which played such an important part in the colonial
days, and which has given so many illustrious scholars to Brazil
that it has been given the title ot the "Brazilian Athens."
The city, with its narrow and steep streets and alley's, maintains
the aspect of the old town of the north of Portugal, although the
town was founded by the French when they dreamed of establishing
an "Equatorial France" in this region during the sixteenth century.
Sao Luiz has also several new and beautiful avenues and streets,
such as the Avenida Maranhense; several charming public parks,
' By Dr. J. de Siqueira Coutinho, of Pan American Union staff.
621
LPhoto by Pedro Contente, Belem.
PANORAMIC VIEW OF SAO LUIZ DO MARANHAO, STATE OF MARANHAO.
•J*
VIEW OF THE CITY OF NATAl., STATE OF RI(^ G1{ANDE Oo NoRTE.
l'AJ;liAL MEW (JF rilK CUV i.)V FtiRlALEZA, SIATE ol- lEAKA.
Pernambuco.
ONE OF THE NEW STREETS OF RECIFE.
The picture shows one of the new streets of the commercial section of the city of Recife. .\t the end of
the street stands the monument of Baron do Rio Branco.
Photo by Martins, Recife, Pernambuco.
MONUMENT OF JOAQUIM NABUCO, RECIFE.
This m mument of Joaquim Nabuco stands in the plaza of the same name on the island of Santo Antonio.
624 THE PAN AMERICAN UNIOISr.
such as those of Joao Lisboa, with the monument of that great writer,
the Square Gonial ves Dias; and those of Odorico Mendes and
Benedicto Leite. The ornamental tree used here on a large scale is
the wild fig tree, while in Belem (Para) it was the mango tree.
During a couple of centuries in early colonial times Sao Luiz was
the capital of northern Brazil, and witnessed some rather heated
discussions anent the treatment of the natives. Here took place the
great struggle between the colonists on one side, who wished to en-
slave the Indians, and on the other side, the Jesuits, who stood nobly
in defense of the native races. In the grand old cathedral the greatest
preacher the Portuguese language ever had, the vigorous Father
Antonio Vieira, delivered some of his most brilliant sermons. The
traditions of this cathedral are so impressive that it stands as a
sacred place to those who cherish Portuguese oratory.
Although our stay was very short in Sao Luiz, when we were
ready to leave it seemed as if some Divisible bond held us to this
historic city. Could it have been the call of some ancestral voice ?
From the Brazilian Athens we went to one of the most thrilling
sections of Brazil — to Fortaleza, the capital of the State of Ceara,
the land of poetry, of music, of terrible droughts, of beautiful women,
and of marvelous laces; the land, also, of the famous pioneers of the
Amazon world, the only pioneers who have succeeded in overcom-
ing the tremendous forces of nature of that extraordinary land.
Living under the terrible stress of periodical droughts, the Cearenses
who survive are able to adapt themselves to any kind of climate and
conditions. Reinforced by a strong character and a noble spirit,
molded by strenuous and bizarre experiences, they are able to ex-
press aesthetically their emotions in a very impressive and poetic way.
In physiognomic characteristics most of the Cearenses of to-day
resemble very much the Portuguese of older times. They are the
descendants of the handful of incomparable colonists of that race
who had to overcome the numberless difficulties resulting from
the diplomatic (piarrels in Europe and armed clashes in this New
World, and who finally succeeded in the occupation of nearly a half
of the South American Continent, leaving this great domain as a
sacred heritage to its citizens of to-day.
Th(^ pleasant and hospitable city of Fortaleza is situated on the
l)anks of a wide and open bay without any protection. The landing
is made by means of lighters and small boats with some difficulty,
as the sea is generally rough. The town is surrounded by a sandy
section of the country and looks like a real oasis. It was founded in
1649. Its streets are wide and very well kept, the most attractive
being the Sete de Setembro, Marquez do Plerval, and' Caio Prado.
Among its beautiful parks and promenades may be mentioned the
Parque da Libardade and Passeio Beira-Mar. The buildings arc
626 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
new and many are imposing. Tlie town has a very good market
place, an excellent car service, and electric lights. It is a modern
city with 50,000 inhabitants, full of life and with a generous old-
fashioned spirit of hospitality. Ceara has produced many illustri-
ous citizens of the great Republic, and its capital ranks as one of the
intellectual and artistic centers of the country.
Our next stop was Natal, the capital of the State of Rio Grande
do Norte. Soon after we left the bay of Fortaleza we met a number
of small boats with triangular sails. They were the jangadas of the
Cearense fishermen. The coast is sandy, and when we round San
Roque Cape the coast changes its direction, running practically
north and south. This section we will call
THE MERIDIAN COAST.
The first port of this coast is Natal. The most important product
of this section of the country at the present time is cotton or "white
gold," as it is called, in contrast to rubber, known as ''black gold,"
which in past years filled with gold the coffers of the people of the
Amazon States, and to coffee, known as "red gold," the staple com-
modity of Sao Paulo, and to sugar, which is sometimes called
"sweet gold." Sugar is also a staple commodity of the meridian
coast. The States of Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro are the great-
est exporters of this product.
At the mouth of the river, which forms the harbor of Natal, stands
the old fortress of Reis Magos.
The general aspect of Natal is most picturesque. The city is
divided into two sections, the lower section being on the riverside.
The houses of the upper section, emerging from a mass of tropical
vegetation, are a delight to the traveler. In the lower part of the
city are the largest stores and business houses generally. Here the
visitor will find one of the most beautiful parks of the town. It is
bordered on two sides by coffeehouses and stores, and on the other
two sides by the beautiful buildings, such as the Carlos Gomes
Theater, Escola Ricardo Severe, and the imposmg edifice of the
"Escola Domestica," a school for the education of young ladies in
housework, and which is said to be the best in Brazil.
No one that goes to Natal should fail to pay a visit to the suburbs,
especially to Petropolis, easily reached by the car Ime. At the top
of a hill facing the ocean stands an excellent hospital. From the
terrace one may enjoy a splendid view of the ocean.
In the public garden, at one of its corners, stands the monument
of the Brizilian aeronaut, August Severo, born in Rio Grande, who
was lost in his dirigible, "Pax." Rio Grande do Norte was also the
birthplace of Nisia Floresta, sometimes caUed the Brazilian "Madame
Sevigne."
628 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
We left Natal for Cabedello, a protected har})or in the State of
Parahiba, where our steamer docked by the side of some Brazilian
cruisers. Cabedello was founded in 1555 and is a small town with
perhaps some 200 houses, partly hidden among tall coconut trees.
The town is connected by rail with Parahiba, capital of the State,
which is in turn connected with Natal, Pernambuco, and Alagoas.
Dr. Epitacio Pessoa, recently elected to the presidency of the
Republic upon the death of Dr. Rodrigues Alves, is a native of
Parahiba. He held for some time a professorship in the Federal
law school at Recife, and later served as a member both in the
senate and house of representatives; then as minister of the Interior
and Justice; also as a judge of the supreme court; and is now
president of the Brazilian delegation to the Peace Conference at
Versailles.
Missing our train, we took the ocean route for the city known as
Pernambuco or Recife, rich in historical traditions and noted for its
picturesque waterways, which have won for it the name of the
"Venice of the Americas."
PERNAMBUCO.
To me the very tranquillity of this spot of Brazilian soil offers a
special attraction as no other in the world, not merely because one
of th(^ members of my family, a diplomat of the seventeenth cen-
tury, at the time ambassa(k)r to the Netlierlands, had to hazard
everything to defend the rights of Portugal to this corner of the
American continent, taking advantage of all the diplomatic prac-
tices of the time, Init more particularly because the brave inhab-
itants of this section, without distinction of race or origin, launched
upon a deadly struggle, in which for 30 years they stood firm before
the Dutch invasion, not permitting even the liberal and progressive
flag of th(^ Netherlands to fly above the heroic colors of Portugal.
That feeling of nationality shown so intensely by the Pernambucans
and the Bahians of the seventeenth century, although they were not
yet an homogeneous body, has not altered during the historical evolu-
tion of Brazil.
It was therefore with most reverent sentiments that I descried,
early in the morning, the town of Olinda, the picturesque advance
sentinel of Recife, as we were cruising southward. In the fresh
atmosphere of early morning, wlien the sky is clear and intensely
blue and the sun brilliant, Recife is truly beautiful. At such a time
I first beheld it, with its buildings bordering the avenues and squares
facing the harbor and ajipearing to me as if a continuation of the
deck of the steamer. The Pernambuco which lay before my eyes
was not the Pernambuco of the old pictures we know. It is to-day
GOVERNMENT PALACE IN THE CITY OF MACEIO, STATE OF ALAGOAS.
.3^.:
V^ T.."
jr^^
PANORAMIC VIEW OF VICTORIA, STATE OF ESPIRITO SANTO.
630 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
a city with good streets and buildings recently erected, which give
the most attractive and modern aspect to the town.
Fronting the harbor there is a large square, upon which one lands,
and in the center of which stands a monument to the Baron de Rio
Branco, one of the greatest men the hemisphere has produced, in the
attitude of extending a welcome to the visitor who for the first time
reaches Brazilian soil. And when the traveler leaves the second
island, Santo Antonio, for the mainland, another monument attracts
his attention — the statue of Joaquim Nabuco in a familiar posture,
addressing an audience. The life of Nabuco was devoted to the same
ideals that actuated Rio Branco, and it is interesting and a source
of satisfaction to note that the two who so zealously defended the
rights of nations and the rights of humanity, were honored in bronze
by the city, and that not even death separated the two whose lives
were passed in absolute communion of ideals.
The city of Recife, which is built upon two islands and a strip of
the mainland, possesses an excellent artificial harbor, with all facili-
ties for the handling of commodities at the docks.
Its population today is over 250,000 inhabitants; and, besides
places of unrivaled beauty and of historical interest, there are many
churches, public buildings, and every feature required by a modern
city. The Federal law school has a building second to none, accord-
ing to visiting foreign statesmen considered authorities on the sub-
ject. The professors of the faculty also rank among the authorities
on jurisprudence.
Besides the Federal law school, Recife has a great number of
colleges, schools, and technical institutes, having since early days
been a center of learning. In fact, Recife holds a unique position
among the centers of American scholarship, a grou]) of distinguished
men of letters, scientists, statesmen, and diplomats having been
born within its boundaries.
The oldest daily paper of Latin America is among Recife's several
excellent periodicals — the well-known Diario de Pernambuco.
There are also some very good hotels and cafes. The electric
cars and principal streets are always crowded. Car service extends
along most of the streets and to the suburbs, such as Olinda.
There are several bridges which connect the different sections of
the town and some of considerable architectural beauty; on one
of these the ti-aveler may read the principal events of the history of
the city. Tlie governor's palace is at the end of the island of Santo
Antonio. Facing it is a garden in which stands the Santa Isabel
Theater.
Not far from Recife is Olinda, ci-owncd by the church of Carmo,
the charming old ca}>ital town which guards many traditions and
offers magnificent views of Recife, the seashore, and the surrounding
country.
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632 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
TWO STATE CAPITALS.
From Kecife we went to Maceio, capital of the State of Alagoas.
Maceio is a progressive town, with good facilities for landing. The
town proper is at some distance from the landing place, with which
it is connected by electric cars. It is well laid out over several
slopes and has excellent gardens and parks, good buildings, and
pleasant suburbs. The streets are wide, clean, and well i)aved, and
car lines cross the town at all angles. One of the most attractive
points is the lighthouse, from which one may enjoy fascinating views.
A little farther south lies Aracaju, capital of Sergipe, a State small
in territory but which has produced some of the most brilliant
intellects of the Republic. The town is small and pleasing, with
wide streets, well shaded by trees pruned into fanciful shapes. The
buildings are substantial, and a great deal of traffic crowds the
streets, as there are several industries, the cotton mills especially
holding an enviable reputation, and their product being in great
demand in the southern States. Recently a deposit of oil was dis-
covered within the town and is now under investigation.
BAHIA.
After several days of rough sea we saw the coast of Bahia at Rio
Vermelho, a subui'b; later the lighthouse appeared, and soon we
were in a land-locked sea which bears the name of Bahia de Sao
Salvador. The view from the vessel is beautiful and imposing.
There are many places in the world that I call to mind, but few are
comparable to Bahia. Its characteristics are very distinctive. An
extensive group of houses covers an undulating surface, and on the
water level a strip of warehouses and shops are connected with the
upper town by elevators. On the blue sky a long and variegated
profile is projected, with many dominant towers and round cupolas
of churches, many of them heritages from colonial times. Bahia
boasts of a long list of handsome buiklings, and her churches and
convents are of incalculable value. Although it bears many marks
of the past and has an old stately aspect, it also offers all the con-
veniences of a modern city. Here one may find what Brazil claims
as its inheritance from colonial days; here are to be found all the
elements of that brilliant past, full of brave traditions, with people
of many races and origins, that gradually, with the passing of ages,
gave form and shape to the Brazil of to-day.
Bahia is the home of many of the greatest minds of the country,
unsurpassed orators, poets of the highest type, and renowned scien-
tists. To-day the population of Bahia is over 300,000 inhabitants,
ranking as the second coastal town of Brazil and third in population
in the Republic, with Rio de Janeiro first and Sao Paulo second.
■A S
-3 O
120801— 19— Bull. 6 2
634 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The record of Bahia involves some of the most briUiant chapters
ill the history of om' continent, and those who know something of
it would be well repaid for a visit to the city which was the capital
of the vast territory of Brazil when no one had yet formed so much
as a vague conception of its extent, even a notion of its wealth and
potentialities. As the capital, Bahia was the first Portuguese intel-
lectual center in America, and with its Jesuitical schools and colleges
has enjoyed a great reputation from the early years of its coloniza-
tion. In 1699 a college of artillery and military engineering was
founded in Bahia, and later by the prince regent, afterwards King
John VI of Portugal and Brazil, a Faculty of Medicine was added to
its educational institutions.
VICTORIA.
Victoria, capital of the State of Espirito Santo, was our next stop.
Not far from the site of the modern capital is the town of Espirito
Santo, formerly Villa Velha, founded in 1535 by the incumbent of the
captaincy, the Portuguese knight, Vasco Fernandes Coutinho, who,
according to tradition, had many difficulties to overcome, perhaps
some caused by his own character, which was doubtless very deter-
mined and more or less domineering.
The entrance of the harbor of Victoria is charming. The natural
channel, which connects the harbor with the ocean, is long and zig-
zagged, and when the vessel winds its way through the inlet it seems
as if it must surely be dashed against the rocks. Just when we are
alarmingly close we notice an arm of the sea pointing a tortuous
course through the mountains for us to follow. After following the
passage through the most pleasing scenery, we caught sight of Victoria,
one of the most picturesque and delightful towns we have ever seen,
overspreading one of the hills from which one can see the towers of
several churches and a large building with an imposing stairway —
the government palace.
Victoria is connected with Rio de Janeiro by rail and the town offers
all conveniences for residents and visitors. There are fuie govern-
ment buildings and a delightful municipal park. Victoria will
undoubtedly enjoy a prosperous future as soon as the great resources
of the State are utilized, as well as those of part of the State of Minas,
wliich ])orders on Espirito Santo. All the sliipments then will be
made through the harbor of Victoria.
RIO DE JANEIRO.
Early in the morning, before we reached Cape Frio, the sea became
rough. The coast is rcx^ky, and as soon as we rounded the cape the
scenery was phantastic. Huge rooks emerging boldly from the sea
at regular intervals took the form of gigantic turtles, marine monsters
636 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
of geological eras of the past, as if picketed as sentinels to protect
enchanted treasures of the fables of old. And to give stronger
coloring to the series of tableaux, and to show the insignificance of
man before nature, our boat was tossed about like a small shell on
the waves of the sea. After we passed some small rocks, posted like
memorial stones, our steamer paused, awaiting the pilot. We were
nearing Rio de Janeiro. Across a veil of mist we saw Pao d'Assucar
(Sugar Loaf), Gavea, and, more dimly distant, the mountains. As
soon as the pilot came aboard and took control the boat steamed
faster and we drew nearer land. vSoon we were passing the Santa
Cruz Fortress.
The vessel was going with considerable speed, and we found our-
selves in that small Mediterranean Sea, appropriately set as a rare gem
firmly held by the glinting shore. This was Bahia de Guanabara.
Before us the bay presented a fascinating panorama. The sea was
very calm, and under the mellow sunlight lay the enchanted city on
its gorgeous bed of greenery and flowers, with its jagged background
of mountains.
From the deck I observed the scene, even more beautiful than my
fancy had pictured it. The boat docked, and in a taxicab we went
to find accommodations. It was an interesting search, as the best
hostelries were crowded with visitors from the States and neighboring
South American Republics. On account of the war many people
from the southern sections of the continent, who generally went to
Europe for the season, turned to Rio de Janeiro. Finally, we found a
place in a centrally located hotel at a few yards from the Beira Mar
Avenue, the Monroe Palace, and Avenida Rio Branco. The traveler,
after wintering in the centers of Europe and North America, would do
well to spend the summer months in the charming "Empress of the
Atlantic," as Rio is some times called. A rest or vacation there
would not fail to be satisfactory and refreshing.
The Sugar Loaf, Corcovado, or Tijuca — one alone would be quite
enough to make any city famous. Added to these natural marvels
we find to-day the Beira Mar Avenue without a rival in the world,
and the equally unparalleled Rio Branco Avenue, flanked by the
most beautiful buildhigs of the city. On this avenue, just before it
joins the Avenida Beira Mar, are located the Municipal Theater; the
building of the Fine Arts School and Gallery, a very impressive
edifice, which was erected through the eft'orts of Rodolpho Bernardelli,
the great sculptor, who was its director at the time; the National
Library; the Supreme Court; and, in dignified aloofness, at the junc-
ture of the two avenues, the Monroe Palace, a structure of unique
beauty erected in honor of the United States of North America. This
palace, together with the visit paid by the Brazilian-Emperor,
Dom Pedro II, at the centennial in commemoration of the inde-
638 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
pendeiice of the United States, form the greatest tribute of friendship
paid to the northern Republic by any country.
Rio de Janeiro may justly boast of its many handsome buildings,
both private and public, and its monuments of artistic value, most of
them from the chisel of Rodolpho Bernardelli, the genius of the con-
tinent. Who has not studied Brazilian history through his master-
pieces ?
The press of Rio de Janeiro is excellent. The newspapers are
repositories in which one may find almost any needed data, as well as
articles by the most prominent writers. O " Jornal do Commercio"
publishes much valuable information and is itself a national institu-
tion.
Intellectually Rio de Janeiro is in direct and permanent communi-
cation with Europe, following with keen enthusiasm all that is taking
place in the Old World, of which mentally Brazil may be said to form
an integral part.
In the Federal capital there are excellent educational institutions,
most of them founded by King John YI when Prince Regent, who
was a great patron of science, art, and letters, and who brought to
Brazil a number of artists and scholars to establish in the new empire
a seat of learning and of art according to the exigencies of the new
nation.
As a commercial center Rio is an emporium of a promising future.
Its harbor is the largest in the world, and offers all the facilities for
national and international trade.
Because of the facilities offered, the climate, with nine months of
spring time and three of summer, and its wonderful resources, Rio de
Janeiro, with its population of a million and a half, soon will be one
of the greatest attractions of our continent, and one to which people
from the northern hemisphere especially will go to spend the hardest
months of the year.
SANTOS.
Santos is the largest Brazilian port south of Rio, the shipping center
of the vState of Sao Paulo, and the largest entrepot of coffee in the
world. Santos has an excellent harbor, with all facilities for loading
and unloading vessels. As soon as the railroad to Bolivia is in opera-
tion no doubt that country will use the port of Santos for its communi-
cation with European countries, as well as with other sections of the
rich interior of Brazil.
Santos is a progressive city with all modern improvements. There
are many interesting buildings to be seen; streets and squares are well
paved and clean, although extensive traffic is conducted through
them. In Santos three distinguished men were born — Bartholomeu
de Gusmao, born in 16S5, the inventor of the aerostat and the
father of aerial navigation ; his brother, the statesman. Dr. Alex-
Photo bjMalta. Riodt- Janei:
AVENIDA DO PRESIDENTE WILSON, RIO DE JANEIRO.
'of hiV'vvnrkt''rhp'';]-'\? '^^ "'•^^ted to the President of the United States, as a mark cf admiral i, n
C'aiioca "'"^ ' Pnncipal streets of tlie city, known formerly as Rua da
■^^."T
i. ^
^^^rtiaj:
40*^
A VIEW OF THE AVEXIPA BEIRA MAR, RIO DE JANEIRO.
The magnificent Avenida de Beira Mar, which encircles Guanafiara Bay, is without parallel in the
v/orld.
640 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
andre de Gusmao, secretary to King John V, and who was called
by one of the great diplomats of the century the "Father of
American Diplomacy"; and the scholar, Jose Bonifacio de Andrade
Silva, the patriarch of Brazilian independence and scientist of renown
in Europe. His tomb is in the old church of Carmo, open to the public.
Near Santos stands the old town of Sao Vicente, founded by Martim
Affonso in the sixteenth century, and the headquarters of the old cap-
taincy of Sao Vicente, the first Portuguese settlement in Brazil.
On the other side of the bay facing the ocean is the famous beach
of Guaruj4, a shore said to be unrivaled on the Atlantic.
Santos has about 80,000 inhabitants, and is an intellectual center,
although very close to Sao Paulo. It is the terminus of one of the
best railroads of South America, connecting Santos with the capital
of the State, the city of Sao Paulo.
THE SOUTHERN COAST.
The largest cities of the southern coast are located on the Lagoa dos
Patos in the State of Kio Grande do Sul. The intermediate harbors,
although conducting an important traffic, are not of international
interest at the present time. Undoubtedly in the near future they
will be of commercial importance, as they have a very rich country
backing them and an industrious and progressive though scattered
population.
On the beautiful bay of Paranagud there are two interesting harbors
in Parana vState, the greatest producer of herva matte — Paranagud
and Antonina. The bay is one of the largest of Brazil and accommo-
dates the biggest passenger boats.
Paranagua is a city of 15,000 inhabitants, of a colonial aspect,
though it has some modern buildings. It lies at the head of the
Curitiba Railroad, which is a marvel of Brazilian engineering. The
town was founded in 1560 by adventurers who were searching the
country for gold. Until the beginning of the past century this city
was the most important of the State.
At the end of the bay Antonina was founded in 1797. To-day it is
increasing rapidly in population, numbering now something over
10,000 inhabitants. The town is built on a narrow strip of land
between tlu^ bay and the mountains. Its appearance is very pic-
turesque and th(; climate excellent.
Antonina and Paranagua are the princii)al harbors for exports of
matte, the staple commodity of the State, the demand for wliich is
constantly increasing. During tlie period of European reconstruc-
tion it is possible that if shipping conditions improve this State may
export a quantity of timber, which is found in abundance and of
a superior (piality in the vicinity.
642 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
The most important town and harbor of this section of the coast
is Florianopohs, capital of the State of Santa Catharina, with a popu-
lation of 30,000, situated on a small island facing the continent. The
harbor is on the channel. The streets are neat, well paved, and
attractive, though narrow. Public buildings and churches are
worthy of attention, as well as the inviting private residences. The
city has several well-kept parks, among them tlie Quinze de Novem-
bro, where stands a monument for the heroes of the war with Para-
guay. The suburbs of Florianopolis are exquisite, and among them
Praia de Fora holds a commanding position, with its beautiful
houses emerging from pleasing gardens.
On the mainland across from Florianopohs is the town of Sao
Jose. It is expected that in the near future the cities will be con-
nected by a bridge.
THE LAKE CITIES.
The southern section of Brazil, the State of Rio Grande do Sul, is
reached by several boat lines from various harbors in the Lagoa dos
Patos. This section and its inhabitants are worthy of special study,
as they have always held a unique position in the history of Brazil.
They were the principals in a conflict or period of contention which
unhappily drenched Brazil in blood for many years during the "War
of the Farrapos," which, however, ended honorably for both parties.
Rio Grande do Sul was settled in the early days by the colonists
from the Azores, who were sent there by the secretary of John V.,
Dr. Alexandre de Gusmao. The history of Rio Grande is filled with
heroic deeds, and in all the military and political events of the nation
Rio Grande has played a leading role.
The work preparatory to the opening of the Lake of tlie Patos to
large boats was a great task, but fortunately the indomitable will
of the Riograndenses had the good fortune to find the engineers and
contractors who liolped them to accomphsh their desired objective.
The city of Rio Grande do Sul, near the entrance of the lake, was
founded in 1737 by colonists from the Azores, and to-day has a
population of over 50,000. Tlie town is very busy and the harbor is
actively engaged in tlie export trade, consisting chiefly of xarque
(dried meat), hides, and wines. Most of the streets of Rio Grande
do Sul are narrow, though several are wide and long. Tlie city has
parks shaded by spreading trees; the most interesting is the Taman-
dare, wherein stands a statue of Bento Gonpalves, the hero and
chief of Rio Grande. This park has romantic lakes. The parks
General Telles, Sao Pedro, and Sete de Setembro are attractive also.
There are fine buildings, notably the customhouse, -the municipal
building, and the federal barracks.
GUARL'JA BEACH, SANTOS.
Guaruja Beach is a popular seashore resort for the Brazilian people.
STREET IN I J.oKIA.X
lAlE OF SAXTA CATHARINA.
UKNEUAL VIEW OF r(H{TO ALEGRE, STATE^OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL.
TAMANDARE PARK, RIO GRANDE DO SUL.
Tamandare I'ark' is spotted with numerous flower gardens intermingled with small artificial lakes.
m tins park is the monument of Ben to Gongalves, the hero of Rio Grande.
COASTAL TOWNS OF BRAZIL. 645
Penetrating- a little farther along- Lagoa dos Patos on the left side
we find the Sao Gon^alo channel, which connects this lake with
Lake Mirim, and on its sliore is Pelotas, a progressive city of modern
construction, surrounded by fields for drying meat. This city has
a park tliat is a veritable botanical garden. The streets are good, the
princij)al one l^eing tlie Quinze de Novembro, along which one sees
the municipal buildings, the Mesericordia, and the public library.
The town of Porto Alegre, capital of the State, is situated at tlie
end of this lake. The city, founded in 1772, is built on an elevation
and offers to visitors a beautiful sight. It maintains its old, con-
servative appearance with narrow streets. The parks Senador
Floiencio, Juho de Castillo, Marechal Deodoro, Customhouse Park,
and the Park of Harmonia are attractive for their great old trees.
Extensive traffic is carried on througli the Sete de Setembro Square
and Andradas Street, while Independencia Street is probably the
prettiest in town. The city of Porto Alegre has several beautiful
buildings. At Deodoro Place is the government palace, and the
State congress. The suburbs are pleasant, with manv beautiful
chMets surrounded by gardens.
The higher classes of Rio Grande are cultured and traveled. They
are especially familiar with Europe. There are writers and scientist
resident in the State and in Rio de Janeiro. The educational system
is highly satisfactory, and the capital of the State has many secondary
schools and colleges of the professional branches and a military school
of brilliant traditions. The newspapers are also excellent.
The three towns of which we spoke in the State of Rio Grande do
Sul are connected with Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro by railroad,
as well as with Montevideo to the south. The distance between Porto
Alegre and Rio de Janeiro by rail is 2,170 kilometers.
All those who have had the opportunity to tour the coastal towns
of Brazil from north to south have been uniformly impressed.
Each has its own charms; all of them provide comforts and con-
veniences; each has its peculiar local color and individual atmos-
phere; but in all there is to be found hospitality and a uniformity
of customs and manners, while the same frankness and congenial
spirit of democracy prevails throughout. Always industrious and
honest, eager to be classed among the most progressive nations, the
Brazilians labor faithfully with that end in view. It is an exception
to find a town without a brilliant past, the birthplace of talented
citizens.
He who has the privilege of traveling through the Brazilian Repub-
lic observantly, alertly, will be struck by the realization of the
limitless resources, beckoning opportunities, and promising future of
the land, peopled by a gallant folk of a race of brilliant traditions.
, AA. A , & /, A , ». ,. /,. A ■: ^ ''. , A. ,^^..
ft 0
PART II.
THE arid portions of the continents are commonly designated
as '' desert wastes," and are avoided by man and beast
because of the inhospitable conditions that there prevail.
Most of the deserts of the world with their dunes of drifting
sand and lack of all vegetation are useless and exist as great obstacles
in the development of the countries adjoining them. Many of those
of the Western Hemisphere, however, do not come under this cate-
gory, and three of the important mineral monopolies which the
American continents enjoy are found only in these deserts and are
there solely because of the arid climatic conditions. These are the
nitrate and iodine deposits of Chile and the borax deposits of Chile,
Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, and the western United States.
Of these the nitrate deposits of northern Chile stand in a class by
themselves and deserve all tlie attention that they have received.
A recent writer - has well stated the situation in the following words :
Without the Chilean deposits, it -nould api)ear, the world would have been deterred
for many decades, if not longer, in reaching the point of industrial development in
which it is now involved, so far-reaching can be the effect of a single mineral deposit.
There is little doubt but that it was Chilean nitrate that won the war for the Allies.
Had Germany possessed a navy sufficient to cut off the supply of nitrate from northern
Chile it would have been impossible for the Allies to have produced the quantity of
exy)losives required, as all of the other sources of nitrogenous compounds would ha\'e
been entirely inadequate. In this respect Germany was in a much be+ter condition
on account of the possession of elaborate plants for the manufacture of nitrates from
the air.
Even in times of peace much Chilean nitrate is used in the manu-
facture of explosives, and without such materials, mining, quarrying,
and excavation work would be carried on with extreme difficulty and
only in the laborious methods employed by the ancients and the
primitive peoples of all ages. It is, however, as a fertilizing product
of unusually high value that the countries of the world have long
looked for their annual supply of Chilean nitrate, and the agricul-
tural countries viewed with great apprehension the diversion of their
usual supply of this useful commodity into war channels.
From time to time wc hear that the importance of the natural
nitrates is decreasing and that within a few years they will be en-
' By Benjamm L. Miller.
2 Poguc, J. E.: U. S. National Mu.souni Bullclin iVo. 102, part 2 p. 11
646
J-ERUVIAN OIL FIKI.DS.
Upper picture: A section of Zorritns, showing how near the sea some of the oil wells are situated. Center:
Warehouse, tanks, and loading pier at Zorritos. Lower picture: A view of Negritos, one of the richest of
the developed oil regions of I'cru.
MIXKRAL .MOXOPOLIES OF THE AMERICAS. 649
tirely siijiplanted by the maiuifactnrod nitroo;eii()iis products. No
Olio would dare deny such a j^ossibiUty, althouo;h at the present
time there is nothing to indicate its probability.
In view of the fact that the November, 191S (English edition),
number of this Bult-etin contained a full account of the Chilean
nitrate industry it is not necessary to include here a lengthy descrip-
tion of the district. Suffice it to say that no other desert of the
world has ever yieldetl such riches and nowhere else can one find as
many small towTis and settlements located in a region entirely devoid
of all vegetation. Several railroads traverse the nitrate fields, and
the silence and isolation of the usual deserts is lacking, and instead
one sees on all sides indications of activity and evidences of man's
energy in overcoming obstacles. Water must be brought to the
residents from the higher Andes lying some distance to the east, and
all supplies of food must be brought from central Chile or from other
countries; but so satisfactorily are these wants supplied that thou-
sands of people live contentedly in these districts and would not
willingly remove to any other section.
Although approximately 60,000,000 tons of nitrate have already
been removed and the annual production is at the present time
about 3,000,000 tons, there seem to be reserves sufficient to last
for 200 and possibly 300 years to come. No other country pos-
sessing mineral monopolies occupies such a favorable position as
does Chile in this respect, and there is no doubt but that the Gov-
ernment revenue obtained from the export taxes will effect won-
derful changes in the country through the building of railroads and
other industrial improvements.
In comparison with nitrate, Chile's monopoly of iodine may seem
to be insignificant, and yet in the aggregate it amounts to a great
deal. The iodine occurs everywhere in association with the nitrate
and is recovered as a by-product in the process of nitrate refining.
The amount varies greatly in different parts of the nitrate pampas,
but is rarely absent. The iodine compounds seldom constitute as
much as 1 per cent of the deposits and have not been detected in
any place as a pure deposit. For these reasons iodine could scarcely
be sought on its own account in the Chilean deserts.
Iodine has long been obtained from the ashes of seaweeds gathered
along the coasts of various countries, and considerable still come3
from this source, although much less than that obtained from the
Chilean nitrate fields.
Until the outbreak of the war the various nitrate oficinas were
limited by a trade agreement in regard to the amount of iodine
which they were permitted to market, for the reason that the world's
demand in normal times is not great enough to require as large an
amount as might be produced. The great demand for the product
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652 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
in the war hospitals of Europe increased l)oth the demand and con-
sequent production, and it was indeed fortunate that the increased
consumption could be so easily supplied by increased production,
and lives were saved, according to reports, by its generous use in
the treatment of wounds.
The iodine is extracted from the solutions which have yielded the
nitrate. The process of nitrate refining consists in boiling the
nitrate-bearing earth with pure water, which dissolves the nitrate,
iodine compounds, and common salt. The solution is then drawn
off into c(K)ling ])ans, where the common salt is quickly precipitated,
and thence into otlier pans, where most of the nitrate crystallizes
out. The remaining liquid is pumped back to the boiling tanks and
used over and over, each time l)ecoming richer in iodine salts, wliich
are not preci])itated during the cooling process. The solution finally
reaches a point of concentration where it is profitable to treat it
with sodium acid sul]:)hite, which precipitates the iodine. After
straining and compressing the product the refined iodine is obtained
by a simple retorting process. The whole operation of iodine
recovery is a very simple and cheap one, and the amount which
might l^e produced so much greater than the demand that Chile's
iodine monopoly seems secure so long as its production of nitrate
continues.
It is strange that of all the known deserts of th(^ world those of
northern Chile shoidd l)e the only ones with important deposits of
nitrates and iodine, hut investigations show that in no other place
have all the determining factors been present. There is still some
dispute as to the origin of these deposits, notwithstanding the fact
that many investigators have attacked the problem.
In the case of borax the requisite conditions for the accumulations
have been more widespread, and the central Andes of northern Chile
and Argentina, western Bolivia, and southern Peru contain a con-
si(k>rable number of borax lakes, and similar conditions prevail in
the western portion of the United States in the States of California,
Nevada, and Oregon, and in a few sections of Europe and Asia.
The borax salts, of which there are several of somewhat different
composition, are found in closed basins into which water drains from
the surrounding regions. Arid climates where these ])asins occur
cause the water to disappear by evaporation, leaving behind the salts
previously held in solution. In the Andes the borax comjounds are
believed to have been derived from gases given off from near-by
volcanoes, but elsewhere the substances may have come from boron-
bearing, rock-forming minerals which in t]i(> ])rocess uf ro; k decom-
position have produced soluble comj.ounds.
The Death Valley ro^gion of southern California and Lake Ascotan
in northern Chile supply most of tlic world's (k'niands for borax,
( Di'i'KK minim; i.\ \i:m;/.i i:i,a.
Copper is oue of the widespread mineral products in which no country has a monopolv These views
COPPER MINES IN PERU.
AIIXERAL MOXOPOLIKS OF THE AMERICAS. 655
although Turkov and Italy have an annual j)r()duction sufficient to
sup])ly domestic needs.
The Death Valle}- borax deposits owe their development to their
accessibility to imj)ortant lines of railroad, and a branch line has now
been constructed into the borax district. Lake Ascotan is also
favorably situated along the line of railroad connecting Antofagasta
and La Paz. Other Andean borax deposits are reported to be
equally rich, but for the present can not be worked with profit on
account of their less favorable situation with reference to transporta-
tion lines.
The Death Valley and the Lake Ascotan deposits present some
striking contrasts when compared, although the deposits themselves
are very similar. Death Valley is a great region of depression pro-
duced by a block of the earth's crust, 10 miles in width, dropping
vertically a distance of 6,000 feet. The lowest portion of the valley
is about 500 feet below sea level, the lowest point in the earth's
surface in the Western Hemisphere. Lake Ascotan, on the other
hand, lies 12,220 feet above sea level and is bordered by mountains
rising to an elevation of almost 20,000 feet. In Death Valley the
simimer temperatures are excessively high, according to report as
high as 1.37° F. in the shade, and yet the borax workers have lived
there during the hottest season, but in double-roofed houses well
supphed with running water. At the altitude of Lake Ascotan
the temperatures are never high, although the reflection of the
sun's rays from the glistening white crystals is at times very hard
on the e3*es.
Lake Ascotan is not a lake in the usual acceptation of the term,
as it contains only a few pools of water thi'oughout its extent of about
24 miles in length and 6 miles in width. It has at times been covered
with water, but the amount of water which noimally enters the basin
does not equal the amount which would be evaporated from so large
a water surface, so that the bodies of water have shi'unk and occupy
only the lower-lying portions of the valley, leaving the greater portion
covered with the white crystals of the borate and other salts. In
portions of the lake the borate salts are so free from the associated
salts of less value that they can be dug by themselves, and only
require drying before shipment.
The quantity of borates contained in the Andean regions is so
great and the quality so good that these districts would completely
supply the world's demands if it were not for the high cost of trans-
portation. As it is, they dominate the situation at the present time
and bid fair to retain this position for centuries to come. In fact,
as transportation facilities are improved they may obtain an ahnost
complete monopoly in the supply of this important substance.
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DIAMOND MINING IN BRAZIL.
Brazil possesses tho only known economic deposits of black diamonds. Their exceptional hardness
makes them desirable for drilling purposes. The upper picture shows the first stage in washing dia-
mond-l>eanng gravels. U ater thrown on the gravel in a sloping trough washes awav all the lighter
minerals, of which quartz is the most abundant. The lower picture shows the residue of the first
operation put into a batca, or miner's pan, and rotated rapidlv on the surface ol the stream. The dia-
monds remain in the center of the batea while the other minerals are thrown to the side and raked off
by hand.
658 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Brazil possesses a monopoly that is scarcely appreciated by persons
unfamiliar with the mining industry, and especially with the modern
exploratory methods. Its possession of the only known economic
deposits of black diamonds, or carbonados, means much to the
members of the mining profession who use the bulk of the stones in
the diamond drills now so extensively used in mining districts for the
purpose of obtaining samples, called cores, from the bore holes. The
drill consists of a hollow tube in which several pieces of the black
diamonds are embedded in the rim and which cut the rocks as the
drill is rotated, and so furnish in the core a section of the rocks pene-
trated. Any substance harder than the rocks to be drilled could be
used, but the harder the better, and for that reason the diamond is
most desirable on account of its superior hardness. The gem diamond
and the black diamond both consist of carbon, but difTer in that the
former is white, transparent, and possesses good cleavage, whereas
the latter is gray, brown, or black, translucent to opaque, and without
cleavage. Because of its lack of cleavage it is much more desirable,
as it will withstand more pressure and wears away more evenly with-
out splitting or cleaving.
The black diamonds are found in association with the gem diamonds
in stream gravels in the interior of the State of Bahia, Brazil.. Pre-
vious to 1856 these dark stones were thrown aside as useless, but
they now are more sought after than the clear stones. It seems that
their first use in diamond drilling was in coal prospecting in Pennsyl-
vania, in 1870. Since that time the value has gradually increased
until it is now frt)m $100 to $130 a caret, with a constant demand in
excess of the supply. The largest stone thus far found weighed 3,078
carets.
The white and black diamonds occur in a great thickness of sand-
stones, but so sparingly that it is not practicable to attempt to extract
them from the parent rock. However, when the sandstone decom-
poses and falls to pieces the stones are liberated and are carried into
the streams where they are dropped with other pebbles.
The workers collect the gravels in the streams and especially in any
holes in the channel where the diamonds and carbonados are most
apt to collect on account of their high specific gravity. They pro-
c(>cd to wash the lighter minerals away in a great wooden bowl, known
as a batea. The process is similar to that long used by the gold
seeker, the batea being similar to the ordinary ''miner's pan."
Nearly all the work is carried on by individuals working inde-
pendently, or at most by a few workers, but seldom by any large com-
pany. The ec^uipment amounts to very little and so favors the inde-
pendent w^orker, and at the same time the larger organization might
lose many of the more important stones on account of the ease with
which they could be appropriated by the_employees.
EMERALD MIXES OF COLOMBIA.
Colombia has furnished beautiful deep green emeralds ever since the sixteenth century, and although
the mines h;ive not been in operation for several years, they are not exhausted and will doubtless
continue to contril)Uto to the world's supply. The deposits are imder the control of the Govern-
ment and leased to the operators.
660 THE PAiST AMERICAN UNION,
The area! extent of the present diamond-bearing rocks and also
their great thickness in Bahia seem to promise much in regard to the
aggregate amount of black diamonds which the region may eventually
furnish, but it does not seem as though it would be possible to mate-
rially increase the annual production, much as this is desired. The
supply in the streams will be renewed as the parent rocks decay,
but the process is a slow one, even though the region is well within
the Tropics, where in general rock decomposition is at a maximum.
Whether Brazil will continue to furnish the only black diamonds ol
consequence or not is, of course, a c[uestion which can not be answered,
but it is a peculiar fact that, in spite of the rather large number of
diamond localities in various parts of the world, thus far Bahia has
no competition in the production of these useful black diamonds.
The world's yearly consumj^tion of incandescent gas mantles
amounts to about a third of a billion and is continuall}^ on the
increase. These are used all over the world and yet the chief material
from which they are made is obtained in only a few localities —
notably Brazil. The result of careful experiment by Count von
Welsbach, over 20 years ago, proved that the brightest light could oe
obtained by the use of mantles of thorium nitrate derived from the
mineral monazite. As a mineral it is widespread in the ancient
crystalline rocks of the globe, but as it seldom constitutes more than
a small fraction of 1 per cent of the rocks, it is impracticable to obtain
it directly from, that source. It is only where the rocks have decom-
posed and the grains of monazite have been concentrated in river or
beach sands that it can be obtained on a commercial scale.
The three countries of the world where monazite sand has been
produced in quantity are the United States, Brazil, and India,
although Norway and some other countries have ]^roduced small
amounts. From 1887 to 1895 the United States controlled the
world's markets, the material coming from stream sands in North and
South Carolina. In the latter year Brazilian monazite from the
State of Bahia entered the market and quickly replaced the product
from the United States, which has now declined to insignificant
amounts. In 1911 monazite from Travancore, India, entered the
market in competition with that from Brazil, but up to the present
the effect of this competition has not been determined. The prac-
tical monopoly which Brazil enjoyed from 1895 to 1911 may con-
tinue or Brazil may possibly give place to India, or the market may
be supplied jointly by the two countries. The material from. India
averages higher in its content of thoria, but there is considerable
doubt in regard to the extent of the Indian deposits. On the other
hand, Brazil is known to possess reserves sufficient' to meet the
world's needs for many years to come.
VIEWS OF THE CHILEAN NITRATE REGION.
Explosions in tho nitrate field, a few feet below the surface, throw the calichein a form easily handled 1 y
laborers, as shown in the upper picture. The lower picture shews the caliche piled up readv to 1 e
transported. 1 he nitrate deposits ol Chile form one of the greatest mineral monopolies in the'wcrld
662 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION,
The story of the Brazihan monazite industry is interesting, as
showing the way in which a neglected product may quickly assume
considerahle prominence. When John Gordon discovered rich
deposits of monazite beach sand he immediately entered into an
agreement with Welsbach to supply him with the needed material
for the Welsbach incandescent mantles which he was then producing.
For several years Gordon had the monopolistic control of all the
Brazilian monazite, and even at the present time is the most active
producer. He located rich deposits along the beaches in the States
of Bahia, Espirito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro, and later somewhat
lower grade deposits were found along some streams in the States of
Minas Geraes, Espirito Santo, and Rio do Janeiro
At first some places were found rich enough to ship just as the
material was dug, due to the fact that the ocean waves working over
the beach sand for many years had effectively concentrated the
monazite particles brought down from the interior by streams. The
concentration was so complete on account of the much higher specific
gravity of the monazite in comparison with most of the associated
rock minerals, the rich patches were exhausted, and in recent years
it has been necessary to erect concentrating plants to produce a
product high enough for shipment.
Until the outbreak of the war most of the Brazilian monazite went
to Germany, where the thorium nitrate was produced for shipment
to the incandescent mantle factories of the world. However, the
present indications are that the United States will soon be able to
replace Germany in this respect — a prospect especially pleasing on
account of the extensive use of mantles in this country.
Another of the rare earths which has recently received considerable
attention is zirconium, and thus far Brazil bids fair to control the
world's markets on account of the high-grade ore which that country
contains. The present use is mainly in the production of refractory
articles, for which it is especially well adapted. A further use has
been in the production of zirconium steel, which is still in the experi-
mental stage, although it has been claimed that it makes an unusually
resistant armor plate and is excellent for cutting tools. Zirconiferous
sands can be obtained in various parts of the world, but a Brazilian
product, sold under the trade name of "Zirkite," obtained in the
States of Sao Paulo and Minas Geraes, seems to be so much superior
that it will probably supply the world's demands for some time to
come. In addition, if the usual zircon sands come into use, Brazil
is also in a good position to control the world's markets on account
of the by-product zircon matei-ial obtained in the concentration of
monazite.
Of the mineral products in which the Americas 'produce the bulk
and dominate the world's niiirkets, radium has attracted especial
n
»•
^ ^«LA« • ««M^^^^^HH^H
WBi^^^mMki 1 vs^.
ii^ir«iiii^r£.
ftiyf ^:y.or,^^.4.fla|M
ft ■^-'r-^: -f .
THP: CHILEAN XlTliATE INDUSTRY.
Although there are several large deserts in the world, the arid region of Chile is the only one that nro-
duces nitrate. Upper picture: Nitrate workers being transported to worlc. Center picture- Diceine
the nitrate and ndinc-beanng earth. Lower picture: Travel de lu.xe in the nitrate region '
664 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
attention in recent years. The use of this rare metal in medicine is
known to everyone, although its efficacy in treatment of cancer and
other diseases is even yet a question of some dispute. Of perhaps
as great importance is its use in the manufacture of luminous paints,
for which there is an increasing demand. The first radium salts
were extracted from pitchblende from Bohemia by Madame Curie.
The interest aroused in her discovery stimulated search for radium-
bearing minerals in all parts of the world and w^th marked success.
It soon developed, however, that there were comparatively few
places where the ores were rich enough to warrant operations. At
the present time the United States is foremost in its production of
radium ores, and a recent report announces that the Bohemian
deposits are practically exhausted — a situation which gives increased
value to the carnotite deposits of Colorado, which seem to be suffi-
ciently extensive to supply the world's demands for many years.
Copper is one of the widespread mineral products in which no
country possesses a monopoly. The figures of production for 1916,
however, show that the United States produced almost two-thirds of
the world's total. Japan was second, then Chile, Canada, Mexico,
Spain and Portugal, and Peru. Altogether the Americas produced
almost three-fourths of the world's production. This control of one
of the most necessary metals is of extreme importance in international
commerce, and especially so on account of the necessity of most of
the European countries being compelled to purchase their supplies
on this side of the Atlantic. The outlook for the future is very
bright. The United States may soon reach its maximum produc-
tion, but Chile and Peru will undoubtedly rapidly increase, and per-
haps double or treble their present output within a comparatively
few years, if the developments now in progress and the latent oppor-
tunities in those countries furnish any criterion for prediction.
In comparison with copper, bismuth is of minor importance,
but its use in the manufacture of type metal, low fusible alloys
for safety plugs and fuses, and in medicine, places it among the
important economic metals. Bolivia holds the foremost position
as a l)ismuth producer, and Peru has recently developed an excel-
lent (h^posit. Australia is the only competing country of import-
ance. In Bolivia the bismuth ores are found in association with
the tin ores and are usually obtained as a by-product. On this
account they are produced at small expense, and so long as the tin
mines of the country continue to be worked there seems to be little
doubt but that Bolivia will control tlie world's markets. The
mines producing bisnmth are spread over an extensive region in
the high Andes and intermontane plateaus. The Peruvian deposit
near (V^rro de Pasco is inii({uc in that no other economic minerals of
THK BORAX INDUSTRY.
Borax is found in quantities in the United States, Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru The uoDcr
^m «blt^r;^P^f°r"^* ?l^^^V °" '^' Chilean-Bolivian border. Seme of the borax fo\^d in tWs re^Fon
prol>ably came from the volcanic gases emitted from this volcano. Center picture- A nitrate and
iodine reamng establishment. Lower picture: Borax refining establishment on Lak^\scotan ChUe
120S01— 10— Bull. G 4
666 THE PAN AMEEICAlSr UNION.
importance occur in association. A considerably increased produc-
tion could be made in both Bolivia and Peru if conditions warranted.
The world situation in regard to sulphur is an extremely inter-
esting one. For several generations Sicily controlled the world's
markets in spite of the fact that sulphur deposits are known in
various parts of the world. This position was maintained until
about 15 years ago, when a method of melting sulphur in the ground
and pumping it out was put into use in the United States. This
method yielded sulphur at such a low cost that the control quickly
passed to the United States, where it remains. The first sulphur
mines, or rather wells, were put down in Louisiana, and recent
operations have been started in Texas. Other undeveloped deposits
have been discovered. Under normal conditions it seems probable
that the United States might supply the world with sulphur and
practically close the Sicilian mines, although it is improbable and
inadvisable that any attempt of this kind should be made.
The petroleum supplies of the world are so largely derived from
the United States and Mexico up to the present time that these
countries decidedly dominate and so control the markets. The
first oil well ever drilled was put down in western Pennsylvania in
1859, and ever since the United States has led in oil production.
Soon, however, the maximum output will be reached, after which
a decline will come about. However, the present and prospective
developments on both sides of the Andes in South America furnish
promise of the control still remaining in the countries of the Western
Hemisphere, even though the United States may lose its present
leadership. In addition, enormous quantities of petroleum are
locked up in the oil shales of the Rocky Mountains. These will
undoubtedly become available before many years, so soon as more
economical methods of distillation are devised or the increased cost
of petroleum extraction enables this product to compete with the
material pumped from the ground.
In the gem line the Americas furnish a great variety, but only a
few of them are so different from the same varieties in other parts
of the world that they are especially prized. The emeralds of the
Muzo district, Colombia, and the topazes and amethysts of Brazil
have won places for themselves in competition with similar stones
of other countries and have an important part in supplying the
demands for these gems. There are also others that might be men-
tioned except for lack of space.
Colombia has furnished beautiful deep green emeralds ever since
the sixteenth century, and although the mines have not been in
operation for several years, they are not exhausted and will doubt-
less continue to contribute to the world's supply. The deposits
are inidcr (he control of the Government and leased to the operators.
■
■
1
^M
H
r
-^H
B
F
1
J
Upper picture: A four-foot stratum of carnotite and vanadium ore between the points
marked by the hat and the spade blade. Lower picture: Another picture of a stratum of
carnotite and vanadium ore.
668
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
A ])i'own variety of topaz has })een found in considerahle quantity
in Minas Geraes, Brazil, and amethysts from Rio Grande do Sul have
long been sought by the jewelers of the world.
The last mineral product to be mentioned is a variety of graphite
found in northern Mexico, which has become recognized as the
standard product in the manufacture of lead pencils. The graphite
has been formed by a bed of coal having been converted into crystal-
line carbon by the heat produced by an intrusion of igneous rock.
The quantity is large and the product is now recognized as so much
superior to other graphite for i)encils that it is shipped to pencil
manufacturers in the United States and European countries that
themselves contain important graphite deposits. Its predominance
in supplying the pencil trade, practically amounting to a monopoly,
is based on its peculiar characteristics. Such recognition is a sufficient
indorsement of its merits.
There is little doubt but that other mineral products besides those
mentioned may come to the minds of other persons as worthy of
discussion under the title of this article. The list given is not exhaust-
ive, but is the personal choice of the writer alone and, although not
complete, does indicate the eminent position which the Americas
hold in supplying the mineral needs of the world. What policies
the American nations shall adopt in regard to these valuable posses-
sions one can not predict, but with the j^roper appreciation of the
situation we may expect the formulation of constructive plans that
will benefit both the favored countries as well as the nations that
are compelled to purchase these necessary materials.
AVIATIO
STATES
>,i i i
X f X.X. f J. J. J..
11^1 IE, li
jERHAPS m no field of enterprise developed under the stimulus
of the European war have sucli advajices been made as in
that of aviation. While still in its experimental stage at
the beginning of this deadly international struggle, the
possibilities of the aeroplane as an instrument of war were quickly
realized by all the belligerent nations, and hence there was started an
almost feverish activity in Europe to develop the science of flying.
The military element in some of the countries had foreseen the strug-
gle for the mastery of the air, and when the war began were much
better prepared to meet the demands for certain types of machines
especially adapted to war purposes than were other countries where
the peaceful uses of aviation had been the main consideration.
In the United States, the birthplace of the heavier-than-air
machine, apparently far removed from even the possibihties of a
serious war, the Government had given but little attention to this
phase of usefulness of an American discovery, and it was only after
the country became directly involved in the struggle that its genius
for invention and powers of mechanical production were brought
into ]:«lay. During the short time that has elapsed since actual
participation in the war called forth special effort, the development
of aviation in this country has been remarkable. While it is true
that the United States did not develop the small, single-seat fighting
planes needed in scouting, pursuit, and other special war uses, the fact
is that it did develop the larger types of airplanes, which are now
found fit for commercial as well as for war purposes. In short, the
achievements of the United States in aviation are many and varied,
and perhaps a brief review of these will not be without interest.
Fifteen years ago the first successful flight was made in a heavier-
than-air machine by Wilbur Wright, and a few years later, in 1908,
the first public flights of the Wright Brothers were witnessed near
the city of Washington. D. ('. Great public interest was manifested
in this realization of the dream of the ages, the President and Members
of Congress being frequently present whenever a flight was in prospect.
The flights were successful, aU Government tests were passed,
and the first machine was actually purchased by the Government.
And then, strange as it may seem, interest in flying on the part of the
Government practically ceased, for during the following eight years
1 Ey Capt. Max L. Mc "ollDugh, Reserve Military Aviator, Air Service, U. S. Army.
6C9
670 THE PA:Nr American union.
the entire appropriations by the United States for military aero-
nautics, amounted to less than $1,000,000.
The nations of Europe, on the contrary, in their cjuest for military
advantage, quickly saw the value of what had happened near Wash-
ington, and France, in particidar, during the years following, was
responsible for the principal advances in construction and design of
airplanes.
Thus it happened that when war was declared the United States
found itself with but a handful of fliers and very few training planes.
There was no aviation industry in the country and only a very few
professional men trained as aeronautical engineers and designers. In
this respect the problem of developing the air program for military
purposes was unique, as, with the exception of a few men, there was
no one in the whole country with experience in the designing or build-
ing of even the simplest training planes.
The progress made by the United States during the year and a half
of war, the difhculties overcome, and the actual accomplishment in
the realm of invention, design, and manufacture is something which
to be appreciated needs only to be known. It will, perhaps, be inter-
esting to consider briefly the development of aviation and the pro-
duction of aviation material in the United States during this period.
National interest and national determination are shown frequently
by the appropriations voted by Governments for any given object.
One month after the Nation found itself at war $10,000,000 was
appropriated by Congress for the expenses of the air program. This
was followed by an appropriation of over $30,000,000, and a month
later, July, 1917, by the largest appropriation ever put through
Congress for one specific purpose— $640,000,000. These large sums
of money, combined with the inventive genius, the ability for quan-
tity production, and the intelligence and adaptabihty of skiUed labor
of the country, explains the rapid development of the air service and
the building up of an airplane industry of truly large proportions.
When the United States entered the war the personnel of the air
service consisted of 65 officers and 1,120 men. When the armistice
was signed the total strength was slightly over 190,000, comprising
about 20,000 commissioned officers, over 6,000 cadets under training,
and 164,000 enlisted men. In addition to the cadets under training
the flying personnel was composed of about 11,000 officers, of whom
approximately 42 per cent were with the Expeditionary Force when
hostilities ceased. The air service constituted slightly over 5 per
cent of the total strength of the Army. More than 10,000 fliers
have been trained in this country since its entrance into the war.
Students have flown more than 950,000 hours, which 'is the equiva-
lent of 67,000,000 miles, and with a record of fatal accidents aston-
ishingly few. The monthly average in the United States has been 1
:jllilt'";if;:
672 THE PAN AMERICAlSr UNION.
fatality for each 2,725 hours flown — a percentage shown by statistics
to be lower than that of any other of the allied countries.
THE LIBERTY MOTOR.
In the realm of invention, design, and rapid production on a large
scale the Liberty aircraft engine holds first place in the records o
the air program. Maj. Gen. George O. Squier, chief signal officer of
the Army, gave in an address before the American Institute of
Electrical Engineers in New York City many interesting facts and
figures on aeronautics in the United States at the signing of the
armistice. He says:
As we look back on the record of accomplishment in the problem of obtaining large
niiml)ens of high-powered aviation engines for our Army and Navy air services, both
in this country and abroad, it seems to those of us who were in close contact with the
work and the difficulties more like a fairy tale than the statement of hard facts, which
it is in reality. On the face of things it certainly would seem to be the height of
presumption to assume that this country could, following its almost total neglect of
aviation development in previous years, hope to design, develop, and produce in
unprecedented quantities an acceptable aircraft engine of greater power than had
yet been evolved by any of the European nations, even under their spurs of govern-
mental encouragement and tremendous war demands. Yet just that and nothing
else was the only thing to do, and the story of its doing is one of the most brilliant
chapters in the history of our country's part in the great war. * * *
So well recognized did the value of the Liberty engine become that the Allies had
on order at the time of signing the armistice 16,741 Liberty engines, and were con-
stantly endeavoring each to increase their rate of monthly delivery. Airplanes were
being designed around this engine in all allied countries, and it was fast becoming
the predominating aeronautical engine of the allied cause.
It is of interest in this connection to note that this standardized engine already
has been tested in the 24-cylinder model, and showed results which will prove that
the original basic idea will provide for engines of any size which would have been
retjuired for any probable increase in airplane size during years of continuation of
the war. The 16-cylinder was also proved by the success of the larger engine.
More than 16,000 Liberty engines were produced in the calendar
year 1918. To June 15, 1919, more than 20,000 Liberty engines
wxre prcxhiced, o([uivalent to 8,000,000 brake horsepower.
PRODUCTION OF SERVICE PLANES.
Sliortly after the declaration of war a commission was sent abroad
to select types of foreign service planes to be put into production in
this country. We were confronted with the necessity of redesigning
these models to take the Liberty motor, as foreign engine production
was insufficient to meet the great demands of the Allies. The first
successful type of plane to come into quantity production was a
modification of the British DeHaviland 4 — an observation and day
bombing plane. The first deliveries were made in February, 1918.
In May pro(kiction began to increase rapidly, and by October a
SL>&\ :B.
674 THE PAN AMERICAlSr UNION.
monthly output of 1,200 had been reached. Approxnnately 1,900
were shipped to the Expeditionary Force prior to the termination of
hostihties.
On November 11, 1918, there had been developed, tested, and
adopted by the United States Army four airplanes on which quantity
production would have started early in 1919. They were the Lepere,
cfpiipped with the Liberty engine; the United States DeHaviland
9-A, designed for and equipped with the Liberty engine; the Martin
Bomber, equipped with two Liberty engines; and the Loening two-
seater fighter, equipped with the 300 horsepower Hispano-Suiza
engine, also being turned out in quantities.
To turn out the .vast number of engines and planes shipped over-
seas an industrial army of some 350 firms and corporations, employ-
ing more than 200,000 men and women, was organized. Existing
airplane and motor factories were greatly enlarged and new factories
of enormous size built and equipped with the best of machinery and
appliances. Some of these facilities will no doubt be used in peace
times for other things, but a large number will continue to manu-
facture planes and aeronautical supplies to meet the demands of
the air service and the commercial development of aerial naviga-
tion.
IN THE FIELD OF RESEARCH.
Helium. — Many achievements were scored in the research field.
Chemists of the LTnited States worked out a commercially practi-
cable method of obtaining noninflammable helium gas for balloons
and airships, thus placing these lighter-than-air craft on a more
ecpial footing with the airplane type. Maj. Gen. Squier says:
One of the greatest achievements of the present war from a technical standpoint
is the production of helium in balloon quantities. This gas is noninflammable and
has about 92 per cent of the buoyant effect of hydrogen. Its name is due to its
having been discovered in the sun's atmosphere, tlirough a characteristic line in
the solar spectrum, before its presence on the earth or any of its properties were
known. Its prewar scarcity may be appreciated from the fact that up to two
years ago not more than 100 cubic feet ever had been obtained, and the usual sell-
ing price wan about $1,700 a cubic foot. Thanks partly to the unusually rich sources
of sui)ply in this country , and partly to the skill of the two commercial companies
whose services were enlisted, and to the enthusiasm of the Bureau of Mines staff
and of Mr. Carter, of the Navy, who for a time represented the Army as well in the
projec-t, such success was achieved that, at the cessation of hostilities, there was
com])ressed and on the dock ready for floating 147,000 cubic feet of nearly pure
helium, and plants were under construction to give at least 50,000 cubic feet a day
at an estimated cost of not more than 10 cents a cubic foot.
The production of a balloon gas that assures safety from fire opens up a new era
for the dirigible balloon. In November, 1917, a Zeppelin made the trip from Bul-
garia to German East Africa with 25 tons of medicines and munitions only to find
that the German force.s already had been dispersed, and returned safely to its base
without landing. With a noninflammable gas, not only comfortable and expeditious
but also safe, transcontinental and trans-Atlantic travel in dirigibles will, it is
believed, soon be commonplace.
676 THK PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Airplane fabrics. — ^As early as January, 1916, the Bureau of Stand-
ards started investigating the possibilities of substituting cotton for
linen airplane fabric, and found that the general consensus of opinion
among manufacturers and investigators here and abroad was that
cotton fabric could not be used for wing coverings. Their difficulties
were due to the fact that they attempted to substitute structure of
fabric rather than physical properties. The linen fiber lias radically
different properties from the cotton fiber, and the only hope for suc-
cessful cotton airplane fabrics was so to change their structure that
the ultimate fabric had the same properties as tlie linen fabric.
'I'lic investigation was confined to the study of stresses and stress
distribution in fabrics, together with the factors covering the proper-
ties of cotton fabric as related to wing covering. Tliis phase of cotton
manufacturing was an entirely new one, and great difficulty was
expei'ienced in studying the manufacture from a new angle, on
account of the limited time available.
The grade A cotton fabric now being supplied to the air service
compares favorably with the linen regarding weight, has a much
liigher factor of safety, a greater tear resistance, and dopes up to
satisfactory tautness. The life of any fabric is dependent entirely
u])on the life of the dope, and therefore the cotton has as long a life as
thi' linen. The English Government became concei'iied about its
linen supply, and also adopted the fabric designed by the bureau.
As a result of more recent investigations by tlie Bureau of Standards,
another distinct fabric lias been evolved which is 25 per cent fighter
than any linen fabric now in use and is materially stronger.
Inventions. — The Science and Research Division of the Signal Corps
accomplished many things of interest and value to aviation, a few of
whicli may be mentioned here.
A telescopic signahng device was developed, using a 6- volt, 2-ampere
lamp. It has made possible light signaling in broad dayliglit over a
distance of 18 miles.
Secret signaling at niglit, witli the aid of ultra-violet light, was per-
fected. Willi simple signaling telescopes of the sort mentioned above,
using only a G-volt, 2-ampere lamp, secret signals have easily been
sent f) miles. New means of adapting this method to the problems of
signaling to airplanes and secret signaling between convoys were
develoj)ed. This device will be of much use in peace as well as in
times of war.
Propaganda balloons have been ])roduced which have a range of
more than 1 ,000 miles. This is an accomplishment which is invaluable
to the future development of aviation, particularly with reference to
trans-Atlantic flights whether in i)eace or in war.
Means foi- navigating airplanes with the aid of the sextant and
artificiiil hoi'izon have also been developed, a^ have also means of
Courtesy of United States Air Service
MODERN IXVEXTIONS IN AVIATION.
A hng itep forward in avia ion was taken when tho airplane radio telephone apparatus was invented.
1 he upper picture shows Col. Culver, to whom a great deal of credit must be given for the perfection of
this apparatus, talking with aviators hundreds of feet in the air. B v this means it is possible to direct
the movMnents of the airmen according to the wish of the commanding officer on the grcund Lower
picture: The Liberty aircraft motor and the pilot's cockpit.
678 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
speedy rechiction of observations, so that an observer in a plane can
locate himself with an average error of not more than 10 nautical
miles within five minutes after he makes his observation. This will
be of great value in long fhghts.
A bomb-sight stabilizer has been perfected which reduces the main
error now made in bombing — namely, the error in the determination
of the vertical — by more than threefold. Wlien it is remembered that
a threefold increase in the accuracy of bombing is equivalent to the
multiplication by three of the production of bombing planes, the
importance of a device of this kind is readily seen.
VOICE-CONTROLLED FLYING.
Probably the most spectacular development has been the invention
and perfection of the airplane radio telephojie apparatus, by means of
which the human voice can be used to communicate between the
airplanes in flight and over long distances and from airplanes to the
ground. The comparatively recent perfection of this device is the
only reason why they were not more generally used in the operation
of the western front in France.
In tlie advanced flying scliools of the United States a special course
of instruction was given in this voice-controlled, or voice-commanded
(commonly called V-C) flying. In this work the leader of a forma-
tion keeps in constant touch with ejich member of his party and
directs movements and evolutions eitlier of one plane or of tne whole
formation, whether they be near by or at a distance of several miles
away. The leader is in touch also with the ground and can talk at
wiU and receive messages from headquarters.
Airplane telephone set. — Prior to April, 1917, a few experiments had
been made, in whicli speech had been transmitted from airplane to
ground by radio methods, but tlie aj^paratus involved was hopelessly
crude. The present airplane radioplione, therefore, is the result of a
])cri()d of intensive development work, begun shortly after we entered
the war. Speech was exchanged between airplanes 25 miles apart in
October, and sample sets were sent at once to tlie Army in France
for trial. Several thousand sets were ordered and have been com-
pleted and distributed to flying fields here and to the air service in
France.
Tlie satisfactory performance of this apparatus has resulted in a
new type of military unit known as the voice-commanded squadron,
mentioned above. The commander of an air fl.eet now directs the
movements of tlie individual units in any manner desired; the effec-
tiveness of (lie s((uadron as a military machine is thereby enormously
increased.
Oilier uses ai'c in communicating information from airplanes to
grouncrstafions, and in directing one'or more airplanes from a ground
^ ■'3 <i^
2 g.s
» SI
680 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
station. Iiinumerablo applications will l)e evolved as the possibilities
are realized.
The essential elements of the airplane radiophoiie are the power
e(jiii]iment, the radio equipment, and the antenna. The operation
of the sets is extremely simple, all adjustments being made before
leaving the ground. The only manipulation required of the aviator
is that of the change-over switch to change from talking to listening.
THE AIRPLANE DIRECTION FINDER.
One of the principal problems of airplane navigation has been the
evolution of a suitable compass, particularly for niglit bombing work.
Magnetic gyroscopic compasses have limitations at present which
make impossilde reliable air navigation by dead reckoning.
The use of directional effects of loops or coils for receiving radio
signals have resulted in the development of a radio compass for air-
jjlanes wliicli give positive information to the aerial navigator, and
enables him either to locate his position by triangulation with respect
to two beacon land stations, or to fly at any given angle with respect
to a certain beacon station.
The precision of the directional effect is remarkable. In fact,
the radio direction finder may well be called a radio eye, by which
the aerial navigator sees one or more radio lighthouses which are
sending identifying signals to guide him on his way. These light-
houses, furthermore, have certain advantages over the normal light-
house in that their ranges may be much greater, and they are not
invisible in the daytime nor obscured by fog and mist.
The I'emarkable advances made during the last 18 months have
resulted in the application of radio communication to practically
every phase of military aviation. Commercial and military possi-
biUties have, however, hardly been touched as yet. It is believed
that radio apparatus soon will be as essential on aircraft as it now is
on ocean-going steamships, and that its use will enormously increase
the effectiveness of aircraft for all purposes, either of war or peace.
The fact that the United States depended on Europe for its strictly
combat planes during the war may some day be referred to as an
argument in favor of the superiority of this country in matters
ncronautical: for, instead of specializing on a type of plane useful
only in war, emphasis was placed on the development of the larger
types of phmes, which now with few modifications are proving of
great value in the ])i'oader field of endeavor — that of commercial
aviation.
THE FUTURE.
Great as have been the accomplishments in the realm of aviation
during the war, far greater and more useful achievements are still
ahead in the days of peace, now happily at hand. The apparently
120801— 19— Bull. &
682 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
impossible has been accomplished, and will continue to be again.
No one can foresee the tremendous development of commercial
aviation in peace times, but we know that it will be both great and
varied and that the United States will contribute its full share to the
conquests of the air.
Brig-. Gen. William Mitchell of the United States Air Service, has
well said:
America is a nation of initiative and has many men with inventive minds. This
much is established from either an economic or a military standpoint, that henceforth,
whoever holds the mastery and supremacy of the air will hold the supremacy and
mastery of all the elements— namely, the air, the land, and the water. If we are to
hold the mastery of the land and sea, we must master the air as well. The United
States must organize to lead in aerial development, so that the country that invented
the au-plane may also be a leader in its expansion and use.
The United States has built up a large new industry in the manu-
facture of airplanes and airplane material. Large factories are now
turning their attention to the commercial needs of aviation. This
country will not only be able to supply its own needs, but also,
with its schools, its flying fields, and its manufacturing establish-
ments, will encourage and aid the development of this new science
in our sister Republics in Latin America.
COMBINING AIT AID MU-
IN the American Museum of Natural History, of New York City,
there are some superb examples of present-day methods of por-
traying animal habitats, and these exhibits have been there
for a comparatively long time, perhaps 16 or 17 years, so that
many, many people have seen them and are familiar with them.
On the other hand, there are several millions of our inhabitants
who have never so much as heard of these unique exhibits. They
are extraordinary productions, most of these ''groups," and in
many instances produce a picture upon the mind of the beholder
which is not easily effaced in a lifetime.
First, the technique of what is here to be described, and further
on the professional requirements of the artist and the taxidermist,
will be touched upon.
To build up one of these elaborate pieces the artist will need to
have at hand everything in the way of pigments, brushes, easel,
and so on, that he customarily employs in his professional work
1 By Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, Washington, D. C.
634 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
when about to undertake the production of a high-class work of
art. Now, as an example of this kind of exhibits, we may select
the splendid marsh scene on the Calumet River, which is one of
the most attractive of the series here presented. As a rule, the
artist precedes the taxidermist in the task they are to complete
together; and prior to commencing his part of it, he must thoroughly
inform himself in regard to what is to be accomplished. Moreover,
he must be fully in touch with what the taxidermist has to achieve.
First the sky and distant view are to be portrayed on the back-
ground of the recess in which the group and the locality is to be
reproduced. Here the artist may be greatly assisted through the
use of photographs of the actual scene in nature, or a scene closely
simulating it. Next follows the painting of the middle distance,
which must be done with a full realization of all that is to constitute
the actual foreground. The pahiting for the whole scene must be
brought down, over the entire surface of the exhibit, to a plane where
the taxidermist may commence to work in his "accessories" and
the joining with this picture, in order that the latter may not be
easily detected or the deception revealed.
The painting of the artist may be to bring the scene, as a whole,
down to the foreground at one or more places, or it may not pass
the middle distance, it being left to the taxidermist to fill hi all of
the foreground. For example, if a forest of big trees is to be repre-
sented, the artist will not only paint the entire view in the distance
through the trees, but he will carry the latter down to the middle
distance — even almost to the foreground — when his coworker will
at that point introduce the trunks of the real trees and their imme-
diate surroundings into the foreground, posing the mounted animals
that are to occur there.
Some of the representations may be comparatively simple, as, for
example, a rolling prairie scene, composed as a setting for a dozen
antelope or so. Here the artist may have to ])aint only the distant
sky and low, undulating hills of the middle distance; while the
taxidermist would, from that area, bring down to the foreground an
actual model of a grassy hill and all that might occur upon it, to the
very feet of the observer. Upon this his mounted antelope would be
posed. On the distant and mid-foreground hills the artist can effec-
tively ])aint in the animals at the supposed distancesfrom the observer.
But the joining of the artist's and the taxidermist's work may be
far more complicated than this; very much more material, too, may
be required in the way of accessories. It will be noted, in the scene
referred to in a previous paragraph, that an actual- marsh must be
faithfully reproduced in tlie foreground by the taxidermist, and the
artist must match tliis up with his painting in the rear — and that on a
f];it surface. In this foreground not only must water be introduced,
but mud, rocks, a great variety of aquatic plants and other objects,
MUSEUM GROUPS.
The porcupines and the fox are stuffed animals, but so naturally posed by the taxidermist that they
ssem alive in their natural habitat. The snow and tree branches are artificial, while the back-
ground is supplied by the artist. These e.xhibits are so constructed that they will probably
show no depreciation after a full century has elapsed.
686 THE PAN AMERICAN^ UNIOISr.
birds' nests in situ, brush and bramble at the marsh's edge, stumps —
indeed, anything and everything that one may find in a real marsh in
nature. Half a dozen or more aquatic animals of the region, inhabit-
ing such a locality, may be effectively introduced; for instance, a
pond turtle or two, a water snake, a muskrat, dragon flies on the reed,
and the rest.
Rocks, reeds, old stumps, or logs may be collected in nature and in-
troduced bodily into the scene; whereas water, mud, marsh mire, and
similar accessories must be represented through the skillful use of
glass, actual earth or earthy materials, and so on. Glistening snow
is represented by powdered white glass and some other compositions.
All the animals are, of course, carefully mounted specimens, and
given the necessary poses or attitudes they assume in the localities
represented.
The artist may bring down into the foreground such a marsh;
for example, painting natural size the water, mire, reeds and bramble,
rocks and stumps, where the taxidermist leaves off. For instance,
some old stump may, in part — that is, the part toward the beholder —
be real; while where it is sawn off, so as to be placed against the flat
surface of the rear of the case, the artist joins it, painting the rest of
the stump in his scene. Sometimes the effect of such an artifice is
truly marvelous. One must study the combined result with unusually
close scrutiny to be sure where the artist left off and the taxidermist
accurately matched him up with his more or less real mat(,erial.
Many similar illusions can be successfully managed in such com-
binations. For example, the scene may be a heronry in a timbered
swamp, with scores of birds in their characteristic attitudes of flight
and repose. Where the artist comes into the foreground as far as he
safely can, some of the nests, trees, hanging moss, and all the rest,
is at the plane of mergence — in part painted, in part the real object.
This is sometimes carried so far that a bird may be divided in the
vertical plane, and the half brought against the surface of the rear
of the case, where the artist works in the surroundings with his
brush and the taxidermist brings it toward the foreground with his
materials. When all this is skillfully handled it becomes more than
difficult to discern, at a little distance, where one worker left off and
the other began.
Many things are to be gained through exhibiting mounted specimens
in museums in this manner, and it admits of the application of both
art and taxidermy of the very highest order. Indeed, unless land-
scape artists and animal painters of this very class are engaged to
undertake the artistic side of the work, and this seconded by the
very finest experts in taxidermy, the final result can i::)ut prove to be
an utter and miserable failure. Again, should the artist not perform
his share of the task creditably; should his views, skies, and scenery
fall to the level of mediocrity, it can have but the one effect of de-
688 THE PAX AMERICAN UNION.
predating the labors of the taxidermist, however well the latter may
have reproduced nature in the matter of the attitudes he has given
the various forms he has preserved, or such of the foreground ac-
cessories as he has introduced, such as woods, streams, marshland, or
mountain side.
When it is fully understood what the artist has before him, profes-
sionally, in work of the class here required, it is quickly realized that
the talent he possesses must be far above the usual standards. In the
first place, he is called upon to paint a picture on a very limited
surface — sometimes a general concaved one — which, when com-
pleted, will not only be in thorough harmony with the animals intro-
duced by the taxidermist, using the word animals in its broad zoo-
logical sense, including all living forms, but his scenic effects must
repeat the region represented in all particulars. In regarding it
one must feel the heat of the tropical forest, the breath of the snow-
covered prairie, or the desolation of the desert, as the case may be.
Not only this, but the artist must possess the peculiar skill of bringing
his painting down to the foreground, in that it may merge naturally
with what the taxidermist has there introduced. For instance, the
scene to be represented may be the home of our big prairie grouse —
the sage cock or ''cook of the plains." This would require the clear
blue sky of that western country, a few turkey buzzards sailing over-
head in the distance, and the Big Horn Mountains forming the far-off
background, but so handled as to give the observer the impression
that the foreground forms their natural extension toward the beholder.
This extension, the work of the taxidermist, should faithfully repro-
duce the typical western prairie, with its sage brush and cactus, its
dusty surface, and, withal, its barrenness. If the breadth and depth
of the scene admit of it, a rattlesnake, a buffalo skull, and one of the
smaller prairie rodents may be naturally introduced.
When such a group as this is completed through the combined skill
of the artists who made it; when nature has been faultlessly repro-
duced in every detail, it is truly remarkable how realistic is the effect.
When one stands a short distance away and intently gazes into it for
a httle while, the impression is that of being right on the ground,
rather than that of contemplating a scene which may not occupy more
space than the requisite number of feet to contain it in width, height,
and depth, which does not average above 6 by 10.
Many of tliose who read this article may be familiar with the
magnificent flamingo group in the American Museum of Natural
History. When correctly viewed from the proper distance, this
assemblage of our red flamingoes on their breeding grounds would
appear to contain several hundred mounted specimens, whereas
only comparatively few of them are thus prepared for the foreground ;
those in the background are the work of the painter. Here the
atmospheric effects are truly wonderful; and, after steadily gazing
COMBINING THE WORK OF THE TAXIDE
li.MIST AND Till-: A1:TI>T
™lrf olTl^e SreTfh^^work^T th^'a^xIkS '' '' ' ^"^P"-;° "^-" ^^at the bottom
The bird hoveriiraboves suspended b^^^^^^ P^^ P^^it^d by the museum artist.
swoop and seize the animal in the water^ ln^•lSlble wn-e m such a way that it appears about to
690 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
upon the scene for a few moments, it is by no means clifRcult for the
observer to imagine himself on the shore of one of the Bahama Keys,
when flamingoes bred there in thousands, with the actual scene before
him. The merging of what has been accomplished with the palette
and brush with the skillful work of the taxidermist is well nigh
perfect.
Many of these combinations are most clever, especially in the
matter of uniting the painted distance with what is tangible in the
foreground. In the Chicago Academy of Sciences where he is curator,
Mr. Frank M. Woodruff has now in the course of completion — if the
task has not already been performed — a most ambitious display of
this character. Recently he has been so good as to send me a beautiful
series of photographs of the various groups in that extensive exhibit,
and several of these are here reproduced, in order that some idea may
be formed of the character of such presentations. Two of these
pictures complement each other — that is, the left-hand margin of the
one with the ducks in the marsh unites with the right-hand margin
of the one wherein appears the osprey hovering over the swimming
muskrat. As thus joined they present a part of the Calumet Lake,
river, and dune region in the environs of the city of Chicago. It
represents that section as it appeared 40 years ago, with the various
species of mammals, birds, and reptiles that were to be seen there.
These photographs really tell their own story, especially after
what has been set forth above with respect to the way in which
such groups are built up. In the one in which the ducks appear
note how beautifully the artist's work merges with that of the taxi-
dermist— that is, the marsh in the foreground. And then to think
that this very exliibit is so skiUfuU}^ prepared that it wiU probably
present no depreciation after the passing of a full century of time;
and it is just possible that after the lapse of some such time this
section may be aU built up by man in bricks and stone. When
that day arrives, then, indeed, will these Calumet River scenes with
their faunal inhabitants be studied by the naturalists and others of
the generations to come.
A word as to the dimensions of these groups in tlie Chicago
Academy of Sciences and other points with respect to the exhibit.
On the 14th of January, 1919, Mr. Woodruff wrote me to tlie effect
tliat he had at last "photographed" the series in situ, and that he
liad met with great difficulty in finding a lens that would cut th©
depth of tlio room. "We have a limited space for our exhibits,"'
he says, "and when you see the 110 groups, each with a curved
background 11 iovt by 5, you can hardly realize the enormous
saving of space. At the end of the hall and the long center series
of groups you will notice a small exhibit facing you, which is really
a part of our large 76-foot group that is placed around the walls
of the room, and that is the scene on the Calumet River with the
COMBIXIXG ART AND MUSEUM EXHIBITS. 691
flying wood duck that I sent you some time ago. In tlie space
between the lower and upper series of groups is a large sky effect,
and all of our raptores, ducks, geese, etc., are mounted in pairs and
flocks, showing the wing markings and shapes, which tlie old style
of standing birds does not show."
To install exhibits of this character naturally recjuires a very
considerable financial outlay. The remarkable groups in the Clii-
cago Academy were made possible through the active support and
generous })ersonal donations of Mr. La Verne W. Noyes, president
of the academy. The results, however, have more than justified the
expense, for the groups have been inspected by some of our best
known naturalists, and the general consensus of opinion is that they
are exceptionally good and above adverse criticism. Exhibits such
as these lend themselves especially to the reproduction of the envi-
rons of rapidly growing cities in locations where these environs are
particularly- varied and interesting. For example, liad such groups
been prepared years ago of Manhattan Island above Fiftieth Street,
forming a part of some exhibit in a present-day museum capable
of doing it justice, what an attraction it would now ofTer tlie museum
goers of this generation.
About 15 years ago I saw a snapping turtle — ^and a pretty big
one— cross the dusty road at Broadway and One hundred and
sixtieth Street. On the right-hand side of the road some stone
quarrying was going on, and a bit of cat-tail marsh had been left
undisturbed there. Our snapper evidently thought that this, too,
was soon to be invaded, hence its attempt to reach safer territory.
In that cat-tail marsh one solitary pair of red-wing blackbirds had
nested, and in the ditch near at hand I dipped out with a hand
net as many little killifish as I needed for one of my aquariums.
T\lien I was a boy all of that section was in timber, which began
at about Sixtieth Street, and I can remember when the now extinct
wild passenger pigeons came there in tens of thousands to roost.
There were many fine artists in those days that could have painted
such scenes, but taxidermy had at that time by no means arrived
on the plane of an art, as in these days. John G. Bell was then
the great New York City taxidermist; he had just begun to mount
birds in conventional attitudes on manufactured limbs, in that from
a dozen to 50 might appear in one case,
^Ylien I first came to Washington in 1864, during Lincoln's
administration, the whole region below the Smithsonian Institution
and from Georgetown to the branch was one big cat-tail swamp.
Thousands of redwings nested there in the spring, and one met
witli no trouble in finding the nests of several species of rail, bittern,
herons, marsh wrens, and various other birds. Muslo-ats bred there
by the dozens; hundreds of gulls and terns hovered over the Poto-
Copyright by Harris & Ewing, Wasbington, D. C
to Salvador to oversee W^^ hn/.Hnnc°"'jV"]'^''''S"™'"l^ later to the United State!, but going back
politics and was acUvo in H^orn Sn?i„n?h'- V^ ^^? u"^" "^ ^he P:scaIona administration lie reentered
which time hlhas be™ no of (b^S *'"'°"^^ 7}^''^^ President Baraona's election was efiected, from
years he uasconsu'T onorern nT^v.V '°">'"?"'c."f' '''•;•'' '" "le public life of the country. For several
particular attenUon to t e r , MHp^ V eiezuela m Salvador. He has traveled extensivelV and devoted
L has K&ny stacere'^rrie^^^^^^^^ ''°°°'"^'' orgamzation of the United States, in Vhich country
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 693
mac, while tlie liald-lioad eagles and ospreys built just on the other
side in Virginia. AMiat a bird and mammal group that would have
made for the present National Museum. But, then, there were no
hand cameras in those days with whicli to take those scenes, and the
old daguereotypes were never used for such purposes.
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY^
^ ; AND COMMERCE ; ^ "
AEGENTINA.
According to La Nacion, a daily newspaper of Buenos Aires, in-
formation received at Rosario from New York, is to the effect that
United States shipowners hesitate to send their vessels to Rosario
because they have erroneously been led to believe that the Parana
River is not deep enough to permit the ascension of large vessels to
Rosario. Due to this mistaken impression some United States ves-
sels prefer to unload in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. That ocean
steamers can easily NAVIGATE THE PARANA RIVER is shown,
according to the newspaper referred to, by consulting tlie official
bulletin of the Parana River Commission, which shows that the
depth of water varies from 29 to 34 feet. Even in the periods in
which the river is not swollen there is more than sufficient depth to
accommodate ships of the deepest draft as far as Rosario. Captains
of United States vessels which have gone to Rosario to load wheat
will confirm this statement.
The consul general of the Argentine Republic in Mexico has re-
ported to the Argentine Government that, for the purpose of de-
veloping COMMERCE between the two countries, he has publislied
in the Mexican newspapers a comparative table showing the mer-
chandise now imported into Argentina which could be replaced by
similar Mexican products. Basing his calculations on iVi-gentine
statistics for 1916, the consul general estimates that Mexico could
send to his country goods valued at $40,000,000 annually, which is
the amount Argentina imported during that year of the following
articles: Coffee in the grain, raw cotton, tobacco, twine or tlii-ead for
sewing sacks, canvas, agave fiber, jute, naphtha, unrefined and crude
petroleum, jute sacks, jute cloth, hemp, chick peas, nuts, and beans.
He also believes that there are numerous articles which Argentina
could send to Mexico, especially since the New York & Cuba Mail
Steamship Co. is willing to transport freight from Buenos Aires to
Mexican ports at the rate of $30 per ton.
694 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Official data show that the EXPORTS OF MEATS during the
first two months of the present year increased considerably as com-
pared with the same period of 1918. In February last these exports
amounted to 188,353 frozen wethers and 512,845 quarters of frozen
beef. The exports from January to February, 1919, consisted of
319,151 frozen wethers and 1,099,360 quarters of frozen beef.
The sanitary bureau and the board of public works have reported
favorably upon the request of the NATIONAL PORTLAND
CEMENT FACTORY of Cordoba to allow its cement to be used in
the construction of Government works, and has also reported favor-
ably upon the request of the Sierra Bayas Cement Co. to officially
approve the cement manufactured by that concern.
According to the Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, there
are at present seven PAPER FACTORIES in operation in the Argen-
tine Republic, four of which are in Buenos Aires, two in Santa Fe,
and one in Cordoba. The capital invested in these factories aggre-
gates 18,998,000 pesos, as follows: In buildings and grounds,
4,483,000; tools and machinery, 9,930,000, and in other values,
4,235,000. The paper output in kilos in 1916 and 1917 was, respec-
tively, as follows: Wrapping paper, 13,162,605 and 5,293,231 ; news-
print paper, 3,706,375 and 863,710; paper for books and works,
7,386,950 and 2,098,590; and paper for other uses, 14,585,804 and
2,547,807. The paper manufactured is of a fine grade, but recently
considerable attention has been given to the making of news-print
paper, inasmuch as, on account of the war, it was difficult to obtain
an imported supply. The imports of news-print paper during the
five years from 1907 to 1911 were 92,636,837 kilos, or an annual
average of 18,527 metric tons. In the five-year period from 1912
to 1916, inclusive, the imports of-print paper were 137,636,523 kilos,
or an annual average of 27,527 metric tons.
Official statistics showing the production of MATE or Paraguayan
tea in the Argentine Republic have just been published. In 1917
there were gathered from the Government tea fields in Misiones
1,095,499 kilos of this tea, and from the tea fields of private pro-
ducers 1,500,000 kilos.
BOLIVIA.
According to a law of March 6, 1919, concerning the IMPORTA-
TION OF FUEL, imports of coal, crude petroleum, wood, coke,
anthracite coal, and similar products will be exempted from storage
charges when they are forwarded within two days and not later
returned to Government warehouses. Charges will also not be made
against other articles imported for use on the railroad lines under con-
struction in the country, the commodities being enumerated by the
law of December 6, 1910, or complementary fists. The materials,
AGRICULTURE, Il*fDUSTRY, A'NT) COMMERCE. 695
however, which are admitted free from federal or municipal taxes, to
be employed l)y the railways already in operation, are not exempted
from storage fees.
The following board of directors was elected for the term 1919-20
by a g(meral meeting of the CHMIBER OF CO^DfERCE OF
LA PAZ held late in March: President, Seiior Guillermo Morris; vice
president, Senor Moises Ormachea; secretary, Senor J. Adolf o Gon-
zalez; and treasurer, Senor Julio Alvarez.
The School of Arts and Crafts of Cochabamba has recently ampli-
fied the department of silk culture in an effort to encourage the
SILKWORM INDUSTRY.
BRAZIL.
Numerous and extensive FORESTS are found in Brazil, the most
important of which, due to the enormous lumber development of
the last few years, are the pine forests. From 1910 to 1918 the
exportation of Brazilian lumber has increased in a geometrical ratio,
two-thirds of these exports consisting of Parana pine. According
to data furnished by the Brazilian Bureau of Information the exports
of lumber, which in 1910 were valued at 1,223 contos (gold conto=
$546.20), rose in 1918 to 179,799 tons, valued at 21,090 contos. In
the two years referred to the exports of pine were, respectively,
2,422,178 kilos, valued at 150 contos, and 152,021,354 kilos, valued
at 16,825 contos. The best markets for Brazilian pine are Uruguay
and the Argentine Republic, to wliich countries there were exported
in 1918, respectively, 49,341,057 and 102,680,279 kilos.
At the agricultural and industrial exposition held recently in
Monte^ndeo Brazilian manufactured products were awarded some
of the best prizes. Brazilian manufacturers sent to that exposition
woven goods, boots and shoes, perfumes, drugs, manufactured iron,
dyes, cigars and cigarettes, and pottery. It is believed that the
Argentine Repu})lic, as well as Uruguay, mil prove to be excellent
markets for these products, some of which, such as fruits and pre-
serves, sugar, coffee, enameled iron ware, glass, perfumery, and lum-
ber already have a considerable demand there.
On March 11 last the official inauguration of the manufacture of
STEEL by means of the Tropend furnace took place in the war
ai-senal at Rio de Janeiro. The steel produced at the first trial was of
a superior quahty and will ])e utihzcd in the manufacture of different
pieces for ship construction.
During the first two months of the present year the EXPORTS
from Rio de Janeiro aggregated 198,428 packages, valued at 9,254
contos. Among the principal articles exported were lard, flour, and
cassava beans, valued, respectively, at 5,500, 510 and 530 contos.
The President of the Republic has been authorized by Congress
to utilize during the present year the credits granted the department
696 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
of agriculture in 1918 to import STOCK FOR BREEDING PUR-
POSES. He has likewise been authorized to transport free over
national and private transportation companies blooded animals for
breeding purposes, as well as agricultural and industrial machinery,
seeds, and fertilizers acquired by breeders and agriculturists.
The Executive has been authorized by congress to cede to the
State of Rio Grande do Sul, or to stockmen's associations of said State
as well as to companies that may so desire, the necessary lands
which he may have at his disposal near the port of the City of Rio
Grande for the establishment of PACKING HOUSES under such
conditions as he may deem proper.
According to statistics recently published the COFFEE produc-
tion in Brazil in 1917-18 amounted to 17,000,000 sacks, as com-
pared with 22,000,000 sacks representing the w^orld production
during that year, which was the largest on record with the exception
of the production of 1906-7 which amounted to 23,786,000 sacks, of
which 20,190,000 represented the output of Brazil. The United
States, where the average annual consumption is 10 pounds per
capita, imported from Brazil in 1917-18 coffee aggregating 744,000,-
000 pounds.
The cultivation of HOPS AND BARLEY, which were formerly
imported from Europe for the manufacture of beer, is rapidly being
developed in Brazil. Barley is being cultivated in increasing quanti-
ties in the State of Santa Catharina and in other southern States
of the Republic, while recently its cultivation was begun in the State
of Minas Geraes.
CHILE.
The Mercurio of Santiago, in its issue of March 27 last, publishes
the observations of a Chilean gentleman, who has just returned from
the Ignited States, on the difficulties in the way of encouraging
COMMERCE BETWEEN CHILE AND THE UNITED STATES.
The statement is made that exports of United States merchandise
to Chile arc forwarded under extremely burdensome conditions
which add enormously to the cost of the goods. For instance, a pair
of shoes which sell in the United States for .|4.00 bring in Chile 50
pesos or more (paper peso = about 19 cents). Nearly all of the im-
porting mcrcliants fail to order direct from manufacturers in the
United States, but, on the contrary, place their orders with United
States commission houses which earn large profits on transactions
with their South American customers. These commission houses
receive orders, send them to the factories without stating for whom
the goods are wanted, obtain the merchandise and foiward same to
Chile. The cost of the goods is further increased by adding railway
freight to New York, and consular fees. The gentleman in question
believes that this could be remedied if Chilean merchants would deal
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 697
direct with the factories, communicate with boards of trade of the
United States, correspond with industrial sections in the central
part of the country, make shipments through other ports nearer to
Chile than the port of New York, as, for example, New Orleans,
where merchandise could be sent to Chile without being subject to
the increased freight rates caused by shipping it via New York, and
especially by establishing new lines of steamers to ply between
New Orleans and southern ports.
COLOMBIA.
According to official statistics, there are 1,305,469 CACAO TREES
producing in the Province of Tumaco and 2,025 cultivators in use.
In the middle of April exploitation of certain SILVER, LEAD,
AND ZINC MINES in the vicinity of IT^ate, Department of Cundi-
namarca, was begun. The mines are the property of the Colombian
Metallurgical Co.
The Atlantic Department Assembly has passed a law creating an
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT ' STATION and founding the
Atlantic Agricultural Society.
On April 21, 1919, a 20-horsepower GASOLINE LAUNCH, to be
used in mail service between the port of Vanadia and the town of
Viento, on the Arauca River, was launched. It is the first gasoline
boat to be employed on the river.
COSTA RICA,
The PUNTARENAS ICE CO. has been organized in that port with
the purpose of manufacturing ice on a large scale. The enterprise is
backed by prominent business men, agriculturalists, and manufac-
turers.
CUBA.
Senor Rafael Martinez Ibor has returned from the L^nited States,
where he went to establish a NEW LINE OF STEAMERS to ply
between the L^nited States, Cuba, and Central America. The vessels
of the new line have been acquired by the Maritime Transportation
Board of the L'nited States and will sail under the flags of the L^nited
States and of Cuba. It is hoped that the maritime service of Cuba,
temporarily interrupted during the war, will soon be completely
reestablished. Among the lines which are now or soon will be
operating may be included the Taya vessels, the ships of the HoUand
Steamship Co., and the Key West line.
Due to the enormous production of sugar, the manufacture of
ALCOHOL from molasses promises to be one of the principal indus-
tries of the island. In the manufacture of a ton of sugar 40 gallons
of molasses are produced, out of which 16 gallons of alcohol can be
120801— 19— Bull. 6 6
698 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
distilled. As the present crop of sugar is estimated at 4,000,000 tons,
the importance of this industry will be at once seen. A considerable
part of Cuban molasses is exported, but at the present time steps
are being taken to establish 10 new distilleries on the island in order
to distill the alcohol from a larger quantity of the molasses produced.
The exports of alcohol from Cuba during the last few years were as
follows: In 1912, 200,518 gallons, valued at $50,130; in 1913, 229,478
gallons, valued at $52,871; in 1914, 173,941 gallons, valued at $31,684;
in 1915, 418,523 gallons, valued at $193,053; and in 1916, 2,570,329
gallqns, valued at $1,800,535.
The Koninklijke Holland Lloyd vSteamship Co. of Amsterdam
have decided to establish a LINE OF VESSELS for the transporta-
tion of freight and passengers between Coruna and Habana.
WHEAT CULTIVATION has been undertaken in the Province of
Camaguey. The present crop promises a good yield. The wheat
sown is of the class known as buckwheat.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
The Department of Fomento and Communications of the Domini-
can Government states that 16 ^ kilometers of MACADAM HIGH-
WAY between the city of Santo Domingo and Los Alcarrizos have
been completed, as well as 50 kilometers of the road between Monte
Cristy and Santiago. The macadam section of the national highway
between La Vega and Moca is being built under contract and is ex-
pected to be completed by January 1, 1920. The section between
Santiago and Navarrete, which is being constructed by the Govern-
ment out of macadam and gravel, is expected to be completed by
the close of the present year.
The Department of Posts and Telegraph advises that wireless
COMMUNICATION is now available to the public between the city
of Santo Domingo and Guantanamo, and by cable from the latter
place to the United States.
The SOCIETY OF APICULTURISTS recently met in the city of
Santo Domingo to discuss the needs of the beekeeping industry and
to encourage measures tending to increase the production of honey
in the Dominican Republic.
At a meeting of the stockholders of the Interior Packing Co., held
in the city of Santo Domingo in April last, the name of the corpora-
tion was changed to MIDLAND PACKING CO.
ECUADOR.
On February 26, 1919, 64,000 sacks of CAC^AO, valued at over
4,000,000 sucres (sucre = $0.4867 U. S. gold), were shipped on the
Steamship Suiderdizk from Guayacpiil for Havre. The ship was
chartered by the Mercantile Bank of New York to receive the ship-
AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 699
ment of 100,000 quintalos, the laro:est and most valiiahlo cargo of
cacao that lias ever boon shipped from the port in one boat.
The Bulletin of the Chamber of Commerce and Agriculture of
Guayaquil announces that during the month of ^farch 4,660,819
kilos of CACAO were exported from that port, of which 1,736,609
were shipped through the agricultural association and 2,924,210
through individuals. Of the total amount shipped, 2,873,098 kilos
were to go to Xew York and 381,937 to San Francisco, by which it is
seen that the United States received more than three-fourths of the
total exportation.
According to the report of the inspection superintendent of the
CURARAY RAILWAY concerning the work carried out during the
month of April, kilometers 34, 35, 36, 37, and 38 of the line have
been embanked and are ready for the rails, 19,059 cubic centimeters
of earth having been excavated during the month and four drainage
culverts constructed. In February 19 trips were made over the
line by the train, a total of 1,210 kilometers being traversed, and
600 tons of construction material were hauled, 70 tons of miscella-
neous baggage, 553 first-class and 1,034 second-class passengers
transported, not including workmen and employees.
El Guante, of Guayaquil, states that after along period of inactivity
the TOQUILLA STRAW HAT is in great demand, and the market
of Jipijapa, the center of the industry, is very busy. It is reported
that the headquarters of their manufacture is becoming known in
Europe, where the hats have heretofore been inappropriately called
"Panama hats," and "Jipis," an abbreviation of '"Jipijapa," is now
being used to distinguish them.
HAITI.
According to press information extensive work will be undertaken
by the Government in the PLAIN OF CUL-DE-SAC with a view to
irrigating this vast territory, where large crops of sugar cane and
other tropical products could be raised.
nOXDURAS.
The Homluran engineer Senor Ruben Bermudez has obtained a
concession from the federal government by which he may establish
a FLOUR MILL, with a daily capacity of not less than 25 barrels
of flour of 200 pounds each, in any part of the departments of
Cortes, Santa Barbara, or Copan. He may import all the wheat
necessary to keep the mill in operation and distribute seed among
the agriculturists of the section, according to the terms of his con-
tract, in return for which privileges he will encourage the development
of the industry in the departments mentioned, furnishing the amount
of wheat seed the mayors of various municipaUties estimate is needed
700 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
free of cost to the farmers for the fii*st two years the concession is
in force.
A prospector from the United States who has made several explor-
ing trips through Honduras informs the press that rich PETROLEUM
DEPOvSITS exist in the departments of Mosquitua, Olancho, and
Santa Barbara, which might be profitably exploited.
MEXICO.
Press reports state that the RAILWAY between the city of
Durango and the port of Mazatlan will be completed by the end of
tlie year, as construction has already progressed beyond the city of
Llano Grande and is being pushed rapidly. The hne will undoubtedly
be a prominent factor in the development of commerce, mining, and
agriculture in the country, not only because of the wealthy character
of the region it traverses but more especially because it will connect
the interior directly with the port.
The fact that by the middle of May of this year six companies had
been formed to exploit the OIL WELLvS of the central plateau in
the State of Durango proves that there is oil in the interior as well
as on the coasts of the American Continent. The latest concessions
applied for are for sections on the El Faro ranch in the district of
Mapimi, Durango.
The CORN PRODUCTION of 1918 totaled 1,128,570,535 kilo-
grams, according to reports made by the governors and chambers of
commerce of the various States to the department of agriculture.
In 1918 the TOTAL PRODUCTION OF COTTON amounted to
79,293 tons, of which 20,603 were raised in Lower Cahfornia, 35,101
in the State of Coahuila, 12,566 in Tepic, 8,250 in Durango, 410 in
Jahsco, 912 in Oaxaca, 618 in vSinaloa, 605 in Sonora, and 588 in
Veracruz.
The RADIO TELEGRAPHIC STATION of the port of Tampico
was ofhciaUy opened the middle of May. The transmitters operate
for a distance of 500 miles during the day and 2,000 miles at night.
According to statistics pubhshed by the secretaryship of industry
and commerce relative to the drilhng of OIL WELLS throughout
the Repubhc, 56 wells were drilled in the last two months of 1918.
The Mexican press announces that the secretaryship of agriculture
wiU foster the establishment of AGRICULTUR.iL COLONIES in
various parts of the Republic by encouraging the small landholder,
having appointed several commissions of engineers to survey certain
tracts of lands to be used for the purpose after concessions previously
granted have been annulled.
With the purpose of encouraging INDUSTRY, the Government
of the State of Coahuila has exempted all factories and industrial
plants which may be organized within its jurisdiction from all taxes
and assessments.
AGEICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AXD COMMERCE. 701
A corporation has been organized in the city of Los ^Vngeles, Calif.,
composed of Mexican and American capitahsts, for the exploitation
of the Cerro del Mercado IRON MIXES in the State of Durango.
A PAPER FACTORY which will utilize the bark and leaves of the
banana so extensively grown in the southern and southeastern States
of the Republic has been established in Mexico. The fruit of the trees
will be used for the manufacture of banana flour.
The Mexican press announces that experiments with an AUTO-
MATIC TRAIN SIGNAL have proved very satisfactory. The in-
vention, which was made by a Mexican mechanician, consists of a
manometer signal which may be used with the air-brake system em-
ployed on locomotives, and which acts in response to pressure released
by a movable bar along the track near the places where the dispatcher
may need to stop a train or diminish its speed. The device is so
arranged that even in case the engineer is not at his post or has failed
to comply with his orders, the train is automatically stopped before
reaching the point of danger.
According to a recent presidential decree a new COMMERCIAL
AGENCY will soon be established in the city of Chicago, pleasing
results having been obtained by such agencies already in operation
in St. Louis, San Francisco, New York, New Orleans, and Barcelona.
On May 6, 1919, the first AUTOMOBILE STAGE ROUTE in the
Republic was opened between Huichapan and Tocozautla, in the
State of Hidalgo, a distance of 25 kilometers. The line will accom-
modate both passengers and freight.
NICARAGUA.
According to official data the number of TOBACCO PLANTS
under cultivation in the Republic of Nicaragua at the present time
is 9,061,706.
Under a contract made by the department of fomento with Pedro
Jose Cerna the Government of Nicaragua grants to Seiior Cerna a
30-year concession in which to fish for TORTOISE SHEELS, CORAL,
AND :M0THER-0F-PEARL on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua and
the islands adjacent thereto, with the condition that the conces-
sionaire agrees to establish in the country within the next five years
one or more factories in which to prepare these products for the
market.
Under date of March 4 last Congress enacted a law providing for
the ADJUDICATION OF LANDS to the inhabitants of the Mesquite
Reserve.
Cristobal Najera has obtained from the National Government ex-
clusive permission to manufacture SAFETY MATCHES and sweet
chewing gum, the latter to be placed on the market under the name
of "Chiclets." The concession specifies that said articles are to be
made exclusively from raw materials produced in the country.
702 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
All executive decree of March 26 last prescribes that the requests
referred to in article 1 of the decree of January 1, 1918, concerning
the CUTTING OF TIMBER shall only be made before the minister
of f omen to (promotion), and that pending investigations before the
subdelegations of the treasury should be sent to the same depart-
ment to be concluded there.
The Executive power has been authorized by Congress to sell at
public auction the RAILWAY MATERLVL belonging to the State
at various places on the Atlantic coast of the Republic. -
PANAMA.
A member of the legislative council of New Zealand has requested
the ]>oard of trade in Colon to furnish data concerning the possible
COMMERCIAL INTERCHANGE of Panama with that country.
New Zealand can export to Panama frozen mutton, butter, cheese,
and apples.
PARAGUAY.
With the purpose of maintaining cordial commercial and scientific
relations between the members of the pharmaceutical guild and
foreign scientific institutions which may in any way stimulate the
commercial and professional development of pharmacy in the country,
the National Pharmaceutical Association of Asuncion has voted to
open a PERMANENT EXPOSITION OF PHARMACEUTICAL
PRODUCTS on May 12, 1919, to include biological, chemical, and
industrial products; surgical supplies; modern physical, chemical,
and pharmaceutical laboratory appliances, and all modern apparatus
used in the pharmaceutical and drug professions.
PERU.
The National Government has appropriated the sum necessary
for the completion of the HIGHWAY which will connect the provinces
of Lima and Chancay with those of Cajamarca, Bolognesi, Dos de
Mayo, Huari, and Huamilies.
According to the report of the Peruvian consulate in Portland,
Oreg., 11,009,811 feet of OREGON LIMBER, valued at $279,441,
were exported through that port to Peru.
The minister of the treasury has notified the prefects of the depart-
ments of Junin and Loreto by telegram that the National Govern-
ment has ordered the construction of a RAILROAD FROM NINA-
CACA TO THE PACHITEA RIVER, following the natural route
along the Ucayali river and providing an easy method of communi-
cation with the eastern part of the Republic.
SALVADOR.
A presidential decree of April 14 places DRY CHEESE imported
from other Central American countries on the list of products which
enter free of duty, thereby modifying the decree of January 14, 1916.
AGRICUirURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE. 703
URUGUAY.
The FOREIGN COMMERCE during the month of January of
the present year included: imports, statistical valuation, 2,470,440
pesos; real value, 4,444,321 pesos; exports, statistical valuation,
11,090,409 pesos; balance in favor of Uruguay, 6,646,088 pesos.
The statistical valuation of the importations of January, 1918, was
3,403,867 pesos and the real value of the exports, 7,162,222.
VENEZUELA.
According to cable advices the negotiations for the establishment
of a NEW LINE OF STEAMERS from Chilean and Colombian to
Venezuelan ports are rapidly assuming a definite form. The Govern-
ment of Chile has taken great interest in extending its commercial
relations with other South American countries, and to this end
proposes to send a special commission to visit the neighboring
republics.
A decree of the governor of the State of Bolivar of April 4 last
provides for the construction of a WAGON ROAD from Ciudad
Bolivar to connect with the highway which runs to Paragua.
ECONOMICandFINANCIAI
°^^ AFFAIRS ^^^M
ARGENTINA.
The DIVIDENDS of the .\nglo-Argentine Co. continue to increase
at each dividend period. Tlie Southern Railway Co. and the W^estern
Railway Co. have just paid a monthly dividend of 1 per cent, and
the .\nglo-South American Bank has declared a dividend of 6 shillings
per share for the six months ended December 31, 1918. Tlie branch
of the Yokohama Specie Bank (Ltd.) in Buenos Aires has been
notified by the main office in Yokohama that for the six months
ended December 1, 1918, the bank has declared a dividend of 12
per cent.
In the May number of the Bulletin the erroneous statement was
made that the National City Bank of New York had opened a branch
in Cordoba, Argentma. It is in Rosario that the branch has been
established.
BOLIVIA.
On March 19 the President signed a law concerning the COLLEC-
TION OF INTERNAL REVENUE, providing that all revenue of
that character, as well as the ordhiary taxes enumerated m the law,
704 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
shall be collected by the staff of the internal revenue and liquor
bureau, in conformity with the instructions issued by the general
directorate.
The net receipts of the BOLIVIAN NATIONAL BANK of La
Paz amounted to 1,558,295 bolivianos (boliviano = $0.4389 U. S. gold)
in the second half of 1918.
A presidential decree of March 10, 1919, authorizes the Bolivian
National Bank to import through the national customhouse of the
north the following denominations of BILLS to replace those which,
now worn out, are to be burned according to legal procedure: One
million 1 -boliviano bills; one hundred thousand 10-boliviano bills;
fifty thousand 20-boliviano bills; and thirty thousand 50-boliviano
bills.
BRAZIL.
The SPANISH BANK of the Kiver Plate with headquarters in
Buenos Aires has decided to maintain permanently the branch which
it opened some time ago in Rio de Janeiro. This bank has a large
capital and numerous branches and correspondents in the Kepublics
in the vicmity of the River Plate.
Decree No. 13407, of January 13 last, permits private persons and
companies which have in their establishments manufactured cloth or
raw material — that is to say, Brazilian cotton or wool — to negotiate
guaranteed COMMERCIAL LOANS with the Bank of Brazil. Ac-
cording to the decree referred to, the loans to cloth factories are
subject to the following conditions: Term not to exceed six months,
subject to an extension for an equal period, when the debtor pays 40
per cent of his debt; rate of interest, 6 per cent per annum, payable
in advance. The goods given as security may remain in the possession
of the borrower, but they must be insured. Loans will be made up
to 50 per cent of the value of the merchandise, which, m special
instances, may be increased to 70 per cent if the term fixed does not
exceed three months. For the enforcement of this decree the Presi-
dent will issue a credit up to the sum of 50,000 contos.
COLOMBIA.
In the city of Cali a syndicate has been formed for the ])urpose of
founding a BANK with a mortgage loan section, to be capitalized
at $600,000 gold.
The mint of Medellin coined 1,495,710 pesos gold in hbras (hbra =
$4.86 U. S.) and half Hbras during the first three months of the
present year. During 1918 the total COINAGE of the mint was
2,143,812 pesos gold.
The governor of the department of Cundinamarca has been
authorized by the departmental assembly to contract a LOAN of
$5,000,000 gold for the extension of the La Sabana Railroad and
ECONOMIC AND FIXAXCIAL AFFAIRS. 705
the construction of electric trolleys in the de])artmcnt. According
to press reports the Northeast Railway Co. has obtained a LOAN
of $6,000,000 gold in the United States to be used in the construc-
tion of the railroad ])rojected.
In the years 1915 to 1918, inclusive, the Xatioual Government
paid $2,049,557 gold for INTEREST ON THE FOREIGN DEBT.
The governor of the department of Caldas has negotiated a LOAN
of $500,000 gold with the banks of Manizales for the completion of
the Caldas Railway.
In the middle of Aj^ril a BRANCH OF THE AMERICAN MER-
CANTILE BANK was opened in Manizales, capital of the depart-
ment of Caldas.
With the j)urpose of covering the amount of the ])rcsent deficit
in the treasury of the Republic a LOAN of $4,000,000 gold has been
launched, to which the creditors of the Government who wish to
exchange their notes for those of the public debt will be subscribers.
The new issue wiU consist of treasury notes payable to the bearer,
of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 peso denominations, which wiU be received
at par in any pa^-ment made into the national treasury, and for
their amortization there wiU be set aside the ])roduct of stamp issues
and documentary papers. The Government will grant 2 per cent
annual interest to the liearer, payable monthly when due.
On March 29, 1919, the contract for the exploitation of the OCEAN
SAIjT deposits on the Atlantic coast, owned by the Government,
was awarded at public bidding to Sres. Cortissoz, Correa & Co., of
Barranquilla, in accordance with the proceedings authorized by
law 63 of 1917. According to the terms of the contract the con-
tractors guarantee to the Government a minimum annual receipt
from the ])roduct of the mines of $400,000 gold, advancing the sums
necessary for the exploitation of the mines. They also advance a
special loan of $230,000 gold at 10 per cent annual interest in sight
drafts against London institutions, and fix the price per bag ot salt
weighing 62 ^ kilograms.
The President has issued a decree postponing the delivery of the
500,000 pesos authorized by law 58 of 1918 to be expended on the
highway from Cucuta to Magdalena until further notice of the
National Government. The sums set aside for other PUBLIC
WORKS are divided in the following manner: For the completion of
the Sarare road, 100,000 pesos; for the southern highway in Narino,
50,000 pesos; for the sanitation of Puerto Colombia, 25,000 pesos;
for repairs on the Barranquilla customhouse, 100,000 pesos; for the
Tolima Railway, 100,000 pesos; for initiating construction work of
workmen's houses, 100,000 pesos; aid to the public works m the
department of the Cauca, 40,000 pesos; for the aqueduct of the port
of Buenaventura, 25,000 pesos; for an agricultural exposition in
706 THE FA^ AMEKICAN UNION.
commemoration of the centenary of the battle of Boyaca, 15,000
pesos; for construction on the Puerto Wilches Railway, 120,000
pesos; for the Pizarra highway in Boyaca, 30,000 ])esos; for canal
works in Bogota, 100,000 pesos; for the Avenue San Pedro Alejandrino
and other pubhc works of the department of the Magdalena, 100,000
pesos; tor the Puerto Colombia aqueduct, 237,000 pesos; for the
Puerto Colombia hotel, 63,000 pesos; for the Cartagena-Barranquilla
highway, 200,000 pesos; for reparations to the La Popa Castle in
Cartagena, 20,000 pesos; for the purchase of rails for the Puerto
Wilches Railway, 80,000 pesos; and for the Honda highway, be-
tween the Upper and Lower Magdalenas, 30,000 pesos. The total
sum to be expended is therefore 1,535,000 pesos gold.
COSTA RICA.
In the President's Message it was announced that the CUSTOM-
HOUSE RECEIPTS IN THE YEAR 1918 totaled 1,165,937
colones (col6n = S0.465 U. S. gold), or 47 per cent less than in 1917,
distributed as follows:' Through the customhouse of San Jose,
437,001 colones; Limon, 323,889; Puntarenas, 348,993; and Sixaola,
56,055. In 1917, 2,637,617 colones w^ere received, or 1,471,679 more
than in 1918.
The receipts of the PACIFIC RAILWAY in 1918 were 894,072
colones, and the cost of exploitation 700,808 colones, leaving net
receipts of 193,264 colones in favor of the Government treasury, as
against 76,869 colones of the preceding year.
CUBA.
By order of the board of directors in London, adopted May 16
last, a 2 per cent dividend of the UNITED RAILWAYS OF CUBA
has been declared out of the profits of the fiscal year ending June
30, 1919.
Under a law of May 6 last an appropriation of $100,000 was made
with which to begin the construction of a CART ROAD from Nuevitas
to Camagiiey, via the town of Minas.
On May 4, 1919, the building erected by the SPANISH BANK
OF THE ISLAND OF CUBA for its branch office in Union de Reyes
was opened for business.
ECUADOR.
The press of Guayaquil announces that a commission of English
bankers is expected in the port city. The commission is to make a
contract with the National Government for a LOAN OF 100,000,000
SUCRES (sucre = $0.4867 U. S. gold) to be used in the amortiza-
tion of all bonds of the Guayaquil-Quito Railway, in the payment of
the respective coupons, and in the pa}^nent of the internal debt,
ecojSTOMic and fixaxcial affairs. 707
the remainder to be applied to the raih'oatl hues under construction
in the Repubhc at present.
On December 31, 1918, there were 27,248,980 sucres IN CIRCU-
LATION in the country, in the following denominations: Gold,
5,381,288 sucres; silver, 3,244,475; and bills, 18,623,217 sucres. Of
the latter, 8,211,000 sucres were issued by the Bank of Ecuador,
7,105,551 by the Agricultural Bank, 3,062,279 by the Bank of
Pichincha, 518,140 by the Bank of Azuay, a total of 18,896,970: but
of this amount 273,753 remained in the coffers of the banks, leaving
in circulation the amount stated.
The rate of exchange on DRAFTS OF THE UNITED STATES
AND PANAMA, which was fixed by the President at 205 per 100,
has been modified by the Government to 215 per 100.
GUATEMALA.
El Guatemalteco announces that as a result of the payment of the
amiual interest on the foreign debt before it fell due, the GUATE-
MALAN BONDS rose 6 points on the London Exchange m less than
two months, being quoted higher than those of other countries which
carry higher interest.
In order to obtain funds for the reconstruction of the central post
office and national telegraph and telephone building in Guatemala
citv, the President issued a decree April 12 of this year, establishing
a RECONSTRUCTION TAX of two ''reconstruction stamps," 12*
and 25 centavos in denomination. The former is to be attached to
every letter and package, whether registered or not, sent through
the postal offices of the Republic, for either local service or otherwise,
while the 25-centavo stamp is to be attached to all telegraphic or
cable messages sent through the Government offices, m addition to
the regular rates of telegraphic transmission. The stamps will be
sold in a bank to be designated by the Secretaiy of the Treasury.
On April 22 the legislative assembly passed the law which provides
that every bank in the country wiU set aside the sum of 10,000,000
pesos of a new issue of notes, representing national currency, for a
fund to be called the AGRICULTURAL AND FINANCING LOAN
FUND, the fimd to ])e reserved exclusively to lend money at mterest
to the agriculturalists of the country and to persons who were injured
by the recent earthquakes, for the purpose of reconstruction, after
compliance with the customary formalities. Interest on the fund
will be collected at 4 per cent annually, and the loans will be for
periods of not less than two years.
MEXICO.
The NATIONAL EXPENDITURES for public administration m
the firet four months of the present year totaled 30,514,840 pesos,
distributed as follows: Legislation, 1,187,425 pesos; executive ad-
708 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION".
ministration, 336,190; judiciary, 221,059; ministry of state, 474,135;
foreign relations, 257,897; treasury, 5,212,096; war, 7,458,269; agri-
culture, 529,513; communications, 1,454,713; industry, 396,676; imi-
versity department, 391,480; comptrolling department, 441,523;
department of sanitation, 223,572; national attorneys' fees, 62,966;
supplies, 527,214; and military supplies (quartermasters' depart-
ment), 11,340,109 pesos.
According to the Claims and Indemnities Commission, which has
been in operation for about one year, 9,342 CLAIMS had been pre-
sented before the beguming of May of the present year, of which
1,278 are still under consideration, 5,745 have been adjudged, 1,380
approved, and 939 settled. The total amount of claims presented
up to the present is 43,375,856 pesos, the majority having been pre-
sented by Mexican citizens.
By a presidential decree of May 13, 1919, a previous law creating a
SPECIAL TAX ON ALL CLASSES OF ADVERTISEMENTS,
was annulled, so that newspaper announcements, theater and com-
mercial signs, etc., are now freed from the tax.
NICARAGUA.
The period for the COLLECTION OF CLAIMS allowed by the
Commission of Public Credit of the Republic has been extended,
under a law of January 20 last, until June 30, 1919.
The amount of the NATIONAL REVENUES in March, 1919,
aggregated 114,520 cordobas.
Under a decree of March 3 last congress enacted a law prescribing
that the FISCAIj YEAR be from July 1 to June 30, inclusive, and
authorizes the President to make the necessary arrangements with
Brown Bros. & Co., J. & W. Seligman & Co., the Corporation of
Foreign Bondholders, and the National Bank of Nicaragua for the
purpose of making the following changes in the financial plan:
(a) That a copy of the budget be delivered to the National Bank of
Nicaragua on or before June 1 of each year, and (b) that the surplus
be determined once only, by reason of this change, within a month
from June 30 of the present year, and, in future, within a month
from the close of each fiscal year. vSaid decree also provides that the
expense budget of January 2, 1919, shall continue in force until
December 31 of the present year.
PANAMA.
A law of December 30, 1918, authorizes the Executive to secure
by appointment or contract a FISCAL AGENT, either national or
foreign, to which end he will solicit the good offices of the Government
of the United States. The agent referred to will submit a detailed
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL AFFAIRS. 709
report on the financial conditions of the Republic, together with a
statement of the internal and foreign debt, and the present revenues
of the country and their sources. It will be the duty of the agent
to cooperate in preparing the budget and the fiscal laws, to inspect
the accounting system which obtains in the Republic, see that the
laws concerning same are complied with, and to aid in the settlement
of accounts and claims having their origin in the different offices of
the Government.
PARAGUAY.
Following is a statement of the RECEIPTS AND EXPENDI-
TLTiES OF THE ^a^NICIPALITY OF ASUNCION for the year
1918: Receipts, 5,950,326 pesos; expenditures, 6,314,138 pesos,
leaving a deficit of 373,812, caused largely by the aid the munici-
pality extended to indigents during the epidemic of influenza.
In 1918 the POSTAL^AND TELEGRAPH RECEIPTS showed an
increase of 203,000 pesos over those of the previous year.
The budget passed for the period between October 1, 1917, and
June 30, 1918, and which remained in force until December 31, 1918,
anticipated an annual deficit of 5,000,000 pesos paper and 100,000
gold, approximately, but according to the report of the general
treasury there was a SURPLUS of 4,703,634 pesos paper during the
15 months.
The NATIONAL RECEIPTS for the fiscal period from October 1,
1917, to December 31, 1918, totaled 1,182,424 pesos gold and
64,398,185 pesos paper, of which 914,975 gold and 36,524,151 paper,
or more than half, were received through the customhouses.
The INTERNAL DEBT of the nation amounted to 2,044,783
pesos gold and 33,133,445 paper on December 31, 1918.
On December 31, 1918, the EXTERNAL DEBT of the Republic
totaled 5,612,701 pesos gold, distributed as follows: (a) London loan
1871-72, 3,454,212 pesos gold; (h) Argentine National Bank Loan,
68,227; (c) loan, law of November 27, 1912, 2,090,261 pesos gold.
During 1918 the sum of 272,282 pesos gold amortization fund was
paid.
According to the latest presidential message the OFFICE OF
EXCHANGE has a capital of 1,394,356 pesos gold and 1,017,211
pesos paper.
The loans granted by the AGRICULTURAL BANK of Asuncion
in 1918 for agricultural projects and allied industries totaled 2,475,903
pesos paper and 1,245 pesos gold; amortization paid in the year,
4,485,034 pesos paper and 1,245 pesos gold; and interest received,
1,122,397 pesos paper. The bank has a capital of 24,590,097 pesos
paper, which is utilized in the development of agricultm'e in the
country.
710 THE PAISJ" AMEEICAN UNION.
PERU.
On April 1, 1919, a SAVINGS DEPARTMENT was established in
the Lima branch of the Bank of Peru and London, in which deposits
may be made from 1 sol upward, at 5 per cent annual interest.
By law No. 3083 of 1918 concerning the DELIVERY OF GOLD
TO THE SUPERVISORY BOARD, the national congress provides
that the order stated in article 2 of law No. 2776, to deliver all avail-
able gold, shall be extended to apply to all banks, whether specified
by the law or not, referring not only to the gold on hand, but also to
all that which may enter the country while law No. 2776 is in force.
The surrender of the gold is independent of its issuance and the
supervisory board will give checks in payment for it. The new law
amplifies the authority granted to the President in article 14 of law
No. 2776 to enter into agreements with the United States Govern-
ment whereby interest-bearing notes or bonds of the Treasury of the
United States may be deposited in the Federal Reserve Bank, in
case the United States Government contracts to return the deposits
at par in gold when the prohibition on gold exportation has been
removed. It further provides that the Peruvian Government may
not purchase such bonds without the previous signing of a conven-
tion containing these stipulations. The delivery of silver money
through banks is also regulated, and the amount of gold coin that
may be carried out of the country by an individual is limited to 10
pounds (Peruvian pounds = $4.8665 United States gold).
The municipal council of Lima has voted the creation of NEW
EXCISE TAXES and the increase of certain of the former rate.
URUGUAY.
The FIRST AMERICAN CONGRESS OF ECONOMIC AND
COMMERCIAL EXPANSION held its sessions in Montevideo Jan-
uary 28 to February 8, 1919, as previously announced. Official repre-
sentatives from the following countries were in attendance: Argen-
tina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. A
partial realization of the important work accomplished in the 10
regular sessions of the congress may be obtained from the following
summary of the resolutions passed:
ECONOMIC-COMMERCIAL EXPANSION.— 1. To make known
to American governments and companies the desire of the congress
that steamship lines be established between the Americas. 2. To
encourage the consumption of American products in the two conti-
nents. 3. To recommend the taking of a general and industrial cen-
sus in aU the countries of America in 1920 and every tenth year
thereafter. 4. To advise the allowance of a preference to domestic
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL AFFAIRS. 711
capitalists in railway concessions, reserving rights of intervention
and rate revision. 5. To devote especial attention to the constrnc-
tion and repair of highways. 6. To encourage the holding of an
international American technical conference with the purpose of es-
tablishing uniform methods of classifying merchandise. 7. To re-
quest the Pan American Union at Washington to reprint the commer-
cial nomenclature with the revisions introduced in customs tariffs
up to the present time. 8. To advise that parcel post charges l)e
fixed and coUected at the time of forwarding; that declarations as
to contents made at foreign post offices be considered a bill of lading,
every party using the system to present a written declaration in the
form and under the conditions stipulated by the respective authori-
ties of the various countries. 9. To recommend the consideration
of international tariffs to the governments represented at the con-
gress, with a view to making systems uniform and facilitating the
exchange of American products. 10. To encourage the protection of
international means of communication and thus contribute to the
economic development of the American nations. 11. To recommend
that American governments periodically appoint specialists to study
natural resources and the most satisfactory method for their devel-
opment. 12. To encourage the conservation of natural forests by
every possible means and to plant artificial ones, regulating their ex-
ploitation for industrial purposes. 13. To encourage the establish-
ment of colleges or departments of economic expansion in the colleges
of economic sciences, schools, and other institutions of economic and
commercial branches, that the study and practical solution of eco-
nomic problems may be intensified in the effort to cement Pan Amer-
ican commercial friendship. 14. The comparison of the work of insti-
tutes and departments of economic expansion, so that problems
studied in different countries may be compared and corrected. 15. To
advise the creation of ministries of commerce and industry, stock
raising, and agriculture in the countries of the continent which have
not yet such departments. 16. To express the unanimous recom-
mendation of the congress that the transcontinental railroads under
construction be finished immediately. 17. To recommend to the
American governments the importance of the revision of their laws
and treaties concerning coastwise trade as a means of stimulating
economic and commercial exchange in the continents. IS. To en-
courage the creation and development of industrial fishery schools
and derivative industries for social and economic purposes. 19. To
recommend the study of commercial treaties in force among the
American nations. 20. To ask the Governments of American coun-
tries to submit to the second congress, to be held in Rio de Janeiro,
their most perplexing problems in transportation, tariffs, and cus-
toms duties applicable to their principal exports. 21. To distribute
propaganda material among public schools of the continents. 22. To
712 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
encourage the establishment of permanent international museums of
natural history connected with the business colleges of the various
countries. 23. To encourage the holding of periodical expositions
and fairs in which natural products as well as manufactures shall be
displayed.
FOREIGN RELATIONS.— 24. To recommend as necessary the
establishment of uniform standards to regulate contracts on inter-
national consignments of merchandise, inviting the Pan American
High Commission to inaugurate the movement. 25. To advise the
American governments to adopt measures for the regulation of expo-
sitions, as authorized by the diplomatic convention signed in Berlin
in October, 1912. 26. To recommend the creation of permanent ex-
position commissions presided over by the proper minister. 27. To
recommend the following: (a) To require only the customhouse mani-
fest and invoice as consular documents; (h) to adopt as models the
manifests and formula of invoices approved by the Fourth Inter-
national Congress of American States of Buenos Aires and by the
Pan American High Commission; (c) to abolish consular viseing of
the bill of lading and certificate of origin; (d) to require only four
copies of the consular invoice, allowing the shipper to procure others
by means of a minimum number of every copy; (V) to make the speci-
fication of weights and measures according to the metrical decimal sys-
tem; (/) to make out the consular invoice in both the language of the
country of origin and that of destination; (g) to limit the consular
fees to the cost of services rendered in so far as possible; (h) to estab-
lish in the collection of fees for legalizing consular invoices the pro-
portion of the value of the merchandise referred to in the document.
28. To recommend that consular officials be invested with all au-
thority practicable. 29. To advise that the title of consul be applied
only to those officers in office— not to consuls elect or honorary.
30. To recommend that graduates of official institutions of commer-
cial instruction be given the preference in appointments to con-
sulates as commercial attaches and trade advisers. 31. To recom-
mend that consuls be required to make trips to the countries they
represent at specified intervals, to keep in touch with the progress
being made by their countries. 32. Resolved, (a) that the princi-
ple of arbitration be approved and adopted in solving questions
which may arise between merchants whose countries are members of
the Pan American Union when contracts are of an international char-
acter; (h) that the convention concerning international commercial
arbitration agreed upon by the chambers of commerce of Buenos
Aires and Montevideo and the chamber of commerce, of the United
States of North America be adopted; (c) to recommend laws requiring
that commercial differences of an international character be settled
by arbitration, the arbitral tribunal to act in the country in which
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL AFFAIRS. 713
the contract in question is to be carried out or where the goods
which occasioned the controversy are held.
CREDITS. — 33. To suggest that all time sales be accompanied by
bills of ex:change, or such other paper or document payable to order
as is in use in the countries involved. 34. To recommend that na-
tional banks discontinue the system of direct credit, adopting bank-
ing rediscount as a means of limiting and regulating credits. 35. That
private and direct communication be established among American
banking institutions to facilitate exchange of commercial informa-
tion. 36. The congress completeh' indorses the efforts of Counsellor
Octavio Morato concerning legislation on checks, recommending
(a) that the resolutions offered by the Conference of The Hague of
1912 be adopted concerning laws governing checks, hut only in so far
as is strictly related to the nature of the negotiable paper to be issued
against a bank and paid by it, within every country; (6) that regula-
tions be made in response to problems presented by the conference
in regard to national laws or to be resolved by contracting States;
(c) that a sight draft on a bank draAvn in foreign countries be consid-
ered, according to uniform laws, a check, and treated as such as to
its circulation, negotiability, etc., the laws now in force concerning
the responsibility of the persons drawing the money to remain in
force; (d) that, since a sight draft drawn by a bank or on a bank
represents a medium of payment and exchange of money at a dis-
tance rather than an instrument of credit, the stamp tax on them
shall be levied with reference to the tax required by a check. 37. It
was voted to recommend that the American States incorporate in
legislation the curtaihng of the circulation of checks within their
national frontiers, allowing international circulation of bills of ex-
change. 38. It was recommended that the propcsal of the Inter-
national high Commission of Buenos Aires concerning uniform legis-
lation be accepted in regard to bills of exchange, with the exceptions
inserted by the Urugifayan delegation, as api)roved by the confer-
ence. 39. It was recommended that the International High Finan-
cial Commission, and through it the national commissions of the va-
rious Repubhcs, consider the treatise of Prof. Lorenzcn on bills of
exchange (Lex locis contractus).
INTERCONTINENTAL POLITICVL ECONOMY.— 40. The cre-
ation of an international American bureau of labor in Montevideo was
recommended. 41. The teaching of various methods of cooperation,
such as certain members on programs and the organization of bu-
reaus of information in the commercial high schools of America, was
recommended. 42. To recommend to the governments represented
at the conference the lowering or removal of taxes levied upon coop-
erative societies. 43. To recommend to national banks the reduction
of interest charged cooperative societies. 44. To reconmiend to the
120S01— 1^— Bull. 6 7
714 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
permanent commission the study of intercontinental works on politi-
cal economy. 45. To request the American Governments to study
the industries of every country, their productive capacity, the quality
of their products, the matter of credits, etc. 46. To leave to the next
congress the study of the measures which the American nations
should undertake in order to arrive at the most effective means for
the economic and social progress of their peoples. 47. To recommend
to the permanent commission and proper delegates the means for at-
taining American economic and commercial expansion. 48. To ad-
vise the removal of customhouse duties on fish, vegetables, and raw
fruit shipped for consumption.
COMMERCIAL INSTRUCTION.— 49. To declare necessary the
incorporation of courses in American comparative economy and cus-
tomhouse legislation — the latter to be a part of consular preparatory
courses — recommending the publication of the economic-financial his-
tory of their respective countries and make same available, to the
present seminaries of economic investigations or to commercial high
schools. 50. To encourage the exchange of professors and students
among higher institutions of commercial instruction. 51. To recom-
mend the signing of international agreements in favor of reciprocal
recognition of the titles or degrees conferred by commercial colleges,
for the granting of scholarships and for the exchange of professors.
52. To delegate the permanent commission created by the confer-
ence to compile the legislation of the American States with reference
to commercial instruction, which will be advised by a commission of
professors and technical experts, with a view to proposing plans and
programs of instruction in accord with the following proposition:
Commercial instruction, which presupposes previors primary train-
ing, is divided into three groups — (a) elementary instruction, depen-
dent or independent; (h) secondary instruction; (c) higher instruc-
tion. These three grouj^s v/ill include (a) the formation of commer-
cial aids, etc.; (6) i)reparation for a broad commercial career; (c) fur-
nish economic, financial, and commercial data and prepare for ad-
mijiistrative and industrial duties, insurance, and consular actuaries,
etc. 5'4. To emphasize the importance of establishing cultural
studies of two grades— one limited to the first and second class of
commercial studies, and the other applicable to the third group.
54. To leave the consideration of women's instruction, as presented
by the National Commercial Institute of Lapaz, Bolivia, to the per-
manent commission. 55. To recommend that the study of commer-
cial geography be separated from that of economy in higher institu-
tions of commercial instruction, where such steps have not already
been taken, and that the study of commercial geography be begun
in primary schools; to recommend the organization of periodical as-
semblies for preparing commercial and economic geographical text-
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL AFFAIRS. 715
books for every country, the prize works to be exchanged. 56. To
recommend the creation of bureaus of bibhography and information,
independent of or in comiection with seminaries or ii.stitntioiis of
investigation existent or to be founded in America, with the widest
exchange of economic, financial, and commercial data. 57. To rec-
ommend the legal recognition of professions in which diplomas are
granted by institutes of higher commercial instruction, in comm.er-
cial, civil, and administrative branches. 58. To authorize the term
mercologia to replace merciologia, the branch the o])ject of which is
to give a scientific basis to commercial studies. 59. To recommend
the intimate connection between mercologia and the study of eco-
nomics, customhoi:se legislation, commercial geography, etc. 60. To
recommend that the appointment of customhouse inspectors be given
to graduates of schools of higher commercial instruction, in view of
the technical and financial duties involved. 61. The bestowal of a
prize to be known as the "Pablo Fontaina Commercial Branches
Prize" to pupils of higher commercial schools is recommended.
CONSULAR COURSES.— 62. To recommend that candidates for
the diplomatic career be graduates of official institutions of higher
commercial instruction, or selected by competitive contest. 63. That
in case contests are not required as a basis of determining the suc-
cessful candidates, those who present such diplomas be given prefer-
ence. 64. To recommend the creation of offices of commercial
attaches in the legations, with franking and other privileges enjoyed
by diplomatic officials.
LIFE INSURANCE AND ANNUITIES.— 65. To recommend to
the Governments, and through them to institutions or American sta-
tistical oflSces, the organization of a systematic method of annual
demographic reports of the general trend of population in order to
be able to initiate the preparation of tables of vital statistics within
a short time, headquarters of the international office of demographic
statistics to be in every capital of the various American Republics,
66. The creation of an international office of demographic statistics
with headquarters at Santiago de Chile.
SCHOOLS OF COMMERCE AND SPECLVL COURSES.— 67. To
establish general welfare courses in preparatory schools and hold lec-
tures on commercial ethics in institutes or higher schools of commerce,
which will be presided over by competent professors.
SPECIAL COMIMISSIONS.- 68. To create a permanent interna-
tional commission with headquarters at Montevideo, and a delega-
tion in every American country, to recommend the holding of subse-
quent conferences and the publication of the proceedings of same.
69. To appoint a commission whose duties are prescribed in the law
of Jul}^ 5, 1918, as follows: (a) To communicate the motions carried
to the minister of public instruction, and (h) to publish the report of
the congress.
716
THE PAN AMEEICAN UNION.
VENEZUELA.
In 1918 the EECEIPTS FROM RAILWAY LINES extending into
the interior of Venezuela from the shores of Lake Maracaibo were
(in bolivares) as follows: Tachira Railway, 1,242,735; La Ceiba Rail-
way, 980,826; and the Santa Barbara Railway, 266,789. (Bolivar =
$0,193.)
^
INTERNATIONAL
? TREATIES \.
<?
CHILE.
On March 28 last an ad referendum treaty between Chile and
Great Britain for the establishment of a PEACE COMMISSION,
charged with solving such disputes as may arise between the two
countries v.hich can not be settled diplomatically, was signed in
Santiago. The contracting parties agree that all disputes, regardless
of their nature, which may arise between them, after direct diplo-
matic negotiations for their solution have been exhausted, except
those whose settlement has been obtained through existing agree-
ments between the two countries, shall be submitted for investigation
and report to an international permanent commission, it being
agreed, furthermore, not to declare war or begin hostilities during
the said investigation and before the respective report has been
made. The commission is to be composed of five members, which
shall be appointed as follows: Each Government shall choose one
member in its own country and another member from a third coun-
try, the fifth member to be selected by the mutual agreement of both
governments, it being understood that he shall not be a citizen of
cither of the two countries in interest. The commission shall be
appointed within six months after the ratification of the treaty.
Should any question arise which can not be solved by direct negotia-
tions, it must be submitted immediately to the commission which
may spontaneously and by unanimous consent offer its services for
such negotiation. In case the Government of Great Britain believes
that the interests affected by the controversy which is to be considered
are not properly those of the United Kingdom, but of the Dominion
of Canada, the Australian Union, the Dominion of New Zealand, the
South African Union, and Newfoundland, said Government may
substitute in place of its member another person selected from a list
furnished by each of the self-governing dominions. The report of
LEGISLATION.
717
the commission shall be issued within one year from the date of tho
commencement of the investigation unless this term is shortened or
extended. The parties reserve the right to act independently with
reference to the subject of the controversy after the report has been
submitted. The treaty is to remain in force five years, and, in
addition, for 12 months after its denouncement.
VENEZUELA.
Under date of September 9, 1918, through a communication of its
minister in Caracas, the Government of France advised the Govern-
ment of Venezuela of its intention to terminate the CONVENTION
OF COMIVIERCE AND NAVIGATION of February 9, 1902. The
convention will, therefore, expire on September 10, 1919, provided
no extension is effected in the meantime.
ARGENTINA,
Owing to the fact that representatives from some countries have
stated that they are not so organized as to permit them to issue the
IMMIGRANTS' CERTIFICATES referred to in decrees of April 26
and October 3, 1916, concerning proofs of good conduct and the
industrious habits of persons who emigrate to ^^j'gentina, the depart-
ment of agriculture, under date of March 31 last, decided that the
judicial certificates required in accordance with the decree of April
26 may be substituted by other documents issued by the proper
authorities showing the identity, good conduct, and industrial
aptitude of the immigi'ant. Until new rules and regulations are
issued, the proper Argentine officials will deny entrance to immigrants
comprised in the prohibitions of laws 817, 7029, and 9143, bearing
in mind the provisions of article 1 of the decree of April 26, 1916.
On legalizing the documents of proof of the identity of the immi-
grants, Argentine consuls shall require the documents referred to in
article 1 of said decree, and in addition a signed and sealed photo-
graph of the party in interest.
The secretary of agriculture issued, under date of April 2 last,
rules and regulations governing the duties of the INSPECTOR OF
MEATS and products intended for export or for consumption within
zones under national jurisdiction. These rules and regulations cover
the different cases that may arise. The general stock bm'eau is
charged with their compliance and enforcement.
718 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
CHILK.
Under law 3379 of May 10, 1918, a RETIREMENT STATE
RAILWAY SAVINGS ASSOCIATION was founded and com-
menced operations on July 1 last. The object of the savings asso-
ciation is to establish a retirement and social fund for railway
employees, encourage voluntary and social aid savings and the
development of societies which have for their object the improve-
ment of the moral, intellectual, social, and economic conditions of
employees and their families. The obligatory members of the asso-
ciation are shop and contract hands, salaried employees who have
been in the service one year, and, in general, all employees, workmen,
and laborers who, without specifically belonging to the classes men-
tioned, compl}^ with the rules of the association. The funds of the
association consist of 5 per cent of the salaries, wages, and fees of its
members, xifter 5 per cent of the salaries and fees, and one-half
mill of the gross receipts from traffic and other sources of the general
retirement fund have been accumulated, the retirement board shall
determine the percentage of annual profits to be credited to the
different individual accounts.
COLOMBIA.
The INCOME TAX LAW, No. 56 of 1918, has been modified by
presidential decree of April 11, 1919, to provide that native or
naturalized citizens residing in tlie country or whose legal residence
is in the country, and who receive an income, or native or natural-
ized citizens whose residence is not within the country but who
receive an income from goods or capital in Colombia, will pay the
following annual tax: (a) 3 per cent on incomes from capital invested ;
(h) 2 per cent on incomes from personal or real property exploited
directly or indirectly by the owners; and (c) 1 i)er cent on incomes
derived from labor or industry of persons alone.
COSTA RICA.
The NEW PENAL CODE fixed by Law No. 15 of November 30,
1918, went into effect on April 11 of the present year. It is a modi-
fication of that which had been in force for approximately 40 years.
CUBA.
A law promulgated by the President of the Republic on January
18 last repeals the law of August 3, 1918, establishing OBLIGATORY
MILITARY SERVICE, with the exception of articles 40 and 44 of
said law. Likewise the rules and regulations issued' by the execu-
tive relating to the enforcement and execution of the law in question
are also repealed. Laws and orders issued prior to the law of obliga-
tory military service remain in force. Amnesty is granted to viola-
LEGISLATION. 719
tors of the repealed law and to pereons convicted of crime and mis-
demeanors committed for the purpose of evading obligatory military
service before December 31, 1918, except crimes against persons,
honor, and property that are not punishable under articles 435 and
436 of the Penal Code.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Executive order No. 278, promulgated on April 4, 1919, treats of
the EMIGRATION OF LABORERS, and prescribes that until April
1, 1921, it is prohibited without express authority of the Executive
power — (a) For anyone to induce or attempt to induce laborers to
leave the country for employment abroad by means of the offer, gen-
eral or specific, of any material consideration or compensation; and
(6) for any vessel to undertake a voyage from the Dominican Re-
public, the principal object of which is to transport laborers
for employment abroad in countries of which such laborers are
not citizens or subjects, or in which they have no domicile or
residence. Violations of this order are punishable by a Ihie of not
less than $100 nor more than S500, or imprisonment for not less than
two nor more than six months, or both. The fines in the latter case
shall constitute a lien on such vessel and on any property of its owner
or agent and the imprisonment shall be imposed on the owner or
agent thereof.
On April 7 last the Executive power promulgated order No. 280,
creating a DOMINICAN TARIFF COI^IMISSION, with headquarters
in the city of Santo Domingo, composed of a chairman, four mem-
bers, and a secretary. The commission is authorized and directed
to examine and make use of the statistical and other data compiled
by the general receiver of Dominican customs relating to imports
and exports and the application of the existing tariff thereto. The
commission will consult with and invite suggestions from the general
receiver of Dominican customs, importers, exporters, and other in-
terested parties, and may, in its discretion, hold special sessions for
discussion on debatable points. In order that the business interests
affected may have as much time as possible in which to adapt them-
selves to the revised tariff, the commission is directed to submit its
report not later than September 1, 1919, in such form that the new
tariff may be published not later than October 1, 1919, to become
operative on January 1, 1920. The sum of S6,000 is made available
to defray the expenses of the commission.
HAITI.
On April 23, 1919, the Moniteur, the Haitian official gazette, pub-
lished the rules and regulations concerning the PUBLIC HYGIENE
as provided by the law promulgated in February last. By enforcing
720 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
these rules in the most rigid manner the public health board look
forward to an early improvement of the sanitary conditions of the
Republic.
NICARAGUA.
Under a law enacted by congress on February 25 last CUIIIIENTS
AND NATURAL WATERFALLS capable of producing a greater
power than 25 horsepower can not be alienated. The executive
power, however, may lease same for a stated consideration for a
term not to exceed 35 years, provided the lease is approved by
congress.
On February 21 last congress passed a law concerning AGRI-
CULTURE AND LABORERS under the terms of which there are
established in all of the municipalities of the Republic agricultural
judges appointed by the supreme court. These judges will have
jurisdiction in minor actions relating to agriculture, rural enter-
prises, stock, construction works, domestic service, and contracts
with artisans.
PANAMA.
On January 27 last a law was enacted concerning the PRODUC-
TION AND SALE OF LIQUORS. Under this law the distillation
and refining of alcohol extracted from cane sugar of not less than 35°
Cartier is free. Exported alcohols, those intended for scientific
purposes, and those of 40 or more degrees Cartier which have been
denatured, are free of taxes. Establishments in which liquors are
sold by retail must pay in Panama and Colon a monthly license of
150 balboas. In the other capitals of the provinces this license is 50
balboas, and in the capitals of districts 30 balboriS.
The FIREMEN'S INSURANCE LAW at Panama and Colon was
promulgated on January 2 last. LTnder this law the Executive is
authorized to pay the sum of 2,000 balboas to the heirs of any of the
active members of the Panama and Colon firemen's organizations who
die in the discharge of their duties.
A law of January 7 last amends in part the FISCAL CODE. The
most important change consists in the inhibition placed on the
President of the Republic, members of the cabinet, members of con-
gress, judges of the supreme court, and the attorney general to
become sureties in favor of employees charged with the management
of the national treasury.
On January 20 last the law concerning concessions for the explora-
tion and exploitation of minerals was promulgated. According to
this law the President may make with natural and j.uridic persons
contracts based on the following terms: (a) Exclusive rights for 10
years to explore mines within specified zones; (b) ownership in the
mines chscovered by the concessionaire, as well as the rights which the
LEGISLATIOX. 721
present laws concede to the owners of mines in territories adjacent
thereto; (c) exemption for a certaiji luimbcr of years from national
and municipal taxes; (d) obligation on the part of the nation to issue
and maintain in force sanitary rules in the mining zones, and a police
force maintained by the concessionaires; (e) the free use of streams
and waterfalls; and (/) the regard by the concessionaire of the best
interests of the country.
Tlie amended NATIONAL LOTTERY LAW was promulgated on
January 27 last. Under this law the lottery receipts will preferably
be given to the St. Thomas Hospital, the insane asylum, and the
lazaretto. The sale of foreign lottery tickets is prohilnted in the
Republic.
On December 26, 1918, the law AMENDING THE CONSTITU-
TION was published. This law abolishes the death penalty; pre-
scribes that any person may exercise any honest calling or occupation ;
that the election of President shall be by direct vote; and that, be-
ginning with 1924, elections of deputies shall be held every four 3'ears.
PARAGUAY.
In order to standardize the method of collection of CONSULAR
FEES the following regulations were adopted by law No. 9486, which
went into effect April 15, 1919: (1) The consular officials may not
receive customs duties other than the proper documentary stamps
which are attached to the bill of lading; and (2) the documents which
because of the lack of evaluation are sent without such proper stamps
must be marked ''A reponer" (To be filled out), and they shall be
presented and filled out in the internal-revenue offices, as this for-
mality is necessary for their acceptance in the customhouses.
PERU,
By legislation of December 30, 1918, effective January 9, 1919,
article 278, the second half of article 53 and the last clause of article
95 of the PENAL CODE were mo(Hfied; articles 284, 285, 288, and
289 abrogated; and article 70 of the Penal Judicial Proceedings Code
modified.
URUGUAY.
As a safety measure, the President of the Republic on March 27
passed a law concerning the CARRYING OF WEAPONS, in which
the arms the use of which is prohibited are enumerated, with the corre-
sponding penalties, the steps necessary to obtain permission to carry
arms are set forth, and the conditions under which they may be
carried are stated.
On March 26, 1919, the President promulgated a DECREE which
provides that high public officials shall not have any private interests
722 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
ill business matters that are to come before the lee:ishitive, judicial, or
other governmental departments. The prohibition applies to the
President, the ministers, secretaries, subsecretaries, and other offi-
cials. Should any such official deem his personal intervention nec-
essary to defend his private rights, a special public authorization will
be required.
By a law of April 7 article 333 of the CONSULAR REGULATIONS
was modified to read that every owner of merchandise shall be pro-
vided with a bill of lading, which may not contain lists of goods
belonging to more than one shipper. In case the assignee be a mari-
time agent, a bank or banking agency, a customhouse clearing officer,
commission agent, or other person who does not make a practice of
selling goods, the merchandise will be coFiSidered to require as many
vouchers and bills of lading as there were customhouse transfers in-
volved in its shipment.
^ public instruction
^ ;andeducation; ~
CHILE.
The EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILIAN, capital
of the ])rogressive province of Nuble, has been cpiite noticeable dur-
ing the last few years. There are now in operation in Chilian four
lyceums, one lor males and three for females. The lyceum for males
and one of the lyceums for females are Government institutions,
while two of the lyceums for females are private schools. Particu-
lar attention is given to the education of girls, instruction being
given in the classics and especially in social science, the courses being
patterned after the modern European system. The Government
school for girls has more than 300 pupils. Fourteen courses aie
available, three of which are preparatory. The Pedagogical Insti-
tute for Girls, which was founded in 1912, gives great attention to
scientific studies, as well as to the moral, social, and artistic instruc-
tion necessary to fit its pu])ils for university courses and for home and
social duties. This institution has more than 250 matriculates. The
American Lyceum for Girls, founded in 1898, is conducted along the
most modern lines, instruction being given in the sciences, the clas-
sics, and moral and artistic education. This institution has an able
corps of professors and a library containing more than 3,000 volumes.
Courses are given in music, painting, and a])phed and domestic
sciences. In 1918 this institution had more than 200 pupils.
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION AND EDUCATION. 723
Statistics i)ublis]io(l in A]H'il last on tlie PrBLIC SCHOOLS OF
CHILE show that in 1917 there were '?>,712 schools in oi)eration in the
Republic, 3,014 of whicli were Government primary schools, 359
private primary scliools subventioned, 87 ])rivato ])rimary scliools
not subventioned, 149 secondary and sjjccial Government schools,
112 secondary and special private schools subventioned, 32 secondary
and special private schools not subventioned, 12 Government high
schools, 1 ])rivate subventioned high school, and 6 private nonsub-
ventioned high schools. The Government primary schools were
attended by 350,836 pupils, the private subventioned schools by
52,174, and the private nonsubventioned schools by 8,581. The
teaching force of the Government high and elementary schools num-
bered 6,739 persons, and the cost of maintenance, including salaries,
board, etc., was 16,749,597 pesos (peso, currency, =S0.19), or an
average per school of 5,598 pesos, or 49 pesos per student. The sub-
ventions for private primary schools aggregated 568,475 pesos. Li
1917 there were 15 normal schools with a corps of 391 teachers in opera-
tion in the Repubhc. The students of the normal schools numbered
1,937, ot which 728 were males and 1,209 females. The Government
secondary schools were attended by 29,883 pupils, the subventioned
secondary schools by 10,923, and the nonsubventioned secondary
schools by 6,789. There were in operation 42 lyceums for males and 45
for females, the former having 900 and the latter 739 professors. In
the special schools of the Government the matriculation during the
year was as follows: Commercial schools, 3,002; agricultural schools,
488; mining school, 177; school of arts and crafts, 440; ])rofessional
schools for girls, 4,825; institute of physical education and technical
school, 317; conservatory of music, 1,196; deaf and dumb school, 87;
manual tiaining, 1,428: special army schools, 807; marine school, 875.
The Government expended on these schools, 772,331 ])esos, plus
331,073 pesos in the form of subventions. The Government schools
devoted to higher education had 3,990 ])upils, of which 851 were
women. The private schools instructed only 721 men. The T^ni-
versity of Chile conferred in 1917 the following degrees and titles:
Architects, 46; dentists, 186; pharmacists, 236; civil engineers, 207;
physicians, 32'7; State professors, 341; licentiates in medicine, 201;
bachelors of law, 1,237; licentiates of law, 899; mathematicians, 662;
and bachelors of hterature, 4,524; or a total of 9,217 titles and degrees.
COLOMBIA.
Sres. Bernabe Riveros, Marco A. Vidales, and Daniel Uribe have
been elected president, vice president, and secretary, respectively of
the organizing board of the STUDENT ASSEMBLY to be held in
the city of Bogota, August 7, 1919, hi celebration of the centenary
of the battle of Boyaca.
724 THE PAlSr AMERICAN UNION".
Recent rulings of the ministry of agriculture and commerce modify
the curriculum of the AGRICUI.TURAL AND STOCK RAISING
SECTION of the Agricultural High School of Bogota, making the
course cover five years.
The University of the Cauca has establistied a MACHINE SHOP
and opened it for operation. The workshop is equipped with all
the modern machinery and apparatus necessary for whatever work
may be presented to it, and it is expected to give a theoretical and
practical education to the sons of workmen who are desirous of
learning a trade.
COSTA RICA.
In 1918 fully 300 PRIMARY SCHOOLS, with an enrollment of
over 30,000 pupils and a staff of 1,500 teachers, were in operation in
the Republic. Approximately one-third of the teachers were en-
gaged in circuit inspections, supervision of institutions, and con-
ducting special classes in the various establishments.
VACATION CLASSES have been organized with the purpose of
giving technical training to teachers and giving them an oppor-
tunity to exchange methods. It is expected that this system will
tend toward the standardization of instruction throughout the
country.
CUBA.
A recent Executive decree authorizes the construction of a building
for the INSTITUTE OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION at Santiago
de Cuba on lands now occupied by the local sanitary office.
From the bequest of S600,000 made by Cayetano Inclan for a
SCHOOL OF ARTS AND CRAFTS in Habana, $48,000 has been
expended in acquiring a site for the erection of the school building.
The new school will be in charge of the Silesian Fathers, an organi-
zation perfectly equipped for carrying out the purposes of the bequest.
Under date of April 1 last the President of the Republic issued
rules and regulations governing AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS, the
Spanish text of which is published in the Official Gazette of April 28,
1919.
MEXICO.
The Mexican Geological Society has agreed upon the conditions
for the establishment of a SCHOOL OF MINING ENGINEERING,
founded upon those of Great Britain and the United States, which
are the best of their class in the world.
In an assembly of laAvyers and men of letters versed in interna-
tional law, held in Mexico City early in May of this year, the consti-
tution of the MEXICAN ACADEMY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
was adopted. The institution, like analogous bodies in other coun-
tries, has as its object the study of all problems of international
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION AND EDUCATION. 725
character, and particularly those relating to Mexico and the other
American nations. There will be three classes of nieiu))ers of the
organization — honorary, active, and corresponding.
PARAGUAY.
During the year 1918 PUBLIC SCHOOLS to the number of 1,015
were in operation in the Republic, including rural and graduate
schools of the capital, besides 72 private schools, or a total of 1,087,
employing 1,607 teachers (463 men and 1,144 women), of whom 140
were employed in private schools.
At the close of the school year of (1918) 60 NORMAL SCHOOL
TEACHERS, 15 men and 45 women, were graduated. The reo-is-
tration in the normal schools of the country totals 268, of whom 64
are men and 204 women.
During 1918 a total of 756 students were registered in the SCHOOLS
OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION under the supervision of 54
professors.
The following statistics illustrate the increase in enrollment in
UNIVERSITIES in the country during 1918: Registration in the
College of Law and Social Sciences, 13 professors and 132 pupils;
College of Medical Sciences (first year), 2 professors, 43 students;
Law School, 6 professors, 32 students; School of Pharmacy, 7 pro-
fessors and 1 6 students ; and School of Obstetrics, 2 professors and 24
students; a total of 30 professors and 252 students.
The National Government will establish an EXPERIMENTAL
LABORATORY AND INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOLOGY in the near
future with funds provided for the purpose in the current budget.
During 1918 the MILITARY INSTITUTE graduated seven pupils,
who immediately entered the armv with the corresponding ranks.
The SCHOOL OF RADIO TELEGRAPHY, which is under the
same supervision as the military institute, has graduated two classes,
the members of which immediately went into the service of the Gov-
ernment, the first seven as employees in Government offices and the
latter five to complete their practical training in State offices.
PERU.
In response to the present and future needs of the Navy for tech-
nically trained officers in directing the operations of warships, the
President issued a decree April 8 creating a NAVAL TRAINING
SCHOOL, for the training of officers. The following subjects will
form a prominent part of the curriculum: (a) Artillery; (b) torpedoes,
and mines; (c) electricity; (d) radiotelegraphy; and (e) pilotage,
which will be accompanied by training in navigation, signaling,
rigging, military and naval regulations, and technical studies in special
726
THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
branches for different individuals. At present the school will be
established in the vicinity of the submarine base.
The official opening of the FINE ARTS ACADEMY was held
in its quarters on San Idelfonso Street in Lima on April 15. Classes
in drawing and painting, and lectures on aesthetics, the history of
art, archaeology and anatomy will be given.
SALVADOR.
At the suggestion of the departmental board and the Commission
of Education of Santa Ana, a SCPIOOL for rural school teachers was
opened in the city on April 6, in which instruction will be given by
lectures on methods of carrying out the official program of public
instruction.
ARGENTINA.
Early in April last work was commenced on the CERVANTES
THEATER, situated on the corner of Cordoba and Liberty Streets,
Buenos Aires. The construction of this theater is due to the initiative
of the celebrated Spanish actors, Diaz de Medina and wife, who
planned a theater embodying to a remarkable degree a representation
of the dramatic and spiritual genius of the Spanish race. The theater
is to be used exclusively for Spanish and Spanish- American plays
and for the development of the dramatic art of the Spanish-American
countries along lines outlined by the artist referred to. The theater
will have a capacity for 1,750 persons.
As the result of an expedition to Mount Aconcagua made a short
time ago by a number of Buenos Aires explorers, who ascended the
mountain to an altitude of 6,850 meters, or 200 meters less than its
highest elevation, the ARGENTINE ALPINE CLUB of Buenos
Aires was organized on March 7 last. One of the principal objects
of the club is to study the Andean Range in detail.
The Executive power has issued a decree granting a concession to
the Siemens-Schubert Co. to operate commercially for their exclusive
profit for a period of 30 years a powerful WIRELESS TELEGRAPH
STATION capable of communicating direct with central Europe.
The station will have 400 kilowatts power according to the system of
continuous waves, produced by high power, Telefunken machines,
of a length of 10,000 or more meters. The tariffs are to be approved
GENERAL NOTES. 727
by the President of the RepubUc, and the tariffs in force between
Argentina and Germany shall be two-thirds less than the present
cable rates. The concession referred to docs not imply a monopoly
nor any special privilege whatsoever.
On April 2 last there was held in Buenos Aires an exhibit of plans
of the ARGENTINE ROWING CLUB'S })iiilding. These plans
were examined by a jury appointed by the Central Society of Archi-
tects. The first av.ard was made to Ezequiel M. Real de Azua and
Miguel Madero.
BOLIVIA.
A newspaper of La Paz announces that a NEWSPAPER IN
AYMARA, the Inca dialect, is soon to appear in that city, directed
by Senor Felipe Pizarro, who has for some time been a teacher
among native tribes, becoming proficient in their language. He will
call the paper "Aru Wiyiri," which, freely translated, means "dedi-
cated to the diffusion of knowledge."
The ministry of public instruction has provided that the DIREC-
TORS OF LIBRARIES, MUSELTMS, physical and chemical labora-
tories be required to give satisfactory security, approved by the
district curator and the prefect of the department to protect the
property in their custod}^. The security is to consist of a bond of
10,000 or 15,000 bolivianos (boliviano = $0.4389 U. S. gold) in the
case of directors of libraries and museums, according to the value of
the institutions in their charge; and of 2,000 bolivianos for professors
in charge of laboratories.
On May 18, 1919, the ELECTION OF SENATORS AND DEPU-
TIES ordered by presidential decree of March 11, of this year, was
held.
A short time ago the bones of a MAMMOTH PREHISTORIC
ANrMAL were discovered within a few leagues of the city of Oruro,
at a depth of approximately 3,900 meters. The bones form a part
of the cranium and humerus of an extinct mammal known as the
mylodon, belonging to the Edentate group, according to the report
of the Mineralogical Museum in the School of Engineers. In 1841 a
complete skeleton of the animal, measuring nearly 4 meters in
length, was found on the pampas near Buenos Aires and purchased
by the Surgeon's Museum of London.
BRAZIL.
In April last Bernardo Vanders van Rensellaer, a New York lawyer^
visited Rio de Janeiro for the purpose of establishing a branch LAW
OFFICE of the firm of Curtis, Mallet-Prevost & Colt of New York
City.
According to data compiled by the municipal bureau of statistics
the number of VEHICLES in 1918 in Rio de Janeiro in use for freight
728 THE PAISr AMERICAN UNION.
and passenger service was 11,758. There were in the city 2,243 pas-
senger automobiles, 1,284 of which were for hire and 959 belonged to
private persons, as compared with 1,342 for hire and 681 belonging to
private persons in 1917.
On May 3 last the Brazilian CONGRESS opened its sessions. Dr.
Delfim Moran, the Vice President, who has acted as President since
the lamented death of Dr. Rodriguez Alves, delivered a message to
the congress.
CHILE.
Lieut. Ai-mando Cortinez Mujica, of the Cliilean army, made on
April 5 last, anniversary of the celebrated battle of Naipo, a FLIGHT
OVER THE ANDEAN RANGE, thereby repeating the famous
areonautic feat made by the Chilean lieutenant, Godoy, a few months
prior to the date mentioned. A Bristol machine of 100 horsepower
was used, and the distance from Santiago, Chile, to Mendoza, Argen-
tina, was covered in an hour and 17 minutes. The maximum alti-
tude reached was 4,000 meters. Lieut. Cortinez, who was born m
1893, entered the Chilean army in 1908, and at the present time is
instructor of the first aviation company of the army of Chile.
The Chilean delegation which took part in the third contest of
the SOUTH AMERICAN OLYMPIC GAMES, held m Montevideo
in April last, won the cup "America." This is the second time that
an award of this kind has been made to Chilean athletes.
COLOMBIA.
The general directorate of telegraphs has recently signed a con-
tract for the installation of a TELEPHONE SYSTEM in the depart-
ment of the Valle del Cauca, by which the city of Cali is to have
direct service with Cartago through Palmira, Cerrito, Guacari,
Buga, San Pedro, Bugalagrando, Tulua, San Vicente, Roldanillo,
Cordoba, and Boqueron del Dagua.
By presidential decree of April 5, 1919, section 9 of the NATIONAL
POLICE is created, to consist of 70 men detailed to San Andres and
Providencia Islands.
One of tlie oldest captains on Colombian waters has published a
MAP OF THE MAGDALENA RIVER, in which the navigable
course of this river and its tributaries are accurately defined and
ports, towns, and fuel stations indicated.
With a view to reorganizmg the MINTS of Bogota and Medellm
so that they may accept private orders, the National Government
has sent Sefior Benito Zalamca, president of the board of exchange,
to the United States to study the methods and machinery used
there in coining.
The Bogota Improvement Society has recently purchased the
house in which Gen. Simon Bolivar lived, Imown as the Quinta
GENERAL NOTES. 729
de Bolivar, witli the purpose of restoring it and esta])lishino; a
MUSEUM, ill wliieli it is probable a collection of weapons will be
included. As a feature of the project the society has opened a
prize contest among Colombian writers for an historical sketch of
the house. Tlie contest will close June 30.
The President appointed the following CABINET MINISTERS
on March 17: Public works, Dr. Carmelo Arango; treasury. Dr.
Esteban Jaramillo; and agriculture and commerce, Dr. Jesus del
Corral.
The FIRST NATION.U^ JITRIDIC^VL CONGRESS will be
held August 7 in Bogota under the auspices of the Colombian Society
of Jurisprudence.
COSTA RICA.
On May 1, 1919, the ordinary sessions of the NATIONAL LEGIS-
LATIVE ASSEMBLY were opened in San Jose according to the
procedure authorized in the fundamental charter of tlie Republic, the
president's message being read by the minister of foreign relations,
according to custom. The message contained a summary of the
international and internal policies that have been pursued by the
administration and outlined concretely the general condition of the
country and the steps taken by the administration in the year just
ended. The election of the senate officials was held, by which the fol-
lowing were chosen: President, Senor Don Jose Astua Aguilar; vice-
president, Senor Don Clodomiro Figueroa Candanedo; first secretary
Senor Don Francisco Segreda: and second secretary, Senor Don
Aristides Aguero. The officers of the house of representatives were
elected as follows: President, Senor Don Francisco Faerron; vice
president, Senor Don Amancio Saenz; first secretary, Senor Don
Julio Esquivel; and second secretary, Senor Don Leonid as- Briceno.
In the presidential message it was stated that the National Gov-
ernment is preparing to undertake an active SANITATION CAM-
PAIGN tlii'oughout the Republic, sparing no pains or expense.
The condition of the country during the past year was satisfactory.
Costa Rica has added three dates to hei list of NATIONAL
HOLIDAYS — July 14, the anniversary of the fall of the bastile in
1789; July 24, the birthday of Simon Bolivar, the liberator, hero of
South American independence, and November 11, the date of the
signing of the armistice between the allied powers and Germany.
Senor Don Jose Almarez, the new RESIDENT MINISTER
FROM MEXICO before the Costa Rican Government, was received
in public audience on April 24 of this year.
The students of the School of Law of San Jose have commenced
the pubhcation of THE JU^RIDICAL REVIEW, the official organ
of the institution. The first number contains several important
articles.
120801— 19— Bull. 6 8
730 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
CUBA,
A law of May G last enlarges the Cuban consular service and pro-
vides for new CONSULATES AND VICE CONSULATES as
follows: General consulates in Stockholm, Copenhagen, Athens, and
Kobe; second-class consulates in Amsterdam, Halifax, Milan, Osaka,
Nagoya, Detroit, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Norfolk, and Pensacola; and
vice consulates in Aguadilla, Palma de Mallorca, and Pascagoula.
The same law creates the post of a consul of the second class attached
to the general consulate in Barcelona, Spain, and raises to the rank
of consulates general of the first class the consulates in Genoa,
Yokohama, San Jose de Costa Rica, Quito, and Asuncion; to con-
sulates of the first class, Belfast, Santa Cruz de TenerifFe, Boston,
New Orleans, San Francisco, and San Juan de Puerto Rico; and to
consulates of the second class the vice consulates at Geneva, Bor-
deaux, and Glasgow. The consulate general at HaUfax is transferred
to Ottawa, capital of Canada.
The same law establishes a LEGATION in Portugal in charge of a
minister resident and second secretary, closes the general consulate
at Lisbon, and estabhshes a second-class consulate in the Portuguese
capital. This law also establishes the post of first secretary in the
legations of Brazil and Chile and discontinues the post of secretaries
of the second class in said legations, as well as the consulate of the
second class at Petrogi'ad. The two legations maintained in Cen-
tral America are merged into one, in charge of a minister extraor-
dinary and plenipotentiary and a second secretary, the headquar-
ters of the legation to be designated by the president. The vice
consulate attached to the legation of Guatemala is made into an
independent office, in charge of a vice consul and a chancellor. After
tliis law has been in force one year the president will advise congress
which of the nations have not accredited diplomatic representatives
to the Repubhc, so that congress may act as it may deem proper
concerning the matter.
On May 2 last the NEW MINISTER OF PERU, Dr. Jorge
Polar, was ofhcially received by the President of the Republic.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
The QUARANTINE RULES AND REGULATIONS published
in the Official Gazette of April 19, 1919, quarantine persons afflicted
with any of the following diseases : Asiatic cholera, smallpox, yellow
fever, typhus, bubonic plague, and leprosy. Vessels proceeding from
any foreign port are considered in quarantine until they have been
given free pratique.
An association of notaries recently met at La Vega. One of the
principal resolutions adopted was a recommendation to submit to
GENERAL NOTES. '731
the Government for its consideration a NOTARIES CODE patterned
after the notaries code of France.
The bureau of sanitation of the Dominican Government is con-
ducting an active campaign against the MOSQUITO, with the object
of reducing to a minimum the danger of fever infection through this
agency.
A BRIDGE over the Camu River at La Vega was recently opened
to pubHc traffic, thereby phxcing that progressive city in easy com-
munication, via Sanchez, with the coast.
Luis Fernando Prada has been appointed CONSUL of Colombia
in the city of Santo Domingo.
GUATEMALA.
A law of the legislative assembly of March 18, 1919, fixes December
15 of this year for the ELECTION OF DEPUTIES to the legislative
assembly of the Repubhc, which is to open March 1, 1920, at which
time the four-year term prescribed by Article 51 of the national
constitution will have expired.
Sres. Manuel Maria Giron, Maximo Soto Hall, Antonio G. Saravia,
Salvador Ortega, Celso Escobar, J. Antonio Mandujano, and Leon
de Leon Flores, representatives, have been elected members of the
PERALINENT COJ^IMISSION of the national legislative assembly.
The TEMPLE OF MINERVA in the city of Guatamala has been
completely restored after the damages suffered from the earthquake
of the past year.
HAITI.
A meeting of the newspaper men of Port au Prince was held a short
time ago for the purpose of discussing the foundation of a HAITIAN
PRESS ASSOCIATION. A special committee was appointed to
draft the constitution of the future organization.
According to the Haitian newspapers the School of Arts and Crafts,
wliich until recently was under control of Maj. Burwell of the
military government, is now under the supervision of the department
of interior.
HONDURAS.
A law of the national congress of April 4, 1919, sets the last Sunday
of the month of October of the present vear and two days following
for the election of PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT OF THE
REPUBLIC and magistrates of the supreme court of justice for the
constitutional period beginning February 1, 1920, and ending January
31, 1924. The same law provides that on the dates mentioned
deputies to the national congress shall be elected by the following
departments: Choluteca, 2 deputies and 1 alternate; Intibuca,
1 deputy and 1 alternate; Copan, 2; Tegucigalpa, 1 alternate;
Santa Barbara, 1 alternate; del Valle, 1; La Paz, 1; and Colon, 1.
732 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
On April 10 the regular sessions of the NATIONAL CONGRESS
adjourned in accordance with the established constitutional pro-
visions.
Dr. Jose Maria Casco has been elected by the national congress as
substitute ATTORNEY FOR THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT.
The chaml^er of commerce of Honduras at the initiative of the
municipality of Tegucigalpa is planning for the establishment of an
ASYLUM FOR THE POOR in the capital. Already S5,000 has
been subscribed to for the institution.
MEXICO.
Early in May of the present year the national congress was con-
vened in EXTRAORDINARY SESSION for the election of magis-
trates of the supreme court of justice and the consideration of various
bills presented by the executive, such as the bill concerning modi-
fications of articles 52, 97, and 115 of the political constitution; the
oil and mineral fuel law; the reestablishment of the law providing
for the writ of habeas corpus; the organization of the federal minis-
tries; organization of the tribunals of the common law and of the
public ministry of the federal district and territories; the creation
and control of the Bank of the Republic; the authorization of the
President to purchase the United Railways of the Peninsula; and
the organization controlling mineral fuel; the law under article 123
of the political constitution; and authorization to construct railroads
which will connect the State of Sonora with that of Lower Cali-
fornia, Peto of Yucatan with Bacalar and Santa Cruz in Quintana
Roo, and Santa Lucrecia in Vera Cruz with the port of Campeche.
The general directorate of the post office department has issued a
NEW POSTAL CODE modifying that of 1886, which is in force,
but docs not meet present-day requirements. The new code specifies
three classes of mail only: First class, sealed correspondence and
registered letters; second class, printed matter of all kinds; and third
class, parcels. Certain of the postal rates are also modified.
On May 28, 1919, the FOURTH MEXICAN LABORERS' CON-
GRESS was held in the city of Zacatecas, attended by delegates
from all the laborers' organizations in the federal district and the
States.
Dr. Jose M. Gonzalez has recently published a CHILDREN'S
11 LALTH GUIDE, the first work of its kind to be published in
Mexico.
NICARAGUA.
By decree No. 34 of February 24 last the national congress approved
the ACTS OF THE EXECUTIVE POWER in the departments of
fomento, pul^lic works, justice, public instruction, and charity for
the period comprised between January 1 and October 31, 1918.
GENERAL NOTES. 733
On February 27 of the present year Deputy Salvador Chamorro
and Senator Carlos Baez were elected, respectively. FIRST AND
SECOND DESIGNATES to the presidency of the Republic.
According to official reports the necessary steps have been made
toward the taking of a CENSUS of the Republic in accordance
with the recommendations of the Fourth International Pan Ameri-
can Conference and the Second Scientific Pan American Congress.
The Nicaraguan press advises that the Government of Colombia
has appointed Dr. Daniel Gutierrez Navas MINISTER plenipoten-
tiary and envoy extraordinar}' of that country near the Govern-
ment of Nicaragua.
PANAMA.
The President of the Republic and several members of the board
of trade of the national capital selected, in the old city of Panama,
during the latter part of April last, the ground on which to erect the
new STRUCTLTIE FOR THE STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVES.
The building will consist of three parts — namely, one for the storage
of dynamite, another for powder, and a third for other munitions.
Senor Belisario Porras, Jr., special agent of Panama in Venezuela,
while in Caracas, in the name of the Government and people of the
Republic of Panama, and as a token of respect and veneration,
placed a WREATH OF FLOWERS at the base of the monument
in the mausoleum at Caracas in which rest the ashes of the immortal
Bolivar.
A recent legislative decree provides for the celebration of the
FIRST CENTENARY of the independence of Panama from Spain
on November 28, 1921. Among the exercises planned is the cele-
bration in the city of Los Santos of the cry of independence raised
there on November 13, 1821.
Under a law ol January 28 last there has been established in the
city of Panama a GENERAL BUREAU OF POSTS AND TELE-
GRAPHS with power to propose, negotiate, and conclude treaties
and postal conventions with the postal authorities of foreign coun-
tries, said pacts to be subject to the approval of the Executive Power.
PARAGUAY.
In 1918 the CITY OF ASUNCION paved 37,213 square meters of
streets, at a cost of 1,900,000 pesos paper, and private citizens of the
city expended 9,338,342 pesos paper in buildings and improvements.
The POST AND TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT reports 3,506,868
postal packages transmitted during the year 1918, 4,173,768 packages
received, 127,892 telegrams sent, and 100,378 telegrams received.
In 1918 there were 269 kilometers of TELEGRAPH LINES iput
into public service, which, together with the 447 kilometers of the
previous year, form a total of 716 kilometers for the past two years.
734 THE PAT^ AMERICAN UNION.
PERU.
The President of the Republic has appointed Gen. Don Juan M.
Zuloaga PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS and
minister of war and navy, and Deputy Senor Oscar Mavila as minister
of administration and government, to take the place of Senor Don
German Arenas, resigned.
In view of the fact that the study of American history, and especially
that related to the history of Peru, requires a scientific classification
and cataloguing of the fundamental material, and since it is best to col-
lect historical and notarial documents of the sixteenth, seventeenth,
eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries in a central depository, the
President on March 17, 1919, approved a law reorganizing and regu-
lating the NATIONAL ARCHIVE created by laws of May 15, 1861,
and August 20, 1872.
On April 26, 1919, Senor Dr. Antonio Sagarna, the new ENVOY
EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY OF
THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, was received in public audience
in the presidential palace of Lima.
Senor Don Alfonso M. Siller, the new RESIDENT MINISTER
FROM MEXICO to Peru, was received in a public audience by the
President of the Republic April 12.
The President of the Republic has been authorized by the national
congress to obtain an accurate inventory of the HISTORIC AND
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM of Dr. Jose Lucas Caparo Muniz,
with the purpose of purchasing it for the University of Cuzco.
Senor Jose Maria Barreto has been appointed CHARGE D'AF-
FAIRES OF PERU IN CARACAS. Senor Barreto has been acting
as secretary of the Peruvian Legation in Bolivia.
SALVADOR.
Dr. Pio Romero Bosque, jr., has been appointed CONSUL OF
SALVADOR IN SAN FRANCISCO, Calif.
The first number of a NEW WEEKLY PERIODICAL called
"Student Opinion" (Opinion Estudiantil) appeared in San Salvador
April 6. It is the official organ of the university body.
The minister of administration has prohibited tlie establishment
of GAMBLING HOUSES throughout the Republic and fixed the
penalties for violation of the law.
According to the report of Dr. Carlos A. Bailey, director and
administrator of the hookworm department, a HOOKWORM
CLINIC was established in the municipal building of the city of
Santa Ana on March 24 of this year, which is the first permanent
institution to be created in the country to carry out an active cam-
paign for the relief of the disease.
GENERAL NOTES. 735
URUGUAY.
Legislation of April 4, 1910, places Scnors Oscar B. Hordeiiana and
Mario Falcao Espaltar in charge of a COMPIIATION OF THE
TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS signed by the Republic from
1S30 to the present date, under the direction of the ministry of
foreign relations.
On April 7 the ROSSELL-PEREYRA PARK, given by Senor and
Senorita Rossell-Pereyra to the municipality of Montevideo, was
taken over by the city. The gift includes a museum containing
objects of great artistic and historic value, and it is the purpose of
the municipality to convert the property into a zoological garden
worthy of the Uruguayan capital.
Dr. Don Enrique E. Buero, assistant secretary of state of the
department of the treasur}", has been appointed to PUBLISH THE
LAWS AND DECREES passed in the period between 1915 and
1919, with the corresponding amendments and by-laws.
The PRESIDENTIAL SALARY for the term 1919-1923 has been
fixed at 24,000 pesos yearl3^
VENEZUELA.
On April 19 last the federal CONGRESS assembled in Caracas in
regular session. The following officers weije elected: Senate — Presi-
dent, Dr. Pedro M. jVrca3^a; fu-st vice president, Dr. Santiago Rodri-
guez R.; second vice president, Dr. Diego Matute. House of depu-
ties— President, Dr. Adolfo Bueno; fu*st vice president. Dr. J. A.
Azuajc; and second vice president, Senor. Tomas Sarmiento.
The Governor of the State of Aragua, under a decree of April 19
last, provides for the construction of a CHARITY HOSPITAL in
the city of Maracay, in accordance with the plans approved by
the board of public health.
REPORTS RECEIVED TO MAY 15, 1919.
Title.
Date.
Author.
-ARGENTINA.
Cooperative movement in Argentina. . ,
Portland cement industry in Argentina
Relative to the market for farm tractors and trucks.
Market for belting
The market for slack-barrel cooperage material .
Market for cream separators
Probable market for American coal
Coal prices, unloading charges, etc
Current prices for rope and cordage
Photographic folders and mountings
Imports of nails for the years 1910 and 1917
BRAZIL.
Brazilian Government aids schools in agricultural colonies
Culture of silkworms in Brazil
Production of wheat in Brazil
American Banking Corporation opens offices in Rio de Janeiro . .
Increased revenues of federal district
Brazilian company organized to develop leather-paper industry .
National City Bank of New York City to establish new agencies
in Brazil.
Lloj'd Brasileiro Steamship Line to be given autonomous organi-
zation.
Animal husbandry in Brazil
American chamber of commerce for Brazil
Brazilian iron (analyses)
American firm authorized to operate in Brazil
Brazilian cotton crop— estimated crop t)y States, and e.xports of
raw cotton for 1917 and 1918.
Horse breeding in Brazil
Brazilian mandioea, its uses and applications, cultivation, ex-
ports, etc.
CHILE.
Banking in Chile
The practice of dentistry in Chile
Condition of market in northern Chile with respect to American
goods.
Economic situation in northern Chile
COLOMBIA.
Opportunity for establishment of hardware business
COSTA RICA.
Monthly report of commerce and industry (January, 1919).
Detailed statistics of imports for 1918
DOMrNICAN REPUBLIC.
Agricultural College for Santo Domingo
Declared exports from Santo Domingo to the United States, year
ended Dec. 31, 1918.
ECUADOR.
Census and statistical office for Guayaquil
Commerce and industries for month of January, 1919.
Report on yellow fever at G uayaquil
Market for matches in Ecuador
GUATEM.A.LA.
Marketing butter and chee.se in district.
Bank exchange rates
lyiimber iiiiiiorls
Market for laundry soap.
1919.
Jan . 25
Jan. 27
...do
-.do
..do....
Feb. 6
Feb. 7
Feb. 12
Feb. 18
Feb. 19
..do
Feb. 7
Feb. 10
Feb. 14
Feb. 15
Feb. 17
Feb. 21
...do.....
..do
...do
Feb. 27
...do
...do.....
Mar. 5
Mar. 7
Mar. 10
Feb. 5
Feb. 21
Mar. 3
Mar. 7
Jan. 17
Feb. 24
Mar. 21
Mar.
Apr.
Jan. 31
Feb. 10
Feb. 21
Mar. 11
Mar. 3
Mar. 11
Mar. 12
Mar. 21
W. Henry Robertson, consul
general at Buenos Aires.
Do.
Wilbert L. Bonney, consul at
Rosario.
Do.
Do.
W. Henry Robertson.
Do.
Wilbert L. Bonney.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Augustus I. Hasskarl, vice
consul at Rio de Janeiro.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Thomas W. Voetter, consul
at Valparaiso.
Do.
Arnold A. McKay, consul at
Antofagasta.
Do.
Claude E. Guyant, consul at
Barranquilla.
Benjamin F. Chase, consul at
San Jos^.
Do.
Clement S. Edwards, consul
at Santo Domingo.
Do.
Frederic W. Coding, consul
general at Guayaquil.
Do.
Do.
Do.
E. M. Lawton, consul at
Guatemala City.
Do.
Do.
Do.
73G
SUBJECT MATTER IN CONSULAR REPORTS.
737
Title.
Date.
MEXICO.
Print paper mill for Hermosillo
1919.
Feb. 21
Replacing water mains and i>iimpmK engines at GnajTnas do
Coimterfeit American gold coins in Mexico ...do
Nogalei Chamber of Commerce vi.^its we,st coast ; Feb. 23
Result of American trade ellorts in Mexico Mar. 1
Mines in Northern Chihuahua ...do
Decree modifying paragraph 140 of export duties of Mexico Mar. 10
Oil in the west of Mexico ' Mar. 12
Garbanzo industry and machinery employed [ Mar. 15
Payment of customs duty in Ciudad Juarez Mar. 26
Market for well-boring outfits in northern Chihuahua -.do
Paving in Ciudad Juarez Mar. 2<
Street traffic regulations do
Tobacco imports do ... .
Mining laws (version of El Universal) do
Report on candelilla wax ^ Mar. 30
Railroad development in Mexico Mar. 31
Textile factory to reopen in Oaxaca Apr. 1
F.xport duties on metals and minerals for April do.
New highway.
Mining of zinc and lead at Villa Ahuamada .
Bringing the Mexican buyer to the market.
PANAM.\.
Panaman legislation — Laws of 1919
Apr.
..do.
Apr.
Mar. 8
Monthly report on commerce and industries for February, 1919. .| Mar. 15
Copy of the patent and trade-mark laws of Panama i Mar. 24
Market for baking powder { Mar. 25
Market forlaimdry soap and the imports for 1917 ...do
PARAGU.VY.
Imports of paints and varnishes I Feb. 13
Market for coal in Paraguay Feb. 14
The establishment of temperance zones in Paraguay do
Bartley F. Yost, consul at
Guaymas.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Edward A. Dow, consul at
Ciudad Juarez.
Do.
Joseph W. Rowe, vice consul
at Mexico City (in charge).
Do.
Bartley F. Yost.
Edward A. Dow.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Thomas D. Bowman, consul
at Front era.
Joseph W. Rowe.
Edward .V. Dow.
Joseph W. Rowe.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Edward A. Dow.
Thomas D. Bowman.
Alban G. Snyder, consul
general at Panama.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Henry? If. Balch, consul at
Asuncion.
Do.
Do.
Shipping at Callao Feb. 27
Coal imports into Callao Mar. 11
Copy of the report on the new water supply for Lima Apr. 24
Additional port charges for lumber
Declared exports from Montevideo to the United States, 1914-1918
Encouragement of new industries
Congress of labor inspectors in Uruguay
Commerce and industries for month of December, 1918
Insurance of Government property in Uruguay
Market for sewer pipes
Uruguayan products in European markets
The market for .American coal
Dairy industry is little developed in Uniguay
Laws governing foreign insurance companies (law of Dec. 27,
1911, creating the State Insurance Bank)
Market for men's shirts
Exports of tallow for the past five years
No market tor foreign matches
Imports of pig iron
Marks for live stock in Uruguay
South American agriculiiu-al and industrial exhibition in Monte-
video
VENEZUELA.
Supply of cattle hair
Business conditions in Puerto Cabello
Report on chemicals and drugs, imports for the years 1916 and 191'
Feb. 13
Feb. 19
Feb. 21
Feb. 24
Mar. 1
..do....
Mar. 6
Feb. 27
...do....
....do...
William W. Handley, consul
general at Lima.
Do.
Do.
William Dawson, consul at
Montevideo.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Homer Brett, consul at La
Guaira.
Frank Anderson Henrj', con-
sul at Puerto Cabello.
Do.
[Publications added to the Columbus Memorial Library, during May, 1919.]
ARGENTINA.
Anales del museo nacional de historia natural de Buenos Aires. Tomo XXIX (con
4 laminas y 237 figuras en el texto). Buenos Aires, Imprenta de Coni Ilerma-
nos, 1917. 688 p. 4°.
Argumentos legales en contra de la unidad de la secesion Argentina. Su refutacion.
[For] Alberto Escudero. Buenos Aires, Talleres Graficos Argentines de L. J.
Rosso y Cia., 1919. 36 p. 8°.
Banco hipotecario nacional. Sorteo del 17 de marzo de 1919. A pagarse el 1° de
Julio de 1919, con cupon 1° de Enero de 1920. Buenos Aires, 1919. pamp. 8°.
Estudios y apuntes sobre las lenguas en general y su origen divino. Particularida-
des sobre los idiomas de la Patagonia. Buenos Aires, Imp. San Martin, 1917.
front, port. fold, table. 43 p. 8°.
Memoria de la "Sociedad Fomento Educacional" de La Paz (E. R.). Correspon-
diente al XIII" ejercicio economico de 1916-1917 (1° Septiembre 1916 al 31
Agosto 1917). Parana, Talleres Gnlficos "La Accion," 1917. 38 p. 12°.
North American directory of the Argentine and Brazil. River Plate edition. Exclu-
sively for North Americans. International copyright, 1919. Buenos Aires, North
American Dictionary. 4°. 1 v.
Notas preliminares sobre las chlorideas de la republica Argentina. Por Lorenzo R.
Parodi. Buenos Aires, Imprenta y Casa Editora Coni, 1918. p. 167-185. 8°.
illus.
La Razon. [Annual number.] illus. 367 (1) p. 4°. 1919.
Del Plata al Pacifico (Viajes por Chile y Bolivia). [Por] V. M. Carrio. Prologo de
Armando Donoso. La Paz, Gonzalez y Medina, 1919. 279 (8) p. 12°.
La cuestion Chileno-Peruana. 1. Exposicion de hecho? acerca del problema Chileno-
Peruana. 2. Tacna-Arica versus Alsacia y Lorena. Por Ernesto Montenegro.
Santiago de Chile, Imp. y Lit. de la Penitenciaria, 1919. 38 p. 12°.
Guerra del Pacifico. Valparaiso, Sociedad Imprenta y Litografia Universo, 1912-1919.
4°. 3 vols. 1. Antofagasta a Tarapacd. 1912. 2. Tarapaca a Lima. 1914. 3.
Ocupacion del Peru. La. Paz. 1919.
COLOMBIA.
Blue Book of Colombia. Biographical sketches of the most prominent personages.
Abridged history of the Republic. Special articles relative to commerce, agri-
culture, and mineral wealth, based on official statistics. New York, The J. J.
Little & Ives Co., 1918. front, col. port, illus. 725 p. 4°. (Text in English
and Spanish.)
Documentos anexos a la memoria que presenta el miaislro de obras publicas al con-
greso de 1918. Bogotd, Imprenta Nacional, 1918. 443 p. 4°.
Ilistoria contempordnea de Colombia. (Desde la disolucion de la antigua republica
de ese nombre hasta la 6pooa presente.) Por Gustavo Arboleda. Tomos 1-2.
Bogotd, Casa Editorial de Arboleda & Valencia, 1918-1919. 4°. 2 v. Tomo 1."
Fines de 1829-Principi()s de 1841. Tomo 2. Adrainistraciones de Herran y de
Mosquera 1841-1849.
738
BOOK NOTES. 739
Informe del ministro de hacienda al congresso de 1918. Bogotil, Imprenta Nacional,
1918. cv, 378 p. 4°.
Mensaje del gobernador del departmento del Magdalena a la h. asaniblea de 1919.
SanUi Marta, Imprento Nueva, 1919. 16 p. 8°.
Organizaciou de la higiene piiblica. [Por] Ceiioii Solano R. Bogota, Inii)renta de El
Siglo, 1918. 45 p. 8°.
Vida del Doctor Jos4 Ignacio de Marquez. Por Carlos Cuervo Marquez. Tomos 1-2.
Bogota, Imprenta Nacional, 1917-1919. 4°. 2 vols. (Biblioteca de Historia
Nacional, Vol. 17-18.)
CUBA.
Desde el Castillo de Figueras. Cartas de Estrada Palma 1877-1878. Introdiiccion
bosquejo biogrdfico y notas. Por Carlos de Velasco. La Habana, Sociedad Edi-
torial Cuba Contemporanea, 1918. 230 p. 8°. (Vol. 2, "Biblioteca de Cuba
Contempordnea. ' ' )
Desenvolvimiento del arte en Cuba. Conferencia pronunciada por el arquitecto Sr.
Luis Bay, en los salones del "Colegio de Arquitectos" en la noche del 26 de
noviembre de 1918. Habana, Imprenta "La Propagandista," 1918. 24 p. 8°.
Discourses de recepci6n del acad^mico de niimero de la seccion de literatura, Sr. Carlos
de Velasco, y de contestaci6n del Dr. Max Henriquez Ureiia leidos en la sesion
solemne celebrada el 4 de enero de 1919. Habana, Imprenta "El Siglo XX,"
1919. 32 p. 12°.
Los inmorales (novela). [Por] Carlos Loveira. La Habana, Sociedad Editorial Cuba
Contemporanea, 1919. 290 (1) p. 8°.
Memoria que la junta directiva presentara a la asamblea general ordinaria de enero de
1919. Camara de comercio, industria y navegacion. Habana, Imp. de Papel la
Habanera, 1919. 124 p. 8°.
Representacion de Cuba libre en Italia durante la ultima guerra de independencia.
[Por] F. F. Falco. La Habana, Sociedad Editorial Cuba Contemporanea, 1919.
38 (1) p. 8°.
Rodo y Ruben Dario. [Por] Max Henriquez Ureiia. La Habana, Sociedad Editorial
Cuba Contempordnea, 1918. 152 (I) p. 8°.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Coleccion de ordenes emanadas de la secretaria de estado de justicia e instruccion
publica. (Departamento de instruccion piiblica.) Del 12 de Setiembre 1917, al
31 de Diciembre 1918. Santo Domingo, Imprenta de J. R. Vda. Garcia, 1919.
165 p. 8°.
Comunicacion que dirije la camara de comercio, industria y agricultura de Puerto
Plata al gobierno militar de la repiiblica Dominicana, por el organo de la secre-
taria de hacienda y comercio, sobre la reforma de aranceles de aduana y creacion
del impuesto territorial. Puerto Plata, Tip. Ecos del Norte, 1919. 12 p. 8°.
Meraoria anual, 1918. Cdmara de comercio, industria y agricultura de Puerto Plata.
Porto Plata, Tip. Ecos del Norte, 1919. 13 p. 8°.
Memorias anos 1917-19 & 1916-17. Secretaria de estado de fomento y comunica-
ciones. Santo Domingo, Tip. El Progreso, 1919. fold, tables. 206 p. 4°.
Topicos t^cnicos. [Por Ing. Octavio A. Acevedo. Vol. 2. Santo Domingo, Tip. El
Progreso, 1918. illus. map. 137 p. 8°.
Anuario de legislacion Ecuatoriana 1918. Volumen 17. Primera parte: Leyes, decre-
tos, acuerdos y resolucion del congreso. Quito, Imprenta y Enc. Nacionales, 1918.
xxi, 225 p. 4°.
GUATEMALA.
Jose Batres Montufar, su tiempo y sus obras, 1809-1909. [Por] Antonio Batres
Jauregui. Guatemala, Tip. Sanchez & De Guise, 1910. 194 (1) p. 8°.
740 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Constitiicion politica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y reglamento de su congreso
general. Mexico, D. F., Imp. de la Camarade Diputados, 1918. 98, 50 p. 12°.
Discurso en celebraci6n de la fiesta de la raza, interrumpido por algunos de los con-
currentes a la Velada del 12 de Octubre de 1918. Mexico, Talleres Grdficoa de
"LeCouiTierduMexiq lie," 1918. 14 p. 8°.
En pro del castricismo. Por Manuel G. Revilla. Mexico, Andr6.s Betas e hijo,
1917. front, port." 320 p. 8°.
Final report of the Mexican section of the committee on public information. March
1, 1918, to February 15, 1919. (By Robert H'. Murray.) 22 (1) p. 8°.
Industria petrolera en Mexico. Conferencia sustentada en la Sociedad Mexicana de
geografia y estadistica. Por el Senor Ing. Joaquin Santaella. El derecho sobre
el petroleo. Mexico, Depto. de Aprovisionamientos Generales, 1919. 28 p. 4°.
Ley para eleccion de poderes federales. Mexico, Imprenta de la Camara de Dipu-
tados, 1918. 20 p. 4°.
^^^len I was a girl in Mexico. By Mercedes Godoy. Boston, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard
Co., 1919. front, port, illus. 139 (4) p. 8°.
Annual report presented to the members of the Panama a.ssociation of commerce.
By the president and treasurer of the association at the general meeting held
January 22, 1919. Panama, Star and Herald, 1919. 30 p. 8°. (Text in
English and Spanish.)
PERU.
Descripcion pasagera pero veridica de Arequipa dispuesta por el Licenciado D. Juan
Domingo Zamacola y Turegui, Cura de Cayma, segun el estado que tenia en el
ano de 1804. no imprint. 4°. Manuscript.
UNITED STATES.
American exporters and importers association. [What the association is.] New
York [1919]. 15 p. 8°.
Annual report of the Silk Association of America, 1919. Proceedings at the annual
meeting, March 26, 1919. New York. 160 p. 8°.
Catalogue of the postage stamps and stamped envelopes of the United States and
possessions, issued prior to January 1, 1919. Compiled by Joseph B. I-eavy.
Washington, G. P. O., 1919. (United States National Museum, Bulletin 105.)
Directory of Sixth National Foreign Trade Convention. Revised to 8 p. m., Thurs-
day, April 24. Called by the National Foreign Trade Council, Congress Hotel,
Chicago, HI. April 24, 25, 26, 1919. 35 p. 8°.
Fiftieth annual report of the trustees of the American Museum of Natural History.
For the year 1918. For the free education of the people, for exploration, research,
and publication. New York, The De Vinne Press, 1919. front, pis. 237 p. 8°.
Governmental war agencies affecting business. (Second edition.) Prepared for the
National Association of Manufacturers. By James A. Emery [and] Nathan B.
Williams. Lssued from The Secretary's Office, New York, 1918. 190 (6) p. 8°.
International trade in cement. Import statistics for countries whose imports exceeded
$200, 000 in value and export statistics for countries whose exports exceeded
$1,000,000 in value, 1908, 1913, and latest available year. By Edward Wliitney.
Washington, G. P. O., 1919. 76 p. 8°. (Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce. Miscellaneous Series, No. 79.)
Maya Indians of Southern Yucatan and Northern British Honduras. By Thomas
W. F. Gann. Washington, G. P. O., 1918. illus. pis. 140 p. 8°. (Bureau
of American Ethnology. Bulletin 64.)
BOOK NOTES. 741
National library service. Bureau of Education. Washington, G. P. O., 1919.
30 p. 8°.
New York Times Index, a master-key to all newspapers. Issued quarterly. Vol.
VII, No. 1, January-March, 1919. New York, Publi-shed by the New York
Times, 1919. 480 p. 4°.
Official register and directory of women's clubs in America. Containing also a direc-
tory of club lecturers, entertainers, and musicians and a section devoted to
"books of special interest to women," 1919. Helen M. Winslow, editor and
publisher. Shirley, Ma-^s., 1919. illus. 242, xxxviii p. 8°.
Our public debt. An historical sketch with a description of United States securities.
By Harvey E. Fisk. New York, Bankers Trust Co., 1919. 126 p. 12°.
Philadelphia year book 1918-1919. (Philadelphia and surrounding manufacturing
territory.) Published by the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, 1919. illus.
vol. 4°.
Proceedings of second annual convention of the Mississippi Valley waterways asso-
ciation. April 17 and 18, 1919. Hotel Statler, St. I.ouis. 156 p. 8°.
Report of committee on an economic policy for the Mississippi Valley. [1919.]
15 p. 8°.
Report on the progress and condition of the United States national museum for the
year ending June 30, 1918. Washington, G. P. O., 1919. front. 175 p. 8°.
Segundo congreso americano del nino que se celebrara en Montevideo del 18 al 25
de mayo de 1919 bajo el patronato del gobierno de la republica. 4°. Boletin —
Abril. ... Montevideo, Imp. "El Siglo Ilustrado," 1919. 87 p. 8°.
Thirty-second annual report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution, 1910-1911. Washington, G. P. 0., 1918. 819 p.
4°.
Trade mission to Mexico. Mississippi Valley Association. April 5-19, 1919. 14 p.
8°.
Trade of the United States with the world 1917-1918. Part 1. Import of merchan-
dise into the United States by countries and principal articles during the years
ending June 30, 1917 and 1918. Washington, G. P. O., 1919. 112 p. 8°.
(Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Miscellaneous Series, No. 78.)
URUGUAY.
Anuario estadistico de la republica oriental del Uruguay. Ano 1916. I^ibro XXVI
del "Anuario" y XLI de las publicaciones de la direccion general de estadistica.
Montevideo, Imprenta Artistica, 1918. xiv, 624 p. 4°.
Memoria y balance general correspond ientes al ejercicio tenninado en 31 de diciem^jre
de 1918. Banco de la republica oriental del Uruguay. Montevideo, Talleres
Graficos del Banco de la Republica oriental del Uruguay, 1919. 47 p. 8°.
Revista del archive general administrativo o coleccion de documentos para se^^•ir
al estudio de la historia de la republica oriental del Uruguay patrocinada por
el gobierno y dirigida por el director del archivo Angel G. Costa. Volumne VIII
(anexo al volumen IV). Montevideo, 1918. 410 p. 8°.
VENEZUELA.
Contestacion al mensaje presidencial. Asamblea legi.slativa del Est^do Apure.
San Fernando de Apure, Tip. Augusta, 1919. 5 p. 8°.
Contribucion al estudio de la climatologia tropical en la zona al sur del rio Orinoco.
(Region de Ciudad Bolivar. Venezuela — Guayana.) Por Ernesto Sifonte.
Caracas, Emp. El Cojo, 1918. 23 p. 4°.
Estado de la cuenta de gastos y de la cuenta de adminlstraci^n del departamento de
relaciones exteriores en al aiio economico de 1917 a 1918 y primer semestre del
de 1918 a 1919. Caracas, Imp. Bolivar,' 1919. fold, table. 26 p. 4°.
742 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Exposicion agricola pecuaria e industrial iniciada por la direccion de la revista
Venezolana "La Hacienda," que se verificara en Caracas en el mes de diciembre
de 1918. Bases de los concursos. Caracas, Emp. El Cojo, 1918. 19 p. 12°.
Fomento de la agricultura, de la cria, del comercio y de las industrias en los Estados
de la Union Venezolana. [Por Victor V. Maldonado.] Volumen II. Estado
Bolivar. Administracion del General Marcelino Torres Garcia, 1915-1918.
Caracas, Empresa El Cojo, 1918. illus. 212 p. 4°.
El libro amarillo de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela, 1919. Caracas, Tip. Americana,
1919. Ixxviii, 199, Hi, 138 p. 4°.
Mensaje que el D. V. Marquez Bustillos, presjdente provisional de los Estados
Unidos de Venezuela, presenta al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias
de 1919. Caracas, Lit. del Comercio, 1919. 27 (1) p. 4°.
Mensaje que el presidente constitucional del Estado Apure presente a la asamblea
legislativa del mismo en su reunion ordinaria del ano de 1919. San Fernando
de Apure, Tip. Augusta, 1919. 9 p. 4°.
Reglamento de la exposicion nacional de Venezuela que se verificara en Caracas
en los meses de marzo y abril de 1919. Caracas, Emp. El Cojo, 1919. 31 p. 8°.
GENERAL BOOKS.
American business in world markets. Our opportunities and obligations in securing
export trade; the plans and purposes of other nations. By James T. M. Moore.
New York, George H. Doran Co., 1919. xi, 320 p. 8°.
Annuaire international de legislation agricole. International institute of agriculture,
Rome, leme annee 1911 a 7eme annee 1917. 4°. 7 vols.
Annuaire international de statistique agricole. International institute of agriculture.
1911-12, 1913-14, 1915-16. Rome. 4°. 3 vols.
Asistencia practica de enfermos. PorAiinaC. Maxwell y Amy E. Pope. Traducido
por Liberia Le6n de Suarez. New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1919. illus.
XV, 862 p. 8°.
Banking service for foreign trade. New York, Guaranty Trust Co., 1919. illus.
map. 15 p. 8°.
The Carnegie foundation for the advancement of teaching. Founded 1905. [History.]
Reprinted from a handbook of the public benefactions of Andrew Carnegie, 1919.
36 p. 8°.
La casa del silencio. [Por] Mariano Brull. Madrid, Imprenta de M. Garcia y Galo
SAez, 1916. 176 p. 8°.
Coal tar and some of its products. By Arthur R. Warnes. London, Sir Isaac Pitman
& Sons, Ltd. front, illus. xxii, 105, 16 p. 8°.
De mi viaje a Paris. [Por] Manuel Antonio Zepeda. Managua, Tip. Nacional,
1919. 193 p. 8°.
Early efforts in both Americas towards the establishment of a league of nations. A
lecture delivered before the Hispanic American Atheneum at its ordinary meet-
ing of February 26, 1919. By Francisco Tudela, E. E. and M. P. of Peru.
[Washington, 1919.] 12 p. 8°.
Effects of the great war upon agriculture in the United States and Great Britain. By
Benjamin H. Hibbard. New York, Oxford University Press, 1919. ix, 232 p.
4°. (Carnegie endowment for international peace. Division of economics and
history. Preliminary economic studies of the war. No. 11.)
Los Estados Unidos ante el conflicto, el espiritu nacional en defensa de sus ideales,
historia de un peregrinaje patriotico. Por Herbert S. Houston. New York.
Asrtociacidn Americana para la Conciliacion Internacional, 1918. 16 p. 12°.
BOOK NOTES. 743
Export trade dovoloiimont. A plan for the organi/ation and conduct of export cor-
porations, by nuMubers of the NatiomU association of manufacturers, under the
Webb-Pomerene act. New York, National Association of Manufacturers, no
date. 10 p. 8°.
Financing foreign trade at home. Creating in this country an educational and
financial foundation for world-wide commerce. Herbert S. Uouston. Address
delivered before the convention of the Chamber of Commerce of the United
States in St. Louis, April 30, 1919. 10 p. 4°.
Foreign credit information. A handbook of historical facta compiled for the mem-
bers of the sixth National Foreign Trade Convention, Chicago, April 24-26,
1919. With the compliments of foreign department R. G. Dun & Co., [1919].
illus. 24 p. 8°.
How business with foreign countries is financed. New York, Guaranty Trust Co.,
1919. 55 p. 8°.
Judicial settlement of controversies between States of the American Union. Cases
decided in the Supreme Court of the United States. Collected and edited by
James Brown Scott. Vol. 1-2. New York, Oxford University Press, 1918.
4°. 2 vols.
Al margen de las horas. Cuentos y novelas cortas. [Por[ Enrique Belli. Nicaragua,
191S. 158 p. 12°.
Media. By Howard C. Winne. An address delivered at the Sixth National Foreign
Trade Convention at Chicago, 111. April 25, 1919. 11 (1) p. 8°.
Memoria correspondiente al afio 1918. Union Ibero-Americana. Madrid, Tip.
Yagues, 1919. 13 (2) p. 8°.
The mineral deposits of South America. By Benjamin L. Miller and Joseph T.
Singewald. First edition. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. 1919.
ix, 598 p. 8°.
Readjustment. A cross section of the best considered literature and discussions.
Prepared for the National Association of Manufacturers. By H. L. B. Atkisson,
December 10, 1918. New York, issued from The Secretary's Office, 1919.
92 p. 8°.
Readjustment of .\nierican industries through the development of foreign trade-
By Walter F. Wj-man. Reprinted from Industries in Readjustment. Vol. 82
of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Phila-
delphia, March, 1919. 11 p. 8°.
Shipping's share in foreign trade. Fundamentals of ocean transportation. New
York, Guaranty Trust Co., 1919. illus. 30 (1) p. 8°.
Tonalidades del tropico. [Por] Manuel A. Zepeda. Managua. 124 (2) p. 8°.
Vanilla. Promising new crop for Porto Rico. By T. B. McClelland. Washington,
G. P. O., 1919. illus. 32 p. 8°. (Porto Rico Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion. Bulletin No. 26.)
Volcanic studies in many lands. Being reproductions of photxigraphs tivken by the
author. By Tempest Anderson. The text by T. G. Bonney. Second series.
London, John Murray, 1917. front, port, illus. pis. xv, 88 p. 4°.
PERIODICALS.
[Sot heretofore listed.]
ARGENTINA.
The Argentine Exchange. Buenos Aires. Quarterly. Afio 1, No. 1, March 1, 1919.
Boletin de Obra^ Publicas e Industrias. Buenos Aires. Monthly. Tomo 1, No. 1,
March, 1919.
El Obrero Calderero. Buenos Aires. Monthly.
BOLIVIA.
El Pafs. Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Three times a week.
744 THE PAN AMERICAN UNION.
Amazonas Medico. Manaos. Quarterly. Anno 1, No. 1, March, 1919.
Gazeta Clinica. Sao Paulo. Monthly.
CHILE.
Revista Dental de Chile. Santiago. Monthly.
COLOMBIA.
Archive Historical. Manizales. Monthly.
El Conservador. Popayan. Weekly.
El Diario de Santander! Bucaramanga. Daily. Aiio 1, No.l, May 1, 1919.
La Espiga. Popayan. Weekly.
Popayan. Popayan. Monthly.
Revista de Derecho y Cienciae Politicas. Popayan. :Monthly. Aiio 1, No. 1,
February-March, 1919.
Revista Universitaria. Cartagena. Monthly.
CUBA.
El Combate. Santiago de Cuba. Daily.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
Boletin Oficial de la Camara de Comercio, Industria y Agricultura. Santo Domingo.
Weekly.
Revista de Educacion. Santo Domingo. Monthly.
GUATEMALA.
"Ilustraci6n Obrear. " Guatemala City. Semimonthly.
HAITI.
L'Informateur Haitien. Port au Prince. Daily.
HONDURAS.
La Nacion. Tegucigalpa. Three times a week.
Revista Cicntiffica Militar. Tegucigalpa. Monthly.
MEXICO.
Boletin de Estadistica. Merida. Semimonthly.
Boletin Minero. Mexico City. Semimonthly.
Cervantes. Merida. Monthly.
Chiapas Nuevo. Tuxtla. Irregular.
Diario de los Debates. Mexico, D. F. Irregular.
El Ueraldo. Chihuahua. Daily.
La Eigione. Merida. Monthly.
Iconoclasta. Guadalajara. Irregular.
The Mexican Commerce. Mexico, F. D. Weekly. Vol. 1, No. 1, April 26, 1919.
El Monitor. Puebla. Daily.
Peri6dico Oficial. Ensenada. Irregular.
Peri6dico Oficial. Oaxaca de Juarez. Daily.
Periodico Oficial. Tuxtla. Irregular.
Revista Azul. Guadalajara. Monthly.
Revista Mexicana de Derecho Internacional. Mexico, D. F. Monthly. Tomo 1,
No. 1, March, 1919.
NICARAGUA.
La Nacionalidad. Diriamba. Monthly.
PERU.
Revista Universitaria. Lima. Quarterly.
SALVADOR.
Germinal. San Salvador. Monthly.
Revista de la Ensenanza. San Salvador. Monthly. Tomo 1, No. 1, January, 1919.
UNITED STATLS
RFPKESENTATIVES IN THEL
LATIN AMERICAN REPUBLICS
AMBASSADORS EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY
Argentine Republic Frederic J. Stimson, Buenos Airea.
Brazil Edwin V. Morgan, Rio de Janeiro.
Chile Joseph H. Shea, Santiago.
Mexico Henry P. Fletcher, Mexico. >
ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY
Bolivia
Colombia Hoffman Philip, Bogota.
Costa Rica Edward J. Hale, San Jose.'
Cuba William E. Gonzales, Habana.
Dominican Republic... W. W. Russell, Santo Domingo.
Ecuador Charles S. Hartman, Quito.
Guatemala .
Haiti A. Bailly-Blanchard, Port au Prince.
Honduras T. Sambola Jones, Tegucigalpa.
Nicaragua Benjamin L. Jefferson, Managua.
Panama William J. Price, Panama.
Paraguay Daniel F. Mooney, Asuncion.
Peru Benton McMillin, Lima.
Salvador Boaz W. Long, San Salvador.'
Uruguay Robert E. Jeffery, Montevideo.
Venezuela Preston McGoodwin, Caracas.'
CHARGES D'AFFAIRES
Bolivia Herbert S. Goold, La Paz.
Guatemala Walter C. Thurston, Guatemala City.
Mexico CH.4.RLES T. Summerlin.
Salvador Frank D. Arnold, San Salvador.
Venezuela Stewart Johnson.
"Absent.
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1403 Bulletin
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