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U. S. DKl'ARTMKXT Ol' AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 58.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chit/ <./ liitrmu.

THE

VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

J. W. T. DUVEL,
Assistant in the Sked Labokatort.

BOTANICAL. INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS.

Issued May 28, 1904.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1904.

BULLETINS OF THE BTJREATJ OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, includes Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations, Botanical Investigations and
Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Pomological Investigations, and
Experimental Gardens and Grounds, all of which were form^rly separate Divisions,
and also Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, the Arlington Experituental
Farm, Tea Culture Investigations, and Domestic Sugar Investigations.

Beginning with the date of organization of the Bureau, the several series of bulle-
tins of the various Divisions were discontinued, and all are now published as one
series of the Bureau. A list of the bulletins issued in the present series follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that "the serial, scientific, and technical publica-
tions of the United States Department of Agriculture are not for general distribution.
All copies not required for official use are by law turned over to the Superintendent
of Documents, who is empowered to sell them at cost." All apj)lications for such
publications should, therefore, be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. IDOl. Price, 10 cents-
2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.
> 3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents. ,

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. 'Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of I'epi^ers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum AVheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experimentsl\vith Crrasses and

Forage Plants. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California: Notes on the Grasses and Forage

Plants and Range Conditions. 1902. Price, 15 cents. -^ , / ;,

13. Experiments in Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1'902' ' l*rice, 10

cents.

14. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price,

15 cents.

16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of tlie Spores of Agaricus Oampes-

tris and other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price^ 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed: Harvesting, Curing, and Cleaning. 1902. Price,

10 cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem: 1902. Price, 15 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

[Continued ou page 3 of cover.]

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ACRICI LTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY^BULLETIN NO. 58.

B. T. (iAl.l.iiWAV, Chiij- „f JSuirau.

T II K

NFW YORK BOTANICAL

t^ARDEN, LIBRARY,
C*v«n by MRS. N. L. BRITTON.

VITALITY AND GERMLNATlOX OF SEEDS.

. J. W. T. DITVEL,
Assistant in the Seed LAnoiiATOKY.

BOTANICAL INVKSTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS.

Issued May 28, 1904.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,

190-1.

Mo4

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Beveria' T. Galloway, (J]iuf.
J. E. Rockwell, Editor.

BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS.

SCIENTIFIC .STAFF.

FREnERiCK V. CoviLLE, Bolanist.

O. F. Cook, Botanist in Charge of Investigations in Tropical Agriculture.

RonxEY H. Trce, Physiologist, Drug and Medicinal Plant Investigations.

Lyster II. Dewey, Botanist in Otarge of Investigations of Filter Plants.

Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge of Seed Laboratory.

Carl S. Scofield, Botanist in Charge of Grain Grade Investigations.

G. N. Collins, Assistant Botanist, Tropical Agrindtvre.

A. C. Crawford, Pharmacologist, Poisonous Plant Investigations.

William E. Safford, Assistant Curator, Tropical Agriculture.

F. H. HiLLMAN, Asshtant Botanist, Seed Herbarium.

J. W. T. Duvel, Assistant, Seed Laboratory.

W. W. Tracy, Jr., Assistant, Variety Trials.

W. F. Wight, Assistant, Geographic Botany.

W. O. RiCHTMANN, Pharmacognosiical Expert.

Alice Henkel, Assistant, Drug and Medicirud Plant Ltvestigatinn.f.

AV. W. Stockberger, Expert, Drug and Medicinal Plant Investigations.

lEVmi OF TRANSMriTAL

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Bureau of Plant Industry,

Office of the Chief,

Was/ihi(/ton, D. a, Marches, 190]^.
Sir: 1 have the honor to transmit herewith and to recommend for
pii])lication as Bulletin No. 58 of the .series of this Bureau the aecom-
panying technical paper entitled ''The Vitality and Germination of
Seeds."

This paper was prepared l)y J. W. T. I)uvel, Assistant in the Seed
Laboratory, and has been submitted by the Botanist w^ith a view to
publication.

Respectfully, ' B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Bureau.
Hon. »Tames Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

V R 1^ PACE

Because of variation in the amount and quality of each year's crop
it is frequently necessary for seedsmen to carry ovim- larj^i^ (juantities
of seeds from one year to another. Such seeds often lose their al)ility
to terminate, and eith(>r are a loss to the seedsman or, if they are

■

marketed, cause still more serious losses to those who plant them.
Since 1899 Mr. Duvel has been engao-pd in a j;eneral investi«,aition of
the causes affectino- the vitality of seeds, with special reference to the
conditions under which they are stored connnercially. This investiga-
tion was beoun in 1S99 under the Dexter M. Ferrv Botanical Fellow-
ship at the University of •Michioan, and since September 1, 1902, it
has been continued by the United States Department of Agriculture.
An account of the whole study is presented herewith.

The general method pursued has been to store seeds experimentally
under all sorts of conditions, and afterward to ascertain the exact per-
centage of germination. It is now possil)le to speak with precision of
the extent of damage caused by careless methods of storage, to express
in actual tioures the g-reater lial)ilitv of seeds to loss of vitality under
the warm humid conditions existing in the South Atlantic and Gulf
States tlnin under colder and drier conditions, and to demonstrate the
utility of storing seeds, when they must be kept in a humid climate, in
moisture-proof packages. A further investigation, i. e., of the extent
to which A-itality may be preserved by means of connnercial cold stor-
age, is now in progress.

Frederick V. Coville,

I^otanist.

Office of Botanical Investigations and Experiments,

Washinyton^ D. 6'., December 5^ 1903.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 9

Materials and methods 10

Seeds 10

Germination tests and apparatus 11

Effect of climatic conditions on the vitality of seeds 13

Causes of tlie losses in viUility in different climates 22

Effect of moisture and tem|)erature upon vitality 24

Seeds packed in ice 26

Effect of moisture on vitality ut higher temperaturi's 29

Summary 35

Effect of definite quantities of moisture on the vitality of seeds when they are

kept within certain known limits of temperature 36

A comparison of methods of storing anil shipping seeds in order to protect
them from moisture, and consequently to insure a better preservation of

vitality -i-l

Suggestions of earlier investigators 44

The necessity for thoroughly curing and drying seeds 45

Character of the seed warehouse or storage room 46

The value of good seed to the market gardener 46

Shipping seeds in charcoal, moss, etc 47

Nature of the experiments 47

Disposition of the samples 48

Results of the germination tests - 50

Experiments in keeping and shipping .seeds in special packages 65

Eespiration of seeds "■!

Summary 81

Enzymes in seeds and the part they play in the preservation of vitality 82

Summary ^'

Literature cited - 90

I L L U S T R A T I 0 N S .

TEXT FIGURES.

Page.

Fig. 1. Apparatus used to determine the effect of moisture and temperature ou

the vitality of seeds in communication witli free air .'JO

2. Api^aratus used to determine the effect of moisture and temperature

on the vitality of seeds vot in communication with free air 30

B. P. I.-94. B- I- E— '■'6.

THE \ ITALITY AND fxEKMlNATlON OF SEEDS.

INTRODUCTION.

It has lonjr been known that tho conditions under which plants are
grown and the degree of maturity at the time of harvesting are fac-
tors which phiy an important part in the life of seeds. But, granting
that seeds are of strong vitality at the time of harvesting, there
remain to ho considered the methods of gathering and curing, the
water content of the sec^l at the time of storing, the methods of stor-
age, the humidity and temi)erature of the surrounding atmosphere,
the composition of the seed, the nature of the seed coats, activities
within the cells, and numerous other factors which phw important
parts in the life of the seed.

The conditions necessary for the successful germination of a seed of
good vitalit}' and the chemical transformations accompanying these
earl}' stages of development have received considerable attention from
numerous investigators. These changes and conditions are fairlj^ well
understood for many of our common seeds. However, several impor-
tant facts still remain unexplained, and our knowledge will not be
complete until each and every species has been carefully studied.

On the other hand, the conditions influencing the vitality of seeds as
commercially handled are but little understood and have been almost
wholl}' neglected in research work. Likewise, but little attention has
been given to the complex chemical and physical changes wdiich take
place in mature seed during the slow process of devitalization. It was
in order to determine some of these factors that the work descril)ed in
these pages was begun, and the results are thus of considerable practi-
cal value as well as of scientitic importance. The present paper treats
chie% of the conditions influencing the vitality and germination of
seeds when sul)jected to such methods of treatment as are generallj^
met with in the ordinary handling of seed. Particular attention has
been given to the effect of climate, moisture, and temperature on
vitality, supplemented with a discussion of the changes taking place
in mature seeds, especially the respiratory activities and the part

plaj'ed by enzymes.

10 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

Tlio results of the above experiments have suggested improved
methods of storing and shipping seeds so as to prolong their vitality
and also to secure the production of more vigorous seedlings.

The work for the present i)aper was begun in 189*J at the University
of Michigan and was continued for three consecutive years while the
writer held the Dexter M. Ferry Botanical Fellowship in that institu-
tion. During this time the investigation was under the direction of
Prof. V. M. Spalding, Ph.D., and Dr. F. C. Newcombe, who showed
great interest in it and gave valuable suggestions as the work pro-
gressed, at the same time phunng the facilities of the laboratory and
of the librarj^ at the disposal of the writer. Since September 1, 1902,
the work has been continued in the Seed Laborator}^ of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture. Valuable assistance in storing seeds was
rendered by Prof. C. W. Burkett, at Durham, N. H. ; Mr. E. E. Smith,
Wagoner, Ind. T. ; Prof. W. R. Dodson, Baton Rouge, La. ; Prof. F. S.
Earle, Auburn, Ala.; Zimmer Brothers, Mobile, Ala.; Prof. H. H.
Hume, Lake City, Fla., and Prof. Charles B. Scott, San Juan, Porto
Rico.

MATERIAI.S AND METHODS.

SEEDS.

For these experiments thirteen different samples of seeds were used,
being so selected as to include representatives of ten different families
and twelve genera and species, as follows:

Poacese — Zea mays, sweet corn (two samples).

Liliaceai — Allium cepa L., onion.

Brassicaeeae — Br arnica oleracea L., cal)bage; Rafplianus sativum L.,
radish.

Apiacese — Daucus carota L., carrot.

Fahacepe, — Pisum sativum, L., pea; Phaseolus vulgaris L., bean.

Yiolacese — Viola tricolor L. , pansy.

Poleinoniacese — Phlox drmnmondii Hook, phlox.

Solanacex — Lycopersicon lycopersicuvi (L.) Karst., tomato,

CucurUtacece—Citrullus citruUus (L.) Karst., watermelon.

Asteracese — Laxituca sativa L. , lettuce.

It will thus be seen that the seeds used cover a wide range as to
family characteristics, as well as size, structure, and composition of
seed. Likewise they are all from plants of the garden or held that
have undergone a high degree of cultivation, thus enabling the seeds
to withstand more or less variation as to conditions of vitality and
growth.

AU seeds used throughout these experiments were provided by
D. M. Ferry & Co., of Detroit, Mich., and the seed furnished was of
strong vitality and of known age and origin. The corn "A" (Minne-
sota Sweet), onion (Yellow Danvers), pea (D. M. Ferry Extra Early),
bean (Yellow Kidney, Six Weeks), tomato (Dwarf Champion), and the

MATERIALS AND METHODS.

watermolon (Sweet Mountain) were grown in Miehigan. The corn
"H" (Minnesota Sweet), was orown in Nebraska, the cahhage (AVin-
ningstedt), in AN'ashington, and tiie h'ttuee (Bhick-Seeded Simpson), in
California, while the radish (Early Scarlet Turnip-Kooted), carrot
(Chantenay), pansy (mixed), and Pldox driunmondll (mixed) were
o-rown in France. The seed was all of the harvest of 1899 and was
received at the botanical laboratory of the University of Michigan on
January 27, 1900.

On January 30, 1900, germination tests were made, showing the
vitality of the seeds to be as follows:

Vitality of seeds tested January 30, 1900.

Kind of seed.

Percent-
age of
germina-
tion.

Bean

Cabbage

Carrot

Corn, sweet, "A".
Corn, sweet, "B"

Lettuce

Onion

100
93

83.5
94
88
87.5
98

Kind of seed.

Pansy
Pea . . .

Percent-
age of
germina-
tion.

Phlox

Radish

Tomato

Watermelon .

69.6

GERMINATION TESTS AND APPARATUS.

Ill the preliminary work several methods of testing were tried, but
as none proved as serviceable as the ''Geneva tester," this apparatus
was adopted for all subsequent tests as recorded in the following
pages. The detailed construction of this tester need not be described,
for it is simple and quite familiar to all. However, some modifications
were made in the preparation of the apparatus, and some precautions
taken in the manipulation, which have proved to be of nnich value.
The brass wires originally and ordinaril}" used to support the folds of
cloth were replaced by glass rods of 6 to 7 imn. diameter. Rods of
this size are much heavier than is necessary to support the folds of
cloth, but the chief advantage in having rods of large diameter is that
in case of the germination of large seeds the folds can be drawn near
together at the'top and still have sufficient space within the fold for the
seeds. On the other hand, in the germination of small seeds that
require considerable quantities of air, the folds can ])e closed at the
top \)Y bringing the rods together, thus insuring more uniform condi-
tions throughout the fold and at the same time leaving sufficient space
above the seeds for an abundant supply of air. The chief advantage
in substituting glass rods for brass wires is in removing the possible
source of injury resulting frorn the poisonous action of the dissolved
copper.

Another error frequently, if not always, made in using such a tester
is in allowing the ends of the cloths, or sometimes the bottoms of the

12 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

folds, to dip into water in the pan. This should never be permitted,
for in that way seeds are kept too moist, especially near the ends of
the folds. Likewise such methods give an opportunit}' for the trans-
mission of dissolved copper and a resulting- injury to the seeds. For
this same reason the strips of cloth should be made sufficiently narrow
not to come into contact with the sides of the pan.

Much better results are obtained if the seeds, before being placed
in the germinator, are soaked in water for several hours, the length
of time depending on the power of absorption of the seeds. In these
experiments the seeds were always soaked in distilled water for twelve
or fifteen hours before transferring them to the germinator. This
preliminar}' soaking gives a more speedy germination, which is always
advantageous, especially in making comparative germination tests.
In order to supply the requisite amount of moisture for subsequent
growth, the cloths were first uniforml}^ and completely" wet with dis-
tilled water; moreover much care was taken to see that there was only
a very small quantity of water in the bottom of the pan. In case of
seeds that germinate readih% such as cabbage, lettuce, and onion, it is
necessary that all surface water be removed from the bottom of the
germinator if good results are desired. The pan then being covered
with a glass plate, it is seldom necessary" to increase the amount of
moisture, for seeds when once soaked need only to be kept slightly
moist and not wet, as must necessarily be true if the ends of the cloths
or bottoms of the folds dip into the water. After soaking, the water
in the seeds and cloths is ample for the completion of most germina-
tion tests. However, in an occasional test the seeds may become
slightly dry, which happens when the cover is kept off the pan for a
considerable time while counting germinated seeds. In such cases the
remedy is to pour a small quantit}" of water in the bottom of the pan,
or in extreme cases to moisten the folds with a fine spray.

If the above modifications be adopted and the necessary precautions
taken, many of the objections frequently made to the Geneva tester
will be removed and the difficulties will be overcome; at least it is a
most excellent method of testing seeds where comparative results are
especially desired. It must also be borne in mind that the Canton flan-
nel (which is generally used in making the pockets) should alwa3^s be
of the best grade and should never be used a second time without being
thoroughly cleaned and sterilized.

In selecting samples for germination the impurities and the imma-
ture seeds were first removed. The samples for test were then made
up of the remaining large and small seed. For the most part 200
seeds were taken for a test, but with the larger seeds — corn, pea, bean,
and watermelon — 100 seeds were usually used. In all cases where any
irregularity was apparent, tests were repeated. The controls are
based on the results of several duplicate tests.

EFFECT OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 13

All gcrniinatioii tests were made in a dark room where the temper-
ature could be comparativel}^ well rej^ulated and was maintained noarh'
constant throuohout most tests. (Terminated seeds were removed daily
during early stages of the tests and a complete record of the number
germinating each day was kept. This is of value in seed testing,
because the germinative energy of a seed tells nmch as to its vitality.
If seeds have a high vitality, the germinative energy will be very
strong, i. e., germination will take place rapidh', giving rise to strong
and vigorous seedlings; but if the seeds are of very low vitality, there
will be a corresponding retardation in germination, giving rise to
weak seedlings, i. e., showing a low germinative energ}-. In most
cases throughout this work only the final percentages of germination
are tabulated.

EFFECT OF CL.IMATIC CONDITIONS ON THE VITALITY OF SEEDS.

It has long since been known that seeds under ordmar}'^ conditions
lose their power of germination after the lapse of a few years, or in
some cases within a few weeks or months. Many investigators have
also learned that the rapidity with which seeds lose their vitality, when
stored under ordinary conditions, varies greatly with the section of
the country in which such seeds are kept. This loss in vitality is espe-
ciall}^ marked in the case of seeds stored in places of relati\'ely high
humidity. The rapid deterioration of seeds in localities having a
humid atmosphere has become a source of much embarrassment to
seedsmen, for they have experienced many difficulties in shipping seed
to such places. This is especially marked in the case of seeds sent to
growers or dealers in the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico. Gardeners
and planters in that part of the United States are continuall}" com-
plaining about the nonviable seeds sent out b}^ seedsmen. Some grow-
ers have learned how to guard against this difiicult}" to a certain extent.
Zimmer Brothers, of Mobile, Ala. , wrote, on February 28, 1900, con-
cerning this matter, as follows:

During thirty years' experience in market gardening, we have learned that seeds
of many hardy plants will not keep in our climate, and when ordering we so time
our order that we can plant the seeds as soon as received. If such be impossible, we
are very careful to keep the original package unopened until conditions are favorable
for planting. If we find it necessary to keep seeds of hardy plants for some months,
we put them up on arrival in dry bottles, put on top a bit of cotton saturated with
chloroform and cork tightly. We have kept, in that way, cauliflower seed satisfac-
torily for twelve months. At the shore seeds keep very badly; one-half mile back
they do much better. As a rule seeds of tender plants give but little trouble.

As far as has been ascertained, no definite experiments have been
made with these points in view, and especially with the idea of deter-
mining the cause or causes of this deterioration of vital energ}". In
order to obtain reliable data on these points, a series of experiments
was undertaken in February, 1900, to determine how seeds are affected

14 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

when distributed to different parts of the United States and submitted
to the free influence of A-arious climates. Likewise at the various
points where tests were made the seeds were subjected to dift'erent
treatments.

The places selected for these tests were San Juan, P. R., Lake City,
Fla. , Mobile, Ala. , Auburn, Ala. , Baton Rouge, La. , Wagoner, Ind. T. ,
Durham, N. H., and Ann Arbor, Mich.

A sample of each species of seed was put up separate!}' in double
manila coin envelopes and in closel}' corked bottles. Duplicate sets
of each series were then subjected at each of the above-named places
to the following conditions:

Trade condltkms. — Conditions similar to those in which seeds are
kept when offered for sale by retail dealers, the seed being more or
less exposed to meteorological changes and subjected to natural varia-
tions in temperature and humidity. For the most part the seeds were
in rooms that were never heated.

D)'y rooms. — Rooms in the interior of l>uildings which were artifi-
cially heated during cold weather, and where the (juantity of moisture
was relatively small and the temperature comparatively constant.

Basements. — Rooms where the temperature was comparatively low
and uniform, and the relative humidity of the surrounding air was
much higher than in "trade conditions" and "dry rooms."

These conditions varied in the different places at which tests were
made, and a more detailed description will lie given when the results
of the germination tests are discussed.

For the first part of this paper, treating of the influence of climate
on vitality, none of the seeds need to be considered save those pre-
pared in paper packages and kept under trade conditions, these coming
more nearly under the direct action of the surrounding atmosphere,
A sample of each kind of seed was put up in a manila (No. 2) coin
envelope, and each of these packages was then inserted in a second
(No. 3) coin envelope. Duplicate samples of every kind of seed were
sent to the various testing places, where they were subjected to trade
conditions. At San Juan the packages of seeds were kept in an open
room, being sulijected to the full action of the atmosphere but pro-
tected from the direct rays of the sun and from rain. At Lake City
the packages were kept in a one-story frame building which was not
artificially heated and the doors of which were open the greater
portion of the time. At Mobile the packages of seeds were stored in
a comparatively open attic of a private dwelling. At Auburn the
seeds were stored in a greenhouse office, with the doors frequently
standing open. At Baton Rouge the packages were kept on a shelf in
a grocery store, the doors of which were closed only during the night.
At Wagoner the conditions were very similar to those of Baton Rouge,
save that the packages of seeds were kept in a drug store. At Dur-
ham the seeds were kept over a door at the entrance of one of the

EFFKf'T OK CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

collou'''' Itiiildiiij^s. 'V\n> door oi)ciis into :i hall which coiniuuiiiciites
with the ottices, choiuical I:iborat()ry, and the hasoniont. At Ann
Arhoi- the seeds were stored in the 1)otanieal hd)oratory, with sliohtlr
var3nng conditions, they being near a window which was frecjuently
open durinj^ the summer, and at irreoular intervals durino- the early
part of the suuuuer the i)acka«res were i)laced in the window so as to
receive the direct rays of the sun. The seeds stored at Ann Arbor
served partially as controls for those sent to the various other places,
and, in addition to the last-named series, seeds from the ori«;inal
packaj^es, as received from D. M. Ferry & Co., were kept in a dry
and comparatively cool closet on the fourth floor of the botanical lab-
oratory. These seeds served as checks for the complete set of exper-
iments, and are desionated throughout this paper as "Control."

The samples were sent out to the al)Ove-named places in February,
1!H)0. The tirst comi)lete set was returned in June, or early July, of
that year. The second complete set was allowed to remain throughout
the entire summer, and was returned in Octol)er and early November
of the same year. The average time of treatment for the two series
of experiments was 128 and 251 days respectively. When the seeds
were returned, germination tests were made as soon as possible. The
length of time that the seeds were in the various places and the vitality
as shoAvn by the germination tests are given in Tables I and IT. In
both tables the columns from left to right, beginning with Mobile,
Ala., are in the order of the degree to which the seeds were injured.

Table I.— Effect of climate on dtalitij, (ts shown by licrcentage of germination— first test.

Kind of seed.

Con-
trol.

Mobile,

Ala.,

Feb. 17

to
July 7.

140
days.

San
Juan,
P. R.,

Feb. 9

June20.

129

days.

Baton
Rouge,

La.,
Feb. 17

Junel8.

121

days.

Wagon-
er,

Ind.T.,

Feb. 17
to

June23.

126

days.

Lake
City,
Fla.,
Feb. 9

June 18.

129

days.

Dur-
ham,
N.H.,

Feb. 17

July 14.

147

days.

Au-
burn,
Ala.,
Feb. 17

to
May 30.

102
days.

Ann

Arbor,
Mich.

Corn, sweet, "A "

95.9
89.3
95.8
92.7
83.6
83.3
95.3
9H.7
63.0
69.0
95.5
98.3
81.6

80.0

48.0

7.0

64.5

58. 5

59.0

69.2

58.0

3.0

0.5

90.0

98.0

63.0

90.0
72.0
84.5
82.0
64.0
71.5
94.0
100.0
20.0
23.5
94.0
96.0
79.0

96.0
80.0
90.0

88.5
77.5
74.3
94.0
9(i.O
28.5
47.5
91.5
100.0
82.5

96.0
70.0
93.5
83.5
77.5
81.5
98.0
96.0
48.5
50.5
96.5
98.0
78.0

94.0
86.0
95.0
89.5
79.0
76.5
96.0
98.0
44.5
41.5
94.0
98.0
87.0

100.0
89.3
96.5
93.0
80.6
78.0
98.0

100.0
55.5
67.0
94.5
98.0
82.0

96. 0
88.0

%.o

91.0
75. 5
84.5
93.3
98.0
57.5
61.5
95.0
94.0
86.5

100.0
92.0

Onion

95.0

, 96.0

Radish

82.5

Carrot

76.0

Pea .'

90.0

Bean

98.0

Pansy

53.5

Phlox drummondii

Tomato -

67.0
89.0

Watermelon

100.0

Lettuce

82.0

Average of all seeds .

87.79

53. 59

75.12

80.48

82.12

83.00

85. 57

85. 70

, 86.23

From Table I it will be seen that the loss of vitality in the case of
seeds stored at Mobile was much greater than in those stored at any
of the other places. The greatest loss in the samples tested was in the

THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

phlox, where the germination was only (1.5 per cent, or a loss in vitality
of 99.3 per cent as compared with the control. These results were
closely followed by a loss in vitality of 95.9 and 92.7 per cent for the
pans}'^ and onion seed, respectively. The percentages of germination
in the other cases, except the ''B" sweet corn, pea, and bean, were
sufficient to have produced a fair stand, i. e. , if we consider that far
too many seeds are usually sown. But a decrease in the percentage
of germination means seeds of a low germinative energy. Even
though the final percentage of germination be up to standard, the
retardation may be of vital importance. A very good example of the
retardation in germination is shown in the tests of the watermelon
seeds. In the control sample 94 per cent of the seed germinated in
47i hours, while the seed returned from Mobile showed, during the
same time, a germination of only 13 per cent; yet the difference in the
final germination was only 0.3 per cent in favor of the control. Like-
wise the seed returned from San Juan germinated only 20 per cent in
47^ hours, the final germination being 96 per cent or only 2.3 per cent
lower than the control.

Many similar cases might be mentioned in which the final per-
centages of germination, as shown b\^ the first set of tests given in
Table I, represent a loss such as might be justly considered well within
the limits of normal variation. However, that all of the samples of
seed were injured as a result of the unfavorable climatic conditions is
shown in the second set of tests set forth in Tal)le II. In the latter
case the seeds remained in the various places nearly twice as long as
those used for the first test.

Table II. — Effect of climate on vitality as shown by percentage of germination — second test.

Kind of seed.

Corn, sweet, "A"

Com, sweet, " B "

Onion

Cabbage

Radish

Carrot

Pea

Bean

Pansy

Phlox dnimmondii

Tomato

Watermelon

Lettuce

Average of all seeds

Con-
trol.

Mobile,

Ala.,

Feb. 17

to
Nov. 6.

2C2
days.

94.5
88.5
97.0
92.4
78.8
82.0
95.7
98.7
53.0
53.9
97.5
99.0
92.3

86.77

20.0

12.0

0.0

17.0

51.0

8.5

44.0

0.0

79.5

64.0

20.0

Baton
Rouge,

La.,
Feb. 17

Oct. 22.

247

days.

88.0

.W.2

0.5

25.5

.55.5

25.0

80.0

60.0

0.0

96.0

92.0

84.5

Dur-
ham,
N. H.,
Feb. 17

to
Oct. 26.

251
days.

96.0
82.0

0.0
12.0
59.5

2.0
W.O
78.0

0.0

0.5
87.0
82.0
88.5

Au-
burn,
Ala.,
Feb. 17

Nov. 19.

275

days.

88.0
62.0
12.0
61.5
63.0
36.0
97.9
56.0
2.0
LO
94.0
86.0
86.0

Lake
Citv,

Fla.,
Feb. 9

to
Oct. 1.

234
days.

92.0
77.0
16.5
63.5
58.5
43.5
86.5
84.0
1.5
2.5
94.0
92.0
85.0

24.31

50.86 52.42 57.34 61.27

Wag-
oner,
Ind. T.,
Feb. 17

to
Oct. 13.

238
days.

San
Juan,
P.R.,

Feb. 9

June 20.

129

days.

Ann
Arbor,
Mich.

90.0
78.0
24.5
70.5
60.5
49.0
80.0
82.0
7.5
5.5
94.0
94.0
82.0

92.0
78.0
50.0
76.2
62.0
48.5
98.0
96.0
6.5
11.5
96.5
88.0
83.5

98.0
80.0
97.5
91.0
77.5
86.0
98.0
100.0
46.5
40.0
98.0
96.0
92.5

62.11

68.21

8-1.58

EFFKCT OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 17

K\i'\\ tliouuli llic columns in hotli T;il)los I mid II arc arran^'cd in
tlio order of the loss in vitality as shown l)y the aveni»^os of the
various places, it will at once be seen that the relative deoroeof injury
did not remain the same throuofhout the experiment. This is prol)al)ly
best explained by a variation in the climatic influences. It is evident
that in some of the places ^vherc seeds were stoi-ed the effects were
moi-e deleterious during- the time between the first and second tests
than they were durin«^- the first period of storaj^e of 12S days. The
results given in Table II are of the greater value in showing the
relative merits of the different localities as places for storing seeds,
extending as they do over a longer period of time.

As a result of the second series of tests it was found that the average
percentage of germination of all of the samples of seed that were,
stored in trade conditions at Mobile for 202 days Avas onl}' 24.81 per cent.
This is equivalent to a loss in vitality of 71.98 per cent as compared
with the average percentage of germination of the control samples, the
average germination of the controls ])eing 86.77 per cent. The pansy,
phlox, onion, and beans stored at Mobile wholly lost their power of
o-ermination. The tomato seed, which proved to be the most resistant
to unfavorable conditions, gave a germination of 75). 5 per cent, or a
loss in vitalit}^ of 18.1:6 per cent, as compared with the control sample,
which germinated 97.5 per cent. The degree of deterioration in the
seeds stored at the other places was much less marked than for those
stored at Mobile. The loss in vitality was only 41.89 per cent in the
seeds returned from Baton Rouge. The results from the seeds which
were stored at Durham. AulKirn, Lake City, Wagoner, and San Juan
differed l)ut little from ihose from Baton Rouge. The relative losses
in vitality are in the order given. The seeds kept in the packages
which were stored under trade conditions in the laboratory at the
[Jniversity of Michigan showed a loss in vitality of only 2.52 per cent
as compared with the control, the seeds of which were stored in a cool,
dry closet on the fourth floor of the botanical lal3orator3\ Ordinarily
a loss of 2.52 per cent would be considered as a normal variation due
to sampling and testing, and such was probal)ly true in these two sets,
with the exception of the greater deterioration of the phlox, pansy,
and "B" sweet corn, which were undoubtedly injured by the unfa-
vorable trade conditions, as repeated tests have shown.

From Table II it will also be seen that the "A" sweet corn, peas,
tomato, and watermelon, with the exception of those returned from
Mobile, sliow a fair percentage of germination. In some cases the final
percentages of germination were even higher than the controls; ])ut, as
previously stated, the final germination is not alwaj'S a good criterion
for the determination of vitality, it being necessary to consider the
germinative energy as a basis for comparison. In order to show this
more fully some of the detailed results are herewith given in Tal)le III.
These results show to a good advantage the degree to which germina-
tion has been retarded.

25037— No. 58—04 2

THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

Table III. — Retardation in germination due to injury caused tnj unfavorable climatic

conditions.

Corn "A."

Peas.

Watermelon.

Tomato.

Place where seeds
were kept.

Germi-
nation
at end
of 64
hours.

Final
germi-
nation.

Germi-
nation
at end
of 40
hours.

Final
germi-
nation.

Germi-
nation
at end
of 84
hours.

Final
germi-
nation.

Germi-
nation
at end
of 83
hours.

Germi-
nation
at end
of 107
hours.

Final
germi-
nation.

Control

Per cent.
81.3
4.0
64.0
50.0
64.0
68.0
86.0
80.0
82.0

Per cent.
94.5
20.0
92.0
88.0
90.0
92.0
96.0
88.0
98.0

Per cent.
79.6

a 24.0
60.0
36.0
36.0
50.0
54.0

"93.7
82.0

Per cent.
95.7
44.0
98.0
80.0
80.0
86.0
94.0
97.9
98.0

Per cent.

98.0
0.0

12.0
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.0

22.0

94.0

Per cent.
99.0
64.0
88.0
92.0
94.0
92.0
82.0
86.0
96.0

Per cent.
78.0

1.5
38.5

9.0
40.0
16.5

0.5
59.0
75.5

Per cent.
92.7
12.5
78.0
56.0
81.5
65.0
5.5
75.5
91.0

Per cent.
97.5

Mobile, Ala

San Juan, P. R....
Baton Rouse, La . .
Wagoner, Ind. T . .

Lake City, Fla

Durham, X. H

Auburn, Ala

Ann -Arbor, Mich..

79.5
96.5
96.0
94.0
94.0
87.0
94.0
98.5

"After 62 hours.

In order that the results of Tables I and II may be more readily and
fully comprehended, it has been deemed advisable to summarize them
in another table. For this purpose the average percentages of germi-
nation of all of the different samples of seed have been determined for
each of the different places. From these average percentages of ger-
mination the deterioration in vitality, as shown l)y both the first and
second tests as given in Tables I and II, have been calculated, the ger-
mination of the controls serving as a basis for comparison. These
results furnish more trustworthv data as to the relative merits of the
different localities as places for storing seeds. Likewise the per-
centages of deterioration between the time of the first and the second
tests are shown in Table IV.

Table IV. — Average percentages of germination of all seeds kept at the various jilaces, their
deviations from the controls, and the increased jiercetdages of loss in the second series of
tests.

Place of storage.

Average germina-
tion of all seeds
used in experi-
ments.

First test.

I Per cent.

Control 87. 79

Mobile, Ala 53. 59

San Juan, P. R 75. 12i

Baton Rouge, La 80. 48

Durham, X. H 85. 57

Auburn, Ala 85. 70

Lake City, Fla 83. 00

Wagoner, lud. T 82. 12

Ann Arbor, Mich .- 86. 23

\ I

a Calculated results.

Second

test.

Per cent.

86.77
24.31
68.21
n 45. 18
50.86
52.42
57. 34
61. 27
62. 11
84.58

Deterioration in
\-itality a.s com-
pared with con-
trols.

First test.

Per cent.

38.95

14. 31 I

8.32
2.52
2.38
5. 45
6.45
1.77

Second

test.

Deterio-
ration in
vitality
between
first and
second
tests.

Per cent.

7L98
21.39
a 47. 93
41.39
39.58
33.91
29.38
28.41
2.52

Per cent.

1.16
54.64

9.20
a 39. 86
36.81
38.74
33.10
26.18
24.37

1.91

EFFECT OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 19

III 'ru))lc IV the results iire airanged in the order of the loss in vital-
it}' as shown by the second tests. However, a few words of explana-
tion will be necessar}', especially concerninj^ the loss at San Juan. In
the first place, the seeds were kept at San Juan only 131 days" during
the early part of the summer, while during the most critical period,
June 20 to Novem>)er 0, they were in the ])otanical lal)oratory of the
University of Michigan. Those marked Mobile, Ala., were, during
the entire time, '2(t2 days, under the influence of the warm, moist cli-
mate of the Gulf of Mexico. The seeds kept at other places can well
be compared with those from Mobile, the time being approximately
the same. The average loss as shown by the second tests was 3.35
times greater than the loss in the first test, which bv calculation would
bring San Juan next below Mobile, with a loss of vital energy in the
seeds equal to 47.93 per cent. But more data are necessary l)efore
such a gradation of injurious climatic influences can be established.

Table IV, however, brings out another interesting point, as shown
bv comparing the results of the first and second tests at San Juan and
Mobile. In the first test the loss in vitality of the seeds from Mobile
was 38.95 per cent, while the seeds returned from San Juan showed a
loss of only 14.31 per cent as compared with 71.98 and 21.39 per cent,
respectively, as shown in Table II. The degree to which the seeds
were injured while they were stored in San Juan was such that they
continued to deteriorate much more rapidly than the control sample.
This deterioration was most marked in the case of the pansy seed, the
germination of the first test being 20 per cent and that of the second
test onl}' 6.5 per cent, showing a loss in vitality of 68.2 per cent and
87.7 per cent, respectiveh'. Thus when seeds are once placed in con-
ditions unfavorable for the preservation of their vitality for a sufficient
length of time to cause some injur}-, this injury will always be mani-
fest and cause a premature death of the seeds even though the}^ after-
wards be removed to more favorable conditions.

Seeds of strong vitality can withstand greater changes in conditions
than seeds of low vitality without any marked deterioration. Through-
out these experiments a wide difierence has been o])served between
the "A" sweet corn and the ''B" sweet corn. The original tests
made January 30, 1900, at the time the seeds were received, showed a
germination of 94 per cent for the '""A" sample and 88 per cent for
the ""B" sample of corn. The control tests, made in November, 1900,
showed a germination 0.5 per cent higher in each case; but the average
loss in vitality of the two samples of seed kept at the various places
was 12.17 per cent for the "A" sample and 26.10 per cent for the " B"
sample. As with the pansy and the phlox these samples showed that

" The number of days here given for San Juan is not absolutely correct. The time
was reckoned from the date the seeds were sent from the laboratory until they were
received in return.

THE ^aTALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

the .stronger the vitality of the original sample of seed the more harsh
treatment can be undergone without being injured. Strong vitality
implies long life as well as vigorous seedlings.

Another very important factor to be considered in the handling of
seeds is the relative resistance of seeds of various species to adverse
conditions. Certain seeds under one set of conditions may retain
their vitality exceedingly well, while seeds of other species of plants
under identical conditions may be killed in a comparatively short time.
For this reason no general rule can be laid down for the preservation
of seeds. Table V shows the varying degrees of deterioration of the
different species of seeds used in the experiments.

Table Y. — Different degrees of deterioration of various kinds of seeds.

Kind of seed.

Tomato

Pea

Corn, sMeet, "A" ..

Watermelon

Lettuce

Radish

Corn, sweet, "B" .

Bean

Cabbage

Carrot

Onion

Pansy

Phlox drummondii

Germi-
nation of
control.

Per

cent.
95.5
95.3
95.9
98.3
81.6
83.6
89.3
98.7
92.7
83.3
95.8
63.0
69.0

First test.

Average
germi-
nation

from the

various

places.

Deterio-
ration in

vitality

as com-
pared
with the

control
samples.

Per cent.

Per cent. ^

93.06

2.55

91.56

3.92

94.75

1.20

97.75

.57

80.00

1.96

74.38

11.02

78.16

12.47

93.00

5.76

86.00

7.22

75.16

9.77

■ 82.18

15. 26

38.87

38.33

44.87

34.97

Second test.

Germi-
nation of
control.

Average
germi-
nation
from the
various
places.

Per cent.
97.5
95.7
94.5
99.0
92.3
78.8
88.5
98.7
92.4
82.0
97.0
53.0
53.9

Per cent.
92. 43
84.80
83.00
86.62
77.75
60.93
65.40
69.50
52.15
37.81
25.12
8.00
7.62

Deterio-
ration in
vitality
as com-
pared
with the
control
samples.

Per cent.
5.20
11.39
12.17
12. .51
15. 77
22. 67
26.10
29.58
43.56
53.89
74.10
84.90
a5.85

In the above table the list of seeds is arranged in the order of their
power to withstand the action of diverse climatic conditions, as shown
by the results of the second test, given in Table II. Tomato seeds
were found to be the most resistant, the control sample germinating
97. 5 per cent. The average germination of the samples of tomato seed
kept at the various places was 92.43 per cent, or a loss in vitality of
only 5.20 per cent. The seed showing the next least injury was the
peas, with a deterioration of 11.39 per cent. The phlox, which was the
most affected by the unfavorable conditions, germinated only 7.62 per
cent, thus showing a loss in vitality of 85.85 per cent.

It is also interesting to note that the order, as show n by the second
series of tests, is quite different from that of the first. This lack of
uniformity increases the difficulties that must be overcome before the
causes of the loss of vitality in seeds can be fully comprehended. Were
all seeds affected in the same way when subjected to identical con-

EFFECT OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

ditions, the order should have remained the .same throughout, hut the
w'uh vaiiation in atmospheric changes ati'ects ditierent seetls so very
diti'erentiy that no uniformity of results can he secured. For example,
the conditions prevailing from Fe])ruary until June were nuich more
disastrous to the vitality of the tomato and pea than to the "A" sweet
corn, watermelon, and lettuce, while the conditions existing from June
to November were more injurious to the "A" sweet corn, watermelon,
and lettuce. An examination of the table will show other results
of a similar nature. During the earlier stages of devitalization seeds
undergo a gradual deterioration in vitality, but after reaching a cer-
tain stage in their decline there is a comparatively sudden falling otf,
and seeds, except perhaps a few of the most persistent, soon cease to
show any power of germination. Such factors as these mu3t be taken
into account in determining the relative length of time that dift'erent
kinds of seed will retain their vitality. But as yet sufficient informa-
tion is lacking in order to make any trustworthy attempt to classify
seeds in respect to their viable periods when subjected to different con-
ditions. Numerous experiments are now under way, with the hope of
furnishine- a basis for such a classitication.

In order to obtain more data as to the influence of climate upon
vitality additional samples of seed were sent to Mobile and Baton
Rouge, where the}^ were stored under the same trade conditions as f or
the former experiment. For these tests only cabbage, lettuce, and
onion seeds, put up in envelopes, as for the previous tests, were used.
The different packages of seed, placed in paper boxes from which
they were not removed, were sent from the laboratory on May 20,
1901, and were returned November 26, 1901, the total time of storage
being 190 days. The results of these tests are shown in Table VI, and
are even more striking than those of the former tests shown in Tables
1 and II.

Table YI.— Relative merits of Mohile, Ala., Baton Rouge, La., and Ann Arbor, Mich.,

as places for storing seeds.

[Period, 190 days.]

Cabbage.

Lettuce.

Onion.

Seeds subjected to
"Trade condi-
tions."

Percentage of seeds
germinated at the
end of—

Percentage of seeds
germinated at the
end of —

Percentage of seeds germinated
at the end of—

36
hour.s.

60
hour.s.

14
days.

30-
hours.

60
hours.

U
days.

60
hours.

84
hours.

108
hours.

14
days.

Mobile, Ala

Baton Rouge, La . .
Ann Arbor, Mich . .

0.0

0.0
10.0

0.0

64. ,5

8.5
•22. 5
80. 5

0.0

2.5

07.0

14.0
3;"). 5
82.5

64.0
74.0
90.5

0.0
0.0
3.0

0.0

10.0

0.0

43.0

0.0

93.0

Table VI shows quite clearly the deleterious action of the warm,
moist climate of the Gulf of Mexico on the life of seeds. The onion
seed which was stored at Mobile and Baton Rouge did not germinate,

22 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OK SEEDS.

while weed from the .same lot stored at Ann Arbor germinated !>?> per
cent. The cabbagv seed was injured nearly as much as the onion, the
sample from Mobile germinating- onl}- 8.5 per cent. The conditions
at Baton Rouge were slightl}^ more favorable to the preservation of
vitality. The cabbage seed stored at the latter place germinated 22.5
per cent, while a like sample of seed stored at Ann Arbor germinated
86.5 per cent. The lettuce was much more resistant than either the
cabbage or the onion seed, but here, too, the injury was quite marked,
especially as shown by the retardation in germination. The conditions
at Mobile were also the most disastrous for the lettuce seed. During
the first 30 hours that the tests were in the germinating chamber none
of the lettuce seed from Mobile germinated, while the seed from the
corresponding sample from Ann Arbor germinated 67 per cent. The
finalpercentages of germination were CA and 96.5 per cent, respectively,
for the seed from Mobile and Ann Arbor, showing a loss in vitality of
33.68 per cent in the seed stored at Mobile. Here it will be seen, as in
Table V, that the onion seed was most sensitive and the lettuce seed
most resistant to the unfavorable conditions. In the first tests shown
in Table V the average loss in vitality of the lettuce, cabbage, and
onion was 15. T7, 43.56, and 74.10 per cent, respectively, while for the
last tests, as shown in the foregoing table, the losses in vitality of
similar samples of seed kept at Mobile were 33.68, 91.29, and 100 per
cent, respectively. The ratio is practically the same in both cases, the
loss in the cabbage seed being 2.7 times greater than that of the lettuce.
The foregoing data are sufficient to indicate that climatic influences
play a very important part in the life of seeds, and that the degree of
injury varies greatly in ditferent places and likewise in different seeds.
Some seeds were practically worthless after an exposure of four or five
months in such places as Mobile, Baton Rouge, or San Juan, as shown
in Table I. After longer exposures, six or nine months, similar results
were obtained from all of the places to which seeds were sent. Many
of the seeds were killed, as shown in Table 11. The conditions at
Mobile were fatal to all of the seeds; that is, the seeds were worthless
so far as the gardener is concerned.

CAUSES OF THE LOSSES IN VITALITY IN DIFFERENT CLIMATES.

Havino- shown that seeds lose their vitalitv much sooner in some
localities than in others, the question naturall}" arises, ''Why this
loss in vitalit}^?" Unfortunatel}^ only two of the places where seeds
were stored. Mobile and San Juan, have Weather Bureau stations which
are equipped for making complete observations of the meteorological
conditions. It has been observed, however, that there is a very close
relationship between the precipitation and the loss in vitality in seeds;
that is to say, in a measure the loss in vitality is directly proportional
to the amount of rainfall. This deterioration is more apparent as the

CAITSES OF LOSSES TN VITALITY.

tomporatui'e iiicroiises, hut the injury due to the increuse in tempera-
ture is (U'lXMuleut on the amount of moisture present.

The followin»>- tal)l(> has l)een compiled in order to show the ratio
l)etween the loss in vitality and the precipitation and temperature.
The loss in vitality, its j>-iven in the second column of Tahh? VII, rep-
resents the averaoe losses in percentages, calculated from the results
of the oermination tests of the 13 different samples of seeds, as shown
inTal)leII.''

The third column shows the annual precipitation in inches. The
annual precipitation lias l)een taken, ])ecause in some instances heavj''
rainfalls occurred just previous to the time that the seeds were put
into storage. Then, too, the annual precipitation furnishes more accu-
rate data for a basis of comparison. The mean temperatures, as given
in column -i, are not the mean annual temperatures, but the averages
covering the time during which the seeds were stored. The mean
annual temperatures were not taken, chiefly for the reason that the
critical period, in so far as temperature is concerned, is during the
summer months.

Table VII. — R((tio hetimen vitality, jwecipitation, and temperature. &

Place where seeds were stored.

Mobile, Ala

Baton Rouge, La.
Durham, N. H ...

Auburn, Ala

Lake City, Fla . . .
Wagoner, Ind. T .
Ann Arbor, Mich

Average
loss in vi-
tality of
thelSdif- I
ferent sam-
ples of I
seeds.

Annual
precipita-
tion.

Mean Fahr.

Prr cent.
71.98
41.39
39. .58
33. 91
29.38
28.41
2. .52

Inches.
91.18
66. 37
48.20
62.61
49.76
42.40
28.58

Temperature.

Degrees.
71.4
72.2
52.3
64.4
73.3
07. 1
49.12

Maximum
Fahr.

Degrees.
96.0
98.0
98.0
98.0
103.0
107.0
98.0

a These seeds were sent out in February, 1900, and were returned to the botanical laboratory and
te.stcd in October and November, 1900. The average time that the .seeds were kept at the various
places was 252 days.

'' The results of the San Juan tests have been omitted from this table because, as has been previously
stated, all of the seeds were returned from San Jnan on June 20, 1900, when the first tests were made.
The second scries of tests was made in Octolter, 1900. During the time intervening between the first
and second tests the San Juan samples were kept in the botanical laboratory at the University of
Michigan.

According to the table the seeds kept at Mobile suffered the greatest loss in vitality. However, it is
quite probable that the greatest loss would have been from the seeds stored at San Jnan had the time
of storage been the same for the two places, so that the results of the San Juan tests could have been
included in the table. This conclusion is based on tlie following facts: Normally, tlie number of rainy
days at San Juan far exceeds those at Mobile. In 1900 there were 211 days on which rain fell in oan
Juan, while the records for Mobile show only 146. Likewise the average temperature of the dew-point
Tor San Juan was 71° F. and only .59° F. for Mobile, which, when expressed in terms of absolute
moisture, gives 8.240 and 5. .555 grains of water per cubic foot at the time of saturation. On the other
hand, the relative humidity of San Juan was 78. 5 per cent, or slightly lower than that of Mobile, the
latter having a relative humidity of 80.5 per cent. However, the mean annual temperatures were
77.6° and 71.4° F., respectively, hence a mean absolute humidity of 7.099 grains of aqueous vapor for
San Juan and only 0.718 grains per cubic foot for Mobile.

THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

From the foregoing- table it will be seen that precipitation is a factor
of much greater importance than temperature. In order to .show the
real value which the amount of precipitation furnishes as a basis for
judging- the length of time that seeds will retain their vitality when
stored in localities having a marked difference in the amount of rain-
fall, the results set forth in the above table are represented diagram-
matically as follows:

Effect of precipitation on vitality.

Place.

Percentage of loss in

vitality.

Inches of precipitation.

Mobile

71.98

91. IS

Baton Rouge

41.39

1)1;. 37

Durham ,

39. 58

48. 20

Auburn

k:;. 91

62.61

Lake City

2'.'. :-;^

49.76

Wagoner

•is. 41

42.40

Ann Arbor

2.52

28. -58

A discrepanc}^ is verj'" marked for Durham, N. H., which may be
partially explained by considering again the conditions under which
the seeds were stored. It will be remembered that these samples of
seeds were stored in a hall which opened directh" into a chemical labora-
tory. It is quite probable that the low percentages of germination
were due to the injurious action of gases emanating from the labora-
tory. Of these gases, ammonia probably pla^-ed a very important part,
as it is well known that seeds are very readil}- injured when subjected
to the action of ammonia.

It is to l)e understood that the above comparisons are somewhat
indefinite. If the amount of rainfall were equally distributed through-
out the year a definite ratio could, in all probabilit3% be established;
but in the majority of places there are alternating wet and dry seasons,
which make such a comparison ver\^ difficult and unsatisfactory. Yet
for ordinary considerations it is sufficient to say that seeds will retain
their vitality much better in places having a small amount of rainfall.
For more exact comparison other factors must be taken into account,
especially the relative humidity-, mean temperature, and temperature
of the dew-point, which ultimatel}' resolves itself into the absolute
amount of moisture present in the atmosphere.

EFFECT OF MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE UPON VITALITY.

From the foregoing experiments it is quite evident that moisture
plays an important part in ]>ringing about the premature death of
seeds and that the detrimental action of moisture is more marked as

EFFECT OF MOISTTTRE AND TEMPERATURE. 25

tho t(>inpor!itiiiv iin-n'ascs. ForiiK'ily tlu> »;eiK'r:il comsimisus of ()[)iiiiuM
liiis Ix'iMi to iiiiiko this stjiteiiiont in tho ivver.se order that i.s, that
temperature exerts ti very harmful action on seeds if nuich moisture
be present. For comparatively hijrh temperatures the latter statement
would i)rohably suffice— at least it is not misleadino-, and in a certain
measure it is true; hut at the lowest known temp(>ratures, as well as
at ordinary temperatures, moisture is the controUin*;- factor, and in
order to be consistent it should likewise l)e so considered for hioher
temperatures — that is, within reasonable limits.

That temperature is only of secondary importance is brouoht out in
the results ol)tained by a number of investigators. It has Ijeen well
established by Sachs," Haberlandt/' Just,'' Krasau,'' Isidore-Pierre,*
Jodin,-^, Dixon, ^ and others that most seeds, if dry, are capable of
germination after being subjected to relative!}' high temperatures for
periods of short duration. The maximum for most seeds is a tempera-
ture of loo" C. for one hour; but if the seeds contain comparatively
large (luantities of moisture they are killed at nuich lower tempera-
tures. It has been reported that lettuce seed will lose its vitality in
two weeks in some of the tropical climates where moisture is abundant.
Dixon has shown that if lettuce seed be dry it will not all be killed
until the temperature has been raised to 11-1^ C.

In case of low temperatures the factor of moisture is of less impor-
tance, 3'et even under such conditions the moisture must not be exces-
sive or the injur}" will be cpiite apparent. But if seeds are well
dried it can safely be said that they will not be killed as a result of
short exposures to the lowest temperatures which have thus far been
produced. Our knowledge of the resistance of seeds to extremely
low temperatures is based on the experiments of Edwards and Colin,'*
Wartmann,' C. De Candolle and Pictet,' Dewar and McKendrick,^'
Pictet,^ C. De Candolle,'" Brown and Escombe," Selby," and Thiselton-

«Handbuch d. Exp. Phys. d. Pflanzen, Leipzig, 1865, p. 66.

spflanzenbau I, 1875, pp. 109-117; Abs. in Bot. Jahresbr., 1875, p. 777.

cBot. Zeit., .3.3, Jahrg. 1875, p. 52; Cohn's Beithlge zur Biol, der Pflanzen, 1877,
2: 311-348.
^ '/ Sitzungsbr. d. Wiener Akad. d. Wiss., 1873, 48: 195-208. I. Abth.

'Ann. Agron., 1876, 2: 177-181; Abs. in Bot. Jahresbr., 1876, II. Abth., 4: 880.

/Compt. Rend., 1899, 129: 89.3-894.

f/ Nature, 1901, 64: 256-257; notes from the Botanical School of Trinity College,
DuV)lin, August, 1902, pp. 176-186.

/'Ann. sci. nat. bot., ser. 2, 1834, 1: 257-270.

i Arch. d. sci. phys. et nat., Geneve, 1860, 8: 277-279; ibid., ser. 3, 1881, 5: 340-344.

JIbid., ser. 3, 1879, 2: 629-6.32;' ibid., ser. 8, 1884, 11: 325-327.

^Proc. Roy. Inst, 1892, 12: 699.

^Arch. d. sci. phys. etnat., Geneve, ser. 4, 1893, 30: 29.3-314.

»abid., ser. 4, 1895, 33: 497-512.

r'Troc. Roy. Soc, 1897-8, 62: 160-165.

"Bui. Torr. Bot. Club., 1901, 28: 675-679.

26 THE VITALITY ATSTD GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

Dyer." In the experiiiients of the last-named investigator seeds were
subjected to the temperature of liquid hydrogen (—2.50-' to — 252^C.)
for six hours, and when tested for vitality the germination was perfect
and complete. *

Much more might be said on the effect of high and low temperatures
on vitality. But for the commercial handling of seeds the extremes
of temperature are of secondary importance and need not be further
discussed at this time. In the present work the purpose has been to
show the effect of moisture on the vitalit}^ of seeds when subjected to
such temperatures as are usually met with in the storing of seeds.

SEEDS PACKED IN ICE.

On February 6, 1900, samples of each of thirteen kinds of seed
were put up in duplicate, both in manila coin envelopes and in small
bottles. The bottles were closed with carefully selected cork stoppers.
These two sets of duplicate samples were then divided into two lots.
Each lot contained one of each of the packages and one of each of the
bottles of seeds. The samples thus prepared were carefully packed
with excelsior in wooden boxes, the boxes being then wrapped with
heav}' manila paper. In one of the boxes was also placed a Sixes'
self -registering thermometer, so that the minimum temperature could
be ascertained.

These boxes were stored in a large ice house near Ann Arbor, being
securely packed in with the ice at the time the house was being filled.
The first box was taken out with the ice on June 12, 1900, after a lapse
of 126 days. The thermometer in this box registered a minimum of
—3.6° C. It is safe to assmiie that this temperature was uniform, at
least up to within a few days of the time when the seeds were taken
out. Unfortunatel}^ absence from the university at this particular
time delayed an examination of the seeds until June 20. During the
eight intervening days the box of seeds was kept in the laboratory
and there many of the seeds in the packages molded, so that they were
unfit for germination tests. In fact, the results of the tests from the
packages are of little value within themselves; but in comparison with
the \'itality tests of the seeds kept in the bottles some important facts
are brought out, and it has been deemed advisable to tabulate these
results with those of the second series.

The second box of seeds was packed approximately in the center of
a large ice house (100 by 60 by 20 feet) and was taken out with the
ice on July 21, 1900, after haying been 167 days in cold storage. The

«Proc. Roy. Soc, 1899, 65: 361-368.

b Bra ssica alba (oily), Pisum sativum (nitrogenous), Cucurhita^pepo (oily)', Tritlcum
sativum (farinaceous), and Hordeum imlgare (farinaceous).

EFFECT OF MOrSTURE AND TEMrERATURE.

l)()\ was hrouiiht diroctlv to tlic hiltoiatorv and tlu- scrds weiv exam
iiu'il at once. Those contained in the paper paekai,a's liad a})sorhtHl a
eonsideral)le (|uantity of moisture and were much softened. In all of
the packages except those containing the onion and watermelon seeds
some mold had developed; l)ut in the seeds used for the germination
tests care was taken to avoid using those that showed any trace of
a mycelium, thereby reducing the injury due to fungous growth to a
minimum, even though subsetpient experiments have shown that such
injury is practically negligil)le.

An interesting i)oint concerning the germination of some of the
seeds at this low temperature may be stated in this connection. Eight
of the peas, or 4 per cent, had already germinated, the radicles vary-
ing in length from 1 to 2.5 cm., thus corroborating Ulotirs results in
germinating peas at or slightly below the temperature of melting ice.«

T.\.BLE VIII. — The vitality of neeiU kept in <in ire home inenvelope.'< <uid l>ottle!<, ami like-
wise the vitality/ of the controls.

First test

after 126 days.

Second test, after 167 days.

Germination.

Differ-
ence be-
tween
envel-
ope and
control
sam-
ples.

Differ-
encebe-
tween
envel-
ope and
bottled
sam-
ples.

Germination.

Differ-
ence be-
tween
envel-
ope and
control
sam-
ples.

Differ-
ence be-
tween
envel-
ope and
bottled
sam-
ples.

Kind of seed.

Con-
trol.

Envel-
ope,

BotUe.

Con-
trol.

Envel-
ope.

Bottle.

Corn "A"

Per ct.
96.0
90.0
95.0
93.5
88.6
79.5
92.0
100.0
52. 5
74.0

•r.r-,

l.S. 0
80.0

Per ct.
36.0
60.0
92.5
89.0

5.0

73.0
90.0

Per ct.
94.0

%.o

96.5
94.0
81.5
80.0
88.0

100.0
65.5

a 16. 5
93.5

100.0
66.0

Perct.

60.0

30.0

2.5

4.5

Per ct.

.58.0

36.0

4.0

.5.0

Perct.
92.0
92.0
95.0
92.0
80.5
73.5
94.7
100.0
52.0
54.0
96.5
100.0
81.5

Perct.
86.0
74.0
94.5
90.0
74.0
52.0
90.0
0.0
2.5
11.0
51.5
96.0
66.0

Per ct.
96.0
94.0
95. 0
94.0
89.0
75. 5
96.0
98.0
65.5
68.5
96.0
100.0
71.0

Per ct.

6.0

18.0

0.5

2.0

6.5

21.5

4.7

100.0

49.5

43.0

45.0

4.0

15.5

Per ct.
10.0

Corn "B"

20.0

Onion

0.5

Cabbage

4.0

Radish

15.0

23.6

Pea

6.0

98.0

Pan.sy

47.5

60.5

63.0

Phlox

57.5

Tomato

22.5
8.0

20.5
10.0

44.5

Watermelon

4.0
' 5.0

Average

87.3

63.6

87.9

25. 0

27.7

84.9

62.1

87.6

24.3

27.0

'iln making up the averages the result of the germination of the phlox was omitted because a .sub-
sequent examination showed that the bottle containing this sample of seed was broken at the bottom,
thus admitting sufficient moisture to destroy vitality, as is borne out by the second test.

The above table shows, as previously stated, that the results of the
first tests are incomplete and not very satisfactory, owing to the fact
that the germination tests were unavoidably delayed for eight days
after the seeds were taken from the ice house; but with the second set

« Flora, 1875, pp. 266-268.

28 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS,

of sainples the coiint.s for the vitality tests were be^uu within an hour
from the time the seeds were remo^'ed from the ice house. Thus, the
conclusions for these experiments must be drawn chiefly from the sec-
ond series of tests. However, comparisons will be made with the
first where such seem justifiable.

It will at once be seen that the seeds which were in paper packages
gave a much lower percentage of germination than either the control
samples or those kept in bottles. The average germination of the
controls was Si. 9 per cent, and the average germination of the seeds
kept in bottles was 87. B per cent, while onlj- 62.1 percent of the seeds
kept in paper packages germinated. This is equivalent to a loss in
vitalit}" of 24.3 and 27 per cent, respectiveh', as compared with the
vitalit}^ of the control samples and the samples from the bottles. The
results of the first tests are practicalh' the same, save that the difi;er-
ences between the control and the bottle samples are less marked. In
the second case the average vitality of the seeds kept in envelopes was
much reduced b}' the complete failure to germinate in the case of the
beans, which are most suscepti ble to the deleterious action of moisture
at the given low temperature.

One of the most important points brought out by these experiments
is the result obtained with onion, cabbage, and watermelon seeds. In
both the first and the second tests the germination varied but little
throughout. However, in all cases the seeds in the paper packages
were slightly injured by the action of the moisture. This factor is of
much importance, especially in the case of the onion seed, which,
when kept in a moist atmosphere at normal temperatures, soon loses
its vitalit}^ but when maintained at temperatures slightly below
freezing it l)ecomes ver^v resistant to the action of moisture. The
beans, on the other hand, were all killed, although they are ordinarily
much more hard}- than onion seed. It is quite probal)le, howcA^er,
that the death of the beans may be attributed to the reduction in tem-
perature. Containing as the}" do large quantities of starch, the}^
absorb more water than less starch}'- or more oily seeds. This factor,
together with the large embryo, renders them much more susceptible
to the injurious action of freezing temperatures.

Another im]:)ortant feature brought out by these experiments was
the better germination of the seeds which had been stored in bottles
in the ice house. The average germination of these samples was 2.7
per cent higher than that of the control. In a measure this ma}' be
included within the limits of variation; but when it is considered that
all of the bottle samples except the beans, tomato, and lettuce showed a
vitality equal to or greater than the control, it can hardly be considered
as a normal variation, especially since only the lettuce gave any marked
variation in favor of the control. Likewise, the average percentages

EFFECT OF MOISTURE AND TEMr?:RATURE. 29

of the Hist siM-ios of tests show a slio-ht iiu'retiso in favor of the seeds
kept iti the l)ottles. though the inerease is not so \v(>ll marked and is
less uniform than in those of the second series.

Aside from the final germination there is still another factor that
must be taken into consideration as })earintr evidence of the advantage
of keeping seeds at low temperatures, provided that they are kept dry.
All of the samples that were stored in the ice house in bottles showed
a marked accelenition in germination. It is t[uite evident that the res-
piratory activities and accompanying chemical transformations were
much reduced ])y the reduction in teni])erature, and the vital energy was
thus conserved; but Avhen the conditions were favoral)lc for germination
the greater amount of reserve energy in these seeds gave rise to a more
vigorous activity within the cells and a corresponding acceleration in
germination.

Numerous other experiments showing the effect of moisture on ttie
vitality of seeds were made. In contrast to those just given, the
injurious action of moisture at higher temperatures, yet temperatures
well within the limits of those ordinarily met with in the handling of
seeds, will be next considered.

EFFECT OF MOISTURE ON VITALITY AT IIIGHEK TEMl'EKATUUES.

This set of experiments was undertaken particularly to furnish con-
ditions somewhat similar to those existing in the States bordering on
the Gulf of Mexico, or. in fact, all places having a relatively high
degree of humidity and a temperature ranging from SO^ to 37^ C.
(86^ to 98.6^ F.) during the summer months. In order to secure the
desired degrees of temperature two incubators were utilized, one being
maintained at a temperature varying from 30^ to 32^ C, the other
from 36^^ to 37^ C. The thermo-regulators were so adjusted as to
admit of a possible variation of nearly two degrees in each case.

Beans, cabbage, carrot, lettuce, and onion were used for these tests.
In each of the incubators the seeds were subjected to four different
methods of treatment: 1. In a moist atmosphere, in free communica-
tion with the outside air. 2. In a moist atmosphere, but not in con-
tact with fresh air, the seeds being in sealed bottles of 250 cc. capacity.

3. In a dry atmosphere, in free communication with the outside air.

4. Air-dried seeds in sealed bottles.

In order to obtain the conditions requisite for the first method of
treatment, an apparatus was used as shown in figure 1. The seeds were
put up in small packages and then placed in a 250 cc. bottle. The bottle
containing the packages of seeds was placed withi^i a specimen jar
which was partially filled with water. This jar was then closed with
a large cork stopper which carried two glass tubes, each of 1 cm. bore.
These tubes extended 25 cm. above the top of the jar and out through

THE VITALITY AND GEKMINATION OF SEEDS.

the opening in the top of the incubator. The priniavv object of the
tubes was to prevent an}' water vapor from escaping within the incu-
bator and thereby doing damage to the seeds that were to be kept dry

in the same incubator. For the same reason
tlie corli in the jar was well coated with paraf-
fin. Approximate!}' the same volume of water
was maintained in the jar throughout the ex-
periment, more water being added through
tube rt, as occasion demanded, to replace the
loss by evaporation. The chief advantage in
having two tubes was the comj^arative ease
with which the air within could be displaced
b}' a fresh suppl}' by forcing a current of fresh
air through one or the other of the tubes.

Two such preparations were made, one being
left in the oven maintained at a temperature
varying from 30^ to 32^
C. , the other in the oven
maintained at a tempera
ture varying from 36°
to 37^ C. In both cases
the bottles contained
five packages of each of
the five samples of seed,
thus making provisions
for testing at different
intervals.

In order to suppl}' the
conditions for the second
method of treatment,
similar packages from the same samples of seeds
were put into 8-ounce bottles, which were then
kept for five days in a moist chamber. The in-
crease in weight due to the absorption of water
within the five days was as follows: Beans, 3.03
per cent; cabbage, 8.09 per cent; carrot, 8.26 per
cent: lettuce, 7.45 per cent, and onion 8.43 per
cent. This increase, with the water already
present in the air-dried seeds, gave a water con-
tent of 13.23 per cent for the beans, 13.9i> per
cent for the cabbage, 13.60 per cent for the carrot,
12.45 per cent for the lettuce, and 14.84 per cent
for the onion.

The bottles were then corked and sealed with paraflUn, but were so

Fig. 1. — Apparatus used to de-
termine the effect of moisture
and temperature on the vitality
of seeds in communication with
free air.

Fig. 2. — Apparatus u.sed to
determine the effect of mois-
ture and temperature on the
vitality of seeds not in com-
munication with free air.

EFFECT OF MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE. 81

ooustnictcd that tlu> ivhitivc huinidity of tlio iiit-loscd air toiild hv
iiK-roasod without tlio admission of more freo air. The dotaiU'd con-
struction of tliis apparatus is shown in W^. 2."

The seeds continued to absorl) moisture to a limited extent. In order
that the inclosed air niioht he maintained at approximately the same
degree of saturation, a crude h ygroscope was attached on the inside of
each bottle. These liygroscoi)es were made from awns of Sfqxi
capUlatd L., the tip of the awns being removed and a short piece of fine
copper wire used as an indicator. These lu'groscopes w'ere suspended
from the under side of the cork, as shown at //, and by the sid(M)f each
was suspended a tine fiber of silk, which, l)eing carried around by the
indicator, recorded the number of turns made by the awn.

Five such preparations were made for each of the two sets, so as to
furnish seeds for a series of tests. One set was kept at a temperature
of 30^ to 32'^ C, the other at 36^ to 37^ C. The seed from one of the
bottles, at each of the temperatures, was weighed after eighty -one
days, at the time the germination tests were made. These weighings
showed that at the lower temperatures the average increase in weight
for all the seeds was S.(5 per cent, and at the higher temperatures, (5.3
per cent. The increase in the case of the beans was (juite marked at
this time, being 13.3 per cent for those maintained at a temperature
ranging from 30^ to 32^ C, and 9.8 per cent for those maintained at
36- to 37- C.

The third set of conditions consisted simph' of packages of the air-
dried seeds kept in open boxes in each of the incubators. This series
of tests was made especially for the purpose of determining the effect
of dry heat on the vitality of seeds when maintained at the tempera-
tures above p'iven for some consideraljle time.

For the fourth series small packages of the seeds were put into
2-ounce bottles, which were then corked and sealed with paraffin. Five
of these bottles were kept in each of the ovens and germination tests
were made at irregular intervals. The results of these tests furnish a

« The wide-mouth bottle (J>) contains the packages of seed (.s). Through an open-
ing in the cork is inserted a short piece of soft glass tubing, being first fused at the
lower end and having a slight constriction drawn at c. At a distance of 1 cm.
above the constriction is blown a small opening, as shown at o. A short piece of
heavy rubber tubing {t) , cemented on a piece of heavy brass wire («•), serves as a
stopper. This stopper, which must tit closely within the glass tube, is operated by
means of the heavy wire. "When drawn up, the water in the tul)e may give off
aqueous vapor, which can escape through the small opening (o) into the bottle.
When sufficient moisture is present the supply is shut off by pushing the stopper
down firmly against the constriction. The stopper must be well coated with vas-
eline to prevent its sticking to the sides of the glass tube. To make the apparatus
more secure against the entrance of fresli air, a second piece of rubber tubing (r)
is placed in the upper part of the glass tube, the top of which is then filled with oil.

THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

])asi,s for comparinjr the relative mci'it.s of keeping seeds in open vessels
and in sealed bottles.

Table IX will show the effect of the various methods of treatment
on the vitality of the seeds.

Table IX. — Vitality of seeds when subjected to the action of a drij and a moist atinosj)herc,
both when exposed to free air and irJien confined in rjlass bottles, at relatively Jilyh,
temperatures, c

Vitality of seeds when
liept in a dry atmos-
phere.

Kind of seed.

Begin-
ning of
experi-
ment.

Bean Mar. 4

Do ' .do....

Do I... do....

Do do....

End of
experi-
ment and

date of
germina-
tion tests.

Cabbage
Do ..
Do ..
Do ..

Carrot.
Do
Do
Do

Lettuce .
Do ..
Do ..
Do ..

Onion .
Do
Do
Do

.do.
-do.
-do.
.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

Apr. 4
May 12
May 24
July 22

Apr. 4

May 12

May 24

July 22

Apr. 4
May 12
May 24
July 22

Apr. 4

May 12

May 24

July 22

Apr. 4
May 12
May 24
July 22

Dura-
tion
of ex-
peri-
ment.

Days.
31

81
140

140

31
69

81
140

Vitality of seeds when
kept in a moist at-
mosphere.

In open bot-| In sealed
ties, at tern-; bottles, at
peratures I tempera-
varying tures vary-
from — ing from —

30° to
32°

P.ct.

100.0

97.5

94.0

2.3

87.8

71.6

80.0

0.0

83.6

69. B

48.0

0.5

92.5

38.0

55.5

0.0

95.5

68.0

59.5

0.0

36° to
37°.

30° to ,
32°.

P.ct.

100.0

78.0

0.0

76.0

0.0

90.6

73.0

0.0

30.0

1.0

0.0

77.5

54.5

0.0

22.5

2.5

0.5

90.6

78.0

0.0

44.5

1.0

1.5

89.0

64.6

0.0

2.5

0.0

36° to
37°.

30° to 36° to 30° to 36° to

OOO O'TO OOO 0-70

P.ct.

44.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

72.5
0.0
0.0
0.0

29.5
0.5
0.0
0.0

58.0
2.0
0.0
0.0

45.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

In open
boxes, at
tempera-
tures vary-
ing from —

32°.

P. ct.

m. 0

100.0

98.0

100.0

86.5
67.5
89.0
84.0

84.5
82.0
44.6
81.0

91.0
42.0
6.5.0
82.0

96.5
97.0
95.5
90.0

37°.

In scaled
bottles, at
tempera-
tures vary

Ger-
mina-
tion
of
con-
trol

ing from — sam-
ples.

32°.

P. ct.

84.0
90.0
90.0
94.0

84.0
87.9
92.0
83.0

88.0
85.0
50.0
81.2

86.6
38.6
68. 5
87.0

93.0
96.0
94.0
92.0

P.ct.
98.0
92.5
98.0
98.0

83.5
79.0
92.5
88.5

89.5
83.5
50.0

7.S.5

91.5
38.6
62. 5
81.5

96.0
97.5
99.0
97.5

87°.
I

P. ct.
98.0
95.0
100.0
96.0

86.9
78.5
92.0
86.7

89.0
82.5
48.0
83.1

90.0

hi. 5
67.0
88.0

97.6
93.0
95.0
94.7

P.ct.
94.0

98.7
98.0
99.4

91.0
83.0
92.6
93.1

92. 6
78.0

64. 5
83.1

90.0
31.6

53. 6
79.9

96.0
98.5
96.5
95.4

fiA study of the table will show that the lettuce and carrot seed germinated very poorly at the end
of 69 and 81 days. This, liowever, was not due to any inherent ijuality of the seed, liui to an excess-
ive temperature at the time the tests were made. Both of these seeds require a comparatively low
temperature for their successful germination, lettuce germinating best at 20° C, and carrot at an
alternating temperature of from 20° to 30° C.

The amount of moisture absorbed or expelled under the different
methods of treatment has an important l)earing- on the duration of
vitality and will be considered briefly at this time. Only the general
results will be disc ssed in this connection, inasmuch as later experi-
ments, carried out in a similar manner, show the detailed results to
much better advantage. Nevertheless, it requires only a glance at
the above table to show the marked difference in the germinative
power of seeds which have been stored in moist and in dry conditions.
The seeds which were exposed in a moist atmosphere to the higher

EFFECT OF MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE. 83

tonipeiatuiTs (30° to 37" C.) were killed much earlier than those
subjected to the moist atmosphere at the lower temperatures — 30"^ to
32° C. — in both the open and the closed bottles.

A weighino- at the end of 31 days showed that the average increase
in weight of the seeds kept in the open, moist chand)er, due to the
absorption of moisture, was G per cent at a temperature of 30"^ to
32° C, and 5 per cent at a temperature of 30" to 37° C. For the
seeds kept in the oven, maintained at the temperature of 30° to 32"^ C,
another weighing was made at the end of 134 days, at which time the
average increase in the water content had risen to 8.07 per cent.
Unfortunately the seeds from the second oven, maintained at the
higher temperature, had l)ecome badl}' molded in O'J days, so that only
the one weighing was made.

Vitalit}" tests made at this tmie, 00 days, showed that all of the
seeds from the open, moist chamber, at the higher temperatures, had
been previously killed as a result of the drastic treatment; coiise-
cjuently no future germination tests were made. Those maintained at
the lower temperatures were almost entirely free from mold at the
expiration of the experiment, only an occasional seed showing any
trace of fmigous growth. Nevertheless, germination tests showed
that the vitality had been destroyed in the cabbage, lettuce, and onion.
Beans and carrot were most resistant, the former having germinated
2.3 ])er cent and the latter 0.5 per cent. All of the seeds had become
very nuich softened. The beans and the lettuce had changed very
materially in color, the beans (Early Kidney Wax Six Weeks) having
Ijecome much darker and the lettuce (Black-Seeded Simi)son) almost a
lemon color.

AVitli the seeds constituting the second series, i. e. , in a moist atnios-
phei'ti hut hi scaled hottles^ the injury was much more severe. Here, as
with the open chambers, the seeds subjected to the higher temperatures
were killed tirst, even though the amount of moisture actually absorbed
was less, as was also true with the other series. A weighing made at
the end of 81 days gave an increase of 8.0 per .cent for those from the
oven maintained at a temperature of 30° to 32" C , and 0.3 per cent at'the
higher temperature. Likewise, in this series, the seeds had become
very much softened and a very disagreeable odor had developed as a
result of the putrefaction of their nitrogenous constituents. A close
examination made at the end of 81 days revealed slight traces of fun-
gous growth, but there is no reason to believe that these plaj^ed any
part in the destruction of vitality. However, in making counts for
germination tests all molded seeds were carefully discarded.

The results of the germination tests showed that the vitality of the
seeds kept at the lower temperatures had been practically destroyed
at this time. The beans and onions failed to germinate, while the
25037— No. 58—04 3

34 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

cabbage, carrot, and lettuce germinated only 1, 2,5, and 1 per cent,
respective!}".

During the succeeding 00 days nuich mold had developed, and at
the expiration of the experiment, 140 days, onh' the carrot and the
lettuce gave any indications of vitality. It is especially interesting to
note with what rapidity the deterioration took place between the sixty-
ninth and the eighty-first da^^s, shoAving that when vitality reaches a
certain point in its decline there follows a comparatively sudden
death. This same fact is also shown in the case of those seeds in this
same series kept at the higher temperature. After 31 days' treatment
they all failed to germinate, except 0.5 per cent in carrot and 2 per
cent in lettuce seeds.

Jn the two series of experiments just considered there was an increase
in water content as a result of the humidity of the air in which the
seeds were kept. But the third series, <)j:)en and dry^ presents quite
another factor. A weighing made at the end of 30 days showed that
there had been an average loss of 2.5 per cent for the lower tempera-
tures and 3.5 per cent for higher temperatures. After this time the
weight remained nearly constant. Subsequent experiments, which
will be considered later, also show that the water capable of being
expelled at any given atmospheric temperature is driven ofl' in a com-
parativel}^ short time. In case of seeds this condition is pi'actically
comijleted in eight or ten days when maintained at temperatures as
above given. This extra drying of the seed causes a greater contrac-
tion of the seed coats, and in a number of cases a corresponding-
retardation in the rapidity with which germination takes place. The
retardation in the germinative activit}' is dependent on the increased
difficulty with which the seeds absorb water, and in many cases has an
important bearing on the vitality tests.

■ The fourth and last series, in which the air-dried seeds were sealed
in bottles and subjected to the temperatures at which the two o\ens
were maintained, gave still another very different set of conditions.
Here there was also an increase in weight, due probably to some
process of oxidation, but the increase was very slight. The average
increase from those kept at either of the temperatures was less than
one-half of one per cent.

Seeds, if well matured and thoroughly air-dried, arc not injured
when kept at temperatures below 37'-' C, whether they be kept in free
communication with fresh air, or in sealed bottles, or tubes. In the
experiments under discussion the average percentage of germination
was slightly higher in the case of the seeds which had been stored in
the sealed bottles. The mean percentage of germination for the seeds
which had been exposed to the open air at a temperature of 30° to
32° C. was 83.05 per cent. Those from the sealed bottles kept at the
same temperature germinated 84.82 per cent. At the higher temper-
atures— 36° to 37° C. — the mean germination of the seeds from the open

EFFECT OF MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE. 35

and the closed bottles was 82.08 and 85.02 percent, respectively. The
control sample oerniinated 85.45 per cent. That 37^^ C. is a])Oiit the
maximum temperature at which air-dried seeds can be stored without
injury is shown l)y the followino- experiments.

Preparations similar to those above mentioned were used, and after
beino- subjected to a temperature of 87^ C. for 219 days, there was no
appreciable loss in vitality, except the deterioration of 4 per cent in
the case of the cabbage seed that was kept in an open bottle, and 6.3
per cent in the seed from a closed bottle." But by increasino- tlie tem-
perature, during an additional period of 6S days, from 37^ C. to a
maxinuun of 44'^ C, the injury was much more marked, especially in
the closed bottles. In the open ])ottles the vitality of the cabbage was
lowered from 91.3 per cent to 77 per cent, representing a loss in vital-
ity of 15.()(3 per cent. The onion seed fell from 1)5.7 per cent to 87
per cent when kept in an open bottle, and to 01 per cent when kept in
a closed bottle. The beans showed no apparent injury in either case,
except that they became very dry; consecpiently there was a retarda-
tion in germination as a result of the slow absorption of water.

The greater loss in vitality of the seeds kept in the ])ottles was the
direct result of the higher humidity of the air immediately surrounding
the seed, and not because there was a deticiency in the supply of fresh
air, as might be readily assumed. In the open receptacles the additional
amount of free water expelled, as a result of the increase in tempera-
ture, was allowed to escape, while in the sealed bottles it oidy gave
rise to a relatively moist atmosphere, and consequently to a premature
death of some of the seeds. If seeds are to be so confined, they should
be previously dried at a temperature at which they are to be stored.

All of these seeds had ])ecome very dry and brittle. The odor of
the air confined within the sealed bottles had become very unpleasant;
likewise there was a marked change in the color of the seed coats of
the inclosed seeds.

SUMMARY.

Most seeds if kept dry are not injured by prolonged exposures to
temperatures below 37° C. (98. 0'^ F.), it being immaterial whether they
are in open or in sealed bottles.

If the temperature be increased above 37^^ C, vitality is seriously
reduced.

If seeds are kept in a moist atmosphere, a temperature even as high
as 30° C. (86° F.) works much injury in a comparatively short period.
The degree of injury rapidly increases as the temperature rises.

Provided the degree of saturation is the same, the deleterious efi'ect
of moisture is fully as great in open as in closed bottles.

«Only cabbage, onion, and beans were used for this experiment, the carrot and
the lettuce seed being omitted.

36 THE VITALITY AND GERMLNATION OF SEEDS.

THE EFFECT OF DEFINITE aUANTITIES OF MOISTURE ON THE
VITALITY OF SEEDS WHEN THEY ARE KEPT WITHIN CERTAIN
KNOWN LIMITS OF TEMPERATURE.

The results of the experiments just discussed furnish a fair criterion
by which to judge the vitality of seeds when influenced by tempera-
ture and moisture. It was still necessary to determine the efl^^ect of
definite quantities of moisture on the vitality of seeds when they are
submitted to temperatures well within the limits of that which may
be encountered in commercial transactions.

On December 19, 1900, preparations were made to determine these
factors. Seeds of cabbage, lettuce, onion, tomato, and peas were used
for these experiments, which continued for 70 or 72 days. All of this
seed was of the harvest of 18*J9 and had been in the laboratory during
the eleven months immediately preceding the setting up of the experi-
ments, being thus thoroughly air-dried. The amount of moisture
present in the seeds at this time, as indicated by drying at 100"^ C,
was as follows: Cabbage, 5.90 per cent; lettuce, 5 per cent; onion, 6.4:1
per cent; tomato, 1.71 per cent, and peas, 8.41 per cent.

The preparations were made as follows:

{a) Air-dried seeds were placed in bottles of 125 cc. capacity. The
bottles were closed with cotton plugs in order to protect the seeds
from dust while permitting a free circulation of air. This set served
largelj^ as a check.

{h) Air-dried seedb were carefully weighed and then put into 125 cc.
bottles, closed with firm corks, and sealed with paraffin.

(c, d, e, and /") These samples were also carefully weighed and
sealed in bottles as J, but in the difl'erent series of bottles there was
first introduced 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 cc. of water which had been previously
absorbed l)y small strips of filter paper.

{(/) The seeds constituting this series were first dried for 30 daj^s at
a temperature of from 30^ to 32° C. and then put up in bottles which
were sealed with paraflin. The loss in weight as a result of the dry-
ing was as follows: Cabbage, 2.11 per cent; lettuce, 2.59 per cent;
tomato, 2.71 per cent, and onion, 3.17 per cent, leaving a water con-
tent of onl}^ 3.19 per cent, 2.11 per cent, 2 per cent, and 2.91 per cent,
respectively. (Peas were not included in this series.)

One of each of the above preparations was then subjected to difl'erent
degrees of temperature as follows:

(1) Outdoor conditions, protected from rain and snow, but freely
subject to all changes in temperature and humidity. The temperature
during the time of the experiment, December 19, 1900, to February 28,
1901, varied from a minimum of —21.6" C. to a maximum of 8.9" C.

(2) In a fruit cellar having u comparatively low and uniform
temperature ranging from 10" to 13"^ C.

Eb'FECT OF DEFINITK QUANTITIES OF MOISTURE. 37

(3) In the "dark room" of tho botanical laboratory, which was
quite dry and maintained at a tomporaturo of L>n to 22 C.

(-t) In tlu^ horl)ariiim room on the fourth floor of tho botanical labo-
ratory. I'hc air hero was very dry and the mean temperature about
the same as for No. 3, but with a much wider variation, reaching at
times a maximum of 30° and a minunuim of 10° C.

(5) In an incubator luaintained at 30° to 32° C.

(6) In an incubator maintained at 37° to 40° C.

It will be observed that all of the preparations, except Nos. 1 and 4,
were kept at temperatures which were quite uniform. The increase
or decrease in the weight was determined at the expiration of 7»» or 72
days l)y again carefully weighing the seed, after which germination
tests were made. The results of the germination tests and the gain or
loss in weight are given in Table X.

THE VITALITY AND ap:RMINATION OP' SEEDS.

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40 THE VITALITY AND GEKMINATION OF SEEDS.

The foregoing table, showing the conditions under which the seeds
were kept, has been made quite complete. Aside from the final per-
centages of germination, the percentages of germination after a defi-
nite number of hours have likewise been given, the latter l^eing better
expressed as germinative energy. The germinative energy, as has Ijeen
previously stated, is an important factor in determining the potential
energy of a seed. This is quite clearly shown in many of the germi-
nation tests recorded in the above table. The preliminar}" results show
a marked contrast as a result of the different kinds of treatment, while
the final results reveal nothing more than the regular degree of varia-
tion usuall}^ met with in testing seeds. Of the five species of seeds, the
onion has yielded the most striking variations in the earlier stages of
germination. Take, for example. No. 1535, the sample that was kept
in an open bottle in the fruit cellar. The moisture absorbed was sufii-
cient to cause a chemical transformation, which injured the vitality of
the seed and consequenth^ caused a retardation in germination. No.
1539, the onion seed from the incubator maintained at a temperature
of 37^^ to 40'^ C, germinated only 16.5 per cent in 77 hours, while
the final percentage of germination was 95.5 per cent. Onion seeds
Nos. 1532 and 1533 germinated in 77 hours 18.5 and 2.5 per cent
respectively, while the final germination of the former was 93.5 per
cent and of the latter 9(1 per cent. All of these tests gave final per-
centages of germination somewhat higher than the mean of the control
samples. But the germination was considerabl}^ retarded, the control
samples having germinated 29.5 per cent during the first 77 hours.
These retardations in germination must be due to a lowering of vitalitj^,
as a more careful study of the table will show, and not to any excessive
drjnng that may have taken place during the time of treatment.
Numerous other examples are to be found in the talile, some even
more striking than those mentioned, but it is not deemed necessary
that they all be pointed out and discussed here.

The table also shows the results of the various weighings made of all
of the different samples which were kept in closed bottles. With but
very few exceptions there was an increase in weight, which increase
was quite marked in all cases where free water was introduced. The air-
dried seeds that were. sealed in bottles without the introduction of free
water all increased slightl}" in weight, with the exception of the peas,
which showed a slight decrease in weight. It has been observed that
the absolute loss in the weight of the peas was slightl}: greater than
the total gain in the four other samples of seed. This, however, is
not of sufficient uniformity throughout to fully justify the conclusion
that cabbage, lettuce, onion, and tomato seed have a greater affinity for
water than peas, and that the former ro])bed the latter of a portion of
their wat(^r content. Yet a portion of the increased weigiit of the
cabbage, lettuce, onion, and tomato seed is probably best accounted

effp:<t <if i>kfinitp: quantities of moisture. 41

for in that way. On the other hand, it is quite prol>al>le that a jior-
tion of tiu^ increase in weij;htwas due to the results of intramolecular
transformations and to the coexistent respiratory activities of the
seed. The means of makino- these determinations are far from aasj.
Van Tieohem and (t. Bonnier have shown" that seeds kept in sealed
tubes in atmospheric air increased in weight during two years, but the
increase was very small. In their experiments the peas which were
in sealed tubes increased ^Ij; of their original weight. A corresponding
sample kept in the open air increased ,V o^ its original weight.

Nos. ir)-l:() to 1545 in Table X show an increased w«Mght in seeds
when sealed in bottles for TO days. These seeds were previously
dried for 80 days at a temperature of 30'^ to 32° C. Disregarding the
increase in weights as above given and the factors to which such
increase mav be attributed, it is quite evident that in all cases where
water was added the increase in weight was due chieily to the absorp-
tion of the water. The absolute increase was approximately the same
as the w'eight of the water added.

The amount of water absorbed by different seeds varies greatly
under identical conditions, depending largely upon the nature of the
seed coats and the composition of the seed. The average increase in
weight of the seeds used in these experiments was as follows: Onion,
6.27 per cent; pea, 5.51 per cent; ca))bage, 4.12 percent; lettuce, 3.99
per cent; tomato, 3.99 per cent. The loss in vitality of the corre-
sponding samples was 28, 12, 23.7, 18.5, and 14.7 per cent, respec-
tivel3^ The relationship here is quite close, the amount of water
absorbed being roughly proportional to the loss in vitality. The
peas, however, afford an exception to this general statement. But it
must be remembered that peas require a nuich larger percentage of
moisture to start germination and are likewise capaljle of undergoing
much wider variations than the other seeds in question. However,
before a definite ratio can be established between the absorption of
water and the loss in vitality, many other factors must be taken into
consideration, such as the composition, water content, and duration of
vitality of the seed under natural conditions.

Another interesting factor is shown in No. 1546 of Table X. These
seeds were dried for 30 daj^s at a temperature of 30^ to 32'^ C, after
which they were kept in an open l)ottle in the laborator}^ for 40 days.
During the 30 days' drying the cal)bage lost 2.41 percent, lettuce 2.59
per cent, tomato 2.71 per cent, and the onion 3.47 per cent of moisture.
These same seeds when exposed to the free air of the laboratory for 40
days never regained their original weight, the increase being as follows:
Cabbage, 0.6 per cent; lettuce, 0.58 per cent; tomato, 1.56 per cent;
onion, 0,89 per cent. The average quantity of water expelled was 2.79

«But. Soc. bot. France, 29: 25-29, 149-153, 1882.

42 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

per cent in 30 dax>^, while the average increase in weight during the -iO
days was only 0.91 per cent. These results show that if seeds are once
carefully and thoroughly dried, the}^ will remain so; that is, if kept in
a comparatively dry room. This is an important factor in the preser-
vation of vitality, as is borne out in the results of the germination
tests. Later experiments were made with very similar results, and an
analogous method of treatment promises to be of much value as a
preliminary handling of seeds. It is not definitely known to what this
stronger vitalit}^ is due, whether it be simply to the effect of the dr}--
ing or to some process of chemical transformation which makes the
seeds more viable. These results are now under consideration and will
be reported at some future time.

The table also shows in a very striking degree the decrease in the
number of srerminable seeds with an increase in the moisture and
temperature. The amount of moisture absorbed bj- the seeds, with a
limited amount present in the bottles, was inversel}^ proportional to the
temperature. At the higher temperatures the inclosed air held a larger
portion as water vapor; however, there was a greater deterioration in
vitalit3\ Where the seeds were kept outdoors at the low temperatures
(—21.6- to 8.9^ C.) of the winter months, no injury was apparent
except where 3 cc. of water was added, and then onlj" the onion seed
was affected. This sample of seed had absorbed a quantitv of water
equal to 10.38 per cent of the original weight, which together with
the original water content (6.41 per cent of the original sample) made
17.88 per cent of moisture in the seed. Practicalh^ the same results
were obtained with the seeds kept in a fruit cellar at a temperature of
10° to 13 C. The samples of this series, in the open bottles, were
also injured, as has been pointed out. With the samples that were
ytored in the dark room and in the herbarium room, the injury was
more marked as a result of the higher temperature; but even here the
seeds in the bottles which contained 0.5 cc. of free water deteriorated
ver}^ little. The injury was confined to the onion seed, which showed
a slight retardation in germination, ^^'here 1 cc. , 2 cc. , and 3 cc. of
water were added, vitalit}^ in some instances was likewise remarkably
well preserved. The lettuce, tomato, and peas gave no indications of
any deterioration save in the bottles containing 3 cc. of water. Here
the lettuce and peas were permanently injured, while the tomato seeds
suffered only sufficiently to cause a delay in the rapidity with which
they germinated. The cabbage seed was retarded with 2 cc. and a
lowering of the final percentage of germination with 3 cc. of water.
The onion seed, being very sensitive to these unfavorable conditions,
deteriorated very greatly, being practically worthless where 3 cc. of
water were added. A brief stud}^ of the table will readily show that
many seeds were killed at the still higher temperatures of 30^^ to 32°
C. and 37'^ to 40^ C. The onion seed was slightly injured even where

KFFEC^T OK DEFINITE QUANTITIES OF MOISTURE. 48

no water wiis iiddod. Howovor, a toniperature of •40'^ C. is sufticioiit
to injure man}' seeds, even thouoh the lil)erated water be permitted to
escape, as is shown in the tests of the onion, No. 1530 of the tal)le.
The o-reatest ininrv when air-dried seeds arc sealed in ])ottU'sand tiien
subjected to a hitrher temperature is duo to the increased humidity of
the confined air, as a result of the water liberated from the seeds.

At Hrst [jflancc some of the conditions given in the ai)ove table ma}'
seem to be extreme and far beyond an}- normal conditions that would
1)0 encountered in the ordinary handling of seeds. This may seem to
be especially true with the seeds kept in the ])ottles with 8 cc. of
water where the additional amount of moisture absorbed gave rise, in
some of the seeds, to a water content of approximately 20 per cent.
Yet this need not be thought of as an exception, for such extreme
cases are often encountered in the commercial iiandling of seeds.
During the process of curing even more drastic treatment is not
infrequently met with. Pieters and Brow^n" have shown that the
common methods employed in the harvesting and curing of 1\hi pvd-
tciuh L. were such that the interior of the ricks reached a tempera-
ture of 130'^ to 140^ F. {iAA- to 60" C.) in less than sixteen hours, at
which temperature the vitality of the seed is greatly damaged and
fro([uently entirel}' destroyed. The interior of one rick reached a
temperature of 148^ F. i^WA'^ C.) in twenty hours, and the vitality
had decreased from 91 per cent to 3 per cent, as showni by the ger-
mination of samples taken simultaneousl}' from the top and from the
inside of the same rick.

On the other hand, the extreme cases need not l)e considered.
Take, for example, the onion seed that was sealed in a bottle with
1 cc, of water and maintained at a temperature of 37^ to 40"^ C. The
increase in weight due to the water absorbed was 3.91 per cent, thus
giving a moisture content of 11.2 per cent and a complete destruction
of vitality. The cabbage seed, kept in the same bottle, had absorbed
a quantit}^ of water equivalent to 2.35 per cent of its original weight,
which, with the 5.90 per cent contained in the original sample, gave
8.25 per cent of water. This sample of seed germinated only 11 per
cent, having thus no economic value. In neither of these samples
was the amountof water present in the seeds greater than that ordi-
narily found in commercial samples. Moreover, the temperature was
much below that frequentl}^ met with in places where seeds are
offered for sale and likewise well within the limits of the maximum
temperature of our summer months, especially in the Southern
States. Take, by way of comparison, the maximum temperatures of
some of the places at which seeds were stored to determine the effect
of climate on vitalit}^, as shown in another part of this paper. During

« Bulletin 19, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1902.

THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

the summer of 1900 the maximum temperature at Wagoner, Ind. T.,
was 107° F. (41.1° C), while that of Lake City, Fla., was 103° F.
(39.5° C). If these points are kept in mind, it is not at all surpris-
ing to find that seeds lose their vitalit}^ within a few weeks or m^onths
in warm, moist climates.

In order to make the above facts more clear the preceding table has
been summarized and is presented in the following condensed form,
showing the relation of the water content of the seed to vitality:

Table XI. — Marked deterioration in mtal'dij vnth an increase in the qnantiiy of the water

content of seeds.

■ How preparations were made.

Control sample

Closed bottles, sealed with parafBn.
Do

Do
Do
Do
Do

Amount of water

introduced into

the bottles.

cc.

Water expelled.
None.
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0

Average in-

erea.se in

weight as a

result of the

greater water

content.

Per cent.

0.06
.08
1.75
3.24
.5.91
8.13

Average
moisture in
seeds at the
time germi-
nation tests
were made.

Per rent.
6.07

«2.77

6.55

8.31

9.91

12.75

15. 10

Average
germina-
tion.

Per cent.
93.3

«93.9

94.0

91.7

83.3

67.5

58.6

a Peas not included in this set.

Numerous other results of a similar character might be cited, but it
hardl}' seems necessary' at this time, since there can be no doul)t that
moisture is the prime factor in causing the premature destruction of
vitalit}^ in seeds in the usual conditions of storage. Why they lose
their vitality as a result of the unfavoral)le conditions is quite a differ-
ent question, and has to do with the ver}^ complex composition of the
seed.

A COMPARISON OF METHODS OF STORING AND SHIPPING SEEDS
IN ORDER TO PROTECT THEM FROM MOISTURE AND CONSE-
QUENTLY TO INSURE A BETTER PRESERVATION OF VITALITY.

SUGGESTIONS OF EARLIER INVESTIGATORS.

As early as 1832, Aug. Fjr. De Candolle'' wrote a chapter on the
conservation of seeds, in which he said that if seeds })e protected from
moisture, heat, and oxygen, which are necessary for germination,
their vitalit}^ will be mucJh prolonged; moreover, that if seeds are
buried sufficiently deep in the soil, so that they are protected at all
times from the ver}' great influence of oxj'gen and moisture, their
vitalit}' will be pres^erved for a much longer period.

«Physiologie Vegetale, Paris, 1832, Tome II, p. 618.

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF STORING AND SHIPPING. 45

Gij^lioli" j^oes so fur as to say:

Tliere is no reason for denying the poHsihility of the retention of vitality in seeds
pre^Tved (hiring many centurie?, such aw thoMnnuny wlieat and seeds from Pompeii
and llerculaneum, provided that these seeds have l)een preserved from tlie l)egin-
ning in eonditions unfavorable to chemical change. * * * The original dryness
of the seeds and their preservation from moisture or moist air must be the very
lirst conditions for a latent secular vitality.

Some of the earliest suooe.stions for storino- seeds in ([uaiitity were
made l)y Clement and Fazy-Pasteur, and were reported by Auo-. l*yr,
De Candolle in his Thysiolooie Veo-etale. Clement suooested the use
of laroe cast-iron receptacles, made impervious to aii" and water, the
well-dried seeds to be poured in through an openinj^ at the top, after
whicii the openint4- should be hermetically sealed and the seeds with-
drawn throuoh :in iron pipe and stopcock at the bottom of the taid<.
The scheme of Faz3'-rasteur w^as to store seeds in wooden boxes well
covered with tar. This method was especially applicable to small
([uantities of seeds, and was used to a limited extent at that time, but,
so far as has been ascertained, it has lono- .since been discarded. The
keepino- of seeds in laro-c iron tanks, as su<^o-ested by Clement, has
never l)een practiced to an}^ extent. It seems (pate possible, liowever,
that the present "tank" o;rain elevator, now so universally used, mioht
readily be modified in such a way as to make the method suo-gcsted by
Clement quite practicable.

THE NECESSITY FOR THOROUGHLY CURING AND DRYING SEEDS.

In addition to bein<^ well matured and carefully harvested, seeds
should be thoroughly cured and dried before being put into the stor-
age bins. Much better results would be obtained if such seeds were
artiticially dried for several days in a current of dry air at a tempera-
ture not to exceed 35° C. With this method of dr3dng, from 2 to 4
per cent of the moisture usually present in air-dried seeds is expelled.
The accompanying contraction of the seed coats makes them more
impervious to the action of moisture, and consequently the seeds are
better prepared for storing and shipping. Experiments made with
cabbage, lettuce,- onion, and tomato seeds gave results as follows: The
average loss in weight of the air-dried seeds, after an additional dry-
ing of 30 days at a temperature of 30° to 32° C. was 2.79 per cent.
Yet these same seeds, when kept for -40 days in the laboratory, reab-
sorbed only an average of 0.91 per cent of moisture. Like quantities
from the original sample gave only the slight variations ordinarily met
with, due to the humidity of the atmosphere. Thus seeds, when once
carefully and thoroughly dried, will not regain their original weight,
provided they be kept in a dry room.

"Nature, 1895, 52: 544-545.

46 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

CHARACTER OF THE SEED WAREHOUSE OR STORAGE ROOM.

Another important factor in the .storing of seeds is the character of
the seed wareliouse or storage room. The first point to be considered
is dr3mess. Such houses should be kept as dry as possible, which can
be accomplished either by means of artificial heat or by the use of
strong drj'ing agents, or better still, by both. True, if the seed ware-
house be located in a section having a dr}^ climate, this difficult}^ is at
once largch' overcome. But in many cases such a location is imprac-
ticable or even impossible, and other means must be resorted to. As
a matter of fact, most large seed warehouses are not heated and a
great loss in vitalit}" inevitably follows; but each seedsman must
determine for himself whether or not this loss is sufficiently great to
justify the expense of heating such a storage room.

Experiments carried on during the progress of this work have
shown some ver}'^ marked differences in favor of seeds stored in rooms
artificially heated. The averages of the thirteen samples of seeds from
the eight places at which they were stored show a difl'erence in the
loss of vitality of 9.87 per cent. Those kept in rooms that were arti-
ficially heated during a greater portion of the time deteriorated 25.91
per cent, while those stored in rooms not so heated deteriorated 35.78
per cent. The loss here given for seeds stored in dry rooms is greater
than such conditions warrant, owing to the very unfavorable condi-
tions at Mobile, Ala., and Baton Rouge, La. At Lake Cit}^, Fla., the
relative percentages of deterioration were 29.42 and 16.27 for the
unheated and heated rooms, respectivelv; at Auburn, Ala., 33.90 and
10.3-1 per cent, and at Durham, N. H., 39.58 and 3.57 per cent, respec-
tively. Unfortunatel}" these experiments were not made with this
definite point in view, and the results are not entirely satisfactory, as
no records were made of the temperatures and humidities.

THE VALUE OF GOOD SEED TO THE MARKET GARDENER.

This work was undertaken chiefl}" for the purpose of finding some
improved methods of shipping and storing seeds in small packages,
wherein their vitalit}- might be better preserved. The rapid deterio-
ration in vitality causes great losses to gardeners living in districts
where the climatic conditions bring about the premature destruction
of vitalit}" in seeds. In many cases the seeds are practicalh" worthless
or altogether fail to germinate after a few weeks' exposure. The loss
in such cases is not in the greater quantity of seed reqmred, but the
retardation or complete failure of the germination often means dela}',
making the difference between success and failure in the desired crop.
Seed of low vitality is even worse than dead seed. With the latter the
difficulty is soon discovered, while with the former, although the seed
will germinate, the seedlings are not sufficiently vigorous to develop

COMPAKISON OF MP:TH0DS OV STORING AND SHIPPING. 47

into stroll*^- jiiid healthv i)liints. True, most entcrpri.sino; j«aiclcners
usually have, vitality tests made innnodiately preparatory to plaiitiii*,^
hut this is not ahvavs convenient, and thev relv on the results of tests
made at some earlier date. In such cases it quite fre([uently happens
that they accept the results of tests made several weeks earlier. With
many seeds this will suffice, yet there are many others that will dete-
riorate very materially within a few weeks or even within a few days
in such unfavorable climates as exist, for example, near the (Julf of
Mexico. In a letter dated January 15, 1908, Mr. J. Steckler, of New
Orleans, La., wrote as follows concerning the vitality of seeds:

Some seeds are not worth })eing planted after Ijeing here three months. This is
e.sjK'cially true of cauliflower seed. We have made repeated tests and this seed after
remaining here UO days was worthless and had to be thrown away.

SHIPPING SEEDS IN CHARCOAL, MOSS, ETC.

Bornemann" made some experiments with seeds of Virforld rcf/ia
and Eiiryale ferox, in which he found that when packed in powdered
charcoal they soon lost their vitality, but when packed in powdered
chalk slightly better results were obtained. On the other hand,
Dammer"^ reconunends powdered charcoal as a method of packing- for
seeds that lose their vitality during- shipment, especially the seeds of
palms and a number of the conifers.

Charcoal is undoubtedly nuu'li better than moist earth or moss,
which are frcquentl}" used, the latter ati'ordino- abundant opportunities
for the development of molds and bacteria during transit. Some such
method as moist charcoal is necessary in case of seeds which lose their
vitality on becoming diy . Numerous other reports have been published
from time to time concerning the shipping of seeds of acjuatic plants,
as well as those of low vitality, but they need not be discussed further
at this time.

NATURE OF THE EXPERIMENTS.

Aside from some popular accounts and miscellaneous suggestions,
but little has been done toward finding improved methods of shipping
and storing seeds of our common plants of the garden and field.
Accordingl}', in February, 1900, a series of experiments was under-
taken to determine some of these factors, in which three questions
were considered: (1) How may small quantities of seeds be put up so
as to retain a maximum germinative energy for the greatest length of
time? (2) What immediate external conditions are best suited for the
longevity of seeds? (3) What part do climatic conditions play in
aflecting the life of seeds?

aGartenflora, 35. Jahrg., 1886, pp. 532-534.
ftZtschr. trop. Landw., Bd. I, 1897, No. 2.

48 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

In order to answer the first question, dii|)licate samples of the various
kinds of seeds were put up in dou])le nianila coin envelopes, as
described on page 14. Likewise, duplicate samples were put up in
small bottles, the bottles being closed with good cork stoppers. Some
of the bottles were filled with seed, while others were only parti}" full.
In some cases there was a surplus air space five times as great as the
volume of the inclosed seeds. This space, however, had no bearing
on the vitality of the seeds as far as could be determined.

In -order to determine what immediate external conditions play an
important part in the destruction of vitality, samples of seed, j^repared
as above described, were stored in different places." At each place
the}' were subjected to three different conditions of storage, which, for
convenience, have been designated as "trade conditions," "dr}' room,"
and " basement," as described on page 14. In addition to these three
methods of storage, numerous other conditions were tried in and near
the laborator}'; such as in incubators at increased temperatures and with
var3"ing degrees of moisture, in cold storage, in greenhouses, and in
various gases, in vacuo, in liquids, etc.

The third question, " What part do climatic conditions play in affect-
ing the life of seeds?" has been answered for the most part in a dis-
cussion on the effect of climate on vitality", page 13. In fact, the seeds
in the envelopes kept under trade conditions were the same in both
cases, being used here simpl}- as a means for comparing the vitality of
seeds when stored in paper packages and in bottles, as well as to show
the relative merits of trade conditions, dry rooms, and basements as
storage places for seeds.

DISPOSITION OF THE SAMPLES.*

A more definite description of the treatment given the seeds in the
various places may be summed up as follows:

Smi Jiian^ P. M. — The seeds were sent to San Juan on February 9,
1900, and were returned on June 20, 1900, after a lapse of 131 days.*^
At San Juan the seeds were stored under trade conditions only, and
the various packages were not removed from the original box in w^hich
they were sent. While in San Juan the box containing the seeds was
kept in a room well exposed to climatic influences, being protected
onl}^ from the direct rays of the sun and from rain.

« San Juan, P. R. ; Lake City, Fla. ; Mobile, Ala. ; Auburn, Ala. ; Baton Rouge, La. ;
Wagoner, Ind. T. ; Durham, N. H., and Ann Arbor, Mich.

^ The places of storage represented by trade conditions have already been described
for each of the localities, but it seems advisable to rewrite the descriptions here so
that they may be more readily compared with the dry room and basement conditions.

cThe exact time that the seeds remained at San Juan was much less than 131 days,
the time of transportation being included, as has been done for the other ])laces.

COMPARISON OK METHODS OF STOUIN(} AND SHIPPING. 49

Lake C'ittj^ Flu. — The seeds were sent to Luke City on Fehruurv 9,
IJMM). The Hrst complete set was returned on June IS, after 121> days.
The second complete set was returned Octoher 1, after 23-1: days. The
"trade conditions" at Lake City were supplied by keei)in<,' the seeds
in a small, one-story frame building, the doors of which were open the
o-reater part of the time. This liuildintf was not lu'ated, and the seeds
were stored approximately 5 feet from the j^round. "Dry room"
conditions were those of a storaj^e room on the fourth floor of the
main l)uildin*i- of the Florida Ao-ricultural CoUej^e. The third set was
kept in a small t>ullctin room in the basement of the same buildino-.

Mohde, Ala. — The seeds were sent to Mobile on February 17, l'.>0().
One set was received in return on July 7, after 180 days. The other
set was received on November 6, after 202 days. The "trade condi-
tions" in this case consisted of a comparatively open attic in a one-story
frame dwelling. The set in a "dry roonr"' was kept in a kitchen on a
shelf 5 feet from the floor, and not more than G feet distant from the
stove. Here they were subjected to the action of artificial heat through-
out the entire period." The seeds under "basement" conditions were
kept in a small cellar, which during the season of 1900 was very moist.

Auburn, Ala. — The seeds were sent to Auburn on February 17,
1900. The flrst complete set was received in return on Mav 30, the
second on Noveml)er 19 of the same year, or after 102 and 275 days,
respectively. "Trade conditions " consisted of an office room connected
with a greenhouse, with the doors frequently standing open; "dry
room" conditions were obtained in the culture room of the biological
lal)oratory on the third floor of the main building of the Alabama
Polytechnic Institute, "basement" conditions being found in the base-
ment of the same building, a comparatively cool situation, yet with a
relativelv hie'h degree of humiditv.

Baton Rouge., La. — The seeds were sent to Baton Rouge on February
17, 1900. On June 18 the first complete set was received in return.
The second set remained until October 22, making the time of absence
121 days for the first and 2-17 for the second set. "Trade conditions"
at Baton Rouge were furnished by keeping the seeds throughout the
entire time of the experiment on shelves in a grocery store, the doors
of which w^ere not closed except at night. These conditions were thus
identical with those to which seeds are subjected when placed on sale
in small stores. The "dry room" was a class room on the second floor
in one of the college buildings. A storeroom in the basement of a
private residence, having two sides walled with brick, furnished
"basement" conditions.

« Presumably these were in a dry place, but further evidence showed that the pre-
sumption was erroneous. The vapors arising while cooking was being done on the
stove gave rise to conditions very detrimental to a prolonged life of the seeds.

25037— No. 58—04 4

50 THE VITALITY AND GEKMINATION OF SEEDS.

WcKjotier, hid. T. — The seeds were sent to Wagoner on February
17, 1900. The first seiies was received in return on June 23, after 126
days; the second set was returned after 238 days, on October 18, 1000.
The sets for ' ' trade conditions " were kept in a drug store, on a counter
near an open door. The "dry room " was a sleeping room on the first
floor of the same building, while "basement" conditions were supplied
by keeping the seeds in a large depository vault in a bank.

Durham, iV! II. — The two sets of seeds were sent to Durham on
February 17, 1900, and were returned on July 11 and October 20, after
117 and 231 days, respectivel}^ The seeds under "trade conditions"
were kept over a door at the entrance of one of the college buildings.
The door opened into a hall, which led into ofiice rooms, the chemical
laboratory, and the basement. An office room on the first floor of the
same building supplied "dry room" conditions. The seeds were
located well toward the top of the room, which was heated with steam
and remained quite dry at all times. The "basement" conditions
were found in a storage room in one corner of the basement of the
same building.

Ann Arhoi^ Mich. — The set of samples placed under "trade condi-
tions" was kept in the botanical laboratory, being moved about from
time to time in order to supply the necessary variations to an herbarium
room, to an open window, and to an attic. From February 18, 1900,
until May 12, 1900, the set of seeds under " dry room" conditions was
stored in a furnace room. The seeds were only a few feet from the
furnace and were always quite dry and warm: The maxinmm tem-
perature recorded was 43'^ C, with a mean of 38^ during cold weather,
and of 30° C. during milder weather. On May 12 this set of seeds
was transferred to the herbarium room on the fourth floor of the
botanical laboratory, where they remained until vitality tests were
made. " Basement" conditions were found in a fruit cellar, having
two outside walls and a temperature fluctuating between 10° and 13° C.

These packages and bottles were all securely packed in new cedar
boxes from which they were not removed until after their return to the
laboratory.

RESULTS OF THE GERMINATION TESTS.

After receipt of the seeds, germination tests were made as rapidly
as possible, the results of which are given in the tabulations which
follow. Likewise, in each case is shown the vitality of the control
sample. Furthermore, a summary of each table is given, showing the
average percentages of germination of the seed from the various
places for the first and second tests, respectively. From these results
the average percentage of loss in \itality has l)een calculated, reckoning
the germination of the control sanqjle as a standard. It is thus a very
simple matter to compare the relative merits of the diflerent methods
of storing and the role they play in proinoting the longevity of seeds.

OOMPARISON OF METHODS OF STORING AND SHIITINO. 51

T.\iu,K \ll. — I 'crcentivjc of (jenniuation of hcans mbjedcd tu mriuun cuiidiliuns uj' sloratje

in dijl'erait lucalities.
[{Jerminatiou of control siimple: First test, 98.7 per cent; second test, 98.7 per cent.]

Order of

tests.

Num-
ber of
days in
storage.

Percentage of germination.

Place of storage.

Trade con-
ditions.

Dry rooms.

Basements.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Lake City, Fla

First. . . .
Second .

First....
Second .

First....

129
231

102

275

110

2(>2

121

217

131

98
84

98
50

58
0

90
00

lOO
90

91!
82

100

98
100

98
98

97.5

90
90

100
96

100
98

90
100

100
90

84
100

98
90

100
94

82
0

92
28

98
98

100
98

100
100

97. 9
00

0
0

UK)

97.5

100

Mohili' Ala

100

T^iltltll RoilETP \j&.

^^l\

First....
Second .

First

120
238

147
251

100
98

98
100

100
100

98
96

84
91.5

•100

100
92

98
92

Durham, N. H

100

Ann A rV>fir ATicli

Second .

jFirst....
[Second .

JFirst....
[Second .

100

Average percentage of ger-
mination.

128
2.51

93
09.50

96.44
97

95. 43
09.33

97. 14
97. 30

06. 99
55.06

97.04

98.80

Average percentage of gain
or loss in vitality.

128
251

5.78
29.59

2.29
1.72

3.31
29. 76

1.58
1.30

32. 13
43.61

1.06
+0.10

The beans at Mobile were seriously atfected under all conditions
except when put up in bottles and thus protected from the moist
atniosi^here. Those kept in bottles under ''trade conditions" deteri-
orated to 90 per cent, but the result of the first test of the same series
indicates that some moisture passed through the cork and that the
seeds were injured in that way.

At Baton Rouge the beans retained their vitality somewhat better;
but even here all those from the envelopes were practically worthless
after 247 days, for beans that germinate only 60 per cent are of no
value for planting.

The "trade conditions" at Auburn, Ala., and Durham, N. H., were
also very unfavorable to the prolonged vitality of the beans. At
Wagoner, Ind. T., San Juan, P. R., and Lake City, Fla., there was a
marked deterioration, yet not sufficiently great during the time ^iven
to render them worthless for planting. However, it is quite evident
that beans subjected to such conditions of storage would not be fit for
planting the second season,

A summary of the table shows that the vitality of the beans when
kept in bottles and subjected to either of the three conditions was not
interfered with. The averages .show a variation of less than 2 per
cent. With those kept in paper packages the results were quite dif-
ferent, the advantage being slightly in favor of the "trade condi-
tions." The loss in vitality was 29.59, 29.76, and 43.61 per cent,
respectively, for "trade conditions," "dry rooms," and "basements,"

THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

Table XIII. — Percentcuje of (jcniunalion of peas subjected to various conditions of storage

in different localities.

[Germiuation of control sample: First test, 95.3 per cent; second test, 95. 7 per cent.]

Place of storage.

Lake Citv.Fla

Do ."

Auburn, Ala

Mobile, Ala

Baton Rouge, La

San Juan, P. R

-Do

Wagoner, Ind. T

Durham, N. H

Ann Arbor, Mich

Average percentage of ger-
mination.

Average percentage of gain
or loss iu vitality.

Order of
tests.

Num-
ber of
days in
storage.

First...
Second

(First...
[Second

[First...
isecond

129
234

102
275

140
262

121
247

131

126
238

147
251

128
251

Percentage of germination.

Trade condi-
tions.

Envel-
opes.

96
86

93.3
97.9

69.2
44

94
98

98
80

98
94

90
98

91.56

84.74

3.92
11. 45

Bottles.

97.9
98

94
94

92
100

100
98

90
92

94
98

94
94

94.24
95.25

1.12
0.47

Dry rooms.

Envel-
opes.

94
92

87.8
90

88
42

94
70

100
94.7

94
94

93.4
80. 45

1.99
15.94

Bottles.

94
92

97.8
%

96
%

92
96

98
96

72
92

91.41
95. 14

4.08
0.58

Basements.

Envel-
opes.

96
6

93.9
86

10.2

90
0

90
88

94
98

81.44
60.66

14.55
36.62

Bottles.

98
98

88
92

98
90

94
100

95.43
96.28

-t-0.14
-1-0.60

The peas retained their vitality much better than the beans. How-
ever, the greatest loss in both peas and beans was in the envelopes at
Mobile and Baton Rouge. Some of the samples from the envelopes
germinated fully as well or even better than the control, but the gen-
eral averages of the second tests for all of the localities show a loss of
11.45 per cent in ''trade conditions," 15.91 per cent in "diy rooms,"
and 3B.63 per cent in "basements." The beans under identical condi-
tions lost 29.59, 29.76, and 13.61 per cent, respectivel3^

The seeds kept in bottles deviated but very little from the standard
of the control.

COMPAJIISON OF METHODS OF STORING AND SHIPPING. 53

Table XIV. — Percentnge of ffrrmrnniion of rahhage aiihjfrfrd to various^ rnndilions of

Htornge in different localitkx.

[Germination of control sample: First test, 92.7 per cent; second test, 92.4 per cent.]

Order of

tests.

Num-
ber of
days in
storage.

Percci

itage of germination.

Place of storage.

Trade condi-
tions.

Dr>' rooms.

Basements.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Lake Citv. Fla

First....
Second .

Fir.«t

Second .

First....
Second .

First....

129
ZU

102
275

140
262

121
247

131

126
238

147
251

89.5
(13. 5

91
61.5

64.5
17

88.5
25.5

82
76.2

83.5
70. 5

93
12

96
91

92.5
89.5

90.5
90

93.5

87.5

93
90.5

9.5.5
89

93
91.5

97.5
92.5

92
94

89.6
81.5

89.5
90

58.5

94
89.5

81
89

86.5
14.5

92
60

58.5

79.5
0.5

90.5

94.5

Auburn, Ala

85.5

Mobile Ala

92.5

5 95 1

Baton Rouee. La

90.5
11.5

90.5

Snn Tiinn 1> R

WiifiTonor Tud. T

89
93

95. 5
92. 5

90
95.5

90. 5

88.5
76. 5

95. 5
92. 5

89. 5
76

97.5

Durham N. H

94.5

i~i/»

96. 5

First

94. 5

Second .

jFirst....
[Second .

(First

(Second .

95. 5

Average percentage of ger-
mination.

128
251

80
52. 15

93.47
90.5(1

86.43
61.5

89.93

84.29
53.33

93. 5
92. 21

Average percentage of gain
or loss in vitality.

128
251

7.23
43.56

-1-0.83
1.94

6.77
33.44

0.86
2.67

9.07
42.29

-hO.86
0.22

Table XIV shows that the cablmge, like the peas, was injured to a
less degree at Mobile and Baton Kouge than the beans, but even the
cabbage seed kept in the paper packages in these cities were all but
killed. The average degree of injury, however, was greater in the
cabbage than in the beans. In a majority of cases there was more or
less deterioration in the case of this seed kept in the envelopes. Aside
from those already mentioned, the trade conditions at Durham, N. H.,
and the basement at Lake City, Fla., should be expressl}" noted.

The seeds kept in the bottles deviated but little from the control,
while those kept in paper packages germinated only 52.15, 61.50,
and 53.33 per cent for the trade conditions, dry room, and basement — ■
equivalent to a loss in vitality of 43.56, 33.14, and 42.29 per cent,
respectively.

THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

Table XV. — Pfrrmfaf/r nf fjermmaiion of radish siibjccird io rariottK conditions of siorage

in different localities.

[Germination of control sample: First test, 83.6 per cent; second test, 78.8 per cent.]

Order of

tests.

Num-
ber of
days in
storage.

Percentage of germination.

Place of storage.

Trade condi-
tions.

Dry rooms.

Basements.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Lake City Fla

Fir.st....
Second .

First....
Second .

First

129
234

102
275

140

2G2

121
247

131

126

238

147
251

58.5

75. 5
63

58. 5
51

77. 5
55.5

77. 5
60. 5

80.6
59.5

82.5

77.5

78.5
64

85
72.5

81
71.5

85.5
69.5

81.5
73.5

80.5
75. 5

75.5
81.5

85
80.5

84.5'
67.5

85. 5
66

56. 5
49

73.5
49.5

75
71.5

80.5
73. 5

81
70

78. 5
74.5

66
48.5

86.5
60.5

61.5
51. 5

Auburn, Ala

85. 5

76. 5

Mobile, Ala

78 5

San Juan PR

Wagoner, Ind. T

76.5
74. 5

82. 5
79.5

84
77

85
85

79.5

57. 5

80.5
63

81
68

(;2. 5

86. 5

70.5

Durham, N. H

Ann Arbor, Mich

82.9

78 5

First

[Second .

fFirst....
[Second .

Average percentage of ger-
mination.

128
251

74.39
60. 94

81. 56
73.56

76. 86
64. 33

80.5
72.71

75. 5
59

80. 91
74. 07

Average percentage of lo.ss
in vitality.

128
251

11.02
22.67

2.44
6.65

8.07
18.37

3.71
7.73

9.67
25.13

3. 22
6

The results of the tests of the radish seed are ver}^ similar to those
of the ('ahl)ag-e; the latter, however, showed a greater loss in vitality.
As shown by the second tests, the average percentages of deterioration
of the cal^bage seed which was kept in the envelopes were as follows:
Trade conditions, 43.56 per cent; dr}'- room, 33.44 per cent; basement,
42.29 per cent, while the loss in vitality of the radish was only 22.67,
18.37, and 25.13 per cent, respectively.

(H)MPAllTSON OF METHODS OF STORING AND SHIPriNG.

Taim.k .\' \' I . — I'ercmtage of gcrmhidtio)) of rum it nithjrrlnl to rnrloiis i-(>ii<litl(ii>.i of stonifff

in diffirt'ut lonililirK.

[Germination of control sample: First test, S3.3 per cent; second test, 82 per cent.]

Order of
tests.

Num-
ber of
days in
storage.

Percentage of germination.

Place of storage.

Trade condi-
tions.

Dry rooms.

Basements.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Lake City, Fla

First....*
Second .

First

Second .

First....
Second .

First

129
•234

102
•275

140
262

121
247

131

76.5
43.5

84.5
36

8.5

74.3
•25

71.5
48.5

81.5
49

78
2

76
86

83
80.5

82
76.5

87.5
86

82.3
7'2.6

82.5
86.5

82
81.5

8'2.5
85.5

78
67.5

83
72.5

51.5
.5

75.1
16.5

78.5
78.5

86
76.5

83.5
69

86.8
52.5

73
3

86.5
47.5

•20.6

57.3
0

77.5

81.5

Auburn Ala.

K(;.5

8-2.5

Mol)i le, .Ma

Ti'it^iti lioilt?** TjI

8-2.3

San .Iiian, I'. R

:;::::::::::::;::;:;::::

V20

•238

147
•251

77.5

87.5

78.5

81
SI

85. 5
85. 5

75. 5
80

77.5
45.5

83. 5
72

78
58.5

87. 5

Durham, N. H

Ann Arlinr Aficli

82.6
87.5

83.5

Second .

jFirst....
Second .

(First....
[Second .

Average percentage of ger-
mination.

128
251

75.16
37.31

82.6
80.87

76.01
53.83

8^2.4
74.71

68. 01
37. 75

83. 83
76.21

Average percentage of gain
or loss in vitality.

128
•251

9.72
54.5

0.84
1.38

8.75
34.35

1.08

8.89

18. 32
53.96

+0.63
9.5

Ta])le XVI shows results very similar to those of Table XV, except
that the carrot was affected slightly more than the cabbage. There
was also a greater falling off in the case of the seeds kept in the bottles
in dry rooms and basements. The reason for this is not very clear.
Apparently it was due to some local conditions, inasmuch as it was
confined chiefly to the bottles kept at Mobile and Baton Rouge. The
average results of the germination tests of the seeds kept in packages
are quite low for the carrots. Seed from trade conditions germinated
.37.31 per cent, from basements 37.67 per cent, and from diy rooms
.53.83 per cent, with a loss in vitalit}^ of 54.5, .54.06, and 34.36 per
cent, respectively. Under similar conditions the cabbage lost in vital-
ity 43.66, 42.28,- and 33.45 per cent, respectively.

THE VITALITY AND OERMINATlOlsr OF SEEDS.

Table XVII. — Percentruie of grrminafion of " A" aveet corn subjected to various condi-
tions of storage in different localities.

[Germination of control sample: First test, 92.7 per cent; second test, 92.4 per cent.]

Order of
tests.

Num-
ber of
days in
storage.

Percentage of germination.

Place of storage.

Trade condi-
tions.

Drj' rooms.

Basements.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Lake Citv Fla

First....
Second .

First. . . .
Second .

First

Second .

Fir.st..-..
Second .

129
234

102
275

140
262

121
247

131

94
92

80
20

%
92

96
90

100
96

100

96
100

98
98

100
96

94
96

94
94

98
96

92
96

86
98

94
96

94
94

SO
26

92
90

98
90

96
100

88
96

88
54.5

100

94.1

86
14

100

Auburn Ala

Mobile, Ala

100
96

Baton Rouge, La

100

San Juan, P. R

Wagoner, Ind. T

First....
Second .

First....

126

238

147
2.51

95.9
96

94
100

96 "
96

90
96

89
96

96
92

100
100

100
92

Durham N. H

Ann ArVjor, Mich

Do ...

Second .

f First....
[Second .

f First....
(Second .

Average percentage of ger-
mination.

128
251

94. 75
83

94.75
96. 75

92. 56
83.33

94.14
94.86

94.87
72.08

96.29
98

Average percentage of gain

128
251

-t-2.21
10.11

-f 2. 21
-f4.71

0.15
9.81

-1-0.01
-^2.66

-f2.34
22

-f3.87
+6.06

Table XVIII. — Percentage of germination of " B" siveet corn stihjected to various condi-
tions of storage in different localities.

[Germination of control sample: First test, 89.3 per cent; second test, 88.5 per cent.]

Place of .storage.

Lake Citv, Fla

Auburn, Ala

Mobile, Ala ,

Baton Rouge, La

San Juan, P. R

Wagoner, Ind. T

Durham, N. H

Ann Arbor, Mich

Average percentage of ger-
mination.

Average percentage of loss
in vitality.

Order of

tests.

Num-
ber of
days in
storage.

First...
Second

Fir.st...
Second

First...
Second

First....
Second .

I First...
[Second

129
234

102
275

140
262

121
247

131

126
238

147
251

128
251

Percentage of germination.

Trade condi-
tions.

Envel-
opes.

77.1

88
62

48
12

80
54.2

72
78

89.3

92
80

78.16
65.41

12. 47
26. 09

Bottles.

60
2

92
56

81.2
52

82
36

71.7

82
76

69.5
91.8

88
92

78.31
59.70

12. 31
32.55

Dry rooms.

Envel-
opes.

90
64

60
16

84
66

84.2

88
86

83.17
66.33

6.87
25. 06

Bottles.

38
0

86
38

87.
64

94
46

88
88

83.6

48
22

75. 01

16
45.76

Basements.

Envel-
opes.

76
30

04
4.5

Bottles.

84
88

80
76

79
60.41

11. &4
31 . 74

46
0

84
89.6

86
76

88
61.2

84
76

80. 55
68.40

9.80
22. 71

COMPARISON OK >IKTIIODS OF STOKING AND SHIPPING. 57

Tahics XVII and XVII I have l)Oon considerod tofrotlior, sinco both
havo to do witli tho sanio variet}' of sweet corn. The diti'erence in the
(luality of these two saniples was quite marked when the seed was
received. Germination tests were made January 30, 1900, and showed
J)4 per cent for the "A" and 88 per cent for the "B" corn. In
November, 190(1, samples of seed from the same orioinal ]:»ackaj?es
were tested, giving a germination of 92.4 per cent and 8S.5 per cent
for the " A " and '' B" samples, respectively, as shown in the controls
of the alwve tables. Thus, when two grades of corn arc subjected to
favorahle conditions of storage, both are well preserved; but when
subjected to unfavorable conditions, the one of poorer quality is much
more susceptible to injury. The "A" sample whi<'h was stored in
envelopes in trade conditions lost 10.11 per cent, as compared with
2t).9 per cent for the "B" sample. The "A" sample which was
stored in dry rooms lost only 9.81 per cent, while the "B" sample
lost 25.00 pel- cent. In basements, the " A " sample lost 23 per cent
and the " B" sample 31.74 per cent. In both samples the corn \n the
packages stored in the basement at M<)])ile was so badly molded at the
time the second tests were mad<^ that they have been omitted fi'om the
ta])le.

The most interesting feature in comparing the results of these two
samples is found in the .seed which was stored in the bottles. The
average results of the "A" samples show a much higher percentage
of germination for those from the bottles than the control, Avliile the
averages for the ''B" sample were much lower than the correspond-
ing controls. The average germination of the "•B" sample from the
bottles was 59.7 per cent for the trade conditions, 4S per cent for dry
rooms, and 68.4 per cent for basements, or a loss in vitality of 32.55,
45. 7«), and 22.71 per cent, respectively. This difference was due to
two causes, first, a difference in the quality of the seed at the begin-
ning of the experiment,- and, secondly, the larger amount of water in
the second sample, "B." The greater quantity of water present in
the seed gave rise to a more humid atmosphere after the seeds were
put into the bottles, especially when subjected to higher temperatures
than those in which the seeds had been previously stored. This is an
important factor always to be borne in mind when seeds are put up in
closed receptacles; the}' must be well dried if vitality is to l)e preserved.

THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF REEDS.

Table XIX. ^ — Percentage of r/ennination of leUiire Rubjerted to r(iri(,n!i conrlHions of

storage in different localities.

[Germination of control sample: First test, 81.6 per cent; second test, 92.3 per cent.]

Place of storage.

Order of

tests.

Num-
ber of
days in
storage.

Percentage of germination.

Trade
conditions.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles,

Dry rooms.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles,

Basements.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Lake City, Pla .
Do .."

Auburn, Ala .
Do

Mobile, Ala . .
Do

Baton-Rouge, La.
Do

San .Tuan, P. R.
Do

Wagoner, Ind. T .
Do

Durham, N. H .
Do

Ann Arbor, Mich
Do

Average percentage of ger-
mination.

Average percentage of loss
in vitality.

Pir,st...
Second

Fir.st...
Second

First...
Second

Fir-st...
Second

First...
Second

[First...
[Second

JFirst. . .
Isecond

129
234

102
275

140
262

121

247

131

126

238

147
2.51

128
251

87
85

86.5
86

63
20

82.5
84.5

79
83.5

78
82

82.5
88.5

82
92. 5

84
92

85.5
90.5

78
88.5

81.5
93.5

87.5
89

76
92.5

80. 25
93

68. 5
90

81
92.5

88. 5
90.5

58
31

79
74.5

76. 5
90

84. 5
91

87. 5
90.5

78. 5
87.5

68
43.5

84.5
83.5

1.5

70.5
.5

S3. 25
92

84.5
89.5

82
94

77.5
93

81. 5
90. 5

81
87.5

80
90.5

78. 5
88

80.06

77.75

80.15
91.12

79. 18
78.33

81. 14
90.93

66. 28
65. 58

1.89
15. 76

1.77
1.29

2.97
15. 14

.56
1.49

18. 78
28. 95

77
95.5

88.5
90

83
91.5

70
92.5

76.5

75.2
90.5

72
91.5

78.31
90.78

4. 03
1. 65

The lettuce has shown no veiy marked deviation from the controls,
save the seeds from the packages kept at Mo))ile, and those which were
stored in })asements in envelopes at Baton Rouge and Lake City.
The average results of the second series of tests show a similar losss in
vitality of all of the seeds from the envelopes. The samples of seed from
the bottles germinated practicall}" as well as the controls. The results
of the first series of tests are not entirely satisfactory, none of the
tests having gone to standard. The low germination of the lettuce in
this series was due to inability to properly control the temperature in
the germinating pans. The proper temperature for the successful
germination of lettuce seed is 20° C, while in this first series the ger-
mination tests were unavoidably made at 26° to 27.5° C. Neverthe-
less, this seeming objection is of little consequence, since all of the
results are directly comparable with the control.

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF STORTNO AND SHIPPINO.

Taiu.k XX. — Prrreutar/r of (jrnnmnlinn of nninn subjected to rarimix comlUions of xtonujc

in diffnriit localilli'if.

[Germination of control sample: First test, 95.8 per cent; second test, 97 per cent.]

Order of
tests.

Nnm-

ber of

days in

storage.

Percentage of germination.

Place of storage.

Trade condi-
tions.

Dry rooms.

Ba-sements.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Lake Citv. Fla

First....
Second .

First

Second .

First....
Second .

First

Second .

First....
Second .

First

Second .

First

129
234

102
275

140
262

121
247

131

126
23.S

147
251

95
16. 5

96
12

7
0

90
0.5

84.5
50

93. 5
24.5

96. 5
0

95
97.5

95
95.5

%.5
36

94.5
94.5

93
97.5

98
96. 5

97.5
95

96
97.5

%
97.5

95. 5
79

96
%

11.5
I)

95
96

98. 5
98

96. 5
96. 5

93.5
(>5

80
0

97
23.5

75.5
no

35
0

97.5

Do .-

97. 0

97. 5

Mdhilo Ala

97.5

96.5

48.5

SrtTi Tiinii P M

\\'air*'iiiT Ind T

95. 5

94. 5
96

99.5
95

97
97.5

9C.
97

97
96. 5

96
34

93
94

94. 5

97. 5

D\irham N. H

94.5

[First....
isecond .

First....
(Second .

Average percentage of g(>r-
mination.

128
251

82. 19
25. 12

95.81
96.25

83. 79
61

96.21
92.36

81.36
33.08

96.64
90.86

Average percentage of gain
or loss in vitality.

128
251

14.20
74.11

-1-0.01
1.20

12.53
37.12

+ 0.43
4.80

15.07
65.90

-t-0.87
6.33

'(This test has not been inelnded in making up the averages inasmuch as the seeds were badly
molded when ])nt in test.

The onion seeds which were stored in the envelopes were ver}^ seri-
ously affected in many of the places. Those from the l)asement at Lake
City, from all of the conditions at Mobile, and from the dry room and
basement at Baton Rouge were entirely killed. The seed from trade
conditions at Baton Rouge germinated only 0.5 per cent. In many
other cases the samples from the envelopes had become practically
worthless. In only two instances was there any loss in vitality where
the seeds were stored in bottles, viz, the second tests from the dry
rooms and basement at Baton Rouge. These two tests have lowered
the average results quite materially. If they were not included the
averages would be raised to 96.91 and 97.90 per cent, respectively,
instead of 92.36 and 90.86 per cent, as given in the table. The average
percentages of germination of the seeds from the envelopes were very
low in the second test, and were as follows: Trade conditions, 25.12
per cent; dry rooms, 61 per cent, and basements, 33.8 per cent. This
represents a loss in vitality of 74.11, 37.12, and 65.9 per cent, respec-
tively.

Onion seed is relatively short lived, and very easil}^ affected by
unfavorable external conditions. For this reason onion seed should
be handled with the greatest care if vitality is to lie preserved for a
maximum period. This may be done successfully by keeping the dry
seed in well-corked bottles, or in any good moisture-proof package.

THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

Table XXI. — Perrnifage of fjermimil'inn of pnmy mhjected to various conditions of

storage in different localities.

[Germination of control sample: First test, 63 per cent; second test, 53 per cent.]

Order of
tests.

Num-
ber of
days in
storage.

Percentage of germination.

Place of storage.

Trade
conditions.

Dry rooms.

Basements.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

I,ake Oitv Fla

First....
Second .

First . . .•.
Second .

First....
Second .

First ....
Second .

First....
Second .

First

129
234

102
276

140
262

121
247

131

126
238

147
251

44.5
1.5

57.5
2

3
0

28.5
0

20
6.5

48.5
7.5

55.5
0

63.5
46.5

63
54

68
20.5

57.5
20.6

53
34

60.5
58.6

61.5
66

66.5
60.5

51
45

45
22.5

66.5

2
0

38
0

58.5
47

62
27.5

61
25.5

10.5
0

60
0

4.5
0

62.5

Do "

57.6

Auburn Ala

69.5

33.5

2.5

Baton Rouge, La

2.5

WafiToner Jiid T

50.5

49.5
44

59.5
62

62.5
59.5

63.5
60.5

48.5

8.5

49
36.5

50
3.5

.52.5

Durham N. H

63.5

Ann Arbor Midi

Second

60.5

JFirst....
[Second .

Average percentage of ger-
mination.

128
251

38.87
8

60.12
44.75

44.43
24.41

55. 93
40.80

31.57
8.08

5S.64
38.43

Average percentage of loss

128
251

38.3
84.91

4.57
15.60

29. 48
53. 97

11.23
23.02

49.89
84.76

6.92
27.49

Table XXII. — Percentage of germination of phlox drinnmondii snhjected to various con-
ditions of storage in different localities.

[Germination of control sample: First test, 69 per cent; second test, 53.9 per cent.]

Order of
tests.

Num-
ber of
days in
storage.

Percentage of

germination.

Place of storage.

Trade condi-
tions.

Dry rooms.

Basements.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Lake City, Fla

First

Second .

First

Second .

First

Second .

129
234

102
275

140
262

121
247

131

41.5
2.5

61.5

0.5
0

47.5
0

23. 5
11.5

50.5
5.5

67
0.5

67
40

78
57

72.5
56.5

55
6L5

62.6
58

65
61.5

73.5
66

74
62.5

66
64

62
6

62
13.5

0.5
0

43.5
0

62
25.5

63
59

74.5
58.5

58.5
58.5

20.5
0

65.6

0.5

2
0

77.5

Auburn, Ala

67.5

Mobile, Ala

58.5

48.5

Baton Rouge, La

First....
Second .

First

Second .

70.5

61.5

San Juan P R

Waeoner Ind. T

First....
Second .

First

126
238

147

251

62. 5
33

75. 5

70
57

45.5
30.5

69.5
.58. 5

65
9.5

69. 5
45.5

64. 5
10.5

47.6

Durham, N. H

71.5

Ann ArVior lVfif*li

Second .

JFirst....
[Second .

IFirst....
[second .

Average percentage of ger-
mination.

128
251

44.87
7.62

68.31
58.37

52. 76
17.91

63.28
49. 64

41.07
11.08

70. 35
59.5

Average percentage of gain
or loss in vitality.

12S
2.'')1

34.97

85. 86

1
-f8.27

23.54
66.78

8. 29
7.91

40.49
79.46

+ 2.01

-1-10.39

COMPARISON OK METHODS OF STOKING AND SHIPPING. 61

Pansy and [)lilox have been considered together, since their behav-
ior was ahnost the same. Both of the controls deteriorated to a con-
siderable de«;rec durin^- the 123 da3^s which elapsed between the time
of the iirst and the second test, pansy losinjr 15.87 per cent and phlox
21.88 per cent. In both cases the mean loss in vitality of the seeds in
the envelopes was very great. The results of the second tests show a
loss of 84.91 per cent for pansy, and 85.86 per cent for phlox where
stored under trade conditions. In dry rooms there was a mean loss
of 53.57 per cent for pansy and (36.78 per cent for phlox, and in base-
ments a loss of 81:. 76 per cent for the pansy and 7U.45 per cent for the
phlox. These results are o])tiiined ])y considering,^ the second test of
the control as a standard, the depreciation of the control beinjr dis-
regarded. Some samples were dead and many more were of no eco-
nomic value. It is especially interesting to note how cjuickly the seeds
died at Mobile, Ala., there being only a few germina])le seeds at the
end of 140 days.

The behavior of the seeds in the bottles was more or less variable.
Some of the pansy seeds showed a higher vitality than the control, l)ut
the averages were somewhat lower, the mean loss ranging from 15.60
per cent under trade conditions to 27.49 per cent in basements, while
with the phlox the means for trade conditions and for basements were
higher than the control by 8.27 and 10.39 per cent, respectively.

T.\BLE XXIII. — Percentages of germination of tomato subjected to various conditions of

storage in different localities.

[Germination of control sample: First test,

D5.5 per

cent; second test, 97.5 per cent.]

Order of

tests.

Num-
ber of
days in
storage.

Percentage of germination.

Place of storage.

Trade condi-
tions.

Dry rooms.

Basements.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Envel-
opes.

Bottles.

Lake Citv. Fla

First....
Second .

First

Second .

First....
Second .

First

Second .

First....
Second .

First

Second .

First

129
234

102
275

140

262

121
247

131

126
147

147
261

94
94

95
94

90
79.6

91.5
96

94
96.6

96.5
94

94.5

89
98.5

94
98

94.6
98.5

94.5
97.5

95
96.5

94.6
94.5

94
98

94
94

93.5
97

91.5

91
93

95.5
97.6

97.5
94.5

96.5
96.5

88.6
77

64.5
19.5

83.6
39.5

97.5

Auburn, Ala

94.5

96i5

Mobile Ala

93.5

Raton R.oii£ro Tjii

Wagoner Ind T

97
97

96. 5
97.5

91.5
97.5

98.5

98.6

97.5
97.5

89
95

93.5

Durham, N. H

96.6

Ann Arbor, Mich

92.5

Second .

jFirst....
[Second .

JFirst....
[Second .

Average percentage of ger-
mination.

128
261

93.06
92.44

94.81
97.31

84
94.33

95.21
97.07

88.21
84.25

94.67
97.21

Average percentage of loss
in vitality.

128
251

2. 56
5.20

0.72
0.20

1.57
3.29

0.30
0.44

7.64
13. 63

0.98
0.30

THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

The tomato seed, a« shown in Tables V and XXV, was the most
resistant to the unfavorable conditions of storage. The seed in the
bottles was not injured at an}^ of the places. The lowest germination
was 91.5 per cent from the seed kept in a dr}^ room at Ann Arbor,
Mich. The seed in the envelopes gave a much wider variation, falling
quite low in some of the samples which were stored in the basements.
The average losses in vitality for the entire series of the second set of
seeds which were kept in envelopes were as follows: Trade conditions,
5.20 per cent; dry rooms, 3.29 per cent; basements, 13.68 per cent.
The average percentage of germination of the seed which was kept in
the bottles differed from the control less than one-half of 1 per cent.

Table XXIV. — Percentage of germination of watermelon subjected to various conditions

of storage in different localities.

[Germiuatioii of*ontrol sample: First test, 95.5 per cent; second test, 99 per cent.]

Place of storage.

Lake City, Fla .
Do

Auburn, Ala .
Do

Mobile Ala...
Do

Baton Rouge, La.
Do

San Juan, P. R...
Do

Wagoner, Ind. T.
Do

Durham, N. H
Do

Ann Arbor, Mich .
Do

Average percentage of ger-
mination.

Average pecentage of loss
in vitality.

Order of
tests.

Num-
ber of
days in
storage.

First....
Second .

First....!
Second .

First

Second .

First

Second .

First....
Second .

First....!
Second .!

First....!

Second .!

First t.

Second

129
234

102
275

1-10
262

121

247

131

Percentage of germination.

Trade condi-
tions.

Envel-
opes.

126
238

147
251

jFirst

[Second .

[First

(Second .

128
251

98
92

98
64

100
92

98
94

100
96

Bottles.

97.75

86.75

96.2

94
100

98
96

98
98

100
100

98
98

98
96

100
100

98
98.02

0.56
12. 37

0.31
0.99

Dry rooms.

Envel-
opes.

96
86

96
98

98
68

96
86

Bottles.

100
96

100
100

100

94
96

100
96

98
92

94
92

96.86
88.67

98.29
96

Basements.

Envel-
opes.

98
70

99
94

80
0

98
20

Bottles.

100
94

100
96

100
100

98
100

96
88

98
94.1

98
100

95.29
77.70

1.47
10.44

0.01
3.03

3.06
21. 52

98
98

96
96

98.29
97. 43

0.01
1.59

What has been said of the tomato seed is practically true for the
watermelon, save that there was a greater loss in vitality in the latter,
when seeds were kept in envelopes. The average percentage of ger-
mination of the second tests was 86.75 per cent for trade conditions;
88.67 per cent for diy rooms; and 77.7 per cent for basements, or a
loss in vitalitv of 12.37, 10.44: and 21.52 percent, respectively, as com-
pared with the vitality of the control sample, which germinated 99
per cent.

An examination of the foregoing set of tables will show that in
most cases the deterioration was comparatively slight during the first
128 days. Yet even during this short period the losses in vitalit}^
were very marked in some of the more critical localities, particularly

COMPAKISON OF METHODS OK STOKING AND SHIPPING. 03

lit Mobile. However, the greatest loss, iis shown by the gerniination
tests, was during the 123 days innnediatoly following.

While seeds, like other living things, are capabK- of withstanding
quite unfavorable conditions for a consideral)le time without showing
any appreciable deterioration in vitality, still the forces destroying
vitalit}' are at work. When the turning point is once reached and can
be detected by germination tests, the decline is more noticeable and
death soon follows.

The preceding tables show that the loss in \itality was very ditter-
ent in the different places. The conditions at Mo])ile, Ala.. ])roved to
be the most injurious, while those at Ann Arbor, Mich., were the
most conducive to longevity. These results, however, are given in
another i)art of this paper dealing with the effect of climate on the
vitality of seeds. The results are tabulated on pages IS and 28 and
represented diagrammatical ly on page 24, so that any further discus-
sion at this time is unnecessary.

Likewise each table has been summarized, giving the average per-
centages of germination and the average percentages of the loss in
vitality of each sample of seed for both the first and second tests.
These averages include those of the three conditions of storage — trade
conditions, dry rooms, and l)asements— in l)oth envelopes and bottles.

Naturally, the results of the second tests are of the greater impor-
tance, and, in order that the results may be readily compared and more
critically examined, they have been collected and tabulated herewith:

T.\BLE XX\.—Arcra<je percentage uf germination and average percentages of loss in
vitalitg of tlie different kinds of seeds ivhen kept under different conditions.

2
§

0.3J

eg.
.2 3
a £
a

Trade conditions.

Dry rooms.

Basements.

Envelopes.

Bottles.

Envelopes.

Bottles.

Envelopes.

Bottles.

Kiud of seed.

>•*

S
c

S
5

>.
>

"3
a

1-1

Tfl

Tomato

97.5
92.4

92. 44

5.20
10.11

97.31
96.75

0.20
+4.71

94.33
83.33

3.29
9.81

97.07
94.86

0.44
+2.66

84.25
73.08

13.63
22

97.21

0.30

Sweet corn, "A" ..

+ 6.06

I'eas

95.7

84.74

11.45

95.25

.47

80.45

15.94

95.14

.58

60.66

30. 62

9(5. 28

+ .60

Watermelon

86.75

12.37

98.02

.99

88.67

10.44

3.03

77.70

21.52

97. 43

1.59

Lettuce

92.3

78.8
88.5

77.75
60.94
65.41

15.76
22. 67
26.09

91.12
73.56
59.70

1.29

0.65

32. 55

78.33
64.33
66.33

15.14
18.37
25.06

90.93
72.71
48

1.49

7.73

45.76

65.58

60.41

28.95
25.13
31.74

90.78
74.07
68. 40

1.65

Kadis)i

Sweet corn, "B" ..

22. 71

Beau

98.7

69.50

29. 59

1.72

09.33

29. 76

97.36

1.36

55.66

43. 61

98.86

+ .10

Cabbage . . .

92.4

53.9

52.15
37.31
2.5.12

8
7. 62

43. 56
54.60
74.11
84.91

85. 86

90.56
80.87
96.25
44.75
58. 37

1.94

1.38

1.20

1.5. 6C

+8. 27

61.50

53.83

24.41

17.91

33.44
34.35
37.12
53.97
66.78

89.93
74.71
92.36
40.80
49.64

2.67
8.89
4.80
23.02
7.91

53.33
37.75
38.08
8.08
11.08

42. 29
.53.96
6.5.90
84. 76
79. 45

92. 21
75. 21
90. 86
38. 43
.59. 50

.22

Carrot

9.50

Oniou

6. 33

Pansy

27. 49

Phlo.x

+ 10.39

Average loss

in vitality .

36.63

3. 92

21.19

8. Oh

42. 28

4. 51

64 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

In comparing the average results shown in Table XXV, it will be
seen that diU'ercnt seeds behave very differently under practically iden-
tical conditions. The list of seeds has been arranged according to
their loss of vitality as represented by those kept in envelopes under
trade conditions, as shown in the fourth coluuni. The tomato seed
gave a loss in vitality of 5.20 per cent, being the most resistant to the
unfavorable climatic conditions. Phlox, on the other hand, germinated
onl}^ 7.62 per cent, representing a loss in vitality of 85.86 per cent.

Likewise the same seeds behave very difl'erentl}' under slightly
different conditions, as will be seen by comparing the percentages of
deterioration in the case of seeds kept in envelopes under trade condi-
tions, in dry rooms, and in basements. In dry rooms the order, except
the peas, is the same as for trade conditions. The loss of vitality in
the seeds stored in the dry rooms was uniformly less than for those
stored under trade conditions, excepting for the peas and beans; but
in the series from the basements there was great irregularity. The
loss in vitality for the most part was uniformly greater than under
trade conditions or in dry rooms save in the last five — cabbage, carrot,
onion, pansy, and phlox — where the loss was less in the case of those
kept in the basements. This indicates that these five species of seed
are less susceptible to the evil effects of a moist atmosphere when the
temperature is relativel}^ low.

The relative value of these three conditions for storing seeds in
paper packets is best obtained by a comparison of the general averages.
The average losses in vitally for the thirteen different samples of seed
which were kept at the eight different stations were as follows: Trade
conditions, 36.63 per cent; dry rooms, 21.19 per cent; basements, 42.28
per cent. From these results it is quite clear that seeds put up in paper
packages will retain their vitality nuich better if kept in dry, artificially
heated rooms than if they are subjected to trade conditions or stored
in basements.

But another comparison needs yet to be made, and is the most impor-
tant of the series, i. e., the vitality of seeds when kept in closely
corked bottles. In the majority of cases there was l)ut little deviation
from the control samples, and many of the samples germinated even
better where the seeds were kept in bottles. The "A" sweet corn
offers the best illustration of the increased germination. At the same
time the " B" sample of sweet corn was very nnich injured. Here are
two samples of the same variety of corn behaving very differently
when kept in bottles. This difference in vitalit}^ is directl}^ attributed
to the greater quantity of water in sample " B," showing the necessity
of thoroughl}^ drying seeds if the}^ are to be put up in closed vessels.
A comparison of the general averages of the bottle samples and of
those kept in envelopes indicates that the former is far superior to the
latter as a method for preserving the vitality of seeds. Under trade
conditions the loss in vitality was 36.63 per cent in envelopes and

EXPKRIMKNTS IN KEEPING AND SHiri'INO. 65

3.03 por cent in liottlrs; in diy rooms, 21.19 percent in envelopes and
8.<»S per cent in l)ottles; in basements, 42. 2S per cent in envelopes
and 4.r)l per cent in l)ottles.

The necessary precautions to ho taken, if seeds are to he stored in
hot ties, arc (1) a well-dried sample, preferahly artilicially dried seed,
and (2) a cool place for storinjr, at least a place in which the tempera-
ture will not he higher than the temperature at which the seeds were
originally dried.

If the above precautions arc taken at least two beneficial results will
follow: First, protection against moisture, which is of considerable
importance, as many seeds arc soon destroyed in that way when kept
in pap(>r packages. Secondly, vitality will be preserved for a longer
period and consecpicntly there will l>e a more vigorous germination, a
better growth of seedlings, and a greater uniformity in the resulting
crop.

Having thus shown that seeds retain their vitalitv in warm, moist
climates much better when kept in bottles thtm when kept in paper
packages, the necessity of finding a more suitalde method for sending
small quantities of seed to such places at once presents itself.

EXPERIMENTS IN KEEPING AND SHIPPING SEEDS IN

SPECIAL PACKAGES.

At present the greatest disadvantages in sending out seeds in bottles
are the inconvenience and expense involved by this method of putting
up seeds. The increased cost of ])ottles, as compared with the paper
packets now so universall}'' employed, the additional labor and expense
necessary to put up the seeds, the greater cost in handling and pack-
ing the bottles to insure against losses by breakage, and the increased
cost of transportation, arc all matters of vital imi)ortancc. Seedsmen
claim that the existing conditions of the trade will not admit of their
raising the price of seeds sufficiently high to justify the increased
expense of glass containers. Although to the seedsmen the preserva-
tion or the prolongation of vitality is an important factor, yet the
demand is for an inexpensive and at the same time a neat and service-
able package.

Accordingly, duplicate samples of the following-named seeds were
put up in special packages, one set being sent to Mobile, Ala., and the
other kept at Ann Arbor, Mich. The seeds used for these experi-
ments were beans, peas, cabbage, lettuce, onion, pansy, and phlox.*^

«The lettuce, onion, pansy, and phlox were from the same bulk samples of seeds
as those used in the earlier experiments; but the beans, peas, and cabbage used for
these tests were from samples received at the laboratory on February 4, 1901. How-
ever, the latter three were from the same general stock of seed, differing from those
used in experiments already given only in that they were stored during the interval
in the warehouse of D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit, Mich., instead of in the botanical
laboratory at the university.
25037— No. 58—04 5

THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

All of these samiDles were lir.st dried for ten da3'« in an incubator main-
tained at a temperature of from 30^^ to 32° C. The amount of mois-
ture in the samples before and after drying, as well as the moisture
expelled during- the drying process, was as follows:

Moisture test of seeds in special packages.

Kind of seed.

Beans . .

Peas

Cabbage
Lettuce.
Onioti . .
Pansy . .
Phlox . .

Moisture in
air-dried
samples.

Moisture
remaining.

Per cent.

10.32

4.90

9.70

6.00

4.89

3.47

5.33

3.80

6.48

4.47

4.82

3.13

5.82

4.30

Moisture
liberated.

Per cent.
5.42
3.70
1.42
1.53
2.01
1.69
1.52

These well-dried seeds were then put up in seven different kinds of
packages :

(1) Double coin envelopes, of much the same quality as those in which
seeds are commonly sold.

(2) Bottles of 120 cc. capacity, closed with firm cork stoppers. j

(3) Bottles of 120 cc. capacity, corked and sealed with paraffin.

(4) Tin cans having closely fitting lids, the whole being then care-
fully dipped in paraffin.

(5) Double coin envelopes, as for No. 1, the packets being then
dipped in melted paraffin.

(6) Double coin envelopes, the inner one paraffined, the outer envel-
ope being used simply to protect the paraffin and to facilitate ease of
handling.

(7) Double coin envelopes, with both the inner and the outer coated
with paraffin.

On February 15, 1901, one of each of the above preparations was sent
to Mobile, Ala., and stored in a cellar approximately 400 feet back
from the bay. After the lapse of 108 days, 1. e., on June 3, these
samples were received in return, at which time germination tests were
made.

The other complete set, retained in the botanical laboratory at Ann
Arbor, was suljjected to a veiy moist atmosphere. The samples were
kept in a damp cham))er made b}^ taking two battery jars of different
sizes, the smaller containing the seeds being placed within the larger,
which was lined with filter paper and then partially tilled with water.
The whole was covered with a glass plate, and the atmosphere within
was always on the verge of saturation.

A third and an extreme set of conditions was established b}^ keeping
some of the paraffined packages immersed in water for twenty-seven

EXPERIMENTS IN KEEPLNG AND SHIPJMNU. ()7

days. At the end of that time (March 14) the soods v/oiv t<\st('d for
gonnination, as wore also those from the unpr()t(M'ted eiiV(>lo]>(>s in
the moist chamber. The seeds that were kept uikUm- water in the
parattincd packages gerininated readily and normally, siiowing no
deterioration in vitality; but the seeds from the packages not parafKned,
which were kept in the moist chaml)er, had been injured to an appre-
ciable extent, there being a marked retardation in the germination of
all of the species of seed. The cab))age at the end of thirty-six hours
had germinated only 11 per cent, as compared with 57.5 per cent for
seed from the immersed paraffined package. The relative merits of
the two conditions as attecting onion seed may be expressed ])y a
gonnination of 13.5 per cent and 'M per cent, respectively, after sixty-
one and one-half hours. Not only was there a marked retardation,
but likewise a reduction in the final percentage of germination, with
the single exception of the cabbage. These results can be more care-
fully studied in Table XXVI.

Germination tests were made of all of the other samples on June 3,
19( >1. the date when the seeds were returned from i\Iol)ile. At this time
the seeds in the unprotected envelopes in the moist ciianiber were so
badly molded that no germination tests were made. The samples from
Mobile, which were directly comparable with the above, except that
they had been stored in a basement, Avere greatly injured. The beans
had deteriorated to 88 per cent, the onion to 27 per cent, the pansy to
8 per cent, while the phlox was dead. However, seed of the other
species — cabbage, lettuce, and peas — gave final percentages of germi-
nation varying but little from the control, but the slowing down in
the rapidity of germination was sufficiently marked to show a corre-
sponding loss in vitality.

With the samples which were put up in bottles, tin cans, and
paraffined packages the results were quite diii'erent from those given
above. In no case was there any marked deviation beyond that which
might be justly attributed to ordinary variation, except in the phlox
from a tin can which had been stored in the moist chamber in tjie
laboratory. This sample of phlox germinated only 3.5 per cent.
Unfortunately, both the pansy and the phlox seeds used for these
experiments were not very satisfactory. These samples were at this
time nearly two years old and consequently of a low vitality. The
tabulated results of the foregoing experiment follow.

THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

Tahlk XXVI. — VUaliifi of seeds preserved in different kiuds of jjackages.

Tre'atmont of namples.

Control

Ann Arbor, Mich., moist chamber:

Envelopes

Bottle, corked

Bottle, paraffined

Tin can, paraffined

Two envelopes, outer paraffined

Two envelopes, inner paraffined

Two envelopes, both paraffined

Two envelopes, both paraffined and
immersed in water

Mobile, Ala., basement:

Envelopes

Bottle, corked

Bottle, paraffined

Tin can, paraffined

Two envelopes, outer paraffined

Two envelopes, inner paraffined

Two envelopes, both paraffined

Dura-
tion of
experi-
ment.

Days.

27
108
108
108
108
108
108

108
108
108
108
108
108
108

Percentage of germination.

Beans.

94.0

80.0
98.0
97.5
%.0
98.0
98.0
96.0

100.0

88.0
98.0
98.0
96.0
94.0
96.0
100.0

Cab-
bage.

90.2

91.0
91.5
93.5
87.0
91.5
94.0
90.5

88.5

86.0
91.0
90.5
88.0
90.5
92.0
92.0

Let-
tuce.

89.5

76.5
91.0
90.5
90.0
91.5
89.0
86.5

88.5

88.0
90.5
92.5
95.0
89.0
88.0
89.5

On-
ions.

97.5

90.0
93.5
95.5
93.0
97.0
93.0
95..5

94.5

27.0
95.5
95.5
96.0
95.5
90.0
88.5

Peas.

90.0

88.0
94.0
90.0
90.0
92.0
88.0
92.0

90.0

96.0
84.0
92.0
88.0
92.0
98.0
90.0

Pan-
sy.

37.7

25.0
36.0
39.5
35.0
33.5
24.0
23.0

34.5

8.0
34.5
34.5
26.0
29.6
33.0
25.5

Phlox.

0.0
31.0
39.0

3.5
27.5
47.0
38.5

30.5

0.0
32.5
44.5
23.0
34.0
38.0
33.5

Aver-
ages.

42. 5 77. 34

64.35

76.43
77.93
70.63
75.85
76.14
74.57

75.21

56.14

75.14
78.21
73.14
74.73
76.43
74.14

Subsequent experiments were made, using- envelopes of different
qualities, as well as varying the treatment of the packages. Samples
of cabbage, lettuce, and onion seed were put up as follows:

{a) The regular seedsmen's envelope, made of a heavy grade of
manila paper.

(/>) Envelopes made of a medium qualit}^ of waterproof paper.

(t) Envelopes made of a thin parchment paper.

(d) Envelopes made of the same qualit}^ of parchment paper as for
the preceding series, but paraffined previous to being filled with seed.
The packages were then sealed by redipping the open ends.

{e) Envelopes of parchment paper, as for the two preceding series,
except that the envelopes were first filled with seed, sealed, and then
the entire package was dipped in paraffin at a temperature of from
55^ to 60^ C.

Samples of all of these packages were then stored under trade con-
ditions and in dr}" rooms in Ann Arbor, Baton Rouge, and Mol)ile.
The exact conditions of storage in the different places were the same
as described on pages 49 and 50.

The samples were put up on Ma}" 20, 1901. The period of storage
ended on November 26, having continued 190 days. Unfortimatel}^,
no special precautions were taken to drj'^ the seeds. They were simply
air-dried samples; hence they contained a quantity of moisture sufl5-
ciently large to give rise to an increased relative humidity of the
confined air in the paraffined packages. This increased humidity was

EXPERIMENTS IN KEETINO AND Snil'PING.

accompjinied bj' a greater activity within the cells, and con.seqiiently
by 11 greater deterioration of vital force. For this reason the results
are not as definite as the conditions warrant. Nevertheless, some
iinportunt facts were brought out by the experiments which justify
their being discus.sed and ta))ulated (in part) at this time.

Table XXVTT. — Vital It 1/ of need prenervedin jtaraffined packages.

Trade conditions, seeds put up in—

Dry room, seeds put up in—

Kind of seed.

Panill'nuMl
envelopcH.

Parchment
envelopes,
then dip-
ped in par-
affin, at
50° to 60° C.

See<lsnK'n's
packages.

I'araflined
envelopes.

Parchment

envelopes,
then di|i-

ped in par-
affin, at
50° to V*P C.

Seedsmen's
IHickiiges.

Cabbage:

Ann Arbor, Mich

Mobile, Ala

Per cent.
91
30.5

89. .')

SI..'-.

91
0

Per cent.
90
57.5
63

89.5

77.5

Per cent.

86.5

8.5

22.5

96.5

93
0
0

Per cent.
90.5
38
73.5

91.5

78
82

91.5
0
5

Per cent.
85.5
50.5
79. 5

90
78. 5
7:!. 5

89
4.5
40

Per cent.
86.5
5

Baton Roupe, T^a

Lettuce:

Ann Arbor, Mich

Mobile, Ala

35. 5

9:5
61.5

Baton Rouge, La

Onion:

Ann Arbor, Mich

Mobile Ala . .

72. 5

89
0

Baton Rouge, La

Average

59.39

62.94

49.44

61.11

6.5.66

49.22

In the first place, the injury resulting from the effect of the climatic
influences is quite well marked in the above table. The conditions at
Moljile and Baton Rouge were much more detrimental to the life of
the seeds than were the conditions at Ann Arbor. Secondl}^ the dif-
ferences in the preservation of vitalitj' of those seeds stored under
trade conditions and of those kept in dry rooms were much less marked
than they were in earlier experiments. This is probably accounted
for by the marked difference in the two seasons. The summer of 1900
was extremely wet in the South, especialh^ at Mobile, while the sum-
mer of 1901 was exceptionally dry. Concerning the conditions Zim-
mer Brothers wrote on November 26, 1901, as follows:

We do not think you will find much difference in the two packages. The season
this year has been very dry, with no rain since the big August storm; in fact, we do
not remember such a dry season in thirty years.

Although the season was exceptionally dr}^ at Baton Rouge and
Mobile, the loss in vitalit}^ was very great in comparison with the loss
at Ann Arbor, demonstrating very clearly that climatic influences play
a very important part in the storage of seeds.

This table shows the relative resisting powers of lettuce, cabbage,
and onion seed, the lettuce being most resistant and the onion least
resistant, as shown in a preceding table. However, the chief purpose

70 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

of this series of experiments was to demonstrate the relative value of
diti'erent packages as a means of putting up seeds.

In Table XXVII it will be observed that the results obtained from
the waterproof and parchment paper envelopes have been omitted.
These omissions have been made because the results were practically
identical with those of the ordinary seedsmen's packets; but the com-
parisons to be made between the ordinar}^ paper packets and the
})araffined packages are worth}^ of consideration. The envelopes that
were paraffined after being filled with seed gave the best results.
This diti'erence, however, was due not to the special treatment but
to the higher melting point of the paraffin. The average percentages
of germination of the three samples of seed kept under trade con-
ditions in the three localities were 59.39 per cent for the envelopes
previously paraffined, 62.94: per cent for the envelopes dipped in
paraffin after being tilled with seed, and 49.44 per cent for the seeds-
men's envelopes. In dry rooms the results were 61.11, 65.66, and
49.22 per cent, respectively. These averages were somewhat higher
than the true conditions of Baton Rouge and Mobile warrant, as the
results of the germination tests from all of the packages retained at
Ann Arbor showed but little variation. Taking the three samples of
seed which were stored under trade conditions in Mobile, the average
percentage of germination was 24.2 for the seed from the nonparaffined
package and 45. 5 per cent for the seed from the paraffined package, show-
ing a loss in vitality of 7Y.3 and 49.5 per cent, respectively, considering
the germination of the Ann Arbor sample as a standard. At Baton Rouge
the results were slightly l)etter; the average percentages of germination
were'S2.2 for the seeds from the nonparaffined and 53.5 per cent for
the seeds from the |mraffined packages, representing a loss in vitality
of 65 and 40.5 per cent, respectively. While in either case the loss
was ver}^ great, still the advantages of the paraffined packages are
worth}^ of consideration for the reason that a prolongation of life for
only a few weeks is f requentl}^ of the greatest importance, particularly
in districts where much fall planting is done.

In this connection may be given the results of some other tests,
which reall}' were a part of this same experiment, l)ut included only
onion seed. This seed was put up in seedsmen's envelopes and in
paraffined envelopes like those previously described. In addition,
seed was also put ^^p in small bottles, which were corked. These
packages were kept in a small box within a suit case carried on two
trips across the Atlantic and on a tour through Central Europe, thus
subjecting them to very A'-ariable conditions. Germination tests
gave the following results: Seed from the ordinary packages, 77 per
cent; paraffined envelopes, 90 per cent; bottles, 91 per cent.

To test more thoroughl}^ the keeping qualities of seeds in paraffined
packages and in bottles, another series of experiments was begun on
December 20, 1901. For these tests only cabbage and onion seeds

expp:riments in kkkping and shipping.

were ii.sed, but each with three different deoree.s of moisture: (1) Seed
from the orioinal packages, i. e., air-dried samples, the ca})baoe hav-
ing a water content of 5.80 per cent, and the onion HAS per cent.
(2) Air-dried samples were exposed in a moist atmosphere under a bell
jar for two daj's, during which time the cabbage absorbed 1.83 per
cent of water and the onion 2.41 per cent, thus raising the water con-
tent to 7.63 and 8.89 per cent, respectively. (3) Air-dried seeds
which were dried in an incubator for eight da3's at a temperature vary-
ing from 27^^ C. to 39"^ C. During this interval 2.05 per cent of water
was expelled from the cabbage and 3.11 per cent from the onion. .seed,
leaving a water content of only 3.75 per cent in the former and 3.37
per cent in the latter.

Each of the samples, treated as just described, was put up in three
different kinds of packages: (1) Seedsmen's regular seed envelopes.
(2) Similar envelopes which were paraffined, after being filled with
seed, at a temperature of from 70"^ to 75^ C. The melting point of the
paraffin was 53° C. (3) In bottles which were closed with firm cork
stoppers.

One of each of the above packages was then stored at Mobile under
trade conditions and in a basement; likewise at Ann Arbor in the
herbarium room of the botanical laboratory, in a greenhouse, and in
an incubator maintained at 40° C. The duration of this experiment
was 131 days, from December 20, 1901, to April 30, 1902. The results
of the germination tests are given in Table XXVIII. Two percentages
have been given for the control sample, one for Ann Arbor and the
other for Mobile. This was necessary since the two series were tested
at different times and comparisons can not be made interchangeably
between the two.

Table XXVIII. — Vitality of cabbage and onion seed as preserved in various kinds of
packaf/es and subjected to different conditions of storage.

[Germination of control samples— Ann Arbor: Cabbage, 81.7 per cent; onion, 74 per cent. Mobile:

Cabbage, 88 per cent; onion, 84.5 per cent.]

Special treat-
ment of
package.

Percent-
age of
water
content
of seed.

Percentage of germination.

Kind of seed and ■
package.

Ann Arbor, Mich.

Mobile, Ala.

Botan-
ical
labo-
ratory.

Trade
condi-
tions.

Green-
house.

Incuba-
tor at
40° C.

Trade
condi-
tions.

Base-
ment.

Cabbage:

Envelope ..........

None

5.80
5.80
5.80
7.63
7.63
7.63
3.75
3.75
3.75

81.0
80.0
79.5
85.5
80.5
80.5
76.0
86.0
83.0

81.0
79.0
85.0
80.5
82.0
85.0
85.5
84.0
84.0

68.0
85.5
85.0
65.5
83.5
86.5
67.0
76.0
74.0

72.5
62.0
68.5
74.5
69.5
48.0
73.0
71.0
64.5

60.0
87.5
84.0
64.5

86.5
82.0
64.0

-82.5
82.5

10.0

Paraffin

Corked

None

52.5

Bottle

84.0

EnveloDe

15.5

Paraffin

Corked

None

46.5

Bottle

91.5

9.0

Paraffin

Corked

78.0

Bottle

85.0

THE VITALITY AND GEKMINATION OF SEEDS.

Table XXYIII. — Mtality of rahhagr and onion seed as preserved in various kinds of
packages and std'jeded to different kinds of storage — Continued.

Special treat-
ment of
package.

Percent-
age of
water
content
of seed.

Percentage of germinatien.

Ann Arbor, Mich. | Mobile, Ala.

package.

Botan-
ical
labo-
ratory.

Trade
condi-
tions.

Green-
house.

Incuba-
tor at
40° C.

Trade
condi-
tions.

Base-
ment.

Onion:

Envelope

None

f). 48
6.48
6.48
8.89
8.89
8.89
3.37
3.37
3.37

78.5
76.5
73.5
74.5
74.5
78.0
61.5'
75.5
76.5

69.5
66.5
71.5
60.0
66.0
68.0
63.5
72.5
71.0

3.5
67.0
60.0
11.5
56.0
67.5

8.5
58.0
77.0

47.0

4.5

64.0

28.0

9.0

3.0

? 6.0

? 9.0

59.5

19.5
83.0
86.0
21.0
74.5
77.5
17.0
77.0
84.5

10.0

Paraffin

Corked

None

27.0

Bottle

82.5

Envelope

2.5

Paraffin

Corked

None

21.0

Bottle

78.5

Envelope

6.0

Paraffin

60.5

Bottle

Corked

81.5

Many of the points brought out b}" this table are very similar to
those of the preceding one, yet the differences are sufficiently marked
to justify its being given in this connection. The seeds stored in the
botanical laborator}^ and those subjected to trade conditions at Ann
Arbor have germinated practically the same, the cabbage slightly
favoring trade conditions and the onion being better preserved in the
laborator3\ But a comparison of the trade conditions at Ann Arbor
and Mobile in the unprotected packages shows the same wide variation
that has been alreadv pointed out.

The advantage of dr^dng is not yqyj clearly l)rought out in this
table; in many cases there seems to have been a slight injuiy as a
result of the high temperature at which the drj'ing was done. Una-
voidably the temperature at that time reached 39° C, which, as has
alread}^ been stated, is slightl}^ above the maximum to which seeds
can be subjected for any considerable time without injury. The
injury due to heat is ver}^ evident in the samples stored in the incu-
bator maintained at 40° C, this injury being more apparent with the
increased moisture, especially in the paraffined package and in the
bottle. However, on the whole the percentages of germination are
higher for the dried seed than for the sped which had absorbed an
additional quantity of moisture; and, indeed, the comparison should
properl}' be made with these two, for seeds as they are usually stored
contain even higher percentages of moisture than either the cabbage
or lettuce after thej^ had absorbed the additional amount of water.

But the chief purpose of the present experiments was to determine
the relative advantages of envelopes, paraffined packages, and bottles
as methods of putting up seed in order that vitality' might be pre-
served for a longer time. This comparison is best made by consider-

EXPERIMENTS IN KEEPING AND SHIPPING.

in«^ the vitalit}' of the .seed stored in the greenhouse at Ann Arbor and
under trade conditions at Mobile. It will be readilj' seen that the
vittility of the seed from the unprotected packages was greatly- reduced,
while those from the paraffined envelopes and from the bottles germi-
nated nearly as wqW as the controls. These ditierences are better rep-
resented diagrannnatically, as follows:

Diagram representing the percentages of germination of cabbage seed when treated as

described.

Kind of
package.

Special treat-
ment of
package.

Percent-
age of
water
content
of .seeds.

Ann Arbor, Mich., green-
house.

Mobile, Ala., trade
conditions.

Envelope

5.80
5.80
5.80
7.63
7.63
7.63
3.75
3.75
3. 75
.5. SO

73.3

Paraffined

Corked

92.1

.S7. 5

Bottle

91.5

Envelope

70.5

til. 5

Paraffined

Corked

89. '.»

St;, h

Bottle

93.1

S'J

Envelope

7'2. 1 111

Paraffined

Corked

Original pack-
age.

Sl.,s

s2 5

Bottle

79.7

82. 5

Control sample .

Diagram representing the pjercenlages of germination of onion seed when treated as described.

Kind of
package.

Special treat-
ment of
package.

Percent-
age of
water
content
of seeds.

Ann Arbor, Mich., green-
house.

Mobile, Ala., trade
conditions.

Envelope

6.48
6.48
6.48
8.89
8.89
8.89
3.37
3.37
3.37
G. 48

4
76.6

19.5

Paraffined

Corked

Bottle

68. 6

Envelope

13.2
64

Paraffined

Corked

74.5

Bottle

77.3

77.5

Envelope

9.7
66.3

Paraffined

Corked

Original pack-
age.

Bottle

84. 5

Control sample..

84.5

84. 5

The percentages for Ann Arbor shown in the graphic representations
are not the same as those given in the foregoing table. In the diagram
they are directly comparable with the results from the Mobile series,

74 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

all being- based on the vitality of the controls, a.s shown by the tests
made at that time, the standard being 88 per cent for the cabbage and
84:. 5 per cent for the onion.

A discussion here hardly seems necessar}^, as there can ])e no doubt
that seeds retain their vitality much better in moist climates if pro-
tected from the action of the atmosphere. This nvAy be accomplished
by dipping- the packages in paraffin or l)y putting the seed in bottles.
Disregarding the expense, bottles surpass paraffined envelopes as a
means for the preservation of vitality, and also in the ease with which
the seed can l)e put up. The resvilts are more certain if care is exer-
cised in selecting good corks.

RESPIRATION OF SEEDS.

From a practical point of view it has been conclusivel}'^ shown that
moisture is the controlling factor in seed life. Seeds stored in a
humid atmosphere soon lose their vitality, but if carefully dried and
protected from moisture life is greatl}^ prolonged.

The question at once presents itself: In what way does the presence
of increased quantities of moisture cause a premature death of the
seed, or why is vitality prolonged if the water content of the seed be
reduced?

In a measure, the answer to this question is TespiTatio7i. Seeds as
we commonly know them absorb oxygen and give off car])on dioxid;
that is, respire." During their respiratory activities the energy
stored within the seed is readily evolved, the vital processes are
destroyed, and life becomes extinct. The intensity with which respi-
ration takes place is largely dependent upon the humidity of the sur-
rounding atmosphere, which ultimately resolves itself into the amount
of water in the seed. The respiratory activit}^ is directly propor-
tional to the quantity of moisture absorbed l)y the seed up to a certain
point, attaining its maximum during the process of germination. It
has been found that a decrease in the water content results in a cor-
responding diminution in the intensity of respiration and consequently
in a prolongation of the life of the seed as such.

Bonnier and Mangin^' were the first to show that respiration in liv-
ing plants increases with an increase in the humidity in the surround-
ing air. As this is true for growing plants, it is even more marked
in stored seeds. Maquenne'" suggested that a reduction in moisture
is accompanied by a reduction in respiration, but at that time no
experiments had been made to show that such was actually the case.

« Kolkwitz (Ber. d. deutsch. Bot. Ges., 19: 285-287, 1901) reports respiration in
recently ground seeds.

6 Ann. sc. nat. bot., ser. 7, 2: 36.5-380, 1885.
cAnn. Agron., 26: 321-332, 1900.

RESPIRATION OF SEEDS. 75

In 1832, Auo^. Pj-r. Dc CandoUe wrote in the second volume of his
Ph3'siologie Vetretiile that the vitality of seeds would be prolonged if
thcv were buried sufticiently deep in the soil to protect them from
oxygen (or air) and moisture. Unfortunately, De Candolle did not
discover the true cause of this prolonged life, for nowhere did he
make any reference to respiration. Nevertheless his general conclu-
sions were properly drawn. De Candolle also stated that light aci-eler-
ates evaporation in seeds and thus causes a premature death. Here,
however, his results were wrongfully interpreted. These conclusions
are appHcal)le oidy in case of seeds that die if allowed to l)e('()me dry.
The real ett'ect of light is to cause a slightly accelerated respiration
and conse(iuently a greater deterioration in vitality. Jodin" states
that light accelerates respiration to a marked degree. His experi-
ments were with peas which contained 10 to 12 per cent of moisture.
Two samples of peas were placed, each under a bell jar, over mer-
cury. One sample was kept in the light and the other in the dark.
At the end of i years 6 months and 14 days an analysis of the con-
fined air from the sample kept in the light gave the following results:

Peas, 3.452 grams, in air, in liglit: Per cent.

Oxygen 19. 1

Nitrogen 7S.6

Carl>on dioxid 1-2

At the end of 4 years 7 months and 14 days an analysis of a sam-
ple of air taken from the other chamber was as follows:

Peas, 3.580 grams, in air, in dark: ' Percent.

Oxygen 20. 8

Nitrogen 79. 1

Carlion dioxid - - • 1

The 3.452 grams of peas that were subjected to the influence of the
action of light had absor])ed, in the given time, 2.4 cc. of oxygen and
produced 1.8 cc. of carbon dioxid. The seed kept in the dark showed
but little signs of respiratory activity. Germination tests of the
former showed the peas to be dead, while five peas from the sample
kept in the dark germinated perfectly.

While there is no question that light exerts some influence on respi-
ration, still the above results do not furnish sufficient data to establish
the fact that respiration practically ceases in the absence of light. In
fact, experiments have shown that respiration is also quite marked in
case of seeds stored in the dark, and the difierence is very slight if the
same temperature be maintained.

Van Tieghem and Bonnier, in their "Recherches sur la vie latente
des graines,"^ demonstrated that T.976 grams of peas, sealed, in air,

«Ann. Agron., 23: 433-471, 1897.

6 Bui. Soc. bot. France, 29: 25-29, 1882.

76 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

in a tube, respired quite freeh'. After the lapse of two years an
analysis of the confined air oayc the following results:

I'er cent.

Oxygen - - - H. 44

Nitrogen - vr 81. 74

Carbon dioxid - -• 3. 82

These same seeds germinated 45 per cent and had increased ^^-^ of
their original weight.

In the experiments of the writer it was found that 40.1150 grams of
air-dried T)eans liV)erated 7.7 cc. of carbon dioxid in 370 dnjfi. The
concentration of the carbon dioxid in the flask at the time the gas was
drawn for analysis was 1.51 per cent. This sample of seed germinated
97 per cent, and there was only a very slight retardation in germina-
tion, which indicated that the vitality had not been materiallv reduced.
During this time there was a slight decrease in the weight of the seed —
0.19 per cent. At the same time two check bottles were set up, one
containing 10.1181 grams of beans known to be dead, and the other
])ottle containing nothing except air. Analyses of the air from these
two bottles gave the same results as samples of air drawn from the
laboratory. These preparations were kept in subdued light through-
out the experiment.

That respiration ma}" take place in the dark, that it is very intense
if much moisture be present, and that intensive respiration is accom-
panied b}" a rapid loss in vitality is shown bj' the following experi-
ments. On April 3, 1900, samples of beans, cabbage, carrot, lettuce,
and onion were sealed, each in bottles of 250 cc. capacity, and were
stored in a dark room which was maintained at a temperature of from
20° to 25° C. These samples were first carefully weighed and then
placed in a damp chamber for 175 hours, so that an additional ([uantity
of moisture could be absorbed.

Control samples of air-dried seeds were also kept in sealed bottles
and subjected to the same subsequent treatment. After the lapse of
one year analyses of the confined gases and germination tests of the
seeds were made, the results of which are given with the general
details.

Beans. — Of beans, 21.9991 grams absorbed 4.70 per cent of water
while in the damp chamber. The respiration during the year was
equivalent to 2.5 cc. of carbon dioxid. The loss in weight was onl}"
0.05 per cent, but the vitality had fallen from 100 to 86 per cent, as
shown by the control.

Cahhage. — Of cabbage seed, 10 grams, with an additional 9.79 per
cent of water, were used for this test. During the year this sample
of cabbage seed had given ofl' 21 cc. of carbon dioxid, an equivalent of
2.4 cc. of carbon dioxid per gram of seed per 3^ear. The control
sample germinated 89 per cent, but this seed was dead.

RESPIRATION OF SEEDS. 77

Carrot. — Of carrot seed, 10 jifranis were allowed to alisorl) during
175 hours an additional 10.25 per cent of water. In one year 27 cc. of
carbon dioxid were i)roduced, giving a concentration of carbon dioxid
of nearly 12 per cent. The deterioration in vit^ility was from 84 to 0
per cent, a.s compared with the control.

Lettuce. — Of air-dried lettuce seed, 10 grams w^ere allowed to absorb
an additional 8. 87 per cent of water. During the experiment 19.5 cc.
of carbon dioxid were formed, an equivalent of approximatel}^ 10 per
cent of the original volume of the inclosed air. These seeds Avcre all
killed. The control sample germinated IH per cent.

Oniou. — Of air-dried onion seed, 10 grams were allow^ed to absorb
an additional 10.11 per cent of water. The seed gave off 2<).5 cc. of
carbon dioxid during the experiment and deteriorated in vitality from
97 to 0 per cent.

A bottle containing 4 cc. of water was also sealed at the same time
and served as a check for the other anahses. A sample of air taken
from this bottle gave the same results as the original air sample.

It is a matter of nuich regret that no analyses could be made of the
air from the bottles which contained the check samples. These bottles
contained the same weight of air-dried seeds as was used for the
experiments. Unfortunatel}' the seals on these })ottles had become
dr}^ and admitted of an exchange of gases, so that the results were not
reliable.

Another series of experiments consisted in keeping onion seeds in
sealed bottles for 1 year and 13 days, with the following results:

{a) Fift}^ grams of air-dried seed were sealed, in air, in a bottle of
500 cc. capacit}. There was an increase in the weight of the seeds of
0.1091 gram — slightly more than 0.2 per cent. An analysis of the
inclosed gas gave:

Per cent.

Oxygen 12.27

Nitrogen 85. 87

Carbon dioxid 1. 86

{]>) Fifty grams of air-dried seed were sealed, in air, in a 500 cc.
bottle, with 4 cc. of water in a small test tube at the bottom of the
bottle. Nearly' all of the water was absorbed by the seeds, there
being an increase in weight of 3.6475 grams, or 7.3 per cent. The
composition of the inclosed air was:

Per cent.

Oxygen None

Nitrogen 86. 65

Carbon dioxid 13. 35

The oxygen had all been consumed and the seeds were all dead.

(6^) Fifty grams of onion seed were sealed in a 500 cc. bottle, in a

78 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

mixture of ilhiminatint^ g-as and air. The increase in weight was only
0.04 per cent. An anah^sis of the inclosed gas was as follows:

Per cent.

Oxygen 3. 23

Carl)on dioxid 1. 21

Methane and nitrogen 95. 96

{(l) Another 50-gram sample of onion seed, belonging to a different
series, was sealed in a bottle of 300 cc. capacity, and showed the
following composition of the inclosed air:

Per cent.

Oxygen 8.02

Nitrogen - 85. 17

Carbon dioxid - 6. 81

In only one case was there an}^ deterioration in vitality, namely,
where the large quantity' of moisture was present. The other samples
germinated normally. The seed kept in the illuminating gas germi-
nated even better than the control.

In all of the bottles there was a marked decrease in pressure, show-
ing that the volume of oxygen absorbed was much greater than the
volume of the carbon dioxid given off.

During respiration certain chemical changes must be taking place
which exert a marked influence on the vitalitj' of seeds. What these
changes are is a question 3^et to be solved. The protoplasts of the
individual cells gradually but surely become disorganized. C. De
Candolle" takes the view, in discussing the experiments of Van Tieg-
hem and Bonnier, that during respiration life is simply subdued.
But the period of subdued activity, he saj^s, is comparatively short,
for respiration soon ceases and life becomes wholly latent. As a result
of his own experiments in storing seeds at low temperatures he con-
cludes that seeds cease to respire and become completely inert; in
which case they can suffer any degree of reduction in temperature
without being killed. The killing of the seeds experimented with
(lobelia) he attributes to the fact that the jjrotoplasm had not l)ecome
inert, but simpl}^ subdued, and the seeds were thus affected b}' the low
temperature.

As a result of later experiments C De Candolle,* in keeping some
seeds under mercury to exclude air, concludes that " seeds can continue
to subsist in a condition of complete vital inertia, from which they
recover whenever the conditions of the surrounding medium permits
their 'energids,' or living masses of their cells, to respire and assim-
ilate." He compares the protoplasm in latent life to an explosive
mixture, having the facult}" of reviving whenever the conditions are
favorable. This comparison seems rather an unfortunate one; jet,
within a certain measure it is probabl}' true.

"Revue Scientifique, ser. 4, 4: 321-326, 1895.
&Pop. Sci. Monthly, 51: 106-111, 1897.

RESPIRATION OF SEEDS.

It is now quite oentM-ally acceptod that respiration is not absolutely
necessary for t4ie maintenance of seed life, notwithstanding- i\w fact
that (Jray contended that seeds would die of sutlocation if air were
excluded." The expei-iuients of Gij^-lioli'' in keepinjr seeds of Jledicago
sativa immersed in various liquids for approximately sixteen years,
after which many responded to germination tests, has done nuich
toward demonstrating the fact that seeds can live for a considerable
time in conditions prohil)itino- respiration.

Kochs*^ succeeded in keeping seeds for many months in the vacuum
of a Geissler tube without being able to detect the presence of any
carbon dioxid, and conseciuently he concluded that there was no gas
o-iven off by intramolecular respiration.

Romanes'' kept various seeds in vacuum in glass tubes for 16 months
and the seeds were not killed. However, his vitality tests can not be
considered as entirely satisfactory. In the first place, the number of
seeds used (ten) was too small; secondly, the variations in the results,
even in the controls, indicate that the samples were not of very good

quality.

In the experiments of the writer cabbage and onion seed were kept
in a vacuum over sulphuric acid for 182 days. During this time all of
the free water had ])een extracted from the seed. When again con-
nected with a vacuum gauge the dial showed that there was not the
slightest change in pressure, and that consequently no evolution of
gases had taken place. The cabbage germinated 75 per cent and the
onion 73 per cent as compared with 81 and 74 per cent, respectively,
for the controls.

The results of the various experiments above given demonstrate
quite fully that the vitality of seeds, as we connuonly know them, is
not interfered with if they are kept in conditions prohibiting respira-
tion. Brown and Escombe* hold that all chemical action ceases at
temperatures of liquid air. They accordingly conclude that " any
considerable internal chemical changes in the protoplasts are rendered
impossible at temperatures of —180° to —190° C, and that we must
consequently regard the protoplasm in resting seeds as existing in an
absolutely inert state, devoid of any trace of metabolic activity and
yet conserving the potentiality of life * * * And since at such low
temperatures metabolic activity is inconceivable an immortality of the
individual protoplasts is conceivable providing that the low tempera-
tures be maintained."

«Amer. Jour, of Sci., 3d series, 24: 297, 1882.

6 Nature, 52: 544, 1895.

<;Biol. Centrbl., 10: 673-686, 1890.

t^Proc. Roy. Soc, 54: 335-337, 1893.

«Ibid., 62: 160-165, 1897-98.

80 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

Giglioli" arrived at practically the same conclusions when he said:

It is a coiuinon notion that life, or capacity for life, is always connected with con-
tinuous chemical and piiysical change * * * The very existence of living matter is
supposed to imply change. There is now reason for believing that living matter
may exist, in a completely passive state, without any chemical change whatever,
and may therefore maintain its special properties for an indeilnite time, as is the
case w'ith mineral and all lifeless matter. Chemical change in living matter means
active life, the wear and tear of which necessarily leads to death. Latent life, when
completely passive in a chemical sense, ought to be life without death.

But even though ordinary respiratory exchanges are not necessary
for the maintenance of vitality, and granting that intramolecular
respiratioii does not occur in the resting protoplasts, there is no exper-
imental evidence pointing to the fact that all chemical action ceases,
although some writers, as has already been shown, maintain the view
that living matter may exist in a completely passive state. If "com-
pletely passive-' meant devoid of respiratory activities none would dare
dissent; but that seeds are entirel}" quiescent under any known con-
ditions has not been proved. To conceive of all activity ceasing
within the seed under certain conditions, and that with such cessation
of activit}^ an immortality of the seed is possible, i. e., if such con-
ditions continue to exist, is, from our present knowledge of the chem-
istry and behavior of the living cell, impossible. In Giglioli's experi-
ments respiration was undoubtedly prevented, and, according to his
own conclusions, vitality should have been preserved, for he sa^-s "in
the al)sence of any chemical change the special properties may be main-
tained indetinitely.'" But, in his ow^n experiments, the special prop-
erties were not maintained, for all of the seeds with which he experi-
mented deteriorated ver}' much, and many died. Granting that those
which suffered the greatest loss in vitality were injured b}' the pres-
ence of the particular gas or liquid used there remain no means of
accounting for the deterioration in those giving the highest percentages
of germination. His experiments were made for the most part with
Medicago sativa^ which, under ordinary conditions of storage, is espe-
cially long lived. Samek ^' has shown that seed of Medicayo t<atlva 11
years old was capal)le of germinating 54 per cent. Giglioli succeeded
. in getting a germination of only 56.56 per cent after a little more than
16 years in hydrogen, and 84.20 per cent when they had been kept in
carbon monoxid. Jodin '■ kept peas immersed in mercury f or 4^ j^ears
and they germinated 80 per cent. After 10 j^ears the vitalit}^ had
fallen to 44 per cent. Nobbe obtained a germination of 33 per cent
in peas 10 years old which had been stored under normal conditions.
Likewise the experiments of Brown and Escombe do not justify the

"Nature, 52: 544-545, 1895.

6 Tirol, landw. Blatter, 13: 161-162, 1894.

cAnn. Agron., 23: 433-471, 1897.

RESPIRATION OF SEED8. 81

coiiclusioiis which they have drawn. It is now dotinitoly known that
all cheniical actions do not cease at the temperature of li((uid air. Thus
it can not ))e ^-ranted tliat the protoi)hisni l)eeonies inert as a result of
the reduction in temperature. Maciuenne" more nearl}^ expressed the
true coii.ditions applicable to low temperatures when he wrote that
with dessication, at low temperatures, seeds are transformed from a
condition of diminished activity into a state of suspended life. But
there are still other factors to be considered. The vegetative functions
may cease, metabolic processes may be at a standstill, intramolecular
respiration need not exist, yet vitality is not, nor ever has ))een, pre-
served; sooner or later life l>ecomes extinct. What does this signify?
The gradua'l process of devitalization means chemical change, and
chemical change means activity within the cells. We uuist not forget
the great complexity of the composition of the protoplasmic ])odies
wdiich go to make up a seed. The chemistry of the living cell is still
surrounded l)y manj^ difficulties and is likewise Ulled with many sur-
prises, and ])efore the question of the vitalit}' of seeds can be under-
stood a more comprehensive knowledge of both the functions and
composition of the cell contents is necessary.

It is well known that all organic compounds are made up of a very
few elementary substances, ])ut the numerous and obscure ways in
which the}^ are put together furnish questions of the greatest per-
plexity. Substances having the same elements may diHer widely as
to their properties. Moreover, isomeric substances — i. e., those hav-
ing the same elements in the same proportions, giving an equivalent
molecular weight — are usually very different in their chemical reac-
tions and ph^^siological functions. As j^et this intramolecular atomic
rearrangement is but vaguely understood, and the writer ventures to
suggest that with a more comprehensive knowledge of the chemistry
of the living cell some such chemical activity will be discovered.
With these discoveries will come, perhaps, an understanding of the
devitalization of seeds, and with it the theory of the immortality of
seeds will vanish.

SUMMART.

(1) Seeds, like other living organisms, respire when subjected to
normal conditions of storage.

(2) Respiration means a transformation of energy, and consequently
a premature death of the seed.

(3) Within certain limits respiration is directly proportional to the
amount of water present in the seeds and to the temperature at which
they^ are stored.

(4) B}^ decreasing the water content of seeds respiration is reduced
and vitality greatly prolonged.

«Cornpt. Rend., 134: 1243-1246, 1902.
25037— No. 58—04 6

82 THE VITALITY AND (}P:RM1NATI()N <)F SKEDS.

(5) 111 most seeds the (iiuiutity of oxygen absorbed o-rcatly exceeds
the (|uiintity of carbon dioxid evolved.

(()) Respiration is nearly as active in the dark as in the light.

(7) Respiration apparently is not necessary for the maintenance of •
seed life.

(8) A cessation of respiration does not mean a cessation of chemical

activities.

ENZYMES IN SEEDS AND THE PART THEY PLAY IN THE
PRESERVATION OF VITALITY.

During the past decade the so-called unorganized ferments have
taken an important place among the subjects of biological research.
Our knowledge of their wide distribution has increased many fold.
The part they play in both anal)olism and catabolism has furnished us
many surprises, but with all of the work that has been done our knowl-
edge of these most complex compounds is very limited.

The part that enz3niies pla}^ in the processes of germination is of the
utmost importance. It is now quite well understood that they are
developed as germination progresses. They act on the most complex
reserve food products, converting them into simpler substances that
can be more readil}^ utilized by the growing seedling.

However, even in this connection there is a great diversity of opinion,
especially as to their distribution and enzymic action within the endo-
sperm itself. Puriewitsch,'* Griiss,^^ and Ilansteen '-' are cited b}^ Brown
and Escombe'^ as holding the view that the amyliferous cells of the
endosperm of the grasses can digest their reserve materials independ-
ently of any action of the embryo — i. e., the starch -bearing cells are
living cells and secrete enzymes in the grasses as well as in the coty-
ledonous cells of Lv/plmis^ Phaseolus, and liicmm. In 1S90, Brown
and Morris^ did not find such to be the case; but the results of Purie-
witsch, Griiss, and Hansteen led to a duplication of the experiments
by Brown and Escombe in 1898. At this time they demonstrated that
the am3diferous cells pla}" no part in the chemical changes which take
place during the process of germination, but on the contrary that the
enzymic action in the endosperm of the grasses is confined to the
aleuron layer.

But the purpose of the present paper is not to consider the localiza-
tion of the particular enzjane, and nmch less the action of enzymes
during germination. At this time quite another question is to be

«Pring,sheims Jahrb., 31: 1, 1897.

b Landw. Jahrbiicher, 1896, p. 385.

<^ Flora, 79: 419, 1894.

rfProc. Roy. Soc, 63: 3-25, 1898.

«Jour. Chem. Soc, London, 57: 458-528, 1890.

enzymp:s in seeds. 83

coiisidi'ivd, \ iz, lii wliat \v:i\- do i'iizn iiics ruiu-lioii in the i)ri'si'rviition
of vitulit}-^

Maquciinc" points to the view that the vitulity of seeds is dependent
on the stal)ility of the purtieuhir ferment present. He attri))ute,s the
proh)noation of vitalit\- in seeds that are kept dr}^ to the better preser-
vation of the enzN'nies. Tliis view has been hirj^el}' strengthened as a
result of the investigations made by Thompson,^ Waugli/' Sharpe,'' and
otliers, in which they have sliown that tlie artificial use of enzymes
may greath' increase the pen-entage of germination in some old seeds.
By the use of diastase the percentage of germination of 12-year-old
tomato seed has been increased more than GOO per cent.

If the suggestions made by Macpienne were true in ever}^ sense, then
dead seeds should l)e awakened into activity l)y artificially supplying
the necessar}^ enzymes; but this can not be, or never has been, accom-
plished. True, many experiments have been recorded in which a
greater percentage of seed has been induced to germinate b}' the judi-
cious use of conmiercial enzymes than b}' the ordinary methods of
germination; but this treatment is applical)U> only where the vital
energy is simply at a low el)b and does not in any way affect dead
seeds. The experiments of the writer with naked radicles from the
embr3'os of living and dead beans have shown the presence of enzymes
in both. The carefully excised radicles were ground and macerated
in water for one hour. The filtrate was then added to dilute solutions
of starch paste. The solutions from the living embr\'os gave rise to
an energetic hj'droh'tic action. In all cases hydrolysis was sufficiently
advanced to give a clear reaction with Fehling's solution. The solu-
tions extracted from the radicles from the dead beans also gave reac-
tions sufficiently clear to indicate that there was still some ferment
present. ''

However, the hydrolysis was scarcely more than begun, giving only
a brown color with iodin, but not reacting with Fehling's solution.
Results of a similar character were obtained from portions of the seed

aAnn. Agron. 26: 321-332, 1900; Compt. Rend., 134: 1243-1246, 1902.

^Garteuflora, 45: 344, 1896.

cAnn. Report, Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896-97, and Science, N. S., 6: 950-952, 1897.

f^ Thirteenth Annual Report, Mass. Hatch Exp. Sta., Jan., 1901, pp. 74-83.

«Thi.s was a sample of "Valentine" beans grown in 1897. The same year tliey
tested 97.3 per cent. In March, 1898, the same sample tested 87 per cent. At this
time they were sent to Orlando, Fla., where they remained until May 8, 1899,
approximately fourteen months. Tlie beans were tlien returned and numerous
germination tests were made at irregular intervals, but in no case was there any indi-
cation of vitality. Several samples were also treated witli "Taka" diastase (solu-
tions varying in strength from 2 to 10 per cent), but none was stimulated into
germination. The radicles were tested for enzymes in the spring of 1902, nearly
three years after the beans first failed to germinate, at which time they were nearly
6 years old.

84 THE VITALITY AND GEEMINATION OF SEEDS.

taken from the point of union of the axis and the cotyledons. These
possessed stronger h3"drol3'tic powers, the preparations from the living
and dead beans each giving clear reactions with Fehling's solution.
A third series of tests was made b}' stopping the germination of beans
when the radicles were from 1 to 1.5 cm. long. These were then kept
quite dr}' for nearl}^ seven months, after which the dessicated radicles
were broken off and macerated like the above. This solution was then
allowed to act on starch paste, and the transformations were almost as
rapid and complete as when a 1 per cent solution of commercial " Taka"
diastase was used.

These results lead one to believe that the loss of vitality in seeds is
not due to the disorganization of the enzymes present. There is some-
thing more fundamental and probably more complex to which we must
look for this life-giving principle. True, as Maquenne has suggested,
there is a close relationship between the loss of vitalit}^ in seeds and
the decomposition of enzymes.

In order to determine what such a relationship might signify, the
following series of experiments were made:

Beans, peas, cabbage, lettuce, onion, phlox, and pans}^ seed, with
definite quantities of good commercial '"'"Taka" diastase, were put up
in bottles of 120 cc. capacity, as follows:

(1) In bottle closed with cork stopper.

(2) In bottle closed with cork stopper and paraffined.

(3) 0.5 cc. of water in the bottle with the seeds and the diastase, the
bottle sealed with pai'atfin.

(4) 1 cc. of water in the bottle with the seeds and the diastase, the
bottle sealed with paraffin.

(5) 2 cc. of water in the bottle with the seeds and the diastase, the
bottle sealed with paraffin.

(6) 3 cc. of water in the bottle with the seeds and the diastase, the
bottle sealed with paraffin.

(7) 1 cc. of water in the bottle with the seeds and the diastase, the
bottle sealed with paraffin.

The water in each case was carefully added on small strips of filter
paper and never were the seeds or the diastase wet, only becoming
gradually moist as the water was absorbed.

These different preparations, each containing one of each of the sam-
ples of seeds and a definite cpiantity of the dry powdered diastase,
were then maintained at the temperature of the laborator}^ for a period
of 85 days. At the end of that time the vitality of the seeds was deter-
mined and simultaneously the hydrolj^tic power of the diastase was
ascertained. The results of the germination tests are given in Table
XXIX. The effect of the increased quantity of moisture on the diastase
is given in the discussion following the table.

ENZYMES IN SEEDS.

Table XXIX. — Lohs hi vitality of seeds with varying degrees of moisture when kept at

ordinary room temperature.

[Duration of experiment, 85 days.]

Labor-

I'rcpa ration
of sainiilf.

,\mount

of water

added.

Percentage of germination.

atory
num-
ber.

Beans.

Peas.

Cabbage.

Onion.

Phlox.

Pansy.

Average

of all
samples.

Control '1 ...

cr.
None...

90.0

91.5

95.0

41.25

46.0

7G.6

ir>i7

Corkod

None...

98.0

96. 0

91.0

92.5

52.0

32.0

70.9

1548

I'araflined . .

None . . .

96.0

92.0

91.5

9S.0

39. 5

31.0

73.8

154y

0.5

%.0

92.0

89.0

88.8

28.5

25. 5

69.9

1550

1.0

9C.0

HS.O

89.0

64.0

12.5

18.0

61.2

1551

2.0

96.0

86.0

78.0

13.0

2.5

46.0

1652

3.0

94.0

6.5.0

2.6

16.1

1553

4.0

90.0

81.6

54.5

37.6

<iThe samples prepared, excepting the control, were in bottles of 120 cc. capacity.

The above tabic shows that there was a gradual deterioration in
vitality as the quantity of water was increased. All stjiges of injury
were manifested, but it is not necessary to enter into a discussion of
the table at this time, inasmuch as similar tabulations, showing the
injurious effects of varying quantities of moisure on the seeds, have
already l)een given on page 38. This table is inserted here in order
that a comparison can })e made with the decomposition of the com-
mercial diastase used and the loss in vitality of the seeds.

For a determination of the diastasic activity various quantities of 1
per cent " Taka'- diastase solutions were allow^ed to act on definite quan-
tities of a 1 per cent solution of starch paste, the whole being maintained
at a temperature of from 45° to 48° C. Ten cubic centimeters of the
starch solution were taken for each determination, and the amount of
the diastase solution varied from one-half to 1, 2, 3, and 5 cc. In the
control sample, consisting of diastase from the original bottle as it was
kept in the laboratory, 2 cc. of the 1 per cent solution were sufficient to
cause a complete hydrolysis of the 10 cc. of 1 per cent starch solution.
In Nos. 1547, 1548, and 1549 the samples from the control bottle, the
paraffined bottle, and the paraffined bottle containing 0,5 cc. of water,
respectively, 3' cc. of the diastase solution were necessaiy for a com-
13lete hydrolysis. In Nos. 1550, 1551, and 1552— that is, the samples
from the bottles which contained 1, 2, and 3 cc. of water, respectively —
the diastase was very much injured as a result of the increased quan-
tity of water in the bottle and 5 cc. of the diastase solution were
required to hydrolyze the 10 cc. of the 1 per cent starch paste. No.
1553 — the sample from the bottle which contained the 4 cc. of water-
showed that the diastase had been almost completely disorganized,
inasmuch as the greatest quantity used (5 cc. of the 1 per cent diastase
.solution) was only sufficient to cause a slight hydroly tic action. When

86 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

tested with iodine there was still a deep, purplish-blue eolor. In this
last case the avera«>e percentao-e of jrorniination had decreased to 37.6
per cent, as compared with 7(5.6 per cent for the control samples.
Moreover, in the latter case, the onion, phlox, and pansy seeds were
killed.

These r(\sults show that there is a remarkable uniformity l)ctween
the loss in vitality of seeds and the loss in the enzymic action of the
"Taka" diastase under similar conditions, but it does not furnish con-
clusive e^•idence that the loss in vitality of the seeds is in any way
governed by the particular enzymes present. In fact, the evidence at
hand better substantiates the opposite view. In the first place dead
seeds may still contain active ferments. Secondl}^ the prolonged sub-
jection of seeds to the action of ether and chloroform is generally
accompanied by a premature death, and if the seeds are moist the loss
in vitality is nuich more marked. On the other hand, it is generally
accepted that either of these gases exerts no injurious effect on the
h3Hlrol vtic action of the various ferments. Townsend " has shown that
the action of diastase on starch paste is even more energetic in the
presence than in the absence of ether, ])ut in germination ether usuall}"
has a retarding influence. In some cases, however, growth is stimu-
lated b}^ the use of ether.

In the third place enzjnnes can not be the chief factors controlling
the vitality of a seed, because the more sensitive growing point of
the radicle suffers injury much in advance of the other portions of
the seed. Not infreciuentl}- in making germination tests do we tind
that the gi-owing tip of the embrj^o is dead, while other portions of
the seed may still be living and capable of carrying on all normal met-
abolic processes. The l)ean is one of the best examples for demon-
strating this fact. Here the radicle may be entirely dead, yet the
cotyledons may still be able to make some growth; but in all seeds
where the growing tip is dead the remaining portion of the radicle
may be living, in which case adventitious roots ma}- be formed and
growth wvAj continue for a considerable time, though very i-arely will
a health}' seedling be developed. It thus seems quite clear that the real
vital elements are closely associated with the growing point, and when
this portion of the embrj'o is once dead the vital energy in the other
parts of the seed is not of such a nature as to enable growth to con-
tinue for any length of time. Even though the reserve food products
are digested they can not be assimilated by the growing radicle, which
should be the case were enzymes the chief elements to which the
preservation of vitality is attributed.

Enzymes play an imj)ortant part in the vitalitj' of seeds, and are
undou))tedly necessar}' for the normal development of a seedling, but
the points above given show that the life of a seed is not entirely

«Bot. Gaz., 1890, 27: 458-4fifi.

SUMMARY. 87

dopcndciil oil the sbil)ility of the particular ferment or feriuents
present. There is sonictliiiii;' more remote, possibly of a simpler but
probably of a more com[)lex composition, to which we nuist attribute
the awakenint;- of the metabolic processes. Reference is not made
here to the zymoj^enic substances which develop into the particular
ferment, for what has been said of the latter a])[)Iies equally well to
the former. If the zymogens were perfectly preserved the resulting
ferments would l)e developed normally and germination would continue
in the usual maimer.

In conclusion, it may well be emphasized that no single element or
compound can be isolated as the sole source of vitality in seeds.
There must be a combination of factors, each of which plays an
important role in the preservation of vitality. The destruction of
an}' one of these factors ma}' upset the principles governing the life
of a seed, and consequently cause a premature death.

It is quite probable that the nucleus is one of the most important
organs gov^erning vitality, for unless it continues to function no other
growth can take i)lace. Other parts of the cell, however, may be of
equal importance. At all events all hope of future gain must come
from more critical studies of the cell contents to know their chemical
composition and p()ssil)le reactions, A correct solution of these perplex-
ing ([uestions is nothing less than a determination of the fundamental
principles of life. What will l)e the ultimate results no one is prepared
to sqj.

SUMMARY.

(1) A seed is a living organism, and must be dealt with as such if
good results are expected when put under favorable conditions for
germination.

(2) The first factoi-s determining the vitality of a seed are maturity,
weather conditions at the time of harvesting, and methods of harvest-
ing and curing,

(3) Immature seeds sown soon after gathering usually gemiinate
readily, Init if stored they soon lose their vitality. On the other hand,
well-matured seeds, harvested under favorable conditions, are com-
paratively long lived when properly handled,

(4:) Seed harvested in damp, rainy weather is much weaker in vital-
ity than seed harvested under more favorable conditions. Likewise,
seed once injured will never regain its full vigor.

(5) The curing of the various seeds is of the utmost importance, and
great care should be taken to prevent excessive heating, otherwise the
vitality will be greatly lowered.

(6) The life period of any species of seed, granting that it has beeii
thoroughly matured and properly harvested and cured, is largely
dependent on environment.

88 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

(7) The average life of seeds, as of plants, A'avies greatly with differ-
ent families, oenera, or species, l)ut there is no relation between the
longevity of plants and the A'iahle period of the seeds they bear. The
seeds of some plants lose their vitalit}^ in a few weeks or months,
while others remain viable for a nmiiber of years.

(8) With special precautions and treatment there is no question that
the life of seeds may be greatly prolonged bej^ond that which we know
at present, though never for centuries, as is frequently stated. Cases
so reported can not be taken as evidence of the longevity of seeds.

(9) It is known that seeds retain their vitality much l)etter in some
sections of the country than in others. The part which climatic influ-
ences play in the vitality of seeds is of much more importance than is
generally supposed.

(10) Experiments have shown that moistmx' is the chief factor in
determining the longevity of seeds as they are commerciall}' handled.
Seeds stored in dry climates retain their vitality much })etter than
when stored in places having a humid atmosphere.

(11) The deleterious action of moisture is greatl}^ augmented if the
temperature be increased. Not infrequent!}^ is vitality destro3^ed
within a few weeks or months when the seeds arc stored in warm,
moist climates. If stored in a dry climate, the question of temper-
ature within the normal range is of little moment.

(12) The storage room for seeds as they are ordinaril}^ handled
should always be (h^y. If seeds could be kept dry and at the same
time cool, the conditions would be almost ideal for the preservation
of vitality; but the difficulties to be overcome in order to secure a dry
and cool storage room render this method impracticable.

(13) The most feasible method for keeping seeds dry and thus insur-
ing strong vitality is to store them in well ventilated rooms kept dry
by artifii-ial heat. This method of treatment requires that the seeds
be well cured and well dried before storing.

(14) If seeds are not well dried vitalit}' is best preserved at tempera-
tures just above f reezing^ provided that the temperature is maintained
uniformh^

(15) In no case must the temperature of the storage house be
increased unless the seed is amply ventilated so that the moisture lib-
erated from the seed can be carried off readily by the currents of warm
air. If this precaution is not taken the increased humidity of the air
confined ))etween the seeds will cause a marked injur}-. For this same
reason seeds kept at low temperatures during the winter will deterior-
ate in the warm weather of spring, especially if they contain much
moisture.

(16) Most seeds, if first carefully dried, can withstand long expos-
ures to a temperature of 37° C. (98.6'^ F.) without injury, but long
exposures to a temperature of from 39'^ to iC^ C. (102.2^ to 104'^ F.)

SUMMARY. 89

will ciiiiso preniatiiro doath. If the seeds are kept in a moist atmos-
phere a temperature of even 30^ C. {Sd'^' F.) will soon cause a marked
injury.

(IT) Seeds can endure an}' degree of dr3'ini>- without injury; that is,
by di'yiii<»' in a vafuum over sulphuric acid. It is believed that such
a reduction in the water content is necessar}' if vitalit}' is to be pre-
served for a lonof period of years. However, with such treatment the
seed coats become very firm, and there usualh' follows a retardation
in germination as a I'esult of the inability of the seeds to absorb water
rapidly enough to bring about the necessary physical and chemical
transformations for the earlier stages of germination.

(is) Seeds that ai'e to be sent to countries having moist climates
should be put up in air-tight packages. Experiments have shown
that I)}' the judicious use of bottles and paraffined packag(\s seeds can
be preserved practically as well in one climate as in another.

(19) It is of the utmost importance that the seeds be dry before
being sealed in bottles or parallined packages. A drying of ten days
at a temperature of from 30^ to 35^^ C. (86° to 95' F.) will usually be
sufficient. However, a better method to follow is to dr}' until no
more moisture is given off at a temperature equivalent to the maxi-
nunn of the region in which the seeds are to be distributed. If this
is not done, the subse([uent increase in temperature will liberate an
additional (piantity of moisture, wdiich being confined in the package
will leave the seeds in a humid atmosphere and a rapid deterioration
in vitality will follow.

(20) Experiments in storing seeds in open and sealed bottles and in
packages with definite quantities of moisture and at various known
temperatures have shown a ver}^ close relationship lietween the loss in
vitality and the increase in water content, the deterioration likewise
increasing with the temperature.

(21) Of a series of experiments the average loss in vitality of seeds
kept in envelopes in a " drj- room" was 21.19 per cent, "trade condi-
tions" 36.63 per cent, "basement" 42.28 percent, while the loss in
the case of seeds stored in bottles was only 8.08, 3.92, and 4.5i per
cent, respectively. (See Table XXV.)

(22) Seeds under ordinar}^ conditions of storage respire quite f reel}^,
and respiration is nuich more rapid if much moisture is present.
Within certain limits respiration is directly proportional to the amount
of moisture present in the seed and inversely proportional to the
duration of vitality.

(23) Respiration is not necessary to the life of seeds, as they can be
kept in conditions unfavorable for respiratory activity and still retain
their vitality even better than under normal conditions of storage.
Even though respiration })e entirely prevented seeds will continue to
deteriorate, and sooner or later lose their vitality.

90 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

(24) The continued deterioration in the vitality of a seed after res-
piration has ceased indicates a chemical activity within the cells, giving
rise to a transformation of energy which sooner or later leads to the
death of the seed.

(25) Respiration is almost as active in the dark as in the light, pro-
vided that the temperature and humidity- remain the same.

(26) Ferments and seeds lose all power of activity under similar
conditions of moisture, and the former are undoubtedl}^ of the utmost
importance in metabolic activity, but the evidence at hand goes to
show that the life of a seed is not dependent on the preservation of
the particular ferment involved or on the zymogenic substances giving
rise to the enzyme.

(27) The life of a seed is undoubtedly dependent on many factors,
but the one important factor governing the longevity of good seed is
dryness.

LITERATURE CITED.

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sc. nat. bot., s6r. 7, 2: 365-380, 1885.

BoRNEMANN, G. Vcrsuche iiber Erhaltung der Keimfilhigkeit bei importirten Samen
von Wasserpflanzen -wiihrend des Transportes. Gartenflora, 35: 532-534, 1886.
Also abstract in Bot. Jahresber., Jahrg. XIV, Abt. I, p. 132, 1886.

Brown, Horace T., and Escombe, F. Note on the influence of very low tempera-
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1897-98.

On the depletion of the endosperm of Hordeum vulgnre during germination.

Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 63: 3-25, 1898.

and Morris, M. Germination of some of the Graminese. Jour. Chem. Soc.

London, 57: 458-528, 1890.
Dammer, U. Verpacknng und Versandt von Samen, welehe ihre Keimkraft schnell

verlieren. Zeitschr. f. trop. Landw., Bd. 1, No. 2, 1897. Abstract in Bot.

Centralbl., 70: 196-197, 1897.
De Candolle, Aug. Pyr. Physiologic v6g6tale (Conservation des graines), v. 2, p.

618, Paris, 1832.
De Candolle, C. Sur la vie latente des graines. Arch, des sci. phys. et nat., ser. 4,

33: 497-512, 1895. Abstract in Amer. Gard., 18: 339, 1897.

I^a vie latente des graines. Revue scientifique, ser. 4, 4: 321-326, 1895.

Tlie latent vitality of seeds. Pop. Sci. Monthly, 51: 106-111, 1897.

et Pictet, R. Recherches concernant Taction des basses temperatures sur la

facult<5 germinative des graines. Arch, des sci. phys. et nat., s6r. 3, 2: 629-632,

1879. Abstract in Just's Botan. Jahresl)er., Jahrg. VII, Abt. 1, p. 253, 1879.
Action d'un grand froid prolong^ sur des graines. Arch, des sci. phys. et

nat., ser. 3, 11: 325-327, 1884. Abstract in Just's Bot. Jahresber., Jahrg. XII,

Abt. 1, p. 26, 1884.
Detmer, W. Vergleichende Physiologic des Keimungsprocesses der Samen, Jena,

1880.
Dewar and McKendrick. On liquid aiiv Proc. Roy. Inst., 12: 699, 1892.
Dixon, H. H. Vitality of seeds. Nature, 64: 256-257, 1901.

LITERATURE CITED. 91

Dixox, II. II. On tho fjorinination of soo<ls after exposure to high temperatures.

Note« from the Botanical School of Trinity College, Dublin, pp. 17l)-18(j,

August, lit02.
p]n\v.\RDset Colin. De Tinlluence de la temiK-rature sur la germination. Ann. dea

sei. nat. hot., s«'r. 2, 1: 257-270,1834.
tiici.ioi.i, Itamo. Sulla resi.sten/a di alcuni eemi all' azione prolungata di agenli

chimici g;i.«sosi e li(iui<l. Annuario della R. Scuola Sni)eriore d'Agrieoltura in

I'ortiei, v. 2, ISSO, Naj.oli, 1881, 51 \k Abstract in Nature, 25: 328, 1882.

Latent vitality in seeds. Nature, 52: 544-545, 1895.

Gray, A. Uitent vitiility of .seeds. Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., 24: 297, 1882.
Guiiss, J. BeitriigezurPhysiologieder Keimung. Landw. Jahrhiicher, p. 385, 1896.
Haberlandt, F. Ueber die untere Grenze der Keimungsti'mperature der Samen

unserer Getreidej^flanzen. rilanzenltau I, pji. 109-117, 1875. Abstract in Bot.

Jahresber., p. 777, 1875.
Hansteex, B. Ueber die Ursachen der Ent lee rung der Reservestoffe aus Samen.

Flora, 79:419, 1894.
IsiDOKE-riEKKE, J. Ueber den Einfln.«s der Wiirme und des Beizens mit Kalk und

Kupfervitriol auf die Keimfiihigkeit des Weizens. Ann. Agron., 2: 177-181,

1876. Abstract in Bot. Jahresber., 4, Abt. 2, p. 880, 1876.
JoniN, Victor. Recherches sur la germination. Ann. Agron., 23: 433-471, 1897.
Sur le resistance des graines aux temperatures ('•levies. Compt. Rend., 129:

893-894, 1899.
et Gantiek, a. La vie latente des graines. Compt. Rend., 122: 1349-i;i52,

1896.

JrsT, L. Ueber die Wirkung hi)herer Temperaturen auf die Keimfiihigki'it der
Samen von TrifuUum pmteme. Bot. Zeit., 33 Jahrg., p. 52, 1875.

Ueber die Einwirkung hoherer Temperaturen auf die Erhaltung der Keim-
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KocHS, "W. Kann die Kontinnitiit der Lel)ensvorgaiige zeitweilig vollig unterbrochen
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KoLKWiTZ, R. Ueber die Athmung ruhenden Samen. Ber.d.deut.bot. Ges., 19:
285-287, 1901.

Krasau, F. Welche Wiirmegrade kann der Weizensame ertragen, ohne die Keim-
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208, 1873.

Maquenne, L. Sur rhygrometricit6 des graines. Compt. Rend., 129: 773-775,
1899.

Recherches sur la germination. Ann. agron., 26: 321-332, 1900.

Contributions h I'etude de la vie ralentie chez les graines. Compt. Rend.,

134: 1243-1246, 1902.

PicTET, R. De I'emploi methodique des basses temperatures en biologie. Arch, sci
phys. et nat., Geneve, 30: 293-314, 1893.

PiETERS, A. J., and Brown, E. Kentucky Bluegrass seed— harvesting, curing, and
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Romanes, C. J. Experiments in germination. Proc. Roy. Soc, 54: 335-337, 1893.

Sachs, Julius. Beschiidigung und Tijdtung durch zu hohe Temperatur. Handbuch
d. exp. Phys. d. Pflanzen, Leipzig, 1865, p. 63.

Samee, J. Duration of the vitality of some agricultural seeds. Tirol, landw. Bliltter,
13: 161-162, 1894. Abstract in Exp. Sta. Rec, 6: 429, 1894-95.

ScHMiD, B. Ueber die Einwirkung von Chloroformdiimpfen auf ruhende Samen.
Ber. d. deut. bot. Ges., 19: 71-76, 1901.

Selby, a. D. Germination of the seeds of some common cultivated plants after pro-
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92 THE VITALITY AND GERMINATION OF SEEDS.

Thiselton-Dyer, Wm. T. Influence of the temperature of liquid hydrogen on the

germinative power of seeds. Proc. Roy. Soc, 65: 361-368, 1899.
Thompson, A. Zum Verhalten alter Samen gegen Fermentlosungen. Gartenflora,

Jahrg. 45, p. 344, 1896.
TowNSEND, C. O. The effect of ether upon the germination of seeds and spores. Bot.

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Van Tieghem et Bonnier, G. Recherches sur la vie latente des graines. Bui. Soc.

Bot. France, 29: 25-29, 149-153, 1882.
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950-952, 1897. Also Tenth Annual Report Vermont Agr. Exp. Sta., 1896-97.

INDEX.

Page.

Agricnlturo, Department, Sccl Laboratory, relation to present work 10

Alabama, Auburn, Hee<l-.Mtorin;; experiment 49

Altiiiin ceiHt, selection for exi)eriinent 10

Aniyliferons cells, relation to germination of seeds, note 82

Angaria citi-uUxs, selection for experiment 10

Ann Arbor, Mich. , seed-storing experiment 50

testing experiment 14-22

Apl<(ce;v, Daucux carotn, selection for experiment 10

Apparatus for tests of effect of moisture on vitality of seed .'50, 81

seed testing, description and use 11-12

Aslcraccv, Lacttira sdtiro, selection for experiment 10

Auburn, Ala., place for seed-testing experiments 14-22

Baton Rouge, La., comparison with Ann Arbor and Mobile for seed storing .. 21-22

seed-storing experiment 49

testing experiments 14-22

Bean seed, ice-house storage, effect 28

selection for experiment 10

Beans, germination tests, results for various storage conditions 51, 63-65

seed, respiration experiment, results 76

" Valentine," tests 83

Bluegrass, Kentucky, Foa jinttensis, heating in curing, effect on seed 43

Bonnier and Mangin, plant respiratic )n, ci )nclusion 74

Van Tieghem, tests of respiration of seeds, results 75

Brasslniccr, Brassica oleracen and R<ip]i(ti)ns sativus, selection for experiment.. 10

Brown and Escombe, seed germination experiment 80

views as to chemic-al action at liquid-air temperature . . . 79

Brown and Morris, and Escombe, experiments as to enzymes in germination. 82

Cabbage, germination tests, results for various storage conditions 53, 63-65

seed, comparison of storage in three climates 21-22

ice-house storage, effect 28

moisture and temperature tests of vitality 36

respiration experiment, results 76

vitality in different packages in varying storage 71-74

selection for experiment 10

Carbon dioxid, result of respiration of beans, etc 76, 77, 78

Carrot seed, germination tests, results for various storage conditions ...... 55, 63-65

respiration experiments, results 77

selection for experiment 10

Cauliflower seeds, keeping in moist climate, note 13

Charcoal, moss, etc. , shipping seed in packing 47

Chemical activity, relation to latent life 80

Clement, suggestion for storage of seed , 45

Climates, different, causes of loss of vitality in seeds, discussion 22-24

Climatic conditions, effect on vitality of seeds, discussion 13-22

Corn, sweet, germination tests, results for various storage conditions. . . 56-57, 63-65

selection for experiment 10

Coville, Frederick V., preface on purpose and scope of present study 5

Cnairhitacesc, Anguria citrullus, selection for experiment 10

Curing and drying of seeds, necessity for thoroughness 45

of seed, importance 87

De Candolle, Aug. Pyr. , remarks on conservation of seeds 44

suggestion regarding vitality of seeds 75

C. , views on respiration of seeds 78

Diastase, use in experiments on vitality of seeds 85

Dry atmosphere in open bottles, effect on vitality of seeds 34

sealed bottles, effect on vitality of seed 34

heat, effect on vitality of seed, note - ^1

Drying and curing of seeds, necessity of thoroughness 45

94 INDEX.

Page.

Dryness, most important factor in prolonged vitality of seed 90

relation to preservation of vitality of seed 87, 88, 89, 90

Endosperm of grasses, relation to germination, notes 82

Enzymes in seeds, part in preserving vitality - 82-87

Escombe and Brown, experiments as to enzymes in germination 82

seed-germination experiment 80

views as to chemical action at liquid-air temperature. . . 79

Fahacew, Pimm sativum and Phaseolus i-ulgaris, selection for experiment 10

Fazy-Pasteur, suggestion for storage of seed 45

Ferments, relation to vitality of seeds -■- 90

unorganized, relation to vitality of seeds 82-87

Ferry BotanicalFellowship, seed study, relation to present work 10

Ferry, D. M., & Co., seed for experiments 10, 15

Florida, Lake City, seed-storing experiment - 49

testing experiment 14-22

Gardener, market, value of good seed - 46-47

Gardeners, complaints of seeds, note 13

"Geneva tester" for germination of seeds, moditications and use 11-12

Germination and vitality of seeds, conclusion from present study 87-90

of seeds at low temperatures 26-27

in ice house, effect of package 27, 28

various seeds, percentage under differing storage 63-65

part of enzymes 82

tests and apparatus, discussion 11-13

results 50-65

Germinator, seed testing, method of use - 12

Giglioli, conclusion as to chemical activity in latent life 80

experiments with seed of Medkucjo saliva 79

remarks on vitality of seeds 45

Grasses, endosperm, relation to germination 82

Gray, contention as to suffocation of seeds 79

Griiss, citation as to grass endosperm 82

Gulf of Mexico, effect of moisture on seeds 13

Hansteen, citation as to grass endosperm 82

Harvesting, relation to vitality of seeds 87

Heating, excessive, danger in curing seed ' 87

Hygroscope, crude, improvisation from awns in seed testing 31

Hydrolysis, presence in experiments on enzymes in seeds, notes 83, 84, 85, 86

Ice, packing of seeds, effect on vitality, remarks 26-29

Incubator, seed, test for effect of moisture on vitality 29

Indian Territory, Wagoner, place for seed-testing experiments 14-22

seed-storing experiment 50

Jodin, seed-germination experiment, note 80

statement as to respiration of seeds 75

Keeping seeds, discussion {see also Storage) - - - - 65-74

Kochs, seed-respiration experiment 79

Laclaca saliva, selection for experiment 10

Latent life, relation of chemical activity 80

Lettuce, comparison of storage in three climates 21-22

germination tests, results for various storage conditions 58, 63-65

seed, ice-house storage, effect .... ■ 28

loss of vitality in tropical climate, note 25

moisture and temperature test of vitality 36

respiration experiment, results 77

selection for experiment - 10

Liliarefc, Allimn cepa, selection for ex})eriiiient 10

Longevity of seed, dryness most imjiortant factor 90

Lycopersicon lycopersiaim, selection for experiment 10

Maquenne, statement as to seeds in low temperatures, note 81

suggestion as to respiration of seeds 74

suggestions as to \'itality of seeds 83

INDEX. 95

Page.

IMarki't franlciKT, value of goDihseetl, remarks 46-47

Maturity, relatiou to vitality <if seeds 87

Alan^in ami Uonnier, i)iaiit respiration, eonelusiou 74

Medicayu saliva, seed, experiments of (iif^lioli 79

Gifjciioli and tSamek 80

Miehigan, Ann Arbor, seed-storing exi)erinients 50

University, seed study, relation to jjresent work 10

Mobile, Ala., comparison witb Baton Rou<:e and Ann Arbor for storing seed.. 21-22

place for seed-testing experiments l'±-22

seed-storing experiment .- 49

INIoist atnK)sphere in sealed bottles, severe injury to seeds 33

Moisture and temperature, effect upon vitality of seeds, discussion. 24-36

summary of results . . 35

relation to vitality of seed, tables and comment. . . 38^4

effect on vitality of seeds at bigb temperatures, remarks 29

in fixed temperatures, discussion .'^6-44

liindrance in keeping seeds, provision 13

relation to endurance of heat by seed 25

longevity of seed 87, 88, 89, 90

test of seeds in special jjackagi-s 66

INIorris and Brown, experiments as to enzymes in germination 82

Moss, charcoal, etc., shipiung seed 47

New Hampshire, Durham, place for seed-testing experimenta 14-22

seed-storing experiment 50

New Orleans, rapidity of deteriorati( )n ttf .seed 47

Newcombe, Dr. F. ('., direction of present study 10

Nobbe, seed germination experiment, note 80

Oily seed, resistance of low temjteratures, note 28

Onion, germination tests, results for various storage conditions 59, 63-65

seed, comparison of storage in three climates 21-22

ice-house storage, effect 28

moisture and temperature test of vitality ^_ 36

resj)iration experiments, results 77-78

vitality in different packages in varying storage 71-74

selection for experiment 10

Packages, seed, different kinds for moisture test 66

relation to preservation of vitality of seeds ^ 89

special, experiments in shipping and keeping seeds 65-74

Packing seed for shipping experiments - - 47

Pansy, germination tests, results for various storage conditions 60, 63-65

selection for experiment 10

Paraffined packages, vitality of seeds in storage 69-71

Pea, selection for experiment 10

Peas, germination at temperature of ice water, remarks • - 27

tests, results for various storage conditions 52, 63-65

seed, moisture and temperature, test of vitality 36

Phaseolus vulgaris, selection for study - - 10

Phlox, germination tests, results for various storage conditions 60,63-€5

Pisum mtivum, selection for experiment 10

Planters, complaints of seeds, note 13

Poa praiensis, hea'ting in curing, effect on seed 43

Poacex, Zea mays, selection for experiment, note 10

Poison, danger from brass and copper in seed testing, notes 11, 12

Polemoniaceic, Phlox drummondii, selection for study 10

Porto Rico, San Juan, seed storing experiment 48

testing experiments 14-2-

Precipitation and temperature, relation to vitality of seeds, percentages 23

effect on vitality of seeds, graphic representation 24

Protoplasm, changes in respiration of seed 78

Protoplasts, changes in respiration experiments - 79

Puriewitsch, citation as to grass endosperm ^2

Radish, germination tests, results for various storage conditions 54, 63-65

selection for experiment ^0

Respiration, necessity to life of seeds, remarks 79

of seeds, discussion ,,, 74-8-

96 INDEX.

Page.

Respiration of seeds, summary of conclusions 81-82

relation to vitality of seeds 89, 90

Romanes, seed respiration experiment 79

Samek, seed germination experiment, note 80

Sharpe, citation as to enzymes 83

Shipping and keeping of seeds in special packages, discussion 65-74

storing seeds, method for preservation of vitality 4-4-65

seed in charcoal, moss, etc. , remarks 47

Soaking seeds for germination tests, advantage 12

Solanaceic, Lycopersicon lyropersicum., selection for experiment 10

Spalding, Prof. V. M., direction of present study 10

Starch in seed, relation to germination in ice-house storage 28

Storage (keeping) and shipping of seeds in special packages, discussion 65-74

room, warehouse, character for seeds, remarks 46

seed, relation to preservation of vitality 88, 89

Storing and shipping seeds, methods for preservation of vitality 44-65

seeds, relative merits of Mobile, Baton Rouge, and Ann Arbor 21-22

Temperature and moisture, effect on vitality of seed, discussion 24-36

summary of results 35

relation to vitality of seed, tables and comment. . . 38-44

precipitation, relation to vitality of seed, percentages 23

maximum limit of endurance by seed, variation 25

relation to vitality of seeds 87, 88, 89-90

Temperatures, fixed, effect of definite moisture on vitality of seed, discussion. . 36-44

high, vitality of seeds, effect of moisture 29

Test, germination, first, for climate, results, table and comment 15-16, 18-21

second, for climate, results, table and comment 16-17, 18-21

Tester, Geneva, germination of seeds, modification and use 11-12

Testing seeds, conditions of experiments 14, 29-31, 36

Tests, germination, results 50-65

various vegetable seeds 11

seed, for effect of moisture on vitality at high temperatures 29

vitality, importance of nearness to planting time 47

Thompson, citation as to enzymes 83

Tomato, germination tests, results for various storage conditions 61, 63-65

seed, ice-house storage, effect 28

moisture and temperature test of vitality 36

selection for experiment 1 10

Tropical climate, loss of vitality of lettuce seed 25

Vacuum, seed respiration experiments 79

Van Tieghem and Bonnier, tests of respiration of seeds, results 75

Violacex, Viola tricolor, selection for experiment 10

Vitality and germination of seeds, conclusions from present study, summary. . 87-90

cabbage and onion seed, relation to storage and package 71-74

seed, effect of climatic conditions, discussion 13-22

definite moisture in fixed temperatures, discussion 36-44

temperature and moisture, discussion 24-36

enzymes in preservation 82-87

loss for various seeds under different storage conditions 63-65

in different climates, causes 22-24

with varying moisture at ordinary temperature 85

low, worse than dead seed, note 46

preservation by methods of storing and shipping 44-65

relation of moisture and temperature, tal)les and comment 38-44

storage in different kinds of packages, results 68

Warehouse, seed, storage, character, remarks 46

AVater content of seeds, increase, effect on vitality 44

Watermelon, gemination tests, results for various storage conditions 62, 63-65

seed, ice-house storage, effect 28

selection for experiment 10

Waugh, citation as to enzymes 83

Zea mays, selection for experiment, note 10

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY-BULLETIN No. 59.

li. T. (iAI.LOWAY, Hiirfof Biirrnn.

PASTURE, MEADOW, m FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

T. L. LYON,

'^<

Agriculturist, Nebraska P^xperimknt Station,

AND

A. S. HITCHCOCK,

Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Cooperative Experiments,

IT. S. Department of Agrktji.ture.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

Issued Apkil 29, 1904.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1904.

BULLETINS OF THE BTJREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, includes Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations, Botanical Investigations and
Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Pomological Investigations, and
Experimental Gardens and Grounds, all of which were formerly separate Divisions,
and also Seed and Plant Introtluction and Distribution, the Arlington Experimental
Farm, Tea Culture Investigations, and Domestic Sugar Investigations.

Beginning with the date of organization of the Bureau, "the several series of bulle-
tins of the various Divisions were discontinued, and all are now published as one
series of the Bureau. A list of the bulletins issued in the present series follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that "the serial, scientific, and technical publica-
tions of the United States Department of Agriculture are not for general distribution.
All copies not required for official use are by law turned over to the Superintendent
of Documents, who is empowered to sell them at cost." All applications for such
publications should, therefore, be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum AVheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and

Forage Plants. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California: Notes on the Grasse,s and Forage

Plants and Range Conditions. 1902. Price, 15 c^nts.

13. Experiments in Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10

cents.

14. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price,

15 cents.

16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Campes-

tris and other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed: Harvesting, Curing, and Cleaning. 1902. Price,

10 cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem: The Great Forage and Soiling Crop of the Nile Valley. 1902.

Price, 15 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]

Bui. 59, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate I.

I-

liJ

Q.
X

LlI
Q

a:
<
O

CO
CO

q:
C5

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.;

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY BULLETIN No. 59.

U. T. GALLOWAY, I'hiif t>/ liurcau.

PASTURE, IIEADOW, AND F01{A(;E CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

T. r.. LYON,
Agricultukist, Nebraska E.m'kuimknt Station,'

AND

A. s. iirrc'iicocK,

Assistant Agkostologist, in Charge of CoorERATivE Experiments,
U. S. Department of Agriculture.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

Issued Apkil 29, 1904.

WASHINGTON:

GOYERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1904.

BIREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Beverly T. Galloway, <1iief.
J. E. Rockwell, Editor.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

Scientific Staff.
\V. J. Spillmax, Ai/r<)slolo(/id.

A. S. Hitchcock, Assistaitt ^l(jrostolo(ji><t, in t'lianje of Cooperati re Experiments.

0. Y. Piper, Systematic Agrostologist, in Charge of Ilerharium.

C. R. Ball, Assistant Agrostologist, in Cliarge of Work on Arlington Farm.

David Griffiths, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Range Investigations.

S. M. Tracy, Special Agent, in Charge of Gulf Coast Investigations.

P. L. Ricker, AKsistant in Ilerbarium.

J. jNI. Westgate, Assistant in Sand-Binding }Vork.

Byron Hunter, Assistant in Agrostology.

Matt. A. Crosby, Assistant in Farm Management.

R. A. Oakley, Assistant in Agrostology.

C. W. Warburton, Assistant in Farm Management.

Agnes Chase, Agrostological Artist.

LE'ITliR or TRAXSMITTAL

U. S. Depautmknt <»k A(;uiculture,

Bureau of Plant Industry,

Office of tup: Chief,
W,ish;„</t<>n, J), r.. March Z^, i-W//-.
Sir: 1 have tho honor to transmit herewith a paper entitled "'Pas-
ture, ]\Iea(l()w. and Fora^(> Crops in Nebraska," and respectfully recom-
mend that it be published as P>ulletin No. 5<) of the series of this Bureau.
This paper was prepared by Mr. T. L. Lyon, Aoriculturist of the
Ncl)raska Experiment Station, and Mr. A. S. Hitchcock, Assistant
Agrostologist, in Charge of Cooperative Experiments, Grass and
Forage Plant Investicrations, and has been submitted ])y the AgTOS-
tohigist with a view to publication.

The illustrations, consisting of six half-tone plates and eight text
figures, are necessarv to a full understanding of the text.
Respectfully,

B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

PREFACE

During the past few 3'ears 11 largo number of tests of grasses and
forage plants have been made by the Nebraska Agricultural Experi-
ment Station in cooperation with the United States Department of
Agriculture. The Department has furnished a part of the seeds for
these tests, and has from time to time, at the rociuost of the director
of the station, made suggestions regarding the nature and plans of the
work to be done. At the request of Prof. T. L. Lyon. Associate
Director of the Station, Prof. A. S. llitchcock, of this Otiic(>. visited
the station during the past winter and prepared the following ))ulletin
from notes made by the officers of the station. It is a matter of
gratification that these notes were in such form as to render the task
comparatively easy.

The present paper contains the results of the cooperative experi-
ments and also some general information upon the forage conditions
of Nebraska, in the preparation of which Professor Hitchcock has
been in constant consultation with Professor Lyon.

The results of these experiments are of interest to many of the
surroundinof States having: similar climatic conditions and in which
many of the same forage plants are grown.

W. J. SriLLMAN,

Agrostologist.
Office of the Agrostologist,

Wdnh'mgton, D. C, February 27, 1904-.

C () X [ ]l \ T S

Page.

Introrlnction 9

Climatic and soil conditions of Nel)rasl^a 13

Rainfall 13

Temperature 14

Physiogi-aphv 15

Soil ..:....." 16

Crops 16

Classification of foraj^e plants 18

Duration 18

Perennials 18

Annuals 18

Natural groups 19

Legumes 19

Grasses 19

Miscellaneous 20

Methods of utilizing the crops 20

Pastures 20

Meadows 21

Soiling crops 21

Silage - - 22

Results of experiments with grasses and forage plants at the Nebraska Experi-
ment Station 23

Grasses and forage plants which have given successful results 23

Brome-grass 23

Results of cooperative experiments 24

Alfalfa - - 25

Cooperative experiments with alfalfa 26

Alfalfa seed from different sources 27

Turkestan alfalfa 27

Peruvian alfalfa 28

Samarkand alfalfa 28

Seed from different States 28

Other experiments with alfalfa 28

Meadow fescue ^1-

Orchard grass ^-'

Timothy ^^

Clovers ^

Kentucky bluegrass ^^

Redtop ^^

Side-oats grama

Wheat-grasses

Grasses and legumes of less importance 38

8 CONTENTS.

Page.

Pastures and meadows 42

Native grasses - - 42

Care of native pastures and meadows - 43

Tame pastures at the Nebraska Experiment Station 44

The seed bed for grasses and clovers ,45

Annual forage crops - 45

Sorghum - - 45

Millet -- - 46

Co\Vpea. - 47

Small grains 48

Corn 48

Soy bean 49

Rape - 50

Canada field pea - - 50

Vetch - 50

Plants which can not be recommended 51

Index of grasses and forage plants : - 57

Description of plates 64

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES.

Page.

Plate I. Grass garden, Nebraska Experiment Station Frontispiece.

II. Alfalfa showing nitrogen-gathering tubercules 64

III. Fig. 1 . — Brome-grass, sown in the autumn. Fig. 2. — Alfalfa, sown in

the autumn 64

IV. Fig. 1. — Brome-grass, fertilized and imfertilized. Fig. 2. — Field of

orchard grass 64

V. Fig. 1. — Brome-grass. Newly turned sod. Fig. 2. — Brome-grass.

A hay field ....." 64

VI. Fig. 1. — Side-oats grama, grown from seed. Fig. 2. — Elymus

canadensis, grown from seed 64

TEXT FIGURES.

Fig. 1. — Localities in Nebraska where prairie haj* is grown 9

2. — Localities in Nebraska where millet is grown 9

3. — Localities in Nebraska where alfalfa is grown 10

4. — Localities in Nebraska where clover is grown 11

5.— Localities in Nebraska where tame grasses are grown. 12

6. — Localities in Nebraska where coarse forage is grown 12

7. — Normal annual rainfall for Nebraska 13

8. — Normal rainfall in Nebraska during the growing season, April to

September 14

T.r. I.— 95.

G. F. P. I.— 103.

PASTURE, MEADOW, AND FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

INTRODUCTION.

The value of the hay and forage crop of the United States may best
be presented by reciting a few facts taken from the agricultural statis-

iiZ 1.

Fig. 1.— Localities in Nebraska wlicru prairie hay is growTi. Each dot represents 2,000 acres.

tics given in the Report of the Twelfth Census, where it is shown that
in 1899, out of a total valuation for all crops of $2,910,13S,<;r)3, the
value of the hay and forage crop was $484,256,846, or 16.6 per cent.

Fig. 2.— Localities in Nebraska where millet is grown. Each dot represents 100 acres.

The value of this crop is greater than that of any other, with the single
exception of corn, which had a valuation that year of $828,258,326.

10 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

From the same source it is learned that out of a total valuption of
$92,050,580 for all crops grown in Nebraska in 1899, the forage crop
was worth $11,230,901, or 12.2 per cent.

Table I. — Statistics for Nebraska of hay and forage crops for 1899, taken from the Report

of the Twelfth Census.

Total acreage devoted to hay and forage crops 2, 823, 652

Total acreage devoted to all crops 15, 153, 956

Total acreage of improved land 18, 432, 595

Per cent of acreage of forage crops to that of all crops 18. 6

Per cent of acreage of forage crops to that of improved land 15. 3

Value of all croi)s §92. 056, 580

Value of forage crops $11, 230, 901

Per cent of value of forage crops to that of all crops 12. 2

Average value per acre of all crops :. $6. 07

Average value per acre of forage crops 1 $3. 98

Tons of forage crops ( excluding cornstalks) 3, 502, 380

Average value per ton $3. 19

ms^

Fig. 3. — Localities in Nebraslia wliore alfalfa is grown. Each dot represents 100 acres.

During the year mentioned Nebraska produced 2.3 per cent of the
total valuation of the forage crop of the United States, ranking thir-
teenth in this respect. New York was first, with 11.1 per cent. The
records show that during the last three decades the average 5deld per
acre in Nebraska has decreased, while that of the entire United States
has increased:

Year.

Nebraska.

United
States.

1899

Tons.
1.2
1.3

1.5

Tons.

1.4

1889

1 3

1879

1.1

In 1880 Nebraska was eighteenth among the States in the per cent
of the total acreage that was devoted to forage crops, the percentage
being 1.7. In 1890 and 1900 it stood ninth, with a percentage of 1.6.

INTRODUCTION.

In tonnaj^c the figures are much the same, Nebraska ranking in ISOO
as the thirty-second State in the Union, with only 0.1 per cent of the
totiil; in 18T<>, twenty-third, with 0.6 per cent; 1S80, fifteenth, with
2.2 per cent; 18i)0, ninth, with 4.7 per cent; 1900, ninth, with 1.1 per
cent.

Fig. 4. — Localities in Nebraska where clover is grown. Each dot represents 100 acres.

Equally interesting arc the figures showing the acreage, tonnage,
and yield of the various forage crops in 1899, as classified in the census
rejDort, as follows:

Crop.

Prairie hay

Millet

Alfalfa

Clover

other tame grasses
Coarse forage

Rank of

State.

1
2
6

27
9

Acreage.

2,248,927

191,347

115,142

42,447

92, 895

90, 828

Tonnage.

2,416,468
357, 356
275,334
72, 747
143, 109
183,097

Average

yield per

acre.

Tons.
1.1
1.9
2.4
1.7
1.5
2.0

For comparison the following table is given of the acreage of the
leading States for the above crops:

Crop.

state.

Acreage.

Millet

Kansas

349, 906

Alfalfa

Colorado

455,237

Clov6r . . . -

Indiana

776, 810

Other tame erasses

New York

Kansas

4,758,523

1,041,447

In this classification the term "other tame grasses" includes in
Nebraska chiefly timothy (also timothy and clover mixed) and brome-
grass, and some bluegrass. Forage refers to sorghum, Kafir corn,

FOEAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

and corn that was cut green for forage. It does not, however, include
corn that was cut and allowed to ripen in the shock, or what is usually
known as corn fodder.

It appears that Nebraska also produced 8,150 bushels of clover seed,
valued at ^37,332, and 41,810 ])ushels of other grass seed, valued at
$32,150.

Fio. 5.— Localities in Nebraska where tame grasses are grown. Each dot represents 100 acres.

The accompanying maps (figs. 1-6) show graphically the distrilnition
of the chief forage crops of Nebraska hy counties. The distribution is
based upon the tables given above. Each large dot represents 100 acres,
except in the map illustrating the acreage of prairie hay, where each

Fig. 6.— Ix)caliticB in Nebraska where coarse forage is grown. Each dot represents 100 acres.

dot represents 2,000 acres. From 50 to.ll:9 acres would be represented
by one dot; 150 to 210 acres by two dots. Each small dot represents
10 <acres and is used for acreages from 5 to 19. On the alfalfa map
the dots in certain western counties are congregated in the vicinit}' of
the Platte and Republican rivers, although the figures given in the
tables do not indicate the distribution within the counties.

CLIMATIC AND SOIL CONDITIONS.

CLIMATIC AND SOIL CONDITIONS OF NEBRASKA.

KAINFALL.

For details concerning- the rainfall the reader is referred to Bulletin
No. 45 of the Nebraska Station, "The Rainfall of Nebraska," by
G. IX Sweze}^ and George A. Loveland. Since the amount and dis-
tribution of the rainfall is one of the most important factors in deter-
mining the agricultural possibilities of a country, it is well to
summarize here the chief points as indicated in that l)ulletin.

The annual rainfall decreases from 34 inches in the extreme south-
east to 18 inches in the extreme southwest. However, the average
rainfall does not tell the whole story. Much depends upon the distri-
bution of rain through the year, and especially during the growing

Fig. 7._Normal annual rainfall for Nebraska, in inches.

season. The average rainfall for the entire State is 23.33 inches, of
which 16.08 inches, or 69 per cent, falls in the live months from April
to August, inclusive.

Table II. — Average monthly precipitation for Nebraska.

Month.

January . .
February .

March

April

Precipi-
tation.

Inchrs.

0.68

.71

1.16

•2.40

Month.

May....
June ...
July . . . .

August ,

Precipi-
tation.

Inches.
3.62
3.93
3.51
2.62

Month.

September.

October

November .
December .

Precipi-
tation.

Inches.

1.84

1.4'J

.68

.69

An examination of the table and of the accompanying charts (tigs.
7 and 8) shows that it is only in the eastern tier of counties, lying
approximately within the region receiving as much as 30 inches average
rainfall, that the common eastern meadow and pasture grasses, such as
timothy, red clover, redtop, and Kentucky bluegrass, will thrive with

FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

a' fair degree of certainty. The next region, included between 27 and
30 inches, is one in which these grasses may do well in favorable locali-
ties, but are more or less uncertain, and are quite sure to fail in dry
seasons. On account of the lower summer temperature, these grasses
may extend farther west in the northern part of the State than in the
southern portion. For this belt, orchard grass and meadow fescue are
more likely to be successful than timothy and clover, while brome-grass

/4 IS IS ^0 a ^•^ -26

Fig. 8.— Normal rainfall in Nebraska during the growing season, April to September, in inches.

is the only satisfactor}^ cultivated pasture grass west of this. Even
brome-grass fails in the extreme west.

TEMPERATURE.

_ rof. George A. Loveland, director of the Nebraska section of the
Weather Bureau, has furnished the normal monthly temperature for
several stations distributed over the State, which data are incorporated
in the following charts. Besides these are given the normal annual
temperature for the same stations, the average 3'early minimum and
the lowest recorded temperature for each station.

TEMPERATURE.

T.viii.i; 1 1 1 . — Xormol monthhj temperature, normal annual temperature, average minimum
ituil alisolute minimum for several stations in Nebraska.

Town.

Lincoln

Auburn

Cri'te

Hebron

Harvard

Beaver City

Imperial

North IMatte ....

Ravenna

Genoa

David City

Fremont

Onialia

Stanton

Oukdale

Siou.Y City (Iowa).

Santee

O'Neill

Valentine

Kimball

Fort Robinson

County.

Lancaster

Nenialia. .

Saline

Thayer . ..

Clay

Furna.s ...

Chase

Lincoln ..
HwlTiilo...

Nanee

Butler....
Dodfie . . . .
Douglas . .
Stanton...
Antelope .

Kno.\

Holt

Clierry . . .
Kimball . .
Dawes

Normal monthly temperature.

2L:{23.
25. 7 25.
21.123.
23. 8J20.
24.4 22.
28. 9 2i;.
27.2 20.
20. 0 25.

36.6 51.

38.0 54.
5,35.().52.
7j37. 2j53.
4134.7 51.
(■>'38.8.S1.

3 3ti. 2 4y,
3'35. 1
>4. 422. 9 34. 7

19.1|22.
21. 4]20.

18.521.
19. 2 25.
20.819.
18.9,19.
16.319.

48.

OJSS. 2J49.

8131.8 50.

o:m.0 5o,

0 35. 5 51
5 32. 6 49,
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PHYSIOGRAPHY.

Nebraska lies in the central portion of the Great Plains region, and
extends from the Missouri River to the foothills of the Rockv Moun-
tains, 104^ west longitude, and between the fortieth and forty-third
parallels of latitude. The area is 76,794 square miles.

As to general topography, the State is little diversified, consisting
for the most part of undulating prairies. The extreme eastern portion
of the State along the Missouri River is forested, or was covered with
forest before the timber was removed. These forests extended west
along the rivers, the trees becoming fewer in number and species until
the}^ finally disappeared about halfway across the State. The prairies
are covered with herbaceous vegetation, a large proportion of which
consists of various species of nutritious grasses, which will be discussed
briefly in another paragraph.

The altitude varies from a little less than 1,000 feet in the south-
eastern part to about 5,000 feet in the western portion of the State.

For a discussion of the botanical areas of the State and their relation
to climatic and soil condition, the reader is referred to various articles
by Dr. C. E. Bessey, in the reports of the Nebraska State Board of
Agriculture, and more particularly to the Phy togeography of Nebraska
by Pound and Clements.

16 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

SOIL.

A full discussion of the soils of Nebraska is given in the report of
the geologist, E. H. Barbour, in the Annual Report of the State Board
of Agriculture for 1894, page 61. It may l^e remarked that the basis
of the agricultural soils of Nebraska is silt rather than cla3% such as is
found in the Eastern States. The State is divided into live soil regions,
two of which — the Bad Lands and the Western Region — are in the
extreme western portion of the State, and do not lie in what is now a
crop district. The other three are the Drift, Loess, and Sand Hill
regions. From the crop standpoint the first is the most important,
as it lies in the region of greatest rainfidl. The Drift is of glacial
origin, and is agriculturally a rich soil. The Loess, or wind drift, is
a deposit covering all the southern portion of the State, and is
a}' I 'ich soil. The Sand Hills, which comprise the northern por-
tioi I - the State north of the Platte and extend from Holt to
Deuel counties, are less adapted to crops, but locally, where the con-
ditions of moisture are favorable, results show that the agricultural
possibilities are considerable.

In general, it may l)e said that the soils of Nebraska are highly
favorable for the production of crops and the product is limited chiefly
by rainfall and to a less extent by temperature. In many parts of the
State there are small areas of soil, known as gumbo, which are poorly
suited to crops, being too alkaline or too poorly drained. But such
areas are relatively very iusigniticaut.

CROPS.

East of the one hundredth meridian the rainfall is usually suflicient
for the cultivation of crops without irrigation. This meridian is
approximately that precipitation line for the annual rainfall of 20
inches. West of this, crops of some kinds are uncertain under the
present methods of farming, although winter wheat and such drought-
resistant plants as sorghum and Kafir corn are grown. The climate
here is characterized by being very hot in summer and very cold in
winter. The snowfall is usually slight. It is in this region that
irrigation has reached its greatest development, although it is practiced
occasionally in the eastern portion of the State to supplement the
rainfall.

CROPS.

Tlio follow in*,' t:il)los, taken from the Twclftli Census report, ^ive
the :iv:iilal>l(' statistic-^ foi' irrirjation in Nebraska :

T.MU.K IN'. — Xtimher of acres irrigated, hy ronnlies, 1899.

County.

1
Acres.

County.

Acres.

County.

Acres.

BiifFalo

1,393 1
21,288
4.027

Holt

2,218
12,646

4,225 ,
22, .508

1,488

1,542

.^cott.s BliifT

29,244
1,433

10,083

Choveniie

Keith

Sioux

Dawes

Kimball

All other counties..

Dawson

20, 097

Lincoln

DeuL'l

11,794 ,
4, .552

I'latte

Total 148,538

Dundy

Redwillow

Table V. — Arreage of rropH produced on irrigated land, 1899.

Crop.

Acres.

Crop. Acres.

Crop.

Acres.

Com

33,078
14,143

5,090
940

10
47, 890

868 ;

Alfalfa or lucem 22, 172

Clover 47

Sweet potatoes

Onions

,>s

Wheat

Oats

Barlev

Other tanu- and cul-
tivated gra.s.ses

Grains cut green for
hav

206
892

Miscellaneous vege-
tables

651

Rve

Dry peas

Buckwheat

( I rapes

Prairie grasses

•
Forage crops

417

126

1,075

Orchard fruits

Small fruits

1 ''34

Millet and Hungarian

Dry beans

Potatoes

grasses

Most of tho irriiration isalon<^ the Platte River, from Dawson ('ounty
to the western l)ordcr of the State, and is maintained l)y ditches from
the rivers. A few acres are irrigated by windmills and wells (843
acres in 1899).

It follows that in tlie western portion of the State, aside from the
comparatively insignificant irrigated areas, the principal industry is
stock raising. The herds are allowed to graze all summer and a con-
siderable portion of the winter upon the open grassy plains or range.
The wandering of the herds is usually limited principally b}^ access to
water.

Stock raising is also an important industry in the eastern portion of
the State, but the amount of open range is ])ecoming much reduced.
On the other hand, on account of the greater rainfall and other condi-
tions favorable for growing forage crops, the same area will support
more stock than in the western portion.

The principal field crops grown in Nebraska, arranged according to
their value, are corn, wheat, oats, hay and forage, potatoes, and vege-
tables.

23059— No. 59—04 2

18 FOEAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

The following table gives the acreage and value of these crops for
1899:

Table VI. — Acreage and value of crops for 1899.

Crop.

Acreage. Value.

Corn 7,336,187

Wheat 2,;^38,949

Oats

Hay and forage

Potatoes

Vegetables

1,924,827

2, 823, 652

79,901

34, (M4

851, 251, 213

11, 877, 347

11, 333, 393

11, 230, 901

1, 734, 666

1, 383, 470

Of lesser importance are rye, barley, fruit, sugar beets, and broom
corn.

CLASSIFICATION OF FORAGE PLANTS.

Forage plants may be classitied, according to duration, into peren-
nials and annuals; according to kind, into grasses, legumes, and mis-
cellaneous; according to use, into pasture, meadow, soiling, and silage
plants.

DURATIOX.

PerenniaU. — This group includes those plants which live more than
one year. The forage plants under consideration are all herbs, of
which most of the portion above ground dies during winter, but
the roots live and throw up new shoots the following spring. For
most purposes it is manifesth^ an advantage that a crop should yield
returns 5^ear after 3 ear without the expense of reseeding. On the
other hand, the actual yield of forage the first season is almost always
less with a perennial than with an annual, and furthermore, a per-
ennial may not lend itself to the most desirable rotation. The impor-
tant perennial forage crops of Nebraska are alfalfa, clover, brome-
grass, timothy, and bluegrass. Some of these, such as timothy and
clover, are known as short-lived perennials; that is, as a crop they
tend to disappear in two or three years to such an extent that they
need reseeding. This is also true of such grasses as Italian rye-grass.

Annuals. — These are plants which reach their maturity during the
season that the}" are planted and then die. Common examples of this
group are the grains, corn, sorghum, millet, cowpea, soy bean, and
rape. Where land is \aluable and it is necessaiT to grow a maximum
crop upon a given area, annuals are more profitalde as forage crops
than perennials; or when it is desired to produce a crop at a given
season of the year, such as early or late pasture of rye. a succession of
succulent forage for dairy cattle, or a catch crop to utilize the land,
annuals are invariablv used.

CLASSIFICATION OK FORAGE CROPS. 19

Some plants, which arc normally annuals, are sown in the autinnn,
and aftiM- niakinii: a growth of foiiauc that season, lie more or less
dormant durin<:- tht> winter ami rcsumii growth the following spring,
reaehini- maturity in tlu' earlv sunnuer. This is true of rye, some
vai'ieties of wheat, and some of the orasses. The seventy of the
winter determines in many cases whether plants may be used in this
way. Many crops that are spring sow n in the Northern States are
fall sown ill the South. Furthermore, some plants can be made to
live for an abnormally long period by frecjucnt mowing, thus pre-
venting the production of seed.

NATURAL GROUPS.

Liyuiiics. — This imi)ortant group of plants includes the clovers,
alfalfa, the cowpea, soy bean, the vetches, the garden beans and peas,
and all similar plants, and it derives its importance from the fact that
both the seeds and the foliage arc richer in nitrogen than other forage
plants. Since the proteids, or nitrogen-containing materials, are the
most expensive portion of feeding rations, the growing of legumes for
forage has long been recognized as an important factor in the economy
of agriculture. But furthermore, as is well known, the legumes have
the power, not possessed by other forage plants, of utilizing the free
nitrogen of the air ])v means of the nodules on their roots. (See PI. II.)
When Icirumes arc turned under as green maiuire, or even if the tops arc
removed by mowing and the roots allowed to remain in the soil, the
nitroo-en content of the latter is increased. Since nitrogen is a very
essential plant food, and is one of the first to be exhausted in soils upon
which crops are grown, and since this element is the most expensive
to add in the form of fertilizer, the importance of growing legumes in
rotation with other crops for the purpose of renovating the soil is quite
evident. These facts emphasize the necessity of adopting a system of
agriculture for a given region which shall include the growing of
suitable crops of legumes in the rotation, thus utilizing the crop as for-
age and at the same time keeping up the fertility of the soil. The
leguminous forage crops adapted to Nebraska are alfalfa and ]-ed clover,
which are perennials, the latter usually short lived, and cowpeas and
soy beans, which are annuals. In addition to these, white clover and
alsike clover are occasionally used.

Grasses. — The great bulk of the forage plants, not included in the
above group of legumes, belongs to the natural group of plants known
as grasses, which includes besides the common meadow and pasture
grasses, both wild and cultivated, such plants as the grains or cereals,
sorghum, millet, and the sugarcane of the South. The grasses do not
have the power of adding nitrogen to the soil after the manner of the
legumes. Most of our native grasses are perennials, as are also our

20 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

cultivated pasture and meadow o-msses, such as ))romc-grass, orchard
grass, meadow fescue, and timothy, though the latter is short lived.

Miscellaneous.— A.h\([q from the two large groups mentioned above
there are a few forage plants which bear no close natural relation to
these and are most conveniently considered under this heading. The
only important plant of this category that is adapted to Nebraska con-
ditions is rape. Australian saltbush belongs here and has received some
attention, but as yet it has not shown itself to be of particular value
in that State.

METHODS OF UTILIZING THE CROPS.

Pastvres. — In general the term pasture may be applied to all cases
where stock is allowed to feed directly upon the growing plants.
Where the area is unfenced and consists of native vegetation it is
called open range, or simply range. In some parts of the United
States, especially the Southern States, the range consists of forest,
but in Nebraska the range is the unfenced portion of the Great Plains
region, the vegetation consisting of native grasses. The subject of
the range will be considered in another part of this bulletin.

In the ordinary and popular sense pasture refers to fenced areas of
native or cultivated perennial forage crops upon which stock feeds
at will. All the perennial forage plants are used for this purpose,
although alfalfa and clover must be used with caution in order to
prevent bloating.

Another important class of pastures, especially where land is rela-
tively valuable and a more intensive system of agriculture is employed,
is that of temporary or annual pastures.

In winter-wheat regions it is a common practice to pasture the grain
during favorable portions of the fall and winter. In this case the
pasturing is incidental. On the other hand it is a not uncommon prac-
tice to sow wheat or, more frequently, rye in the fall for pasture pur-
poses alone, a crop of grain, if secured at all, being secondary. Tem-
porary pastures are used for two purposes. (1) To extend the pas-
ture season over a greater portion of the year than can be done with
ordinary permanent pasture. For this purpose wheat or rye give early
and late pasture, and certain summer annuals can l)e used to supple-
ment the permanent pastures during the dry summer season, w^hich
usually occurs in July or August. (2) By successive sowing of the
proper plants succulent feed may be provided through the season so as to
yield a maximum crop from each area. This is particularly applicable
to dairy districts. It is often convenient and economical in growing
a succession of succulent crops to cut the green feed and supply the
stock either in the permanent pasture or in the stalls or yards, as will
be referred to under soiling. The proper rotation of such annual
pasture for Nebraska will be discussed in a separate paragraph.

METHODS OF T^TILTZINO THE CROPS. 21

Tilt* phiiits wh'u'li can 1)0 used to advaiitai^c in Nebraska For teiu
porarv i)astint' are the trains as mentioned al)()ve, rape, cowpea, and
soy bean. The various kinds of sor^-huin, cspeciall}" the ordinary
sugar sorghum or cane, are used in Texas and northward for this pur-
pose. In the southern portion of this area sorghum ean usually be
used for pastin-e with impunity, l)ut in Nebraska its use in this way
is attended with some risk from poisoning. An account of this sub-
ject will be found in Bulletin No. 77, Nebraska Experiment Station.

Meadotrs. — ^The term meadow is applied to land where the crop is cut
for hay, whether fenced or unfenced. When the hay is cut from native
o-rass land, the land is calbnl a wild meadow. As shown bv the statistics
in the tirst part of this bulletin, the wild meadow land of Nebraska
amounts to over 2,000,000 acres and i)roduces about 2,500,000 tons of
hay. Nebraska leads all States in the acreage of its wild meadows.
The grasses composing this wild hay will be discussed in another para-
graph devoted to the native grasses.

The tame meadows consist in that State of alfalfa, timothy, clover,
and brome-irrass. Orchard orass and meadow fescue are used to a
limited extent and their wider use is to be recommended.

Some annual plants are widely used for ha}', such as millet, sorghum,
Kafir corn, and corn. For this purpose the last three are sown thickly
in order to produce a large number of small stalks.

These coarse plants are often grown in rows and cultivated, the
nearly mature stalks l)eing cut l)y hand or with a corn binder and
shocked, when the dried material is called fodder rather than hay. In
a oeneral sense, however, it is hav and contributes no inconsiderable
amount to the sum total of dry, rough feed. The same remarks are
true of the corn fodder which results after the ears have been removed,
althouoh such fodder if it is fathered at the time most favorable for
grain production from necessit}' is relativel}' poorer in nutrient material
than that cut earlier. Ordinary corn fodder has about the same feed-
ino- value as oat straw. When corn is husked in the field the remain-
ing stalks are usually utilized by turning stock upon them. Aside
from the waste grain recovered such stalks have very little nutriment.

In the Southern States the cowpeas and soy beans are widely used
for hay, l)ut in Nebraska they have not l)een used for this purpose, for
which they are not so well adapted as other hay plants.

Soiling (yt'ops. — The feeding of cut green forage to stock in the stall,
yard, or pasture is known as soiling. The advantage of soiling is the
saving of fodder when compared with pasturing upon the same field, as
in the latter case there is some loss from trampling. This is especially
true of the coarse fodders, such as corn and sorghum. Other ad^'an-
tages of minor importance are that by soiling the rations of animals
may be more definitel}' controlled, that fodder may l)e taken from
fields a part of which is to be used for other purposes, and that this

22 FOKAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

method avoids the necessity in pasturing- the fields of subdividino- them
b3\erectino- permanent or temporary fences. The great disadvantage
of isoiling is the extra expense of the kibor necessary in cutting, haul-
ing, and feeding the green forage. For this reason it is not practical>le
to utilize forage in this way on an}- large scale except in intensive farm-
ing, more particularly dairy farming in Nebraska. On a small scale
almost every farmer cuts in earl}" summer green grain, especially oats
or rj'e, to feed to hogs or cattle. Later in the summer corn is cut and
fed in the same manner, supplementing the pastures, which usually
develop a shortage in August. The sum total of forage used in this
way in Nebraska is not inconsiderable, yet in most cases it is incidental
and the crops are not sown primarily for soiling purposes; neither is
the soiling usualh" a definite part of the system of agriculture.

In dairy farming it may be advantageous to adopt soiling as a
definite system in order to obtain a maximum yield of succulent
forage from a small area. For this purpose it is best to plan a series
of 1 crops which will form a succession through the growing season.
The individual crops depend upon the locality and must be chosen to
suit conditions. Near large cities, where land is valuable, it often pays
to have such a succession which, combined with silage during the
winter, will give green feed the entire j^ear. Usually, however, at
least in Nebraska, soiling is resorted to only to fill in the gaps of a
succulent pasture series, even in dair}* farming. For example, early
and late green feed may be produced by a pasture of rye. A proper
sowing of oats or rye may then furnish soiling in connection with
grass pasture. If there is suflicient area of pasture this may furnish
all the feed necessar}" during May and June, but such pasture usually
shows a marked falling ofl' about the 1st of Julv, as is indicated by
the shrinkage in the milk flow. This shrinkage should bv all means
be avoided, and it is therefore desirable to furnish at this time soiling
crops for the rest of the summer in connection with the pasture.
Besides the small grains and corn mentioned, there are several other
plants that can be used for soiling, particularlj" sorghum, Kafir corn,
cowpeas, soy beans, and rape. The latter is not so well adapted to
milch cows, as there is danger of tainting the milk. Alfalfa and
clover can be used, but in Nebraska they haA'e no special adaptation for
this purpose. Rape is an excellent soiling crop for hogs, sheep, or
growing cattle during the autumn. For further information on this
subject the reader is referred to the article in the Yearbook of the
United States Department of Agriculture for 1899, page 613, entitled
"Succulent forage for the farm and dairy," by Thomas A. Williams.

Silage. — Forage preserved in a green state in such a manner as to
prevent decomposition or drying is called silage. The pits, rooms, or
tanks in which the forage is preserved are known as silos. The

RESULTS OF EXPPZRIMENTS. 23

jidvantaoe of silag-o is that the ])onefits derived from feeding" succulent
foruoe may be continued through the winter. As in the case of soil-
ing crops, silage is used chietl\' in connection with dair}^ farming. 1^3^
far the best crop for the silo, where that crop can be raised, is green
corn. As it is not the i)urpose of this bulletin to deal particularl}^
with this subject, the reader is referred for further information to
Faimers' Bulletin No. 3'2 of the United States Department of Agri-
culture and to other publications dealing with silos and silage.

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS WITH GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS
AT THE NEBRASKA EXPERIMENT STATION.

GKASSKS AND FORAGE PLANTS W'lIICH HAVE GIVEN SUCCESSFLT. RESULTS
OR ARE W^ORTHY OF FUHTIIEll TRIAL.

Bromk-CtRAss.

An extended account of brome-grass {Broiinis mermis) will be found
in Bulletin Bl of the Nebraska Station and also in Circular 18 of the
Division of Agrostology', United States Department of Agriculture.
This valuable grass has been tested over a wide area in the United
States, but it finds its best development in the region from Kansas
northward in the Great Plains, and west into Montana and eastern
Washington. It gives fair results east of this region, but in the
Eastern States is unable to compete with timothy and ))luegrass. In
the Southern States it has not given satisfactory results.

Numerous trials of this grass have been made at the Nebraska Sta-
tion under varying conditions, both in combination with other grasses
and with alfalfa. In general the grass has given good results and has
shown that it is better adapted to the conditions obtaining in Nebraska
than any other of the cultivated forage grasses, with the exception of
meadow fescue and possibl}- orchard g-rass, both of which have given
good results.*

A plot sown in the spring of 1897 (0.136 acre) yielded June 27, 1900,
580 pounds of haj^, or at the rate of 2.32 tons per acre. On April 8,
1901, as the grass was turning green, the east half of the plot was
disked. During the remainder of the season there seemed to be no
difference between the disked and undisked portions. In 1903, the
plot yielded 1.32 tons of hay per acre on June 10. Other plots yielded
at about the same rate.

One plot sown in April, 1899, and giving a cutting of hay June 27,

1900, at the rate of 3.8 tons per acre (220 pounds on 16i by 76 feet)
was treated October 5 with 300 pounds of well-rotted horse manure,
and the following spring wdth 10 pounds of sodium nitrate (Chile salt-
peter). On account of the drought no crop of hay was obtained in

1901, but this plot Avas distinctl.y better in appearance than untreated
contiguous plots. June 16, 1903, the plot yielded 170 pounds of hay,

24 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

or 5,666 pounds per acre, while a check plot 3delded at the rate of
2,166 pounds per acre.

One plot sown in spring of 1900 and manured in the autumn of
1901, gave June 23, 1902, 1.66 tons of hay per acre, and June 16, 1903,
1.7 tons, and in each case the aftermath was fine and would have
produced an excellent pasture.

The plots were all greatly affected b}- the drought in the summer of
1901, but recovered in the autumn and showed that although they had
been dried up they were unhurt.

A sowing at the rate of 14 pounds per acre on one plot showed that
much more seed was produced than upon plots more thickly sown.
This plot was thoroughly disked in the spring of 1903, with the result
that the growth the following season was not improved.

In order to test spring and fall sowing, one plot was sown October
5, 1900, at the rate of 25 pounds per acre, upon disked land, and
another April 8, 1901, at the same rate and upon ground prepared in
the same wa}^ Although there was a good stand of grass obtained
from fall sowing, there was no noticeable difference the following
season between the two plots.

In order to test the time of seeding several plots were sown broad-
cast on the following dates in 1902: March 24, April 8, April 21, May
7, May 19, August 7, August 19, September 15, October 1, and Octo-
ber 21. All showed a good stand on May 1 of the following year and
no injury from winter killing, except the last sowing, which had barely
sprouted and was then killed by the cold. With this exception all
yielded good crops of hay on June 23. (See PI. Ill, fig. 1.)

If the soil is in proper condition it is probalde that brome -grass may
be sown any time from April to the first of October.

Brome-grass was sown in 1898 with bluegrass and with red clover.
In both cases there was a good stand of brome-grass at first, but where
combined with bluegrass the latter gradually increased in proportion
until in 1903 it was estimated that the plot contained two-thirds
bluegrass.

The red clover was also able to hold its own with the brome-o-rass
in those years favorable to the growth of clover, but the dry season of
1901 nearly exterminated the clover from the plot.

In the paragraph upon pastures it will be noted that when ])rome-
grass was sown with other grasses it was usually able to crowd out its
competitors.

RESULTS OF COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS.

The United States Department of Agricidture has distributed seed
of brome-grass through the Nebraska Experiment Station to a num})er
of farmers with the understanding that reports upon the results
obtained would be made. These cooperative distributions were made
between 1898 and 1902.

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS. 25

There wore l7o replies received from those who have orowii hroine-
o-rass, of which 'My reported faihires. Of these faihires 2(5 were in the
southwestern portion of the State, from McPherson to Chase and
Franklin counties. The reasons for failure were mostly because the
seed did not j>erminate or «>ave a very scattering stand, but 8 failures
were due to the depredations of ^grasshoppers.

The remaining 13-i replies have been summarized as follows: The
present condition of the field of grass was reported good by 100, while
13 stated that the condition was poor. Spring sowing was recom-
mended l)y S6 and fall sowing by 22. That a stand of brome-grass is
easi(n- to obtain than of other grasses was stated ))y 48, while 4:2 thought
that this was not the case. A few had tried sowing brome-grass with
other crops but with varied results. With alfalfa, there were 5 suc-
cesses and 2 failures; with clover 3 successes and 2 failures. Three
reported a successful stand when sown upon prairie sod, while 5
failed in this. That this is a good hay grass w^as reported ))y 42, while
17 thought not. As a pasture grass, all except 2 reported favorably
so far as this point was touched upon, while 42 stated that it was good
for early and 4!> for late pasture. Twenty-four stated that it was good
for winter pasture. The drought resistance was reported good by
53 and poor by only one: The reports of 14 farmers show ed that it
was s-ood for sandv soil and 50 stated that it made a good sod.

Alfalfa.

The well-known perennial legume alfalfa {Medicago mti/m, PI. II)
is the most valuable forage plant grown in Nebraska. E\'ery eti'ort
should be made to extend the culture of this plant to ail parts of the
State. Being a legume it is highly nutritious; ])eing a perennial it
produces a permanent meadow; being palatal >le it is relished by all
kinds of stock. Although it is valuable as a pasture plant it is not
entirely suited to this purpose. Close pasturing is likely to kill it
out in spots. The great value of alfalfa lies in the production of hay.
The reader is referred to Farmers' Bulletin No. 31, United States De-
partment of Agriculture, for details in regard to this plant.

It may be briefly remarked here, however, that in growing alfalfa
the ground should be well prepared, as free as possiljle from weeds,
and the seed should be sown when the soil is in favorable condition
for germination. The seed should be sown alone at the rate of about
20 pounds per acre, broadcast or, better, in drills. Where possi)>le
Neln-aska-grown seed should be used, or at least seed grown under
about the same conditions.

26 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

COOPERATIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH ALFALFA.

Press Bulletin No. 10 of the Nel)raska Experiinent Station, entitled
"Alfalfa Experiences," gives the following- s^ummar}' of results
obtained hy grower.s of alfalfa in that State:

Daring the winter of 1902 a list of between 600 and 700 successful alfalfa raisers in
this State was collecited, and to eacli was sent a report blank calling for a definite
statemeit regarding a nunilier of the processes he employed in obtaining his stand
of alfalfa, and also regarding his subsequent care of the crop. More than 500 satis-
factory replies were received, representing 80 counties in the State. A study of this
large number of reports from successful alfalfa raisers gives some valuable informa-
tion respecting alfalfa culture.

There were 288 stands reported upon upland, and 27P> u])on bottom land. Even
in the western portion of the State the amount of alfalfa on the upland is shown to
be considerable, and very satisfactory results are evidently obtained, althorigh
naturally the yields of hay are smaller than on the bottom lands of that region. In
the eastern part of the State somewhat heavier yields appear to be obtained from
bottom land, but loss from winter killing or other cause is greater. Twenty-three
reports state that upland is more satisfactory than bottom land. These come princi-
pally from the eastern portion of the State or the irrigated land of the western

portion.

An astonishing feature of the replies is the large amount of alfalfa that they show

to be growing on land with a clay subsoil. Sandy clay, clay loam, clay and lime,
etc., were not counted as clay. In spite of this limitation, 245 clay or guml)o sub-
soils are reported. A clay or even a gumbo subsoil does not appear to be a barrier
to successful alfalfa culture.

The seed bed was prepared bj- plowing and further working in 373 cases, and by
disking or cultivating in 75. Among the latter is one method that appears to l)e
popular and satisfactory. This consists in thoroughly disking corn land after all
trash has been removed from the field. In the western part of the State there are a
number of good stands of alfalfa obtained by breaking prairie sod, disking it, and
harrowing in the seed. Also by disking the unbroken sod and harrowing in the
seed. The latter commends itself as an easy way of supplementing the native grasses
in i)astures. The tendency to dispense with plowing on unirrigated land increases
with the distance westward from the Missouri.

A study of the dates of sowing alfalfa seed in the spring shows a range from early
March to late June, although where advice was volunteered it was practically unani-
mous in favor of early sowing. There were only 8 reports of summer or fall sowing,
of which 1 was sown in July, 4 in August, and 3 in September.

In 108 cases a nurse crop was used, while in 393 cases the alfalfa seed was sown with-
out that of any other croj). The use of the nurse crop was largely confined to extreme
eastern Nebraska and the irrigated land of the West. Many persons who used a
nurse crop say that they would not do so again. It has been recommended to use
a light seeding of small grain, sown earlier or with the alfalfa, to prevent damage by
severe winds. When sown in this way the nurse crop is mown when 8 or 10 inches
high, to prevent it smothering the alfalfa.

In 55 cases the seed was put in with a drill, and in 447 cases it was sown broad-
cast. This is at least an indication that if a drill is not available a satisfactory stand
can be obtained by broadcasting and harrowing in, provided the other conditions are
favorable.

There were 138 reports of less than 20 pounds of seed per acre l>eing used, and 336
reports of 20 pounds or more being sown. The evidence seems to be in favor of the
use of at least 20 pounds of seed per acre.

EXPERIMENTS WITH ALFALFA. 27

Of the iiorsons ro])lyinji to the inquiries, 221 have stiinds of alfuh'a that yield more
than 4 tons of eured liay per aere ea(!h season, while 157 do not get as much as 4
tons of liay per arre.

Of i>ers(ins liavini^])raetice<l disking alfalfa in the spring or at other times, 138 report
that beneficial results have l)een obtained, while 7 report that disking has been ineffec-
tive or injurious. By disking alfalfa is meant going over it in the spring with a disk
harrow before growth starts, or during sunnner immediately after cutting for hay. It
is customary to set the disks at a slight angle. This cuts tlie crown root and stirs the
soil. Some of the correspondents prefer harrowing to disking. Where positive
objection was made to disking, it was based on the claim that it caused the crowns
to become diseased. The great bulk of the evidence was, however, in favor of
disking.

Of the persons who have manured alfalfa, either by plowing in themanun> innuedi-
ately before seeding or by spreading it on the field after a stand had been obtained,
110 obtained beneficial results, and 13 found it to be ineffective or injurious. Objec-
tions are based on the claim that plowing in manure causes the soil to dry out, but
objections to spreailing manure on alfalfa are rather indefinite in their nature, except
that on low land it makes the growth too rank, and the alfalfa falls down. Many
of those who advocate its use specify that the manure should be rotted and fine.
One man suggests harrowing after spreading, to fine it. The reports of beneficial
results from plowing under manure come largely from the eastern jiortion of the
State, but the use of fine manure applie<l as a top dressing has proven beneficial in
all parts.

ALFALFA SEED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES.

Turlcestan alfalfa. — One plot of oiie-tifth acre was sown alone with
5 pounds of seed April 8, 1901. There was a g-ood stand and no loss
from winter killing in 1901-2 or 1902-3, thus shoAving its superiority
in respect to hardiness during the winter. On the other hand, this
plot was injured by the wet weather in the summers of 1902 and 1903
to a greater extent than common alfalfa. . On June 12, 1903, a crop of
hay was ol)tained, weighing 6(>5 pounds (3,025 pounds per acre), and
a second crop on July 23, weighing 500 pounds (2,500 pounds per
acre), making 2.75 tons of hay per acre, besides fall pasturage. It
was noted that this plot started one week earlier in the spring than the
ordinary alfalfa, but did not continue growth so late in the autumn.
At no time did it grow so tall as ordinary alfalfa, })ut the stand was
much thicker, and there appeared to be less tendency for the crowns
to become large and crowd out weaker plants, as is the case with
ordinary alfalfa. As compared with the latter the leaves and espec-
ially" the stems are smaller.

A second plot, one-tenth acre," drilled in rows 6 inches apart May
24, 1898, gave a good stand, with no loss from winter killing the tirst
year and yielded 215 pounds of hay (2,150 pounds per acre) on June
17, 1899. The third year the yields of hay from one-eighth acre were

«The plots here, as in several other cases, are 66 feet by 76 feet and contiguous on
the longer sides. If the marginal growth was greater than the central, 5 feet was
mowed off each end, reducing the plots to 66 by 66 feet, or one-tenth of an acre, and
thus eliminating the marginal factor.

28 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

as follows: June U, 515 pounds; July 20, 590 pounds; August 20,
305 pounds, or a total for the season of 5.64 tons per acre.

In 1901 the jaeld on the one-eighth acre was: June 5, 645 pounds;
July 19, 160 pounds; August 20, 125 pounds; a total of 3.22 tons per
acre. In 1902 the yield on June 9 was -145 pounds; in 1903, June 11,
475 pounds; July 23, 365 pounds; a total of 3.34 tons per acre. The
results of this test are especially satisfactory, as showing that Turkestan
alfalfa is well adapted to Nebraska conditions, and that in a dry season
such as 1901 it yields larger crops than the ordinary alfalfa.

Peruvian aJfaJfa. — Seed was obtained from C. Bonitiez, Peru,
through the Division of Agrostology of the Department of Agricul-
ture, and was sown on May 11, 1900. The stand was good and the
growth vigorous, but the plot was badly injured each winter, till, in
1903,- there was none remaining.

Samarlcand aJfaJ/a.—Sown May 11, 1900. The stand was good and
subsequent growth vigorous, with no loss from winter killing; but the
growth was not so tall as common alfalfa, or as Turkestan alfalfa. In
19(>2 and 1903 crops were obtained from this plot, but the plot is too
small for an accurate estimate of the yield to be determined. Owing
to the small growth, it was estimated that the yields were less than
from the ordinary or the Turkestan alfalfa. To offset the effect of
shorter growth the stand is much thicker than that of ordinary alfalfa.
It appears to be a strong drought-resisting plant, and if it is to have
any value it w^ill be on the highlands of the West.

Seed from different States.— AXMi^ obtained from five different
States — Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, and Utah— was tested.
The plots were sown in 1S98 by drilling the seed in rows 6 inches
apart. They all grew about equally well until the winter of 1898-99,
when the alfalfa from Arizona and California was almost entirely
killed out. At the same time the Colorado alfalfa was injured, while
the Utah and Kansas plants did not suffer so much as those just men-
tioned, though more than the Turkestan alfalfa or that from Nebraska-
grown seed.

There was no further marked loss from winter killing until the
winter of 1902-3, when the remainder of the Arizona and California
plants entirely disappeared, the Colorado crop suffered further injury,
and both the Utah and Kansas alfalfa were injured to some extent.

The conclusions to be drawn from this experiment are that it is not
desirable to bring alfalfa seed from a southern to a more northern
region, or from an irrigated to a nonirrigated soil.

OTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH ALFALFA.

A series of experiments was carried on for the purpose of testing
the effect of planting alfalfa in rows and the effect of a few kinds of
fertilizers. Plot 43, drilled 24 inches apart, and plot 44, drilled 18

EXrpmiMENTS WITH ALFALFA. 29

inches a]):irt. won> cultivjitod l>y hatui, uiid plot 45, drilled (> inches
apart, was cultivated by hiin-owiiio-. The results show that there is
little ditierence in the yitdd unch-r the ditierent treatments, and that
there is no advanta.oo in i)lantin<i- alfalfa in rows and cultivatino- it,
at least under the conditions at th(> Nel>rasUa Station, The individual
plants tend to grow lar«,^er and the stems fall over, tillint,^ the space
between the rows. As the larger crowns with age tend to rise above
the soil, the mowing becomes more difficult and there is more loss of
foliage than wdien the seed is sown thickly. It is (|uite possible that
in the drier portion of the State the moisture could be conserved by
cultivation and a crop produced when under ordinary methods there
would be failure. On the other hand, the extra expense of such treat-
ment is likely to more than oti'set any such advantage. In the Southern
States alfalfa is frequently raised in nnvs and cultivated, as it can thus
be more easily kept free from weeds; but such methods are used only
on a small scale.

The treatment of plots wnth fertilizer showed no marked advan-
tageous effect. Plots 4t) to 4!) were treated respectively with fertilizer
at the following rate per acre: One ton gypsum, 1 ton lime cake, 2
tons lime cake, 8 tons hog manure.

In order to determine the effect of using heavy or light seed, com-
mon alfalfa seed was separat(^d by a grain grader into approximately
equal parts of heavy and light weight. This was sown by drilling in
1902. On June 23, 1903, a cutting was made from each plot. The
light seed yielded at the rate of 2,500 pounds per acre, and the heavy
. seed at the rate of 8,000 pounds per acre. The notes made at the
time show that l)oth plots were weedy the first year, but the second
year there was a much thinner stand in the plot from light seeds.

To test the eti'ect of seeding at different tiiues plots of common and
Turkestan alfalfa were sown by drilling and ))y broadcasting from
spring till fall, in 1902, on the following dates: March 10, March 21,
April 8, April 21, May 7, May 19, August 7, August 19, September
15, October 1, October 21. On account of lack of seed the experiment
with Turkestan alfalfa was discontinued after August 19. The plots of
this variety showed a good stand in almost every case and no injury
during the succeeding winter.

The sowings of common alfalfa during March, April, and on May 7
gave a fair to good stand, but were all seriously injured the following
winter. Later sowings gave good results and not much injury from
winter killing except that the sowing of October 21 was a failure, as
the plants did not reach a sufficient size to withstand the winter. It
was also observed that of the fall-sown plots those sown broadcast
gave a much better stand than those that were drilled. (See PI. Ill,
fig. 2.)

These experiments, as well as the experience of alfalfa growers,

30 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

show that alfalfa may be sown at any time of the year from spring to
early fall, provided the soil is in the proper condition as to tilth and
moisture. In the eastern part of Nebraska summer and fall sowings
may be advantageous because of the Aveeds. The soil may be freed
from weeds during summer and thus the alfalfa is given a chance to get

a start.

To test the relative value of sowing seed alone or with a nurse crop,
two one-fifth acre plots were planted with 5 pounds of seed on April S,
1901. On plot No. 1 the seed was sown alone. A good stand followed,
with vigorous growth, though some plants were killed during the
winter of 1902-3. The result was entirely satisfactory. The plot
was disked in the same manner as No. 2. On plot No. 2 the seed was
sown with 2 peck of oats. On June 28, 1901, 58 pounds of oats were
gathered, followed by a fair stand of alfalfa l)y October. In the
spring of 1902 the stand was very poor, but after lieing disked and
harrowed (March 22) there was some recovery and a good stand
resulted in the spring of 1903, though there had been some loss during
the preceding winter. The results show that a good stand is more
certain to follow sowing alone, the growth of alfalfa being vigorous
the first season, while if sown with a nurse crop the alfalfa does not
reach its maxinuun till the second season and there is some risk of a
poor stand. The poor results the first season are partly ofiset by the
oat crop gained.

A third plot was treated in the same manner as No. 2, with the
intention of mowing the oats for hay, but the dry spring ripened the
oats prematurely. The results otherwise were similar to plot No. 2.

A series of experiments has now been in progress for three years
to test the effect of combining alfalfa with various grasses. In the
spring of 1901 plots one-fifth acre in size were sown with the following
mixtures:

Alfalfa, 5 pounds; brome-grass, 3 pounds.

Alfalfa, 4 pounds; brome-grass, 4 pounds.

Alfalfa, 4 pounds; bluegrass, 3 pounds.

Alfalfa, 4 pounds; meadow fescue, 5 pounds.

Alfalfa, ] pound; brome-grass, h pound; red clover, J pound; white clover, \ pound;
bluegrass, I pound ; meadow fescue, i pound ; orchard grass, ^ pound ; timothy, 1 pound ;
perennial rye-grass, 1 pound; tall oat-grass, z pound.

Alfalfa, 4 pounds; timothy, 5 pounds.

In all cases there was a good stand of alfalfa the first year, and
scarcely any of the grasses could be found. All of the plots were
disked and harrowed in the spring of 1902. During this season there
was a good growth of alfalfa and onl}^ a little grass to be seen. This
result is especially noteworthy for the plot containing only 1 pound
of alfalfa, with several grasses. It was not till the third year that the
grasses began to assert themselves. In all the plots the grass consti-
tuted a considerable portion of the plots except in the case of the

EXPERIMENTS WITH ALFALFA. 31

mixturo with timotliv. wlncli appears to bo uiuil)le to compete with
alfalfa. In the mixture of several j^rasses it was the orchard oruss
that took the lead, the ])lot l)eiiio- estimated to consist of about one-
third of this o-rass.

Another plot of alfalfa and brome-gTass sown in equal parts in 1899
has had a similar development, but at the present time the l)rome-
grass has succeeded in nearly crowdino- out the alfalfa. In the plots
where l)rome-o-rass was sown with alfalfa — both the conunon and
Turkestan — it was noted that the grass appeared mort> vigorous in
those places where the alfalfa was thickest, and that the grass in these
plots appeared also to be more vigorous than in adjacent plots where
there was no alfalfa. It would ai)])ear that the ])rome-grass derived
some advantage from the fertilizing etlect of the alfalfa. (See PI.
IV, tig. 2.)

It will be of interest to record here the results obtained hy two
correspondents in sowing alfalfa upon native grass in the sand-hill
region.

William Faoan, foreman of the Robert Tavlor ranch at Abbott, Hall
County, states that he disked the sandy sod three times, lapping the
disk half each time, and sowed 20 pounds of seed ])er acre. This was
in the spring of 1902. A good stand was obtained, and in 1908 a
crop of hay was cut consisting of about one-third prairie hay and
two-thirds alfalfa. The alfalfa succeeded better on the knolls where
the sod was more thoroughly ])roken.

Mr. H. yV. Sullivan, Broken Bow, Custer County, states: "Begin-
ning in the early spring and continuing up until August, I caused light
sandy soil to be broken. I disked this well, harrowed it down
smoothly, put seed in with a press drill, 15 pounds to the acre, and got
a splendid stand on every foot of it.'' He remarks that the best stand
seemed to follow the August sowing.

Meadow Fescue.

Meadow fescue {Festticajyratensis) is a native of Europe and has been
cultivated in this country for many years. It can not compete with
timothy Avhere the latter is at its best, but being more drought resist-
ant, its range is somewhat more extended in the West, as indicated in
the paragraph upon orchard grass. It is more common in the Middle
South, Avhere it is grown as a winter grass, being sown in the autunni.

In Nebraska it is recommended that it be sown with orchard grass
in the spring. It can also be sown alone or with clover, and in
Nebraska is best adapted for pasture, though it can also be used for
hay. For the latter purpose, however, brome-grass or alfalfa give
better returns.

Many seedsmen sell meadow fescue under the name of English blue-
grass, but the latter name is inappropriate, as the grass is not a

32 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

bluograss, and the term' English bluegrass is sometimes appHed to a
ditterent plant.

A closely allied grass is tall fescue {Festuca elatlor). Botanicall}^
they are usually considered to he the same species, but agriculturally
there is considerable difference, and, for Nebraska conditions, in favor
of the meadow fescue.

For further notes upon this grass see the paragraph upon grass
mixtures.

One plot, 76 by 132 feet in size, sown in the spring of 1900 and
manured in the fall of 1901, gave on June 23, 1902, 7.50 pounds of hay,
or 3,150 pounds per acre. The grass was injured somewhat by the
drought of 1901, but recovered sufficiently to give good fall pasture.
The fourth year, June 16, 1903. this plot gave a cutting of hay of 670
pounds, or at the rate of 2,836 pounds per acre.

Another plot (one-eighth acrei drilled in rows on May 25, 1897, gave
on June 27, 1900, a cutting o, 800 pounds of hay, or at the rate of
2,400 pounds per acre. The growth in the following years was good,
but the notes show that the grass does not start to grow so early in
the spring as brome-grass.

Eight growers of meadow fescue have reported upon their results.
All report that their fields are now in good condition, but the reports
are etiually divided as to the advantages of spring and fall sowing,
while five state that it is easier to obtain a stand of this than of other
grass. Several have tried meadow fescue mixed with timothy, clover,
or alfalfa, all of which trials were successful.

Orchakd Gkass.

Orchard grass {Dactylis glomeratd) is a native of Europe, ))ut has
been cultivated in this country since the middle of the eighteenth
century. It is a Inmch grass, and when sown alone forms tufts which
in time become large tussocks, considerably raised above the general
surface of the soil. This is a hindrance to the mowing machine and
also a waste of land. For this reason it is recommended that orchard
grass be combined with some other grass, for which purpose meadow
fescue and brome-grass are best adapted to Nebraska conditions.

Orchard grass is one of the most nutritious and palatable of the
cultivated meadow grasses. It thrives in more shaded situations than
other meadow grasses, for which reason it is often planted in
orchards; hence the name. It withstands drought better than timo-
thy, and consequently can be grown farther west in Nebraska than
can timothy. The chief disadvantage of orchard grass is the greater
expense of the seed.

Orchard grass and meadow fescue, sometimes combined with red
clover, are to be recommended especially for pasture in that part of
Nebraska west of the timothy belt as far as about the ninety-ninth

ORCHARD GRASS TIMOTHY. 33

nieiidhiii. bevoiul which the sumnior conditions become too seveie. It
is true thsit tiekls of these grasses usually dry up more or less during the
middle of sununer, hut the same is true of all available pasture grasses,
it being necessary to supplement them during this M>ason with green
feed,suchas cane orcorn. On theother hand, orchard grass and meadow
fescue furnish green feed in early spring and late fall, seasons when
the wild pastures arc not available. The seed should ))e sown in the
spring at the rate of about '20 pounds of orchard grass and 15 pounds
of meadow fescue per acre. LTidess the ground is free from weeds it
will be necessar}' to mow once or twice during the lirst season to keep
the weeds down until th(^ grass is well established. When grown for
hay the grass should be cut in blossom, as at a later period the value
of the hay rapidly decreases.

Orchard grass has been grown on the Nebraska Station farm for
several years and lias given \-ery satisfactor}' results. (See PI. IV,
tig. I.) The reader is referred to the paragraph upon grass mixtures
for further information as to this grass.

Timothy

Timothy {PJihuin jtratensi) is a native of Europe, and is said to
have been brought to Maryland in 1720 by Timothy Hanson, for
whom it was named. The history of this standaid meadow grass is
somewhat obscure, however. The name herd's grass, l»y which it is
known in New England, is said to have been derived from a Mr. Herd,
who found it growing wild in New^ Hampshire and introduced it into
cultivation. Timothy is cultivated in Europe, while in the United
States it is the common meadow grass through all the Northern States
as far Avest as eastern Nel>raska and south to Virginia and Tennessee,
and even farther in the mountains. It is also cultivated in the Rocky
Mountains at high altitudes, in the irrigated districts of the Northwest,
and the moist region of western Oregon and Washington.

Timothy is a less nutritious grass than most of the other cultivated
grasses, but it has a great advantage from the fact that seed of good
quality is easily produced for the market and hence is cheap,, and
because the grass may be easily grown and handled. In Nebraska
timothy can be grown successfully only in the eastern counties, although
it is being gradually pushed westward, and there are many fields that
give fairly good results as far west as the ninety-ninth meridian, or
even farther when there is an abundant water supply near the surface.
However, these are isolated cases and represent localities where the
conditions are especially favorable, and it can not be said that timothy
is to be depended upon much west of the line indicating 30 inches of
annual rainfall.

Timothy is chiefly used for meadows, but may be also used for pas-
tures. When sown alone there is some danger of injury from close
23059— No. 59—04 3

34 FORAGE CEOPS IN NEBRASKA.

pasturing, as stock arc likelj^ to pull up the bulblets at the base of the
stems and thus destroy the crown. It is usually sown, when intended
for pasture, with red clover. AVhe.i used for hay it is also frequently
combined with clover, which is Acry satisfactory for home use, as the
clover increases its feeding value. Upon the hay market, however,
pure timothy brings a higher price than mixed; hence when grown for
sale timothy is usually sown alone.

It may also be remarked that the soil conditions of Nebraska are not
suited to the best development of timothy, even where the rainfall is
sufficient, as the soil is of a sandy tjiic rather than clay. . Timothy
may be sown in th(i autumn or spring. If sown alone it is best to sow
in the fall, as a full crop can then be ol)tained the following year. If
sown in the spring there is not generally a full crop till the second
year and hence some time is lost. It is usual in Nebraska to combine
it with clover and sow with a nurse crop, the object of the latter being
to obtain more from the land the first year. As the timothy and clover
may not reach their full develoi)ment the first season, the grain crop
is thrown in for economy. Where winter wheat is grown it is common
to use this as the nurse crop, sowing the timothy and wheat in the fall
and the clover the following spring. The wheat and timothy can not
be sown mixed in a drill on account of the difi'erence in the size of the
seed, but they may be sown at the same time by using a wheat drill
having a special attachment. The timothy may be sown in the spring,
but in that case should be sown early, about the time the snow is dis-
appearing and while the ground is wet. If there is no snow and the
ground is dry the timothy is likely to fail. The cloviM' is sown in the
spring in either case and later than is suitable for timothy, usually
the first part of April.

The amount of seed used is from (> to 8 quarts of timothy and 8 to 10
pounds of clover. When combined with grain the timothy and clover
produce a good growth after the grass is cut, and may l)e lightly pas-
tured the same year. The following year one or more crops of hay
may be cut or the field may be pastured, according to circumstances.
When timothy is sown alone there is some danger in Ne])raska of
injury to the roots after the cuttings, as they may ])e unduly exposed
to the hot sunshine during dry weather. There is less danger of this
when clover is used in combination.

Clovers.

Red clover {Trlfol/Hiii 2ymt('n.s,)^ the standard forage legume of the
Northeastern States, can be grown in the eastern counties over about
the same area as timothy. As clover is usually combined with timo-
thy for both pasture and meadow, its cultivation lias been considered
in connection with the latter plant. \n the census returns <-ite(l va the
introduction to this bulletin mixed timothy and clo\er are included

CLOVERS KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS. 35

uiHlcr "othor tamo j^'ra^iscs. ^ As Nebraska is croditod Avith 4*J,(»(»0
acres of clover and i>2,0<>() jicivs of other tame orasses, it is qiiit(> likidy
that a hir*:fe ]H()])ortion of th(^ latter area is devoted to timotliy and
cIo\"(M" mixed. Red clover has heen orown upon the Nel)raska Station
farm for many yeai's with threat success.

]\Iammoth clo\'er is a \ariety of red clover of more \'igorous ji^rowth
and lon«,^er lived than t\\v ordinary kind. The seed was sown at the
Nel)raska Station in I'.mki. and uave a <ifood stand, a vigorous growth,
with good fall pasture. The following year it was su])jected to a severe
test h\ drought, hut withstood this better than any other clover upon
the farm. It was about half winterkilliMl in tlu- winter of 11R)2-1903.

Alsike i-lover (7'/v'/V/^//y/ Juihr'nlmii) is a i)er«Mmial clover, in size
and appearance intermediate between red and white clover. It is
adapted to more moist gi'ound than red clover and is reconmiended as
a constituent of wet pastures. In Nel)raNka it does not usually grow
tall enough foi- hay. but is a line clover for i)asture. On the station
farm alsike has given good results in low spots in pastures and has
withstood drought well.

Kkntcckv l>i,ri<x;RAss.

Kentucky l)luegrass ( /'v'/y/v/Av/.s/.s) is a native of Kurope and of the
northern part of the United States, but it is now widely cultivated;
it is also found as a wild grass throughout all the northern portion
of the United States, except the arid regions. IMuegrass is essentially
a pasture grass and can scarcely be excelled in regions where it reaches
its greatest development. In Neln-aska it thrives only in the eastern
counties over about the same range as timothy, though it is gradually
spreading westward. However, in many places lying west of the
normal range it is a common constituent of pastures, and is then usually
established in the more shaded situations. If there are shade trees or
hedges, the ])luegrass is quite certain to obtain a foothold and spread
outward, holding its own very well with even the native grasses. It
gives early and late pasture, but dries up in sunnner.

The seed should be sown very early in the spring, on the melting
snow if possible, at the rate of about 26 pounds of good seed per acre.
If the seed is cliatfy more must be used. It is customary to sow with
bluegrass a little white clover — 2 or 3 pounds. The latter, however, is
usually widespread in the bluegrass region and soon comes in itself.

Results at the Nebraska Station show that bluegrass furnishes con-
siderable pasture, especially during spring and fall, as indicated in the
paragraph on pastures.

Closely allied to Kentucky bluegrass is Canada or Canadian blue-
grass {Poa comjyressa). This differs from the former in having a
distinctly flattened stem, being of a bluish-green color, in having
smaller tiower clusters, and usuall}^ growing less tall. It is the com-

36 FORAGE CEOPS IN NEBRASKA.

mon bluegra^is of the New Pjiigland and Northeastern States, and in
some localities is called wire grass and also English bliiegrass. It is
adapted to somewhat more sterile soil than Kentucky bliicgrass, but
on the whole is scarcely to be recoumiended for Nebraska. The
♦'jtation trial of this grass was unsatisfactory.

Rbdtop.

Redtop {A<frostis alha and ^1. vulgaris) is a native of Europe and
also of the northern parts of North America. In the Eastern States,
especially from Pennsylvania southward, this grass is more commonly
known as herd's grass. Redtop is widely cultivated and is noAv found
growing wild through all the region indicated for timoth}". Like
l)luegrass and white clover, it is now a common constituent of meadows
and pastures even where it was not sown. It is particularh^ adapted
to moist soils and is always recommended as a constituent of meadows
or pastures on low ground. It is, however, inferior in quality to the
other grasses mentioned, and also on ordinary dry ground it is inferior
to them in quantity . It is to be recommended for moist meadows in
the eastern part of the State and also for those localities in the sand-
hills and other portions of western Nebraska wdiere the soil is too
moist for the growth of ordinary meadoAv grasses.

As the seed o))tained in the market usually contains a large amount
of chaff it is necessarj^ to sow a correspondingly large (j[uantity of seed.
A half bushel of clean seed per acre is probably sufficient, ])ut it ma}^
be necessary to increase this to 2 bushels if the seed is chaff3^ AVhen
sown in mixtures, as is usually the case, a much less quantity may be
used. A common mixture is 3 pounds of alsike clover, 4 pounds of
timoth}", and ■! poiaids of redtop. Botanically there is a slight differ-
ence })etween Agrodli. alha and ^i. vulgaris^ but the seed upon the
market may be of either variet3^ A variety known as creeping bent
{A. doloirlfera^ of the seed catalogues) is often used as a lawn grass in
the Eastern States. A related species, Rhode Island bent {A. canina)^
is also used as a lawn grass, but in Nebraska ])oth these grasses are
inferior to bluegrass for this purpose.

Redtop has been grown upon the Nebraska Station farm for several
years and has been found to be entirely adapted to this region.

Side-oats Grama.

The first seeding of side-oats grama {Bouteloua cxirtipendula), also
called prairie oats and tall grama, was made in 1897. It gave the
same year a yield of hay amounting to nearly two tons per acre, and
the following year the product was nearly four tons per acre. The
grass was partially killed during the unprocedentedl}' cold winter of
1899. Being a native, it is not injured ])y ordinarily cold weather.
Seed sown in 1900 produced a good stand the first year but no crop.

SIDE-OATS ORAMA WHEAT-GRASSES. 37

During the second season, l*.>i>l, which was vciv dry during- the hite
summer, the grass continued in good condition in spite of the drought,
and produced a crop of seed on .\ugust "21 and a second crop October
1(), after which it kept green (hiring tall. 'Piiis plot contimied to give
good results during l!»0-J (see PI. VI, tig. 1), hut as it does not form a
close sod it gives a chance^ for various weeds to become estaldished
between the bunches. In 1 <>():-> the plot had greatly deteriorated and
the orass was iinallv driven out bv weeds.

Taking everything into consideration this is a very promising grass
for the drier regiojis of Nebraska. It is a native of tlii> plains and
furnishes excellent forage for pastui-e and also promises well for hay.
An important point in its favor is the fact that the plants seed abun-
dantlvand th(5 seed is easily gathered — of good (piality, and easily sown.
On account of the tendency to grow in l»uiiches it may be best to sow
this with some other grass, such as hronie-giass, or even with alfalfa.
Much of the success in growing tins grass d«>pends upon securing good
seed. Ill (he experiment noted at>ove. the seed was obtained from a
plot previously grown upon the farm. Other plots of the same grass
sown with seed obtained from the r)(>partm(>nt of Agriculture were
failures on account of low vitality. The Kansas Kxperiment Station
reports good n^sults in the cultui-e of this grass (Hulletin 102).

AViikat-Grasses.

Western wheat-grass {A(jr(>j>!/r(>ii oceUlentdli) is connnonly found in
the western portion of the (rreat Plains, extending into the mountains.
It propagates by stout creeping rootstocks, but does not form a close
sod. In the west, from Colorado to Montana, it is called bluestem,
Colorado Iduestem, or Colorado grass, and it forms the ])ulk of the
native ha}' of this region. It grows on bench land or ])ottom land,
and though the yield per acre is not large it furnishes more hay than
any other common grass of this region. The foliage is stift' and
harsh, but the quality of the hay is good and it is readily eaten by
stock.

The trials on the ph^ts at the Nebraska station Avere satisfactory.
Where a good- stand was ol)tained the plant showed that it could with-
stand drought and produce a good crop of hay. One plot of one-iifth
of an acre, sown in lOOl, and on account of the poor stand resown
the following year, produced on June 23, 1908, 457 pounds of hay, or
at the rate of 2,485 pounds to the acre.

Wheat-gvass is in fact one of the most promising of our native
ha}' grasses. The seed is produced in aliiuidance and is easily gath-
ered. Experiments at stations in the arid regions have usually given
good results. The rootstocks soon till the soil and the field may require
rejuvenating. This can be accomplished by disking or harrowing to
cut up the rootstocks, as is often done upon the native meadows.

38 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

Although Agropyron repens^ known as quack-g-rass, quitch-grass,
and couch-grass, is a pestiferous weed in the Eastern States, yet for
Nebraska it shows many qualities which reconnucnd it as a hay grass.
The grass is nutritious, palatable, drought resistant, and thickens up
readily to form a good stand. It is true that it may tend to spread
where it becomes established, Imt in the semiarid regions such a quality
in an otherwise desirable grass woidd be readily overlooked. Four
years' testing of this grass upon the station plots shows that it I'ccov-
ered easily from the drought of 1901 and formed a good growth of hay
in 1902 and 1903.

Slender wheat-grass {Agi'oinjron tenerxnii) is a native of the North-
western States from western Nebraska to Canada and westward. This
has been recognized in the region to the north of Nebraska as a valu-
able -wild grass and has already been brought into cultivation, so that
the seed can ))e obtained of several seedsmen in the Northwest. It
resembles A. occidentale in many respects, but differs in the important
fact that it is a bunch grass, and does not s[)read by creeping root-
stocks. Like the other wheat-grasses, the seed habits are good, and it
gives promise of meeting the requirements of a ha}' grass for the
Northwest.

One plot at the Nebraska Station, sown in 189T, was apparently
much injured by the drought of 1901, but the following spring it
quickly recovered and produced a thick stand of excellent hay.
Another plot, one-tifth acre in size, sown in 1901, had a similar his-
tory, 1 ut it was resown in the spring of 1902, produced a good stand,
and gave a cutting of hay on July 23 of -1.57 pounds, or at the rate of
2285 pounds to the acre.

Grasses and Lrgtimes op Less Importance.

Bnj hhiestem. {Andropogon fitrcafuK). — This is one of the tall grasses
common over the prairie region and forms, probal)ly, the most valua-
ble constituent of native hay produced in eastern Kansas, (Cistern
Nebraska, and Iowa. It is usually called bluestem, or bluejoint, and
is characterized by having the seed in croAvfoot clusters at the top of
the stem, ])y which it may ))e distinguished from the l)luejoint of
Colorado, which is a wheat-grass, and from the bluejoint of Minnesota,
which is a grass of low grounds rather than prairies. The station
plot gave i-ather unsatisfactory results on account of the poor stand
obtained, but the Ininches that were produced grew well. Although
a valuable grass, the seed haljits are such that it is not likel}" to adapt
itself to cultivation. The seed is produced in small quantity, is of
uncertain vitality, and the seed stalks var}' so in height that it is not
readil}" harvested.

The allied A. .^eojxir/ux. which is another important native hay grass,
called little bluestejn, or, on the plains, '' bunch-grass," has not been

LESS IMPORTANT GRASSES AND LEGUMES. 39

tested at the Nebraska Station, l)iit the above renuirks concerning the
seed habits apply nearly as well to this species.

Indian grufix {Aiidropixjon initani<). ~X tall grass growing- in the
Eastern States and westward nearly to the mountains. It forms an
important constituent of all the wild hay of the ])rairie regions except
toward the north. It is of especial value on account of its numerous
root leaves, The plot of this grass tested gave tinally a luxuriant
growth of foliage, althougii it was injured somewhat hy the drought
of 15H)1. The poor seed habits of this grass stand in the way of its
cultivation. The seed is usually not verj' abundant and is often of low
vitality.

Tall oat-graKH {Arrheiiatherun) elatius). — One of the European
meadow grasses which has been grown on a small scale in this country
for many years. As it is a bunch grass and does not form a close sod
it should not be used alone, ])ut doubtless it will be a valuable addition
to a mixture such as orchard grass and meadow f(>scue. It is fairl}^
drought resistant, and has the ([ualit}' of producing a comparatively
rank growth the lirst season, for which reason it has found favor as a
whiter pasture grass in the South. In general, however, it seems to
be ])etter adapted to meadows than to pastures. The station plots
gave a good growth of forage which produced excellent hay. One
plot, one-lifth acre in size, sown in 1!)()1 and resown in 1!>()2, produced
on June 23, -tlO pounds of hay, or at the rate of 2,050 pounds to the
acre. After the cuttino- a tine aftermath Avas formed. In 1908 the
same plot j'ielded (June 10) only 310 pounds, or at the rate of 1,550
pounds to the acre, ))earing out the experience elsewhere that a
meadow of tall oat-grass reaches its maximum development early and
then deteriorates.

Blue graiiut {Bouteloua ollgostachyd). — Blue grama is one of the
important constituents of upland grazing regions of the Great Plains
and is often called butfalo grass, but it should l)e distinguished from
the true buffalo grass with which it is usuall}^ associated. Blue grama
does not produce so large a quantity of seed and the seed is not so
easily gathered or handled as side-oats grama, but ranchmen state that
it is superior to this grass in nutritive qualities and palatability, and
furthermore. that it forms a thick sod, while the other does not. The
growth is short, usually about a foot high, and hence this grass is not
adapted for hay except under favorable conditions, though for pasture
it is exceedingly valuable. Seed was sown on one plot in 1898 and on
a second plot in 1900. The grass was slow^ to start from seed and the
growth in the spring was slow even when the plot was established,
but the stand thickened up w^ell, and during the dry season of 1901 it
was the only grass ])esides side-oats grama that gave sufficient growth
for pasture during the period of extreme drought.

40 FORAGE CROPR IN NEBRASKA.

Western hrome {Bromus carinatus hooJceriamis). — Three trials of this
gave negative results on account of the failure of the seed to germi-
nate, but one plot sown in the spring of 1902 with seed from the grass
garden of the Department of Agriculture at Washington gave good
results and showed that the grass is at least promising for the semiarid
regions. Trials at stations in the Northwest have also shown that this
species gives much promise. This grass is closelj" allied to B.
iii(ir(/i iKitus.

Western hrome {Bi'omvs 'inargincdns). — Four trials of this grass
showed that it is well adapted to the conditions in Nebraska, giving
a good growth and resisting the dr}^ weather of 1901, and that it is not
injured in the winter. The foliage is rather coarse and not as leafy as
would be desirable, but the grass is well worth an extended trial.

Biiffdh) tjrass {BulhUi.H (lactyloidex). — Buffalo grass is the common
''short grass" of the Great Plains, and forms a close, thick sod hy
means of its numerous creeping stolons. It is entirely resistant to
drought, it is very nutritious, and it cures upon the ground, thus fur-
nishing winter feed to the range cattle. The grass forms the seed
close to the ground in little nut-like clusters that are likel}" to escape
the casual observer. The staminato or male flowers are produced in
little spikes or flags, which are raised a few inches above the ground
and are nmch more easilj' distinguished than are the pistilhite or
female flowers that produce the seed. The seed, however, is quite
fertile, but is so difficult to gather that it will never be practicable to
grow buffalo grass from the seed. If it is desired to produce a field
of buffalo grass it should be started from the cuttings. For this pur-
pose the sod should be cut into small pieces and planted upon prepared
soil. The pieces can be dropped upon the surface of the soil and
forced into the ground by stepping upon them. The distance apart
depends upon the desirability of ol)taining a thick stand at once. If
the pieces of sod are placed 2 feet apart each way, they will thicken
up between fairly well in one season. In experiments at the Nel)raska
Station the seed failed to germinate.

Wild rye {Ehpiiiifi canadens!!^). — A common grass in many parts of
the United States and extending over a large part of Nebraska, where
it is found chiefly in draws and low places. It produces a large
amount of hay of good quality, though rather coarse. It resists
drought quite well and seems well worth an extended trial as a meadow
grass. One plot on the station grounds, sown in 1901 (see PI. VI,
fig. 2), was cut on July 2(1, 1902, and yielded at the rate of 5,875
pounds to the acre (1,175 pounds on one-fifth acre). The same plot
yielded on July 23, 1903, at the rate of 3,700 pounds per acre. The
shattered seed from the plot germinated in the autumn of 1902 and
produced a good stand the following season. The cutting was made
after the grass had headed out, but foi- the best hay the cutting should

LESS IMPORTANT OR ASSES AND LECUTMES. 41

be mado imich hefon* tin- lioiids appoar. 'Plit' form here cultivatod is
soiuotiiiu's ivforivd to as K. rohiisfiis.

L7 i///ii(^ rir(/i/iici(s.— The same remarks apply (o this species as to
E. conademin, but this i»rass shows the effect of drouj^iit more quickly
tliaii that species.

Kli/iin(s virgin!) IIS sulmiuticus. — The results with this variety are
moi'c satisfactory than with tln^ species.

/innjrosfi.^ trill/ is. -Vlns orass has o;iven good results in the plots,
and promises well as a hay grass, although th<^ foliage is rather wiry.
The grass is a native of sandy regions of tlic plains, and it may prove
valuable in the Sand Hills.

]\'i/(l tiiHotliij {Mulilriihrrgiii n/rritiosa). — A native grass found in
moist places through the Northern States west to the Rocky Moun-
tains. In Nebraska it is a common constituent of slough-grass hay.
The results upon the station plots show that this grass can be culti-
vated and a fair (piality of hay produced.

JapiUKs, hiiniijiti'iJ niilh't {Piniieiiiii crus-galli). — An annual grass of
much nutritive value which gives a luxuriant growth of fodder suit-
able for coarse hay. The station plot of this grass, one-tifth acre,
sown March 2"2, yielded on July iJ(), VMyi, l.loo pounds of hay, or at
the rate of r),.oO() pounds to the acre. The 3'ield should have been much
iru>-h(M-, but the stand was not of the best. There is no doubt that this
is a good annual hay grass for portions of Nebraska which arc not too
drv, but as it has no especial advantage over millet and is inferior to
sorghum it probably will not be used extensiveh'. Some seedsmen
have sold this under the name of Billion Dollar Grass.

Swltch-grassi {Panicuiii virgatum). — A bunch grass which is one of
the important constituents of prairie ha}" in Nebraska and is well worth
cultivating. The plot at the station was unsatisfactor}' on account of
the poor stand, but the bunches present produced a good quality of
h^siy. The grass is quite resistant to drought and produces a quantity
of seed which is usually of good (piality.

Reed canary grass {Phalaris arundinacea). — A native of marshes and
sloughs through the northern tier of States. In the northern por-
tion of the Great Plains it forms a large part of the native hav, which
is generally recognized as of excellent quality. Although a native of
wet soil it gives good results on comparatively dry soil. It is to be
reconunended for cultivation in the States from Minnesota to Wash-
ington, and south probably as far as northern Kansas, but in the south-
ern portion of the range is adapted only to low meadows. The great
disadvantage of this grass at present is the difficulty of obtaining good
seed. Ordinarily the seed shatters easily at maturity. The results
of the trial at the station were unsatisfactory from the fact that there
was a very thin stand, which was probaldy due to poor seed. The com-
mon ribbon grass of gardens is a variety of this species.

42 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA,

Stipa rohusta. — A native of the Rocky Mountain regions and the
western portion of the Great Plains, where it is a common constituent
of the native ha}'. The station plot sown in 1897 withstood the drought
of 1901 and gave good crops of ha}- in 1902 and 1903. This grass is
worthy of an extended trial.

PASTURES AND MEADOWS.
NATIVE GRASSES.

Since the native grasses and forage plants play such an important
role in the agricultural economy of Nel^raska, it will not be out of
place to discuss them brieflv. Thev have been verv thorouohlv studied
b}^ Dr. C. E. Bessev and other ])otanists of the State and for detailed
infonuation the reader is referred to articles by Dr. Besse}' in the
reports of the Nebraska State Board of Agriculture from 1886 to
1896, to the Phytogeography of Ne))raska, ])v Pound and Clements,
the Flora of the Sand Hills, l)v Rvdberg, and to various articles on
the grasses of Nebraska by Webber, Smith, and others.

The agricultural grasses are divided into two types, according to
root formation — ))unch grasses and sod formers. The bunch grasses
form a crown which increases from year to year and becomes in tiiue
a raised tussock. Where bunch grasses abound there is no continuous
sod but a succession of tussocks with bare soil between which sup-
ports a variety of other plants scattered here and there. Some of the
common ])unch grasses are l)luestem, switch-grass, and Indian grass.
Sod formers have rootstocks or stolons by which they spread, forming
a contiimous sod. Buffalo grass and Kentucky l)luegrass are examples
of this type.

The grasses mav also be divided into those which grow tall enouirh
to make hay, and are sometimes called "'tall grasses,"' and the strictly
grazing grasses of the western plains, called ''short grasses.'"'

Hav is made from the tall grasses which are found on all unJjroken
prairie of the eastern portion of the State. In the wet places or
sloughs, there are various swamp grasses (chieily slough-grass, SjKir-
tiiia cyiiosuroldrK)^ which, when cut voung, furnish a fair, though
coarse, hay. The most important hay grasses are: Little l)luestem
{Andi'opoijon scoparlus Michx.), Big bluestem (Andropogon fnrcatut<
Muhl.). Indian grass {Androjxxjon nutdux L.), Switch-grass {Pan-
icum rlrgatuiii L.), and Side-oats grama {BoHteloua. carflprndula
Michx.). These five grasses form the great ])ulk of the prairie ha}'
throughout the eastern half of the State. In the western portion these
grasses are confined to the river })ottoms, draws, and other moist
spots, and often are found in sufficient abundance formowins". These
same grasses are also used I'oi- native pasture. But in tlic grazing

PASTURES AND MEADOWS. 43

portions of the West, except the Sand Hills, the important j^rasses arc:
Hullalo orass (/j//M/7/.v dactyloidt's lint'.) and blue «,''rania {liontehnia
olu/oxfnchijti Torr. ).

An important orass in the West, especially for hay, is the wheat-
grass {Aijropiji-on orclihntdh). This spreads by extensively creepinji:
underground stems. The foliai'-c is stitl' and rathei- harsh, but never-
iheless it forms a very nutritious hay. This grass is more resistant
to drought than any of the hay grassi>s of the West.

There are many other grasses which are of more or less agricultural
importance, but, compared with those mentioned, they are insigniticant,

CARE OF NATIVE PASTURES AND MEADOWS.

Unless proper pi-ecautions are taken to prevent it, l)oth meadows
and i)astures tend to deteriorate. In pastures the stock are contin-
ually eating otl the most palatal >1«' plants and avoiding the others,
which are in this respect weeds. To prevent such exhaustion it is
necessary to limit the number of stock to the forage-producing power
of the pasture. The same is true of the open range. (Jreat harm has
resulted in many instances from overstocking. Particular care nuist
be exercised in this respect at what might be called critical periods,
or when unfavorable conditions, such as drought, curtail the produc-
tion of grass. In pastures this exhaustion can be avoided by su[)i)lc-
mentino- the o-razinu" bv soilino- crops. An excellent wav to encouiage
the recuperative power of the native grasses is to give the pasture a
rest by providing two pastures, which may be used alternately for
periods of from two to four weeks.

With meadows deterioration is less marked, as the weeds are cut at
the same time as the grass. However, it is advisable to allow the
grasses to go to seed occasionalh^ It is a bad practice to pasture the
aftermath during the autumn, as this encourages the growth of weeds.

The burning otf of pastures or meadows is not to l)e reconunended,
as experience has demonstrated that though a green growth can be
induced earlier the final results are harmful. The crowns of the grasses
are injured and the fertilizing effect of the dried leaves is lost.

On the other hand, the practice of mowing the weeds in pastures in
sunmier is good, as they are thus prevented from going to seed.

If the num))er of stock limited to its capacity is allowed to use the
pasture, the manure thus distributed tends to keep up fertility; but
meadows are constantly giving up nutriment drawn from the soil, the
loss of which nmst in time visibly affect the capacity. Therefore,
whei-ever the value of the hay is a sufficient recompense, it is well to
suppl}' barnyard manure to make up this loss.

44 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

TAME PASTURES AT THE NEBRASKA EXPERIMENT STATION.

A field of 30 acres was sown in April, lSin>, with a mixture of
2 pounds each of orchard grass, timoth}-, ])luegrass, tall oat-grass
perennial rye-grass, and white clovei", tt pounds of red clover, and 1
pound of alsike. Three pounds of alfalfa were added to 5 acres of
this mixture. In 1900, 30 tons of hay were cut and excellent pasture
was obtained through the fall. In 1901, the pasture was in excellent
condition, supporting 25 to 35 head of cattle and giving 14 tons of tine
hay. This pasture has been top-dressed with barnyard manure about
every other winter, and during the summer the weeds have been mown
two or three times. In the sprhig of 1900 the held was disked and
sown Avith brome-grass and meadow fescue. These grasses have gradu-
ally gained the ascendency until now the alfalfa has disappeared and
there is little to be seen besides the grasses mentioned.

This tendenc}" for certain grasses to predominate in a mixture is
shown l)y the history of a 30-acre held of native pasture. About
1887 a portion of this pasture on the south side was sown with blue-
grass and white clover. The bluegrass has gradually spread over the
whole held, and at present the pasture appears to be mostly bluegrass,
which is especially in evidence during earh^ spring and late fall, while
during the summer, particularly if the season is dry, the native grasses
are conspicuous. This is the usual tendency where bluegrass is able to
thrive. It holds its own with other cultivated grasses, and may even
crowd out its competitors; but when combined with native grasses,
these are able to hold their own in the prairie region of the State.
The ]>luegrass starts to grow much earlier than the native grasses and
gives in early spring an excellent quality of pasture. In the dr}^ part
of the summer the l)luegrass dries up and becomes dormant while the
native grasses continue to vegetate. In the autumn as the weather
becomes cooler the bluegrass again starts up and gives late pasture.
The experimental pasture had been top-dressed with ))arn3 ard maimre
aboiit every third winter, and during the summer the weeds were
mowed two or three times. In 1898, 4 acres of the above fields were
plowed and sown to brome-grass. In the spring of 1901, 3 acres of
alfalfa were added from an adjoining field. This portion was disked
the following spring and sown with brome-grass and meadow fescue.
These grasses have driven out the alfalfa, and now none of the latter
can be found in the field. During the season of 1903 this field carried
40 head of cattle all summer, and also yielded a (^rop of hay estimated
at one-fourth ton per acre.

Another field sown with timothy, orchard grass, bluegrass, meadow
fescue, and brome-grass is now nearl}^ all brome-grass.

THE SEED BED. 45

THE SEED UKI> FOR (JKASSES AND CLOVEKS.

The idoiil svi'il l)('(l foi- <^rjiss(>s uiid clovers is u Hnn l)ut friable lower
soil, with loose, wcll-tillecl toj) soil. To produce this condition
riMiuires carefnl tillaj^'e for se\-eral yeais prccedii.u- tlie sowini^-. 'I'lie
soil should contain sullicient moisture to insure (he vounu' plants a <'ood
start in case there should )>e a detii-ient rainfall after sowinj^-. Seed
sown on a dr\ soil niav receixe sutKcient rainfall to jjerininatc, hut not
enouj^h to sui)i)ly the \ oiuiij plants with the necessary moisture^. (Jare-
ful preparation of the seed l>e(l is more essential in seedin«>' j^rasses
than in seedin«i- ahn<jst any othei- crop, and failur(> to obtain a stand
entails a "greater loss. Land that has been planted to a cultivated crop,
for which the soil has bcM'ii well tilled and wiiicli has received clean and
level cultivation, niav in most cases l)e well titted for sei^lino- orasscs
by diskino- and han-owinj^- without plowinj^-, provided the trash be
removed. When diskin*^ the disk should always be lapped one-half
on each round, thuscoverin*^- the field twice, and oenerally it is well to
go over the field a second time at ri^ht an<iles to the first disking-.
A smoothing harrow should follow the disk. Well-cultivated land has
these advantages: The weeds have been exterminated, the moisture
has been conserved, and the top soil is in good tilth. Fall plowing is
i:esirable on land that settles well through the wintei- and that does not
l)low J)adly, but there is nuicli soil on which fall ])lowing can not be
done advantageously when spring seeding is intended. In any case as
long a period as possible should elapse between plowing and. seeding,
but during that time the top soil should bo kept loose and clean with
the disk or drag. During this period the soil settles, the large spaces
are tilled, and the moisture is diffused through the plowed soil. Disk
ing the soil before plowing is advisable, as it cuts up the trash if there
is any, and pulverizes the soil turned under so that it settles more
quickly. The use of the subsurface packer or the disk set straight and
run in the direction of the furrow also helps greatly to firm the soil.
The use of either of these implements should follow the plow by the
least possible number of hours. Stubble land for fall seeding may in
some cases best be plowed and in others disked, depending on a great
variety of circumstances, but in any case the sooner the soil is pre-
pared after cutting the grain the better, and it is imperative that the
surface be kept stirred and clean up to the time of seeding.

ANNUAL FORAGE CROPS.

>SoR(iHUM.

Sorghum {And?'opogon soi^ghum) is one of the most important annual
forage grasses of the United States. It is grown throughout the South
and well to the west on the Great Plains. It resists drought better

46 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

than any other succulent forao-e crop and gives large yields of excel-
lent hay. Sorghum may be used for .soiling and for pasture, but its
most important use is for cured fodder or hay. For this purpose it
may be sown thickly and mowed with a mowing machine. The hay
is succulent and requires some time for curing, but in the drier por-
tions of Nebraska it can be thrown into bunches or cocks and allowed
to remain until cured.

Kafir corn, a yariety of nonsaccharine sorghiuu, is also quite drought
resistant and is frequently grown for forage, l)ut under the same con-
ditions the sorghum gives a greater yield of fodder. Sorghum can
also be planted in rows and cultivated. The forage can then be gath-
ered by cutting and shoi-king, preferably with a corn harvester. The
ordinary sugar sorghums, such as Early Am))er, Colman, and Orange,
are used for this region. Sorghum is frequently referred to as
"cane."

Other races of sorghum are milo maize, Jerusalem corn, and
dhoura, but in Nebraska none of these is equal to sorghum for fodder.

Sorghum was tested in the series of pasture tests already mentioned
(Bulletin 69 of the Nebraska Experiment Station), as were also white
Katir corn and milo maize. One-fifth acre of sorghum gave twenty-
five days' pasturage and was, along with rye, one of the crops giving
the greatest quantity of forage. Some expei-iments were also tried
with sorghum for soiling, wliich indicated that the quantity of forage
thus ol>tained was two to three and one-half times as nuich as when the
crop Avas pastured.

The possible injurious eftects of pasturing soi-ghuni have already
been alluded to in another paragraph. (See also Bulletin TT of the
Nebraska Experiment Station.)

An acre of Early Amljer sorghum, drilled with a corn planter in
doul)le rows, 6 inches between rows, 3 feet apart, June 12, was cut on
September 19 with a corn binder and shocked in the field. The weight
of this, taken December 1, was 8,71.5 pounds.

A similar plot was treated in the same manner, except that the seed
was planted with a grain drill in rows 8 inches apart. The forage was
cut the same as the other plot but with a mowing machine, and was
put in cocks, where it remained till December 1. The weight was
then found to be 12,350 pounds, or over 6 tons per acre.

In the drier portions of the State where it is necessary to conserve
the moisture, it is advisable to plant the seed in rows in order to admit
of cultivation. The crop is thus made more certain.

Millet.

Common millet {Setaria italica) is much grown in eastern Nebraska
as a summer ha^' crop and frequently as a catch crop after grain. It
can be cut in about two months from the time it is planted, and is an

MILLET — COWPEA. 47

oxeellent hay plant. It sliould Ix* <-ut l)et\veeii the time of headinj^ out
aiul that of late hh)oiu, for if cut too early the hay is too laxative in
its cti'eet and if eut too late the seed has injurious effeets, especially
upon hoi"ses. The hay is succulent and re(|uii"«'s more time to cure
than does timothy. At)out one-half bushel of seed per acre is used.
Dirt'erent varieties are caUed lluii»,airian <^ras.s, German millet, 8il)erian
millet, etc.

In the pasturin^i" tests (see Bulletin <ii> of the Nel)raska Hxperiment
Station) millet ,i,^ave eio-hteen and a half days' pasturage for one cow
and was available at the same time as sor*,dium. Katircorn, andcowi)eas.
"It did not have as favorable an etlect uj)on the milk Hou or butter fat
production as did any of those crops or as did tlu^ mixinl w-rasses."

Hrooni-corn millet {Punicinn niHidrcuiii) is a different species, some-
times called ho^- millet. This uives t^ood results in the Dakotas and
other Northern States and also promises well for Nebraska. In 1!»03,
a one-half acre plot of Red Orenburg- (S. P. I. 1M28) sown June VI and
cut August 1") yielded at the rate of /i,2ot) pounds of hay to the acre.

CoWl'EA.

Cowpea {Vigna aifjatuj) is an amuial legume which has been grown
in oriental countries for an indefinite period. It is now one of the
standard forage plants of the South, l)eing extensively cultivated as an
annual suuuuer crop for hay, pasture, and green manure. During
recent years its range has been steadily pushed northward, until now
it is grown with more or less sut-cess as far north as Wisconsin and
New York. There are a large number of varieties, ditiering greatly in
their method of growth, time necessar}' to reach maturity, hardiness,
and many other characters that affect the adaptability to conditions.

Although one of the standard hay plants of the South, it is not
adapted for hay in Nebraska. It is difficult to cure and can not com-
pete with alfalfa and clover. It is an excellent soiling plant, but under
present conditions of agriculture it is not likely to be needed for this
purpose in Nel)raska" in the near future, except possibly on a small
scale in dairy districts. It is not well adapted for silage on account of
its succulence,- but has been used in this way wdien mixed with other
plants. (See Circular 24 of the Division of Agrostology, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.)

The chief field of usefulness of the cowpea in Nebraska is for pasture
during the autumn. The seed must be sown when the ground is well
warmed, which in Nebraska may not be until June. Although late
varieties, which produce no pods in this State, can be utilized for for-
age, j'Ct the plant gives best returns when the pods are forming.
Hence, those varieties should be grown which mature at least a part of
the seed before frost. This is especially advisable, because of the high
price of seed. Where adaptability to climate is so important as in the

48 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

case of the cowpea, growers should endeavor to use home-groAvn seed,
which alwaj's aids in such adaptation. For pasture the cowpea is well
adapted to cattle, sheep, and, especiall}^ when the pods are ripening,
to hogs. Poultry' readily eat the seeds.

The pasture tests of 1900 (see Bulletin No. 69 of the Nebraska
Experimental Station) showed that one-fifth acre furnished twenty da3's'
pasture — July 24 to August 13. There was a highly favorable effect
upon the milk flow and the butter fat produced, in which respect "the
forage far surpassed all of the other crops excei)t alfalfa, and was even
slightly superior to that ver}" valuable forage plant." In this test the
variety used Avas the Whip-poor-will.

Two plots of the above variety were sown in 1897 to test the yield
of fodder. They were harvested on September 23 and gave at the
rate of -l.ST tons and 1.62 tons to the acre. A plot grown in 1896 gave
a yield of green fodder amounting to 22,860 pounds per acre, or some-
thing over two tons of hay.

Small Grains.

For late fall and early spring pasture nothing excels the winter
grains in palatabilit}", nutritive qualities, and in quantity of forage.
It is customar}^ to utilize winter wheat incidentally for pasture at such
seasons of the year in localities where this crop is grown for grain.
Rye is frequenth' used for pasture, and this plant is to l>e highly
recommended wherever it can be grown as a winter crop. The grains
can also be used to advantage as a spring crop, but in this case the
pasturage comes later in the season when the want is less keenly felt.
R^'e sown in the autumn produces pasture at a season when permanent
pastures are dormant or giving only meager returns.

In the pasturing tests, a one-lifth-acre plot gave about twent3"-seven
days' pasturage. ''It furnished the earliest pasturage of au}^ of the
annual forage crops and could have been pastured in the fall."

The siuall grains make an excellent qualit}^ of ha}' and in Nebraska
are not infrequently used for this purpose. In California the great
bulk of the hav upon the cit}" markets is grain haj^ made from wheat
and oats.

Oats and r^^e are also used in Nebraska as soiling crops during
spring and early summer. Although the amount used by each farmer
in this wa}" may be small, 3-et the aggregate must be considerable.

Corn.

This is by far the most valua])le plant grown in Nebraska, as it is
also of the United States. It is grown chiefly for the grain, but in this
bulletin we are concerned with its forage Aalue. Where corn is grown
for the grain there are two common methods of utilizing tlie stalks.
The corn may Ije allowed to mature in the held and the ears husked

CORN SOY BEAN. 49

from the staiidiiio- stalks during- the autiiiuii. or as soon as convtMiiciit.
After the cais have boon liarvested, tlie remaining stalks are utilized hy
turiiiiio cattle, sheep, or horses upon them to secure what they can
from the waste ^rain and the dry fodder. The nutritive value of
sueh fodder is sli<;ht, especially durinj^- the winter. The second
method of harvesting*' corn is to cut the. stalks a short time before the
oraiti is mature and while tlie folia^je is still «»j-eeii. The stalks are
placed in shocks to cure, after which the ears aiv husked out and the
remaining" stalks may b(> reshocked. or })laced In stacks or barns, and
constitute what is usually known as corn fodder or, more properly,
corn stover. Properly cured corn stover is (piite luitritious and com-
pares favorably with hay. When the fodder is shredded a j^reater
proportion is utilized. There is considerable deterioration in the
nutritive value of stover durinj;- storao-e in the lield or even in l)arns.

The value of corn grown for lui}' should not be underestimated.
When planted thickly so that the ears are reduced to one-half or one-
fourth the normal size and the stalks cut earlier than when grown for
grain, the fodder is large in (piantity and very excellent in cpiality.
Besides its value for hay, corn is one of the best plants for silage or
ensilage and for a soiling crop.

The pasturing tests at the Nebraska Station show that one-tifth acre
plot gave eighteen and one-half days' pasturage for one cow, ])ut
though '*ltmav l)e of value to furnish feed between the periods of
rye and sorghum pasturage, it is not equal to either of these."

Soy Bean.

Soybean {Glycine hispidd)'^ is a leguminous plant grown for forage
and for grain. For forage it is much used in the Middle South, l)ut
has not thus far given much promise for this purpose in Nebraska.
For seed or grain it has given fairly good results in Kansas. (See
Bulletin No. lOO of the Kansas Experiment Station.) In that State
the Early Yellow variety has given the best returns. There is some
difficulty in harvesting the crop, as a special harvester is required if
the beans are raised on a large scale.

Soy beans (American coffee berry) were tested in 1898 to determine
their value as summer feed, but the results were not sufficiently satis-
factory to warrant the continuance of the experiment. (See Bulletin
69 of the Nebraska Experiment Station.) In 1896 a plot of soy beans
yielded at the rate of 15,000 pounds of green fodder per acre.

Several varieties have been grown at the Nebraska Station to test
their seed production, but the results were not satisfactory, as none
gave a sufficiently high 3neld to be profitable for this purpose.

«For a full account, see Farmers' Bulletin No. 58, United States Department of
Agriculture.

23059— No. 59—04 4

50 FORAGE CROrS IN NEBRASKA.

Kai'k.

Uai^e {Brctssica na/xcs) h ii )^uccnlent i^laiit, reseml)lino- the turnip,
which is used for pasture in the cooler parts of the United States. It
has been grown upon the station farm and is to be recommended for
fall pasture for hogs and sheep. It is also useful for calves and grow-
ing cattle, but there is much loss from the trampling of the larger
stock. The milk is likely to be tainted when rape is fed to cows,
although this ma}' be avoided by feeding (soiling) just after milking.
The chief value of rape in ]S'e})raska, however, is as fall pasture for
hogs and sheep. It gives succulent feed until frost or even somew' hat
later. A succession of pasture may be produced b}^ planting the seed
at different dates. It is ready to use about ten weeks after planting.
For further information as to rape see Farmers' Bulletin No. 164,
United States Department of Agriculture.

Canada Field Pea.

Canada field pea {Ptsuni, arvense)^ a legume, resembling the garden
pea, has proved very successful in Canada and the cooler parts of the
United States. It is adapted to a cool, moist climate, though it can
be grown with some success in the ^Middle South as a winter crop. It
is usually sown with grain, especially oats, the grain serving to hold
up the peas, the combination being very satisfactory for forage. The
peas and oats are usually made into hay, although they may be used
for pasture or soiling.

Experiments were tried at the station in the pasture tests. (See
Bulletin 69 of the Nebraska Experiment Station.) Onc-lifth acre plot
of oats and peas gave twenty -one and one-half da3's' pasturage, which
was available in June, somewhat later than rye. Although peas can
be used in this wa}' in moist years, the conclusion was reached that
Nebraska is too far south for the best results with this crop.

Vetch.

Hairy vetch ( Vlcia villosa) is an annual legume more drought
resistant than the common vetch and better adapted to sandy soils, for
which reason it is sometimes called sand vetch. It has proved very
successful in eastern Washington and is much used as a winter crop
in the Middle South. It gives the best results when comljined with
grain. Although it can be grown in eastern Neljraska, experiments
show that the forage produced is inferior in quantity, and that it can
not compete with other legumes.

Spring vetch ( Yieia satvva) is not suited to Nebraska, as it requires
a cool, moist climate. Winter vetch {Lathy r'us Jch'sutus) is not to be
recommended for that region.

PLANTS WHICH CAN NOT BE RECOMMENDED. 51

PLANTS WHICH CAN NOT BE RECOMMENDED.

The following gra.s.sos and forage i)laiit.s have l)ceii tested, but the
results arc not such tluit they can be reconimcnded for Nebraska.
Some of the trials were failures hccause the seed did not germinate.
In such eases judgment upon the value of these plants must l)e reserved.
The experiments were based upon trials extending, in many cases,
over as many as six years:

At/ri>jH/r<»i ernu'/n/ni. The tests with this wheat-grass were unsatis-
factory on account of a njixture of seed, l)ut it showed no evidence of

value.

Agropynm d'iver(/em. — There was no shmd produced with this grass,
but experiments at other stations in the Northw^cst, notably at Pull-
nian. ^^'asll.. have shown that it can be grown successfully from the
seed and is well adapted to the semiarid conditions of that region.
Although with seed of good vitality it may prove successful here, it
probably has no advantage over A(/r(>jn/r>>n occl dental c A<i>'0]>yron
dii'eiyciis /»6'r;/^^s• was also tried, l)ut it produced a poor stand and was
not promising.

A<jr<>2>!/ri>n vwlaceuin.—'6G\c^i"Ji\ trials were made, l)ut the results
were unsatisfactor}'.

JoJmson grass {Andropoijim halepemis). — A common and valuable
hay grass for the Southern States, but it has shown itself to be a diffi-
cult i)lant to eradicate, and hence has T)ecome in many sections a great
pest. In Nebraska it will not usually survive the winter. This grass
was sown at the station in the spring of 1897 and survived the winter
of 1897-9.S, but it was killed out during the next winter. Other
atteiupts to raise it resulted in continual loss during the winter.

Sineet vernal grass {Antlivxantlmni odoratum). — This grass has little
forage value anywhere, but it is sometimes used in the Eastern States
to impart a pleasing odor to the hay, for which purpose a small
quantity suffices.

Australian salthmh {Atriplex semiljaccata).— Thin forage plant has
proved quite successful in California and in some other parts of the
Southwest, especially in alkali soil. However, in States as far north
as Nebraska it is unable to survive the winters, and hence must be
grown as an annual, but the uncertainty of germination and the rather
meager growth the first season render it unsatisfactory as an annual
forage plant. The trial at the station extended over four years, but
in no case were the results at all promising. The plants were killed
out every winter except in 1900-1901. Even the second year's growth
• was too small to be of much value.

Swamp-chess {Bronms ciUatus).— The plots gave a fairly good stand,
but the plants do not thicken up in the plot, and the individuals are
coarse and not leafy enough for hay. Although this grass might be

52 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

grown for hay, it shows nothing- to recommend it to favor compared
with other grasses better adapted to the purpose.

Rescue f/rass {Bromus unioIoidcs).—A fairl}' good grass, but it will
not endure the winters in Nebraska.

Bluejolnt {Ckilamagrostis canadensis). — This is a common prairie
grass of the Northern States, extending west into eastern Nebraska.
In Minnesota and Iowa it is a valuable wild hay grass and there called
bluejoint (not to be confused with the bluestem of Nebraska, Andro-
2)ogon furcatus^ nor the bluestem of the foot hills, Agrojjyroyi occlden-
tale). It thrives particularly on moist prairie and swales. Attempts
to grow this grass from seed have usuall}' been unsuccessful, as the
seed seems to lack vitality. At the Nebraska Station the seed pro-
duced a ver^^ poor stand.

Bermuda grass {Cynodon. dactylon). — The best grass for summer
pasture in the South, but not hardy in Nebraska.

Crested dogh-tail grass {Cynosurus cristatus). — No improvement
over Nebraska grasses and not to be recommended.

Florida heggar-weed {Desrnodium molle). — An annual leguminous
plant of Florida and the West Indies, where it is frequently used for
forage. It can be grown throughout the Southern States and even as
far north as Nebraska. For the latter State, however, it is not likely
to be grown extensively, as it does not meet the requirements so well
as other plants. On the station plots this made quite a heavy growth
of wood}', unpalatable forage.

Elymus glahriflm^us and Elymus glaucifolius. — A poor stand was
obtained of both these grasses, but they should be tested further.

Eriocoma cuspidata. — A common range grass in the Rocky Mountain
region, but it does not give promise under cultivation.

Eriocldoa ininctata.—K promising grass for the South, but scarcely
able to endure the winters of Nebraska.

Teosinte {EucMxna inexicana).—A tropical annual forage plant
which is often grown in the rich bottom lands of the Southern States
and is frequently advertised by seedsmen for the North. It produces
under favorable conditions a large quantity of forage, but in Nebraska
it is far inferior to sorghum for this purpose. It is a coarse grass,
resembling corn.

Eurotla lanata.— This is not a grass, but a forage plant, well known
under the name of "winter fat." In the Western States, where it
furnishes excellent feed upon the range, attempts to cultivate it have
not been attended with much success. Seed planted at the Nebraska
Station failed to germinate.

II(}7^se lean {Eaha vulgaris).— The common field bean of Europe,
where it is a staple forage plant; but in this country it has not given
satisfactory results.

Tall fescue (Festuca elatioi^). ^ResulU unsatisfactory and plot finally

discarded.

PLANTS WHICH CAN NOT BE RECOMMENDED. 53

R(Td frf<('ur {F('f<tu<-<i elatior aruii(Unacea).~-\ tall form of Fcshicn
rlafini\ which "ivos i»ood results in the Esistcni States, but is nuicli
inferior in Nebraska to Festuca pratensU, the meadow fe«eue.

Sheep's feKcue {Feittiica ovlna.) — A bunch ^rass of low growth, culti-
vated in Europe and recommended frequently for the northern portion
of th(> United States. It is not suited for hay, but is of some value
for pasture in mountain regions and in the cooler parts of the country,
especially in mixtures for sterile soil. But it appears to be entirely
unsuited to conditions in Nebraska. Several varieties or related
species of this grass {Featuca Kulcatd^ Fc.staca <hii'!nseuhi, Festuca
rahi-(() have ])een tried at the Nebraska Station, but none is to be
recommended.

Curly inexqiiit {Jlildrla cenchroidcx). — The common upland grass
upon the plains of Texas, where it replaces buffalo grass, which it
nmch resembles in appearance. The plots gave only a thin stand.
This species is not hardy as far north as Nebraska.

Velvet grass {llolcus hmatus). — A native of Europe and cultivated
occasionally in this country, especially in the Puget Sound region, where
it is also now growing without cultivation. It has little to recommend
it anywhere, and is certainly not worthy of cultivation in Nebraska.

Ilordeum hulho.suin. — This grass gave a fair stand, but seems not
well adapted to the climate, being injured by cold winters.

Wild harley {Ilordexmi nodosum). — Growth not sufficiently rank for
a forage grass.

Koeleina cristata. — A common native grass upon the prairies through-
out Nebraska. It is a small, slender perennial, flowering in June and
not sufficiently rank in its growth to warrant cultivation. The plot
of this grass gave a fair early growth, but disappeared the latter part
of the summer.

Winter vetch {Lathyrus hirsutus). — This vetch has not been tried at
the Nebraska Station, as it is unsuited to the climate.

Bitter vetch {Lathyrus satimis). — A good stand was obtained, but the
climate is entirel}" too hot and dry in Nebraska for this legume.

Flat pea {Lathyrus sylvestris wagneri). — A strong growing peren-
nial which has given excellent results at several experiment stations
in the arid regions. The plant seems to be very resistant to drought,
])ut those who have tried it report that it is not palatable to stock and
that they have l)een unable to utilize it as a forage plant.

Le2)tochloa duhla. — A grass of the Southwestern States which is not
adapted to the Nebraska climate.

Japan clover {Lespedeza striata). — An annual legume, but not resem-
bling clover very closely. It is frequently grown in the Southern States
but is not hardy in Nebraska.

Perennial rye-grass^ English 7'ye-grass {Lolium perenne). — A well-
known cultivated grass in England and other European countries. In

54 FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

the United States it has been cultivated for man}- years. On the
station plot there was a good stand produced, but the grass was soon
run out by other plants.

The Italian rye-grass {Lolkmi italicum) was not tried at the station,
l)ut its characters are similar to those of perennial rye-grass. Both
are short-lived perennials and are not well suited to permanent pas-
ture. Where the climate is adapted to their growth, they have the
advantage of giving an abundant early growth, for which reason they
are to be recommended for mixtures, as they give a luxuriant growth
the first season and then give way to the other grasses. The climate of
Nebraska is too dry for successful results with these grasses.

Liqnnen {Lupmus sj)j:>.). — None of the lupines has given satisfactory
results in America.

Bur clfjver {Medicago denticulata). — An annual clover, frequently
grown for winter forage in the Southern States, but not suited to
Nebraska conditions. The station plot pi-oduced a thin stand and
unsatisfactory growth.

Melica altissima. — A fair stand was obtained, luit it soon dis-
appeared.

White sv^eet clover or Bokhara clover {Mdilotus alhus). — An excel-
lent legume for renovating clay lands, and fairly drought resistant.
The great objection to its use as a forage plant in the West has been
the fact that stock will not eat the plant. However, it is not infre-
quently reported that it has been fed to stock with success. The
foliage contains a l)itter substance which is disagreeble to animals,
and it seems necessary that the taste for the phuit l)e acquired. It is
reported by some that if stock are turned into a tield early in the
spi'ing such a taste is easily acquired. The plant has not been suf-
ficiently tested in Nebraska. Besides its possible forage vahie it is an
excellent bee plant.

Velvet lean {Mucima vMlis). — An annual legume which forms long
trailing vines, and is much used in Florida for a green fertilizer and
as a forage plant. It has been recommended for growing much
farther north; but though it produces a good growth of vine it is less
valuable than the cowpea for the same purpose. This has not been
tested at the Nebraska Station.

Sainfoin {Onohrychis mtiva). — A legume cultivated in Europe and
advertised b}^ most seedsmen in this country. The results of the
trials in Nebraska are too unsatisfactory to recommend it for use in
that State. In fact, there has been little success with this plant any-
where in this country.

Panicum hulhosurn. — A native hay grass of Texas, and quite prom-
isino- for cultivation in the Southwest, but Nebraska is evidently too
far north for its successful growth.

PLANTS AVHIOH CAN NOT BE RECOMMENDED. 55

Pearl in Uli't or penclIarHt {Penvisetum .^jncatum). — A coarse annual
forao-o plant, ivsomblino- sorj-hum. Some extravagant claims have
been made for this plant, but thouoli it has nuich to recommend it in
the Southern States, in Nebraska it is inferior to sorohum. At the sta-
tion, in 11)03, it made a large growth of forage, l)ut it was not of great
food value. For a full account of pearl millet the reader is referred
to Farmers' Bulletin No. KIS, U. S. IVpartment of Agriculture.

Poa Jifv'njatd. — Three years' trials show that this grass would be
excellent for pasture, but does not grow tall enough for hay. It
showed great drought resistance during the dry period in iltol.

Sacaline {Pohjyonidi) s((c'h/t/i7iefise).—Th\s plant, which resembles a
large smartweed, has been occasionally advertised by seedsmen, but it
has no value as a forage plant in Nebraska.

Burnet {PotetHHin xanguiKo^'ha). — A plant ])elonging to the rose
family and used in Europe for pasture, for which purpose it has been
reconnnended in this country. The trials at the Nebraska Station show
that the i)lant gave a fair stand and is able to resist the winter, and
also seems fairly drought resistant. Nevertheless, its good (jualities
are not sufficiently marked to warrant its being reconnnended for
Nebraska. The trials at other stations have resulted much the same.
For ordinary i)asture purposes the growth is not sufficiently rank nor
is the foliage as i)alatal)le to cattle as are the grasses. It may have a
place as a constituent in sheep pasture upon sterile sandy or rocky soil
in the Northeastern States, but in Nebraska it is not likely to ))e of
much value.

Shni(/h-</r<is.s {Spart!n<( e]/nosurou7es). — A native grass, common in
sloughs and marshes, that furnishes considerable coarse hay when
mowed early. The grass is commonly used for thatching sheds and
for topping haystacks. In the trials at the Nebraska Station the seed
failed to germinate.

Gia7it spurri/ {Spergula maxima). — This annual plant has some value
for forage upon sandy land, but it is scarcely drought resistant enough
for Nebraska.

S2>oroh>It(y cryptandn(f<. — A grass especially adapted to sandy soils,
and one of the common native grasses of the Sand Hill region. It
furnishes valuable grazing when young, but becomes dry and coarse
by middle summer. At the Nebraska Station the seed did not o-ermi-
nate.

Saccaton {Sporoholns vwighti!). — An important native forage grass
of the Southwest, Init not hardy as far north as Nebraska. There was
no germination on the station plot.

Orhnson clover {Tri folium incarnatum). — An excellent annual clover
for the middle South, but not hardy in Nebraska.

5(5

FORAGE CROPS IN NEBRASKA.

The following plants were sown, ))ut gave negative results, because
the seed failed to germinate or gave onh' a thin or scattering stand:

Agropyron dasystachyu m.

Agropyron dasystachyivm auhvillosum.

Agropyron riparinm.

Agropyron vaseyi.

Agrostis exarata.

AJopecurus occidenialis.

A triplex holocarpa.

Atriplex mdtalli.

Atriplex pahularis.

Beckmannia erucaeformis.

Bouteloua polystachya.

Bromus kalmi.

Bromus vidgaris.

Bromns richnrdsoni.

Bromus richardsoni paUidus.

CalamagroMis hyperhorea americana.

Dadyloclenium australense.

Deschampsia csesjniom.

Eleusine coracana.

Elymus ambiguus.

Efymus rondensatus.

Elymus glaucus.

Elymus macouni.

Elymus simplex.

Muhlenhergia gracilis.

Panicularia a mericana.

Panicularia nervata.

Pdnicum. obtusum.

Phleum alpinmn.

Poa fcndleriana.

Poa laniculmis.

Poa lucida.

Poa macrantha.

Poa nevadensis.

Poa pratensisva,r. (Washington bluegrass. )

Poa vheeleri.

Polypogon morispelien.^e.

Pucfinellia airoides.

Triodia nnitirn.

Trifolium involucratum.

INDEX OF GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS.

Page.

A<jropi/r(m caninum T)!

tlafn/starhyiini 56

xithi-Ulosinu 56

diverffetia 51

inermh 51

occidenialr 87, 43

repem 38

riparimn 56

vfu^eyi 56

violitceum 51

Afjroslix alba 36

canina 36

exarala . _ 56

utolonij'era 36

rulgarh 36

Alfalfa 25

Peruvian - 28

Samarkand 28

Turkestan 27

Al:>pecurus ocddentalis 56

A Isi ke clover 35

Andropofjon. furcatus 38, 42

halepensiif 51

nutans 39, 42

scoparluii 38, 42

sorghum - - - 45

Anthoxantimm odoratum - 51

Arrhenatherum elatitis 39

Atriplex holocarpa 56

nuttalU 56

pabularis ,- 56

semihaccftta 51

Australian saltbush 51

Berkmamiia eru'ca'formis 56

Bermuda grass 52

Big bluestem - - 38, 42

Billion-dollar grass - 41

Bitter vetch - 53

Blue grama 39, 43

Bluegrass 35

Canadian 35

Kentucky 35

Bluejoint 52

Bluestem 38

Bokhara clover 54

58 INDEX.

Pase.

Boideloua curtipendula 36, 42

oUgostachya 39, 43

polystachya - 56

Brassica napus 50

Brome-grass - 23

Bromus carinahis hookerianus 40

ciliatus - 51

kalmi - 56

inermis 23

marg'm(itu.s 40

richardxuni 56

pallidus - 56

unioloides 52

rnlyaris 56

Broom-corn millet ■!"

Buffalo grass 40, 43

Bidbilis dactyloideti 40, 43

Bur clover — 54

Burnet 55

Calamagrostis canadenah 52

hyperbored americana 56

Canada bluegrass ■>5

field pea - 50

Canadian bluegrass 35

Clovers '■^'^

Clover, alsike . - - "^5

Bokhara - - - 54

crimson 55

Japan - 53

mammoth •*5

red - "^4

sweet 54

Common millet 46

Corn '.-^ 48

Couch-grass - - - ^^

Cowpea - - - 47

Creeping bent - '^"

Crested dog's-tail 52

Crimson clover "^"^

Curly mesquit - '^'^

Cynodon dactylnii 5^

CynoKurus eristatax 5-

DacUjlis glomerata - - "^^

Dactylodenium ausiralense 56

Desmodium mollr — - 52

Deschampsia avspitosa - ''o

Dhoura - - 46

Eleusine coracana 56

Elymus ambiguus 5o

canademis 40

condensatus '^"

glabriflorus - 52

glaucifuUus 52

INDEX. 59

Page.

Eli/mitfi glaucux •'^

inacmmi 56

rohustn.t 41

i<tmplc.r 5*'

nubmuticus 41

virf/micu>< 41

English bluegrasH 1^6, 53

Kr<i(jroslifi It'uuix 41

Kriochloa punctata 52

Er'wconia cuspidata '^^

Eiu:hluma mexicana "^-'

Eurotla htnata "^-^

Faba vulgaris '^^

FeMuca durmseula 53

elatior 3-, n_

amndinacea '^'*

omna ''•-•

pralennlx •^' '

rubra '^•'

sulcata '^•*

Flat pea 53

Florida bt'ggar-weed 52

Giant spurry '^•^

(thjcine hispida 49

Hairy vetch 50

nUarla ccnchroides .' '''^

Hog millet '^J

Holcux lanatus 5.")

JTordeuiii hidboKum 5.>

iiodofiinn '^•^

Horse bean 52

Hungarian grass 4/

In( lian grass 39, 4L

Italian rye-grass ''4

Japan clover 53

Japanese barnyard millet ..---. 41

Jerusalem corn 46

Johnson grass "^1

Kafir corn - , 46

Kentucky bluegrass 35

Koderkt. (rlMaia 53

Lathijru.s Itirstitufi 50, 53

sativus '^'^

syhesirls wagneri 5.j

LepfochJoa dubia 53

LeKpedezd striata - 5.j

Little bluesteni 42

Lolium italicurn 54

perenne 53

Lupines ^'^

Mammoth clover - - - ^5

Meadow fescue ^1

60 INDEX.

Page.

Medicago denticulata -^'-l

saliva 25

Melica altisshiia 54

MelUohis alba - - 54

Millet 46

broom-corn ^ 47

common - 40

hog -i^

Japanese barnyard 41

pearl - 55

Milo maize 46

Mucuna utilis - - 54

Muhlenbergia gracilis - - 56

racemosa - 41

Oats... 48

Onohrychis sativa 54

Orchard grass - 32

Panicularia aniericana - 56

nervata - 56

Panicum bidbosum 54

crus-galli 41

miliaceum 47

obiusum 56

virgatum 41 , 42

Pearl millet - 55

Pencilaria 5;)

Pennisetum spicatmn - 55

Perennial rye-grass 53, 56

Peruvian alfalfa 28

P]t(d(tris arundinacea _. 41

Phlcwn alpinum - 56

jwatense - 33

Pisum arrense - 50

Poa compressa .- - 35

fendleriana 56

Iseviculmis - 56

hcmgata - 55

hicida, 56

macrantha - 56

nevadensis 56

pratensis 35

ivlieeleri - - 56

Polygomim sacJialinense - 55

Polypngnn monspelinise 56

Polcriuia sanguisorba 55

Pucrinellia airoides — . - 56

Quack-grass 38

Quitch-grass - 38

Eape 50

Red clover 34

Redtop - 36

Reed canary grass 41

Reed fescue 53

INDEX. 61

Page.

Rescue frra^w 52

Rhode Island l^eiit 3()

Rye 4S

Rye-grass 53

Italian 54

perennial 53

Saraline 55

f?ac'fat(in '55

Sainfoin 54

Samarkand alfalfa 28

Salthush, Australian 51

Setaria itd/Ica 46

Sheep's fescue 53

Side-oats grama 3(5, 42

Slender wheat-grass 38

Slough-grass . 42, 55

Small grains 48

Sorghum 45

Soy 1)ean 49

Spartina ci/nosuroideH 42, 55

Spergula maxima 55

Sporobolns cri/plandrus 55

uright'd 55

Spring vetch 50

Spurry, giant 55

Stipa ri>hii!ifa 42

S\vami)-chess 51

Sweet clover 54

vernal grass 51

Switch-grass 41, 42

Tall fescue 32,52

oat-grass 39

Teosinte 52

Timothy 33

Trifolium incarnatum 55

involucratimi 56

pratense 34

Turkestan alfalfa 27

Velvet bean , 54

grass 53

Vetch 50

Vicla sativa 50

villosa 50

Vigiia catjang 47

Washington liluegrass 56

Western brome 40

wheat-grass 37

Wheat-grasses 37, 43

White sweet clover 54

Wild barley 53

rye 40

timothy 41

Winter fat 52

vetch 60, 53

PLATES.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate I. Frontispiece. Grass garden at tlie Nebraska Experiment Station. The
forage plants are first tested on these plots, which are 3 feet square. Those
which give favoral)ie results are given a further trial on larger plots, some of
which are seen in the background.

PLiM'K II. An alfalfa plant from seed sown August 19, 1902, and dug up April 13,
1903, showing the tubercles upon its roots by means of which nitrogen is gath-
ered from the air.

Plate III. Fig. 1. — Three plants of brome-grass {Bromus iitcrmis) from seed sown
August 19, Septeml^er 19, and October 1, 1902, respectively. They were taken
up and photographed April 13, 1903. The plant at the right from the last sow-
ing had barely enough vitality to survive the winter. Fig. 2. — Three alfalfa
plants from seed sown at the same date as the brome-grass, and also taken tip and
photographed April 13, 1903. A later sowing, October 21, was almost entirely
winter killed, as the young plants had not sufficient vitality to withstand the
cold.

Platk IV. Fig. 1. — Plots of Broimis inermis showing the effect of fertilizers. The
2)lot at the left is a mixture of brome-grass and alfalfa; the plot at the right is
brome-grass fertilized with sodium nitrate; the plot in the center is brome-grass
alone and unfertilized. The effect of an admixture of alfalfa is about the same
as an application of sodium nitrate. This seems to indicate that the brome-
grass is able to share with the alfalfa the nitrogen which the latter obtains from
the air. The plots were sown April 21, 1899, and photographed June 12, 1903.
Fig. 2. — A pasture containing orchard grass, showing the growth of this grass
upon low land. The pasture was seeded in 1898 with several grasses, among
which was orchard grass, but in this part of the field the latter was especially
rank. The photograph was taken in June, 1901.

Plate V. Fig 1. — A field of brome-grass sown in the spring of 1898 and broken in
the fall of 1901. The picture was taken in January, 1902. Brome-grass forms
a thick, firm sod, resembling that of native prairie. Fig. 2. — A field of l)rome-
grass. The seed was sown in the spring of 1902, and the picture was taken June
15, 1903.

Plate VI. Fig. 1. — A field of side-oats grama {Boutelona curtipendula) just before
ripening. The seed was sown in the sprmg of 1900, and the ])hotograph taken
July 17, 1902. Fig. 2.— A field oi wild rye {Elipiim cnnadensift). The seed was
sown in the spring of 1901, and the photograph taken July 17, 1902.

Bui. 59, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate II.

Alfalfa, Showing Nitrogen-gathering Tubercles.

Bui. 59, Bureau of Plant Industiy, U, 5. Dcpt. of Aericulture.

Plate III.

Fig. 1.— Brome-Grass Planted in the Autumn.

Fig 2.— Alfalfa Planted in the Autumn.

Bui. 59, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IV.

Fig. 1 .— Brome-Grass, Fertilized and Unfertilized.

FiG. 2.— Field of Orchard Grass.

Bui. 59, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate V.

Fig. 1 .— Brome-Grass. Newly Turned Sod.

Fig. 2.— Brome-Grass. A Hay Field.

Bui. 59, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VI.

Fig. 1.— Side-oats Grama, Grown from Seed.

Fig. 2.— Elymus canadensis, Grown from Seed.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OI' ACiRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY -BULLETIN NO. 60.

B. T. liAI.I.oWAV, Oiitfiif llintaH.

A SOFT R( )T OF. THE CALLA \A\.\

O.Q: TOWNSEND, Patiiolocist.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

IssiTKU June 30, 1904.

WASHINGTON:

GOVKKXMENT PRINTIX(i OFFIOK
1904.

BtTLIiETINS OF THE BXTREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, int-ludes Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations, Botanical Investigations and
Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Poniological Investigations, and
Experimental (Tardens and TTrounds, all of which were formerly separate Dinsions,
and also Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, the Arlington Experimental
Farm, Tea Culture Investigations, and Domestic Sugar Investigations.

Beginning with the date of organization of the Bureau, the several series of Bulle-
tins of the various Divisions were discontinued, and all are now published as one
series of the Bureau. A list of the Bulletins issued in the present series follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that "the serial, scientific, and technical publica-
tions of the United States Department of Agriculture are not for general distribution.
All copies not required for official use are by law turned over to the Superintendent
of Documents, who is empowered to sell them at cost." All applications for such
iniblications should, therefore, be made to thfe Superintendent of Documents, Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant (irowtli. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. ^Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 centos.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. X List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
^ 7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distrilmtion. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and

Forage Plants. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price,, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California: Notes on the (irasses and Forage

Plants and Range Conditions. 1902. Price, 15 cents.
l;i Experiments in Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

14. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price,

15 cents.

16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricns Campes-

tris anil Other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902, Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. 01)servations on the Mosaic Disease of ToV)acco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed: Harvesting, Curing, and Cleaning. 1902. Price,

10 cents.

20. ^lanufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 (.ent-.

21. Listof American Varieties of Vegetables. 1908. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem: The Great Forage and Soiling Crop of the Nile Valley. 1902.

Price, 15 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

[Continued on page Sx>i covei'.]

Bui. 60, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate I.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU 01' PLANT INDUSTRY BULLETIN NO. 60.

B. T. GALLOWAY, (huf of Bureau.

A SOFT ROT OF THE CALLA ULY.

C. O. TOWNSEXD, Patholocjist.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

Issued June 30, 1904.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,

10 0 4.

BUREAl OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. Galloway, Chief.
J. E. Rockwell, Editor.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

Albert F. Woods, Pathologic ami Phy-siologist.

Erwin F. Smith, PathoJogiM in Charge of Laboratory of Plant P<it]iolog>j.
Geokge T. Moore, Plnjsiologist in Charge of Labor atonj of Plant L^hysiology.
Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory pf Plant Breeding.
Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Life Histor.y.
Newton B. Pierce, Patliologi-^t in Charge of Pacific Coast Laboratory.
M. B. Waite, Pathologist in Charr/e of Jnrestigations of T>iseases of Orchard Fruits.
Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge of Cereal Lnvestigations.
Hermann von Schrenk,« in Charge of Mississi])pi Valley Laboratory.
P. H. Rolfs, Pathologist in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory.
C. O. TowNSEND, Patlmlogist in Charge of Sugar Beet Investigations.
P. II. Dorsett, Pathologist.
Rodney H. True, ^ Physiologist.
T. H. Kearney, I%ysioJogist, Plant Breeding.
Cornelius L. Shear, Pathologist.
William A. Orton, Pathologist.
W. M. Scott, Pathologist.

Joseph S. Chamberlain, Physiological Chemist, Cereal Inresfigations.
R. E. B. McKenney, Physiologist.
Flora W. Patterson, Mycologist.

Charles P. Hartley, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.
Karl F. Kellerman, Assistant in Physiology.
Deane B. Swingle, AssiMani in T\dhology.
'A. W. Edson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.
Jesse B. Norton, Assi-Cant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.
James B. Rorer, Assistant in Patliology.
Lloyd S. Tenny, Assistant i)i Pathology.
•George G. Hedgcock, Assistant in Pathology.
Perley' Spaulding, Scientific A.ssistant.
P. J. O'Gara, Scientijic Ass-istant.
A. D. Shamel, Scientific Assifitant, Plant Breeding.
T. Ralph Robinson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Physiology.
Florence Hedges, Scientific Assistant, Bacteriology.
Charles J. Brand, Scierdific Assistant in Physiology, Plant Life History.

a Detailed to the Bureau of Forestry.

b Detailed to Botanical Investigations and Experiments.

LETTl-R 01- TRAXSMITTAL

U. S. Dkpahtment of Agriculture,

RuREAi' OF Plant Indistry,

Office of the Chief,
Wmhington, I>. C, March SI, 190 J^.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a
technical paper submitted by the Pathologist and Physiolooist on "A
Soft Hot of the CaHa Lily." by Dr. C. O. Townsend. l^lthologist, Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations, and recommend
its publication as Bulletin No. 6U of the series of this Bureau. The
accompanying nine plates and seven tigures are necessaiT to a clear
understanding of the subject-matter of the text.
Respectfully.

B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Bu7'eau.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

PR 1: FACE.

Growers of the eiilhi lily have suffered serious losses for several
3'ears from a soft rot which freijueutly destroys the ])lants just before
or duriuo- the flowerino- pcM'iod. A bacillus has been separated from
the decayed portion of the calla in pure cultures and by repeated inocu-
lations has been shown to l)e the cause of this destructive disease.

In addition to the principal morphological and physiological char-
acters of the organism which are described in this l)ulletin. several
preventive measures are suggested which have been found to be
satisfactory in holding the disease under control. As the bacillus
producing this disease is also capal)le of attacking many of our food
plants, growers of vegetal)les should guard against any possible con-
tamination of the soil with it.

A. F. Woods,
Pathologlxt and Physiologist.
Office of Vegetable Pathological

AND Physiological Investigations,

Waskington, I>. C, March 30, 1901^.

CON T E X T S

Page.

Introduction -, ' '

Causae of the calla rot ^2

General appearance of the disease 1-^

Effect of the organism on the calla ^^

Morphological characters of the organism ^^

Physiological characters of the organism K'

Nutrient media ^^

Beef broth 17

Agar jilate cultures 1"

Agar streak cultures 1^

Agar stab cultures 1^

Beef agar, with iron sulphate 1^

Gelatin stab cultures 1^

Egg albumen 1"

Milk 19

Litmus milk 1^

' Litmus milk in nitrogen 20

Uschinsky's solution ^^

Dunham's solution 21

Dunham's solution, with acid fuchsin 21

Dunham's solution, with in(hgo-carmine 21

Peptone solution, with rosulic acid 21

Dunham's solution, with methylene blue 21

Steamed potato cylinders 22

Raw p<jtato 22

Raw eggplant 23

Raw cauliflower 23

Raw radish 24

Raw cucumbers, slice<l 24

Raw cucumbers, whole , 24

Raw green peppers 26

Raw mature onion bulbs 26

Raw yoiing onions 26

Raw pieplant 27

Raw cabbage -'

Raw parsnips 27

Raw carrots 28

Raw turnips 28

Raw salsify 28

Raw tomatoes, ripe 29

Raw tomatoes, green 29

Raw apples (York Imperial) 29

Raw pineapples ^^

Raw yellow bananas ^^

8 CONTENTS.

Pliy.-iological characters of the organism — Continiieil. Page.

Gas 30

Action on lead acetate 31

Indol ^ 32

Nitrates reduced to nitrites 32

3Iaxlmnm temperature 33

Mininunn temperature 34

Optinmm temperature 34:

Thermal death point 35

Diffused light 38

Direct sunlight _ . _ 36

Effect of nitrogen 36

Effect of carbon dioxid 37

Effect of hydrogen 38

Comparison of calla-rot germ "with similar organisms 38

Bacillus carotororus Jones 38

Bacillus oleracae Harrison 39

Heinz's hyacinth germ {Bacillus hyacintlii septicvs) 39

Potter's Pscudomorias destructans 40

Origin and spread of the disease 40

Remedies 42

Summary 43

Description of plates 46

ILLISTRATIOXS

I'l.ATKS.

Page.
Plate I. Third crop of healthy callas <,'ri)\vn in tlio panio soil acrordinjr to

methods adv(»catt'd in this huiletin Frontispiece.

II. Fig. 1.— The calla-rot organism Xl,(lOO. Figs. 2, 8, 4, an.l -S.— .\gar

plate colonies 48

III. Figs. 1 and 2. — .\gar i)late colonies of the calla organism. Fig. .">. —

Colonies of the calla organism in test tubes 4.S

IV. Fig. 1. — Stab cultures of the calla f)rganism in gelatin. Fig. 2. — Kaw

eggplant inoculated with the calla organism. (Natural size.) 48

V. l-'ig. 1. — Raw radishes three days after inoculatii;g jjieces 2 and 3.

Fig. 2. — Side view of pieces 1 and 2nine<laysafter inoculating No. 2. 48

VI. Effect of calla organism on cucuniVjer: .\, inoculated; B, control 48

VII. Fig. 1. — Raw parsnip three days after inoculating pieces 1 and 3.

Fig. 2. — Raw carrot three days after inoculating pieces 2 and '.)... 48
YIIl. Fig. 1. — Raw tufnip three days after inoculating pieces 1 and 'A. Fig.
2. — (ireen fruit and branch of tomato: Xo. 2, inoculated; No. 1,

control. ( One-fourth natural size. ) 48

IX. Small calla plant, about two-thirds natural size 48

TKXT FIGURES.

Fig. 1. A slightly diseased calla plant 13

2. A partly decayed calla corm 14

3. Calla leaf twenty-two hours after inoculating with the calla organism . 15

4. Calla flower stalk twenty-two liours after inoculating with the calla

organism 15

5. Bdcilliis aroi(1f':c with flagella X about 600 ' 16

6. Fermentation tube ten days after inoculating with the calla organism. 31

7. Hothouse.hyacinth inoculated in a flower with the calla organism 89

B. P. I.-99. V. P. P. I—Uo.

A SOFT ROT OF THF CALLA LILY.

INTRODUCTION. ^

Under favorable conditions the t-alla lily has heretofore been one of
the most satisfactory plants pnxliK'od either in the <)])en or under
glass. In most parts of the United States the calla will grow out of
doors and will live and thrive from year to y(nir even in the northern
latitudes, especially if the corms" are protected during the winter
season. As a marketal)le product, however, it is more protital)le if
grown under glass, where under pi-ojK'r conditions the plants may be
forced and the tiowers consequently produced in great a])undance at
the time when they will he in greatest demand. It is under these con-
ditions of forced growth that the plants seem to l)e most susceptible
to disease.

The profits which arise from calla growing are derived either from
the sale of the corms or of the flowers, or from both. A bed of a
thousand corms, for example, will under normal conditions produce
5,000 flowers, which ordinarily will sell for about i?l,0<K>. The corms
are grown either in solid beds or in pots. As a rule the best results
both as regards the size and the number of flowers produced are
obtained from the solid bed. The flowers are always delicate and can
not be satisfactorily shipped long distances, while the corms, on the
other hand, may be transported for thousands of miles without injury.

There are several diseases to which the calla is susceptible, but the
most serious one with which the growers have had to contend is the
soft rot that forms the subject of this bulletin. This disease has
recently made its appearance in the various parts of the United States
where callas are cultivated and has caused enormous losses to the
growers, rendering the production of this hitherto profitable plant
very uncertain.

The soft rot of the calla w^as brought to the attention of the writer
in the autumn of 1899, and it has been under his observation and
stiidv since that time. While there are some points that need further

a The true botanical name corm is used in this bulletin instead of the common but
incorrect term bulb.

12 A SOBT ROT OF THE CALL A LILY.

investigation, it has been deemed best to place the following results
before the public, with the hope that the suggestions herein contained
ma}' ])e of value to the industry.

CAUSE OF THE CALLA ROT.

Upon examining microscopically the decayed portions of the calla
corms m3'riads of bacteria were found to be present. In order to
obtain cultures of the organism in the best possible condition a partly
decayed corm was thoroughly washed with <"ap water, then with cor-
rosive sublimate (1 part in 1,00(J), and afterwards with distilled water.
A small opening was then made Avith a sterile knife through the sound
part of the corm into the inner marginal part of the decayed spot. A
little of the soft tissue just at the border between the decayed and
healthy portions of the corm was obtained on a sterile needle and
placed in sterile beef broth. Agar plates were then made from this
culture, and but one kind of colon}' was obtained, indicating that the
organism was present in the recentlv decayed portion of the corm in
a pure culture. A few days after the colonies had formed, subcultures
were made in beef broth and minute portions of these were introduced
into various parts of healthy callas. The inoculations were made by
placing a drop of the beef-broth culture on the part of the plant to be
inoculated, and with a sterile needle punctures were made through
these drops into the tissues of the plants. For control, punctures
were made in similar parts of healthy plants without adding the broth
culture. In a few days the inoculated spots had turned brown and
decay had begun, while the controls in all cases remained healthv.
Plate cultures were again made from the inoculated spots after decay
had })egun, and apparently the same organism in pure culture was
obtained. This process was repeated many times — i. e., until there was
no doubt that this organism was the cause of the soft rot of the calla.

Upon looking up the literature regarding calla diseases it was found
that Halsted had discovered a soft rot of the calla corm in 1893."
Although Halsted's description is very brief, he undoubtedly refers to
the same disease as that which forms the subject of this bulletin. He
ascribes the cause of the affection to a bacterium which is found in
great abundance in the diseased portions of the corm. A disease of
similar nature is also mentioned by Selbv .'' This is referred to as a
root rot of the calla, and as no description is given either of the dis-
ease or of the organism producing it. it is impossible to determine
whether this is the disease now under consideration. The soft rot of
the calla and the organism producing it have been observed by Dr.
Erwin F. Smith, the pathologist in charge of the laboratory of plant
pathology of the United States Department of Agriculture, and bv Mr.

"Diseases of Calla. New Jei-sey Experiment Station Report for 1893, p. 399.
^Selby. Calla. In Condensed Handbook of Diseases of Plants in Ohio, 1900, p. 21.

GENERAL APPEARANCE OF THE DISEASE.

Newton 1). Pierce, the piitholotri-^t in cliaitie of tiie Pucitic coast labo-
ratory of the Department, and probaMy by others, but so far as can
be determined it has not hitherto received careful investiiratiou.

GENERAL APPEARANCE OF THE DISEASE.

Several greenhouses where the disease was reportiMl to t»e [)nsent
were visited by the writer, who found the calhis rottini;- oil usually at
or just below the surface of the o^round, the disease sometimes extend-
ing-down into the eorm, sometimes upward into the leaves, and fre-
quently in both directions. Occasionally the disease seemc'd to start
in the edire of the leafstalk (tig. 1), in tlie flower stalk, or in some under-
ground part of the corm, thougii
as a rule it started at the lop of
the corm just above but near the
surface of the ground. It was
also noticed that the disease was
worse and spread more rapidly
in those houses where the callas
were grown in solid beds.

^Vhen a diseased corm was cut
open it was found that there was a
distinct line lietween the healthy
and the diseased portion of the
corm (tig. 2). The hcnilthy pm--
tion of the corm is tirm and nearly
white, while the diseased part has
a decidedly brown color and is soft
and watery. AVhen the disease
extends upward int(j the leaves it
is the edge of the petiole that
first })ecomes involved, the afi'ected
part becoming slimy, without im-

mediatelv losing its green color. As the disease proo-resses it extends
inward toward the center of the petiole and interferes with the trans-
ference of material between the corm and the leaf, the edges of the
leaf becoming pale, then brown. Pale spots becoming brown then
appear in other parts of the leaf blade, and finally the whole leaf
becomes brown and dead. Frequenth' the disease develops so rap-
idh" that the leaf rots off' at the base and falls over before it has time
to lose its green color. When the disease has progressed far enough
to attack the flower stalk, the flower turns brown and the stalk,
without having lost its color and f requenth' without having decayed
upward more than a fraction of an inch, eventually falls over. When
the disease works downward through the corm it sooner or later
reaches the roots, which become soft and slimy within, while the epider-

FiG. 1.— A slightly diseased calla plant.

A SOFT ROT OF THE CALL A LILY.

mis remains intact, thus presenting the appearance of thin-walled tubes
filled with a soft substance. The roots remain attached to the corni and
eventually the slimy contents dry up and only the dead skin of the roots
remains. "When the disease begins its attack below the surface of the
ground the lower portion of the corm frequently rots away, causing the
plant to fall over Avithout having previously given an}' indication of dis-
ease. An examination of the decayed corm shows that only a small part
of the upper portion of the corm, with a few side roots, remains. The

^Hf >

rsm^

N»

•

^B<

1*-
1*"

)

Fig. 2.— a partly decayed calla corm.

latter become less and less numerous as the disease advances, until at last
they are unable to support the weight of the leaves and flower stalks.
If the conditions for the development of the disease are unfavorable
after the corms are affected, the softened spots will dry down, sinking
below the surrounding portion of the corm and ])ecoming darker col-
ored. In these spots the disease will often remain dormant until the
conditions for the development of the organism again become favor-
a))le. In this way the disease is carried over from season to season,
and it may l)e transported long distances.

EFFECT ON THE CALLA.

EFFECT OF THE ORGANISM ON THE CALLA.

As already stated, the part of the j)hiiit usually attacked first is the
upper portion of the corni at or just helow tiie surface of tlic ground.
A microscopic examination of the atiected part, whether root, corm,
leafstalk, or flower stalk, shows that the organisms occu]\v the intercel-
lular spaces and by some means dissolve the intercellular layer, causing
the cells to separate easily, so that when the diseased tissue is j)laced in
a litiuid each cell floats out by itself. The cell wall, however, remains
intact, ))ut the cell contents are contracted. The rapidity with which
the disease advances depends to a large extent upon the external con-
ditions surrounding the plants, lender favorable conditions a warm

Fig. 3.— Calla leaf twenty-two
hours after inoculating with
the ealla organism. The point
of inoculation is shown bv X.

Fig. 4. — Calla flower stalk twenty-two hours after
inoculating with the calla organi.'<m. The point
of inoculation is shown by X.

atmosphere and an abundance of moisture — the disease ma}-^ completely
rot the corm in. from three to four days, while under less favorable
conditions it may be several weeks in destroying the corm, or, indeed,
the progress of the disease may be entirely arrested for a period of
several months. While the organism usuallv attacks the corm fir.st,
it may also attack either the leafstalk or the flower stalk and cause it
to become discolored and decayed. (See flgs. 3 and 4.)

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE ORGANISM.

The organism which causes the rotting of the calla corm is a very
short rod, with rounded ends, as shown in figure 5, and also in
Plate 11, figure 1. The width of the rods is very nearly uniform.

16 A SOFT ROT OF THE CALLA LILY.

In a 24-houi-okl beef-hroth culture they mea.sure about 0.5yu in width.
In the same culture the length varies from 2/^ to Sm- The very short
ones, as shown by the measurements, are round, or nearly so; these
eventuall}^ elongate, becoming rods. After the organisms have elon-
gated, cross walls are formed and as a rule they soon
break in two, forming separate organisms; but occa-
sionally they remain intact until a long chain is formed,
which may finally l)reak up into individual cells (PI. II,
fig. 1). This organism moves with a gliding motion,
Ficx. b.—Bariiins and upou staiuiug for flagella it is found to possess
geiiatTabouteoo. from two to eight wavy fiagella scattered over the sur-
face of the body (PI. II. fig. 1). The fiagella vary in
length from 4/^ to 18//, i.e., two to six times the average length of the
bodv. No spores belonging to this organism have been found in any
of the artificial cultures or in the diseased plants.

PHYSIOIiOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE ORGANISM.

Certain ph^-siological characters of the organism have been deter-
mined by growing it on dilierent media and under various conditions
of light, heat, etc., as described in the following pages.

NUTRIENT MEDIA.

In studying the physiology of this organism the following media
have been used, viz, beef broth, agar, gelatin, Uschinsky's solution,
Dunham's peptone solution, peptone water with rosolic acid, peptone
water w\th methylene blue, simple peptone water," milk, litmus milk,
indigo-carmine peptone, and egg albumen. All these culture media
were carefully prepared. The beef-broth stock was made from lean
beef, the chemicals were "c. p.," and only distilled water was used.
In addition to these media the following vegetables and fruits were
used, viz, potatoes, onions, turnips, celery, cucumbers, peppers (green
fruits), pieplant, beets, radisJies, caulifiower, cabbage, eggplant, toma-
toes, salsify, carrots, parsnips, apples, pineapples, and bananas.

In nearly all cases both the fruits and vegetal)les were used raw,
but in some instances the vegetables were cooked. Usually the raw
fruits and vegetables were sterilized by removing the outer la^^er with
a sterile knife and washing thoroughly with corrosive sublimate (1
part in 1,000) and then Avith sterile water. They were then cut in
thick slices and placed in deep petri dishes and inoculated with one or
more loops of a 21-hour beef-broth culture of the organism. When
the vegetables were cooked they were cut into cylinders and placed in
test tubes with distilled water, then thoroughly sterilized, and when
cool inoculated with fresh cultures of the organism.

f'Witte's Peptonum skcum was the only peptone used.

NUTRIENT MEDIA. 17

Beef-hroth. — Ten cubic centimeters of stiindurd beef ])r()tli inoculated
with a 1-nuu. loop of a fresh culture lliiid of the oruuiiisni was dis-
tinctly clouded in from four to eiohteen hours at a temperature of 35°
to 18° C. If the temperature was raisinl or loweretl throug-h several
degrees above or l)elow the limits indicated or if the inoculation was
made from a less active culture, the clouding- took place less rapidly.
Indeed, the clouding was delayed indetinitely by lowering the tem-
perature to 5° C. or by raising the temperature to 41° C. If the
beef broth was kept at room temperature (18° to 24^ C.) the organ-
ism remained alive for several weeks and a nearly white deposit
several millimeters in depth formed in the l)ottom of the tube.

Aijar pJate cultures. — On the ordinary nutrient agar poured plates
made from a 24-hour-old beef-broth culture colonies were distinctly
visible in twenty-four hours at room temperatures of 18° to 20° C,
and plates made in the same way and kept at 30° to 35° C. showed
colonies distinctly in from tiftiMMi to eighteen hours. The form and
size of the colonies on the agar plates depended upon certain condi-
tions—e. g., if the colonies were numerous they ^vere small and round,
while if there were but few colonies in each plate they were some-
times round and sometimes radiating. They were usually radiating
if the plates were made from fresh cultures and kept at a temperature
of from 22° to 35° C. On the other hand, if the plates were made
from an old culture or if they were kept at an abnormally high or an
abnormallj' low temperature the colonies were round, even if there
were but few in each plate, Agar plate cultures made from Uschin-
sky's solution or broth cultures that had been kept dormant for sev-
eral months produced round colonies, but after a few transfers from
the dormant state to fresh media the a^ar plate cultures became char-
acteristically radiating (PI. II, figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5, and PI. Ill, fig. 1).

The foregoing applies to the surface colonies, but in addition to
these there were some embedded colonies in practically all poured
plates. The embedded colonies were all spindle shaped unless viewed
end on, when they appeared to l^e round, with sharp, distinct out-
lines. They had a faint yellow tinge, and were nuich smaller than the
surface colonies. If the embedded colonies broke through the sur-
face, they spread out and behaved in the same manner as if they had
been originall}' surface colonies. (See the small colonies on PI. II,
figs. 2 and 5.) Some of the colonies lying at the extreme bottom of
the agar — i. e., between the agar and the ))ottom of the petri dish —
spread out, forming a thin layer which eventualh^ gave to the plate a
milky appearance when held up to the light. (See PI. II, fig. 2, and
PI. Ill, fig. 2.) The surface colonies, whether round or radiating,
had a shiny white surface and were only slightly opalescent. If radi-
ating, they usually had a central body, from which the branches radi-
ated (PI. in, fig. 1). The central body was more dense than the arms
or 1)ranches and the whole colony was slightly elevated above the sur-
27501— No. 60—04 2

18 A SOFT ROT OF THE CALL A LILY.

face of the agar. The outlines were .sharp and when magnified 125
times the 4S-hour-old colonies had a granular appearance.

Af/ar strrcd- cultures. — In addition to beef broth, peptone, etc., some
of the agar tubes contained 5 per cent of grape sugar and others con-
tained 5 per cent of gh'cerin. These were slanted and inoculated by
dipping a sterilized needle in a Q-t-hour-old beef-broth culture and
drawing it lightly over the surface of the slant agar. Streaks became
distinctl}" visible in twent}-four hours at 20- to 25^ C. in all the
tubes inoculated. The outlines of the streaks were entire at first,
but became more or less irregular in from two to four davs at IS*-* to
25^ C. Growth was elevated above the surface of the agar and had a
shiny appearance, as if wet. It was of a white or grayish-white color
and did not discolor the agar nor tend to grow into it. The condensa-
tion water became distinctly milky and more or less deposit was
formed in it. On the other agars the organism remained alive for
several months at room temperatures (20° to 25° C.) if the culture was
not allowed to become dr}'.

Agar staJj cultures. — At room temperatures (20° to 25° C.) growth
was apparent in from eighteen to twenty-four hours near the top of
the stab, and within twenty-eight hours it was distinctly visible
throughout the entire length of the stab. The stab increased in size
from day to day and in a week was from 1 to 2 mm. in diameter,
slightlv tapering toward the bottom. The '"nail head" gradually
increased in size and in from three to five days covered the surface of
the agar iu the tube. This growth was slightly elevated, grayish-
white, with a wet. shining surface and an entire margin. It was
thicker in the center, forming a convex layer on the agar. Growth
continued for several weeks, with no change in the color of the agar
and no change in the stab or line of growth except that it gradualh"
increased in size, retaining its tapering form and its slightly serrate
outline with no elongated projections into the agar.

Bt-ef agar., vyith Iron suJpJiate. — Several slant tubes containing 10 c. c.
of nutrient agar plus 1 drop of a .saturated solution of ferrous sulphate,
and several slant tubes containing 10 c. c. of nutrient agar plus 2 drops
of the iron sulphate solution, were inoculated with a fresh culture of
the calla organism, while several tubes of each were left for control.
In fort^'-eight hours the organism had spread over the surface of the
agar in all inoculated tubes and the inorulated surfaces showed a copi-
ous growth for several weeks, but no change was produced in the
color of the medium.

Gelatin stah cultures. — The.se cultures were made with gelatin of dif-
ferent kinds. The first was —10 on Fuller's scale, the second was neu-
tralized with .sodium hydroxid, while the third was the same as the
.second except that another kind of gelatin was used. Growth was
apparent within twenty-four hours (at 18° to 22° C.) in all the tubes

NTTTRIKNT MEDIA. 19

inoculatod. At the end of twenty-four hours the stabs were distine'ily
visihh^, througliout their entire lcnt,'th in all the inoculated tubes (PI.
IV, fi<^. 1, A). In forty-eig-ht hours from the time of inoculation the
f^clatin in all the tubes bei;an to liquefy (PI. IV, tio-. 1, P), Li(|uefac-
tion advanced most rapidly in No. 3 and least rapidly in No. 1. In
three days No. o had entindy li(|uelied, and in live da^'s No. 1 and No.
2 had also liquelied (PI. IW iU^. 1, C). After the gelatin had li(iuetied
a cloud}' mass floated about in th(> clear liquid. This finally settled,
forming a copious white deposit. The deposit was most abundant in
No. 3, but in No. 1 it formed a layer from 2 to 5 nun. deep.

J^f/f/ alhuiiwn. — Several tubes of soliditied eg-o- albumen were inocu-
lated Avith a fresh culture of the organism, but oidy a feeble growth
appeared and no change had ])eeii produced in the color of the
albumen at the end of eight weeks.

Jfill:. — Thitj medium was sterilized ])y heating for ten minutes at
100*-^ C. in a steam sterilizer on three successive da3s, the milk having
been previously placed in test tubes (10 c. c. in each tube), and the
tubes closed with cotton plugs. The milk was inoculated b}' placing
a 1-nmi. loop of a 2-l:-houi'-old beef-))roth culture in cnch of several of
the tubes. The curdling of the milk began to take place in from two
to three daj^s in all parts of the inoculated tubes. Two days later the
entire 10 c. c. of milk was soliditied and a lajer of whey al)out 1 nnn.
deep rested upon the top of the curd. These experiments were
repeated from time to time, with the same results. Whey continued
to be separated for several days until from one-third to one-half the
space formerly occupied b}' the milk was occupied b}' the liquid; but
no abnormal coloring was produced in any of the tubes. None of the
control tubes curdled in any case.

Litmus milJh. — This medium was prepared in the same manner as
the milk, except that a few drops of strong litmus solution were added
to each tube of milk before sterilizing. Several of the tubes were
inoculated with a 1-mm. loop of a 2i-hour-old beef -broth culture.
Within fort^-eight hours the blue began to give waj'^ to a reddish color
near the surface, which within three davs had extended throughout
the inoculated tube. At the end of five daj's from the time of inocu-
lation the red color had decidedlv faded throughout, so that the tubes
that were litmus blue when inoculated were now only faintly pink, and
the milk had curdled throughout. The curdling of the milk and the
separation of the whe}' took place in the same manner as if the litnms
had not been present. In nine days even the pink color had dis-
appeared, with the exception of a faint rim near the surface. These
discolored litmus tubes were then allowed to stand until the organism
had died. The red litnms color, eventually becoming blue, gradually
returned, although the milk remained curdled and the whey separated —
about one-half whey and one-half curd.

20 A SOFT ROT OF THE CALLA LILY.

Litmus milh hi nitrogen. — It was noticed that the litiuu.s milk tubes,
whether they had ])cen inocuhited or not, contained a deposit of bhie
litnuis. The calla organism that bleached the litmus in the milk failed
to attack this deposit, so that it remained blue. It was suggested that
the milk possibly contained an anaerobic bacterium that was not
destroyed by sterilizing and that it favored the formation of the blue
deposit. The two control tubes of litmus milk were placed in a bottle
holding about a quart. The bottom of the bottle was covered with
pyrogallic acid (powder) to a depth of about one-half inch. To this
50 c. c. of a 10 per cent solution of caustic potash were added, and
the l)ottle was quickl}^ sealed with Darwin's wax. The mixture was
shaken for some time to enable it to take up the oxygen without form-
ing much carbon monoxid. If the deposit were due to an anaerobic
bacterium, it should increase farther up in the tubes. At the expiration
of twelve months the jar was opened. A lighted match thrust just
below the level of the opening in the jar was immediately extinguished,
showing that the jar still contained nitrogen and had not allowed oxy-
gen to enter during this time. An examination of the tubes showed
that the blue deposit had not changed. This indicated that the deposit
was undoubtedl}'^ a mechanical one and was not due to the presence
of an oroanism. The inoculated tubes that were left in the ordinarv
air gradually regained their blue color after the organism died. The
return of the color (first red, then blue) was apparent whether the
oroanisms were left to die of their own accord or whether thev were
destroyed b}^ heating ; e. g., if an inoculated litmus tube had entirely
faded and was then heated for ten minutes at 100- C, the color
returned within twenty-four hours.

U'i<cliinsl:y''s solution.— Severed tnhes of Uschinsky\s solution were
inoculated with a 1-mm. loop of a 21:-hour-old beef-broth culture.
Seventeen hours later at 2.5*-' C. all inoculated tubes were slightly
clouded. Thirty-six hours after inoculation the tubes were decidedly
clouded throughout, with a slight whitish deposit in some of them.
The cloudiness was not uniform in all parts of the same tube, but was
somewhat stratified. Both the cloudiness and the deposit increased
from day to day, until at the end of one week the solution was uni-
formly clouded, milk-white, with a copious white deposit in the bot-
tom of the tul)c. Even at the end of three months at normal room
temperatures the organism was still alive, as indicated })y the fact that
the tubes were still clouded and a 1-nmi. loop placed in beef-broth
caused a distinct clouding in twcnt3^-four hours. At this time the
precipitate was 'S mm. deep. Plating and inoculating into callas
showed it to be the calla organism. This experiment was repeated
several times with identical results both in regard to the clouding of
the Uschinsky solution and the longevity of the organism in this
medium.

nutrip:nt media. 21

Ditn/iaw's solution. — Several tubes of Dunluim's solution were inoc-
ulated with a 1-min. loop of a 24-hour-okl culture of the calhi rot
oroanisni in beef broth. In twentv-four hours at 20 C a faint rloudi-
ness was perceptible. Tliis increased slijrlitly from da\' to day for
about six days. The temperature durino- this time ranged from 18^
to 25'^ C. The cloudiness then seemed to remain practic:dly constant
for about one week. A deposit was jrradually formed, and in one
month from the time of inoculation the solution l)ecame almost clear,
showinj^ that the oroanism had ceased .to live. The deposit formed
was al)out 1 mm. in depth and had a faint })rownish tin^e.

DunhaiiiS solution., vuth ((cidfuchsi)i. — This solution was inoculated
the same as above. At the end of one week the solution in the inocu-
lated tubes was liohter colored than in the control tul)es. At the end
of one month after inoculation the bleaching seemed to have ceased.
The organisms were nearly all dead, as indicated l)y the fact that the
liquid was practically clear. While the solution in the inoculated
tubes was somewhat i)inkish in color, it was decidedly lighter than the
solution in the control tubes. The deposit was the same in color and
in (piantity as in the Dunham solution given above.

Dunhani's solution., uiith indiijo-carinine. — ^Sterile tul)es of this solu-
tion were inoculated in the same manner as the Dunham's solution.
In two days the inoculated tul)es were slightly blue when seen by
reflected light. This color deepened from day to day for a])out one
week, after which time it remained practically constant. The inocu-
lated tubes were only slightly clouded at the end of two weeks, and a
small quantity of deposit with a faint brownish tinge had formed in
the bottom of the inoculated tubes.

Peptone solution., ivith rosolic acid. — A nutrient solution containing
rosolic acid was inoculated with a 1-mm. loop from a 24-hour-old beef-
broth culture, and at the end of one week the solution had a milky
appearance, due to the presence of a large number of organisms. Ten
da3's later there was no change, except the formation of a small
amount of white deposit. At the end of thirty days after inoculation
the tubes were still slightly clouded, but no change in color was
apparent. The deposit had increased and had assumed a faint brown-
ish tinge.

Dunhani's solution., vnth methylene hlue. — Two preparations con-
taining peptone and methylene blue were used. Thelirst consisted of
a 1 per cent solution of Witte's peptone, to which was added 0.5 per
cent c. p. sodium chlorid and 3 c. c. of a 1 per cent aqueous solution
of meth3dene blue. SterUe tubes of the solution were inoculated
with puie 24-hour-old beef -broth cultures of the calla-rot germ.
These inoculated tubes were compared with the controls for two
months subsequent to inoculation, but no change in color could be
detected.

22 A SOFT ROT OF THE CALLA LILY.

The second preparation was the same as the first, except that it con-
tained 1 per cent of grape sug-ar. Three days after inocuhition there
was no ai)parent change in color, but at the end of tive days the inoc-
ulated tubes had a greenish tinge. This became more distinct from
day to day for several weeks, and at the end of two months the inocu-
lated tubes were entirely green, while the control tubes remained blue.
The blue color of the inoculated tubes was not restored upon shaking.

Steamed potato cijtituLrs.—Voi'Aio cylinders were sterlized by steam-
ing on three consecutive days in the stei'ilizpr. Some of these were
inoculated with a 1-mm. loop of a 24:-hour-old culture of the calla-rot
organism in beef broth. Twenty-four hours after inoculation the
organism had spread over about two-thirds of the slant surface of
the inoculated cylinders. The rate of growth was slow as compared
with that on other media. The surface of the growth had a shiny
appearance and a faint tinge of yellow which corresponded very closely
to Ridgway's Cream Color, No. 20, Plate VI, or Saccardo's Cremeus,
No. 27, Table II. The inoculated cylinders began to turn gray toward
the inoculated ends. Even in twenty-four hours the discoloration
extended from one-third to two-thirds of the length of the cylinders.
The color deepened from day to day until at the end of two weeks the
upper ends of the cylinders were distinctly brown, the color fading
into a gray toward the lower ends of the cylinders. All the many
inoculated cylinders retained their shape, and the control cylinders
remained firm and white throughout the experiment.

In testing the potato cylinders for starch the reaction was immedi-
ate in both the inoculated and the control cylinders and the color
was nearly the same, but less purple and more blue in the control
than in the inoculated tubes. These tests were made at the end of
the second week and later. The odor of the inoculated cylinders at
the end of two weeks was sour and disagreeable, resembling spoiled

paste.

Raw potato.— A fairly smooth potato was selected and thoroughly
washed with tap water to remove the surface dirt. It, was then
washed with distilled water and the surface was sterilized with a solu-
tion of corrosive sublimate (1 part in 1,000), after which it was rinsed
with sterile water. It was then cut with a sterilized knife into
slices about 2 cm. in thickness. Each slice was divided into four
parts and placed in a deep sterilized petri dish. Several petri dishes
were prepared in this manner. Two of the pieces in each were inocu-
lated with a 24-hour-old beef-broth culture of the calla organism by
Y)lacing several drops of the beef-broth culture on the surface of the
pieces and then stabbing through these drops into the potato with a
sterile needle. Two pieces were left for control. In twenty-four
hours the inoculated and control pieces showed a slight discoloration
owing to the action of the air, but only the inoculated pieces decayed.

NUTRIENT MEDIA. '23

At the end of five days the decayed portions closely resenil>icd lliilg-
way's Broccoli lirown, No. 15, Plate III. It was not quite as dark as
Saccardo's Uiiibrinus, No. 9, Tahle I. The inoculated pieces had (he
odor of decayino- veoetables and were alkaline to litnuis.

Ram Kjqplant. — A ripe fruit of the ei;-<^plant was ohtainctl from the
market, the surface was washed and sterilized as described above,
and it was then cut with a steriie'knife into slices of thickness suitable
for placing in petri dishes. In some instances the slices were pared
with a sterile knife so as to remove the outside skin, and in other cases
the skin was left on. All slices were cut into four pieces, two of
which were inoculated with a 2-i-hour-old culture of the g-erni in beef
broth and two were left for control. Within eighteen hours at from
20-^ to 24° C. the inoculated pieces were discolored, and in forty-eioht
hours the discoloration had extended entirely throuoh them. In three
da3's some of the inoculated pieces were somewhat split and shrunken,
as shown in Plate IV, figure 2. In color the interior — i. e., the part
that was the center of the fruit — was Broccoli Brown, No. 15, Plate
III, of Kidgway's tables, a little lighter than Saccardo's Umbrinus No.
9, Table I. The portion toward the margin was nearly Clove Brown,
No. 2, Plate III, Ridgway's tables, or a little darker than Saccardo\s
Castaneus, No. 10, Table I. There was no sharp line between these
two shades of brown, but one graded into the other. The inoculated
pieces at the end of three days had a decidedly soapy odor and the
reaction was alkaline to litnuis. The checks remained perfectly sound.

Rmo caulifloircr. — A large head of caulitlower that had been three
weeks in cold storage was obtained from the market. A portion of
the main stalk was thoroughly washed with corrosive sublimate, and
then with sterile water. ^Vith a sterile knife the outside w^as pared
off and the remaining part was then cut into slices that could be con-
veniently placed in petri dishes. These were then inoculated with
the calla-rot germ from a pure culture in beef broth, leaving a num-
ber of pieces for control. The culture used in this case was three
days old. In twenty hours at 20° to 24° C. the inoculated pieces
began to show a faint discoloration, turning slightl}' brown., This
continued until at the end of al)out two and a half days the whole of
each piece inoculated had become discolored. At this time the inocu-
lated pieces were decidedl}' alkaline in reaction, gave a very strong
odor of decaying vegetable matter, and on comparing with Ridgway's
plates the color was found to correspond very closely to the Ecru
Drab, No. 21, Plate III, or to Saccardo's Avellaneus, No. 7, Table I.
The control pieces were still healthy. In several cases the inoculations
did not take. Several branches from the head were sterilized and the
lower part was inoculated with the same germ. In all these cases the
inoculation was successful, with the same characteristic odor, color,
and reaction.

24 A SOFT ROT OF THE CALLA LILY.

Bair /v/r7/.s7/.— Several red, so-called ''white tip,"; round radishes
were obtained from the market. These were washed and the surfaces
sterilized in the same manner as the raw potatoes. They -were then
pared with a sterile knife, cut in half, and placed in petri dishes, four
halves in each dish. Immediatel}' after preparing these specimens,
two in each dish were inoculated with the calla-rot organism, using a
24-hour-old beef -broth culture, and in eighteen hours at 20^ to 25^^ C.
all the inoculated pieces showed slight discoloration. In forty-eight
hours the disease had advanced so that the whole of each inoculated
piece was discolored. None of the uninoculated pieces showed any
signs of disease. Some of the inoculated pieces were inoculated by
contact and others by stab. The disease progressed as rapidly in
the contact as in the stal) cultures. The inoculated pieces only were
affected; color, Cinnamon, No. 20, Plate III, Ridgway, a little lighter
than Saccardo's Umbrinus, No. 9, Table I. In reaction the discolored
pieces were strongly alkaline to litnuis, and had the very disagreeable
odor of decaying vegetal)les. All the inoculated pieces were involved
(see PI. y, lig. 1). gradually disintegrated, and settled down upon the
bottom of the petri-dishes, as shown in Plate V, figure 2.

Rem cucwnljers^ sliced. — A green cucumber about .5 inches in length
was thoroughly w^ashed w^ith distilled water and the surface sterilized
with corrosive sublimate (1 part in 1,000). The outer rind was peeled
off with a sterile knife, and the material was then cut into slices from
1\ to 2 cm. in thickness. Each slice w^as divided into two parts and
placed in sterile petri dishes, four pieces in each dish. Two of these
pieces in each dish were inoculated with the calla disease germ, using
a 24:-hour-old beef-broth culture. All the inoculated pieces began to
show slioht discoloration in eighteen hours at 20-^ to 25° C, and in
forty-eight hours the disease had progressed rapidly, having discolored
in some cases the whole of each inoculated piece. The color of the
inoculated pieces at this time was light brown or yellowish, closely
resembling Kidgway's Buff, No. 13, Plate V, or Saccardo's Ochroleucus,
No. 28, Table II. The inoculated pieces had a peppery, pungent odor,
and were stronglv alkaline to litmus.

Raui cucuvihers, ^vhole. — The effect of the calla germ on whole
cucumbers fresh from the vines was tried by taking nearly ripe cucum-
bers, sterilizing a spot near the stem b}" washing with corrosive sul)ii-
mate (1 part in 1,000), and then washing w^ith sterile water. Several
punctures were made in the sterilized spot with a sterile needle to the
depth of from one-half to 1 inch, and two 1-mm. loops of a 21:-hour-
old beef-broth culture of the calla organism were applied to the sterile
surface over the piuictures. For control several cucumbers were
treated in exactly the same manner, except that the organism was not
applied. At the end of twenty-four hours at 20- to 25 - C. a water}"
spot about one-half an iiuli 'v.\ diamc^trr appc:ired around the punctures

NUTRIENT mp:dia. 25

in the cuciimbors that wore inoculated. In tliree days from the time
of inocuhition the ciicumhers were .soft ul)out one-half tluMr len*^th,
and in rive days they were soft throut^hoiit. The skin, however,
remained intact, so that the inoculated cucumljers represented closed
sacks containintr a watery, pulpy mass (PI. VI). If an opening were
made in the sack the contents would tiow out, leaving a semitranspar-
ent hag which could be tilled with water and handled. All controls
remained entirely unatiectcd. A diop of the watery substance from
one of the inoculated cucumbeis placed under a low power of the
micr()scoi)e showed that the cells had become se})aiated so that each
individual cell rioated out In' itself. The cells themselves wei-e not
collapsed, however, showing that the action of the organism had been
upon the lamella connectmg the cells, causing them to dissolve. This
action was apparent not only upon the cucumber but upon all the raw
vegetal)les which were rotted under the intiuence of this organism.
The color of the cucumbers, both upon the surface and in the interior,
remained unchanged. The odor of the soft contents of the inoculated
cucum})ers was strikingly like that arising from cucumbers that some-
times soften when pickled in brine. The reaction was distinctly acid
to litmus.

To determine whether the organism that had caused the softening
of thelnocidated cucumbers was the calla-rot germ, a spot was steril-
ized on the surface of one of the soft cucumbers l)efore the skin was
broken. With a sterile needle a puncture was then made in the ster-
ilized spot in the skin and a loop of the soft interior was removed
with a sterile needle and placed in 10 c. c. of beef l)roth. In the
usual wa}^ eight poured plates of beef agar were at once prepared
from the dilutions of this beef-broth culture. In from twent3'-four to
forty-eight hours at 20^ to 25^ C. colonies appeared in all the plates.
These colonies were all radiating and were alike in all respects, indi-
cating that the cucumber contained a pure culture of an organism
similar at least to the calla-rot germ. Twelve callas were inoculated
with 24-hour-old beef-broth cultures made from these colonies, and in
twent3'-four hours the characteristic calla rot appeared in all cases,
as indicated in the watery discoloration around the inoculated spots
and by the subsequent decaying of the parts inoculated. In twenty-
four hours more the inoculated leaves had entirely rotted oft. The
only part of the interior of the inoculated cucumbers not softened was
the portion immediately beneath the spot sterilized for inoculation
(PI. VI, A). Here the interior remained firm, sometimes to a depth
of one-half inch or more, showing that the corrosive sublimate had
penetrated to a considerable depth and that the organism was unable
to attack this part of the cin3umber even after several days.

This series of experiments was repeated many times with practi-
cally the same results. Snmetinios the action was a little slower and

26 A SOFT KOT OF THE CALLA LILY.

sometimes a little more rapid. It was found that the action was more
rapid if the ciK-umbers were nearly ripe before inoculation and when
the temperature of the air in which they were kept after inoculation
was about 30^ C. Some of the experiments were carried on in the
dark and some in diffused light, but there was no apparent difference
in the time required for the inoculation to take, nor in the rate of
procuress made in softening the cucumbers in the two cases. The rate
of disintegration was the same on l)oth tlio upper and the lower sides
of the cucumbers.

Rdir (jreen peppers. — These peppers were obtained from the market,
thoroughly washed with distilled water, and afterwards with corrosive
sul)limate, and again rinsed with distilled water. With a sterile knife
they were cut into slices and placed in sterile petri dishes, two pieces
in each dish. One piece in each dish was inoculated immediately with
the calla-disease o)-ganism. In twenty-four hours at 20'^ to 25° C. it
was seen that the inoculated pieces were slightly attacked by the germ,
and in forty-eight hours the disease had progressed, although not as
rapidly as in the cases of the cucumber, potato, carrot, and some other
vciietables. The organism attacked both the central and the outer
parts of the pepper, but the change in color was not sufficient to show
in a photograph even after live days. The inoculated parts were all
darker than the controls (liidgway's Parrot Green, No. 7, Plate X, or
Saccardo's Atro-virens, No. 34, Talile II), while the original was nearly
grass green toward the outside. The interior of the pepper, originally
nearly white, was changed to Cream Buft\ Ridgway's No. 11, Plate V,
or Saccardo's Cremeus, No. 27, Table II. The inoculated parts Avere
also soft, had the odor of decaying peppers, and were strongly alka-
line to litnuis.

Ratn mature onion hulhs. — The outside layers were removed and the
onion was then cut into pieces of convenient thickness and placed in
petri dishes, three pieces m each dish. Two of these pieces were inoc-
ulated with a 21-hour-old culture of the calla germ and one was left
for control. Several dishes were prepared in this manner. The
organism grew on the onion, but not rapidly, and at the end of five
days at a temperature of from 20° to 25° C. the decay was apparent,
althouuh the layers of the onion were not broken down. The color
was Cream Buff, No. 11, Plate V, Ridgway, or Saccardo's Cremeus, No.
27, Table II. The odor was that of decaying onions. In reaction the
inoculated pieces were moderately alkaline to litmus.

Raw yoimy ojiions. — Several onions were grown from seeds, and
when the young plants were about two weeks old they had produced
three leaves each and the longest of the leaves measured from 0 to
8 inches. These plants were inoculated with the calla organism by
placing a drop of a 21-hour-old beef-broth culture on a leaf wiih a
sterile needle and puncturing the leaf several times through the drop

NUTRIENT MEDIA. 27

of bac-toriu-liulon broth. No sii;ii of disease a[)pi'urecl in any case,
although the phiiits wore kept under observation for several weeks.
This expininient was repeated several times with ne^^ativc results,
indicating- that this org^anisni is not a producer of disease in young
green onions.

Jlaw j)i,e2)lant. — Stalks of raw pieplant were washed with corrosive
sublimate and then in distilled water. With a sterile knife the out-
side was removed and the stalks were then cut into slices about 2 cm.
thick and four placed in each petri dish. Two of each foui- were
inoculated with a 'J-t-hour-old beef-l)rotli culture of th(> calla germ.
In two cases only was there any growth, and this was very feeble,
resulting at the end of Hve days in a slight brown discoloration. The
experiment was repeated several times, but in all cases the growth
was very feeble and hardly perceptible.

liavi r*^/Z'J«//(^— Cabbao-e heads were obtained from the market, the
outer leaves were pulled oH". and inoculations were made into the
stumps and leaves of several plants, using a iJ-l-hour-old beef-l)roth
culture of the calla germ, several heads })eing left for control. In
twenty-four hours the inoculated spots were slightly discoloi'cd. The
color- deepened for nine days (temperature, 18^ to 27"^ C), at the end
of which time the rot had spread over the whole surface of the stumps
and entirely through them. The color was Drab, No. IS, Plate III,
Ridgway, or somewhat darker than Saccardo's Avellaneus, No. 7,
Table I. At the same time the decay progressed in the leaves, pro-
ducing the same color and advancing from leaf to leaf until at the end
of nine days the whole of (>ach inoculated head was affected. None of
the control plants was aii'ected during this time. The decayed speci-
mens had the odor of rotten cabbage and in reaction were strongly
alkaline to litmus.

In addition to these experiments with cabbage, pieces of stumps and
leaves were washed with corrosive sublimate, then with sterile water,
and placed in petri dishes, four pieces in each dish, two of which
were inmiediately inoculated with a- 2I:-hour-old beef-broth culture of
the organism and two left for control. In twentv-four hours at 20-^
to 25^ C. the inoculated pieces began to show discoloration and in five
days the inoculated pieces w^ere decayed throughout. The control
pieces remained sound, except in a few instances in which the exuding
juice from the decayed pieces came into contact with the controls, in
which cases the latter decayed. The color, odor, and reaction were
the same as in the experiments with the whole heads, as previously
described.

Haw 2)(irsnips. — Raw parsnips were obtained from the market and
treated in the same way as the raw potatoes. With a sterile knife
pieces of convenient thickness were cut and placed in sterile petri
dishes, four pieces in each dish. Two pieces in each dish were inocu-

28 A SOFT ROT OF THE CALLA LILY.

latcd with the calUi-rot germ, using a 24- hour-old heef- broth culture.
At the end of twenty-four hours after inoculation the inoculated
pieces began to show discoloration at the points of infection, and at
the end of three days (temperature, 18° to 25^ C.) the discoloration
was very marked (PI. VII, fig. 1). The inoculated pieces had a pun-
gent, sweetish odor and were plainly alkaline to litmus. The color
corresponded to Ridgway's ^Vlummy Brown, No. 10, Plate III, or nearly
to Saccardo's Fuligineu.s, No. 11, Table I.

Rain 6'«/7y>j5.s.— Several roots of carrots were obtained from the
market and prepared in the manner indicated above. Slices of suit-
able thickness to be placed in petri dishes were then cut off with a
sterile knife. Four pieces were placed in each petri dish, and as in
the other experiments two out of each set were inoculated with the
calla-rot organism and two left for control. In twenty-four hours
at 20° to 22° C. the inoculated pieces began to discolor at the points
of inoculation, and in three days the discoloration was very striking
over the entire surface of the inoculated pieces (PI. VII, fig. 2). In
the central part of the root the discoloration had extended entirely
through, a distance of 2 cm., while toward the outer surface the
progress w^as not so rapid, the discoloration having extended only
about 1 cm. The color of the inoculated pieces three day;^ after inoc-
ulation was Vandyke Brown, No. 5, Ridgway's Plate III, or nearly
Saccardo's Fuligineus, No. 11, Table I. The decayed part was dis-
tinctly alkaline to litmus. At the end of eight days the inoculated
pieces were entirely discolored and soft, while the uninoculated pieces
still retained their normal color and were sound. At this time the
inoculated pieces had changed in color from Vandyke Brown or Fulig-
ineus to Olive, No. 9, Ridgway's Plate III, or to Saccardo's Oliva-
ceus. No. 39, Table II.

Raio turnips. — A firm, white turnip was obtained from the market,
prepared for the petri dishes, and inoculated in the same manner as
the other vegetables. In twenty-four hours discoloration was dis-
tinctly noticeable at the points of inoculation, and in three days the
discoloration was very striking and had progressed downward from 2
to 3 mm., while the uninoculated pieces were still white and sound
(see PI. VllI, fig. 1). The color of the inoculated pieces at this time
closely resembled Ridgway's Olive, No. 9, Plate III, or Saccardo's
Olivaceus, No. 39, Table II. The discolored parts were strongly
alkaline to litmus and had a striking odor of decayed turnips.

liav) salsify. — Several roots of salsify were obtained from the mar-
ket and the same method was used in preparing and inoculating them
that was employed with the other vegetables. In twenty-four hours
the inoculated pieces were discolored and in three days all had discol-
ored but only the inoculated pieces had decayed, and as these kept
their shape it was impossible to bring out the difference in color by

NUTUIKNT MEDIA. 29

nii'iiiis of ii i)li()t()*ii":ii)li. riio yrowtli of the oriraiiisin. lioucvci-, wiis
u|)})iir(Mitly just as i:i[)i(l in the salsify as in the })arsuii)>, carrots, etc
The inoculated pieces were alkaline to litmus aiul had an odor of
decay iny salsify.

Rav iiiiiKiiiKK^ ripe. — Several ripe tomatoes were inoculated with a
24-hour-old l)eef-))roth culture of the calla «>erm. Before inoculatintj,
a spot about one inch in diameter on the surface of the fruit was washed
with a dilute solution of corrosive sublimate and then with sterile water.
A loop of the culture wa>i then placed on the sterilized spot and a sterile
needle was used to puncture the skin throu<i;h the drop of l>eef-l)roth
culture. Some of the tomatoes so inoculated wen^ left in ditluscd li<4ht,
some were placed in a dark room, and all were maintained at ti tempera-
ture of about 18^ C. Twenty-four hours after inoculation each infected
spot was surrounded by a watery area about 1^ inches in diameter. The
contents of the inoculated tomatoes softened rapidly, so that at the
end of four days after inoculation openings were made in the skins of
some of the infected fruits and the contents were poured out. leavinj^
the skins intact. The cell contents of the inoculated tomatoes were
apparently acted upon by some substance that dissolved the inter-
cellular la\ers and allowed the individual cells to become entirely
separated, as in the case of the cucundjers already cited. The cell
contents did not seem to Ix) affected, iior did the substance act upon
the skin of the tomato.

Rmo tomatoes^ green. — Some tomato plants growine- in the Depart-
ment greenhouse bore a number of unripe tomatoes varying from 1
to 2 inches in diameter. Six of these were inoculated on the plants in the
same manner as the ripe tomatoes described al)ove. Twent^'-four
hours after inoculation (temperature, about 30" C.)allth(» infected toma-
toes had small watery spots at the point of inoculation. Twenty-four
hours later the watery spots appeared sunken and whitish. In another
twenty-four hours the spots began to turn brown, the skin cracked,
and the juice began to ooze out. \\\ twelve da^'s after inoculation the
contents had oozed from all the inoculated tomatoes, leaving the skins
still clinging to the vines, Plate ^TI1, figure 2, shows a photograph
of one of the skins (No. 2) and of an uninoculated tomato (No. 1) on
a piece of one of the vines. The skins did not cling firmly to the
vines, but could be easily removed. The stems to which the skins
were attached had a discolored and dead appearance, ))ut were not at
all soft. Green tomatoes brought into contact, either artificially or
naturally, with a deca3'ed tomato did not take the disease. While the
general efi'ect of the organism is the same upon the green as upon the
ripe tomato, the progress is much more rapid in the case of the ripe
fruits.

Ravj ajyples (York Imperial). — The outside of the apple was Avashed
with corrosive sublimate (1 part in 1, ()()()) and then with sterile water.

30 A SOFT KOT OF THE CALLA LILY.

Several i)icces were iheii out out with a steril(> knife and placed in
sterile petri disbe.s, four pieces in each di.sh. Two pieces in each dish
were inoculated with a 24-hour-old culture of the calla-rot "-erm in
beef broth and two pieces were left for control. After four days a
slight growth was noticeable, but the rate of growth was vevy slow.

Jiaw jjineajjjjlcs. — The outside was removed and several pieces were
cut from the interior with a sterile knife. As in the previous case,
four pieces were placed in each of several petri dishes. Two pieces in
each dish were inoculated as above and two left for control. These
preparations were kept for about ten daA's, but no growth appeared on
any of the pieces.

liavj i/t'lio'w hana7ias. — The outside of the bananas was carefully
peeled off, and with a sterile knife cross sections from 1./ to 2 cm. thick
were cut otl' and placed in sterile petri dishes, four in each dish. As
in the preceding cases, two pieces in each were inoculated with a 24-
hour-old cultui'c of the calla-rot germ in beef ])roth and two were left
for control. After ten da3's no growth was noticeal)le on an}' of the
pieces.

GAS.

To determine whether or not the calla-rot organism is a gas pro-
ducer, six solutions were used, viz, peptene water +1 \)v,\- cent man-
nite, peptone water -|-1 per cent maltose, peptone water +1 per cent
dextrose, peptone water +1 per cent cane sugar, peptone water +1
per cent milk sugar, and peptone water +1 percent gh'cerin. A half
dozen fermentation tubes were tilled with each of these solutions, and
after sterilizing for fifteen minutes on three consecutive days several
tubes of each set were inoculated with a 1-mm. loop of a 24-hour-old
beef-broth culture of the calla-rot organism. A part of each set was left
for control. In eighteen hours after inoculation of the infected tubes
(temperature, 20"^ C.) the}' were clouded in the bulb, and the cloudmg
extended from one-half to 1 inch into the closed ends of the tubes.
In forty hours the clouding extended to the top of the closed end of
each inoculated tube, but no gas had formed in any case. (Fig. 0.) The
control tubes were all clear and free from gas. These tubes were kept
under observation for two weeks, but no gas formed in any of the
tubes, and the control tubes were still clear and free from sediment.
The inoculated peptone-mannite tubes l)egan to clear at the top of the
closed ends in from twenty to thirty weeks after inoculation. The
deposit formed from a settling of the sediment was cream butf in
color, as seen by reflected light, and corresponded very nearly to
Ridgway's No. 11. Plate V. The reaction of the contents of the tube
was slightly acid to litmus at the close of the experiment. The inocu-
lated peptone-maltose tubes ])egan to clear in from ten to twelve
weeks, and by the end of twenty weeks were entirely clear. The

ACTION ON LEAD ACETATE.

deposit fonned was only iil)out one-half the bulk of tlio deposit in (lie
pejjtone-niannite tubes. It was of a drab color, eorrespondinj;- v(>ry
elosely to Ridgvvay's Ecru Drab, or a little darker than Saccai-do's
AvellantHis, No. 7, Talde I, when viewed by reflected li«>ht. The reac-
tion of the contents of the tubes was slightly alkaline to litmus at the
close of the experiment. The peptone-dextrose tubes began to dear
in from ten to twelve weeks after inocula-
tion, and m twenty weeks were entirely
clear. A large part of the sediment clung
to the back of the upright part of the tube
instead of settling completely, as in the
other inoculated tubes. The color of the
deposit was also drab, corresponding very
closely to Kidgway's Ecru Drab, No. 21,
Plate III, or a little darker than Saccardo's
Avellaneus, No. 7, Table 1, when seen by
reflected light. The reaction of the con-
tents of the tube at the close of the experi-
ment was slightly acid to litnuis. The cane
sugar, milk sugar, and glycerin tubes
cleared in from one to six weeks. The
o-lvcerin tube cleared first, then the milk-
sugar tube, and lastly the cane-sugar tu))es.
The deposit was heaviest — about -i nnn.
deep— in the cane-sugar tubes, about 2 mm.
deep in the milk-sugar tubes, and only 1
mm. deep in the glycerin tube. The color
of the deposit was the same as in the other
cases, viz, Ridgway's Ecru Drab, No. 21, Plate III, or a little darker
than Saccardo's Avellaneus, No. 7, Table I. Each inoculated tube
gave an acid reaction with litmus at the close of the experiment. No
gas formed in any of the tubes. It is therefore apparent that the
calla-rot organism is not capable of splitting up mannite, maltose,
dextrose, cane sugar, milk sugar, or gh^cerin so that a gas will form.

Fig. 6.— Fermentation tube ten
days after inoculating with the
callii organism.

ACTION ON LEAD ACETATE.

Slant tubes of lactose agar, colored with litmus, were inoculated
with the calla-rot organism, and at the same time slips of filter paper
saturated with lead acetate were introduced into the tubes. These
paper strips were held at one end by a cotton plug, so that they did.
not come into contact with the medium. In twenty-four hours the
color began to fade from the litmus-lactose agar, and in three days
the agar was practicall}" colorless, except a small area near the top,
which was still slightly tinged. At the same time the lead acetate
paper began to blacken around the edges. Twenty -four hours later
the margins of the paper strips were still darker and the discoloration

32 A SOFT EOT OF THE CALLA LILY.

extended a little farther from the edge. At the end of eight days
from tlu> l)oginning of the experiment the color had entirely' disap-
peared from the inoculated tubes, while it remained unchanged in the
controls. The lead-acetate papers Avere blackened about three-fourths
of an inch from the lower end upward, the color fading out and leav-
ing no sharp line of demarcation. The liquid that settled in the angb
of the inoculated tubes at the end of eight da)^s had become nearly
cream color, corresponding closely to Ridgwa3^'s No. 20, Plate VI, or
Saccardo's Cremeus, No. 27, Table II, while in the control tubes the
liquid was still litmus color. At the expiration of twenty-seven days
from the beginning of the experiment the color began to return in the
agar, and seven days later the original color had returned throughout
the agar and also in the liquid that had previoush^ been cream color.
As soon as the color began to return to the agar the discoloration of
the lead-acetate slips ceased to develop. The black color in the lead-
acetate papers was undoubtedly due to the formation of hydrogen sul-
phid, which develops on certain media during the activity of the calla-
rot organism. As soon as the organism became inactive the hydrogen
sulphid ceased to form, and what had formed passed off from the agar,
allowing the litmus color to return. Beef broth inoculated Avith the
calla-rot organism discolored the margins of lead-acetate paper in
twentj'-four hours, the discoloration extending about one-fourth of an
inch from the margin. This gas forms much more rapidly in beef
broth than in litmus-lactose agar, while the organism growing on
potato cylinders produced no blackening of lead-acetate strips, even at
the end of three weeks after inoculation.

INDOL.

Several tubes of peptonized Uschinsky's solution Avere inoculated
Avith fresh cultures of the calla-rot organism. The inoculated tubes
clouded Avithin tAventy-four hours, and tests Avere made from day to
day for indol, using concentrated sulphuric acid and sodium nitrite,
but even at the end of twentA^-four days no trace of indol could be
detected, although the tubes Averc heated to 80° C. after the application
of the acid and the nitrite.

XITRATKS RKDUCKl) TO MTRITES.

Four tul)es of nitrate bouillon were inoculated Avith the calla germ.
These became distinctly clouded in the usual time, and at the end of
tAvo days were tested for nitrites as follows: To 10 c. c. of the clouded
bouillion 1 c. c. of starch solution and 1 c. c. of potassium iodid solu-
tion were added. One drop of sulphuric acid was then sufficient to
giA'e an intensely ))lue color, indicating that the nitrates had been
chanp-ed to nitrites. The control tubes treated in the same manner
gaA'e no reaction.

MAXIMUM TEMPERATUKE. 33

MAXIMUM TKMl'KUATUUK.

In determining the niaxinunn toniperaturo at which the calla-rot
organism will grow several media were used, viz, agar, gelatin, beef
})roth, and Uschinsky's solution. These media were iuoculat(>d with a
24-hour-old culture of the calla-rot organism in beef 1)roth, and several
tubes of each medium were placed in an incul)ator which registered
40° C. At the expiration of forty-eight hours the temperature still
•remained at 40° C, and there was no visible growth in any of the
media. Growth was apparent in all the control tubes at the end of
twenty-four hours after inoculation. On the third day after the tubes
were placed in the oven the temperature fell to 38° C, and at the
expiration of twenty-four hours thereafter there was a visible cloud-
ing of the beef broth and of the Uschinsky solution, ])ut no groAvth
appeared on the other media. When the incubator had again ])ecome
steady at 40° C, fresh cultures were introduced, including, in addition
to the above mentioned media, milk, litmus milk, and poured-agar
plates. At the end of forty-eight hours there was a slight clouding
of the beef broth and of the Uschinskv solution, l)ut no growth was
yet apparent in the other media. Twenty-four hours later the clouding
in the beef broth and in Uschinsky's solution had increased and minute
colonies began to appear in the poured plates, slight growth l)eing
apparent also on slant agar and stab gelatin cultures. At the end of
another twenty-four hours the milk was slightly curdled and the
litmus milk was beginning to redden. The temperature remained
constantly at 40° C, and growth advanced slowly in all cases for
several days. The colonies in the poured plates increased in size until
they were from 2 to 3 mm. in diameter. It should be noted that all
the colonies produced on the agar plates at this high temperature were
round, none of them showing any tendency to radiate as they did
' under temperatures from 20° to 30° C. While 40° C. retards the
growth of the organism it does not prevent it. The incubator Avas
next ]-egulated at 41° C. and fresh cultures of the organism on the
various media were placed in it. After forty-eight hours there \vas a
slight growth in the Uschinsky solution and on the slant agar, but it
was very slight as compared with the controls. No growth appeared
in the other media. At the end of another forty-eight hours, growth
in the agar and in the Uschinsky solution was not perceptibly advanced
and no growth appeared in any of the other media. Upon removing
all these cultures to conditions of normal temperature at the end of
the fourth day, growth advanced rapidly in those cases where it had
started and appeared in all the other media used w^ithin twenty-four
hours after removal. When fresh cultures were kept constantly at
42° C. no growth appeared, but exposure to this temperature for
twenty -four hours did not destroy the life of the organism, as evidenced

27501— No. 60—04 3

34 A SOFT EOT OF THE CALL A LILY.

by the fact that when the cultures were removed from the incubator
at 42^ and kept at 20° C. g-rowth began within a few hours. If fresh
cultures were placed in the incubator at 43'^ C. life was not destroj^ed
within fifteen hours, but cultures removed at the end of twent3^-four
hours and placed under normal conditions failed to grow. If the
temperature was kept constants above 41° C. no growth appeared in
any of the media used. Hence after man}' repeated tests it was
decided that 41° C. is the maximum temj^erature at w^hich this organism
will grow.

MIXIMUIM TEMPERATURE.

To determine the lowest temperature at which the calla-rot organ-
ism will grow, fresh cultures were placed in the ice box at different
elevations, with as little variation as possible in the quantity of ice,
so that the temperature remained fairly constant for each set of cul-
tures, but varied for the different sets from about 3° to 9° C. Set 1
consisted of cultures of beef broth, Uschinsky's solution, gelatin stab
cultures, and slant agar, and was kept at a temperature between 3°
and 5° C. for twenty-four days. The control cultures at room tem-
peratures of 20° C. produced growth as usual within twenty-four
hours, while the cultures at the low temperature showed no signs of
growth until the}' were removed from the ice box at the expiration
of twenty -four days, when all produced growth within twenty-four
hours. Set 2 was kept at approximately 0° C. for nine days, at the
end of which time growth appeared, slightly clouding the beef broth.
The temperature sometimes fell to 5° C, but did not at any time dur-
ing the nine days exceed 6i° C. Set 3 was kept at approximately 9° 0.
Slight growth beg-an in from two to four davs. Beef broth was the
first to show the growth in the low temperatures, while in the high
temperatures it was usually the Uschinsky solution that clouded first.
Six and one-half degrees centigrade seems to be the lowest tempera-
ture at which growth will take place. At 9° C. growth takes place
slowly and the colonies in agar-plate cultures at this temperature are
small and round, as was found to be the case in the high temperatures.

OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE.

The calla-rot organism grows readilv between 15° and 37° C.
Fresh cultures of beef broth, Uschinsky's solution, and agar inoculated
with a 1 mm. loop of a 24-bour-old beef-broth culture, placed in an
incubator at 37.5° C, showed signs of growth within six hours. Simi-
lar cultures at 35° C. showed a distinct growth in four hours. As it
is sometimes difficult to compare culture solutions accurately with ref-
erence to the intensity of clouding, agar-plate cultures were also used.
The fresh cultures were placed at different temperatures — some at 20°,
some at 30°, some at 33°, some at 35°, and some at 37.5° C. In
fifteen hours the plates at 35° C. showed the colonies most distinctly.

THERMAL DEATH POINT. 35

The colonics moasurod from 1 to 8 nun. in diiinu'tcr. Colonies wore
also visible in the plates at 2(» and 30 and at 37.5^0., but they were
smaller— scarcel}' larger than pin points. Similar tests were made of
other temperatures above and below 35° C. with like results. Since all
oTowth above and below 35° C. is slower than at this temperature, it
appears that 35° C. is the optimum temperature for the growth of the
calla-rot oraanism. In thirtv-four hours the colonies at 35° C. had
the characteristic radiating- form, while those at and above 37.5° C.
were round.

THERMAL DEATH TOIXT.

The thermal death point is the lowest temperature at which the life
of the oro-anism will be destroved when a fresh culture is exposed to
that tempcn-ature for ten minutes. To determine that point with the
calla-rot oro-anism fresh beef-broth cultures were made from a 24-hour-
old culture of l)eef broth, each culture consisting of 10 c. c. of broth
inoculated with a 1-nnn. loop of the 2-i-hour-old culture. The tubes
containing these fresh cultures were placed in water at constant tem-
perature for ten minutes. In the first experiment three sets of tubes
were used. One set was exposed to a temperature of 40°, another set
was exposed to 49.20 ^ and the third set was exposed to 49.40° C.
After exposing the tu])es to these temperatures they were placed at
room temperature of a])out 20° C, and at the expiration of eighteen
hours all control tulles were clouded and all exposed tubes were clear.
Six hours later set 1 (49° C.) was clouded slightly; sets 2 and 3 were
still clear. Twenty-four hours later— i. e., forty-eight hours from the
time the tubes w^ere exposed to the heat— all inoculated tubes were
clouded. In the second experiment three sets of tubes were again
used. After inoculating in the same manner as above, one set was
exposed for 10 minutes to a temperature of 49.50°, another to 50°,
and a third to 50.20° C. Several inoculated tubes were left untreated
for control. At the expiration of twenty-four hours all control tubes
were clouded, and all exposed tubes were clear. Twenty-four hours
later four tubes in set 1 (49.50- C.) were clouded and two were clear.
All tubes in sets 2 and 3 (12 m all) were still clear. At the expiration
of two weeks all tubes in sets 2 and 3 were still clear, and the two
tubes in set 1 were also clear. Agar plates were made from the clouded
tubes that were heated to 49.50- C, and in all cases pure cultures of
the calla organism were obtained, as indicated by the shape of the
colony and by the fact that inoculations into calla plants produced the
characteristic symptoms of the disease. Several sets of cultures were
subsequently exposed to a temperature of 50° C. for ten minutes, but
always with the result that they all remained clear indefinitely, while
a i)art, at least, of the cultures exposed below 50° C. clouded in a
longer or shorter time, showing that 50° C is the thermal death point
for this organism.

36 A SOFT ROT OF THE CALLA LILY.

DIFFUSED LIGHT.

Diffused lioht had no effect upon the development of the orj,^anism
in an}- of the media used, i. e., beef broth and other liquid media,
clouded or otherwise, showed the presence of the organism as readily
under one condition as the other, and in the agar plates the colonies
formed as quickly and grew as rapidly in difl-used light as in the dark.

DIRECT SUNLIGHT.

To determine the effect of direct sunlight upon the organism several
tubes, each containing 10 c. c. of agar, were inoculated and poured
into thin petri dishes. One-half of each dish was covered with black
paper and the dishes Avere then exposed to the direct sunlight. Some
of the dishes were removed from the direct sunlight at the end of live,
ten, fifteen, twenty, and sixt}- minutes. In those dishes that were
exposed five minutes only, colonies appeared in all points of the plate
in twenty hours. The colonies appeared just as readily and grew just
as rapidly in the exposed as in the unexposed part of the plate, but
were a little less numerous, showing that a few of the organisms had
been killed by the direct light in five minutes. In the plates that
were exposed ten minutes colonies appeared in the covered part of
the plate within twenty-four hours, but none appeared in the exposed
part of the plate until nearly forty-eight hours after being placed
in diff'used light. The colonies which finally formed in the exposed
part were much less numerous than those in the shaded part. In the
covered part of the plate that w-as exposed fifteen minutes colonies
appeared within twenty hours, but no colonies appeared in the exposed
side, even at the end of a week, except a few around the edge of the
plate, Avhich were apparently protected slightly either b}'^ the shadow
of the margin of the petri dish or by the organism being several deep
around the margin of the plate, so that the upper layers protected
those below from being destroyed by the direct rays of the sun. The
same was true of the plates exposed twenty minutes. It appears, there-
fore, that from five to fifteen minutes of direct sunlight are sufficient to
destroy the life of the organism, but that a very slight protection only
is necessaiy to prevent them from being destro3'ed. Even in the
plates exposed for sixt}- minutes the organisms around the margin
of the plate were likewise protected. In all cases colonies appeared
close to the dividing line between the exposed and the shaded part of
the plate, and growth extended in every instance from these marginal
colonies into the exposed part of the plate, showing the characteristic
radiation of the colonies w hen not crowded.

EFFECT OF NITROGEN.

Several tubes of beef broth were inoculated with the calla-rot germ
and the tubes were placed iiiuuciliately in a jar from wliicli the oxygen

EFFECT OF NITROGEN, ETC. 37

was removed bj' the aid of pyrogallic acid and sodium hydrate, thus
leavino- practically an atmosphere of nitroo;en. The jar was i)laced in
ditiused lioht at a temperature of from 18- to 25^ C. At the expira-
tion of thirty-tive days it was opened and the beef broth was as clear
as if it had not been inoculated, showing that no growth had taken
place in the absence of oxygen. Twenty-four hours after the jar was
opened the tubes were clouded as deeply as if the inoculation had been
made the day the jar was opened instead of thirty-tive days prior to
that time. Hence, while nitrogen will not enal)lc the organism to grow,
its life is not destroyed by the action of this gas, and when inocula-
tions were made from these cultures into callas the disease promptly
appeared, and in forty-eight hours the inoculated leaves and llower
stalks had rotted off. Agar-poured plates made from the clouded tubes
and from the diseased portion of the inoculated calla showed the same
characteristic pure cultures composed of radiating colonies. To deter-
mine how nuich longer the organism w^ould live in the absence of oxy-
gen, cotton -plugged tubes of beef broth, Uschinsky's solution, and a
mixture of Dunham's and Uschinsky's solutions (half and half) were
inoculated with the calla organism and were kept in an atmosphere of
nitrogen two hundred and seventy-live days, in the manner described
above. At the expiration of this time the tubes, all of which were
clear, were exposed to the air at room temperature, i. e., IS ' to 25° C,
the same temperature at whicli they had been kept in the atmosphere
free from oxygen. The atmosphere in the jar would not support com-
bustion at the moment it was opened, indicating that the ox3'gen had
not diffused into it. In twenty -four hours after exposing the tubes to
the air the Uschinsky solution and the mixture of the Uschinsky and
Dunham solutions w^ere all clouded, but the beef-broth solutions were
not clouded. The clouding increased for several days in those tubes
in which it had begun, ))ut no growth appeared in the beef broth even
after several weeks of exposure to the air. Poured plates and inocu-
lations into healthy callas from the clouded tubes showed that this was
the calla organism.

EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXID.

Freshly inoculated tubes of slant agar, Uschinsky's solution, nitrate
bouillon, and common bouillon were placed in an air-tight jar into
which carbon dioxid was passed. Before the gas entered the jar con-
• taining the tubes it was passed through solutions of potassium per-
manganate, sodium hydrate, and distilled water. After being filled
and exhausted six times, to insure an atmosphere of pure carbon
dioxid, the jar was tilled with the gas, sealed, and allowed to stand for
fourteen days. At the expiration of this time it was opened and the
tubes were examined. The slant agar showed a thin, pure white growth
the whole length of the streak and a small amount of whitish precipi-
tate in the fluid in the angle fon^ncd l)y the agar and the side of the

38 A SOFT ROT OF THE CALLA LILY.

tube. The amount of growth was only moderate. The Uschinsky's
solution showed no growth at this time. In twenty-four hours the
tubes of Uschinsky's solution were still clear, but at the end of forty-
eight hours after exposure to the air the solution was distinctly
clouded, showing that free oxygen is necessary for the growth of the
calla organism in Uschinsky's solution.

In the nitrate bouillon there was only a moderate amount of growth
at the time the jar was opened, but the solution was distinctly clouded.
There was a white precipitate 7 mm. in breadth, but no pellicle or rim
had formed. The nitrates were reduced to nitrites, as shown by the
usual test. The common bouillon was distinctly and iniiforml}' clouded.
Apparentl}^ the growth had been twice as rapid as in the nitrate bouil-
lon, as indicated by the degree of cloudiness of the tubes and by the
large amount of white precipitate, which w^as fully twice as abundant
jis in the nitrate bouillon tubes. No rim or pellicle formed in any of
the tabes.

EFFECT OF HYDROGEN,

Tubes of slant agar, Uschinskj^'s solution, ordinary bouillon, and
nitrate bouillon were inoculated with the calla organism and placed in
a hydrogen atmosphere. The hydrogen was generated b}^ the action
of dilute sulphuric acid upon zinc. The gas thus produced was
passed through solutions of silver nitrate, potassium permanganate,
sodium hydrate, and distilled water into a chamber containing the
inoculated tubes. The chamber was filled and exhausted six times,
thus insuring practically a pure atmosphere of hj^drogen. The cham-
ber was then sealed and left undisturbed for twenty days, at the end
of which time the following results were noted:

The organism had made a feeble growth on the slant agar, as indi-
cated b}^ a very faint streak along the surface of the medium, and a
small amount of whitish precipitate to the depth of 2 mm. had been
deposited in the angle between the agar and the side of the tube.
Uschinskv's solution was feebl}^ clouded throughout. A small amount
of deposit to the breadth of 7 to 8 mm. had formed in the bottom of
the tube. The ordinary bouillon was feel^ly clouded throughout and
a white precipitate 8 mm. in breadth had been deposited. The nitrate
bouillon was feebly clouded, with a small amount of white deposit 12
mm. broad in the bottom of the tube. No rim or pellicle had formed
in an}^ of the fluids.

COMPARISON OF CALLA-ROT GERM WITH SIMILAR ORGANISMS.

Bacillus carotovorm Jones." — Upon comparing the calla organism
with the carrot-rot germ, as described by Jones, it is found to differ in

"Jonep, L. R. A Soft Rot of Carrot and Other Vegetables Caused l)y Bacillus
Carotovorus, Jones. Thirteenth Annual Report of the Vermont Experiment Station,
1900, p. 299.

COMPARISON WITH SIMILAR ORGANISMS.

several pavtic ulars— i. o., the, calla rot does not. -while the latter does
produce gas. The former is not atfeeted by ditlused light, while the
latter is affected, etc. The shape of colonies differs. There are, of
course, numerous points in which the two organisms agree, but they
differ in enough essential points to show that they are not the same.

Bacillus olenu'cm Harrison."— Cultures of this organism were ob-
tiiined, and repeated inoculations were made with fresh cultures into
various parts of calla plants. At the same time parallel inoculations
were made with similar cultures of the calla-rot germ. In twenty-
four hours after inoculation nearly all the plants inoculated wibli the
calla germ showed the characteristic symptoms of disease, and the
decay continued to progress until the plants
were practically destroyed. On the other
hand Harrison's organism did not affect the
plants in any way, showing that the two
organisms are not identical.

Heinz' s hyacinth germ {Bacillus hyacinthi
septiciis).^ — In ord(>r to learn the effect of
the calla organism on hyacinths, more than
100 hyacinths were inoculated with fresh qx\\-
tures of the calla germ. The leava\s, ilower
stalk, and flowers were inoculated. Most of
the inoculations were made in plants grow-
ing in the open when the weather was bright
and warm. A few hyacinths were potted
and placed in a greenhouse. The flowers
were inoculated by dropping a single drop
of a 24-hour-old beef -broth culture into the
flower. The leaves and flower stalks were in-
oculated by scraping a (juantity of the fresh
growth of the organism from a slant-agar
surface, applying it to the diseased spot,
and then puncturing the plant with a sterile
needle through the mass of organisms. None of the plants in the open
showed any symptoms of the disease whatever, although they were
watched daily for more than two weeks. The inoculated plants in the
greenhouse did not show an}^ symptoms of disease until the expiration
of five days, when a few of the leaves and flower stalks began to
soften. The affected parts gradually decayed throughout (fig. 7).
Pure cultures of the calla organism were obtained from these diseased
parts of the hyacinths. The difficult}^ with which this organism

« Harrison, F. C. Preliminary Note on a New Organism Producing Rot in Cauli-
flower and Allied Plants. Science, n. s., Vol. XVI, .July 25, 1902, p. 152.

'> Heinz, A. Zur Kenntniss der Rotzkrankheiten der Pflanzen. Centralblatt f.
Bakt. u. Parasitenkunde, Bd. V, 1889, p. 535.

Fig. 7.— Hothouse hyacintB inffott-
lated in a flower with the calla
organism.

40 A SOFT ROT OF THE CALL A LILY.

affects the h^^acinths indicates that it is not the same as Heinz's
hyacinth germ, which attacked the plants readily and destroyed them
rapidly when inoculated by either of the methods used in these tests.
Heinz's org-anism {Bacillus hyacinihi septicns) does not liquefy gelatin,
while the opposite is true of the calla organism. The colonies in
plate cultures are round and when grown on sterile potato they are a
dirty j^ellow color. The colonies of the calla organism are usually
radiating and on potato they produce a brownish color.

Potter'' s Pseudomonas destructans/^ — Potter's organism, when grown
in a solution containing sugar, liberates carbonic acid gas. The calla
organism is not a gas producer. Colonies in plate cultures are round,
and Avhen grown on vegetables the end reaction is acid. The calla
organism usually produces radiating colonies, and on vegetables the
end reaction is generally alkaline. Pseudomonas destructans has but
one ilagellum while the calla organism has several flagella.

Likewise in comparison with other forms the calla germ does not
agree in all particulars with any other known organism, and the
writer therefore proposes for the calla-rot germ the name Bacillus
aroldede.

ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF THE DISEASE.

The calla rot has been reported from the Western, Central, and
Eastern States, i. e., from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It therefore
appears to have spread over the entire calla-growing section of the
United States, but it is much more destructive in some portions of
the countr}^ than in others. It causes a loss of thousands of dollars
annuall}" and has become so destructive in some sections that the
growers have either abandoned the calla altogether or have greatly
reduced the space and time that they have heretofore devoted to this
plant. It is therefore of the highest importance that the grower
should know the source of this disease and the w^ays in which it may
spread from place to place and from plant to plant.

Calla corms that are attacked late in the season go into their resting
stage in a partly decayed condition. If the attack has been slight the
infected spot will dry down and may be overlooked when corms are
selected the following season for growing calla plants. When callas
begin to grow from such corms the organisms which have remained
dormant during the resting period of the corm are revived and decay
is started afresh. Since this organism may remain dormant for
months without its life becoming extinct, it may be spread from one
locality to another, and even from country to country, whenever dis-
eased corms are transported. It is undoubtedly in this manncM- that
the disease has become so widespread in this c-ountry.

« Potter, M. C. Ue1)er eine Bakterienkrankheit der Ruben. Central})latt f. Bakt.
u. Parasiteiikunde, Bd. VII, II. Abt., 190^ "u. 282, 353.

ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF THE DISEASE. 41

The spread of the disease from plant to plant in the same house
seems to be accomplished mainly throut^h the soil. One rt'achcs this
conclusion from the fact that healthy calla plants jrrowino- in pots and
standing- near diseased callas are less likely to become infected than
when similar healthy plants are growing in a solid bed with diseased
corms. Furthermore, it is almost always the case that the disease, if
undisturbed, first attacks, the corm beneath or just at the surface of
the ground.

Usually the first season that the disease appears onl}' a few of the
plants are actually destro3^ed, but the millions of organisms which are
produced during the process of decay remain in the soil, and some of
them reach corms that were perfectly healthy when planted. These
infections, as already indicated, often produce the hold-over cases,
which develop the following season. The organism may be carried
from plant to plant by stirring the soil after some of the corms have
become well rotted, or simply by walking about on the bed in cutting
the flowers.

The nature of the soil apparently has much to do with the spread of
the disease in the bed. A soil that is rich in vegetable matter is a bet-
ter medium for the organism to grow and spread in than a soil that is
poor in such material. Furthermore, a soil filled with hunuis retains
the moisture better than one that is lacking in vegetable matter, a con-
dition that greatly aids the multiplication of the organism. It often
happens that the roots reach from corm to corm through the soil of
the solid bed. Usually the corms are placed about 12 inches apart
each way, and it is not uncommon for the plants to produce roots from
6 to 12 inches in length. Plate IX shows a small plant with a root
more than 6 inches long. The vvriter has frequently been able to fol-
low the progress of the disease through these roots from plant to plant.
The contents of a calla root afl'ected with this disease become soft,
while the epidermis remains intact. The diseased roots are also some-
what darker than the healthy ones, so that the}^ can be distinguished
readily by sight as well as by touch. These appear to be the princi-
pal methods by which this disease is spread from plant to plant in the
solid bed.

The only insect that has been observed by the writer in connection
with the diseased plants is the so-called bulb-mite, but in no case has
this insect been found on an}^ part of a healthy plant and only on the
decayed part of the diseased plants. To determine whether or not
those insects were at all responsible for the spread of the disease a large
number of mites were placed in petri dishes containing pure cultures
of the calla organism. After the mites had come into contact with the
colonies of bacteria the}^ were transferred to healthy callas. Some
were placed on the corms, others on the leaves, and still others on the
flower stalks, but in no case did any of these plants develop the rot.

42 A SOFT ROT OF THE CALL A LILY.

REMEDIES.

Various methods have been used with the hope of finding some
remedy by which the progress of the disease could be stopped after
the phmts became infected. With this end in view the following
treatments were used: The partly decayed corms were treated with
the following substances, viz, air-slaked lime (two parts of the same
with one part sulphur), formalin (varying from 1 to 10 per cent),
corrosive sublimate, Bordeaux mixture, and copper sulphate solution.
These were used on plants in different stages of decay. In some cases
the soft part of the bulb was scraped away with a clean knife before the
substance was applied, and in other instances the material was placed
on the decayed part without in any way disturbing it. Sometimes
the softened part was scraped awa}^ and nothing was applied, simply
leaving the exposed surface to dr}^ down. None of the treatments,
however, was entirely successful. The lime and the lime and sulphur
retarded the progress of the disease, but in a few cases only did the
disease seem to be entirely eradicated. The solutions used appeared
to make no impression upon the disease unless they were of sufficient
strength to kill the plant. A few of the plants that were scraped and
left without further treatment did not suffer further deca}', but the
percentage of cases of this kind was very low.

The successful treatment of the diseased plants in the bed was con-
sidered impractical )le, and preventive measures were then resorted to.
The soil was all remov^ed from the solid bed in which practically all
the callas had decayed, and this was replaced with fresh soil. At the
proper time a new set of corms was obtained, but they were not
planted directl^y in the bed. They were first carefully examined and
all that showed suspicious dark-colored spots were discarded. The
remainder were started in pots and then transplanted. This made it
possible to discard all plants which showed an}' indication of the rot
after growth began. As a result no disease appeared in the bed of
1,000 callas during the entire season. Tiie same soil was used the sec-
ond and third years and the same precautions were taken in regard
to putting into the bed oidy health}^ bulbs, «o far as possible, with
the result that while a few diseased plants appeared successful crops
of callas were grown. Plate I shows the third consecutive lot of
callas in the same bed since the crop was entirely destro3'ed by the
soft rot. Very little of the disease has appeared owing to the pre-
cautions that were taken in changing the soil and in selecting healthy
corms.

It is safe, therefore, to state that the soft rot of the calla may be
prevented or held in check sufficiently for all practical purposes by
changing the soil every third or fourth year, depending upon the
number of cases of rot that appear, and by exercising due caution in
selecting only health}' plants for the bed. Diseased corms may often

SUMMARY. 43

be detected, even in the dorniiint state, l)y examinin*;- for discolored
spots, but it is safer to start the plants in pots, even after the corms
having- discolored areas have been rejected, to insure getting- as few
diseased phmts as possible in the l)ed, since experience shows that souic
conns are so slightly afl'ected that the disease is not easily detected in
the dormant state. Some growers })refer to keep their j)lant3 in pots
throughout the season as a preventive measure against tiie rot, but as
a rule callas grown in this manner do not produce as hirge flowers as
when grown in a solid bed. Hence, if the tracU* demands a large
flower, the solid bed is preferable.

In conclusion, the writer wishes to express his acknowledgment to
Dr. Erwiii F. Smith, pathologist in charge of the laboratory of phint
pathology, for his many helpful suggestions and his assistance in
carrying on this work, and also to jVIr. Alexander B. Garden, of Ana-
costia, D. C, for his kindness in allowing free access to his calla house
during the past four j^ears.

SUMMARY.

(1) The soft rot of the calla is a bacterial disease,

(2) The organism that ]>r<)duces the calla rot is a short rod bearing
peritrichiate tlagella.

(3) The orgaiiism occupies the intercellular sj^acc^ in its host and
dissolves the layers that coimect the cells, causing the afl'ected tissue
to break down into a soft, slimy mass.

(4) The organism is able to attack a large number of raw vegeta-
bles, and is capable of producing soft rot in many of our useful plants.
Care should therefore be taken not to throw any deca3'ed or partl}^
deca3^ed callas or the soil from a bed in wliich callas have decayed in
any place where the vegetables mentioned in this bulletin are to be
grown.

(5) It does not attack tree fruits readily, and hence is not likely to
produce fruit rots.

(6) It grows readily on beef agar, forming at room temperature (18"^
to 25° C.) radiating colonies, while on the same medium at extreme
temperatures (8-' or 37°) the colonies are usually round.

(7) It liquefies gelatin.

(8) It coagulates milk, and first reddens, then ))leaches blue litmus
milk.

(9) A 1-mm. loop of a fresh fluid culture of the organism placed in
10 c. c. of beef broth will distinctly cloud it in four hours at 35° C.

(10) The organism does not produce gas when grown in a peptone
solution containing 1 per cent of cane sugar, milk sugar, glycerin,
maltose, dextrose, or mannite.

(11) It bleaches litmus lactose agar.

44 A SOFT ROT OF THE CALLA LILY.

(12) It will not grow at a temperature below 6^ C, nor at a tem-
perature above 41*^ C, and grows best at 35° C.

(13) The life of the organism is destroyed if it is kept for ten min-
utes in tubes of beef broth at or above 50^ C.

(14) Its growth is not affected by diffused light, but direct sunlight
will kill the organism in from five to fifteen minutes.

(15) It will not grow in an atmosphere from which the oxj^gen has
been removed, but will remain alive for many months in this condition
at a room temperature of 18° to 25° C.

(16) It does not grow well in an atmosphere of pure hydrogen.
(IT) Its growth is very slight in an atmosphere of carbon dioxid.

(18) When grown on vegetables the end reaction is usually alkaline

to litmus.

(19) The organism may remain dormant for many months in partly
decayed corms, a condition which enables the disease to be transported
long distances and to be held over from year to year.

(20) The soft rot of the calla may be prevented by a careful selec-
tion of sound corms and by changing the soil in the calla beds at
intervals of three or four years.

(21) Brief description of the organism:

B. aroidex n. sp. A short rod with rounded ends, generally single or in doublets
or 4's, but under certain conditions growing in chains. Usual length when taken
from a beef-broth culture' 2-1 hours old 2yu-3/^, breadth about 0.5/< and fairly constant.
Organism motile, flagella 2 to 8, peritrichiate. Growth white or nearly so on the
various solid media. Aerobic and facultative anjerobic. Not a gas producer.
Liquefies gelatin; reddens litmus milk, separates the casein from the whey and
solidifies the former. Grows slowly on potato cylinders, where it is white with a
tinge of yellow% the potato being distinctly grayed. Growth good and vitality long
in Uschinsky's solution. No indol produced. Nitrates reduced to nitrites. Methy-
lene blue in Dunham's solution is changed to green on addition of grape sugar. Does
not grow in nitrogen but remains alive many months. Grows feebly in hydrogen
and carbon dioxid. Minimum temperature for growth about 6° C. ; optimum, 35° C. ;
maximum, 41° C, thermal death point, 50° C. Surface colonies on agar, round at
temperatures near the maximum and minimum, but fimbriate at optimum tempera-
ture.

B. aroklex was isolated from rotting calla corms and is the cause of a soft rot of the
corm, petiole, and flower stalk of the calla lily. It also causes a solt, dark colored
rot when inoculated into many raw vegetables, such as canot, potato, turnip, radish,
cabbage, and cauliflower. It also causes a soft rot of certain green fruits, such as
the tomato, eggplant, and cucumber.

PLATES.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate I. Frontispiece. Calla bed in which all the callas, 1,000 in number, were
destroyed by the soft rot four years ago. Since that time three successful crops
of the i)lant have been grown in this bed under the writer's direction, this being
the third crop.

Plate II. Fig. 1. — The organism that produces the soft rot of the calla, showing the
form of the individual, the development in chains, and the presence of flagella
(X 1,000). Fig. 2. — Development of colonies of the soft-rot organism on agar
plates at 18° to 25° C. The organism with which these plates were inoculated had
been kept dormant for two hundred and seventy-five days by withholding oxygen.
Nearly all the colonies are round. Only a few show a slight tendency to radiate.
Photographed three <lays after the plates were poured. (Natural size. ) Figs.
3, 4, and 5. — These figures were made from agar jilates which were inoculated
with the same organism as figure 2, but after it had been for a longer time exposed
to the air and had been transferre<I several times to fresh sterile beef broth.
These plates were three days old and had been k('])t at a temperature of from
18° to 25° C.

Plate III. Fig. 1. — Agar plate colony of the calla organism three days old at room
temperature of about 20° C. The organism had been grown in l)eef broth
previous to making the agar plate. (Natural size. ) Fig. 2. — Agar plate colonies
of the calla organism three days old. Grown at a temperature of 37° C. for three
days, then kept for two days at about 20° C. (Natural size.) Fig. 3. — Tubes
from which agar plates were poured photographed three days after pouring the
plates; temjierature, about 20° C. The agar was inoculated with a beef- broth
culture of the calla organism. (Natural size. )

Plate IV. Fig. 1, A. — Stab culture of the calla organism in neutral gelatin twenty-
four hours after inoculation at 18° to 20° C. Fig. 1, B.— Stab culture of the
calla organism in neutral gelatin three days old at 18° to 20° C. Fig. 1, C. — Stab
culture of the calla organism in + 15 (acid) gelatin twenty-four hours after inocu-
lation at 18° to 20° C. Fig. 2.— Raw eggplant in petri dish. Pieces 1 and 4
were inoculated with the calla organism, while pieces 2 and 3 were left for con-
trol. The photograph was made three days after inoculation.

Plate V. Fig. 1. — Raw radish in petri dish. Nos. 2 and 3 were inoculated with
the calla organism, while Nos. 1 and 4 were left for control. Photographed
three days after inoculation. Fig. 2. —Side view of same plate nine days after
inoculation. No. 2 was inoculated and No. 1 was left for control.

Plate VI. A.— A cucumber inoculated with the calla organism. Photographed
two days after inoculation, when the contents were soft throughout, except the
spot near the stem end where the cucumber was inoculated. B. — A cucumber
used for control; i. e., it was treated in the same manner as A, except that the
calla organism was not applied to the punctures.

Plate VII. Fig. 1.— Raw parsnip root in petri dish. The discolored pieces at
right and left were inoculated, while the upper and lower pieces were left for
control. Photographed three days after inoculation. (Natural size. ) Fig. 2. —
Raw carrot root three days after iiiocnlatiou with the calla organism. Pieces 2
and 3 were uioculated, while pieces 1 and 4 were left for control. (Natural size.)

Plati: VIII. Fi<r. 1. — Raw turnip root in jn-tri dinli. Tiio (liscoloriMl jiiocos were
inofulati'd with the calia oriraiiisiii, while the otiu-r i)ieces were left for control.
As shown in tlii.s figure it is the center of the root that is most readily attacked
hy the or<rani(^m. Fig. 2. — Green tomato fruit infected ou the i)lant. The
sliriveled fruit shown at the base of the stem was inoculated with tlie calla
organism. Photographed ten days after inoculation. The fruit at the left of
the one inoculated remained sound in spite of the fact that it was in contact
with the iliseased fruit.

Pi.ATK IX. Small calla plant, showing roots about 8 inches in length. The corm
shows scars where it liad evidently l)een attacked by the soft rot and had either
recovered or the organism was dormant at the time the photograjih was taken.

Bui. 60, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate II.

^T*

* . * • ;•

#•♦ •;

m
•^

• ••••••

Fig. 2.— Agar Plate Colonies.

Fig. 3.— Agar Plate Colonies.

Fig. 1.-THE Calla Rot Organism x 1,000.

.••".^^^•^

Fig. 4.— Agar Plate Colonies.

Fig. 5.— Agar Plate Colonies.

Bui. 60, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate 111.

Fig. 1.— Agar Plate Colonies of the Calla Organism Grown at 25^ C.

Fig. 2.— Agar Plate Colonies of the Calla Organism Grown at SS"^ C.

Fig. 3.— Colonies of the Calla Organism in Test Tubes.

Bui. 60, Bureau of Plant Industry U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

FiQ. 1.-STAB Cultures of the Calla Organism in Gelatin.

Fig. 2.— Raw Eggplant Inoculated with the Calla Organism. (Natural Size.)

Bui. 60, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Deot. of Agriculture.

Plate V.

Fig. 1.— Raw Radish Three Days After Inoculating Pieces 2 and 3 with

THE Calla Organism.

Fig. 2.— Side View of Pieces 1 and 2 Nine Days After Inoculating

No. 2.

Bui. 60, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VI.

Effect of Calla Organism on Cucumber: A, Inoculated: B, Control.

Bui 60, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VII.

Fig. I.-Raw Parsnip Three Days After Inoculating Pieces 1 and 3.

Fig. 2.— Raw Carrot Three Days After Inoculating Pieces 2 and 3.

Bui. 60, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Deot. n' Agriculture.

Plate VIII

Fig. 1.— Raw Turnip Three Days After Inoculating Pieces 1 and 3.

Fig. 2.— Green Fruit and Branch of Tomato: No. 2, Inoculated; No. 1,
Control. (One-fourth Natural Size.)

Bui. 60, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept of Agriculture.

Plate IX.

Small Calla Plant, About Two-thirds Natural Size.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY-BULLETIN No. 61.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chiff of Bureau.

THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA;

ITS PROPAGATION, CULTIVATION, AND MARKETING.

F. II. ROLFS,

PATI10T.0GIST, IN CuARtiE OK SuRTROPICAI. LABORATORY.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Issued July 7, 1904.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1904.

BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The Bureau of Plant Industry, whicli was organized July 1, 1901, includes Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations, Botanical Investigations and
Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Pomological Investigations, and
Experimental Gardens and Grounds, all of which were formerly separate Divisions,
and also Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, the Arlington Experimental
Farm, Tea Culture Investigations, and Domestic Sugar Investigations.

Beginning with the date of organization of the Bureau, the several series of bulle-
tins of the various Divisions were discontinued, and all are now published aa one
series-of the Bureau. A list of the bulletins issued in the present series follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that "the serial, scientific, and technical imljlica-
tions of the United States Department of Agriculture are not for general distribution.
All copies not required for official use are by law turned over to the Superintendent
of Documents, who is empowered to sell them at cost" All applications for such
publications should, therefore, be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No! 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and

Forage Plants. 1902. Price, 10 cbnts. -/

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California: Notes on the Grasses and Forage

Plants and Range Conditions. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

13. Experiments in Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10

cents.

14. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great P.a.«in. 1^)02. Price,

15 cents.

16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Canipes-.

tris and Other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Co wpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bhiegrass Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. Li.st of American Varieties of A^egetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem: The Great Forage and Soiling Crop .of the Nile Valley. 1902.

I'rice, 15 cents.

24. TJnfermented Grape Must. 1902.. Price, 10 cents.

[Contmued on pa^e 3 of cover.]

Bui. 61, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate I.

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U. S. UErARTIMKNT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY -BULLETIN No. 61.

15. T. CiAM.OWAY, Clii'/ 1>/ Jluicau.

THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA;

ITS PROl'AdATKlN, CI LriVATKlN, AM) .MAKKKTINO.

V. 11. KOLFS,
Pathologist, in Chauck of Suhtuoi'ical Labokatouy.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Issued July 7, 1904.

WASHINGTON:

aOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1904.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Beverly T. Galloway, Chief.
J. E. Rockwell, Editor.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Scientific Staff.

G. B. Brackett, Pomologist.

William A. Taylor, Pomologist in Charge of Field Mvestigaiions.

G. Harold Powell, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Storage Investigations.

H. P. Gould, Assistant Pomologist in Charge of Fruit District Jncestigatiow^.

Sanpord H. Fulton, Assistant Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Storage Investigations.

George C. Husmann, VUiculturist.

Lirrnn^ of traxsmfital.

U. S. Dei'Aktment of Agriculture,

Bureau of Plant Industry,

Office of the Chief,
Washington, J). C, Ajn-ll 7, 190 J^.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a paper on "The Avocado
in Florida; its rropaoation, Cultivation,, and Market in*;-," and respeet-
fally reeonnnend that it he published as Bulletin No. fll of the series
of the Bureau.

This paper was prepared b}- Prof. P. H. Rolfs, Patholooist in
Charge of the Subtropical Laboratory at Miami, Fla., under the direc-
tion of Dr. A. F. Woods, Pathologist of this Bureau, })ut as the
subject is pomological rather than pathological, it was submitted to
the Pomologist with a view to its publication from his office.

The accompanying illustrations are essential to an intelligent under-
standing of the text.

Respectfully, B. T. Galloway,

> C% ief of B u rea 1 1. .
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

PRHFACE.

The avocado {Persea gratlssima) is one of the most recent fruits
to receive intellioent and systematic treatment from American fruit
growers. Though k)ng held in higli regard by persons living in
southern Florida, the West Indies, and most portions of tropical
America, it has not until recently attracted the attention of northern
consumers, and is, in fact, at this time an interesting novelty rather
than a recognized staple of conunerce. This is prohahly due to the
fact that it lacks those characteristics of texture and flavor which
are sought for in most dessert fruits, so that a taste for it must be
acquired by most persons. In recent years, however, its usefulness
as a salad fruit has gradually been recognized, so that a growing appre-
ciation of its value in this regard has led to an increasing demand for
it in our larger cities.

Until very recently the principal supply for these markets has come
from the West Indies, chiefly l)ecause of cheaper transportation from
those islands than from Florida. The recent extension of railroad
facilities to far southern Florida has made possible the safe shipment of
this fruit from that section to practicall}" all parts of the countr}^ and
interest in its commercial culture there has therefore largeh^ increased.

As it provides a wholesome and nutritious food, which, judging
from present demand and prices, will afl'ord a profitable crop in loca-
tions suitable to its production, its culture on a conunercial scale
appears worthy of encouragement in Porto llico, southern Florida,
Hawaii, and such locations in California as are practically free from
frost during the blossoming season.

'The greatest need at present appears to be the propagation of pro-
ductive varieties of desirable size, form, and quality, ripening at an
opportune time — that is, late in autumn or early in winter, when the
demand in northern markets at high prices appears to be best. As the
bud propagation of this fruit in a commercial way has but recently
commenced, it is believed that this publication, which deals largely
with that subject, will be of distinct value to those who desire to engage
in its production.

G. B. Brackett,

Powologist.
Office of the Pomologist,

Washington, I). C, March 29, 1901^.

CONTENTS,

Page

Introduction ^

The name avocado 1^

Literature ^1

Distribution and time of blooming 13

The avocado for wind-breaks and shade trees 15

Methods of starting an orchard 15

The seed bed 16

The nursery 1"

Cultivation in the nursery 17

Budding 1 '

Grafting 1^

Transplanting to the field 19

Top-working trees 1"

Cultivation 20

Fertilizers 20

Superiority of budded trees 21

Variation of fruit from seedling trees 21

Description of variations - 22

Marketing 23

Picking 23

Grading and sizing 24

Packing 25

The fruit 27

The edible portion 27

Seed and seed cavity 28

Shape of the tree 28

Forms and varieties 28

The JNIexican avocado 29

The West Indian-South American avocado -^ - 30

The ideal avocado 31

Uses of the fruit 31

Diseases 32

Leaf disease - - 32

Remedy - 32

Fruit disease 33

Remedy 33

Summary 33

Description of plates 36

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES.

Page.
Plate I. West Indian-South American avocado tree, thirty-five years old,

growing on a coral l)reccia reef Frontispiece.

II. Fig. 1. — Crown-worked West Indian-South American avocado tree,
eighteen months after insertion of bud. Fig. 2. — Top-worked
Mexican avocado tree, eighteen months after insertion of bud ... 36

III. West Indian-South American avocado tree in nursery, transplanted

from seed bed j 2 years old, 4 feet tall 36

IV. Fruiting Ijranch of West Indian-South American avocado tree, one-

tenth natural diameter 36

TEXT Fit; TEES.

Fig. 1. Seedling avocado in December from seed planted in September 16

2. Shield bud cut out preparatory to insertion IS

3. Seedling avbcado stock with shield bud inserted 18

4. Shield bud wrapped with waxed cloth 18

o. Bud stick. "Live" buds in various stages of development («, «, etc. ).

Blind buds which sliould not be used ( b, b, etc. ) 18

6. Longitudinal sections of round avocados, West Indian-South American

varieties: A, seed filling the cavity; B, fruit from another tree of
better qualit}^ but seed loose in the cavity 24

7. Longitudinal sections of oblong avocados. West Indian-South Ameri-

can varieties: A, small seed, loose in large cavity; B, large seed, loose
in the cavity 24

8. Longitudinal sections of pear-shaped avocados, West Indian-South

American varieties: A, very large seed, loose in the cavity; B, large
seed, loose in the cavity 25

9. Longitudinal sections of bottle-necked avocados: A, West Indian-

South American variety, with very large cavity; B, ^Mexican variety,
with seed filling cavity 26

B. r. I.— 100. Pom. I.— 'JJ.

THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA; ITS PROPACATION. Cl'LTIVATlON,

AND MARKI-TING.

INTRODUCTION.

The avocado (/V.sw/ r/ratixxliini (iartn.) im'olit almost be called a
new fruit, for, while it has long been used as a food ])\ the American
aborigines, it has never been sul)jected to cultivation and careful
breeding-. Its value as a food is rapidly })ecoming known, and it is
apparentl}^ onlv a question of time until it will be used extensively.
Its shipping qualities permit it to be sent to all the large consuming
centers of the United States, while its food value will make it a favorite
with all lovers of good salad fruits. These pages have been prepared
with a view to S3\stematizing our knowledge of the avocado, and to
point out the directions for its improvement.

South Florida seems to be the only region in which the propagation
of the avocado has been undertaken in a systematic wa}' and on an
extensive scale. Nurseries in that section have thousands of seedlings
growing and hundreds of budded trees to put on the market. In
addition to this, it seems to be the onl}^ region where budded trees
have fruited.

The Pollock avocado, grown in South Florida, was exhibited at the
meeting of the American Pomological Society in September, 1903.
The original tree bears fruit of large size, the largest having approxi-
mated 3 pounds in weight. The Trapp avocado, also grown in South
Florida, is noteworth}^ in that it matures late, holding some of its
fruit until January.

The essential work of selecting and breeding varieties that are espe-
cially adapted to certain sections and that are w^anted by the most
desirable markets can now be pushed forward,

T'he fact that it can now be definitely stated that seedlings do not
come true to seed and that proi)agation by budding is possible niark^
a distinct epoch in the progress of growing this fruit. Another dis-
tinct advance in the development of this salad fruit is that seedless
fruit has been grown by the writer.

The selling price of avocados varies considerably, the latest ripening
ones bringing much the best prices in American markets. Extremely

10 THE AVOCADO ly FLORIDA.

late ones have brought as high as $3 a dozen when shipped in lots of
several crates at a time. This price gives the grower ^O to $8 net per
crate at the shipping station. The price for good fruit in sound condi-
tion has never fallen so low as to make it unprofitable to ship it to
markets that use it. In man}- large cities in the United States the
avocado can not be found at all, and as the dealers in Boston, New
York, Washington, and New^ Orleans have been able to handle all the
good fruit that has been sent to them, it is not probalile that the
avocado will be introduced into other centers until these markets have
been fully supplied.

THE NAME AVOCADO.

This fruit has been called by various names — avocado, avocado pear,
avocate, aguacate, alligator pear,. midshipman's butter, etc. As early
as ir>96 Hans Sloane" speaks of the "avocado or allegator pear-tree"
and cataloo'ues about a dozen other names bv which it is known in
literature. Previous to this date the avocado was known from "Nica-
raguae and other portions of the American continent."

Murray's New English Dictionary prefers the name avocado and
gives the following I'eference:

Taylor Anahuae IX, 227 (1861). This is a well-known West Indian fruit which
we call an avocado or alligator pear, and which the French call "avocat" and the
Spanish " aguacate." All these names are the corruption of the Aztec name of the
fruit "ahuacatl."

Meissner^ gives the following names as being used in various parts

of America:

In Peru, Palto and Aguacate; in Central America, Aguacate de Anis; in Mexico,
Aguacate; in Brazil, Avocate; in Antigua and British Guiana, Avocado Pear and
Alligator Pear; in French Guiana, Laurier Avocat.

The Florida State Horticultural Society'^ prefers the name avocado,
while the American Pomological Society"^ gives preference to aguacate
and uses avocado as second choice. When the Catalogue of Fruits shall
be again revised, avocado will doubtless be given preference.

According to the Century Dictionary, avocado is a corruption from
the Mexican. The addition of the w^ord pear, while describing the
shape of the fruit in some varieties, is otherwise inappropriate, since
the avocado lielongs to the laurel family, while the pear belongs to the
rose family. How such a barbarism as "alligator pear" could have
been perpetrated upon this salad fruit it is difficult to imagine. The
name avocado is short, concise, and has the advantage of being largely
used by the American growers of this fruit.

« Catalogus Plantarum quae in Insula Jamaica Sponte Proveniunt, Pars Prima,
London, 1696, p. 185.

'':\Iartius, Flora Brasiliensis, Vol. V, pt. 2, fasc.41, p. 159.

'■Transactions, 1902, }>. 20.

t/Proc, Am. Pom. Soc, 1901, Part IL p. 59.

LITERATURE. 11

]\Ir. C. 1'. Taft" says of the avocado in California:

The avocado, or alligator pear, is dostined to receive more and more attentiou as it
becomes better known. It is fairly hardy, and a good grower and bearer. Importa-
tions from Mexico are frequent in the Los Angeles markets, where they sell for fancy
prices.

Mr. A. A. Boggs* saj^s:

The avocado or alligator pear {Persea gratimmn) is already growing rapidly in
favor in a few of the larger cities where people are beginning to learn its snjierior
excellence as a salad fruit, and it bids fair to l)ecome an important market crop. It
has, however, been grown entirely frorn seed, and as it varies widely in size and
quality, there is urgent need of improvement in method of propagation. All efforts
to bud or gi-aft have hitherto proved abortive. The Department of Agriculture made
an importation of seed of a ^Mexican variety about three years ago. Some trees from
these have already come into bearing, and proved a disappointment. Th(> fruit is
entirely too small and tlic flavor certainly not superior to the average of the old type.

Mr. Byron O. Clark'' sa3'.s of this fruit in Hawaii:

The avocado or alligator pear is the one fruit which captures the palate of the vis-
itor to the Tropics more lirndy than any otiier, provided he accpiires a liking for this
fruit. With the richness and consistency of butter, and a flavor of nuts, it is
undoubtedly one of the most popular fruits, if not the mo.st popular with residents,
and acquires such popularity with persons who visit the islands that a good market
for shipment to the coast is open at any time the fruit can be had. Like almost all
other kinds of fruit here, the home market is not nearly supplietl, and the prices are
so high that none but the wealthy can use them, except as a luxury.

LITERATURE.

Ver}' little has been written about the propagation of the avocado.
It was introduced into Europe as early as the seventeenth century, l)ut
has not 3'et been generally disseminated. Simmonds's "Tropical Agri-
culture" does not mention it at all. Woodrow''s "Gardenino- in
India," published in ISOO, does not refer to it.

Dr. F. Frauceschi'^ speaks of its having fruited in southern Califor-
nia. He also points out that the demand for it in the larger cities of
the United States is greater than the supph^

In 1S99 Capt. John J. Haden'' exhibited fruit of the avocado in
Philadelphia. -

The Botanical Register of 1829 published a colored plate of this fruit
(No. 125S), and referred to it as having been introduced from the con-
tinent [America], and as one of the rarest species cultivated in the
greenhouses.

Curtis's Botanical Magazine for Ma}^ 1, 1851, published a colored
plate of an avocado presenting rather an unusual combination. The

«Proc., Am. Pom. Soc, 1901, p. 92.
&Proc., Am. Pom. Soc, 1901, p. 88.
cProc, Am. Pom. Soc, 1897, p. 100.
tJProc, Am. Pom. Soc, 1899, p. 88.

12 THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA.

figures of the branches, inckiding the leaves and inflorescence, are
undoubtedly the AYest Indian-South American form. The size of the
fruit is that of the West Indian-South American form, while the color
of the skin is exactly that of the Mexican avocado. This publication
also sugo-ests that "it is increased by cuttings, treated in the usual
manner." So far as the write r'.s experience goes, the cuttings are diffi-
cult to strike without bottom heat.

In the Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture
for 1901, page 354, Mr. O. F. Cook refers to the avocado as one of the
important fruits of Porto Rico, and says:

The alligator peai-, also called butter pear, aguacate, and avocate, is a tropical fruit
now relatively little known, but with every prospect of a gradually increasing
popularity. It is a pear only in shape, and might l)etter be rnmpared to the olive,
because it serves as a salad or a relish rather than a fruit in the ordinary sense, and
frequently becomes a favorite, even with those who do not like it at first. The flesh
has a delicate buttery consistency, and is eaten with vinegar, salt, and other condi-
ments, or is used as an ingredient of other salad compounds. Tlie promise of agri-
cultural and commei-cial importance for this fruit lies in the fact that it already has
a distinct, if limited, place in the markets of our larger cities at from 30 to 60 cents
apiece, prices which might be halved or quartered and still leave good profits for
both grower and dealer. Moreover, even at these large prices the supply of first-
class fruit seems to be unequal to the demand.

The alligator pear is perhaps the one fruit which Torto Rico is ready to send to
market in considerable quantity and of prime quality. The tree is easily propa-
gated from seed, is a vigorous grower, and a free bearer, and there is no a])parent
reason why the alligator pear may not become almost as cheap and nearly as popu-
lar as the orange.

In the Report of the Florida State Horticultural Society for 1902,

Mr. Boggs says:

Of equal promise and of greater present market importance is the avocado pear,
which is to-day the most costly fruit on the American market, and is making more
friends every season. The importance of l;)udding and grafting as applied to this
fruit is greater than the securing of better varieties from abroad, for Florida now
produces the best in the world, but in eliminating the inferior sorts which form a
large proportion of seedling orchards and in regulating by selection the season of
fruitage. There are now trees in Dade County whicli ripen fruit as early as July 15
and others as late as January 15. The significance of this fact needs no comment.

Choice avocados retailed last season at from 35 cents to 75 cents each in the cities,
and the demand seems to outgrow the supply. It is urged that this society, in its
catalogue, should encourage the use of tlie name avocado, both on the score of cor-
rectness and of euphony, in place of the absurd misnomer "alligator pear," which
leads to many mistakes.

Mr. W. A. ]Mar.sh also makes reference to this fruit in the Report
of the Florida State Horticultural Society for 1896, as follows:

The alligator or avocado pear {Persea gratissima) is one of the most highly prized
of all tropical fruits. It belongs to the order of Lauraceae. The fruit is sometimes
round, also pear-shaped, containing one large seed about the size and shape of a
hulled walnut. The fruit when mature varies in color from a bright green to a deep
rich brown, sometimes mottled with both colors. Its flesh is a vegetable marrow,

DISTRIBUTION AND TIME OF BLOOMING. 13

sotnotiiiies rolled niidshipiiiairs hiittiT, and held in various dcjrivi'S of aiiprccialion
l)y difffit-nt ijersonhi. It is also used as a salad, iicMU>i diissed with pepin'r, salt, ami
vinej,'ar, in whieh style it is relished by most jteojde. The tree is of stately j^'rowth,
often reaching' tlic hciy-lit of 40 or ")0 feet in Florida. It is an Aiiiciican fruit; it was
introdii{-e(l into the j^anU-ns of Spain in KiOl, and into the Sunda Isit-s al)out the
middle of the eighteenth century. At tlie hegiiuiing of the eighteenth eentnry thin
tree did not exist in the gardens of British India. In America its actual area in a
wild state is of uncommon extent. It has been found in the forests, on the hanks of
rivers, and on the seashore from ^lexico and the West Indies to the Amazon. At
the time of the discovery of America it was found both wild and cultivati-d in Mexico.
According to Hernandez it was cultivated liy the people of IVru under the name of
"palto," but there is no proof that it was wild in that country.

Mr. W. Harris refers to it in liaiW's Cyclopedia of American Hor-
ticulture as follows:

The avocado or alligator pear i.s a native of the AVest Indies, Mexico to Peru, and
Brazil. It is very common in Jamaica, l)eing found in every settlement or i>lanta-
tion. The tree grows to a height of 2o to '.iO feet. It has elliptical or elliptical-
oblong leaves, 4 to 7 inclu's long, glabrate and pale beneatli. The fruits are large,
more or less pear-shaped, and covered with a green or deep i)urple skin and con-
taining a large quantity of a lirm yeilowish-green pulp, inclosing a single large seed.
This fruit is highly esteemed by all classes in the West Indies. The i)nlp is marrow-
like, and is eaten as a salad, usually with the addition of i)epper, salt, and vinegar.
Europeans as a rule do not like the fruit at first, but once the taste is acijuired they
become exceedingly, often excessively, fond of it. The pulp contains an abundance
of oil, which may be used for illuminating purposes; also for .soap making. The seeds
yield a deep, indelible black stain, and are used for marking linen. Plants are
easily raised from seeds, and in good soil in warm situations they grow rapidly and
begin to fruit when about 5 years old. Tliere are a good many varieties, differing
from each other in size, sha[)e, and quality of fruit. These differences are ncjt due
to careful cultivation and selection in all cases, however, but to natural variation and
accidental intercrossing.

DISTRIBUTION AND TIME OF BLOOMING.

Meissner « gives the habitat of the avocado as *" the forest, especially
on the seacoast and following- the rivers of tropical America, as well
as in Mexico, Pern, Colombia, Guiana, and the islands of the Antilles,
thence to subtropical localities where this agreeable fruit is cultivated.
It is found in Brazil, al)out Peru, and elsewhere; also about Yuri-
magnus, in Peru, and in English Guiana."

Emile Rodigas^ thinks that the avocado is native to Brazil. He
figures a large green fruit without a seed cavit}'. It is interesting to
note that according to this author it was introduced in Franco in 1750.

An herbarium specimen in the New York Botanical Garden, col-
lected by Mr. H. H. Smith, in Colombia, is accompanied bj^ a note
stating that the species has ever}^ appearance of being' native to the
mountain forest at an altitude of from 1,500 to 2,500 feet. The time

"Translation from INIartius, Flora Brasiliensis, Vol. V, Part II, ji. 15i).
6 L' Illustrations Horticole, XXXVI: 15 (1889).

14 THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA,

of blooming is given as from December to April. The specimen is in
full bloom and bears the date of December 7, 181)8.

Dr. AVilliam Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanical Gardens,
who has made repeated excursions to Mexico in connection with the
study of agaves, informs the writer that the smaller avocado with the
bluish or l)lackish fruit (the Mexican avocado) is most commonly
found in the markets on the eastern side of the country, while the
larger forms occur on the western slope.

Specimens in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden and
in the United States National Museum indicate that the avocado has
been widely disseminated. Among those occurring in the herbarium
of the New York Botanical Garden are some collected at the following-
places and on the dates given, which are of special interest: Colombia,
December 7, 1898; Nassau, N. P., March 12, 1903; Key Largo, Fla.,
March 20-29, 1898; island of Saint Croix, March 4, 1896; Porto Rico,
March 8, 1899; Porotonga, Cook Islands, June, 1899; Monterey, Mexico,
January 10, 1828; San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 1879; Nicols Town,
Andros (Bahamas), March 24, 1890; St. Vincent, British .West Indies,
April, 1890; Java, 1865; Jamaica, 1827. The following specimens
were found among those in the herbarium of the United States National
Museum: Martinique, 1871; Danish West Indies, March 4, 1896;
Santo Domingo, March, 1871; Colima, Mexico, March, 1841.

The foregoing fifteen localities from which specimens of this species
have been collected show^ how widely it has been disti'ibuted. The
fact that specimens were collected in Java as earh^ as 1865 shows that
the plants had been imported a considerable time previous to that date.
While no specimens from the Hawaiian Islands were found in the
herbaria referred to, it is w^ell known that the species occurs there in
large quantities. It is also said to occur in the Seychelles Islands and
in Madagascar, and it is doubtless found in all other tropical islands,
and to some extent on the sealjoard of almost all tropical countries.

The herbarium specimens referred to give some interesting informa-
tion regarding the time of blooming. Those collected in Colombia
show a date of blooming of December and Januar}^ while a note upon
one of the herbarium sheets indicates that the time of blooming extends
from December to April. In Mexico the period of blooming 'seems to
bo about the same as in Colombia. In the West Indies, except the
Bahamas, the earliest bloom may occur as eari}^ as Fel^ruary, but the
season of bloom closes in April. In the Bahamas and Florida the
flowers usualh" appear a})Out the first of ]\Iarch, though sometimes
blooms occur as earh' as Februar}', while the l)looming period closes
in April.

The season near the ecjuator appears to l)c lengthened into five
months. A shortening of the period of blooming seems to have

METHODS OF STARTING AN ORrHARD. 15

occurred ])\' crowding the entire period into tlie las two months when
the species is taken to the northern limit of its zone. Some allowance
must be made for variations that occur from year to year, l)ut this does
not amount to more than two or three weeks in South Florida. The
connuercial importance of having- this fruit come into the market as
late in the season as possible and in considerable quantity can not be
overestimated.

THE AVOCADO FOR WIND-BREAKS AND SHADE TREES.

Nearl}' every orchardist is confronted with the necessity of securing-
good shade trees about his premises, and especially a screen for out-
buildings and for servants' houses. In addition to shade the (juestion
of wind-])reaks is of great importance where high Avinds are almost
certain to occur every year. The vigorous-growing varieties of avoca-
dos meet these needs as satisfactorily as the purely ornamental trees,
and in addition may be expected to give a return of fruit. The fact
that the avocado can utilize almost any kind of organic fertilizer with-
out becoming diseased makes it much more desira))le for these pur-
poses than mangoes and citrous trees. The tall, sturdy growth makes
free pruning of the lower limbs possible, so as to permit the passage
of persons and animals under the trees, while the abundant growth of
leaves will still produce a dense shade.

METHODS OF STARTING AN ORCHARD.

The general method of securing an orchard of avocados in Florida is
to germinate seed in a quart or a two-quart tin can, and after the seed-
ling has attained the height of a foot or two the can with its contents
is transferred to the field where the tree is to grow\ A still more
primitive way of starting an orchard is to plant the seed in the soil
where the tree is to stand. There is no great difficulty in starting an
orchard in either way, since the largest seeds (tig. 1) weigh several
ounces and have great vitalit}-. If it does not happen to become in-
fected by some germs of decay the seed may lie in the soil for an entire
year awaiting a time favorable for germination. The unusual amount
of nourishment stored up in the seed enables the seedling to make
repeated starts after being dried off. It is capable of renewing its
roots several times, as well as its top.

This method of starting an orchard is cjuite certain and inexpensive.
When the trees are one or two years old they may be budded to any
desired variety. While this is better than to await the uncertain
results and certain disappointment of a seedling orchard, 3'et top-
working is expensive, and if budded trees of know n variety can be
obtained from a good mu'sery they will be found cheaper in the end
and much more satisfactory.

THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA.

THE SEED BED.

Seed may be obtained in large <]uaiititie« during the ripening .-ieason
from southern Florida, Cuba, and other places in the Antillean region.

At the present time good seeds cost
from 1^ to 2 cents each. These prices
seem somewhat high, but every seed
is nearly certain to make a seedling.

The seed bed should 1)e made in
some moist locality, in soil free from
rocks and containing an abundance
of vegetable matter. The rows may
be made such distances apart as will
suit convenience — from 1 to 4: feet.
Place the seeds from -t to (5 inches
apart in a drill 3 or 4 inches deep;
firm the soil about the seed and cover
2 or 3 inches deep. Supply a heavj^
cover of mulch.

As soon as the seedlings (see fig. 1)
appear above ground, fertilizer may
be applied. The mulch should ])e
turned back, the fertilizer raked in or
cultivated in, and the mulch replaced.
If the seedlings are to be removed
to the nursery soon, fertilizing and
cultivating ma}^ be omitted. Removal
to the nursery may be deferred until
seasonable weather.

THE NUKSEKY.

For starting a nurserA' the best

land should be selected, especiallj^

such as is fairh^ dry though never

suffering from drought. Land that

„ , ^ ^,. , • r> K f i'^ subiect to flooding should by all

Fig. 1. — Seedling avocado m DocembtT from •> ^ " ^ _ "^

seed planted in September (somewhat slow UieauS be aVoidcd. AVllilc the treCS

in starting, but otherwise apparently nor- .^^.^ .^,^j^ ^^ j-^^ -^^ standing Watcr for
mal): (a) First shoot to start; (6) second ^

shoot starting from the axil of the incipient two or three weeks, they become sub-

leaf;(c)third shoot to start-in case of. se- j^^.^. ^^ attack by VariouS formS of

disease. When practicable, a gen-
erous application of fertilizer should
be made two or three weeks before
the trees are set out. It should be
scattered down the row and raked in, in the usual way. The land should
be thoroughh' grubbed and put into a first-class state of cultivation.

veredronghi or otheradverse conditions, all
of these shoots may fail and some other bud
grow into a new shoot; (d) scale-like leaf: (c)
one of the cotyledons, the other having been
removed, scar opposite c; (/) primary root.
(Reduced to one-third natural diameter.)

THE kursp:ry. 17

'ri:iiisplantiii<;- to the iiursciy should be done wlieii the scedlinj^'s are
0 incheri to ii foot hi,uh. After this time tiie taproot (sec li*^-. 1,/')
will have formed and tlie transphintino- will distiiil) this and prevent
it f rom ^-rowing to the lar^e size that it would attain if the seedling
were not removed.

For transplanting, rainy weather should he chosen; otherwise much
waterino- will ])e neeessarv or manv trees will l»e lost. From the
nurseryman's point of view the planting in a seed bed seems unneces-
sary, but seeds planted in a nursery produce trees with large taproots
and few tibrous roots; this is especially the case on hmd that is more
or h^ss sandy.

In the nurser}^ the rows should be from 4 to 0 feet apart and the
trees set about a foot apart in the row. By thorough cultivation and
generous fertilizing an abundance of tibrous roots will be produced,
and if the nursery is located on moist land most of the trees will pro-
duce many branched roots and very few large roots.

( ri,TIVATI()V IN THE NCKSKIJY.

After planting in the nursery, cultivation should be thorough and
frequent. The implements should not be permitted to go deejdy iido
the soil if it is sandy, ])ut in marl or heavy lands cultivation should l)e
as deep as is practicable.

BUDDING.

There have been many and varying reports regarding the possibility
of budding and grafting the avocado. A few j'ears ago it was thought
impossible to bud it at all. More recently statements have been
made that 90 to 100 per cent of the buds had "taken.'' These reports
when investigated have been only partiall}' verified, since a large per-
centage of the buds that take fail to develop. In the avocado there
seems to ])e no difficulty in making the buds take, but there is con
sideral)le difficulty in making them start. The buds placed in a vigor-
ous stock are frequently grown over, thus obliterating the bud.' Or
again, the stock on being lopped to induce the bud to start often dies
back to below the l)ud. Experience indicates that budding at or near
the crown is preferable to top-working.

The difficulty is not with budding but wdth the want of experience
up to the present time. The nurser^nnen do not fully understand the
time and manner best suited for budding their stock. Some buds
respond promptly, while others are verv dilatory about starting and
ma}" finally fail.

Shield buds (fig. 2) inserted in the spring wdien the bark slips well
and before the first flush, usually take well and make an excellent
growth. It is very important in the work of budding that the stock
and scion l)e in as perfect condition as possible. (See rigs. 3 and 4.)

29619— Nu. 61—04 2

THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA.

Bud sticks (tip". 5) are cut from well-matured g-rowth, especially such
as shows an abundance of active Imds. (See iig. 5, (/, a^ a.) Wood
with man}" blind buds (see lig. 5, l^ 7>, 1>) should be avoided and care
taken not to use such buds in propag-ating. Some are likely to occur
on an}" stick.

Various methods of 1)udding have been adopted and some forms of
grafting have been suggested. The common shield bud (fig. 2) seems
to be about as successful as any that have been tried, though the patch
bud is also used with a considerable degree of success.

b
b.

CL.A

..h

Fig. 2.— Shiclfl
bud fut out
preparatory
to insertion.

Fig. 3.— Sped-
ling p.vocado
stock with
•shield bud in-
serted.

Fig. 4.— Shield
bud wrapped
with waxed
cloth.

GRAFTING.

Fig. 5. — Bud stick; a, a, etc.,
"live" buds in varit )us stages
of development; b, b, etc.,
blind buds wliich should not
be used. '

Baltet" recommends four different methods of grafting: (1) Inarch-
ing, (2) veneer grafting, (3) cleft grafting, and (-i) veneer grafting near
the root. In inarching and cleft grafting the top of the stock is fig-
ured as having l)een cut away. In the other two methods the top of
the stock is left until the scion has started. Well-matured wood will
live for several weeks if kept in a .sufficiently moist condition, and will
doubtless unite readily with the stock, but it is much more wasteful
of scion wood and a more tedious process than budding.

f'L'Art de Greffor, 7tli cd., Tarig, ]W2, p. 226.

TRANSPLANTING. 19

TltANSPLANTINi; 1 ( ) TIIK FIKLI).

A oreut ck'til of the ilifficiilty that has heiMi cxpcrioiu-od in (raiis-
plaiithio; the avocado is due to the fact that most of the trees have l)een
grown in ''fence corners," or possiblv thev have been permitted to
grow under the tree where the seed fell, thus producing tall, slender
seedlings, with ver}' few" branches and long taproots, but not many
fibrous roots. A verv different result is ol)tained from trees u'rown
in a nurser}' (see Fl. Ill), where, as previously stated, an al)undance
of fibrous roots and a good Imshy top are pi-oduced. A tree of this
kind transplants without any greater dilhculty than is experienced
with other orchard trees.

One hundred l)udded trees to an acre are sufHcient. If the grower
proposes to have a seedling orchard the trees should be set closer —
100 to 200 per acre. This should be done with a view to cutting out
the inferior ones when they come to fruiting-. Of the lar<re-crrowinir
varieties 80 trees to the acre will be found su(Hci(Mit. If the variety
is tall and spindle shaped instead of l)ushy, a larger luimber may be
planted.

In the Antillean region trees grow during the entires year, so there is
no sensible gradation into winter or anything that cori'csponds to a
dormant season, strictl}" speaking. While fruit trees are usually in a
more or less quiescent state during January and Fe])ruar3', this con-
dition is brought a])out b}" a diminution in rainfall rather than as the
result of a reduction in temperature.

The time to transplant avocados is determined, as in the case of the
nursery, ])y the presence of sufficient moisture, and a suitable moist
period will usually occur in Florida during June, July, or August.
As the expense of watering during a dr}- season is much greater than
the cost of the tree it is cheaper to set the tree out during a rainy
season.

A tree should not be transplanted until it has attained a height of
about 3 feet in the nursery (see PI. III).

In taking up these trees as many of the smaller roots should be
secured as possible. The roots should be kept moist and the tree well
watered wdien set out. The top should be cut back to some extent,
but enough foliage left to shade the stem. If the tree is not suffi-
ciently provided with leaves an artificial shade can be made b}^ the use
of palmetto fans.

TOP-W^ORKING TREES.

Bearing trees may be top-worked (see Fl. II, fig. 2), but it is neces-
sary to insert buds on vigorously-growing sprouts to succeed. If
there are no sprouts with bright green bark, they may be induced to
grow by cutting back the branches and thus stimulating some of the

20 THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA.

latent buds, or l>y cutting;- the trees off near the ground and then wait-
ing for sprouts to start from the crown. Several of these sprouts are
then budded and the most vigorous of those that have taken are per-
mitted to grow (see PI. II, tig. 1).

CULTIVATION.

When the trees are set in the field a considerable quantity of mulch
should be placed about them; this prevents the soil from becoming-
hot about the roots and from dr3dng out.

In Florida it is better to plant some field crops, such as cowpeas or
velvet beans, or to sow beggar weed in a young orchard. During the
wintev, crops of vegetables may he grown in the orchard with advan-
tage to the trees. The ''middles" may be planted to pineapples,
since the pineapple fertilizer will produce a good growth of avocado;
but there is the disadvantage that these plants will dry out the soil
severel}^ during a drought. During dry Aveather cultivation should
be frequent and thorough, ])ut not deep; 3 inches of soil mulch is
sufficient to conserve capillary moisture. During the rainy season
cultivation ma}^ be suspended entirely and the middles planted to
some cover crop, as indicated above.

FERTILIZERS.

In selecting fertilizers a formula should be chosen in which the
ammonia is from an organic source, such as dried l)lood or cotton-
seed meal, in preference to sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda.
Sulphate of potash will be a safe form to employ as a source of
potash. It should be used in liberal quantities to insure good firm
leaves and wood, and also to prevent the dropping of the fruit.
Phosphoric acid, so far as experiments teach, may be supplied from
any source that is ordinaril}^ used. If the trees be planted about
poultry yards, or fowls are allowed to roost in the trees, potash will
be all the fertilizer needed, ])ut this should ))e used liberally to keep
the trees healthy and free from insect attacks. Such trees when not
fertilized with potash are usuall}" attacked by insect pests, but as a
rule are exempt from Ghjeosporium.

When conunercial fertilizers are to be applied, the ordinary- "fruit
and vine" fertilizer, with the ammonia from an organic source, may
be used. The quantity required will var}- according to the concentra-
tion of the particular brand, the character of the soil in which the
trees are growing, and the age of the trees. Fifteen pounds per tree
per year of fertilizer prepared according to the following formula will
be found good for growing trees four or five years old: Ammonia, 5
per cent; potash, 0 per cent; phosphoric acid, 6 per cent.

SUrKUIOlUTY OK 15UDDED TREES. 21

As tlic trees grow oldin- :uul hogiii to fruit heavily, increase the
percentHge of potash and phosphoric acid. Apply tlu> fertilizer in
two or three doses during- the growing season. The time of applying
must be determimxl l)y the particular orchard under consideration;
ordinarily an application should not be made during December or Jan-
uary, as it would be likely to force an early spring growth or even
cause a vigorous winter growth, which should be avoided.

If the trees be put into a dormant or semidorniant condition during
Det'cmbcr and January, they will make a strong spring growth and
produce a heavy crop of bloom. If the Ijloom is retarded as long as
possil)le the blooming period will be shortened, and consequently the
fruit will mature more n(^ar1y at one time, thus doing away with the
necessity of making several pickings from the same tree.

'Frees that have l)een neglected do not prove productive unless they
happen to l)e standing on some place where a large (piantity of organic
matter has accumulated. Trees on abandoned homesteads located in
the piney woods soon become unproductive and require two or three
years' nursing to bring them back to good growth and bearing. It
usually pays better to start in with good, fresh trees from the nursery
than to attempt to " bring out" an al)andoned orchard.

SUPERIORITY OF BUDDED TREES.

The earlier productiveness of orchards composed of budded and
grafted trees has been repeatedly demonstrated with most of the tree
fruits that are grown under cultivation. While occasional seedling-
trees of most species bear at as early an age as the ordinary budded or
grafted tree of the same species, the trees in a seedling orchard
usually vary greatly in this particular, and on the average conie into
bearing much later than budded or grafted orchards of varieties of
the same types of fruits grown under similar conditions. While many
factors are concerned in producing this result, the greatest advantage
of ))udding and grafting is that varieties of known precocity and
productiveness, as well as other desirable characteristics, can be per-
petuated with little variation, while the seedling orchard contains indi
viduals differing widely in some or all of these important particularfe

Seedling avocados usually do not fruit until the,y are four or more
years old, and they are usually six years old before bearing a crop.
There are exceptions to this, but the number of seedlings that bear a
good crop before they are six years old will not amount to 10 per
cent.

VARIATION OF FRUIT FROM SEEDLING TREES.

The S3^stematic work of propagating and cultivating avocados is just
beginning. The fruit being- of American origin, it has come into cul-
tivation rather recent!}-, and has not had the benefit of centuries of

22 THE AVOCADO TN FLORIDA.

selection and propagation, as is the case with man}- other orchard
fruits. Throughout Central America and the West Indies it grows in
a native state, and only half-hearted attempts are made to put it into
cultivation. So far as the writer is aware, no orchard of any consid-
erable size exists outside of Florida. In Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico,
and the Bahamas a few seedling trees are growing around nearly every
settler's place. The owner plants the seed and takes his chances as to
the character and fruitfulness of the tree. Under these conditions a
considerable quantity of fruit is being grown and marketed, hut the
product is of an exceedingly variable nature. The two following illus-
trations prove the truth of this statement.

DESCRIPTION OF YARIATIONS.

Mr. G. L. Macdonald, of Cocoanutgrove, Fla., related his expe-
rience to the writer. In preparing for his orchard Mr. Macdonald
selected the seed from a tree that bore fruit of exceptionally line
quality and in large quantit3^ At the time the selection was made it
was generally l)elieved that avocados came true to seed. The parent
tree produces pear-shaped avocados of large size, fine flavor, and
purple color, ripening late. The seedling orchard from this tree has
now come into bearing and produces fruit of varia])le size and shape;
good, bad, and indifferent flavor; the color varying from green through
3^ellow to purple; and the fruits ripening at difl'erent times in the
season.

The following census, taken near Buenavista, Fla., in an orchard
of about an acre in extent, shows how little foundation there is for the
belief that the avocado trees are unusually fruitful and that the tree
come.s "true to seed," The impression that the tree is unusually
fruitful doubtless originated from the fact that occasional trees bear a
heavy crop (see PI. Ill), causing the observer to overlook the dozens
of trees that have less than ten fruits each or possibl}- none at all. The
unfruitfulness and the variability of the product is not more than
should be expected from an orchard of seedlings.

This orchard contains 160 trees, 110 of which are five or more 3^ears
of age and of a size to permit the smallest to bear 50 fruitsi, weigh-
ing from a pound to one and one-half pounds each. This number of
trees produced l,iCl fruits in 1903, a 3'ear during which the avocado
crop was unusually heav}'. This gave an average of approximately^
10 fruits to the tree. Forty-seven trees bore no fruit at all; 41 trees
bore from 1 to 12 fruits; 22 bore a crop of more than 12 fruits, 9 of
these latter trees bearing 595 fruits, or slightly over half the crop.
The four most prolific trees bore 385 fruits — that is, one-twelfth of
the trees produced one-third of the fruit, or, stating the matter in
percentages, -13 per cent of the trees produced no fruit; 37 per cent

MARKETING. 23

produced 1 to 12 fruits ouch; 20 per cent produced over 12 fi'uits
each.

Cousideriuo- only the prolific trees, we tiiid thiit S p(>r cent of the
trees produced 60 per cent and that 3 per cent produced 38 per <-ent
of the fruit.

The nine trees that produced at least a fair crop were of medium
size, while the largest and most vigorous trees in every instance bore
less than a fair crop.

The trees referred to above were from specially selected seed, so
that it may safely ])e assumed that they were up to the standard for
seedling orchards of the same type that have received fair attention
and are of the same age. Some of the trees that were without fruit
this 3^car had a fair crop last 3'ear, indicating a tendency on the part
of the avocado to fruit in alternate years. The most fruitful trees are
onl}' moderately vigorous and of a ])ush3' growth.

Of the 03 trees that have fruited in the orchard mentioned there
arc onl}' 2 which combine good ((ualities in such a way as to be
of special merit. Some trees that bear tine fruits are not prolific;
others ripen their fruit at an inopportune time of the year, while still
others bear a fair crop at the right time but the fruit is infcrioi- in
quality. (See ligs. 0, T, A; 8, and 9.)

If a census of all the seedling orchards were taken, it is not probable
that the general results would he \(«rv different, but this is just what
should ))e expected in propagating from seed a species that is so
variable as the avocado.

MARKETING.
PICKING.

The time of ripening of the avocado extends in Florida from the
middle of July to December. As now grown, the fruits of a tree do
not as a rule mature uniforudy, so that in most cases two or more
pickings have to be made. The variation in this respect is so much
an individual characteristic that the peculiarities of each tree in the
case of a seedling orchard, and of each variety if budded, will have to
be ascertained by test. The fruit must be removed from the tree
while it is still very firm if it is to be shipped to a distant market.
For local consumption the crop may be permitted to remain on the
tree until a few fruits have fallen.

In picking, the avocado should be broken off so as to leave a portion
of the stem attached to the fruit. If a particular variety does not
break properl}^ an orange clipper or the ordinary pruning shears may
be used. If the stem be pulled out of the fruit, as occurs in "drops,"
there is a strong probability that some of the fruit will be lost from
ripe rot in transit, or b}^ softening in the hands of the dealer.

THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA.

GRADINO AND SIZING,

With the a^'ocado, as with all other fancy fruits, it is necessary to
exercise care to have all the specimens in a crate of uniform shape and

Fig 0 — Longitudinal sections of rounil avooados. West Indian-Soulh American varieties (about one-
half natural diameter): A, seed tillinf,' the cavity; 15, fruit I'roni another tree of lietter (|uality, Imt
seed loose in the cavity.

Fig. 7.— Longitudinal sections of olilons avocados, West Indiaii-Soutli American varieties (aboutone-
half nat\iral liiameter) : A. small seed, loose in larye cavity; B, l,irf,'e seed, loose in the cavity.

size. (See ligs. 6, 7, S, and 9.) A few small ones in a crate of otherwise
large fruits will cause a greater loss to the seller than would have heen

PACKINO.

occasioned by rejecting- the small ones. F'ruits that averat^(> more
than fifty to a tomato crate are not desirable for sendini,^ to distant
markets. While the demand has been so strong- that almost any
avocado in sound condition would sell, too g-reat emphasis ciin not be
placed upon the necessity for packing each crate with fruit of uniform
size, shape, and color.

"While the market has no pronounced demand for any particular
form, those of a decided pear shape (see fig. 8), of even siz(>, and of
which about three dozen can l)e packtnl in a tomato crate, bring the
highest price.

A. B.

Fig. 8. — Lnnfjitudinal sct'lioii^ of pear-shaped avneados. West Indian-Son tli American varieties
(about one-half natural diameter): A, very large seed, l<X)se in the cavity; B, large seed, loose in the
cavity.

PACKING.

For shipping purposes the market at present demands a tomato
crate or an eggplant crate. In the course of a few years a standard
package of dimensions best adapted to this particular fruit will, no
doubt, be adopted. Neither the tomato crate nor the eggplant crate
is perfect from the growers' point of view. The larger package ])rings
such a quantity of fruit into one compartment that some of the lower
ones are likely to l)e l)ruised in transit. If some of the avocados hap-
pen to become soft on the way, the appearance of the remainder will
be much injured and the selling value of the entire crate will be greatly
reduced. The tomato crate is much l)etter in these respects, l)ut it is
not entirely satisfactory, })ecause onl}" the round fruits pack well in it.

THE AVOCADO IN FLOEIDA.

When the ideal crate shall ))e adopted it will probably ])e similar in
shape to the boxes used for California pears.

Before packing, the individual avocado should be wrapped in some
substantial and attractive paper. This will add materially to the car-
rying quality and to the selling price of the fruit. Enough fruit
should be put into the crate so that it will bo packed firmly, to pre-
vent any possibility of shaking on the way to market. It is not always

A..

Fig. 9. — Longitudinal sections of bottle-necked avocados (about one-half natural diameter): A, West
Indian-South American variety, with very large cavity; B, Mexican variety, with seed tilling
cavity. ,

possible to properly fill the crates now used, and it sometimes becomes
necessary to fill up the vacant space with excelsior. In large crates
and with well-matured fruit a considerable quantity of excelsior must
be used to make sure that the fruit will not be bruised. The produc-
tion of avocados in the United States is so limited and the demand
thus far is so much greater than the supply that comparatively little
care has been necessary to secure good prices, provided the fruit
reached the market in sound condition.

THE FRTTTT, 27

THE FRUIT.

Tho avocado varies oreatly as to size, shape, color, texture, and com-
position, while the trees also present distinct ditl'erences. In size, the
fruits vary from those no larger than a hen's egg to specimens which
weigh 3 pounds. (See fig. 7, A, and lig. 9, B.) As to shape, there are
four recognized types, although all possible gradations occur. I'he so-
called round fruit (see fig. 6) is not strictly spherical, ])eing flattened
at the distal end or at both ends. The oblong fruit (see fig. 7) may be
of various lengths, l)ut the diameter is always greatest from the stem
to the distal end. The pear-shaped (see fig. S) and bottle-necked
varieties (see fig. 9) are sutiiciently described ])y their names.

The color of a ripe avocado varies from a dark purple, like that of
a ripe eggplant, to scarlet, yellow, and grass-green. As a rule, the
fruit is not of one color over all of its surface; the purple or scarlet
fruits are usually lighter and tho green fruit tinged with yellow at
the distal end. AH combinations of the sizes, colors, and shapes men-
tioned are found.

THE EDIBLE PORTION,

The edible portion of the fruit, called the meat, in desirable varie-
ties is a smooth, rich substance, wirh the texture of cream cheese.
Some inferior fruits are decidedly watery and oily in appearance, while
others are comparatively dr3\

The following analyses were made by Charles D. Woods and L. I).
Merrill. « The pulp of three fruits was taken for an analysis.

Edible portion

Seeds

Skins

rpotai ai, 021.0 100.00

«Thirt5'-si.x ounces.

It was found that 1 pound of the edible portion contained the fol-
lowing weights of nutrients:

Pound.

Water 0-811

Protein 010

Fat 102

Carbohydrates 068

Ash 009

The fuel value is estimated at 1,758 calories per pound of edible
portion.

aMaine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 75, July, 1901, p. 111.

28 THE AVOCADO IN FLORIDA.

In color of meat the fruits of different varieties vary. Immediately
under the epidermis it is green, sometimes for only a fraction of an
inch; in otlier varieties it may be green three-quarters of the way
through the meat, the remainder being either whitish or yellowisli,
or tlie green color ma}'^ extend almost to the seed. Some of the
finest varieties have a cream-colored meat. In texture some avocados
have rather watery meat, with a num])er of strings running through
it, and are decidedly inferior to fruit with firm meat and no strings.

SEED AND SEED CAVITY.

The variations in the seed cavity are of importance from a commer-
cial standpoint. In some fruits the seed is lodged tii-ml3' in the meat;
in others it occupies only a fraction of the cavit\' (compare figs. 6, 7,
8, and 9), and variations occur anywhere between these extremes.
Obviously, the best shipping fruit is that with a seed cavity so small
that the seed can not be shaken about, since in handling the fruit in
transit the seed in a large cavit}- so bruises the meat as to cause rapid
deterioration. This point should be borne in mind in selecting varie-
ties for propagation.

In the shape and size of the seed marked variation occurs. The
shape does not necessarily conform to that of the fruit, while the size
may var}' from one-half the bulk of the fruit down to one-tenth or
even less. (Compare figs. 0, 7, 8, and 0.) One tree that bears seedless
f I'uit has been discovered in Florida. Since the formation of seeds is
the greatest tax on the energies of the plant, it is important for the
grower to produce fruits with as small seeds as possible; these the
buyer will also prefer, as to him the seed is of no value.

SHAPE OF THE TREE.

The manner of ofrowth of avocado trees differs exceedinglv. Some
trees grow with a slender shape, like the Lom])ardy poplar; others
spread out in the form of an American elm, while the greater number
take on the compact shape of a fruit-l)earing tree, making an outline
somewhat similar to that of a ha3"cock. (Compare Pis. I, II, and III.)
This last mentioned form is, of course, the most desirable of the dif-
erent shapes. It gives the tree a chance to withstand gales, and per-
mits the fruit to sway on slender branches, thus keeping it from
l)eing blown off during storms.

FORMS AND VARIETIES.

The species P< rsea (/rai!ssi)//t( (liirtn., or what is popular!}- known as
avocado, is well defined from tlje other species of the genus, but
inside of the species as at present understood it is exceedingly vari-
al)lc. Some attempt has been made to separate this species into vari-
eties, but so little has 3'et been done in the Ava}' of perpetuating

FORMS AND VAKIKTIKS. 29

particular sorts by l)ud propaojitioii that varieties in tiie poinolooical
sense have not yet found a i)Iace in literature. La Saura" o-iv(>s the
followino- classitieation, based upon the characters of the fruit:

The aguacate in, without doubt, one of the most viiliiahle I'ruit trees of South
Aiiieriea. The fruit is in form of a lari^e pear, witiiout any depression at tlie head.

The skin is a yellowish j^reen or a pale violet eolor, and smooth. The substance
of the fruit, when well matured, is nearly white and has a soft, oily consistency
and a slijihtly sweet taste, somewhat sufrary. It is eaten in its natural state and also
seasoned in various manners, nearly always with a little salt. The animals devour
it eajierly.

Tlie tree l)lossoms in April and the fruit matures in July and Au<j;ust. The varie-.
ties which are cultivated in Cuba are —

1. The violet color, which is nearly round in shai>e.

2. The large green, round, with the inside yellowish ami iiaving the consistency
of bread.

8. The large yellow, similar to a large pear.

4. The long green.

The maturity of the fruit is known when the seed which it, contains Ix'comes
loosened from tiie substance of the fruit and rattles when it is shaken.''

In order to obtain good trees one must sow the see(l in the place where it will
remain permanent, in holes of 3 feet in dimension in every direction, which are
tilled with good soil.

These trees ordinarily bear fruit from the lifth year and live to about their
eightieth year. They are planted in form of beautiful groves and walks about the
dwellings of the inhabitants, and as their growth is very vigorous they soon take
strength from neighboring trees. Their flowers yield a very agreeable perfume.

Compare the description of phites, page 30, and tigs. <>, 7, 8, and 9
with the above description.

Meissner*^ recoo-nizes several l)otanical varieties ba.sed upon the
shape and size of the leaves. Viil(/<iris has leaves "3-4 poll" by
"li poll;" OhloiHja, '^4-9 poll" by' " f-2 poll;" MacrophijUa, "6-9
poll" by '^3Mipoll."

THE MEXICAN AVOCADO.

There is a small-fruited form of avocado which, was introduced in
1893 from Mexico (see tig-. •», B) in the form of seeds b}" the Divi-
sion of Pomology of the Deptirtment of Agriculture, to which no ref-
erence is made in the literature examined, and no specimens of this
form were found in the herbaria visited. It is regarded in Mexico
as more frost resistant than the common form found in Florida and
the West Indies, but is not conside^'cd as valuable as the larger fruited
varieties where the latter may be grown successfully. Its fruit is
pear-shaped, or bottle-necked, about the size of a hen's Qgg^ usually
of a dull blackish or bluish color. Tiie skin of the fruit is thin and
leathery. The seed is small, conical, usually about an inch in diameter.

"Transition from Historia Fisica de Cuba (1845), Vol. XI, p. 186.

^ Correct for some varieties only. — P. H. R.

cMartius, Flora Brasiliensis, Vol. V, pt. 2, fasc. 41, p. 159.

30 thp: avocado in Florida.

The tree is a less vij^orous grower, and the In-anches are inclined to be
slender. The leaves are borne on a slender petiole about half as long
as the blade, which is thin and elliptical in shape. The flowers are
borne in an open panicle on long slender pedicels and the fruit ripens
earlier than the West Indian-South American form.

Another striking peculiarity^ of this form is that the lirst pair of
scale-like leaves produced have, while those of the West Indian-South
American form do not have, a distinct petiole and blade. (See tig. 1.)
This form has been grown successfully in California, where it is
becoming popular. Figure 9, B, is from a specimen kindly furnished
b}^ Mr. ^V. Chappelow, Monrovia, Cal., from a tree grown from seed
of the lirst importation from Mexico by the Department of Agriculture.

THE WEST INDIAN-SOUTH AMERICAN AVOCADO.

The fruit of the West Indian-South American avocado is large,
vaiying in weight from a quarter of a pound to 3 pounds. The shape
is as variable as the size, vaiTing from ol)late spheroidal to almost
banana shaped. (See figs. 6, T, S, and lig. 9, A.) The color of the fruit
is purple, scarlet, yellow, and green. The rind is usually thick and
brittle. The seed is often veiy large, sometimes making up one-half
the w'eight of the fruit; the shape of the fruit variable — spheroidal to
conical. The tree is of vigorous growth, reaching a height of 20 to
30 feet, and sometimes is even taller; the branches are thick and brittle.
The leaves are borne on a short, thick petiole, less than one-fourth the
length of the blade, which is thick, elliptical, and from i to 10 inches
long. The lower surface of young leaves is covered with a pubescence.
Flowers in open panicle are borne on a short peduncle. The fruit is
borne on a thick pedicel, and ripens fiom the middle of July to Decem-
ber. A few trees retain their fruits until January, and even up to
March.

In the native habitats the species seem to run to distinct forms,
as is indicated from the botanical literature and botanical specimens
named by authorities on the subject. These forms do not couhe true
to seed when brought into cultivation, owing probably to the fact that
the trees are put under special new conditions, and that trees from a
large number of varieties are planted near to each other, makiYig cross-
pollination almost certain. It is not surprising, therefore, that we
find large-fruited and small-fruited trees; 3'ellow, green, scarlet, and
purple colored fruit; small, medium-sized, and large leaves; good,
bad, and indifierent qualities, all coming from selected fruits from a
single tree, as indicated from observations cited on a former page.
It is really only what should ])e expected when viewed from a plant
breeder's standpoint.

FORMS AND VAKIKTIKS. 31

THE IDEAL AVOCJADO.

Tlu' tivo should 1)0 of siniill or nu'diuni size. So lony- as tlu' supply
is liniitod and-the fruit brings faiu-v ])rioi's, tln> cost of jiathcriuji- from
tlu' tall-o-rowinu" trees is no sorious obstacle, but much fruit is lost
from a tall tree as a result of hiuli winds, which are common in the
Antillean region durino- the ripening season.

The fruit should weigh al)0ut a pound to a pound and a half. This
is large enough for persons with an ordinary liking for this fruit,
while those who arc extraordinarily fond of it can call for two fruits.
Pear-shaped (sec tig. 8) or o1)long varieties (sec tig. 7) should be pre-
ferred, as they can be packed readily and transported without n)uch
danpcr of bein"* bruised in transit. The seed should not 1)0 loose in
the cavity, as the shaking of it in transit pounds the meat into an
unsiyhtlv mush. The color of the fruit should be either vellow or
scarlet. The fruits that ripen green are considered by the novice as
having been picked when too inunature, and those that ripen I)r()wn
or i)urple look as if they were in the first stages of decay. A very
late variety would undoubtedly be the most desirable, since it would
ripen at a time when all the W(>st Indian and ^Mexican avocados were
gone, and most of the northern fruits were out of the market.

USES OF THE FRUIT.

According to Patrick Brown/' horses, cows, cats, dogs, as well as all
sorts of birds, feed on this fruit.

Much has been written regaixling the manner of serving this salad
fruit, but only one or two essential additions have been made in the
last two hundred years. No matter how daintil}' it ma}^ be prepared
one can scarcely relish it more than when, tramping through the
forests, be happens upon a tree with a few fruits fully matured. The
traveler is likely to be seated at once, enjo}" his fruit without salt,
sugar, or other condiments, and forever after he will rememl)er the
deliciousness of that particular fruit, Avhich if eaten with an}^ of all
condiments at the most carefulh' appointed table would not have made
as strong an inipression on his memory.

An avocado should not be used until the meat cuts smoothly with a
teaspoon and is about the consistency of well-frozen ice cream. No
one should attempt to eat the fruit after it has softened; a rancid
avocado may well be compared to rancid butter.

The simplest way of using this fruit is as alread}^ stated. One
merely halves the fruit, removes the seed, and dips out the meat with
a teaspoon, or to the plain fruit a bit of salt ma}' be added. Some
people use pepper in addition. The number of w;avs in wdiich the

« Civil and Natural History of Jamaica, London, 1789, p. 214.

32 THK AVOCADO IN FLORIDA-

avociido iiuiv be served is as varied as the possible salad eombinations.
One should not, however, deluge this rich fruit with oil iior overpower
with condiments its mild, nutty flavor. Salt, pepper, and vinegar are
often used; if to this enough sugar be added to take off the sharpness
of the vinegar, it will be an improvement. Lime juice or lemon juice
may be substituted for the vinegar with advantage. The avocado is
sometimes served as a dessert with sugar and sherry.

Another distinct method of using this fruit is to remove the meat
from the skin, add the condiments desired, and then stir the whole
into the form of a salad and serve either alone or on lettuce leaves.
Some chefs cut the meat into small cubes of about a half or one-third
of an inch in size and serve it with condiments, as in minced salad.

The use of the avocado as an ingredient of lobster or other shellfish
salad is said to have become quite general in localities where the fruit
can he obtained, as it gives the salad a pleasing nutty after flavor not
otherwise secured.

Another use is in mixed pickles. For this purpose the fruit should
be selected before it has become soft, yet after it is no longer hard and
brittle. The fruit is pared, the seed taken out, and the meat cut into
pieces not over a half inch thick. This is then prepared in the usual
manner for cucumber pickles, etc.

DISEASES.

LEAF DISEASE.

While the avocado has recently been introduced into cultivation, it
has some severe diseases, which, however, can be handled without
much ditticulty if taken in time. One of the most prominent and
common diseases noticed is due to a (rlwosjjornn/t , probaldy an unde-
scribed species. This almost invariably attacks the leaf at the tip,
and gradually works ])ack from this point into the ))lade. By the time
the leaf has become two-thirds or three-quarters diseased, it usually
falls off, and in this way the fungus may defoliate the entire tree.

Reiitedy. — Spraying with Bordeaux mixture" should be begun on
the first appearance of the trouble. If spraying is delayed until the
tree has been partially defoliated, success will be attained 'with nmch
greater difiiculty.

« Bordeaux mixture may be prepared by dissolving 6 pounds of bluestone in 25
gallons of water. This may be done readily by placing the bluestone in a feed sack
and suspending it near the surface of the water. Slake 0 pounds of lime with just
enough water to cover it. When this has been thoroughly slaked, dilute with 25 gal-
lons of water. Strain the slaked lime into the tank of the spraying machine through
coarse sacking, to remove all particles which might clog the spraying machine.. Pour
the dissolved bluestone into the lime water, stirring vigorously for two or three min-
utes. Apply at once.

SUMMARY. 33

FRUIT DISEASE.

Apparenti}' the same fung-us which causes the disease of the leaves
attacks the fruit in v.irious stages of developuKMit. If tiic disease
becomes prevalent while the fruit is small, it will shed off until the
tree is quite fruitless. If the disease attacks the more mature fruit,
it is liable to remain on the tree until nearly ripe, but the fungus pro-
duces a brown spot, and tinall}^ the skin cracks.

Bemedi/.—The same remed\' should be used as for the leaf fungus.

SUMMARY.

Avocados do not come true to seed.

Orchards of seedling trees can not be relied upon to produce good
crops.

Budding is practicable and it is the most desii-able way of propa-
gating.

Crown-working is preferable to top-working.

Budded trees grown in a nur.sery should be used in planting an
orchard.

All the fruit shipped- to market in a crate should be of the same
size, of the same shape, and of one color.

Preferences for color are as follows: Yellow, scarlet, green, brown.

Pear-shaped fruits and oblong shapes arc preferred. Round are
less desirable than bottle-necked fruits.

The varieties w^hich ripen during December, or later, sell for the
highest prices.

The large percentage of fat contained in this fruit makes it especially
desirable, since it is much more agreeable to some people than the fat
obtained from an animal source.

29619— Xo. 61—04 3

PLATES.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate I. Frontispiece. — West Indian-South American avocado tree, about 35 years
old, growing on a coral breccia reef. Produces fruits of fine quality. Ripens
purple.

Plate II. Fig. 1. — Crown-worked avocado tree eighteen months after insertion of
.bud. The bud was placed in a sprout that had started from a stump of a tree
the summer before. West Indian-South American variety. About 8 feet tall.
Fig. 2. — Top-worked tree eighteen months after insertion of bud, which was
placed in a green sprout. The tree was approximately of the same age and vigor
as the one shown in Plate II, figure 1. Mexican variety. Aliout 12 feet tall.
Compare the general mode of growth, arrangement of leaves, etc., with the tree
shown in Plate II, figure 1.

Plate III. Nursery tree two years old, transplanted from seed bed. West Indian-
South American variety. A good, vigorous stock for budding. About 4 feet
tall.

Plate IV. Fruiting branch of West Indian-South American variety, showing the
manner in which the fruit is borne ujjon the branches. The photograph from
which this illustration was made was taken from the inside of the tree to bring
out the peculiar mode of attachment. This branch may be considered as carry-
ing a very heavy crop. Fruits about one-tenth natural diameter, ripening green.
36

Bui. 61, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S Oept. of Agriculture.

Plate II.

31
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Bui. 61, Buieau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

Plate III.

West Indian-South American Avocado Tree in Nursery, 2 Years Old, 4 Feet

Bui. 61, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IV.

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY - BULLETIN No. 62.

H. 1. <iK\.W>\\'K\, Chief Of Ritreau.

NOTES

EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

GEORGE P. FOADEX, W. Sc..

Secrktary of the Ktiedivtal AoRicuiiTuuAT. Society,

Cairo, Egyit.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

Issued Jri.Y 9, 1904.

WASHmGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,

1904.

BULLETINS OF THE BTJREATJ OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Tlie Bureau of Flant Industry, which was organi2ed July 1, 1901, includes Vt^e-
table Pathological arid Physiological Investigations, Botanical Investigations and
K>:i)ennients, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Pomological Investigations,
and Experimental (iardens and Grounds, all of which were fomierly separate Divi-
sions, and also Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, the Arlington Exper-
imental Farm, Tea Culture Investigations, arid Domestic Sugar Investigations.

Attention is directed to the fact that "the serial, scientific, and technical publica-
tions of the United States Department of Agriculture are not for general distribution.
All copies not required for ofRcial use are by law turned over to the Sui)erint«ndent
of Documents, who is empowered to sell them at cost." All applications for such
publications should, therefore, be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant (irowth. 1001. I'rice, 10 cents.
2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents,
o. JMacaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algeriari Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American vSpei-ics oi Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distril>ution and Cooperative Experiments with (irivsses-and

Forage Plants. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

18. Experiments in ~ Range Imjirovement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10
cents.

14. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price,

15 cents.

16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Campes-

tris and Other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease i»f Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

20. ]\Ianufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.
2L List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, o5 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 bents.

23. Berseem: The Great Forage and Soiling Crop of the Nile Valley. 1902.

Price, 15 cents.

24. The ^Manufacture and Preservation of Unfermented Grape Must. 1902.

Price, 10 cents.

25. Miscellaneous Papers: I. TheSeedsof Rescue Grass and Chess. II. Saragolla

Wheat. III. Plant Introductit>n Notes from South .Africa. IV. Congres-
sional Seed and Plant Distribution Circulars, 1902-1903. 1903. Price,
15 cents.
20. Spanish Almonds. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

[Contiuued on 7)age 3 of cover.]

Bui. 62, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate

Fig. 1 .— Type of Egyptian Bull.

Fig. 2.— Another Type of Egyptian Bull.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN No. 62.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.

NOTES

EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

GEORGE P. FOADEN, B. Sc,

Secretary of the Khedivial Agricultural Society,

Cairo, Egypt.

VEQETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PH.YSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

Issued July 9, 1904.

WASHINGTON:
government printing office,

1 0 0 4 .

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. Galloway, Chief.
J. E. Rockwell. Editor.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

Albert F. Woods, Pathologist and Physiologist.

Erwin F. vSmith, Patholoijist i» Charge of Lahorafori/ of Plant Palhologij.

George T. ]\Ioore, PJigsiologiM in Charge of Laboratorg of Plant J'hysiolagg.

Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory uf Plant Breeding.

Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Life History.

Newton B. Pierce, Pathologist in Charge of Pacific Coast Laboratori/.

i\l. B. Waite, Pathologi.it in Charge-of Investigations of LUseases of Orchard Fruits.

Mark A. Carleton, Cerealist in Charge of Cereal Investigations.

Hermann von Schrenk,« in Charge of Mississip})i Valley laboratory.

P. H. Rolfs, Pathologist in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory.

C. O. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge of Sugar Beet Investigations.

P. H. Dorsett, Pathologist.

Rodney H. True,'' Physiologist.

T. H. Kearney, Pliysiologist, Plant Breeding.

Cornelius L. Shear, Patliologist.

William A. Orton, Pathologist.

W. M. Scott, Pathologist.

Joseph S. Chamberlain, Pliysiological Chcmi.'^l, Cereal Ivestigations.

R. E. B. McKenney, Physiologist.

Flora W. Patterson, Mycologist.

Charles P. Hartley, Assistant (u Physiology, I'lant Breeding.

Karl F. Kellerman, Assistant in Physiology.

Deane B. Swingle, Assistant in Pathology.

A. W. Edson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

Jesse B. Norton, Assistant i)i Physiology, Plant Breeding.

James B. Rorer, Assistant in Pathology.

Lloyd S. Tenny, Assistant in Pathology. ,

George G. Hedgcock, Assistant in Pathology.

Perley Spaulding, Scientific Assistant.

P. J. O'Gara, Scientific Assistant.

A. D. Shamel, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

T. Ralph Robinson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Physiology.

Florence Hedges, Scientific Assistant, Bacteriology.

Charles J. Brand, Scientific As.9istant in Physiology, Plant Life Hi.<itory.

a Detailed to the Bureau of Forestry.

b Detailed to Botanical luvestigatious and Experiments,

LE'ITHR 01- 'FRAXSMITTAL

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Bureau of Plant Industry,

Office of the Chief,
Waahincjfon, D. C, April 20, I'JOJ^.
8iR: I have tlie honor to transmit herewith, and to recommend for
pul)lication as Bulletin 02 of the series of this Ikirean, a paper entitled
"Notes on Ejjyptian Ajj^rieulture," i)repared by l*rof. George P.
Foaden, Secretary of the Khedivial Agricultural Societj^, Cairo, Egypt.
The experiments which this I)ei)artment is conducting in the intro-
duction of Egyptian cotton, berseem, and other Egyjjtian crops into
this country make it highly important to have a knowledge of the
methods employed in the cultivation of these croi)s in Egyi)t.

The six plates accomi)anying the paper are considered essential to
a full understanding of the text.

Respectfully, B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of AyricuUure.

CO XT]' NTS.

Page.

Introduction 7

Composition of Nile mnd during flood .:. 9

Irrigation and fertilizers 9

Soils _ ^ 13

Labor X4

Value of land I5

Animal labor I5

Seasons. _ _. 16

Cotton 16

Distance between the cotton beds 20

Date of planting cotton _ 23

Sowing cotton ^ 23

Watering cotton... _ ". .__ . 23

Manuring cotton , , 26

Summary 32

Varieties of cotton grown in Egypt 33

Ashmouni 34

Lower Egypt cottons 35

Mit Afifi 35

Abbasi _ 36

Jannovitch 37

Seed selection .. ' 33

Picking cotton ... 39

Marketing cotton 39

Cotton and cotton-seed exports 42

Sugar cane 43

Beets

Berseem, or Egyptian clover 46

Lucern (alfalfa) . 49

Corn

Wheat and barley ^ 5I

54
55
58

Beans ^

Rice '.

Onions

Millets and sorghums 59

Minor crops 60

Lentils 60

Earth nuts, or peanuts 60

Chick-peas ■ 61

Lupines 61

Fenugreek 61

Flax 61

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page"
Plate I. Fig. 1. — Type of Egyptian hull. Fig. 2. — Another type of Egyp-
tian bull Frontispiece.

II. Fig. 1. — Type of mule nsecl in Egypt. Fig. 2.— Another type of

mnle nsecT in Egypt . . 16

III. Fig. 1.— A Meraise sheep, the best Egyptian breed. Fig. 2. —

Field of Mit Afifi cotton 16

IV. Fig. 1. — Field of cotton receiving its first watering in April, aljout

thirty-five days after planting. Fig. 2. — Field of cotton after

having l)een hoed after first watering 20

V. Fig. 1.— Field of cotton on May 6. Fig. 2.— Field of cotton on

May 20 24

VI. Fig. 1.— Field of Mit Afifi cotton before gathering. Fig. 2.— Egyp-
tian method of picking aiid carrying cotton 40

TEXT FIGURES.

Fio. 1 . Ordinary native plow 18

2. Arrangement of ridges for irrig:itinK cotton 21

3. Arrangement of a crop of Hood li^e 57

B. P. I.-lOl. V. P. P. I.-116.

NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

INTRODUCTION.

Nature may be truly said to smile in the Valley of tlie Nile, and
ancient Eastern writers were never weary of soundinjj; the praises of
Egypt. From early times her antiquities have excitecl imagination
and curiosity, yet her system of agriculture is of still more ancient
date.

Though the total area of Egypt proper is about 400,000 square miles,
only some 12,000 square miles are cultivated and settled. Agricul-
turally, the country consists of the Nile Valley itself, a comparatively
narrow strip of land on each side of the river, together with that part
known as tlie Delta, of which Cairo may be taken as the apex. The
width of the Nile Valley is variable; in some districts the desert
impinges on the river bank itself, while in others the valley may
attain a width of 10 or 12 miles. Its length is about 550 miles, and
the number of acres under cultivation and in process of reclama-
tion is about 2,320,000. This, roughly speaking, is the region Avhere
basin irrigation is practiced, while the Delta proper is under a s^^stem
of perennial irrigation. The number of acres under cultivation and
in process of reclamation in the Delta is 3,430,000, thus making a total
of 5,750,000 acres for the whole country.

Basin irrigation, which has been typical of the country frOm earli-
est times, is now being gradually replaced by perennial irrigation, a
change which entirely alters the system of agriculture. It is needless
to say that at one time the whole of the country was under the basin
system, but about the year 1820 the Khedive, by excavating a num-
ber of deep perennial canals capable of discharging water during the
period of low water in the Nile, began that change which resulted in
a complete revolution of the irrigation system of lower Egypt. As
long, however, as the canals merely drew their water from the Nile
the supply naturally diminished as the summer advanced and the
Nile fell.

In the year 1842 the Nile Barrage, which is situated about 12 miles
downstream from Cairo, was commenced. Here the Nile bifurcates.
Across the two branches two immense masonry bridges were built,
provided with sluice gates, by closing which the stream is dammed.
The level is thus raised to such an extent that 12 feet of water are held

8 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

up, over and above the natural level of the river, and the amount of
water discharged into the various distributing canals is enormously
increased. The bed of the river below the Barrage is to all intents
and j)urposes drj^ This provision of water during the summer months
permitted the cultivation of cotton, which from this date gradually
increased. At the present time the whole of lower Egypt is under a
perennial system of irrigation, while ujjper Egypt, though largely
under basin irrigation, is in a transition stage.

The ancient s^^stem of basin irrigation, whereby the land received
annually a deposit of rich mud, will soon be, comijaratively speaking,
a thing of the past. It is unnecessar}- here to enter into any details
regarding this ancient type of irrigation, but merely to state that
under this system the land is divided by means of banks into basins
(of which there are 212), whose areas range from as few as 500 to as
many as 75,000 acres. For convenience in the regulation of the flood
water, these basins are divided into various sections, 11 of which are
on the left bank of the river, while 13 are on the right. During flood
time, when these basins are filled, tlie water is charged with suspended
matter, which during its sojourn in the basin is to a great extent
dejDOsited on the land. The filling of the basins generally begins
about mid- August and is comi)leted in the southern basins by the end
of SeiJtember. The escapes are oj)ened and the water discharged into
the river by the middle of October. The more northerlj- basins are
filled and emptied later, the last basin north of the Delta Barrage not
becoming dr^' until the end of November.

When the time for emptying the basins has arrived, the escapes are
opened and the water discharged. In some years, when the flood is
low and the basins are not full, the upper series of basins are drawn
upon to complete the ojieration; the water passes, that is to say,
through the lower series and is then discharged. The water remains
in the basins for a period of about sixty days.

The water of the Nile at the time of flood contains from 150 to 200
parts per 100,000 of suspended matter. If 170 parts are assumed to
be an average, about 130 parts are actually deposited in the basins,
while the remaining 40 parts are returned to the river in the water of
discharge. These figures can only be regarded as approximations, the
amount of mud deposited on any given area depending to a certain
extent on the position of that area in the basin. Again, the water
entering all the basins is not equally rich in sediment. Further,
water is continually i)assing through the basins, even though thej^ are
full, and consequently the actual quantity which passes through them
and deposits its mud is not equivalent to the capacity of the basin
itself. The nature of the sediment also varies, being more valuable,
relativelj' sjieaking, in a low flood, and more sandy and consequently
less valuable during a high flood. It is calculated that when the
basins are full they contain on an average between 3 and 4 feet of
water and the deposit is equal to between 14,000 and 15,000 pounds of

COMPOSITION OF NILE MUD DURING FLOOD. V

sediment per acre, or between G and 7 tons. The soil thus receives
annually this coating of mud, the chemical nature of which has given
rise to very divergent views on the part of chemists, chiefly owing, it
is believed, to the manner in which samples for analysis have been
taken. The analyses made by Doctor Mackenzie at the Scliool of
Agriculture are considered the most reliable obtainable and are the
average of many determinations.

COMPOSITION OF NILE MTJD DURING FLOOD.

The addition of 15,000 pounds per acre per annum of sediment con-
sisting of nitrogen, 0.12 per cent, phosphoric acid, 0.21 per cent, and
potash, 0.G8 per cent, would give to tlie soil 18 pounds of nitrogen, 31^
pounds of phosphoric acid, and 102 pounds of potash. These <iuan-
tities, when compared with the general composition of Egyptian soils
and with the results which have been obtained by actual manurial
experiments, are quite consistent. Egj'ptian clover, as is well known,
is very extensively grown in Egypt, and the deficiency of Nile mud
in nitrogen has, no doubt, to a very great extent been comi3ensated
for in this manner. Roughly speaking, cultivation in the basins means
one crop yearly, the flood providing sufficient water and raanui*e for
the raising of this crop under a system of rotation. In tlie basins,
where the chief crops are cereals, beans, and clover, this is true as
regards the matter of manure supply, but when irrigation is practiced
by means of wells or from the Nile the need for manure at once
becomes pressing. In fact, this interdependence of manure and water
is always most prominently brought out in any irrigated country.

An examination of the manurial ingredients added to the soil dur-
ing the inundation of the basins will at once indicate that while suffi-
cient phosphoric acid and potash are added to grow an ordinary crop
of wheat or barley, this is not true as regards nitrogen, and were it
not for the alternation of clover and beans with the cereal crops the
growth of the latter without nitrogenous manures would be impossible.
The fact that it is found imi)ossible to grow two wheat crops satisfac-
torily in succession is an indication that so far as nitrogen is concerned
the Nile mud does not supply a sufficient quantity. A bean crop,
which removes more phosphoric acid and more potash, but which
obtains its nitrogen largely from the air, is successfully alternated
with it.

IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZERS.

As the crops in the basins are generally grown without irrigation,
manures, as already mentioned, are but seldom used. The wheat crop
under such circumstances will average some 30 or 35 bushels per acre,
and often grows to the height of a man's shoulder. The bean crop is
a most important one in Upper Egypt, providing, as it does, the staple
food during the summer and flood months, not only for Upper Egypt,
but to a considerable extent also for Lower Egypt, while the export

IG NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

trade assumes considerable jiroportions. Beans are extremel}^^ luxu-
riant, and they produce on an average 35 or 40 bushels per acre on
good land.

It is quite unnecessaiy to state that the cultivation of basin lands
is extremely primitive. The seed is merely broadcasted on the silt
left by the Nile, covered in by hand-hoeing or scraping, and left until
harvest time. The cost of sowing does not exceed 40 cents per acre.
Harvest is in the spring, and the land is then generally left bare for
the few months which elapse until the Nile again rises, when, in jjlace
of fields of waving corn, we have, as it were, inland lakes of red silt-
laden water. Though the net return jDer acre from basin irrigated
lands is not as great as on perennially irrigated lands, yet t\\ey return
to the cultivator a large margin of profit, as the cost of cultivation
is reduced to an absolute minimum.

Upper Egypt is thickly poiiulated, in some provinces amounting to
as many as two persons per acre. This has led to the cultivation of
some of the basin lands during the interval which elai)ses between
the removal of the ordinary winter crop and the arrival of the Nile
flood. Such crops have to be irrigated, and this is usually accom-
plished l>y means of primitive water wheels lifting the water as much
as 15 or 20 feet. This cultivation is generally carried on where a sup-
ply of manure is availal)le, an application of which is imperative.
The soil is capable of raising only the ordinary winter crop without
manure, and the summer croj?, which is generally millet, is heavily
fertilized. Scattered throughout the country and in use throughout
the whole of Egypt are large mounds, sites of antiquity, which are
drawn upon to supply manure to grow these summer crops. They
contain a nitrogen equivalent of about -2 or 3 per cent of nitrate of
soda. As would naturall}^ be expected, however, the best supplies
are being exhausted, and many of the poorer ones which remain
scarcely pay for transport. The summer crop, when grown in the
basins by irrigation, is therefore practically always manured, and
this, together with the watering, entails a considerable outlay on the
part of the cultivator, though a good margin of profit remains. In
some districts corn is grown on basin land which, lying high or being
protected by small embankments, does not become inundated until
later in the seasoii, when the crop has become sufficiently advanced
to stand a certain amount of flooding. It may be mentioned that in
the southern provinces, where the basin land is poor, it is often found
more profitable to irrigate the winter evop of wheat and barlej^ instead
of trusting to the moisture in the soil after the flood. In this case
the crop is always manured.

Such, then, is an outline of the system of agriculture jiracticed in
the basins of Upper Egypt, and some idea of its primitive nature
can thus be obtained. Nearly 1,750,000 acres of land are under this
system of irrigation, a system which will now, to a great extent,

IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZERS. 11

disjippeur and jrivo way to pciciinial iniyal ion, wlu'rob}' two crops at
least will bo anunally raised.

Although basin irripition is charactevistie of Upper Kgypt, 3'et there
is a belt of high land between the river and the basins protected from
flooding by the dike rnnning along the river bank. This bolt could
be inundated onl)^ in years of exceptionally high flood. The Nile
Valley slopes away fi-oiu the river, not toward it, tlu^ river bed thus
extending, as it were, along a ridge and not along a depression. The
breadth of this high land varies greatly. In some places the basin
reaches i)ractically np to the i-iver bank, while in others the high
inclosed land possesses a width of a few miles, its area having been
increased by the construction of banks, which shut off the flood waters
from its farther side. This land, not being flooded, can be cultivated
either during summer or during flood, or both; in fact, in intensitj^of
culture it is comparabh^ to that of the Delta i)roper. The greatest
width of this inclosed and artificially irrigated land is found in the
provinces of Beni-Suef and Minieh, which are, with the exception of
Gizeh, nearest the apex of the Delta. It is on this land in these two
provinces and in the province of Fayum (which is an oasis) that the
bulk of the cotton known as "Ashmouni" is cultivated. These high
lands have, therefore, to be artificially irrigated, and cultivation can
be carried on the whole year round.

One great difference, as already i)ointcd out, between tlie cultiva-
tion of these lands and the basin lands is the necessity for manure,
large quantities of which are employed. JJarnyard manure is obtain-
able only in limited quantities, and recourse must be had to the
ancient mounds to which reference has already been made. In the
southern provinces, where millet is characteristic of this inclosed ai-ea
during the flood season, millions of tons of a nitrate-bearing clay are
found. To the agriculture of this tract and to that of Nubia this is
of vital imijortance; in fact, it is difficult to see how the land could
support its present population were it not for the existence of this
clay. The basin lands, as mentioned, are of poor quality and are
often irrigated, while the inclosed area is large; consequently large
quantities of .manure are required. As soon as the winter crops are
removed, the whole population is occui^ied in the transport of this
nitrate-bearing clay. When the material is near it is transported by
the owner's own camels and donkeys, but when far awaj^ it is brought
to the river banks and sold to cultivators who come in boats for it.
It is a common sight in summer to see the river bank lined with heaps
of this fertilizer, while hundreds of camels and donkeys may be seen
wending their way to and from the river.

As already mentioned, the fertilizer is a mixture of clay and nitrate
of soda, the percentage of the latter reaching in exceptional cases
to as much as 20 per cent and in others dwindling to as little as 2
or 3 per cent. The richest material is found on the surface, and,

12 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

generally speaking, it would be difficult by quarrying in bulk to obtain
material containing as much as 5 per cent of nitrate. Of one fact,
however, there can be no doubt, viz, that it forms a most valuable
manure for a large tract of land, permitting better crops to be grown
in the basins and the raising of a profitable crop of millet, which with-
out it would practically be an impossibility.

Farther north, on this inclosed land, the whole of the sugar crop of
Egypt is grown, and, including the Fayum, the Ashmouni cotton
crop. Nearly 600,000 acres of land are thus perennially irrigated,
chiefly by means of a large canal (Ibrahimia) taking its water direct
from the Nile. A branch of this canal waters the Fayum, a deep
depression in the desert which lies outside the Nile Valley, and is
divided from the river by a range of low hills. Through a break in
these the Nile water is admitted. The Fayum is the only oasis in
Egypt in direct communication with the river, and is surrounded by
desert on all sides. The canal which conveys water to the Fayum
is split up on entering the province into a number of radiating canals,
like the fingers of an outspread hand.

The Ibrahimia Canal, completed in the year 1873, is the only peren-
nial canal in Upper Egypt which takes its water direct from the Nile.
It has a length of about 170 miles, and not only supplies summer
water to a large tract, but also water during flood to the basins. In
perennially irrigated tracts the seasons are divided, as in the Delta,
into summer, flood, and winter.

The chief summer crops are sugar cane, cotton, and summer sor-
ghum, which occupy along the Ib)"ahimia Canal tract about one-half the
area. About 40 per cent of the land is under flood crops, which are
chiefly flood sorghum, rice, and corn, while the winter crops (about
60 per cent) are clover, wheat, barley, beans, etc. The cultivation of
these crops will be dealt with in detail subsequently, the few remarks
which have been made being merely intended to convey an idea of
the general system of agriculture in vogue in Upper Egypt. The
completion of the new reservoirs will bring large tracts of land under
perennial irrigation, and from what has preceded it will be gathered
how, under such a system, a much more intensive system of agricul-
ture is practiced. These reservoirs allow a great increase in the area
planted to such crops as cotton and sugar cane, while Lower Eg^i^t
will also receive its share of water to supplement the summer supply,
which is taxed to its utmost to irrigate the gradually extending cotton
area.

In Lower Egypt, or the Delta, as already mentioned, perennial irri-
gation is practiced, by which is meant that the land is irrigated bj'^
canals which supply water during the whole year. Under this system,
Egypt, favored with an excellent climate and a soil of great natural
fertility, may be reckoned ui3on to produce on an average as much
per acre as is possible in any quarter of the globe. When to these

SOILS. 13

conditions a plentiful supply of cheap labor is added, there exists every-
thing necessary for the carrying on of an extensive and profitable sys-
tem of agriculture. The vast improvements which have been made
during recent years in the irrigation system of the country have been
the means of greatly increasing the amount of water available during
the summer months of low supply, and thus not only have made pos-
sible a considerable extension in the area of summer crops (chiefly
cotton), but will in the future provide a supply of water for carrying
on the reclamation (washing) of large tracts of land in the lower j^art
of the Delta.

Drainage, which is an all-important problem, has received at the
hands of the government its due share of attention, and enormous
sums of money have been expended in making a complete network of
drains throughout the country. Increased supplies of water neces-
sarily involve more complete drainage schemes, and to Egypt, with its
practically level soil lying but little above the level of the Mediterra-
nean Sea, it is a question of first importance. In fact, increased sup-
plies of irrigation water without better drainage and a more plentiful
supply of manure are of doubtful benefit.

It would be beyond the province of the writer and beyond the
object of the present bulletin to deal in any way with the irrigation
system of the Delta, and attention will be entirely confined to those
matters which are of purely agricultural interest.

SOIIiS.

Unfortunately, no soil survey of Egypt has ever been made, nor
has any series of extensive inquiries been made into the general
mechanical composition or chemical "mature of the soils of the Delta.

It is needless to say that the soils are all alluvial in origin, and,
generally speaking, are of a clayey nature, differing only in the
density of the clay. A heavy, dense black clay, extending to a depth
of 18 or 20 feet or more, is perhaps the typical soil. This soil is very
difficult to work, but is fertile, yielding good crops of cotton. It is
not easily injured by infiltration and saturation, on account of the
difficulty with which water penetrates it. . It can be understood that
when canals ai'e running with water practically throughout the whole
year, there is always danger of saturation and infiltration, especially
so when the water is at a higher level than the surrounding country.

It is feared that this class of soil often receives a greater quantity
of water than is necessary, as, on account of the difficulty of percola-
tion, it becomes more or less stagnant and sours the land. There is
also insufficient care given to the question of cultivating the land
when in the right condition. It is often plowed when more or less
wet, the result being that it dries up into a brick-like condition, quite
unsuited for a seed bed.

14 NOTES ON EGYFriAN AGKICULTURE.

A second class of soil is also clayey to the depth of a few feet, but
is underlaid b}'' soil of a more or less lij^ht nature. This soil is more
free to work than that already mentioned. A third class of soil may
be described as a sandy loam, while in some districts there are soils
which maj^ be described as almost pure sand.

As regards the chemical nature of the ordinary clay soil of the Nile
Valley, it would be rash to rei^roduce any figures which could be taken
as rej)resenting in any way their general composition. No systematic
attempt has been made to analyze representative samples of every
province, only the results of a few isolated analyses being available.
It may be stated, however, that the soil is more deficient in nitrogen
than in any other ingredient, and nitrogenous manures are found to
exercise a most marked effect upon growth.

The manures in common use in the country, in addition to barn-
yard manure and pigeon manure, are what is known as "coufri," or
the remains of ancient villages and ruins, and the nitrate-bearing
clay found in Upper Egypt, to which reference has already been made.
These latter two fertilizers are valuable chiefly on account of the sol-
uble nitrogen they contain. The soils are almost invariably rich in
potash, while in phosphoric acid they are neither poor nor exception-
ally rich. For some croj^s, such as cotton and sugar cane, the use of
phosphatic manures is attended with great benefit, while other crops
do not, as a rule, repay the cost of the fertilizer.

LABOR.

In Egyi)t there is a plentiful supply of cheap labor. The labor,
from a European point of view, would be described as inefficient, but
with the crude sj^stems of cultivation in force it meets all require-
ments. Owing to its cheaijness, a great deal of the labor which would
be i)erformed in Europe and in the United States by one or other
of the various farm implements is in Egyjjt done by hand. Practi-
cally the only large imj)lements used in the cultivation of the land
are the i^rimitive native j)lows, kassabiehs, or scooi^s for leveling the
land, and planks of wood which, when drawn over the land, serve as
harrows. The fass, or hoe, is the essential hand tool, and is the
fellah's stock in trade.

The land was formerly held by large proprietors, and though this is
true to-day a division into smaller farms is gradually taking place.
This subdivision of land is reducing the supply of labor available on
large farms, and at certain times of the year it is somewhat difficult
to find sufficient labor. The commercial developments of Egypt and
the numberless improvements which are being effected attract a con-
siderable amount of labor which would otherwise be employed in
agriculture, and a rise in the jirice of labor has taken place during
recent years which is likel}^ to continue in the future. As, however,
labor is obtainable for 15 cents a day, it will be seen that there is no
eause for complaint — at least from a western standjjoint.

VALUE OF LAND. 15

Tlie tVllali is an exireinely clcvcrcultivator and a lianl worker. lie
works sometimes for a daily wage, l)iit in the majority of eases is
engaged under one of many bases of contract, receiving a certain
area of land for the whole year in lieu of a part of his wages, or it
may be a certjvin area for the growth of corn. In other eases he
receives a sliare of certain crops, etc. ; in fact, it would be impossible
in a short treatise to deal with the almost innumerable arrangements
which are made between employers and employed.

VALUE OF LAND.

Land has increased enormously in value during rect^it years and
to attempt to estimate the increas(? would be a dillicult matter. The
best land in the J)elta can not be i)urchased for less than $500 to IGOO
an acre, while there are many cases where as much as $800 liave been
paid for land possessing no value, present or prospective, except from
an agricultural point of view. Good average land costs from $;300 to
to $400 jx'r acre, while it would be diflicult to find any land under a
state of cultivation which could be purchased for less than $150 per
acre. P^ven at these prices land well cultivated will return 0 or 7 per
cent on the capital invested, the sheet-anchor of the cultivator being
his cotton crop.

ANIMAL LABOR.

Practically the whole of the animal lal)or on the farm is done by
bullocks, a race whose history is somewhat doubtful. The cattle of
Upper Egypt are somewhat smaller than those of Lower Egypt, of
which the accompanying illustrations (PL I, tigs. 1 and l') may be
taken as good types.

A certain number of mules and donkeys (see PI. II, figs. 1 and 2)
for transport work are kept on the farm, and from eight to ten bul-
locks are considered necessary to work 100 acres, generally the smaller
number.

The value of these animals has very considerably increased during
recent years, and at the present time $100 would have to be paid for
a good average working bullock, while anything above the ordinary
costs up to $135. During the winter, spring, and early summer
months — say, from December to June — they are fed on clover, chiefly
grazed in the field, the animals being tethered. About three-fourths
of an acre are allowed for each animal. From June to early Decem-
ber they are fed on beans and chopped straw, about 12 or 13 pounds
of the former and 22 pounds of the latter being a common ration.

The fellahs are the cattle raisers of Egypt, and large cultivators
supply their needs by purchasing from them; in consequence, the
small cultivator, raising cattle as he does and keeping buffaloes for
the supply of milk for his family and for sale, has a much greater
quantity of manure in proportion at his disi)osal than has the large
proprietor.

16 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGEICULTUEE.

It may be mentioned incidentally that sheep in Egypt are of a very
poor standard. There are several breeds or divisions of breeds known
by local names, but the accompanying illustration (PL III, fig. 1) will
give an idea of the type of animal found in the country. The sheep
live on anything they can procure, and are allowed to run over the
clover after the cattle have been tethered on it. A fair sheep weighs
about 100 pounds live weight, though the better class fed by some
cultivators weigh more.

SEASONS.

Agriculturally three seasons are, as already mentioned, recognized
in Egypt, viz, winter, summer, and Nili. During the former, extend-
ing from November or December to March, wheat, barley, beans,
clover, etc., are sown in Lower Egypt, and also flax, lentils, onions,
vetches, etc., in Upper Egypt. The summer crops are cotton, sugar
cane (chiefly in Upper Egj'pt), rice, and summer sorghum (Upper
Egypt), while during the Nili season corn and rice, together with
flood sorghum in Upper Egypt, are the principal crops.

COTTON.

Of all crops cotton is preeminently the most important; it, in fact,
in great part constitutes the agricultural wealth of Egypt. Its cul-
tivation commenced about the year 1820, being simultaneous with
the introduction of perennial irrigation in the Delta of the Nile.
From this time the areas under cotton gradually increased, a great
stimulus having been given to its cultivation at the time of the civil
war in the United States and the consequent cotton famine through-
out the world. When more or less normal conditions were reestab-
lished Egypt did not, like many other countries, cease to show an
increase in its cotton area, but on the other hand continued to pro-
gress. Recent developments and improvements in the system of irri-
gation, as well as the expenditure of large sums of money on drain-
age, have given still greater facilities for cotton cultivation, until
there seems to be a growing tendency on the part of cultivators to
place too great a reliance on the "one crop," such as existed formerly
and is still often found in many cotton districts of the United States.

The cotton area seems to increase annually, though in the absence
of a statistical bureau it is impossible to state what the area actually
is or what increase takes place yearly. It has been generally accepted
by the irrigation department that one-third of the land of the Delta
was occupied by cotton, though there can be no doubt whatever that
it is more correct now to assume that one-half of the land is planted
to this crop. The present area under cotton in Egypt amounts proba-
bly to between 1,500,000 and 1,750,000 acres, though the finance
department of the Egyptian Government gives as the area under cot-
ton in the year 1901-2, 1,275,676 acres, of which 1,169,106 acres were

Bui. 62, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate II.

Fig. 1.— Type of Mule Used in Egypt.

Fig. 2.— Another Type of Mule Used in Egypt.

Bui. 62, Bureau of Plant Indust^, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate III.

Fig. 1.— a Meraise Sheep, the Best Egyptian Breed.

Fig. 2.— Field of Mit Afifi Cotton.

THE COTTON CROP.

in the Delta and 100,570 in Upper Egj'pt. In any case we may state
that 90 per cent of the total cotton of Kgypt is grown in the Delta
proper, and for the purposes of this bulletin, when dealing with the
various l)ranches of cotton culture, the writer's observations will refer
to this region.

Theoretically a three-year rotation of crops is practiced, though
this is in a great majority of cases reduced to a two-year course.
Originally on good land the rotation was as follows:

Tliree-year rotation of crops formerly jn-acticed in Equpt.

Year.

Winter.

Summer.

Nili.

Clover

Beana or clover

Cotton

Second vear

Corn.

Wheat

Corn.

At present, however, it is more common to find the following system:
Two-year rotation of crojw at present practiced in Egypt.

Year.

Winter

Summer.

Nili.

First year

Sftcond vear

Clover -

Cotton

Beans or wheat

Corn or fallow.

On poor land clover is grown more frequently and rice is intro-
duced instead of corn, or the land may be fallowed. The cotton crop
then generally follows clover or maize or a fallow. If it follows
maize, the land is left fallow from the time of cutting the maize in
October or November until cotton planting in March; or again, in
some cases, the land may be fallowed from the time of the removal
of the cereal crop in June until the following spring. If the land is
to be fallowed after the cereal crop, a heavy flooding is given with
the red water of the Nile, and when sufficiently dry it is plowed and
left exposed to the action of the sun and other atmospheric agencies
until the winter months, when the j)reparation of the land for cotton
is continued. If it follows maize, the land is i^lowed as soon as pos-
sible after the crop is removed from the ground, while if after clover,
the land is generally left until about a fortnight before cotton plant-
ing begins, when the soil is broken up and hurriedly prepared.

Small cultivators who can not afford to leave their land fallow
occupy the land every moment, as it were. They scatter the clover
seeds among their standing maize before it is cut, and thus obtain
two crops of clover previous to cotton sowing. Owners of large
estates, however, adopt the fallow system^either a long fallow after
a cereal crop, a short fallow after a maize crop, or both. It would be
impossible for them to prepare a large area of land in time for cotton

39210— No. 62—04 3

NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

after berseem, while again they would be unable to dispose of such a.
quantity of clover were it grown. The small cultivator is, as already
mentioned, the raiser of cattle, and can always dispose of his clover
crop to advantage.

Large administrations in Egypt are now using steam plows, and by
means of them the land is thoroughly plowed for cotton during the
autumn months to a depth of 12 inches. With this exception, how-
ever, the cotton area of Egypt is i)repared by means of the ordinary
native plow drawn by two bullocks. (See fig. 1.) As a general rule,
four plowings are given in preparation for cotton, each being at right
angles to the previous one.

The plow is somewhat comparable to the " scooter" employed in the
United States for laying off the cotton rows. The beam, which is

Ordinary native plow.

made of wood, is about 10 feet long, while the part which projects
from it at an angle of about 25° is also made of wood, but shod with
iron, the weight of the whole being about 00 i^ounds or more. This
is the plow in almost universal use in Egypt, though on some areas
cultivated by Europeans a few modern plows, provided with mold-
boards which turn a furrow, are used. The nature of the plow does
not admit of the soil being inverted, but merely stirs it. The angle
between the draft jjole and the sole of the plow can be increased or
diminished by adjustment.

It is laid down as an axiom by the best cotton growers that cotton
land should be j)lowed early and left exposed for some time. In a
practically rainless climate there is nothing to fear from the leaching
effects of rain, while it is universally accepted that cotton sown on
such land germinates better and grows more regularly. Growers are
fully alive to the necessity of deep and thorough cultivation, and some
careful farmers plow their land even more than four times. It must

PREPARING LAND FOR COTTON. 19

be confessed, on the other Iwind, lliat iiiiiny arc less enlightened; but
this often aiises from the fact that when tlie cotton follows clover the
latter crop occuines the land nntil the last moment, so that th<^ greatest
amount may bo obtained from it. Whether this is j^ood practice or
not will l)e dealt with subseciuently.

The land, having been thoroughly plowe<l, is made into ridges
(PL IV.), and this is done by cheap labor, in a primitive, though
effective manner. The angle of the ordinary plow is fille<l with
dried leaves, sacking, or some other material, so that when drawn
through the soil it throws the earth to the right and left; this being
repeated during the return journey of the plow, a ridgt^ is made.
When the land has been thrown into rough ridges at the reciuiri'd dis-
tance apart, they are shaped by men working with a fass (hoe), who at
the same time break down any large clods of soil. The land is then
ready for sowing. Each plow with a pair of bullocks will ridge in
this manner about 24 acres per day, while three men per day are
reciuired for completing the ridges on an acre.

The cost of preparing the land for cotton may be estimated thus:
It is generally accepted that the labor of a man and a pair of bullocks
per day amounts to about ^l, making allowance for depreciation in
the value of the bullocks, mortality, idle days, etc. The amount of
work that can be accomplished per day varies according to the condi-
tion of the land. If breaking up clover land less than half an acre
may be allowed, while subsequent plowings may result in nearly an
acre being accomplished per day on free-working soils, though less on
stiff clays. It is approxinmtely correct, therefore, to say that on an
average each plowing will cost about $1.25, or the four i)lowings a
total of $5 or $0. The making of the ridges will cost about 40 or 50
cents for animal labor and about 50 cents for manual labor, or approxi-
mately $1, making thus a total of about $0 or 17 per acre.

The best cultivators are now, however, adoi)ting an even more
intensive preparation of the land and follow the ordinary i^lowing by
another native j)low w^orking in the furrow left by the former and
thus acting as a subsoil stirrer. The cost of preparing the land in
this case is proportionately increased.

Such, then, is the general system adoj)ted, but the depth of plowing
usually attained is not sufficient to give the best results. The native
plow, as a rule, does not stir to a greater depth than about G inches,
unless followed, as described above, by a second plow. For cotton,
with its deep tajiroot, this is not sufficient, and there is ample evi-
dence in Egypt of the benefits to be derived by a deeper stirring of
the soil. The deeper the stirring the better are the plants enabled to
resist periods of drought, provided the surface soil is kept continually
broken up, and the deeper can the roots descend in search of nourish-
ment. In the United States the bulk of the work of prej)aring the
soil for cotton seems to be put into the ridges or beds, as it were, and

20 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

but little or none into the general field. In Egypt it is quite the
reverse, and the ridges are not, generally speaking, as well made as
they should be. When cotton follows a fallow of greater or less dura-
tion, and the land is consequently plowed early, a suitable tilth can
be obtained, but when following clover, and a more or less hurried
preparation of the soil results, the tilth leaves a great deal to be
desired. In such case the cotton is sown in very lumpy ridges, and
germination is consequently often very uneven and irregular.

That the well-known Egyptian clover has been the mainstay of
Egyptian agriculture there can be no doubt, and without it the fer-
tility' of the Delta could not have been kept up except at an enormous
expenditure for manure. Both in theory and in j)ractice a croj) of
clover is an excellent preparation for a cotton crop; but on rich land,
when the soil is plowed up just before cotton planting, the unfavor-
able seed bed obtained seems to more than counterbalance the effects
of the decomposing vegetalile matter; hence a better crop of cotton
is obtained by leaving the land fallow. On the other hand, on poorer
land the effects of the clover growth are marked, and a better crop is
obtained after the clover than when following a fallow. The sprout-
ing of the cotton is, as a rule, more regular after a fallow, and the
greatest amount of replanting is necessary when following a clover
crop. If clover immediately precedes cotton it is necessary, in order
to obtain the best results, that the soil be broken up some time before
planting; the roots then have time to undergo a certain amount of
decay and the soil to become dry. To sow cotton in a soil which is
plowed up more or less wet, as is the clover land in Egypt, is not con-
ducive to the preparation of a good seed bed and regular germination.
The soil should be quite dry when cotton is planted, though a watering
is given immediatelj^ afterwards.

DISTANCE BETWEEN THE COTTON BEDS.

As Egyptian cotton is raised by means of irrigation, the beds have
to be arranged in such a manner as to facilitate watering. (PI. IV.)
The land is divided into sections by ridges running at right angles to
the ordinary beds, and the beds are thus not more than about 36 feet
long. In some cases where the land is very level they are made longer
than this, while small cultivators, whose land is as a rule very uneven,
make them of less length. The laud is thus divided into sections and
from six to seven furrows are irrigated at a time. The arrangement
will be made perfectly clear by the accompanying diagram (fig. 2).

The distance at which the furrows are made, as well as the distance
allowed between the plants, is at the present time receiving consider-
able attention in Egypt. The writer, who recenth' visited the Ameri-
can cotton-growing districts, was i^articularlj' struck with the great
difference in this respect between the United States and Eg\T)t. It is

Bui. 62, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IV.

Fig. 1.— Field of Cotton Receiving First Watering in April, About Thirty-five

Days After Planting.

Fig. 2.— Field of Cotton Shown in Fig. 1, Having Been Hoed After First

Watering.

C«U-

DISTANCE BETWEEN THE COTTON BEDS.

very rare in Egypt to find even as great. a distance as 35 inches
between the beds, while on average land, producing a bale of cotton
(500 pounds) or even a bale and a half, about '30 inches or even less
may be looked upon as an average. On land which produces less
than a bale of cotton, less than 30 inches are left between the rows.
This in comparison with the 4 feet in common use in America, together
with the fact that Egyptian cotton produces a larger growth, consti-
tutes a sufficiently striking difference in practice. Though there is
a tendency among the most enlightened Egyptian planters to increase
somewhat the distance between the beds, yet it is qui<-'^ certain that
they will never reach the distances employed in America. There can
be no doubt that on certain areas of land in Egypt, where the plants
grow particularly large, ridges could with advantage be made 40

A
B

WATER

I ' I

I I I

III

ill

I < I

I I I I

I i_ ,1 i_

WATER

Fig. 2. — AiTangement of ridges for irrigating cotton.

inches apart, but it is at least doubtful whether it would be j^rofitable
to extend them farther. That, generally speaking, throughout Egypt
cotton is planted too closely there can be no doubt whatever.

The whole of the cultivation subsequent to planting is accom-
plished by hand labor in Egypt, and it may be that the employment
of animal labor in the United States necessitates a greater width
between the rows. Whatever the reason, it can be said with safety
that practically no cotton is grown in Egypt in beds as far apart as
40 inches, while from 30 to 32 inches may be given as an average on
good medium soils and less on poor lands.

As regards the distance between the plants in the row, it is rare to
find even on the best lands as much as 19 or 20 inches; the average
is about 15 or 16 inches. It must not be forgotten, also, that 2 plants

22 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

are always left standing together. On an average there are about
13,000 holes, as it were, per acre, each with 2 plants, making thus a
total of 26,000 plants, while there are often many more on poorer
lands. General experience seems to indicate that if too wide plant-
ing is adopted there is a reduction in yield, and it would be imi^ossible
to find an Egyptian planter who on any class of soil whatever would
bed his land more than 34 or 35 inches, and extremely few at that.
It is again very rare to find plants as far apart as 19 or 20 inches in
the row. The Egyptian cultivator is a believer in close i^lanting, but
there is everj^ reason to think that many have gone too far in this
direction.

Beds, then, are much closer than is common in the United States,
while on an average the plants are a little farther apart in the row,
eliminating the fact that in Egypt 2 plants are left together. The
excessive shade and dampness induced by too close planting militates
against the production of the finest quality of fiber and encourages
at the same time various fungous and insect attacks. Yet it appears
to the writer that to adopt such wide distances between the beds as
are common in the United States would by loss of plants mean prob-
ably a diminished yield.

It is true that the complete control which the Egyptian cultivator
has of his water supply enables him to regulate to a certain extent
the development of his plants, but in only too many cases this advan-
tage is not employed to the greatest extent, as will be shown subse-
quently.

DATE OF PLANTING COTTON.

Planting commences as early as the second half of Feln-uary, though
March is essentially the month of cotton planting. In the northern
part of the Delta it is delaj^ed until April. There are in Egypt no
late killing frosts to contend with, but merely short jjeriods of cold
and windy weather in early spring, which do considerable harm to the
very young cotton plant. There has been, during recent years, a dis-
tinct tendency toward early planting, it being contended that during
a series of years the largest yields, as well as the best qualities, are
produced by early planters.

Early planted cotton grows more regularly and evenly and does not
tend to xiroduce such coarse growth (weed) as that planted late. It
also branches better from the bottom. In view of the rainfall to
which the American cotton crop is sul)jected, it is interesting to notice
the ill effects of rain in the case of Egyptian cotton. Though it may
be said that the crop is grown without rainfall, yet during the very
early stages of growth, and especially in the case of early sown cot-
ton, a shower of rain occasional!}- falls which does considerable harm
to the newly sown cotton, especially if the plants have just appeared
above the surface of the ground. If they are well established the

SOWINO AND WATERINQ COTTON. 23

damage is slight, but in tho very young stage a shower generally
necessitates a considerable amo\int of replanting.

SOWING COTTON.

The seed is not planted on the top of the bed, but two-thirds of the
distance up the slope of the bed — that is to say, two-thirds of the dis-
tance up from th(^ bottom of the furrow to the top of the bed. The
quantity of seed used is about 1^ l)ushels per acre. Holes are made,
generally by boys, by means of a stick or a small wooden scoop, at
the required distance apart and at tho height mentioned, and from
eight to ton seeds are deposited in eacth hole at a depth of 2 or 3 inches.
A watering is then given, the water entering between the beds as
already described (PI. lY). In about ten or twelve days the seeds
germinate, though this may be a little more or less, depending on the
time of sowing and the weather prevailing.

It is soon seen that some seeds fail to gei-minate and blanks are evi-
dent. In some seasons this is much more than in others, but in any
case resowing is at once done. Seeds are soaked in water over night
and the next day sown in tlic blank places in a similar manner to the
general sowing. The soil has now become somewhat dry, and the
object of soaking the seed is to aid germination. If replanting is
general and forms a very large proportion of the total, it may be
necessary to water the land. In this case the seed is sown dry; the
young plants existing suffer, however.

WATERING COTTON.

As soon as the plants are fairly well established a hoeing is given
to destroy weeds and break up the surface. (PI. IV, fig. 2.) This is
practiced by all good cultivators, though neglected by others. Three
or four men are necessary to hoe an acre per day, stirring not only
the soil between the plants, but disturbing also the tops of the beds.
Occasionally a second hoeing is given before the first watering, which
takes place some thirty-five days after planting. This period is a
variable one, depending on the nature of the soil and the prevailing
weather conditions. On a clay soil, well hoed, it nuiy be longer, while
on a sandy soil it may be less. Before this watering is given the
crop should be thinned, the two strongest plants being left standing,
while the others are removed. This early thinning is advisable, and
to water the crop before thinning is not considered good practice, if it
can be avoided.

It is generally accepted that as long an interval as is consistent
with the health of the plant should elapse before the first watering is
given ; otherwise the plant is not encouraged to root well, but tends
to grow too rapidly. Too frequent waterings during the early grow-
ing period prevent the proper branching of the plants from the bot-
tom. They grow up raindly, producing their forms at the top rather

24 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

tlian from the bottom, and are spiudling. After the first watering,
which should he a light one, the water not reaching up to the plants,
but being allowed to ascend a little by capillarity to reach them, the
land is allowed to dry, and when sufdciently dried, another hoeing is
given. Some do not thin their cotton until after this hoeing. There
are cases (when the first watering is given at a short interval after
planting) where this may be advisable, but, generally speaking, it is
considered better practice, as already mentioned, to thin before the
first watering.

The second watering is given about twenty-five or thirty days after
the first, and when the land is sufficiently dry another hoeing (this
being generally the third) is given. At each hoeing the soil is removed
from the top on the opposite bed and drawn up to the plants. ' As the
plants are planted on the side of the bed, the crest of the ridge is
above them. This crest is gradually brought over by the hoe to the
opposite bed, so that after the third hoeing the plants will be practi-
cally on the tops of the beds. (PI. V.)

The third watering is given about twenty days after the second —
the end of May or l^eginning of June. This may be followed by
another hoeing, and generally speaking on good land the cotton, if
sown early, is now sufficiently far advanced to make any further
intercultural operations difficult.

Waterings are now given more frequently, if possible, and during
the months of June, July, and August the crop requires approximately
two waterings during each inonth, but especially in the two latter
months. During the summer months of low Nile supply, however,
there exist what are known in Egypt as rotations of canals— that is
to say, a restriction is placed by the irrigation department on the fre-
quency of watering; otherwise the quantity of water available would
not be sufficient for the whole of the cotton crop. The watering of
fallow land is also prohibited by governmental decree until the Nile
has again risen sufficiently high to place the safety of the cotton crop
beyond question, and in some years of low supply the cultivation of
summer rice has also been prohibited.

In the simplest form the rotation is as follows: A canal is divided
into three divisions. A, B, and C— A being the first section at the canal
head, B the middle section, while C is the section at the tail of the
canal. Each section was, for example, in the year 1001, allowed a
week's supply when it had fii-st claim on the water. If, however,
thei-e was any excess passing section A during its week of supply,
when it entered section B the latter was allowed to make use of it
during the last three days of A's period, but it must be understood
that B had no claim or right to the water. The same arrangement
holds good for sections B and C during B's week, and for C and A
during C's week. No difficulty can be experienced by this arrange-
ment during A's week and B's v/eek, but great caution has to be exer-
cised in giving section A permission to pump during C's week, as A,

Bui. 62, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate V.

Fig. 1.— Field of Cotton Shown in Plate IV on May 6.

Fig. 2.— Field of Cotton Shown Above and in Plate IV on May 20.

WATERING COTTON. 25

boiiif? liigher up the canal, has first pull on the water. When water
becomes scarce, however, at the end of June, there is no surplus, and
no section will get more than its seven days' supply. Tu had years
there may not be sufficient water to i)ermit the whole of the cotton in
any section, even during the seven days of its supply, to be watered,
but any unirrigated areas are, if possible, watered during the follow-
ing section's week.

Under such an arrangement as that described tlie cotton obtains
a watering every twenty-one days. During the season of 1903 the
rotation was reduced to one of eighteen days, the completion of the
Assuan Dam permitting the quantity of water during low Nile to be
supplemented by the opening of the dam and the addition thus of a
certain quantity of water to tlie natural supply. From the middle of
June to the middle of July the difficulties in the distribution of water
are very great, and as the cotton is then in flower and the temperature
high the plants are greatl}" in need of water. It is seen, therefore,
that though cotton may be benefited by a watering every fifteen days
during the summer months of June and July, this is not possible
owing to the rotations in force. Diiring July, August, and September
the cotton crop requires no labor, with the exception of that involved
in watering, and in the southern part of the Delta cotton picking
begins in the first half of September, and in Upper Egypt earlier.

The actual number of waterings which the cotton crop should receive
from the time of planting to the first picking is about nine or ten.
There can be no doubt that a great tendency exists toward the too
free use of water, and though rotations are not in favor with cultiva-
tors, yet, provided they are not severe, it is verj^ questionable whether
it is not to their interest to have some kind of control in this way over
the water supply. Some crops do not show the ill effects of excessive
waterings to the extent that cotton does, but very heavy waterings
given to the latter cause considerable damage. It is not only that
there is a tendency to apply water too frequently, but too heavy appli-
cations are given, and it is extremely likely that a flooding does more
harm than lighter applications even at more frequent intervals.
When severe rotations were at first put in force great alarm was felt
for the safety of the crop, but results showed that cotton was enabled
to resist longer periods of drought than had been previously imagined.
Land which had been well prepared and kept thoroughly hoed suf-
fered least, and early sown cotton less than that planted later.

It may be interesting to state the quantity of water required to
raise a cotton crop. Each watering is supposed to be equivalent to
about 350 tons of water per acre, and, as already mentioned, some nine
or ten applications of water are given up to the first picking, or a total
of from 3,150 to 3,500 tons of water. This is a^iproximately equiva-
lent to a rainfall of from 31 to 35 inches. The "dut}^" of water in the
Delta is annually calculated by the irrigation department, the period
chosen being from the date when the rotations are applied to the date

26 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

of their removal — that is, when the Nile has risen sufficiently high to
warrant this step being taken.

This period extends approximately from May to the middle of July,
and as the result of observations it is accepted that each acre of cot-
ton consumes al)Out 25 tons of water per day. It is assumed that in
the months of May, June, and July a cotton croj) can be successfully
raised on this basis. The actual "duty" of course varies from year
to 3'^ear, according to the state of the summer supply of the Nile. In
a year of good summer discharge the "duty " of water is always low,
while in a bad year when severe rotations are employed the "duty"
is high. In May and June a canal discharging 25 tons of water per
day for each acre of cotton to be irrigated is generally, therefore,
accepted as sufficient, though cultivators would use more were it
available.

MANURING COTTON.

Tlie question of manures and manuring is assuming greater impor-
tance in Eg3q3t than formerly. When the Delta was under a basin
system of irrigation and receiving annually the life-giving deposit of
the Nile, and when consequently the cultivation of a summer crop,
such as cotton, was imi^ossible, there was not that need for manure
which exists to-day. The introduction of i^erennial irrigation and the
more intensive cultivation which follows in its train liave, however,
brought about a great cliange, and the idea that the soils of the Nile
Valley are inexhaustible is a myth which is being rapidly dispelled.
True, in the basin lands of Uj)per Egypt the ancient conditions still
prevail, but this section is in a state of transition; and that system
which has been typical of the countrj'^ for so many thousands of years
is now giving place to perennial irrigation and the consequent aboli-
tion of the one-crop system in favor of a more intensive culture.

The interdependence of water and manure has alread}' been referred
to, and whenever land is artificially irrigated the need for manure at
once arises. The two questions of water and manni-e are reall}' inti-
mately connected, and the supply of one should always be considered
with reference to that of the other. Where land is artificially irri-
gated in Upper Egypt tlie demand for manure, as already' mentioned,
is very great, and even in the basins themselves, when watering b}^
means of wells is practiced, manure is emploj'ed.

In the Delta the supply of manure is considered especiall}' in its
relation to the cotton and corn crops, but at present we shall confine
ourselves to the question of cotton. It is generall}^ laid down that
from 8 to 10 working ])ullocks per 100 acres are required in Egypt,
and in addition there are mules for transport, as well as cows, buf-
faloes, etc., kept both for milk purposes and for breeding. If it
is assumed that about one-half of the area of eacli farm is under cot-
ton, so far as work animals themselves are concerned there are from

MANURING COTTON. 27

8 to 10, say, to every 50 acres of cotton, and in addition to this inannre
has to be provided for otlier croi^s. It. is seen, therefore, that in com-
parison with the conditions prevailing? in the cotton-growin«x States of
America there is a much i^reater (piantity of natural fei'tili/<'r at the
disposal of the cultivators, thoui;li, unfortunately, fai- from sulVicient.
Earth is in universal use as litter, and the heaps of manure which
(me sees surrounding every village are evidence of the great value
which even small cultivators attach to the fertilizer (luestion.

It is accepted as beyond question by every Egyptian cultivator that
cotton requii-es manuring, and in nuiny cases the cotton area has been
governed by the amount of manure available. Manure and water, in
fact, tend to control the area under cotton. At one time it was
thought that maximum " crops could be raised by ordinary stable
manure alone, but during the past five years a great change of opinion
has made itself felt. The introduction of chemical fertilizers has not
only resulted in increased returns, but has madeiwssible the manuring
of a greater area. Instead of applying stable manure, as previously,
to a portion of the cotton area and leaving of necessity a part unma-
nured, it is now accepted that the best practice consists in spreading
the stable manure over thi^ whole area and supplenu'nting it, l)y chem-
ical fertilizers.

The question of cotton manuring is not an easy one whei-e not only
lias the yield to be considered, but (and especially is this the case in
Egypt) also the quality. It is unnecessary to state that as a cotton-
growing country Egypt is noted for the quantity of its jiroduct, and
consequently, while endeavoring to obtain the greatest product pos-
sible from a given area, the question of quality is one which is ever
brought home to the cultivator.

It may be laid down as an axiom that the basis of cotton manuring
in Egypt must be organic manures. These must form, as it wei-e, the
foundation on which to build up the system of manuring. Unfortu-
natelj^ in P^gypt, as in India, organic matter is at a premium. The
absence of wood as fuel necessitates the poorer classes employing
ever}^ form of organic; matter for this purj)ose, and were it not for
the growth of clover it is certain that the soils would speedily become
deficient In huinus. It is true that by means of chemical manures
alone full crops of cotton may be obtained, but in this case if a cereal
crop follows the cotton the result is not so satisfactor}^ as when the
cotton receives stable manure, while the cost of raising the cotton is
increased.

Stal)le manure is almost invarlal^ly spread broadcast over the land
before the last plowing is given In the preparation of the land. The
amount applied varies from 10 or 15 tons per acre to as much as 30
tons. It is not, howevei-, possible on a farm of any extent to find a
sufficient quantity of manure to treat the wdiole cotton area as liber-
ally as 30 tons or even 20 tons i)er acre. In fact, it is rarelj^ that

28 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

large growers can find sufficient manure to apply as much as 15 tons
per acre, especially so as a greater proportion of the land is now
under cotton. It may be assumed, however, that under the ordinary
circumstances of successful agriculture 15 tons per acre are employed.

The manure is certainly not covered as deeply as in America, the
use of the native plow after its distribution over the land resulting
in its being buried to a trifling depth oulj'. The irrigation water
employed tends to wash the valuable ingredients of the manure down
into the soil; furthermore, in Egypt great importance is attached to
the feeding of the cotton plant during the early stages of growth, and
opinion would be rather opposed to burying the manure as deeply as
is practiced in the cotton States of America. It is again laid down
as a rule that the manure should be old; that is, should have been in
the heap for some time. The use of fresh stable manure causes rank
growth, late maturitj^ and an inferior fiber.

Though great importance is attached to the use of stable manure,
the best results are not, as a rule, obtained when large quantities
are used without the api)lication of chemical manures. The basis of
the mixture of chemical manures employed is superphosphate. About
400 j)ounds per acre of this substance are applied, the quality in com-
mon use being that which contains 16 to 18 per cent of soluble phos-
phoric acid. It is found that this substance exercises a most beneficial
effect on the crop. It checks the tendency to coarse growth, and thus
encourages ripening, while it greatly improves the quality of the fiber.
It is generally considered that the best results are obtained when this
manure is applied previous to the sowing of the crop. The use of
basic slag as a substitute for sui^erphosphate has not been attended
with satisfactory' results, the more soluble forms of phosphoric acid
being preferred.

While phosphoric acid is the basis of the mixture of manure
employed, it is universally conceded that the application of soluble
nitrogenous manures during the early stages of growth is most bene-
ficial. It is found that the cotton plants require pushing when j^oung,
and that though there may be theoretically quite sufficient nitrogen
in the stable manure applied, it does not act as earl}' as is advisable; in
fact, when large quantities are applied it causes growth at too late a
period, and consequent harm. Some few j^ears since, when the idea
gained ground that the question of the manuring of cotton merited
more attention than had been given to it in the past, some excellent
cultivators, by the addition of large quantities of organic manures
produced cotton of poorer quality than they had growu previously
with a less liberal application.

The question whether nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia is
the most suitable substance to employ as the basis of nitrogenous
manuring, or whether a mixture of the two is advisable, has been
made the subject of many experiments. There were those who

MANURING COTTON. 29

maiiitaiiu'd that the former would be almost entirely washed away by
the irrii^atioii water emphiyed. The results wliich have been obtained
indicate that when barnyard manure is applied there is little need
for any nitrogenous fertilizers which do not supply nitrogen in the
very early stages of growth. When considerable quantities of sul-
phate of ammonia are applied, there is a tendency to cause excessive
growth late in the season, and on account of a failure to ripen there
is often a considerable diminution in the yield. On the other hand,
when nitrate of soda predominates, the plant receives a supply of
nitrogen just when it is wanted at the early stages, and this gives the
plant that good start which is so essential in cotton culture. That
there is a loss of a part of the nitrogen is j^robable, but the effects of
its application are always most pronounced and profitable. The ben-
efit derived from the part Avhich is not lost is more than sufficient on
ordinary soils to pay for its cost.

It is generally considered that in addition to an application of 10
or 15 tons of stable manure it is profitable to employ as much as 150
or 200 jjounds of soluble nitrogenous manure, and two-thirds nitrate
of soda and one-third sulphate of ammonia give excellent results.
Experiments have clearly proved that better results are obtained
when the amount of nitrate of soda predominates than when the
greater part consists of sulphate of ammonia, assuming that an
organic manure has been applied, which should always be the case
when possible.

The employment of cotton seed or cotton-seed meal is out of the
question in Egypt, the seed being considered too expensive. It is
more costly than in the United States, and practically the whole of it
is exported. The economy of the use of cotton seed and cotton-seed
meal as such as sources of nitrogen for the cotton crop seems to the
writer to be very questionable. In passing through the body of an
animal comparatively little of the valuable fertilizing ingredients of
the meal are retained, but are found in the resulting manure. It
seems, therefore, more practical to employ stable manure or green
manures as the basis of manuring in Egypt and to supplement these
by the use of such substances as superphosphate, nitrate of soda, and
potash manures to supply the deficiency.

Soluble nitrogen gives size to the plant, and up to a certain point a
larger and more vigorous plant means an increased yield. It is often
argued that the production of large plants reduces the yield, and this
may be true to a certain extent; but this arises generally from the
plant being stimulated too late. Excessive growth is produced by
manures containing nitrogen which act too late in the season. This
objection is not felt in the case of manures which supply their nitro-
gen early, but with those which continue to push the plant too late.

The employment of potash manures in Egyjst has not, generally
speaking, been attended with satisfactory results except in the case

30 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

of light soils. Tlie {lUuviHl soils of Egypt are as a rule very rich in
potash, and, lliougli ijotash manures may have a beneficial effect on
the quality of the fiber, as far as yield is concerned they exercise
practically no effect. Sulphate of j)otasli is the substance generally
emjiloyed.

As a general rule a mixture of 4U0 pounds of superphospate, 125
Ijounds of nitrate of soda, 50 pounds of sulphate of ammonia, and, i)ro-
vided it is thought necessary, about 80 or 90 pounds of sulphate of
potash, gives the best results. This mixture is employed in addition
to stable manure. Discretion must be exercised as to tlie quantity of
soluble nitrogenous manures to emjiloy. On many soils which natur-
ally produce very strong growtli the anujunts given may be excessive,
but even with the relatively large growth of Egyptian plants there are
very few soils where nitrogenous manures may not be used with
advantage.

Stable manure contains on an average about 0,25 per cent nitrogen,
0.2 i3er cent phosphoric acid, and 1.25 per cent i)otash, so that each ton
contains about 5^ j)ouuds of nitrogen, nearly 5 pounds of phosplioric
acid, and about 28 pounds of potash. If it is assumed that over the
cotton area 10 or 15 tons on an average are applied per acre, it is
equivalent to at least 55 pounds of nitrogen, 50 jiounds of phosphoric
acid, and 280 pounds of potash. A great part of these ingredients
is derived from the soil itself, which was used as litter, and the avail-
ability of the various elements must be very low. It is generally
thought that in addition to this about 30 jDOunds of nitrogen and GO
pounds of phosphoric acid in available forms are necessary to i)roduce
a good ci'op on land which grows from a bale to a l)ale and a quarter
of cotton per acre. Numerous experiments have sliown that these
quantities can be aj)plied with advantage to the great bulk of the
cotton area.

As already mentioned, the barnyard manure is ajiplied broadcast
before the last x)lowing, and the phosi^horic acid is also generally
applied, before sowing. Tlie nitrate of soda and the sulphate of
ammonia, however, are mixed together and applied after tlie cotton lias
received its first watering. The plants, generally speaking, are thinned
before this watering, and after the second hoeing has been given the
nitrogenous manure, mixed Avith a little earth, is aijplied at the base
of the plants, hoed in, and the second watering given. This occurs
in the month of April, and the effects of the manure are seen almost
immediately after the watering. Spells of fresh weather often some-
what retard growth during the early months, and the advantages
to be obtained by tiding the plant over this period and keeping it
steadily growing are very marked.

It may be of interest to give some of the results of experiments
which have been made in Egypt during the past three or four years
on the subject of cotton manuring. This question was first systemat-
ically investigated by the Khedivial Agricultural Society, and as the

MANFRINOr COTTON. 31

results of cxporiiiicnls whicli liave been coiKliu^ltMl on llicii- experi-
mental faiins tlu^ matler has assumed great imiKH-taiice, since it is b(Mnj^
recognized lo a gi-eater extent year by year that by tlie employment
of suitable mixtures of manures profitable increases in yield, as well
as an iiiii)rovement in (quality, can be obtained. During the seasons
of I'.MJi and l'.h)'2 ex[)erinients conducted on somewhat i)oor land at
the society's farm at INIit el Diba showed that when, in addition to
stable manure, a suitable mixture of commercial fertilizei's consisting
of 400 pounds of superphosphate^, 1-5 jiounds of nitrate of soda, 50
pounds of sulphate of ammonia, and SO pounds of suli)liate of potasli
was employed the yield of seed cotton was increased from SSO i)ounds
on unmanui'ed land to 1,5!»5 pouiuls. The yield obtained by the use
of stable manure alone was l,lo5 pounds, or KiO pounds less than
when commercial fertilizers were emi)loyed in conjunction with it.
By the use of mineral manures alone, in addition to stable manure,
theyield obtained was 1,3 tO pounds of seed cotton, whereas an increase
of 260 pounds, or a total of 1,000 pounds of seed cotton, was obtained
when supplemented T)y nitrate of soda.

As already nu^ntioned, the use of potash salts is attended with
practically no increase in yield on the ordinary alluvial soil of the
Delta, though when the soils are light the case may be ditlerent.
This fact has been l)rought out in many experiments, though whether
the use of these salts exercises any effect on the length, sti-ength, or
fineness of the staple is a matter for further determination.

The influence of the growth of Egyptian clover preceding cotton is
most marked on poor land. On the Khedivial Agricultural Society's
farm, in the province of Gharbieh, an experiment Avas conducted dur-
ing the season of 1002 on land of similar quality. In one case, series
of fertilizer trials were conducted on land where the cotton crop had
been preceded by wheat and in the other case by clover. The results
obtained in pounds of seed cotton jier acre are given beloAv in a
tabulated form:

Effect of chemical fertilizers on cotton in Egijpt.

Kind of fertilizer.

Without manure '.

With stable manure only _

With superphosphate and ixitasli salts,. _

With superphosphate, potash salts, and soluble nitrogenous manure .

After

wheat.

clover.

Poundx.

Pounds.

880

\M-i

i,i;ii

l,Ufl5

i,:^4i)

1,1(15

1,595

It will be seen that the greatest difference is brought out when a
mixture of fertilizers is employed and is least when the crop is grown
without manure. It uuiy be stated conclusivel}', therefoi-e, that the
use of chemical fertilize r.s in conjunction with stable manures exercises
a very beneficial effect and gives a profitable return. The j)roportion
of nitrogen employed is greater than seems to be the case usually in
the United States, and a dressing of soluble nitrogenous fertilizer can

NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGEICULTURE.

be applied in Egypt with advantage, even though barnyard manure is
employed, or when following a crop of clover, except on the very best
land. The extent of land which is not benefited is very limited, even
in Egjqjt. It may be that, theoretically speaking, sufficient total
nitrogen is found in either of the two (i. e., barnyard manure and
clover), but they push the plant a little too late in the season and do
not enable it to grow so rapidly in the younger stages as is the case
under the influence of a more quickly acting source of nitrogen.

The use of soluble nitrogenous manures must not be carried beyond
a certain point or tliere is a great tendency to late maturity. The
influence of x^hosphoric acid in hastening maturity is most marked,
and when employed in sufficient quantities in conjunction with sol-
uble nitrogenous manure it checks any tendency of the latter to pro-
long growth. The use of phosphoric acid without soluble nitrogen
gives an earlier crop, but a diminished yield in comparison with that
obtained by a combination of the two. Again, soluble nitrogen with-
out phosphoric acid gives also a diminished yield and a late crop.
A mixture of the two gives an increased yield and intermediate condi-
tions as regards ripening. This will be made clear from the following
table, obtained in an experiment where these manures were employed,
the figures referring to pounds of seed cotton per acre on poor land:

Effect of a mixture of phosphoric acid and soluble nitrogen on cotton in Egypt.

Manuring.

Phosphoric acid only

Soluble nitrogen only

Phosphoric acid, together with soluble nitrogen

First
picking.

Pounds.
835
138
4a5

Second
picking.

Pounds.
420
455
9a5

Third
picking.

Pounds.
400
900
870

Total.

Pounds.
1,655
1,493
2,240

There can be no doubt that organic manures must form the founda-
tion of the Egyptian system of manuring, but it is rare, unfortu-
nately, that a sufficient supply can be obtained by the farmer, and
this is more especially the case in view of the tendency to put an
increased area under cotton. In Egypt there is no substitute for
barnyard manure in any quantity to fall back upon, though poudrette
and similar substances give excellent results when so employed.

As regards quality, samples of soil from experimental areas have
been repeatedly submitted to experts, and when a suitable mixture of
chemical fertilizers has been employed there has always been an
improvement in comparison with the employment of large quantities
of barnyard manure only.

SUMMARY.

Summarizing, the following statements may be made:

(1) The cotton crop is almost invariably manured and responds
freely to the application of manures.

(2) Barnyard manure or some manure of a similar nature should
form the basis of manuring in Egypt.

VARIETIES OF COTTON. 33

(.')) TA'iTiiininou.s forajre crops fdiiii an cxeelkMit prcijsiratioii for a
good cotton crop, but to ol)taiu the best rcsuHs the soil shouhl be
ph)we<l up sonic time before cotton phmtini;- lakes i»hic(\

(4) The fullest advanlaire of tlie use of lliese nianurt^s, as well as
of any cheuiical fertilizer that may be emph)ye(l, can only be ol)lained
when the soil is well prepared, deeply cultivated, and the crop judi-
ciously watered during growth. Freipient hoeings also keep the crop
in a gradually progressive condition.

(5) In addition to the use of barnyard nninure at the rate of 10 or
15 tons per acre, applications of chemical fertilizers are attended with
profit.

{<;) Phosphoric acid at the rate of -tOU pounds per acre applied in
the form of soluble phosphate gives excellent results. It tends to
check excessive growth, increases the yield, imi)roves the staple, and
hastens maturity.

(7) A subsequent diessing of solul)le nitrogenous manure isattended
with excellent results. A good mixture in Kgypt consists of about
125 pounds of nitrate of soda and about 50 pounds of sulphate of
ammonia. Wherelargei' ([uantit ies of barnyard numure are <'niploycd
it may be advisable to omit the latter. Th<' soluble nitrogenous
manure is best employed in two applications.

(8) Potash manures in Egypt have not given any increase in yield,
and their value is pi-oblematical. Their effect on the quality of the
fiber has not been accurately determined.

VARIETIES OF COTTON GROWN IN EGYPT.

The originof Egyptian varieties of cotton is lost in obscuritA'. Pi-e-
vious to the year 1820 un indigenous cotton existed in Egypt, but, as
already stated, its cultivation was practically unknown. In that year
a variety of ordinary white cotton was brought to Egypt by a Fi-ench-
man, M. Jumel, and even its origin is somewhat uncertain. It was,
however, i^i'obably brought fi-om the upi^er Nile regions. In the
growth of this cotton the Khedive took a great intei-est, and he com-
pelled cultivators to grow it in several districts. At that time the
irrigation of Lower Egypt was greatly modified by the making of deep
canals capable of carrying the low summer water of the Nile, and the
cultivation of cotton began to assume greater importance. From the
3'ear 1825 to 1830 it is said that Sea Island cotton was grown regu-
larly in Egypt; and though it is unknown now, old natives occasionally
speak of a variety "whose name certainly appears to be a corruption of
the words "sea island." Again, it is stated by some that Peruvian
cotton was introduced and grown.

All that can be asserted with safety is that out of the varieties exist-
ing in the countr}^ "Ashmouni " cotton was evolved, and of the varie-
ties at i)resent cultivated in Egypt this is the oldest.

29210— No. 62—04 3

34 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

ASHMOUNI.

Ashmouni cotton, although at first discovered in tlie Delta, where
its cultivation was at one time general, is now practically confined to
Upper Egypt, in the i>rovinces of Beni-Suef, Fayuni, and Minieh,
being watered by the Ibrahimia Canal. The area exceeds 100,000
acres, thongh, as already stated, the absence of a statistical department
renders any figures somewhat approximate.

The jjrodiiction in the year 1001-2 was 432,000 cantars, made up
as follows: Beni-Suef, 174,000 cantars; Minieh, 128,000 cantars;
Fayum, 130,000 cantars; total, 432,000 cantars.

The Egyptian bale is equivalent to about 750 pounds of cotton.
Expressed in American bales of 500 pounds, the j^roduction of Ash-
mouni cotton would be thns 80,400 bales. Assuming the acreage
given to be correct, the average yield is about 1,300 poiinds of seed
cotton per acre.

This variety is now replaced in Lower Egypt by "Afifi." Practically
the whole of the Ashmouni cotton is ginned at various establishments
in Upper Egyi^t, and the fiber is sent to Alexandria for sale and ship-
ment. A small proportion is ginned in Lower Egypt, chiefly at Kafr
Zayat. Ashmouni plants are smaller in habit of growth than Afifi
and ripen early, owing to the hotter climate of Upper Egypt. When
grown under the same climatic conditions Ashmouni does not ripen
appreciably earlier than Afifi. The fiber of Ashmouni is brown,
though less so than Afifi, and is' shorter, being about Ig to l:f inches
in length. In strength it is fair, but it is neither so lustrous nor so
fine as lower Egj'pt cottons. Though inferioi'to Afifi, it seems to do
better in Upper Eg^i^t than the latter. Afifi not only gives a smaller
yield, but soon deteriorates. There seems to be no i-eason, however,
wh}' the latter should not be acclimatized there or a successful cross
obtained between the two varieties.

The yield of Ashmouni in ginning is unsatisfactory, lieing until
quite recently only about 95 pounds of fiber per cantai-, or about 30
per cent. During the past few years the output has reached 98 to 104
pounds, i)robably owing to mixture with Afifi. Its value is about $1
per cautar le.ss than that of Afifi for classes up to "good," Ashmouni
gives no fine or extra-fine qualities like Afifi. The seed differs from
other Egyptian varieties in being "clean" — that is, possessing no
adhering fiber. It is very much mixed at the present time, but for
the season of 1903 it seemed a little cleaner than usual. The seed is
sold early in the season for the same jirice as Lower Egypt varieties.

The general cultivation of this variety in Upper Egypt has not
received as much attention as the Lower Egypt cottons, and as a rule
it is not so well cultivated. Tlio fil)er is exported chiefiy to the Con-
tinent of Europe and to Russia, thougli (quantities are sent to England
and the United States.

LOWER EGYPT COTTONS. 35

LOWER ECJYPT COTTONS.
MIT AKIKI.

ITiidoubtcdly tho chief variety of cotton in Eirypl is Mil Alili (I'ls.
Ill, lij;. '2, and VI, lig. 1), so called from a village in (ialiiil)ich Prov-
ince, where it was lirst <;rown about ISS;]. It conslitiiles a very hiuh
percentajj:o of the total production of the country, and llie piicc at
which its (iljci- is soil forms a basis for that of olher \arieli<'s. Tlie
plant is normal in size; and not so large, generally speaking, as .laniio-
vitch. It is average as regards the time at which il riix'iis. Ash-
mouni, grown in upi)er Kgyi>1, comes into the market lii-st. Abbasi is
prol)ably a little earlier, and Jannovitch a little later than Alili. As
regards sowing, quantity of seed used, watering, picking, etc., the [)ar-
ticulars given in another part of this bulletin refer to this vai-iety.
The liber of Mit Afifi is brown in color, long, lustrous, generally very
strong, and fine to tlio touch. It attains an average lengtli of 1; to
1^ inches. There is a greatdemand for il ; in fact, it leads the market.
The total production per acre is good, being on an average highei- tlnin
that of any other variety. It is true that in cei-tain favoi-ed districts
Abbasi may rival and even surpass it in this respect, but no other
variety appears under all circumstances to yield 500 or (iOO pounds
per acre of lint on good average soil. The bolls are pointed and
rather small, l)ut the cotton is easily picked. Ginning is easy, and
from 105 to 10!) pounds of fiber are ol)tained i)er cantar, i. c., fi-oni 33
to 35 per cent. Afifi cotton does not show great differences in (|nality
in late pickings as do the other Lower Egypt cottons; that is to say,
the difference between the first and second pickings is less mai'ked
than with others.

The origin of Afifi cotton is very doubtful. Some years ago there
existed in Egj'pt a considerable number of varieties which Avere short
lived, such as Hamouli, Gallini, Hindi, etc. Pure white cotton also
existed, but its cultivation was abandoned after the appearance of
Afifi. A variety known as "Bahmia" Avas also somewhat extensively
grown for sevei-al years and gaA'e good results on good quality land.
It Avas also rejilaced by Afifi. A \'ariety knoAvn as "Hariri" Avas first
cultiA'ated in tlie Goddaba district (Garbieh province). This Avas finer
CA'en than the A'ariety known as "Jannovitch" Avhich is cultivated
at the present time. The output in ginning, however, Avas very poor
(GO to 70 pounds of fiber per 315 pounds of raAV cotton), and its cultiva-
tion Avas abandoned because groAvers found it unprofitable. Gallini
was also first known in the Goddaba district Avhen this region Avas
badly drained and the land consequently salty. Since that time,
however, the quality has greatly deteriorated, and as the output in
ginning was poor it also Avas replaced by Aflfi. It Avas commonly
reported that this variety, Avhich Avas itself said t(; be of Sea Island

36 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

origin, gave rise to our preserTt Afifi. Each caiitar of Gallini cotton
(315 pounds) gave only from 85 to 88 j)ounds of lint.

What is known as "Hindi" cotton is really the old native variety
and is now unfortunately found in almost every quality of cotton to
a greater or less extent. This, of course, causes deterioration in the
staple and also reduces the output in ginning.

The silky natui-e of Egyptian cottons and the fact that they possess
a broAvn color probably indicate that they are really of Sea Island
oriirin, but there is no evidence to show whence their deeper coloia-
tion than Sea Island arose unless it was by means of a cross with some
highly colored variety, such as Peruvian. It has often been suggested
in the United States that the i^eculiar soil conditions of Egypt, tlie
Nile mud, etc., may account for this; but there exists in Egypt a pure
white variety (Abbasi), which has now been grown for many years,
and thei-e has been no tendency whatever toward the development of
any brown coloration, which seems to preclude this idea. Again,
previous to the appearance of Atili, the common white cotton was
grown. This possessed a short staple and when in quantit}' sold for
less than Ashmouni. It is doubtful also whether a cross with highly
colored Peruvian cotton would have resulted in such good quality as
Egj'Ptian cottons i)ossess.

The majority of the varieties are probably " sports." When a new
variety has appeared, its origin has always been kept a profound
secret owing to the very high prices asked at tlie commencement for
seed, and any inquiries made always led to widely differing replies.

The seeds of the different varieties of Lower Egypt cottons can not
readily l)e distinguished from each bther. They are black, with snuiU
tufts of green fiber at the ends. Their market values are the same.

ABBASI.

This is the only white cotton now grown in Egypt. It made its
appearance about 1891-92. At first it was grown only on large estates,
but it gradually increased in favor, though at the present time its cul-
tivation is diminishing. Afifi is the general cultivators' cotton, as it
were; it is more suited to all conditions, requires less care in picking,
and the market is always certain. All other vaiieties may be called
"special," requiring more careful treatment, and the demand for
them is not so universal. Abbasi, owing to its color, requires more
care in picking. It is said to be more hardy than Afifi, resisting
periods of drought and adverse climatic changes more successfully.
In the late summer and early autumn, fogs which do a great deal of
harm are experienced in Egypt, and it is said that Abbasi cotton
suffers less than any other variety, and is also less affected b}' cold
spells. It produces in certain districts a heavier crop than Afifi, and
is perhaps a little earlier. In general management and cultivation it
resembles the latter.

JANNOVITCH COTTON. 37

The first pickiiii; of Al)bHsi is vny siiiu'rioi- and sells well; tho later
gatherings deteriorate, and there is small demand for them. The liber
of the first picking is as fine as Afifi and a little longer. As a general
rule the second picking is much weakei- than the first, and the lower
qualities sell for less in proportion than lower grade .Vfili. .Vbbasi is
ratlier more difficult to gin, having a tendency to break the knives.
The fiber clings to the roller and often comes to the knives again. Care
must be taken not to injure the long fiber; therefore the gins are run
at a slower speed. The longer stapled cottons, such as Abbasi, (Tal-
lin!, and Jannovitch, require a little different regulation of the gins
in order to avoid damaging the staple. The output of .seed per cantar
of Abbasi is about the same as Afifi ; there is more " scarto," however.
The price of the best qualities ranges from $1 to $1.50 per cantar of
315 pounds more than Afifi.

Abbasi was first put on the market by a Greek i)lanter near Birket-
el-Sab in the (4arT)ieh province, and it is abnost needless to state that
the name given to it is derived from that of the present Khedive.
The l)est ([ualities ai'e exported to England, and the jioorer <[ualities
to all parts of the Continent — a little to Russia.

JANNOVITCH.

This variety, which has been cultivated for about seven years, is
the most silky and fine of all Egyptian cottons. It possesses good
length — li to If inches — is very fine, and stronger than the best qual-
ities of Afifi. As a rule its cultivation is in the hands of large growers,
the fellah confining himself chiefly to Afifi.

The plant is of somewhat coarser growth than the other Egj^ptian
varieties, and is a little later in coming to maturity. The best quali-
ties are grown in the northern part of the Delta, near the sea, and
where the land generally contains a certain amount of salt. The out-
put in ginning is inferior to both Afifl and Abbasi, the average being
about 07 to 100 pounds per cantar, but in some districts it gives 100
to 102 pounds of lint per cantar, or 315 pounds, of seed cotton. It is
chiefly exported to England, but also to America, the north of France,
and Switzerland ; other countries take very little. The price is gener-
ally $2 to $2.50 per cantar above Afifi, and this in sj)ite of the fact that
the yield in ginning is from 5 to 8 pounds of lint per cantar less.

It is sujiosed that this variety originated from a cross of good quality
Gallini (of which very little existed at the time in the district) and Afifi.
Gallini gave in ginning only from 80 to 88 pounds of fiber j^er cantar,
while Jannovitch when it v\'as subsequently grown gave from 07 to
100 pounds, and Afifi similarly yielded from lOG to 108 pounds. In
this respect, therefore, the new variety was intermediate between its
parents. At first the originator of this variety planted a few seeds
in a garden, but in February, 1808, about 8 or 10 ardebs of seed were
bought at $40 perardeb (5.4 bushels), while subsequently as much as

38 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

$100 pel- ai'deb was paid for about 11 ardehs. The following year
seed was sold for from $20 to ^30 per ardeb.

It maj^ be mentioned that Sea Island cotton when grown in Egypt
produces good quality tlie first year. The staple is longer even than
that grown, on an average, in America, but is more irregular in
length and not so strong. During the second and third years tliere
is a general deterioration. It ripens late and being in consequence
exposed to cold weather and fogs, both yield and quality suffer. The
yield in any case is inferior to native Egyi)tian varieties. The output
is only from 70 to 80 pounds of fibei- per cantar, according to the
quality of the lands. The best qualities are gi'own on salty lands.
On rich soils the quality deteriorates.

SEED SELECTION.

The question of the selection of seed for sowing is occupying con-
sideral)le attention in Egypt, as Aflft cotton, which is the mainstay
of the crop, is greatly deteriorating. Owing to the great similarity
not only of the plants of the different varieties grown in the countrj^
but also of their seeds, the matter is a somewhat difficult one. At
the present time the question of seed is entirely in tlie hands of the
cotton merchants. When the best qualities of cotton of the first pick-
ing are being ginned, the factory owner places on one side the result-
ing seed for disposal to his clients the following season. This is
excellent as far as it goes, but where two or three varieties are being
dealt with in a factory, even though the proprietor may clean his gins,
his riddles, etc., aftei- each ginning a certain admixture must take
place. The seedsman class is quite wanting in Egj'pt, and until
recently most of the cultivators were not sufficiently alive to tlie
question of good seed. At the present time, however, the Khedivial
Agricultural Societ}' is paying special attention to this most important
subject, while individual cultivators appreciate more the necessity of
emiiloj'ing good and pure seed.

Small cultivators in the past obtained their seed to a great extent
through the village money lender, who supplied them with ordinary
commercial seed quite unsuited for sowing purposes. The Khedivial
Agricultural Society now distributes seed of first-picking cotton to
small growers at cost jirice. The value of the seed, plus a moderate
rate of interest, is collected b^^the Government agents when theordi-
naiy taxes are collected. The seed is not j)aid for until the resulting
cotton crop is picked. The benefits are two-fold — not only is the fel-
lah provided Avitli better seed than he would obtain elsewhere, but he
is to a certain extent kept out of the hands of the usurer.

Afifi seed at present is mixed and contains Hindi seed. This, as
already stated, is the old white variety, and its jn-esence greatly
detracts from the value of any sample. There are also a gi-eat many
seeds present in samples which, while differing in shape from good,

PICKING AND MARKETING COTTON. 39

(nie Alili seed ai'c yet Alili, but seem 1<> 1><' in a state of deteriora-
tion. Tlie (luestioii of llic establisluuent of seed areas is now under
consideration.

PICKING COTTON.

The i)i('ldii,u()f cotlon t'oMiniences in Upper Egj-pt, where Aslunouni
is «j;rown, duriuii: tlie latter part of August, but in tlie Delta, generall}'
speaking, toward the middle of September. Cotton is usually picked
by small children, who are paid a sum of 18 or 20 cents per hundred
pounds of seed cotton (IM. VI, fig. -2). The previous watering of the
crop is so arranged that the land is dr}' when picking commences to
avoid poacliingof theland. Theoiu'i-ation of picking is more difficult
than that of ordinary I'pland cotton, though not as much so as that of
Sea Island. The average (Quantity picked per day is about 30 or 40
pounds. After the first gathering the land is watered, and during tlie
month of October a second picking takes place. These two pickings
give the best quality of fiber. They nvo never mix(Ml with each other
nor with the third, or last, picking. The latter is taken in November,
and as it is small in amount compared with the others a superior
sum is generally paid for picking it, generally 25 or :}() cents per hun-
dred pounds.

After picking, the cotton is generally placed in large stoi'es and
subsequently put into sacks which hold about 420 pounds, or it ma}^
be put directly into sacks.

MARKETING COTTON.

Cotton is almost invariably sold at the farm. There are distributed
throughout the country a number of large ginning establishments (as
well as a number of minor ones) owned b}^ large exporting houses.
Agents are sent into the country to buy cotton, and the grower can
obtain many offers f i-om competing houses. The cotton is sold as
seed cotton, weighed at the store in the presence of the buj^er's agent
and the seller, and is then taken charge of by the former for removal
to the nearest railway station or is delivered by the seller, according
to agreement; In the case of large lots of cotton the grower, pro-
vided with samples, sometimes visits the factories,'^' and after a con-
sidei-able amount of competition and bargaining disposes of his crop.

Cotton is quoted on the bourse at Alexandria per cantar of 100
pounds of lint for "fully good fair" cotton. To this amount the value
of the seed is added and a certain sum per cantar (of 315 pounds of
seed cotton) is offered to cultivators, depending on the quality of the
cotton in question. Ginning is carried on, as alread}' mentioned, at
various centers, and the resulting fiber and seed are forwarded to
Alexandria for shipment. The factories are generally situated so that

" Known as ginneries or gins in the United States.

40 Ts^OTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

trunsporlatiou is easy both by rail aud by water. The season is from
September to May, and during its height the factories work night

and day.

The gin ahnost invariably used in Egypt is that known as Macar-
thy's patent self-feeding single action. It is particularly suited to
long-stapled cotton, and seijarates the seeds without crushing, while
the fiber is as a rule uninjured. The 40-inch gin so commonly used
costs, when complete with roller, shafting, etc., about 1150. The gin
alone costs $00. It is said to require only 1^ indicated horsepower to
drive it, but in practice from 3 to 4 horsepower are allowed. The
quantity of cotton turned out per hour varies according to tlie speed
at which the gn runs. It is supposed to give a hundredweight of
clean cotton per hour, but from 90 to 100 pounds is considered a good
average. Running at 000 oi- 1,000 revolutionii per minute, 100 pounds
of til)er per hour will bo ginned, or, say from 000 to 1,100 pounds per
day of ten hours. The driving pulleys being now provided with bal-
ance weights, the gin can lun at an increased speed with but little
increase in vibration. The gin is not large, the floor space it occupies
being less than 17 square feet, while the net weight is less than 700
pounds. In Egyptian factories from 50 to 100 of such machines are
generally found.

Regarding the cost of working, it may be taken as a general average
that 30 cents will gin a cantar of cotton, i. e., 315 pounds of the seed
and fiber, giving approximately 100 pounds of clean cotton. Accord
ing to the reports of the State Donuiins the net cost of ginning is 20
cents p?r cantar, and tlius an acre of good cotton yielding 0 cantars
would cost a little' over $1.50 for ginning (actual cost).

The gins are geiK^-ally arranged in two rows, with a trolley line
down the middle for the removal of the cotton. The latter is taken
to the press room, which is situated at the end of the ginning room.
Botli hydraulic and steam presses are used. In the small factories,
the former only are found aud the bales are steam pressed at Alex-
andria. In the large factoi-ies the good qualities are pressed twice.
After removal from the gins the fil)er is spread out and sprinkled
with water by means of a fine syringe and then put into hydraulic
bales. After remaining a day the cotton is steam pressed, and the
three bands which are' used in the former case are replaced by eleven
in the steam bale. The seed after removal froni the gin is elevated
to riddles, which allow those posse; sing no adhei-ing lint to pass
through, while the rest is carried on to the "scarto" gin, which
removes short fiber.

One or two of such gins, each requiring 5 horsepower, are sufficient
for 100 ordinary gins and turn out about 4 bales of "scarto" cotton
per day. The seed is subsequently put into bags containing an ardeb
(5.4 bushels), the weight being about 270 pounds, and is sent to Alex-

o<:^

Bui. 62, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VI.

Fig. 1.— Field of Mix Afifi Cotton Before Gathering.

Fig. 2.— Egyptian Method of Picking and Carrying Cotton.

MARKETING COTTON.

and lia for export. Someliines cotton is j^iiiiu'd for clients at about
.')() cents per cantar, the owner selling the resiiltinj^ seed to the factory,
while the cottm is sent in hydraulic ])ales for his account to Alexan-
dria. If steam pressed, a charujo of 15 cents per cantar (100 jjounds)
of lint is made, plus the cost of l)a.i!:ji:ini:j i-cquircd for the bales, 'i'he
sackinjjj used for bales in Eji^ypt consists of old cotton sacks. The
latter after being used two seasons for packing cotton are cut up for
this purprtse.

The first, second, and third pickings of cotton are always ginned
separately. That of the tliird picking is generally put in hydraulic
bales only and forwarded as such to Alexandria.

During the past few years two cotton mills liave been erected, one
at Alexandria and one at Cairo. The local consumption of cotton,
however, is not great. A certain amount is consumed in the villages
by being woven into coarse goods, but this is generally tlie very last
cotton gatherenl from the plants and is of veiy low (piality. The con-
sumption during the past season l)y local mills amounted to 27,000
cantars, or an equivalent of 5,400 American bales.

l^raeticall}^ the whole of the Egyptian cotton seed is exported. A
certain amount is, however, consumed by soap and oil mills in the
country. This latter consumption amounts to 420,000 ardebs, or an
equivalent of 2,320,000 bushels. The seed is rich in oil, the average
content being about 25 per cent. The cotton cake resulting is
exported to England, and, as is well known, is "undecorticated cotton
cake," the seed not being decorticated.

The following table shows the production of seed cotton in Egypt
from the year 1804 to 190.3, the season being from September 1 to
August 31 :

Total cropn of need cotton {interior gross weight).

Season.

Cantars.

Season.

Cantar.s.

Season.

Cantars.

1864-65-

2,i:«,716

864,581
1,127,895
1,207,402
1,-:»3,1.56
1,382,514
1,970,717
2.044,2.54
2,298,942
2,. 5.38, .3.51
2,106,699
2,928,498
2,773,2.58

1877-78

2, .593, 670
1,683,749
3,198,8(X)
2,776,400
2,912,073
2,284,2.5(J
2,694,000
3,615,7.5(1
2,92.3,4.50
2,931,691
2,9.37,(KIO
2,VZ.i,m) 1
3,183,000
!

1890-91

1891-9;e

1892-93

189:5-94

1894-95

1895-96

4,072,500
4, 672, .520
5,118,1.50

1865-66

1878-79.

1879-80..

1866-67

1867-68

1868-69

1869-70 __..

1880-81.

1881-82

1882-8;^.

4,933,666
4.61.5,270
5,275,383

1870-71

1871-72. -._

188:^84

I884_a5

1896-97

1897-98.

1898-99

5,879,750
6 .543 128

1872-73

188.5-86

5, .589 :^14

1873-74

1874-75

1886-87

1887-88

1888-89

]899-19(:k(

19(X)-1901

1901-2

6,510,050
5,427,3:«
6,371,643

187.5-76 _.

1876-77...

1889-90

1902-3

5,8:38,090

It is impossible, owing to the absence of a statistical bureau, to state
the exact average yield of cotton per acre in Egypt, but it is probably
about 1,300 iwunds of seed cotton. Very good land gives 2,500
pounds, and in exceptional cases more.

NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

COTTON AND COTTON-SEED EXPORTS.

The statistics of cotton and cotton-seed exports furnished 1)}' the
customs administration are cak'ulated from January 1 to December
31. In the year 1001 cotton constituted 75.2 per cent of the total
exports of Egypt and in 10O2 similarly 78.8 per cent.

Distribution of cotton and cotton seed fur the yearn 100:2 and 100.1.

Coiiiitries to which cxijorted.

Exports from Alexandria to—

Germany

England

Belgium

Srjjain

United States

Prance

India

Italy

.Japan

Russia

Austria

The Netherlands

Greece, Turkey, and other countries.

Exported from Port Said and Suez

Total in cantars.

1902.

Balest.

Balefi.

19, 126

19,423

323,514

a51,745

9,604

12,670

3I,7«1

24,910

106,565

84,819

78,875

70,(iO8

2,443

836

f«,06H

60,728

11,322

9,498

121,343

55,424

92,249

75,989

327

3,753

1,798

700

"5,445

863,670

773,892

6, .526, 407

5,860,023

1903.

'I Estimate.
COTTON SEED ilN ARDEBS OP 5.4 BUSHELS).

To England

To Marseille

To various Continental ports

Total

Local consumption

3,146,660
182,925
153,585

3,483,170
310,978

2, 732, 366
137,018
104,;i90

2,973,737
430,000

SUGAR CANE.

Sugar cane is grown in Upper Egypt. The climate of the Delta
proper is nnsuited to it and results in a low content of sugar. Cane
is characteristic of the tract watered by the Il)rahimia Canal alread}^
referred to, but it is also grown farther south, being watered bj^ pumps
direct from the river. The area varies from year to year, an increase
in the cotton area being practically equivalent to a diminution in that
devoted to sugar cane, (lenei-ally speaking, during the past few j^ears
there has been a tendency toward a diminution.

In the year 1002 the area under cane in U[)per Egyi)t amounted to
84,G(>1 acres, of which 58,705 Aver(^ on llu^ Tbi-ahimia Canal, while the
remainder was gi-own farther soutli. CaiK^ occupies the land for
nearly a year, and requires watei' during the whole jxM-iod, while for
the production of maximum crops the soil has to Ix' in a high state of
fertility.

The Daira Sauieh Administration, whosc^ lands have now been sold

SUGAR CANE. 43

to iiidividiuil cultivators, owned until quite recently the ^renter part
of the supir-growini? lands and possessed several factories. Tlu' land
under this administration was cultivated chiefly through tenants.

Considerable areas were leased to large cultivators who grew cane
under an auroement to sell tlie produce 1o the administration at. a
tixcd pric(^ (genei'ally about lo cents pci" hundred pounds of canes).
The leases for cane cultivation were for three years and bound the
tenant to one year's fallow, during which it was plowed by the admin-
istration at a fixed rate. This was followed by cane for two years.
This again was followed by a three years' lease for minor cj-op cultiva-
tion, after wliich cane was grown again. The growtli of summer crops
was i^rohibited during the intermediate years, but coin was cultivated
during the flood seaso)i, this being heavily manured. Th<^ growth of
clover was practiced dui'ing the winter, and thus the land was brought
into condition for cane again. Small owner pi'oprietors, however,
crop their land more intensiv(dy. They numure tlieir cane heavily
(while this was prohibited on the Daira lands) and only take one cane
crop; that is to say, they do not take a rattoon crop. This is followed
by two or three years' ordinary croi)ping with grain crops and clover,
when cane is gi-own again. Though a large yield jkm- acre is obtained
in this way, yet by applying heavy (quantities of numxire the sugar
content is considerably reduced.

The factories of the Daira Sanieli have been sold to a i)i'ivate com-
l)any, and the sugar industry' of Egypt is now jjracticall}" a monopoly
in the hands of a French company known as the Societe Generale
des Sucreries et de la Raftinerie d'Egypte. This company owns the
majority of the factories and may be said to crush practically the
whole of the crop, except that employed for the manufacture of
molasses in small mills owned by natives and Syrians.

The rotation employed is either one of four or five years. In the
former case cane is grown for two years, followed the next year by a
flood and a winter crop, and this again during the fourth year by a
fallow in preparation for the next year's cane crop. Since the intro-
duction of the growing of beets into Egypt a modification in the rota-
tion has been introduced in some i)laces by growing a crop of beets
before the fallow, thus making the I'otation a five years' course.

Steam plows and cultivators, which do most effective work, are
employed by the company; but on ordinary" plantations the native
plow is used, and four plowings and even more ai'e given with this
implement in preparation for the sowing of the crop. The laud is
thrown into ridges or beds about 40 inches apart; but native culti-
vators allow a less distance than this, generally about 'M) inches. The
ridges are made north and south and should have a depth of 15 inches
measured from the top of the ri<lge to the bottom of the furrow. The
soil at the bottom of the furrow should be well pulverized, and this

NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGKICULTURE.

is accomplished by attnching a sort of ralce to the ridginj^ machine
where this is emijloyed. Native cultivators make their ridges in the
manner described in the chaj)ter on cotton.

Plantini^ takes place early in sprinj^, in February, though experi-
ments which have been conducted recently seem to indicate an advan-
tage in sowing as early as October. Too little care is given to the
question of the choice of canes for planting instead of employing only
the best. Generall}^ speaking, the whole of the cane is used. The
company to which reference has been made adopted the following
plan: If planting takes place before the factories are at work, the
whole of the cane is emploj^ed, while if the factories are crushing, the
top third only (which gives the best results) is kejit for planting, the
remainder l)eing sent to the factory. No greater quantity is cut and
stripped per day than is necessary for that daj^'s planting. The canes
are laid along the furrows, covered lightly with earth, and then
watered, the same da^^ preferably.

The cultivation of this crop is comparatively simple, and from
twelve to fifteen waterings are given. Several hoeings are necessary,
and tliese are performed with the hoe as described under cotton.

It is very doubtful whether Egyjjt can be regarded as a very suit-
able country for the production of sugar cane, for neither in yield nor
in richness in sugar can it compare with many other countries. The
average 3'ield of cane for the first year may be taken as about 20 tons,
though in some cases more than 30 tons are obtained. During the
second year the yield on an average does not exceed 50 per cent of
that obtained during the first.

The average sugar content does not exceed l-t percent; indeed this
would be considered an extremelj^ good result. During the season of
1902, 11,148,491 cantars (of 100 pounds each) of cane were crushed in
Upper Egypt, yielding 1,028,105 cantars of sugar of first quality,
equivalent to 9.2 per cent of No. 1 sugar.

Only one refinery exists in Egypt. A great portion of tlie sugar
produced is consumed locally or exported to India and other coun-
tries without being refined.

The following tables show the quantities of cane crushed during
the past five years, together witli the yield of No. 1 sugar:

Quantity of cane crushed ami yield of sugar during 1 lie past fiiie years.

[Cantars of 100 pounds.]

Season.

Cane
crushed.

No. 1 sugar pi-oduced.

1898-1899

13,680,944
]4,515,5(i.i
n,850,4K5
12,442,452
ll,l4.s,491

1,25.3,525
l,369,95;i
1,101, 4T1
1,240,848
1,028,105

Pel cent.
9.2

1899-19(K)

9.4

1900-liK)l - -

9.0

liK)l 1902

10.01

M)02-HK«

9.2

SUGAR CANE. 45

The followiiij^ table indicates the export tnid*' in Kuypt iaii inumds: "

Country to which exported.

190(>.

1»)1.

1902.

:«,IM9

;i2,747

(i7

4ti,(M2

22,2:i5

F'nirliKli TMmsa^ssions in tho oxtroino Eliist - . --._,

21,(Rft»

:{4,(JU

(■l*»i'in*inv

449

Unitod states

402, 454

4.:*<i

l.O'.kS

:«!, Ttic.
18, i:«

4IO,(i;<l

l.iHil

l.-Ml

41,5'.W

9,498

257.4(4

Vi"ftiu'H and Alcrei'ia

1,270

Italy

(Km

:{7,:i7.s

Other countries

7,777

Total

575,509

5«:J,245

361,973

From these li^iires it will be seen that the L^iiited Stales is by lar
tlie best customer for Egyptian sugar. Of the total i)rodiiction of
sugar, 03^ per cent is refined. Of the unrefined sugar US per cent is
consumed locally and U per cent exported. Of the refined product
84| per cent is consumed locally and 15 per cent exported.

The crop is heavily manured by natives. Ordinary stable manure
is employed, and large cpiantities of the material known as "eoufri,"
which has already been refei-red to, are used. Kxperimeiils which
have been made clearly indicate that an employment of su[)erphos-
phate with soluble nitrogenous manures gives excellent results for
cane.

In an extensive series of experiments made by Mr. Tienian, details
of which are given in a recent work, entitled "The Sugar Cane in
Egypt," the author recommends the employment of nitrate of soda in
l^reference to any other form of available nitrogen for sugar cane,
while as a phosphoric manure the use of basi<' slag is advocated.
The manuring of cane has not, however, received as much attention
as has been given to cotton.

Three varieties of cane are cultivated in Egypt: Red, yellow, and
striped. The last named seems to give a slightly heavier yield, though
in richness of sugar no difference is ijercejitible.

BEETS.

Though a very minor crop, it may be advisable to refer to beets in
close iiroximity to sugar cane. Some few j^ears since a first attemiit
was made to cultivate this crop, but uj) to the present it has not been
very successful. The land of Eg^'pt, as is well known, is of good
quality, and, generally speaking, such crops as beets, which have a
wide range of cultivation, can not be grown in competition with Euro-
pean countries which possess a poorer soil.

Again, the rich soils of the Nile Valley do not give comparatively
heavy yields of roots, and 15 tons per acre may be considered a full

"An Egyptian pound equals about £1 Os. 6d., which is equivalent to about
$4.94.

46 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

average. Perhaps, however, the one fact which has militated against
the success of the crop has been the severe attaclcs to which it has
been subjected by worms. The most favorable time for the planting is
in summer, and attacks b}^ worms are at that time very common; in
fact, the beet crop has never escaped. Moreover, summer crops in
Egypt exhaust the land, and especially those which require much irri-
gation. In spite of the fact that the green leaves are turned under
after the removal of the crop, and that the land is in good condition
after tlie numerous hoeings, etc., received, a crop of cotton following
beets (in the Delta) always suffers and gives a poor yield. This has
been rei^eatedly brought out in experiments which have been made in
Lower Egypt.

All the beets grown at present in Egypt are grown by the sugar
company in the upper division of the country and auiount to about
1,200 acres. The crop occupies the land about six months and is
practically always manured with nitrate of soda, which greatly
increases tlie yield. Tlie sugar content is high.

BERSEEM, OR EGYPTIAN CLOVER.

Berseem is tlie great leguminous forage crop of Egypt, and for lux-
uriance and rapidity of gi-owth is probably unequaled and certainly
not surpassed by any crop in the world. What P^gypt would have
been or would be without this crop is difficult to conjecture. It is cer-
tainly impossible to overestimate its importance. The growth of such
heavy crops of cotton, for example, with, comparatively speaking (and
especially so until recently), small quantities of manure, has only been
possible through the renovating influences of berseem. It has, in fact,
only been by the extensive growth of this crop that the maintenance
of the fertility of Egyptian soils has been possible. To state the-area
of land under berseem is extremely difficult, as it not only takes its
place in the ordinary rotation, but is also used as a catch crop, one
cutting, or it may be two, being taken before the sowing of cotton in
the spring.

Berseem constitutes the sole food of working animals, cows and
buffaloes; in fact all farm animals during the months of its growth,
that is to say, from a period extending from December to early in June.
During the rest of the 3^ear, as already mentioned, there is almost a
complete absence of green fodder and a dry ration, composed of chop-
j)ed straw, beans, barley, etc., has to be resorted to. The want of a
summer forage croj) which will grow without repeated applications of
water is ver^Mnuch felt in the country. During the winter months no
other forage crop is grown ; indeed, it is difficult to see how any croji
could compete with it in universal use in the countr3^

Tliere are three recognized varieties grown in the country, viz, the
Muscowi, Fachl, and Saidi. The former is that grown on the peren-
nially irrigated lands of Lower Egypt, and the following remarks
apply to this variety.

BERSEEM, OR EGYPTIAN CLOVER. 47

Berseein is genenilly sow n in tlic moiitlis of October and Novcnibor,
follovvinji:, as a rule, the corn or cotton ci-op, the <lah' of sowini^ coii-
so(|n(Mitly being (lei)en(b'nt on llie removal of these crops. As the
weatluM" is now daily beconiiiii;' cooler, the eai'lier the berseein is sown
the sliorter tlie i)eri()d whicli ela[)ses l)efore tlie first cuttiniij or j;i"azing
is obtained, and tlie earlier this is obtained the better, as it diminishes
tlie period tlurini;' Avhich animals have to be fed on dry I'ood. The
first j^razinj;: when early can be sold for a considerable sum, as much
as $15 per aci'e in favored disti'icts. When sown after a coin or a
cotton crop, the seecl is often sown anionii: the standing; crop einiil or
ten days before the corn crop is removed. A heavy watering' is j^iven
ami the see<l is then broadcasted immediately. It may be sown in a
similar manner anionu: the stand in jj; cotton ))lants. Hy these means
there is a i;ain of scncral days ami the yoiin.n' clover will be estab-
lished before the grain or liber croj) is removeil. It is becoming more
common now, however, to plow the land after the removal of IIm^ corn
or cotton crop. The cotton ridges or beds are split down the middle
with one i)assage of the i)low, the land heavily watered, and the ber-
seem seed broadcasted immediately. The soil is not allowed to
become dry, but the seed is scattered over the surface while the water
is still on the land, when, owing to its weight, it at once sinks. The
amount of seed used varies from 7ii to 80 pounds per acre. (4ermi-
nation takes place in two or three days, and if llie weather is warm
the plants make rapid growth.

Three waterings are generally given pnnions to the first cutting or
grazing, wliich is obtained from fifty to seventy-five days after sowing,
deijending to a great extent on the date of the latter. I'he number
and frequency of waterings deijend on soil and climate to a certain
extent, but two waterings are given between the first two cuttings,
and generally two between the second and third and the third and
fourth — a total of eight or nine or even ten waterings. On an average
three good cuttings or grazings are obtained, while a fourth may or
may not be obtained, depending on the date of sowing. In any case
it is little in comparison with previous ones. The fourth cutting is
generally the one left for seed. Of the latter, 6 or 7 l)ushels are
obtained on good average land. The first and second crops will yield
about 8 tons of green fodder; subsequent ones, less. If sown late in
October, the first crop will be ready at the end of December, the
second early in March, the third from the middle to end of April,
and a light fourth crop, either for feeding or for seed, at tlie end of
May or early in June. Hay is frequently made from berseem, about
5 tons of the latter giving 1 ton.

Berseem is fed by tethering animals on the ground by the fore feet,
the pegs being moved on as the}^ have eaten those plants within their
immediate reach. The luxuriance is sometimes so great that the long
lines of bullocks seem to be feeding against a solid wall of forage which
reaches almost up to their briskets. A few days are allowed to elapse

48 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

after grazing before the land is watered again, and tlie new crop then
makes rapid growth. The forage is very succulent, containing as
much as 85 or 86 per cent of water in the earlier grazings, and a little
care luxs to be exercised in feeding it to animals in the eai'ly morning
during the winter when dew is on it to prevent "tympanitis." Ani-
mals in Egypt are never in as good condition as when fed on berseem,
and during this period no other food is allowed them, though the pres-
sure of work is very severe at cotton planting. From the moment of
planting, the crop requires no labor except that involved in watering.
No manure of any kind is ever applied.

The root system of berseem is not an extensive one, but it is most
abundantly suiJi3lied with nodules. In the latter connection and as
exemplifying its renovating effect on the soil it may be interesting to
quote the results of analj^ses made last year by Doctor Mackenzie,
director of the School of Agriculture. Berseem was sown in October
on two adjacent areas, A and B. On B the crop was allowed to
remain for two grazings and then plowed up in March in preparation
for a cotton crop, while on area A the crop was allowed to remain
for its full period of growth until June, and four crops w^ere taken.
Previous to the experiment the nitrogen content of each area was
determined and also after each crop was grazed. The results were
as follows:

Nitrogon before sowing

Nitrogon after first crop

Nitrogen after second crop
Nitrogen after tlaird crop. _ .
Nitrogen after fourth, crop .

Area A.

Per cent.
0.099
.110
.113
.10.5
.099

Area B.

Per cent.

0.101

.116

.111

On area B, after removing two crops, each containing lOU pounds
of nitrogen,^ the soil was enriched to the extent of practically 300
pounds of nitrogen, or, in other words, the ])ercentage of nitrogen
was increased from 0.101 to 0.110 per cent.

When, however, as on area A, the crop is allowed to run the whole
course of its existence there is no increase in the total soil nitrogen
or it is so minute as to show no difference in the percentage of soil
nitrogen present. During the latter stages of growth, therefore, it
is clear that the nitrogen contained in the nodules must be drawn
upon by the i^lant for its growth. By comjiaring the amount of nitro-
gen added to the soil hy the growing of two cuttings of berseem, viz,
300 pounds, with that accepted as the increase in Europe by the
growth of an ordinary clover crop, viz, 60 or 70 pounds, it is seen how
valuable this forage crop is in this respect.

The role jilayed b)^ berseem in the reclamation of salt land in Egypt
is worthy of mention. The fact as to whether a stand of this crop
can be obtained or not is regarded as an indication of the ability of

LUCERN AND CORN. 49

the soil to grow other crops. There can be no doubt tliat it will grow
on soils so salt that the majority of ordinary crops would fail. Its
shallow-rooted habit and the fact that the fre<iuent waterings which
it receives tend to keep the salt down no doubt account for this
rather than its power to withstand salt. As soon as sufticicnt salt
has been removed by washing, in the process of n^'laniat ion, t<» enable
a crop of berseem to be sown, this is done, and is repeated until a
successful crop is obtained, when ordinary culture nuiy be followed
with the exercise of that discretion necessary for the management of
such lands.

In addition to the variety of berseem known as " Muscowi," grown
in Lower EgjT^t, a kind known as " Fachl" is large 1}' grown on basin
lands. The seed is broadcasted on Ihe mud as the Avater recedes,
and as this variety is gi-own withont irrigation one uiain crop only is
obtained, which is usually a heavy one. It is less Avatery than the
ordinary Muscowi sort and is generally u.yed in making hay.

The variety known as "Saidi" is less luxuriant than Fachl. It is
somewhat of a trailing nature, and is sometimes mixed with the latter
sort. It requires but little water, and is generally cut twice, though
sometimes a third time. It is grown chiefly on basin lands, and is
smaller in growth and less succulent tluin the ]Muscowi variety.

I.TJCERN (ALFALFA).

Lucern is not grown to anj' extent in Egypt, as dni-ing the Avinter
and spring months it can not compete with berseem in luxuriaiu*e. It
yields ver}^ frequent grazings or cuttings during summer, l>ut requires
frequent waterings in order to give the best results, and, as already
explained, there are too many denuinds on the supply of summer
water to permit this. During these months it becomes, unfortunately,
the home of myriads of worms, which are attracted by it and spread
to adjoining crops, often doing considerable damage. The scarcity
of summer water already mentioned is also a great impediment to its
cultivation. Again, land is usually too A'aluable to make it profitable
to leave it under a forage crop for three or four years. The limited
area grown is generally cultivated to supply a little green forage to
sick animals, or to a few milch cows or horses.

CORN.

The corn crop is of great importance, as it forms the staple food of
the lower classes. It is the characteristic Nili crop. The summer
season ends about the last of July, when this, the great flood crop, is
sown. As already mentioned, during the summer months a system
of rotation of canals is adopted to insure a sufficient supply of water
for the cotton crop, and during this period the watering of fallow
lands is severely prohibited. The cereal crops, wheat and barley, as

39310— No. 62—04 4

50 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTUEE.

well as beans, berseem, etc., are all off the land by June, ami it is on
these lands that the corn crop is sown. The latter, however, can not
of course be planted without water, and every cultivator awaits the
removal of the decree which has prohibited the flooding of such lands.

As soon after the first week in July as water can be obtained, the
irrigation of the land for corn sowing begins. If the Nili is a favor-
able and early one, this may be i)ermitted as earlj^ as Julj'^ 10, while
if the reverse be true it is only toward the end of the month tliat this
is jjossible. The earlier the corn crop is sown the better, and there is
consequently a great rush for water, as not only has the corn area to
be watered, but cotton, rice, and sugar cane also require water, while
the land to be left fallow is also flooded. The water for flood irriga-
tion is obtained from separate flood canals, in addition to the ordinary
perennial canals, and during this period is "flush." The flood canals
run from the month of August to November.

It will be seen that for flood irrigation, the earlier the Nile rises the
better it is for the farmer. The earlier the corn is sown the better,
and an early removal of this crop enables the berseem, which often
follows it, to be sown in good time.

As already mentioned, it may be assumed that about 50 per cent of
the area of Lower Egypt is under summer croi^s (chiefly cotton), while
the flood crops occupy about 30 per cent. The area of land in Lower
Egypt under corn during the year 1902 was 1,128,254 acres, while in
Upper Egypt also a certain area is grown.

It is seen, therefore, that during flood the whole of the country
requires water and the demand is unlimited; thus, the more the canals
can carry the better. The watering given in preparation for the corn
crop is a very heavy one, and if water is flush at this pei'iod may
amount to as much as 600 tons per acre, but less if x)umped. This,
the first watering of the land to be put under flood irrigation, is thus
a very heavy one, but as soon as the land is put under crop the sub-
sequent waterings are about the same as the ordinary summer water-
ings, viz, about 350 tons.

The land after being watered is allowed to remain some days until
it is sufficiently dr}- to admit the plow. As the latter is drawn through
the soil by the usual pair of bullocks, its effect, as already explained,
being somewhat similar to the scooter or a one-tined scarifier, it is
followed by a boy who deposits seed behind it, which will be covered
by the plow on its return journey. The land is subsequently harrowed
by drawing a plank of wood over it. No attempt is made to deposit
the seed in an}" regular manner in rows, such as is practiced in the
United States, and, as would be imagined, the jilants are very thickly
crowded together. The number of plants found in an acre of corn
varies from 13,000 to as many as 20,000, or even more. This, it will
be seen, is strikingly different from American practice. The quantity
of seed sown per acre is about 1 ^^ bushels. The cultivation is simple,
the crop l»eing merely hoed three times during growth and watered

CORN, WHEAT, AND 1?ARLEY. 51

six or seven times. The phiiils nvv thiiiiuMl twice, once wlieii very
small siiul once snbse<iueiilly. Tiioso i-emovcd .uc ui\«'ii lo cattle.
The time the crop occupies the land varies accordinji to the sort sown.
The so-called native varieties may bo cut from seventy to ninety days
after sowiiij;. They are small in habit of jijrowth and possess small
cobs. Th(^ larj::e varieties (often known as Amcricani), which jj:row to
a lyreater lieiy;ht and produce larj;e cobs, occupy the land from one
hundied and ten to one hundred and twenty days. Varieties which
take a long time to grow are not in favor because they mak<^ tlie suc-
ceeding berseem crop late, wliile, again, owing to their larger habit of
growth, they exhaust the soil uiore.

The corn crop is universally manui-ed; in fact, it is the heaviest
manured t)f all Egyptian crops. IJoth barnyard manure and coufri
are used, the latter to the gi'cater extent. The former, as a rule,
does not give such good results foi- the corn crop itself, but exercises
an effect on wheat, cotton, etc., if following the corn. Coulii (which
contains solul)le nitrogen) is (piicker in its action, and heavy crops of
corn are grown by means of it.

Neither phosphoric acid nor potash is used for this ci-op, l)ut top
dressings of nitrate of soda, as well as applications of suli)ha1c of
ammonia, give excellent I'csults. Nitrate of soda is practically the
only chemical fertilizer employed in Egypt for this crojj.

It may be said that only nitrogenous manures set'in to exercise any
great effect on the corn croji in p]gypt. It is true that no very exten-
sive series of experiments have l)een made as i-egards phosphoric
acid, but up to the i)resent no appreciable benetit has resulted.

After clover the croj) does not re<iuire such large (piantities of
manure as when following a cereal, but in any case it is alwaj's
manured and a sum of at least $5 or $G an acre is expended. The
heavy watering which the land receives before sowing, and especially
the fact that water is given during summer when nitrification is
active, no doubt partly explains the pronounced effect of purely
nitrogenous manures of rapid action.

The average yield of corn on ordinary land is about 30 or 35 bushels;
on good laud, well manured, 50 or 55 bushels are obtained, while on
poor soil 20 to 25 bushels an acre are ijroduced. The i)rice at which
it is sold is about 60 to 65 cents per bushel.

WHEAT AND BARLEY.

Wheat and barley are grown over the whole of Egypt, being sown
in the basins of Upper Egyi)t as well as on the perennially irrigated
lands of Lower Egypt. On the latter they are sown in the month of
November after cot-ton or, as is very frequently the case, after a crop
of corn which maj^ have been grown during the Nili season and
heavily manured, or after a fallow. In Upper Egj'jjt the grain croj)s
are sown earlier, after the water of the Nile recedes, by simply broad-
casting the seed on the mud. In the Delta also the cultivation is of

52 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGEICULTURE.

the simplest description. The land is plowed, then harrowed by draw-
ing a plank of Avood over it, the seed is Ijroadcasted and covered by
means of the native plow and harrow, and the land is immediately
watered.

In other cases the land is watere<l some days before t)lantini>-, and
when sufficiently diy for plowing the seed is sown and plowed in,
no water being given after i)lanting. The use of implements, such as
European harrows, for covering the seed instead of the native plow is
very restricted. The quantity of seed employed is about 2| bushels
per acre. When the crop has attained a height of about 8 or 0 inches
(in January or early in February) it is watered, and no further Avater-
ing need be given, though it is more usual to irrigate the crop a sec-
ond time, viz, when the plants are forming into ears (March or early
April). This completes the cultivation of the crop.

Cereals are harvested in Upper Egypt in the month of April, and
in Lower Egj^^t in May and June. The crop is either pulled by hand,
in the case of barley, or cut by means of small sickles. About live
men are sufficient per acre, and this work is often done by contract
for about II per acre. Harvesting machinery is not employed, as
the small ridges made to facilitate Avatering jirevent the successful
working of a reaper, the knives of which run into these small ridges
and are broken.

Some years since thrashing machines were introduced into Egypt,
these being provided with revolving drums for crushing and bruising
the straw into what is known as " tibn." The grain is deliA^ered from
them similar to the ordinary thrasher, Avhile the bruised straAv is blown
out at the end of the machine. These are found on some large estates,
though the bulk of the grain is still separated by means of the prima-
tiA^e "norag," consisting of a number of circular disks on an axle,
Avhich rcA^olve as the whole is drawn by two bullocks.

The produce is arranged in a circle and the tread of the bullocks
and the cutting and bruising action of the disks chop the straw and
knock out the grain. When this is completed the whole is thrown
into a heap for the subsequent separation of the grain from the tibn.
This is accomplished by throwing it into the air, when the grain,
being the lieaAier, falls directly to the ground, AA'hile the tibn is blown
by the wind to one side. It Avill at once be understood that this sj'^s-
tem is most laborious. Barley is more easy to thrash than wheat, the
straw being more brittle. Hand sittings are necessarj^ to clean the
grain, though grain-cleaning machines Avorked by hand are now find-
ing a use in the country.

As regards the employment of manures, barlej' is practically never
manured, though it is grown on poorer lands than wheat; in fact, it is
one of the earliest crops cultiA^ated on newly reclaimed saltj^ lands, as
it succeeds Avhere Avheat Avould fail.

WHEAT AND BARLKY

Stal)lo inanniv is soiiu'times nsod «m wheat, Uioiiuh it i.s very <iues-
lionablt' wlietlit'i- this is ('(•oiioiiucai. It is now thoui^ht better to
reserve the who!*' of this iiiaiuire foi' (he eolton erop. C'oulri is also
extensively used. Durin*,' reeent years the praetiee of top ilre.ssinj,'
wheat with nitrate of soda has l>econie eonmion, and most s1rikin<;
results are obtained. The yield both of j;rain and straw is inereased,
and a net profit of fully *."> an acre is obtaine(l by its use.

It maybe intt'restinfj: to note that E.uypt is practically fr<'<' from
"rust." The native varieties ^n-ow so rapidly that they seem to out-
strip it. On the other hand, foreiirn varieties, when j;rown, ar<' occa-
sionally entirely destroyed by it, as hai)pened, for example, with
Anieriean seed introduced l»y the writer some years since.

The weight of wheat per l)ushel is about 00 pounds. The standard
measure is the ardeb of .5.4 bushels, whieh weijihs about olT) pounds,
and is sold on an averajje for about *4.75 to $5. There are no well-
defined varieties «;i'own, different names Ix'inir i;iven to tlu^ same
variety in diirer<'nt provinces.

As re<j:ards yield, on very i;ood lands fiom 4<) to 45 bushels of grain
ami l.V tons of straw are obtained per aeic. The averai-c of the eoun-
try, however, is ahout 20 to 22 ])usliels.

Egyptian wheats are poor, being very mixe<l auddefieient in gluten.
It is quite exceptional to find a good sample, either white or red, and
for tlie making of bread by Euroi)eans an admixture of foreign fiour
is almost invariably employed. The wheats in Lower Egypt are almost
invariably called while, while in rpi)er Egyi>t a greater portion of
§o-called red wheat is found. For making bread natives pi-efer the
wheat grown in the basin lanils of Upper Egypt to that grown on irri-
gated land.

Egypt, instead of being an exporter of wheat, as is often thought,
actually imports a considerable quantity of flour ft-om France and
Russia, though that from the former country is largel}' of Russian
origin, having been ground at Marseille. The following table shows
the importation of flour during the past tliree years, the bulk being
wheat flour, thougli a small portion is that of maize. The figures
refer to Egyptian pounds, equivalent to about 1:4.94 in American
monej^ :

Country to which
exported.

England

English possessions
in the Mediterra-
nean - - -

English possessions
in the extreme
East

Germany _

ITnited States

Austria-Hungary

1900.

1901.

1902.

42,641

34,094

67,628

5.S

.3(J5

1,.549

3,364

2,842
6,096
2,612 j

204
5,025
1,1&5

Country to which
exported.

Belgium .-.

France and Algeria.

Greece

Italy -.

Russia -

Turkey

Other countries

Total .

1900.

1901.

323

■^n

2;M,035

294,045

213

9,. 506

4,663

104, 700

112,863

811

1,017

2.54

2.257

397,660

455,8.58

1902.

1,403

310,799

5, a59

119,1.53

5, 767

776

.5.52,897

54 NOTES OK EGYPTIAN AGRICULTUKE.

During the same period the import of wheat (as grain) was as
follows : T. <.■

Egyptian
pounds.

1900 ^2,669

1901 • 110-374

1902 67,630

The bulk of this grain is of Turkish and Russian origin.

From a European point of view, the barley is poor, being long and
thin. Attempts have been made to grow European barleys for malt-
ing purposes, and while a good (puility can be produced the yield is
slight compared with that obtained from native varieties. Practi-
cally the whole of the crop is consumed by horses, mules, etc. A
superior class of barley (Mariout barley) is grown in the desert in the
neighborhood of Alexandria and is dependent on rainfall. As this
latter is a very varying amount, the crop fluctuates greatly from year
to year. Even in the case of barley the imports exceed the exports
in value, as will be seen from the following table :

Year.

190(J.
1901.
1902-

Imports.

Egypiian

pDKHtlx.

4«,989

Exports.

Egyptian
ponnils.
8,000
11,200
33,602

The barleys of Egypt are light and generally weigh less than 50
pounds per bushel. The yields obtained on favorable soils are heavy,
amounting to as much a-^ 100 bushels per acre in exceptional cases.
The average is from ;30 to 35 bushels, and the price at which it is sold
may be taken as 12.50 to 12.75 per ardeb of 5.4 bushels. The culti-
vation of barley is similar to that of wheat.

BEANS.

The bean crop of Egypt is a most important one, as it supplies the
staple food of working animals during a great part of the year, while
a considerable quantity is exported. It is grown in the basin lands,
as well as in Lower Egypt, though the bulk of the crop is raised in
Upper Egypt. According to the latest returns there were 471,530
acres of l)eans in the latter division of tlu^ country and 162,300 in
Lower Egypt during the year 1902, a total of 633,836 acres.

The cultivation of the crop is simple. On the basin lands seed is
sown after the emptying of the basins, and the crop is simply allowed
to remain until harvest in the spring.

The crop is luxuriant and yields on an average from 30 to 35 bushels
per acre on good land. From 3 to 4 bushels of seed are required per
acre in Upper Egypt. In Lower Egypt the crop is sown about the
same time as ordinary cereal crops, the grain being deposited in the

BEANS.

lurrow U'lt by tho ordinary native plow, a hoy r()llo\yin<; tho latter and
(h'positini; the seeds by hand. They are then covi'red on the relnrn
Jonrney of the plow, and the land is snlise<inently harrowed. The
(juantity of seed employed isabont l*;, or :; Itnshels per acre. The crop
may be sown " wet " or "dry," as explained in the chapter on wheat —
t.liat is, whethei- a watering has ])een uiNcn previonsly or not. It is
sometimes raised without any water, thouirh one irriij^ation is jjenerally
lUMven in sprini;".

The hai'vestini; of the crop is similar to that of an ordinary cereal
and takes ])lace in Ajjiil. It may be thrashed by machine or by tho
nora}.r. 'i'he chopped straw is niven to camels, ^oats, sheep, etc., and
it is also used for makinji: bricks, etc. The crop is never manured,
and yields from I'o busliels on poor land to as mucli as 35 or 40
i)nshels on rich soils.

The value of beans as food for dairy and other cattle iswell known
in Europe and there is a consideral>le exportation from Smyrna,
Ejj^ypt, etc., to Europe. The ex[)ort from Kuy[)t is not increasinjr,
therc^ beinu' a threat er homo consumption, as will be seen from the
following' lij^ures, showinjj total exports:

Year.

issg-isai (average)
lW)4-KS'.i.s (average)

19(11 lavorajie)

190^ (average)

Quantity.

Bushels.
.5,(114.(569
4,244, l.-iT

i,iHS(j,(i:i

l,34«,7(r2

Value.

Etiyi>tinn

l>l>Ullfls.

()(ii),:<r"

4.">7,:e(i4
i!(ai,.T()8
190,5:iti

As already' mentioned, about I'-i pounds of crushed beans are fed per
day to working bullocks durinj^' the season of scarcity of green forage
and a i^roportional amount to cows, etc. The animals, of course, do
not keep up their condition on this food (mixed with chopped straw)
as well as they do on green, succulent food, but the work they accom-
plish during the hot weather when on this diet is remarkable.

Beans form an article of diet of nearly all classes. They are j)re-
Ijared in several waj's. They ma}' be soaked throughout the night in
water, which is kept at a high temperature, and eaten in the morning,
with liberal quantities of clarified butter, or they may be soaked in
cold water nntil they begin to burst pi-evious to germination, and are
then boiled and eaten. Upper P^gypt beans are i^referred to those of
Lower Egypt for human consumption.

RICE.

Rice is grown in Egvpt both as a summer and aNili crop, and largely
so as a means of reclaiming land. Thus it is sown both in summer
and during flood, the difficulty in connection with the former being
the large quantities of water required at a time when the cotton area

56 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGKICULTURE>

makes such heavy demands oii the available supply. For this reason
in seasons of a very low Nile the growth of summer rice has l)een pro-
hibited by governmental decree. As regards actual quality, summer
rice (Sultani) is superior to that grown during flood (Sabeini).

It is almost needless to state that this crop will grow on land heavily
Impregnated with salt. The large amount of water required and the
shallow-rooted nature of the crop tend to make this possible. The
salt is washed down into the lower reaches of the soil, where the roots
do not penetrate.

Summer rice, of which several varieties are grown, is sown in May
and early June and occupies the land for varying periods, according
to the variety grown, some remaining in the ground for as long as
seven months. Sabeini, or flood rice, is sown as soon .as the flood
arrives, generally early in August to the first week in September, and
occupies the land for about ninety days, according to the date of
planting. It is thus liarvested about the same time as summer rice.
During flood, rice lands get flush irrigation and receive every ton of
water that the drains can carry. For summer rice it is generally
accepted that at least 40 cubic meters of water per acre per day must
be allowed, while during the flood season the land practically receives
as much water as the drains can carry off.

The first and most important essential in reclamation and rice cul-
tivation is to make the land perfectly level. Unless this is done dis-
appointment will result. The land is divided into squares equal in
size, and ai-ound thevse divisions small dikes are made to retain the
irrigation water. After leveling is completed sowing takes place.
The seed is soaked in water for about six days. It is then spread out
under sheds in the shade for two or three days to sprout. Water to
a depth of 3^ or 4 inches is put on the land and the seed is sown
broadcast. Three days after sowing the water is removed and the
land allowed to dry for twenty-four hours. During fifteen days this
operation is twice repeated. Subsequently the water is changed from
time to time. When about 7 or 8 inches high thinning is done and
seedlings of dineba (barnyard grass) and of weeds which would inter-
ferfere with the development of the plants are removed. When ripe
the crop is cut by hooks and placed in small bundles and is thrashed
either by machine or by the noiag. For summer rice from 1 to If
bushels of seed are sown. For the flood crop more is employed.

Rice is grown in Lower Egypt on low-lying lands and those under-
going reclamation, chiefly in the three provinces of Gharbieh, Dakah-
lieh, and Behera. During the year 1902, 59,634 acres of summer rice
and 50,134 acres during flood were grown in Lower Egypt. In Upper
Egypt flood rice is grown m the Fayum, the area last year being
24,903 acres. The accompanying diagram (fig. 3) will give an idea of
the ai-rangement of a crop of flood rice which is found successful in
the northern part of Gharbieh.

EICE.

The plan shows a plat of land 500 meters long bj' 300 meters in width,
or a little over 35 acres. Tlie land is cut up into divisions (" gattas "),
eacli being 150 meters by 100 meters, or a little moi-e than 3.1 acres.
The main drains are -7 inches deep and the smaller drains, similarly,
23 inches. The drainage, according to these data, requires l,S(j5 cubic
meters of eartliwork per acre, whicli, at the rate paid in Egypt, is
equal to an expenditure of $2.15. It is generally conceded that it is
preferal)le for a landowner to let land to tenants for the growth of
flood rice rather than to cultivate it himself, 'i'he small banks and
water channels are made by the tenant. The former are very neces-
sary, as they prevent the disturbing of the young plants during the
first fortnight of growth by the heavy winds which often prevail. The
small channels are also necessary; otherwise the plats marked "C " will

100

fOO

/ao

MAIN DRAIN

SMALL

BANKS

B "O

SMALL

BANKS ■

CAf^AL

/oa

100

1 0.0

100

MA /A/ DRAIN

Fig. 3.— Arrangement of a crop of flood rice.

not get fresh water and will be more backward than those marked "A."
Fellaheen pay from %\ to 15 per acre as rent to grow a croi) of flood
rice on fairly sweet land. If the land is salt, the tenant gets half the
crop for his labor and the owner the other half as rent. The seed is
provided by the owner, half of which is returned at harvest.

As soon as the Nile water arrives, the little divisions are filled with
water, and the land is again leveled by drawing a plank over it. If
the land is not very salt, the seed may be sown after leveling; but if
salt, the water must be run off once or twice before sowing. More
seed than usual is required on salt lands. The critical period of the
crop is the first ten or fifteen days, and if the land has not been proj)-
erly leveled the high patches die for want of water, or, on the other
hand, the low-lying patches are flooded out. On fairly sweet land

58 NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

the water may not be run off for the first six or seven clays, and it
may be necessary to water every clay at the rate of 100 cubic meters
per acre under a nood system of drainage. After eight or ten days
tenants will employ all the water they can get, but this is not neces-
sary and is done at the sacrifice of good drainage.

On salt land more water is necessary than if the soil is fairly sweet,
and at first it is necessary to irrigate and run off the water almost
daily, which means as much as 150 cubic meters per acre each twentj-
four hours. If sown later than the end of August, rice does not grow
so well, and any land remaining at that time may be sown with dineba.

To obtain the greatest benefit from the growing of rice it shoidd be
followed by berseem. When the heads of the rice begin to curl up,
the berseem may be sown ; and if rice is sown as late as September,
the sowing of the clover is greatly delayed.

The success of the berseem after i-ice is an indication as to the
extent of the removal of salt; and if the clover grows well, it will not
be necessary to sow rice again. If otherwise, it may be necessary to
resort to rice again. This system of reclamation without summer
water is that adopted by a very capable rice grower, to whom the
author is indebted for the information.

As regards the yield of rice in Egypt, 40 to 00 bushels per acre may
be taken as an average of the summer crop on good land, while of
flood rice the product varies from 25 bushels on poor land to 50 or 00
bushels on more forward lands.

ONIONS.

Onions are grown to a considerable extent in Upper Egypt (not less
than 15,000 acres), largely on the islands which appear after the fall
of the Nile and on the banks of the river. They are also grown on
ordinary soils under perennial irrigation. Although two or three
varieties are recognized, that known as the Saidi forms the bulk of
the export trade. The crop grows to the greatest advantage on deep,
loam}^ soils, inclining to sandy, and possessing a considerable amount
of humus.

Seed is sown in a manured seed bed in September. About one-
ninth of a bushel of seed sown on 350 square yards of land provides
sufficient plan Is for 1 acre.

The land for onions should be well prepared by two or three plow-
ings, reduced to a friable condition, and made into ridges about 2
feet apart. The seedlings are pushed in the sides of the ridges (both
sides) by the fingers and are left about G inches jipai't.

On the islands and river banks the land is not plowed at all, but
the seedlings are sown on the flat, either singly in rows about 14
inches apart or in bunches in row>s 20 inches apart. In this case the
crop is not watered during growth.

The operation of transplanting is done in November and December

ONIONS.

on the islands and river banks, but later on ordinary lands <'\t'ii m[)
to January and February.

The crop re<[uires cai'eful eullivaliou 1o i)revent the .lifrowHi of
weeds, and a small hoe is employed to keep the land well stii-red.
During the first month aft(M- transplantin<^, Ihe crop must be hoed and
weeded, and this must be repeated dui-injj the second month.

Onions respond to liberal manuring, liarnyai'd manuii* is employed,
and on the alluvinl deposits this is put under the i)lanls at the time
of transplanting, but on other land i1 is ap|>lied from one to one and
one-half months after transplanting and as a rule before any water is
applied. Small <iuantities of eoufri ai-e sometimes used, though barn-
yard manure is in gi-eatest favor.

On ordinary peiennially irrigated lands six or seven watei-ings are
given during the growth of the crop. These should be light and not
sufficient in amount to soak the soil.

About five months after transjilanting, tlie bulbs have attained full
size and the leaves become yellow. The crop is now ready to lift, and
no water should be applied for nearly a month l)efore harvesting;
otherwise a second growth commences.

The bulbs are removed and exposed to the sun for two days, the
tops l)eing then removed, and another day allowed for drying.

Early in April the onion crop arrives at Alexandria for export, the
first arrivals realizing the highest price. The product per acre
amounts to 5 or <» tons, on an average, on good soil.* Care has to be
taken in storing. If not thoroughly dried many of the onions will
sprout, and those which have been injured or l)ruised will decay.
The average price is from £2 to £'o per ton.

The following figures indicate the exi)ort trade:

Year.

•Quantity.

Value.

1899

Tons.
76,568
76,034
64,9*5
49,933

Kr/i/ptian
jioundti.

2;i9, -.m

1900

. 15;i,sT:{

1901

l^9,9:i(j

1902

100,697

The bulk of the crop is sent to England and the rest chieflj^ to
Austria.

MILLETS AND SORGHUMS.

Several varieties of millet possessing either white, yellow, or red
grain are grown in Upper Egj^i^t. It is sown l)otli as a summer and
as a flood crop, as has j)reviously been mentioned when referring to
crops grown in the basins.

Summer sorghum in the basins is sown from about the middle of
March to the middle of April, or a little later, the crop being harvested
in August. The water for its growth is lifted by hand or animal labor,

GO NOTES ON EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE.

and it is irrigated on an aA^erage about every ten days. It is a very
profitable crop, and tlie ai'ea grown in tlie basins is between 90,000 and
100,000 acres, wliile it is also sown along the Ibrahimia Canal tract to
the extent of between 20,000 and 25,000 acres.

Flood sorghum is sown both in the perennially irrigated tract of
Upi)er Egypt and in the basins. Sowing begins early in August and
ends early in September, the crop being harvested in the latter part
of November or in December.

Millet is sown either by depositing a few seeds in holes about 14
inches apart, or the seed maj' be dropped behind the j)low similar to
corn. It delights in a rich soil and requires large quantities of
manure, both coufri and the nitrate-bearing day being extensively
used.. The crop is thinned during growth and when grown in holes
two plants are left standing together.

The production varies greatly and some verj^ heavy jaelds are
obtained. From good soils 50 to CO bushels per acre maybe taken.

Millet forms the staple food in Upper Egj^pt, taking to a great extent
the place of ccn-u in Lower Egypt. In making bread fenugreek seeds
are often mixed with it.

MINOR CROPS.

In a short bulletin such as this it is quite impossible either to treat
in detail the most important crops or to deal with those of secondary
importance. Of the latter there are many grown in the country, such
as lentils, peanuts, chick-peas, lupins, fenugreek, etc. A mere note
concerning them will be given.

LENTILS.

Lentils are sown in basin lands as well as those perennially irrigated.
On the latter the seed is broadcasted at the rate of about If bushels
per acre. The crop is not manured and requires very little w'ater.
From five to six months after sowing, the crop is pulled and thrashed,
the yield being about 20 to 25 bushels of seed. Tlie plants are some-
what straggling in habit and grow about 2 feet in height. The seeds
possess a high nutritive value and are largely consumed locally. The
straw also possesses considerable value. During the year 1902 about
110,000 bushels of seed were exported, valued at approximately 17,000
Egyptian pounds.

EARTH NUTS, OR PEANUTS.

Earth nuts, or peanuts, are grown on light sandj' soils in Lower Egypt,
being sown in late spring and requii'ing considerable quantities of
water. Their cultivation is similar to that liracticed in the United
States and calls for no special coniment. They occupy the land for
about eight months and yield about 55 bushels per acre. They are
not genei'ally manured. During the year 1902, peanuts to the value

MINOR CROPS, 61

of between 17,U(»U and 18,n(M) K^yidiaii [)i>iiiiils w^mc «'xporlc(l, I'liielly
to Turkey.

CHICK-PEAS.

Chick-peas are jijrown to a limited extent both in l'pi)er and Lower
Egypt t"<»r hx'al coiisuniplion. 'I'he seeds ai"e calt'ii eitliei' gi-een or
roastetl, and are also employed in native coiifeetionei'^'. The ei-op is
sown in October and November and harvested from five to six months
later, yielding abont 2.'} to '40 bushels of seed per acre. No manure is
applied and very little water. During the year r.ioi' the exports
amounted to 7,827 bushels, valued at l,7()i) Egyptian p(^unds.

LUPINES.

Lupines are grown on sandy situations, and, generally speaking, in
I^laces where it would be dilfteult to grow other crops successfully.
They are sown in October and November in holes about 15 or 10
inches apart, four or five seeds being droi)ped in, or the seed may be
deposited behind the plow. Lupines are grown either as a green
manure croj^ or for the sake of the seeds, of which about 20 bushels
are obtained per acre. The crop is harvested in ^Vpril. It requires
no care, is not manured, receives but little water, and sometimes none
at all.

FENUGREEK.

Fenugreek is sown in October or November, the seed at the rate of
If bushels per acre being broadcasted after a lieavy watering. If
grown as a green crop it is cut al)out sixty or seventy days after sow-
ing and fed, in conjunction with berseem, to camels chiefly and also
to cattle. It is not fed alone, as it is too laxative. It is eaten green
by natives.

If for grain, the crop is cut about four and one-half to five months
after sowing. About 20 to 25 bushels of seed are obtained per acre.
The seed is mixed with corn and millet in bread making, and ,when
germinated it is also eaten by natives as a purgative. The seeds are
largely used in Europe for the preparation of condiments.

FLAX.

Flax is not so extensively grown as formerly. Seed is sown broad-
cast from the end of October to the end of November at the rate of
2^ to 2| bushels per acre. The crop is grown both for fiber and seed.
The harvest is in March. The fiber obtained is inferior and calls for
no mention. The seed is crushed in native mills and the cake is
used for feeding.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY BULLETIN No. 63.

B. T. G.VLLOWAY. CMe/ »/ lliirmu.

INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS,

•MARK ALFRED CARLETON,
Cekealist in Charge of Cereal Investigations.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

Issued July 12, 1904.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1904.

BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, includes Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations, Botanical Investigations and
Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Pomological Investigations, and
Experimental Gardens and Grounds, all of which were formerly separate Divisions,
and also Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, the Arlington Experimental
Farm, Tea Culture Investigations, and Domestic Sugar Investigations.

Attention is directed to the fact that "the serial, scientific, and technical publica-
tions of the United States Department of Agriculture are not for general distribution.
All copies not required for official use are by law turned over to the Superintendent
of Documents, who is empowered to sell them at cost." All applications for such
publications should, therefore, be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and

Forage Plants. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

13. Experiments in Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10

cents.

14. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price,

15 cents.

16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Campes-

tris and Other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents. . \

18. Observations on the JNIosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents. -

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

25. Mi.scelianeous Papers: I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. II. SaragoUa

Wheat, ill. Plant Introduction Notes from South Africa. IV. Congres-
sional Seed and Plant Distribution Circulars, 1902-1903. 1903. Price, 15

cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]

ul, 63, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept of Airicuiture.

Plate

A Perennial Rust.
(/tciDiuM Tuberculatum E& K.on Callirrhoe involucrata Gr'

U. S. DEPARTMENT OV AGR\CV\:\VRK.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY BULLETIN No. 63.

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chiif of Hurcau.

INVI^XnCATIONS OF ursTs,

MARK ALFKKD CARLETON,
Cekkalist in Ciiak(sk of Cereal Investigations,

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

Issued July 12, 1904.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

190i.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. Galloway, Chief.
J. E. Rockwell, Editor.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

Albert F. Woods, Pathologist and Physiologist.

Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Pathology.

George T. Moore, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Pln^wlogy.

Herbert J. Webber, Physiologist in Charge of Lahoratory of Plant Breeding.

Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge of Lahoratory of Plant Life History.

Newton B. Pierce, Pathologist in Charge of Pacific Coast Lahoratory.

M. -B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge of Investigations of Diseases of Orchard Fruits.

Mark Alfred Carleton, Cerealist in Charge of Cereal Investigations.

Hermann von ScHRENK,a Jn Charge of Mississippi Valley Laboratory.

P. H. Rolfs, Pathologist in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory.

C. O. TowNSEND, Pathologist in Charge of Sugar Beet Livestigatiom.

P. H. DoRSETT, Pathologist.

Rodney H. True, & Physiologist.

T. H. Kearney, Physiologist, Plant Breeding.

Cornelius L. Shear, Pathologist.

William A. Orton, Pathologist.

W. M. Scott, Pathologist.

Joseph S. Chamberlain, Physiological Chemist, Cereal Investigations.

R. E. B. McKenney, Physiologist.

Flora W. Patterson, Mi/rologist.

Charles P. Hartley, Assi.<itant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.

Karl F. Kellerman, Assistant in Physiology.

Deane B. Swingle, Assistant in Pathology.

A. W. Edson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

Jesse B. Norton, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.

James B. Rorer, Assistant in Pathology.

Lloyd S. Tenny, Assistant in Pathology.

George G. Hedgcock, Assistant in Pathology.

Perley Spaulding, Scientific Assistant.

P. J. O'Gara, Scientific Assistant.

A. D. Shamel, Scientific A.<isistant, Plant Breeding.

T. Ralph Robinson, Scientific A.?sistant, Plaid Physiology.

Florence Hedges, Scientific Assistant, Bacteriology.

Charles J. Brand, Scientific Assistant in Physiology, Plant Life History.

a Detailed to the Bureau of Forestry.

b Detailed to Botanical Investigations and Experiments.

iTTliK ol" TkAXSMITTAL

U. 8. Dei'aktmknt of Acukultukk,

liuKEAU OF Plant Indistuv,

Office of the Chief,

\Viisl,n,<ii,„K I), r.. A/>r!l 20. inOJf,.

Sir: I have tho honor to ti'aii.sniit lici-owith the niaiiusi-iipt ol" a
toflinical papi-r entitled " Investio-ations of Rusts," by Mark Alfred
Oarleton, Cerealist in diarize of Coreal Investigations, Vegetable
Pathological and Physiological Investigations, and recommend its
publication as Bulletin No. (>3 of the series of this Bureau.

The two illustrations accompanying the manuscript are necessar}'^
to a complete understanding of the subject-matter of this paper.
Kespectfully,

B. T. Galloway,

Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

C/ilef of Bureau.

PRl-FACH.

Tlio oxporimonts and o'n.sL'rv.aion.; wii rusts which are tho l)asis of
the foUowin*,^ notos woro l)oo-nn by Mr. Carloton sovoral years a,i!:o,
and wove continuod at intervals until the sprino- of llMIO, when the
pressure of othcM- duties prevented further work of this kind up to
the present time. The results obtained in tuan}' instances arc still
incomplete, but are of sufHcient value to he recorded. Some of the
species studied are of nuidi economic importance. The investigation
is a continuation of the work reported in bulletin 16 of the Division
of Vey-etable Phvsioloo-v and Patholoov. and is concerned chieflv with
the seg-reg-ation of rust forms of economic importance on the conuuon
grasses and the completion of the life historv of certain species. The
work is to be carried on more extensively during 1904.

A. F. Woods,
P<ii]i(il(Hjixt and PJiyx/idoyisf.

Office of Vfoktable PATiiOLOfiiCAL and

Physiological Investigations,

Washington^ Jj. C, March 26, lOOJf..

CONTENTS,

Pago.

Additions t(i our knowlodiro of life histories 9

Kiiphorhia rust {rn»ii!/C('>t eiiphurhiiv C. ami 1*. ) {(

SunHower rust ( I'uccima JielUmihi Sch w. ) 11

Crown rust of oats {Puccmid rhdmni [Pers.] Wi4ttsl. ) \?>

Segregation of host ])lants 14

Blaek stem rust of Agropyron and Klynius 15

Orange leaf rust of Agropyron and P21ymus 17

Black stem rust of Agrosth alha vulgaris 17

Rust of Chloris ( I'licrinia chJoridix Diet. ) 18

Rusts of willow and cottonwood ( Melampsora) 18

Winter resistance of the uredn 19

Uredo of Kentucky bluegrass rust {Purrinui poarum Niels. ) 20

Uredo of Piirriiiiii ninntducns-ix Ell 20

Emergency adaptations 21

Piicciniii re.vaiis Farl 22

Experiments with Lei)to-uredine;e 25

Rust of cocklebur ( Pucciida .ranthii 8ch w. ) 26

Rust of velvet leaf ( Pvrrinia Jieterospora B. and C. ) 26

Perennial si)ecies 27

^lu'UVniin tnhi'rculatinn E. and K 27

Rust of Peuci'(hun(iii ficniciddreum 28

Description of plates ' 32

I L L U S T R A T IONS.

Page.

Plate I. A perennial rust Frontispiece.

II. Rusts of Euphorbia and grauia grass 32

B. 1'. I.— 102. V. I'. 1'. 1,-117

INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

ADDITIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF LIFE HISTORIES.

In many iii.stancos, without any oxpoiinicntal i)roof, it i.s inferred
that there is a connection between the diil'erent forms of rust occur-
ring on the same host plant simply because of their constant associa-
tion with each other. Sometimes it is afterwards demonstrated that
these inferences are wrong-, though they are probabh' correct in a
majority of cases. Studies of the following species were made with
the view of obtaining a more accurate knowledge of their life liistory.

PjUphorbia Rust {Uronu/ces enphorhlce, C. and P.).

Until the experiments herein described were performed it iiad not
been demonstrated that there is any connection ])etween the an-idial
and other stages of this species, although experience naturally leads
one to think that there is. They are in very close association on the
same plant, the jvcidium appearing tirst, quickl\' followed by the
uredospores. In the spring of 1893 Mr. ,1. B. S. Norton, now pro-
fessor of botany at the Maryland Agricultural College, while engaged
in experiments in the germination of weeds in the greenhouses of the
Agricultural Experiment Station at Manhattan, Kans., called the
writer's attention to a ver}^ 3'om^S' I'usted seedling of Eu.j>horhia di^ntata.
\\\ this instance, as is usually the case with the young plants of this
host, the pods were first badly afl'ected by fecidia. This fact, taken
together with the common observation that the seed pods of this host
are usually affected by all stages of the rust, led at once to the thought
that it was a case of rust propagation through the medium of the germi-
nating seed of the host, something not before demonstrated for any
other species in the entire group of Uredinese, so far as the writer
knows, unless we except the single instance of the experiments of
Doctor Eriksson" with Puccinia glumarum? The seed used by Mr.

« Vie latente et plasmatique de certaines Uredinees. Compt. Rend., 1897, pp.
475-477.

^ T. S. Ralph, in Victorian Naturalist, Vol. VII, p. 18, de.scribes an instance of a
rust attacking the seed of Senecio vulgaris, stating that "with the microscope we are
able to trace the fine yellow sporular matter into the covering of the seed, and into
the seed itself;" but apparently it was not determine<l by further investigation
whether or not the rust was able to reproduce itself through the germinating seed.

10 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

Norton was examined and the pods were found to be badly affected.
Moreover, he stated that the seeds were planted without shelling. But
the writer did not know then, as he does now, that this fact would
probabl}^ make little difference, since the naked seeds are commonly
affected, often showing actual peridia.

To test the theory of rust propagation above mentioned, experiments
were instituted on April 22 for growing plants from rusted seed under
a bell jar. The seed used bore all stages of the rust. The experiments
were in five series: (1) Seeds shelled and disinfected by mercuric
chlorid; (2) seeds unshelled and disinfected; (3) seeds shelled, but not
disinfected; (tt) seeds unshelled, not disinfected; (5) like series No. 4,
but rusted mainly with ^cidium. All were planted in pots in a
greenhouse and the pots were kept under bell jars. On May 1 the
plants began to come up. After about three months, when the plants
had grown to a height of 3 to 5 inches, no rust had appeared on series
1 and 2, and only one spot on one plant of series 3. The plants of
series -1 and 5 were much rusted, the eecidium appearing first, fol-
lowed shortly by uredosori.

On April 25, 1893, it was attempted to germinate teleutospores of
rust from the seeds used in these experiments, in water-drop cultures,
which resulted in failure. On June 28, 1893, a similar culture of the
fresh uredospores failed to germinate in two days.

In 1895 rusted seeds of EuphorUa dentata^ sent from Kansas, were
planted in the greenhouse of the Department of Agriculture, at Wash-
ington, D. C. From these three plants grew, which were kept under
a bell jar. Soon one of these plants rusted badly, lirst with the a?cid-
ium, then a slight amount of the uredospores, and later the teleuto-
spores. It should be remarked here that Euphorbia rust, so far as
reported, occurs only on E. inaculata in the vicinity of Washington,
D. C, and the writer has never yet been able to obtain rusted seeds in
that region.

On December 11, 1896, a third series of experiments was started at
Washington, D. C. On that date rusted seeds of Euplwrhia dentata
from Kingman and Manhattan, Kans., were planted and kept under a
bell jar as before. Eleven plants resulted by I)ecem])er 20. On March
8, 1897, spermogonia appeared in considerable amount on the young
leaves of one plant, with a tendency to form a sort of hexenbesen.
On March 29 two more plants were rusted, one with spermogonia
only on the young leaves, and the other with a?cidia on the fruit.
On April 10 still another plant showed spermogonia, making four in
all, out of the eleven, that became rusted. (See PI. II, tig. 1.)

As above stated, the proof that the rust actually penetrates the hulled
seed is readily obtained, not only from microscopical demonstration,
but also from the fact that the actual peridia may often be seen with
the unaided eye in the seed. These experiments, however, further

SUNFLOWER RUST. 11

demonstrate t\\o iihility of the rust to propiig-ate itself through the
medium of tlie <>-erminating seed of the host, and also make it seem
probable that this is even the common method of reproduction in the
case of its occurrence on Euphorhla dentata.

It will be noted also that the results of these experiments make it
almost certain that the .Ecidium and Uromyces appearing upon the
plants are one and the same species, since in every case all stages
resulted from planting the rusted seeds, the a'cidium appearing first,
then the uredo, and then the teleutospores. If anything was lacking,
however, the proof has since been made complete ])y the experiments
of Dr. J. C. Arthur, as reported in the Botanical Gazette,'^ in which
the uredospores and teleutospores were obtained on EnphorVm nxtans
from a sowing of ivcidiospores from other plants of the same host on
June 20, 1899.

As is well known, the Euphorbia rust is widel}' distributed over the
United States, occurring on numerous host species, but it is probably
most abundant on J£. dentata and Ji. predii. It is a significant fact,
bearing upon the ontogeny of the species, that it is also on these two
hosts, particularly on E. dentata, that the a>cidium is most common,
and that the rust attacks the seed so severely. The seed pods are also
affected considerably in the cases of E. lata and E. vmrginata.

On June 12, 1897, tecidiospores of this rust had germinated very
well in water-drop culture after three days, and on June 22, after a
two da3's' culture in water of both tlie aH'idium and uredo from
EupJwrhla marginata^ the latter germinated sparingly, but the former
not at all. In no instance could the teleutospores be germinated,
though germination was not attempted very often.

The writer has collected all three stages of this rust on EuphorMa

naculata^ E. marginata, E. dentata, E. presUi, E. glyptosjjerma, and

E. heterophyUa. On E. petaloidea and E. seipylUfolki only the uredo

and teleuto stages were found, and on E. lata and what was probably

E. geyeri even the uredo was rarely seen.

Sunflower Rust {Puccinia helianthl Schw.).

Although Saccardo rightly regards this species of Schweinitz as
quite distinct, and includes with it the ^cidium of ten associated on the
same host, in many herbaria the authority of Winter and Burrill is
followed in making it a form of Puccinia tanaceti, while the ^Ecidium
is commonl}" referred to JEcldiuni componitaruni, a convenient dump-
ing ground for numerous uncertain forms. The writer has always
considered this disposition of the species to be without any good
reason even on a purely morphological basis, and now the experiments

"Arthur, J. C, "Cultures of Uredineie in 1899," Bot. Gaz., Vol. XXIX, No. 4,
pp. 270-271, April, 1900.

12 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

here recorded make it rather certain that Schweinitz and Saccardo are
correct. So far as this country is concerned, the writer is convinced
that P. tanaceti either belongs almost entirely to tanacetum or does
not exist at all. So far it has been utterly impossible, even in a green-
house, to make transfers of the uredo from one to another of the
numerous supposed hosts of that species, except among hosts of the
same genus." It is, at any rate, pretty certain that the forms occurring
on Vernonia, Helianthus, Actinella, and Aplopappus. which have been
referred to /*. tanaceti at various times, should be considered distinct.

The circumstances connected with the culture experiments with this
species were in themselves peculiar. Late in the autumn of 189T at
Manhattan, Kans., it was desired to obtain fresh material of the uredo
for inoculating various hosts, but at that date very little else than the
teleuto stage could lie found. Finally, on October 29 a small amount
was found on Helumt/ius petiolaris, unixed among a much larger quan-
tity of teleutospores, and from this material sowings were made on JL
pet/'olari.-! and IT. a /in a us. On November 8 there resulted one rust spot
on the latter host and three on the former. The spots were of the
uredo stage, but the interesting feature accompanying this culture was
the appearance first of spermogonia in one of the spots. This fact
made it probable that a part of the infection resulted from the teleuto-
spores of the inoculating material, even at this unusual season for the
germination of these spores. On March T, 1898, while stationed at
the University" of Nebraska, inoculations of H. petiolai'is were again
made with the teleutospores onl}" from other plants of the same host,
from which luimerous spermogonia appeared in eight days, followed
shortly by tecidia, which were fullv developed by November 1. By
these results the connection of the different stages of the rust is pretty
well established. At the same time it is shown that the forms on
//. petiolaris and H. aniiuus are identical. In all cultures made of
this rust both the uredospores and teleutospores have been found to
germinate easily and produce infections readily. Reverse cultures
with tecidiospores were not made.

These experiments were first reported at the 1900 meeting of the
Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology, at Baltimore. Since
that time Drs. J. C. Arthur'' and W. A. Kellerman'' have made a
number of such experiments, confirming these results, but also seem-
ing to indicate a distinction of host forms on different species of sun-

« Dr. M. Voronin at first also obtained negative results in similar experiments in
Russia in attempting transfers of the rust on to other hosts. (See Bot. Zeitung, vol.
30, pp. 694-698, Sept. 27, 1872. ) Later he obtained infections of Puccinia tanaceti
from Tanacetum rulgare on sunflower, which, however, did not produce such vigorous
growth as ordinarily. (Bot. Zeitung, vol.' 33, pp. 340,341, May 14, 1875.)

''Botanical Gazette, vol. 35, p. 17, January, 1903; Journal of Mycology, vol. 10,
pp. 12-13, January, 1904.

'Journal of Mycology, vol. 9, j)}). 2: '.()-•_':; 2, December, 1903.

CKOWN Kl'ST OF OATS. 13

flower. Doctor Voronin, in his experiineiits above iiietitioiied, also
found that rust of cultivated sunflower would not infect ILIlitnthuti
tuherofoi.s. In 1!^()1 P]rnst Jack}' " inoculated the foUowin*^ hosts with
tcleutospores from I[ellanth>isannHHi<: II. luinxus, II. <ncaint'nf(>llu)<.,
II. eallforxicHs^ II. ti(her<»<>is^ II. iixi.i-iinllunxi.. II. inKltilforxK, II.
scahei'iiints^ and II. rujklxs^ with resultinj^ infections of the three flrst-
naiued species, but no infection of any of the others.

The evidence from all these experiments just quoted and those of
the writer shows at least that the rusts of Ilelhmthus annuua (includ-
ing;- cultivated varieties), //. petlolarus., and //. nidllis are identical,
with the probability that a distinct form exists on II. tnherosu.s.

Sunflower rust has been collected by the writer on the following-
species of Helianthus. including all sta<»-es on nearly every species:
II. annnns (both wild and cultivated), //. rigidu.'i, II. jfetiolarls., II.
tiiberosus., II. Mrsutius, II. niaxiinlJliina, II. (/ross'e-scrr'ffifs, II. onjiiaJ)^^
II. moUi.s., and IF. eUiaris. The lecidium occurs rarely in compari-
son with the occurrence of other stag-es, but is to be found on a num-
ber of hosts and occasionally in considerable abundance. This rarity
of its occurrence, together with the occurrence of spermogonia so
often with the uredo, ma}^ be accounted for by the fact that the uredo
is often produced by direct teleutosporic infection.

Crown Rust of Oats {Pnccinla rhuiiuil [Pers.] Wettst.).

In a mere note in a previous bulletin of this Department'' it is stated
that certain infections had just been made showing the connection of
the crown rust of oats on Phalarls carollniana and Arrhenatheruni
elatlux with the secidial form on Rhamnus hmceolata. No other dem-
onstration of such a connection of forms had been reported up to that
time. During the same season, however. Doctor Arthur obtained
infections with the »cidium of Rhamnus lanceolata on oats at Lafayette,
lnd.<^ The experiments of the writer are here given in detail.

On August 23, 1897, the uredo stage of a rust, supposed to be Puc-
clnia coronata., was found in great abundance on Phalarls caroliniana
at Stillwater, Okla. This host, with the rust, was transferred to a green-
house of the Agricultural College at Manhattan, Kans., and inocula-
tions were made on oats, wheat, and orchard grass on August 3(>, IS07,
resulting September T in a good infection of oats, a poor one of the
orchard grass, and no infection at all of wheat. Other inoculations
were made September 1 on wheat and rye, with no result. By October
8 the tcleutospores had appeared on the original plants of Phalaris

«Cen trail). Bakt. Parasit. u. Infekt., 2 Abt., Bd. 9, No. 21, pp. 802-804, December,
1902.

^Cereal Rusts of the United States, Bui. No. 16, Div. of ^"eg. Phys. and Path.,
U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1899.

<^ Bui. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, Vol. IV, pp. 398-100, December, 1898,

14 INVESTIGATIONS OF EUSTS.

at Stillwater and were of the crown rust type. After this date the
experiments were continued at the State University laboratories at
Lincoln, Nebr., all host plants then in use being transferred to that
place. On November 16 the crown rust was found, in the uredo stage,
on ArrJienatheruDi elatius on the State Universit}^ farm, and a rusted
plant was transferred to the greenhouse. On December 11 inoculations
with the rust were made on oats and rye, resulting in a good infection
of the former in twelve days, but with no result on the latter. Fur-
ther ino'culations of oats with the Phalaris rust on February 16, 1898,
resulted again in a good infection in 9 days.

No species of Rhamnus is native near Lincoln, Nebr., but lihamnus
lanceolata is rather common at AVeeping Water, about 20 miles east of
Lincoln, where it is often badly rusted with ^Fcidium. From that
place a large amount of the /Ecidium was obtained fresh on June 1,
1898. A water-drop culture of the material, made the next day, gave
a profuse germination of the spores in twenty-two hours. Inocula-
tions with the fficidiospores on oats and PJialaris caroliniana were
made June 1 and June 2, resulting in a successful infection of Phalaris
on June 14 and of oats on June 18. The oat inoculations were made
simply on detached portions of the plant preserved with their broken
ends in water in a damp chamber. As in all other instances, these
inoculations were made with the greatest of care to prevent accidental
infections. The whole series of experiments proves (1) the connection
of the aecidial form of Rhamnus with the crown rust of oats, and (2) the
identit}^ of the latter with the forms on Phalaris caroliniana and
Arrhenatherum elatius, besides making it probable that orchard grass
may also support this species.

SEGREGATION OF HOST PLANTS.

The most important economic results of the study of rusts are likely
to be derived from the investigation of the relationship of the forms on
our common grasses. Such work has alreadv been carried on to some
extent by the writer and partially reported in the l)ulletin entitled
"Cereal Rusts of the United States." A more detailed account of
some of this work will he given here. Because bearing upon the same
question, it seems proper to mention also some experiments with the
rusts of Salix and Populus. Probably the greatest confusion exists
concerning the identity of the different forms on Agropyron and
Elynms, though there is much uncertainty also about those occurring
on Bromus and other genera.

The experiments here described were conducted at Stillwater, Okla..
Manhattan, Kans., Lincoln, Nebr., and Washington, D. C, the host
plants being sometimes transferred from one place to another. Of all
these rusts the one receiving most attention was the black stem rust
of Agropyron and Elymus.

BLACK STEM KU8T OF AGROPYRON AND ELYMUS.

Black Stem Rust of Ac.kopyuon and Elymus.

At least three and piobal)ly four ditterent rusts occur on the species
of these two grass genera, and are often so closely associated that
their accurate identitication is extremely difficult. Of the herbarium
specimens of these rusts throughout the country, probabl}' not one in
fifty is identified with any certainty. The writer's experiments with
these forms are still incomplete, but a few things at least haYC been
established. When these grasses are brought under cultivation the
changed conditions and proximity to other grasses and grains cause
them to become much more rusted than is ordinarily the case. In
the cultivated grass plats at the experiment stations in Oklahoma,
Kansas, and Nebraska the rusts were found in great abundance. It
was therefore eas}^ to carrj' on many culture experiments. These
experiments with the uredospores of black stem rust were sufficientl}'^
numerous to make it desirable to arrange them in the following table:

Tahle I. — Culture experiments ivith black stem rust of Agrojryron and Elymus.

Datf.

Jan. 9, 1897..

Jan. 22, 1897 .

Sept. 13, 1897 . .

Oct. 5, 1897 . . . .

Locality.

Origin of inoculating
material.

Washington, D. C. .

do...

Stillwater, Okla ..
do

Manhattan, Kans
do

Do do

Oct. 21, 1897....' do

Nov. 24, 1897
Jan. 5, 1898..

Jan. 21, 1898.

do ,

....do

Lincoln, Nebr

....do

.do.

-do.

Feb. 11, 1898.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

.do.
-do.

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.

Wheat.
....do.
....do.
....do.

Agropyron tcneriim —

Afiropyron oecidentale
Wheat (originally
Agropiirrm trncrum).
do

.do.
.do ,
.do.
-do.
.do.

Agropyron oecidentale

Elynms canadensis

f/laucifolius.

Wheat (originally

Elymus canadensis

glducifolius).

Elymus canadensis

glaucifolius.

.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.

Plant inoculated.

Elymus virginicus

Wheat

Elymus virginicus

Agropyron richard-
snni.

Wheat

Agropi/ron oecidentale

Wheat

Af/ropi/ron tenerum ..

Wheat

Barley

Aqropiiron tenerum . .

Wheat

Barlev

Oats .".

Rve

Wheat

Rye

Barley

Agropyron tenerum ..
Agrop >/ronocc id en tale
Wheat

Barley.
Wheat.

Barlev.
Wheat.

Barley

Rye

Oats

Elymus canadensis
glaucifolius.

Elymus virginicus

Elymus virgin i cus
muticus.

Elymus inlermedius. .

Agropyron tenerum . .

Agropyron oeciden-
tale.

Period
of incu-
bation
in days.

10
10
11
11

8
8
16
16
16
16
18
18
18
18
15
21

21
10

10
14

14
14
14
14

14
14
14

Result.

Success.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Failure.
Success, a

Do.
Failure.
Success.

(ft)

Failure, c
Success.

Do.
(d)
Failure.

Do.

Do.
Success.

Do. c

Do.
Do.

Do.

Do./

Do.
Failure.

Do.
Success.

14 [ Failure.
14 I Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.

aPustules differ in color from the original.

bl pustule only.

"Conditions very unfavorable, however.

rt Apparently 1 pustule formed.

e Rust changes color and form of pustule.

/ Rust changes color,

16 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

Tablk I. — ( 'allure experiments ivilh black stem ruM of Agropyron and Elymus — Continued.

Date.

Locality.

Origin of inoculating
material.

Plant inoculation.

Period
of incu-
bation
in days.

Result.

Feb. 11,1898....
Do

Lincoln, Xebr

Elymus virglnicus

Elymus virgivicus

Elymus virginicus

viuticus.
Elymus canadensis

glaucifnlius.
Agropyron tencrum . . .
Agropyron occidcn-

talc.
Rye

13
13

Succes.s.
Do.

Do.

D(i

do.

Do.

Failure.

...do

Do.

. ...do

Wheat

Do.

Feb ''1 1898

Wheat (originally
Elymus canadensis
glaucijolius) .

Elymus canadensis.. .

Hordeum jubatum

Wheat

Succos.'i. a

Full "'.'i 1898

Do.

Feb.'->8,-1898....

.do

Elymus canadensis
glaucifolius.

Do. 6

a Pustules differ in color from the original.

b Rust changes in appearance.

The result.s of these experiments, considered in connection with those
recorded in Bulletin No. 16, Division of Vegetable Physiolog-y and
Patholog-y, U. S. Department of Agriculture, appear to establish two
things, viz, (1) that the forms of black stem rust on wheat, barley,
Ilordeum juhatum^ Agropyron teneriim^ A. richardsoni^ Elymus cana-
densis, and E. canadensis glaucifolius are identical, with the proba-
bilit}^ that those on Elymus virginicus, E. virginicus muticus, and
Holcus lanatus^'' should be included; (2) that the black stem rust of
Ag7x>pyron occidentale^ is physiologically distinct from anjr other.''

A very interesting phenomenon in these experiments was the change
in color and form of sorus of the rust produced by a transference to
another host. In some cases after a transfer the rust w^as scarce!}^ recog-
nized. The change of color was sometimes from a bright yellow to a
deep brown or orange, or the reverse. The uredo of Agro])yron tene-
r II III, for example, was often very yellow on the leaves, but changed to
brown when transferred to w heat. On the species of Elymus the rust
has a brown, wax}' appearance, and the teleutospores long remain cov-
ered by the epidermis of the host.

"On January 5, 1900, quite successful infections on wheat were made with tlie
uredospores of black stem rust of this ho.«t.

''Probal)ly the most correct name of this host, which is known also as Agropyron
spicaium and A. glaunn (See Hitchcock, "Note on Nomenclature," Science, vol.
17, pp. 827-828, May 2t^, -J03.)

'The form on this host was described as a distinct species, named Piicrinia a(/ro}>yri,
by Ellis and Everhart, in Journal of Mycology, Vol. VII, p. 131, March 10, 1892, a
fact not noticed by the writer until after most of these experiments were made.
This species includes Mddium dernatidis D. C. according to Doctor Dietel, the proof
of relationship being the result of culture experiments. (Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.,
No. 8, 1892.)

ORANGE LEAF RUST OF A(;K0PYK(>N AND ELYMHS.

Orange Leaf Rust of Acjropyron and Elymus.

In the following- table arc siinimarizod the results of inoculations
with the uredoforni of this rust. They were carried on siniultancously
with tiiose of the l)lack stem rust, and the niatm-ial was taken chiefiy
from the same individual host plants.

Tamlk II. — Culture crperimenls ivilh urainji' leaf rust of Agrniijiron and Klm-Mn'.

Date.

Dec. 21, 1890..

Jfin.7, 1.H97...

Feb. 1,1897...

Feb. 13,1897..

Feb. 20, 1897.

Do ,

Mar. 30,1897.

Do ,

Nov. 3, 1897 . ,

Jan. 5, 1898..

Mar. 4, 189S.

Localitv.

Wa.shingtoii, D. (' .

do..

-do.
.do .
.do .
.do.

Mar. 12, 1898.

Manhattan, Kans.

Lincoln, Nebr

Origin of inoculating
material.

Kye....

do.

Wheat .

Plant inoculated.

Period
of incu-
bation
in days.

Do.

.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.

.do

Rye

. ..;.do

F.I 11 III UK virt/hiK'iin.. .

Ell/Ill ».s ruiia(lengi!<
fjtaud/oUiis.

Wheat

Eli/mus amcricaiius . .

Kye

Kli/mus vin/inictts

Rye

J-fli/muH virijinicux

Rye

Agropiirim ricliani-
noni.

Wheat

Rye

Af/rnpi/roii teneruiii. . .

TrUicum vill(»itim

Elymus canade)i!<ix . . .

Rye

Aqropyron caninum. .

Rye

Wheat

Barley

Aqropynm tciieruru.. .

Rve

Elymus vir'/iJiicus

Wheat....'

.do .

.do.

Elymus canadensis . . .
Eli/mus canadensis

(jlaucifolius.
Agropyron teneruvi . .

l|->
Ki
12
12
13
13
18

2(i

l.S

II
II
14

Kcsult.

Failure.
Success.
Failure.
Succe.'^s.
Failure.
Success.
Failure.

Success.
Failure.

Do.

Do.
Success.
Failure.
Success.
Failure.

Do.

Do.
Success.

Do.
Failure.

Do.

Success.

Failure.

Do.

The chief conclu.sion to be derived from the results of these cultures
is that the orange leaf rust is very sharply limited in its host adap-
tation and differs widely in this respect from the black stem rust.
Similar results are given in Bulletin No. 16 of the Division of Vege-
table Physiology and Pathology, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
for cultures of the forms on wheat and rye. In fact, it is (^uite proba-
ble that almost every distinct host species bears a distinct form of the
rust. One of these forms on Elyjnus virginicus L. has recently been
found by Doctor Arthur to be connected with the ^Ecidium on Tuqm-
tiens atirea Muhl. and is now to be known as Puccinla impatientis
(Schw.) Arth. '

Black Stem Rust of Agrostis alba vulgaris.

Culture experiments with the uredoform of this rust and observa-
tions in the tield indicate that it is distinct and does not occur on other

" Botanical Gazette, vol. 35, pp. 18-19, January, 1903.
27787— No. 63—04 2

INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

hosts." The rosiilts of the culture experiments are given in the follow-
in i>- table:

Tablk III. — Culture experiments tvith Idark stem rust of Agrostis alba vulgaris.

Date.

Lociilit}-.

Origin of inoculating
material.

Plant inoculated.

Period
of incu-
bation
in days.

Result.

Dec. 23,1897...
Do

Lincoln, Nebr

Agrostis alba vulgaris.
do

Agrostis alba vulgaris.
Wheat

Success.
Failure.

.....do

Oats

Do.

Jan. 24, 1898...

Wheat

Do.

Do .

.do

Oats

Do.

Feb. 11, 1898..

. .do

Elymus canadensis
glaucifolius.

Agrostis alba vulgaris.

Do.

The rust is evident!}^ of the black stem rust group {Pucclnla graminis
of authors), but contains quite a number of abnormal teleutospores,
including mesospores. Many measurements of these spores average
27-54 by 16-23yM, mostly 40-46 by 16-18yM.

Rust of Chloris {Puccmia cJiloridln Diet.).

The uredoform of this rust is sometimes verv abundant on Chloris
vertlc'illata in the Great Plains region, occurring in late summer and
autumn. The sori are deep l)rown in color. The uredospores germi-
nate very freely and easily. In a number of experiments made in
1898 it was found that the uredo on C. vertiGiUata and 0. elegans
would readily transfer from either host to the other, but not to other
grasses, in several cases which were attempted. In a wat«h-glass cul-
ture, made March 18, 1898, of uredospores from C. elegans^ produced
from artificial infection in a greenhouse, not only these spores germi-
nated freely, but a number of newly formed teleutospores at the same
time, an occurrence unusual except in the Lepto-uredinew. Among
thousands of cultures made by the writer only one other instance of
this kind has occurred. In the summer of 1895 at the Biological Lab-
oratory at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, both teleutospores and
uredospores taken from the same sorus of a rust on Luzula caiwpestris
gave good germinations.''

Rusts of Willow and Cottonwood (Melampsora).

Both the uredospores and teleutospores of the rusts of willow and
Cottonwood germinate readily, the germ tubes of the latter containing
alwa3^s brilliant endochrome. Health}^ leaves of either cottonwood or
willow placed in a damp chamber have often been infected by the

« Arthur describes culture experiments made by his assistant, WilUam Stuart, in
July, 1898, in which wheat plants were infected with uredospores from this host,
but the spores of the infection sori were larger than those of the original material.
(Bui. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 396-397, 1898.)

'^The species was, without much doubt, Pucdiiia obscura Schroet.

WINTER kksistancp: of the ukedo. 19

writi'i ill nine to twelve days. The incubation period is iniieli short-
ened 1)V usino- o-erniinatinj;- spores in the inoculations. In the month
of October, at Manhattan, Kans., an infection was produced in this
way in three days.

It was attempted by numerous inoculations with the uredoform,
chielly at Washington, D. C, to transfer the rust from willow to Cot-
tonwood and the reverse, but always without success. An interesting
feature of theso experiments was the discovery of the fact that the
Cottonwood most common in Washington, known as South Carolina
poplar, could not be infected by the uredoform from the conuuon
Western cottonwood, though these two poplars are classed by some as
being the same species. Moreover, the rust does not occur in nature
on the South Carolina poplar, but is very abundant on the Western
cottonwood, and even occurs in Washington on the few indivitlual
trees of that type growing in the city.

WINTER RESISTANCE OF THE UREDO.

In another bulletin" the writer has given in detail the ol)servations
and culture experiments proving the successful wintering of the uredo
in the orange leaf rust of both wheat and rj^e. In this connection it
is easy to see a number of closely correlated facts, which may mutually
explain each other: (1) As shown under the preceding topic, the uredo
of black stem rust may infect a number of different hosts, and there-
fore has a manifoldly greater chance of propagation with the same
number of uredospores than if there were but one possible host; (2) as
also shown, the uredo of orange leaf rust is restricted in eyery case to
but one host, or at most to but one genus, and a much greater produc-
tion of uredospores is therefore necessary for the life of the species
in this stage; (3) as a corresponding matter of fact it is well known
that the uredo of the latter rust exists usually in very much larger
quantity than that of the former; (i) on the other hand, the teleuto-
sporic stage is the prevailing form of the stem rust, which fact makes
this rust usually the more damaging of the two, as the teleutospores
infest the steni chielly, thus more directly interfering in plant nutri-
tion; (5) the stem rust is proyed to be connected with the barberry
rust, thus giving it an additional chance for increased propagation,
and this through the medium of the teleuto stage instead of the uredo;
(6) finally, the uredo being the prevailing form of the leaf rust, and
no secidial form being known in this country,^ it would seem necessary
that this stage of that rust should be yery hardy in order to endure
extremes of cold and drought and preserve the life of the species.
Previous investigations of the writer and others have amply proved
that this is the case. In the meantime it is found that in other species

«Cereal Rusts of the United States, Bui. 16, Div. Veg. Phys. and Path., U. S.
Dept. of Agriculture, pp. 21-23, and 44, 45.

& Except in the case of the form on Elymus virginicus already mentioned.

INVESTIGATIONS OF BUSTS.

there exists a similar hardiness of the urcdo, of which cases the fol-
lowing- will be discussed here:

Uredo of Kentucky Bluegrass Rust {Puccmia poariim Niels.).

The writer has known for some time that the uredo stage of the blue-
grass rust is able to pass the winter alive and in g-erminating condition
during- any season as far north as Lincoln, Nebr., but additional evi-
dence has been obtained from time to time. At the same time it is sii^-
niticant that there is no record that the teleutospores have ever been
found, except in one instance, at the above-named place. In fact, few,
if any, uredoforms so hardy as this one exist in this country. On
February 1, 1893, this uredo was still alive in the vicinity of Man-
hattan, kans. Every month of the year it exists alive and growing in
great abundance everywhere about Washington, D. C. On March 2,
1898, it was found fresh on green leaves of the host at Lincoln, Nebr.
On the same spot of ground it was still growing and spreading rapidly
on May 8 of the same year. Host plants were transplanted that day
into a greenhouse, where the rust continued to increase rapidly. As
would now be supposed, the rust is sharply limited to its one host,
Kentucky bluegrass. The results of the following cultures may be
given in evidence.

Table IV. — CuHure cxperimeitls (dlh the lurdo af Kenlurhj bluegrass.

Date.

Locality.

Origin of inoculat-
ing material.

Plant inoculated.

Period
of incu-
bation
in day.s.

Result.

Jan. 10,1893....
Do

Jlanhattan, Kans .
do

Poapmtensis

Wheat

18
18
16

11
13

13
18

Failure.

Oats

Do.

Dec. 21, 1896....
Ian •'•' 1897

Washington, D. C.
do

Rye (Uredo rubigo-

vera).
Wheat ( Uredo gra-

minis).
do

Poa pralcn^is

Do.
Do.

Poa nemnraUs

Do.

Feb. 1,1897

Rye ( Uredo ridngo-

vera).
do

Poa pratensU

Poa ncmoralis

Poa i)raten)<ig

.....do

Do.

Feb. 13, 1897

Wheat ( Urcdo rubigo-

vera).
Po(i Tiraiensis

Do.

Fph 9.^ 1SQ7

Success.

Uredo of Puccinia montanexsis Ell.

This is, in some respects, one of the most interesting of grass rusts.
It is one of the " covered rusts," and is, indeed, so far covered that it
is often entire!}^ overlooked by collectors. The uredosori are very
uniform in size and are exceedingly small, it being necessary often to
examine them, or even find them, with a hand lens. They are ellip-
tical in shape and placed end to end in long, narrow, yellow strite
between the veins of the leaf. The teleuto stage is so far hidden as
to be detected only by a faintly darker color beneath the leaf epi-
dermis. The rust is the most nearly like P. glwnarum Eriks. and

F.MKR(JKNCY ADAPTATIONS. '21

Henn. .vot found in thiscountrv. The known hosts are Kli/imts cana-
dcnx'hs 'Ai\(\ K. r!,y'nurii,s, l»ut it seems to occur on other hosts. Whethei"
the forms on ditierent hosts can l)e transferred I'roni on(> to another
is not yet fully deterinined.

The important fact now known, however, is thai tiie iii-edoform is
able to preserve the species over the winter without the intervention
of other stages, though it is possible that extensive propagation is
aided by other stages. Octol>er 28, 18i»T, fresh uredosori were observed
on Hhjimift canadensis at Manhattan, Ivans., and again in the same
locality on November 2. But as early in the spring as May 2»;, at
Lincoln Nebr., when there was yet but a small lieginning of vegetation,
the uredo had Imrst the epidermis of the host in grass plats at the
University farm. Previous to this the living uredo had been o)>served
in these plats practically every month of the winter.

In other instances the uredospores of certain species are so very
abundant and the teleutospores so rare that there seems a probal)ility
that such species are carried over from summer to sunnner largely
through the uredo stage alone, though there is no absolute proof of
such a course. Two instances are particularly interesting— those of
the uredos of Pucclnla ernptiiiidn Ell. and Barth., and y^«r////V/ on
Panlvum autnmnah:'' The uredospores of these species begin to be
conspicuously abimdant al)out midsiunmer. but continue in consider-
able abundance until very late in autunm. The uredo of Panicum
aidumnale was found in germinating condition in Kansas up to Novem-
ber 3 in 1897. A water-drop culture of uredospores of this species
gave excellent germination in ten hours August 21, 189T. at Perkins,
Okla. The uredospores of Paeclnia cryptandrl were found in extreme
abundance in Oklahoma until October 11, 1897,' but in all cases with-
out any accompanying teleutospores. Often the uredosori had a fresh
appearance on portions of leaves that were (juite dead.

EMERGENCY ADAPTATIONS.

In connection with some culture experiments conducted at Lincoln,
Nebr., in the botanical laboratory of the State University, in February,
1898, a water-drop culture was made (February 3) of uredospores of
the above-mentioned Puccinia a'yptandri which had been collected on
October 8, 1897, at Perkins, Okla., and kept to date as herl)arium
specimens. A fair germination resulted in twenty-four hours. Spores
from the same collection were used on February 10 to inoculate seed-
lings of Sporohohis airoides^^ with the result of the appearance of two
rust spots by March 16. These spots may really have appeared much
earlier and been overlooked, as they were very small and the host

« Perhaps a new species, needing further study.

6 Apparently tliis same species of rust had already been collected on Sporobolus
airoides in the same locality where the collection from S. cnjplandri was made.

22 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

itself is well known to have extremely narrow leaves. Moreover, the
epores were not germinated when applied, and, being from dried f^peci-
mens, the incubation period would naturally be long. Seedlings of
S. cryptandrl were not at the time available. On March 10 a second
water-drop culture was made from this dried material, resulting in the
germination of a few spores.

Teleutospores from herbarium specimens have often been germi-
nated, but the writer knows of no other instance of the germination
of dried uredospores, such spores being al)le also to infect a different
host. These observations and experiments indicate that we have
here a second step in the perfection of the uredo stage as a means of
propagating the species. The first step, the attainment of sufficien
hardiness to continue alive in the green plant over winter, has just
been discussed. Even in this case the uredo, although quite active,
at least displaces the resting spore, and in a measure performs its part.
But as the perennial host becomes more like an annual and the plant
dies nearly or quite to the ground, as in this particular case of the
Sporobolus (which is quite different in this respect from the evergreen
Poa pratensU^ ioY example), necessarily-, in the absence of teleuto-
spores, the uredospore must be able to infect after a dormant period.
The uredospore therefore becomes now practically a resting spore,
but retains the appearance and manner of germination of the summer
spore. Such a modification in form or function of any stage of a
species to correspond with an unusual change of condition of climate
or of the host may be considered as an emergency adaptation.

It is easily understood how the change of conditions may be so
severe as to necessitate still further modification of structure as well
as function, simply as a means of protection. Such a development
seems to have been actually reached in the species next discussed,
which has resulted in the production of a distinct spore form, special-
ized from the uredo, leaving still, however, a true uredo stage for
summer propagation^

PUCCINIA VEXANS FaRL.

There are probably no other species in all the Uredine^e more inter-
esting than this one, and certainly none that has been more perplex-
ing. In this species there are three distinct spore forius aside from an}-
pecidium or spermogonium that may possibly exist — true uredo and
teleuto stages, and a peculiar one-celled form different from either of
these. (PI. II, figs. 2-9.) The species was at first made all the more
puzzling by the rarity of the true uredo stage, which was not known
to exist, or at least not reported, until 1890, when Dr. H. J. Webber,
in the Catalogue of the Flora of Nebraska, reported its occurrence in
that State. In certain seasons and localities the teleuto stage also is
almost or entirely' lacking.

Ktccinia vexans farl. 28

Tho species was tirst described l)v Peck as a rrom^'ces ( U. Imindeqei
Pk.)" on the l)asis of material collected l)y Mr, T. S. Braiuleoe, in
which specimens eontained only the third spore form. Because of the
discover}' afterwards of two-celled spores asyociated with this third
spore form, even sometimes in the same sorns, Doctor Farlow described
it as a Piiccinia (/*. vcvam Farl.) in the Proceedings of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XVII I, pp. S2-S;3. At that time
the true uredo staj;e had not ))een discovered.

This third spore form is far more prevalent than cithci- of the others
as a rule, but is sometimes entirely absent, leavino- only the teleuto
stage. It is distinct from either of the other forms in structure and
appearance, and yet resembles both in some respect^. It is laroer than
either of them, is strongly papillate, and has a much thicker cell wall,
but on the other hand possesses the color and persistence of pedicels
of teleutospores and appears to have pores like the uredosi)ores. (PI.
II. tig. 5.) Doctor Fallow, in his description, says:

A species in which sonic of the sori contain only two-celleil spores must certainly
be held to be a Pnccinia, and the perplexing question arises, are the one-celled spores
a unilocular form of teleutospores similar to what is known in P. cesatii Schr., or are
they the uredospores of this species? I have not been able to find any other spores
which represent the uredo of the species; and never havintr f^een the unicellular
spores in germination, there is, so far as we yet know, no reason why they may not
be the uredospores. On the other hand, their general appearance and the density
of the cell wall would lead one to suppose that they were of a teleutosporic^ nature.
Further conjecture is unnecessary, because, as the species is not at all rare in some
localities, botanists who can examine the fungus on the spot ought to l)e able to
ascertain whether the one-celled bodies produce promycelia or not, or else to discover
the true uredo of the species.

A full description of all three forms is given by Arthur and Holway
in Descriptions of American Uredinea^ accompanying Fasicle IV of
Uredinete Exsiccatt« et Icones.^

After numerous unsuccessful trials during several years, the writer
was finally able to germinate the third spore form, and, as suggested
by Doctor Farlow, has in this way been able to determine its nature.
In manner of germination it is exactly like the uredospore, the long
simple germtu))es being produced through equatorial pores (PI. II,
figs Y and 8), but is like the teleutospore in germinating only after a
dormant period and exposure to extremes of weather. The uredo and
teleuto forms being already present and morphologically difl'erent
from this form, it must be considered distinct. Because of the dual
nature of this spore form, the writer has already proposed for it the
name a/nphispore in a paper read before the Baltimore meeting of the
Society for Plant Morphology and Physiology in 1900, only an abstract
of which was published. '^ The term has since been adopted b}^ Arthur

«Bot. Gaz., 4: 127.

''Bui. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, Vol. V, i)p. 329-330.

c Science, Vol. XIII, p. 250.

24 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

and Holwa)%« and a second instance of the occurrence of this form is
described bj- them for Puccinia tripsaci Diet, and Holw. The entire
series of observations and experiments with this species made b}- the
writer will now be described.

The first cultures of amphispores were made Januar}- 15, 1894, at
Manhattan, Kans. Both a water culture and one of a sterilized decoc-
tion of manure were employed, with no result, the chief cause of fail-
ure being proba])h' that the experiment was too earl}- in the season.
Afterwards numerous other trials were made with no better success.
In the meantime true uredospores were found on September 25, 1896,
at Manhattan, Kans.

Finall.v a successful culture of the amphispores was made on March
8, 1897, at Washington. D. C. The germination was excellent. An
abundance of rather long germ tubes, not pronwcelia, was produced
in forty-two hours, l)ut only one to each spore. These germ tubes,
unlike those of most uredospores, are quite colorless and clear. A few
teleutospores were present, none of which germinated. The culture
was an ordinary water drop, but was nuade in a new form of culture
cell, constructed to special order and similar to the Van Tieghem
cell, except that the glass ring is quite thin and drawn out into an
open tu])e on each of two opposite sides, with the opening plugged
with cotton wool, thus admitting sterilized air. This construction may
or may not have increased the chances for germination. The extreme
weather conditions at the time, to which the specimens were first
exposed, probaljly contributed most to the success of the culture.
They were fastened to the roof of a near-by shed, and after several
days of warm sunshine were thoroughly soaked with rain, which was
followed by snow and then a severe freeze, soon after Avhich the cul-
ture was made. It is an interesting feature of the experiment that
the specimens were received from Dr. David Griffiths, then at Aber-
deen, S. Dak., and had been collected in September, 1896, and kept in
the herbarium until sent to Washington. It was unfortunate that
seedlings of the host were not available for making inoculations with
these perfectly viable spores. Such an experiment is yet to be made.
At Manhattan, Kans., in 1897, the uredo was present in considerable
abundance from June until late in October in grass plats on the
Experiment Station farm. On July 8 inoculations were made with
the uredospores of this species and with ^cidium cephalantld and
jE. xanthoxyll on seedlings of Bouteloua racemosa without result.
Further inoculations Avith uredospores on October 4 were successful,
rust spots appearing in twelve days (PI. II, fig. 9), followed in nine
more days with one sorus of amphispores. The uredosori are yel-
lowish-brown and rather inconspicuous. On December 31 uredo-
spores could not be found in the grass plats at Manhattan.

"Bnl. Lab. Nat. Hist., State Tniv. Iowa, Vol. V, p. 175.

EXrKKIMENT^^ WITH LKPTO-UREDINE.E. 25

At Lincoln, Ncbr., a wiiter-drop culture was niadt^ of Piiccinia
ve.r(iiis oil March 15, lSt)S, resulting' in a few j>vrininatioiis of the toKni-
tosporcs in three chu's. Long pi'oniycelia were produced, hut no
sj>(»ridiola. None of the nuni(>rous aniphispores pre.sent germinated.

On Septenil)er 2t>, ISlMt. all thrcM^ spore forms were again found in
the grass plats at Manhattan. Living host ])lants w(»re tninsferred to
Wiishington, D. ('., and s(M>dlings were started for further experi-
ments, when other duties intervened and the work could not he
continued.

Certain facts concerning the rehative al)undancc of the aniphispores
and teleutospores in different sea.son.s and localities seem to harmonize
quite well with the idea already expressed a.s to the function of the
former. If it is the work of the amphispoi-e to carry the species
through unusually severe cold or drought, then this spore form should
be relatively more abundant in dry periods and relatively more com-
mon to the westward and northward in the (ireat Plains. These con-
ditions are just what exist. The amphisporc prevails almost entirely
in the Dakotas and in western Kansas, western Ne})raska, and eastern
Colorado, and appears to have been more conunon in eastern Kansas
during a dry period of .several years than during a wet period. At
the same time we.stvvard toward the mountains there is le.ss chance for
an ^T^^cidiuin to connect with the teleuto stage.

EXPERIMENTS WITH LEPTO-UREDINE-ffi.

It is generalh' supposed that teleutospores which are followed by
an fecidium germinate only after a considerable pei'iod of rest, usually
in early spring. As already mentioned under the discussion of sun-
flower rust, the writer germinated teleutospores of this species readily
in the autunui, and afterwards at different times during the winter.
This readiness of germination, apparent!}^ at almost any date, is an
indication in itself of an alliance to the lepto species. But, more than
this, the autumn inoculations with material in which no uredospores
could positively be detected nevertheless were, in some cases at least,
followed first by spermogonia and then by the uredo! Of course occa-
sional uredospores that ma}- have been overlooked could have produced
th<jse few spots in which the presence of spermogonia was not certain.
Here, then, is further evidence of the lepto tendency of the species.
In addition, it is well known that the fecidium is rare and appears to
have no fixed time of occurrence. Now, only the omi.ssion of the
uredo is needed to make the rust a real lepto species. As it is, its
position is more nearl}'^ that of a Hemi-puccinia than of an auta^cious
species. Experiments of this kind, united with critical field observa-
tions, thus throw much light upon classification as to group position,
as well as enabling us to connect stages.

On the other hand, certain lepto species will be found to closely

26 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

approach other groups, and, indeed, after further experiment, may
have to })e placed in some other group. The following species have
given interesting results in culture experiments.

Rust of Cocklebur {Pucciiiia xanthii Schw.).

Observations and culture experiments of the writer show that the
rust of cocklebur is probably limited to one host and is distinct from
the species on Ambrosia, and also justify the suspicion that it lies very
near the border of the Lepto-uredinea3, and may belong to another
group.

On March 1, 1897, the first water-drop culture made gave an excel-
lent germination in forty-eight hours. Long promycelia were pro-
duced, but no sporidiola. On February 13, 1897, at Washington,
D. C, inoculations were made on seedlings of cocklebur and Amhrosia
trijida, resulting in an infection of the former in eighteen days, Init
not of the latter. On March 12 a second experiment resulted in a
large number of infections of cocklebur seedlings in fourteen days.
In all these cases spermogonia preceded the teleutospores in the
infected spots. On October 8 of the same year an aicidium was found
on cocklebur in considerable abundance, associated with the teleuto-
sori, at Perkins, Okla. An inoculation on cocklebur seedlings, made
at Lincoln, Nebr., on February 16, 1898, resulted in the production
of spermogonia in ten days. The inoculating material had been col-
lected in October, 1897- An ajcidium on cocklebur was again found
in abundance at Las Cruces, N. Mex., on July 11, 1899. Attempts
should be made to infect the cocklebur with this secidium. Doctor
Farlow says an aecidium on Xanthium in Massachusetts is frequently
followed by Puccinia xa7ithii.^''

The ease with which artificial infections are made with this rust is
at first surprising. So long as there is warmth and moisture, germina-
tion occurs under almost any condition and at any time.

Rust of Velvet Leaf {Puccinia Jieterospora B. and C).

In the last-mentioned experiments the inoculating material Was
taken each time from dead leaves. The same was true in one experi-
ment with the rust of velvet leaf, November 14, 1896, at Manhattan,
Kans., in which seedlings of the host were infected in twelve days.
For all these experiments the average time of incubation was about
twelve days. In December, 1896, the infected plants of the last
experiment were transferred from Manhattan to Washington, D. C,
and material from these was used to inoculate new seedlings, which
resulted in an infection in nine days. It appears, therefore, that the

"Proc. Aiiier. Acad. Arts and Sci., Vol. XVIII, \). 75.

PERENNIAL SPECIES. 27

iiu'ubiition period is shortor if inoculatino- nmtorial is taken from liv-
iiio- plants, and duritifr the siiniiner it is prolnibly about the same as
that of infections from uredosi)ores.

Numerous experiments were also made with other lepto species,
mchuWno; Piiccima <jrhidelhv,Vk.. l\ mnolam.W'AxV.. J*. Ii/yoihsmix^
E. and E., and P. ii/ienirdia/ia, Korn, with residts similar to those
above mentioned. The writer has already called attention to the
phenomenon of the formation of catenulate sporidiola in two of these
species. /'. iirhuleihi' and l\ carioUutK."

PERENNIAL SPECIES.

The chance for the continued existence of a rust throug-h winter
resistance of the uredo without the intervention of another stai»e has
been discussed. Thouoh such a condition can only exist on a peren-
nial host, or at least one that lives over winter, it nuist not be sup-
posed that the fungus itself is necessarily or even usually perennial.
As fast as the leaves of the host die the spores simply drop on to the
next lower and younger leaves and produce reinfection, the mycelium
not extending- through the ])ase of the infected leaf into the next
leaves. If, however, the mycelium is found within the rootstock and
after a dormant period during midwinter follows the new shoots
upward in earh' spring and again ])roduces sori at the surface of the
plant, the rust is a true perennial. This condition appears to exist in
the following species.

^CIDIUM TUBERCIILATUIM E. AND K.

It is now usually supposed that all an^dial forms will likely be found
to he connected with other stages, though there are pro>)ably more of
these forms whose connections are at present undetermined than there
are of Lepto-uredinea\ If any ^Ecidium is more likely than another
to be an independent species, certainly the probabilities are largely in
favor of this species, which occurs on CaUirrhoe iiwolucr<(t<(,^' for there
is no need of another stage to perpetuate it, though another host
might give it a wider distribution.

The striking orange-yellow color, large and otherwise conspicuous
sori, and its complete attack of every portion of the host make this an
unusually unique and attractive species (PI. I, frontispiece). A note con-
cerning the hardiness of this species was published by the writer sev-
eral years ago.'" The words are here quoted: '^JEc'xUnm tuberculatum

«Bot. Gaz., Vol. XVIII, pp. -155-456.

«< Though not previously reported, this rust was found also on CallirrliiH' filciruldes
at Sal in a, Kans., in May, 1893.
'Bot. Gaz., Vol. XVIII, p. 453.

28 INVESTIGATIONS OF RUSTS.

E. and K.is .still producing tecidiospores on CaUirrhoe involuetxtta out-
doors here tit Manhattan at the time of this writing- (October 15, 1893),
and Mr. E. Bartholomew, of Rooks County, Kans., tells me that he has
seen in December iiecidiospores on specimens of this host growing close
by a large snowdrift. In the spring a^cidiospores of this species begin
forming about the first day of April." On December !^0, 18'.>3, after
the al)ove was transmitted for publication, the rust was found still alive
although it had been under 4 inches of snow. In a water-drop cul-
ture of some of the material four spores germinated in twenty-four
hours. Since that time, at later dates in the winter the living rust has
been found, but close within the rootstock, with a faint color still,
but producing no spores. The peculiar manner of growth of the rust,
permeating the entire host and producing scattering sori all along
the stems to their bases, as well as on the leaves, and the difficulty of
germinating the spores harmonize also with the idea of a propagation
by perennial mycelium. Besides the above instance other cultures of
the spores.were made as follows: At Manhattan, Kans., Ma}^ 1^0, 1893,
spores from CaUirrhoe olcdBoides, only a few germinations in forty-
eight hours; at Manhattan, June 9, 1893, spores from C. hivolucrata
germinated sparingly in t wen tv-five hours; at Manhattan, January 30,
1894, spores from C. involucrata growing in greenhouse, fair germi-
nation in sixty hours.

In the winter of 1896-97 infected plants of ('. inmlucmta wei-e
obtained from Kansas and grown in a greenhouse at Washington,
D. C, and on March 17, 1897, inoculations of seedlings of the follow-
ing grasses with spores from these plants failed to produce infections:
Agropyron occidentale^ A. richmxhoni^ Sitanion cJyiiwides^ Elymus
canadensis^ and Bontelona raceinosa.

Rust of Peucedanum Fceniculaceum.

An ^Ecidium occurs on this host in Kansas and Nebraska which has
been reported as ^:^. anisotomes Reich., but the identity of which is
not yet determined « satisfactoril}" to the writer. At certain places a
Puccinia follows the ^Ecidium so closely that their connection is very
probable. Both forms are particularly abundant at Manhattan, Kans.
On April 25, 1893, at that place, it was determined })y the study of
many cross sections of the host plant that the mycelium of the ^'Ecid-
ium extends into the rootstock. It is one of the earliest rusts in the
spring to appear in that locality. These facts make it pro]>able that
this rust is also perennial. On the other hand, it is possible that the
teleutospores of the Puccinia may produce a ver}^ early infection at
the base of the young shoots, resulting in the ^Ecidium, although in
some localities no Puccinia has yet been found following the ^^^cidiuni.

«The species is probably Puccinia jonesiiFk. , with the pecidial stage present.

RUST OF PEUCEDANUM FCENICULACEUM. 29

At Lincoln, Nehr.. on March 24, 1898, toleutosporcs of this same Puc-
cinia germinated in a water-drop culture in twenty-four hours.

It .should l)e noted tliat it is possible for a perennial rust to exist in
an annual host, the nivceliuni of the rust being carried over winter in
the seed of the host. Such an instance is practically certain in the
Euphorbia rust already discussed. Granting that Doctor Eriksson's
experiments were accurate, there would l)e another example in Ihic-
clnla (jliunaruvi Eriks. and Henn. on wheat.

PLATES.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY -BULLETIN No. 64.

n. T. GALLOWAY, CVtif/o/^HrcoM.

A METHOD OF DESTROYING OR PREVENTING

THE GROWTH OF ALG^E AND CERTAIN

PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN

WATER SUPPLIES.

(JKOKGE T. MOOKH,

Physiologist and Ausoloclst in Ciiaroe of Laboratory
OF Plant Piiystot.ooy,

AND

KARL F. KELLEKMAN,
Assistant in Physiology.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PH Y'?!' n.OGIC A L
INVESTIGATIONS.

IsauBo May 7, 1904,

WASHINGTON:
government printing office.

1904.

BULLETINS OF THE BTTREATJ OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, includes Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations, Botanical Investigations and
Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Pomological Investigations,
and Experimental Gardens and Grounds, all of which Avere fonnerly separate Divi-
sions, and also Seed and Plarit Introduction and Distribution, the Arlington Exper-
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of Documents, who is empowered to sell them at cost." All applications for such
publications should, therefore, be made to the SujieriHtendent of Documents, Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price,' 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prei^ared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and

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11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California: Notes on the Grasses and Forage

Plants and Range Conditions. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

13. Experiments in Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10

cents.

14. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price,

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16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Campes-

tris and other Basidiomycetous Fungi. , 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the CowpeTa. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed : Harvesting, Curing, and Cleaning. 1902. Price,

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20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

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23. Berseem: The Great Forage and Soiling Crop of the Nile Valley. 1902.

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[Contiuued on j). 3 of cover.]

U. S. DEPARTMEN r OI' AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY BULLETIN No. 64.

il. T. GAIJ.ttWAV, Chkf of Bureau.

A Ml^H^TTOl) OF DESTKOVING Oil FllEVRNTING

THE (iUOWTH OF AI.U/E AND CERTAIN

PATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN

WATER SUPPLIES.

GEOK(rE T. MOOKK.

Physiologist AND AL(iOLO(sisT in C'liAiaii: oi' I^abouatoky
OF Plant Physiology,

AND

KARL F. KELLERMAN,
Assistant in Physiology.

VKGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATIONS.

Issued May 7, 1904.

WASHINGTON:
government printinc; office

1904.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. Galloway, Chief.
J. E. Rockwell, Editor.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

Albeet F. Woods, Pathologist and Physiologist.

Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge of Laboratorg of Plant Pathology.

George T. Mooke, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Physiology.

Herbert J Webber, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Breeding.

Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge of Laboratory of Plant Life History.

Newton B. Pierce, Pathologist in Charge of Pacific Coa.st Laboratory.

M. B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge of Lnvedigathms of Diseases of Orchard Fruits.

Mark A. Carleton, CereaUst in Charge of Cereal Investigations.

Hermann von Schrenk,« in Charge of Mississi2)pi Valley Laboratonj.

P. H. Rolfs, Pathologist in Charge of Subtropical Laboratory.

C. O. TowNSEND, Pathologist in Charge of Sugar Beet Investigations.

P. H. Dorsett, Pathologist.

Rodney H. True, & Physiologist.

T. H. Kearney, Physiologist, Plant Breeding.

Cornelius L. Shear, Pathologist.

William A. Orton, Pathologist.

W. :\I. Scott, Pathologist.

Joseph S. Chamberlain, Physiological Chemist, Cereal Jvestigaiions.

R. E. B McKenney, Physiologist.

Flora W. Patterson, Mycologist.

Charles P H.artley, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.

Karl F. Kellerman, Assistant in Physiology.

Deane B. Swingle, Assistayit in Pathology.

A. W. Edson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

Jesse B. Norton, Assistant in Physiology, Plant Breeding.

James B. Rorer, Assistant in Pathology.

Lloyd S. Tenntt, Assistant in Pathology.

George G. H-ebgcocts.,' Assistant in Pathology.

Perley Spaulding, Scientific Assistant.

P. J. O'Gara, Scientific Assistant.

A. D. Shamel, Scientific Assistant, Plant Breeding.

T. Ralph Robinson, Scientific Assistant, Plant Physiology.

Florence Hedges, Scientific Assistant, Bacteriology.

Charles J. Brand, Scientific Assistant in Physiology, Plant Life History.

a Detailed to the Bureau of Forestry.

b Detailed to Botanical Investigations and Experiments.

LETTER OE TILINSMIITAL.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Bureau of Plant "Industry,
Office of the Chief,

. Waslnnfffof), D. C, Aj>r!l 30, 190 J^.
Sir: I have tho honor to ti'ansniit horowith a papci" entitled "A
Method of Destrovint^'or Preventin<;- the (irowtliof Alt^'a' and Certain
I'atliogenic Hacteria in Water Supplies,'"' and to reconnnend that it be
published as Bulletin No. 64 of the series of this Bureau.

The paper was prepared by George T. Moore, in charge of Labora-
tory of Plant Physiology, and Karl F. Kellerman, Assistant in Physi-
ology, in the Office of Vegetable Pathological and Physiological
Investigations, and was submitted by the Pathologist and Physiologist
with a view to puldication. The sul)ject discussed in this bulletin
will be of interest and value to all who have to deal with the problem
of preventing algal and other contamination of water supplies.
Respectfully,

B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

P R 1: F A C E.

The necessity of iindino-sonie cheup iiml praclicul method of prevent-
ing or removing- silj^^iil contjunination of cress ])eds tirst h'd this Ofiice
to undertake the investigations described in this bulU^tin. The success
of the first experiments in IIMH was so marked that it seemed wise to
extend the work, and authority was, therefore, granted by Congress
"to study and find methods for preventing the algal and other con-
taminations of water supplies."

The progress of the investigation has ))een noted from time to time
in the animal leports of the Bureau. Tiiough the work is not yet com-
pleted, we June been urged to publish the results already obtainetl for
the consideration of boards of health and otticers in charge of public
water suppli(»s.

Doctor Moore and Mr. Kellerman have shown that it is entirely
practicable to cheaply and quickly destroy objectionable alga? in small
lakes, ponds, storage reservoirs, and other similar l)odies of water by
the use of extremely dilute solutions of copper sulphate or of metallic
copper. The fact that an extremely dilute solution (one to one
hundred thousand) will also destroy the most viruk'nt typhoid and
cholera bacteria at ordinary temperatures in three hours is of great
importance and signiticance. Solutions of copper as dilute as this
are not considered injurious to man or other animals. The value of
copper, especially colloidal, in preventing or treating typhoid and
other related diseases should be carefully investigated bv competent
pathologists.

We desire it distinctly" understood that, so far as bacterial contami-
nation of water is concerned, the methods here proposed are not to
take the place of, but are simply to supplement the standard methods
of filtration; neither can too much stress be laid upon the importance
of the consumer boiling water to be used for drinking purposes when
taken from a contaminated source.

Upon application to the Department by proper authorities, infor-
mation and assistance will be furnished in determining the organisms
causing the trouble in cases of algal pollution, and the proper treat-
ment will be recommended. It is earnestly hoped that no test of the
method described here will be made without first consulting the
Department.

6 PREFACE.

As stated in the text of the bulletin —

The treatment of water supplies for the destruction of pathogenic bacteria, or any
application of the co^^per sulphate method, which has to do with the public health
is not conteni])lated or indeed possible by this Department. The requests of pri-
vate individual!^ or of unauthorized bodies for information or assistance can not be
granted. "When State or local boards of health consider that the disinfection of a
water supply is desirable and wish information upon the subject, it will be supplied
as fully and freely as j^ossible. All experiments of this kind, however, must be
conducted by boards of health, and the Department can serve only in the capacity
, of an adviser.

We are under obligation to Dr. H. P. Wolcott and Mr. X. H. Good-
nough, of the Massachusetts State Board of Health, for facilities in
securing material and a temporary laborator}- in the Boston State
House; to the United States Bureau of Fisheries for fish used in
experiments; to Dr. J. J. Kinyoun for typhoid cultures; to Dr. M.J.
Rosenau for Asiatic cholera cultures, and to the Bureau of Animal
Industry for cultures of typhoid and facilities for carrying on pre-
liminary experiments.

Albert F. Woods,

Pathologist and PhyHiologht.
Office of Vegetable Pathological

AND Physiological Investigations,

Waddngton, D. C, Ajjril 30, 190 J^.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction ^

MicT()w;opical examination of drinking water 9

Wide distribution of trouble caused by algie in water supplies 10

Methods in use for preventing bad effects due to alga^ 1-^

Desirability of other methods — 1"^

Determination < if a physiological method 15

Effect of copper sulphate ^'^

Method of applying copper sulphate 25

Practical tests of the method 26

Water-cress beds 26

Water reservoirs 2/

Effect of copper upon pathogenic bacteria 28

Typhoid - 28

Asiatic cholera •^■*

Comparison of effect of other disinfectants 36

Colloidal solutions 36

Conclusions - ^^

Necessity of knowledge of organism and condition in reservoir 40

Application of method for destruction of pathogenii; bacteria not designed

to replace eflacient means of filtration already in use 41

Medicinal use ^2

Conditions under which the Department of Agriculture can furnish infor-
mation and assistance in applying this method 42

Cost 43

Summary - 43

B. P. 1.-103. V. 1'. r. l.-ll«.

A METHOD OF DRSTfloVINd 0I{ PREVRNTINO THE UUOWTIl OF
AL(J;E AND CFUTAliN I'ATIKMiFNK' IJACTFUIA IN WATER
SUPPLIES.

INTRODUCTION.

The necessity and importance of inaintainintj: ])y every possil)lc
means the purity and wliolesomeness of public water supj[)lies have
caused those in authority to welcome a method which wouUl in any
wa}' serve as an additional safefjuard aii'ainst the pollution of reservoirs
or would prevent the had etiects produced hy th(> jirowth of alo-ic and
similar organisms. Although scientific mi-n have been investigating-
the various problems involved for a consideral)le length of time, it is
feared that the publie has not always been in sympathy with these
methods, and that, owing to the uncertaintv of and disagreementamong
eminent authorities, the whole question of water anah^sis, both chem-
ical and bacteriological, has come somewhat into disrepute.

MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF DRINKING WATER.

While the best known cases of water pollution are those due to the
presence of typhoid and other germs which have given rise to serious
epidemics, there are a vastlv g'reater number of water supplies which
are rendered unfit for use, not because they are dangerous to pid)lic
health, but on account of the very oti'ensive odor and taste produced
in them by plants other than bacteria. For this reason, in recent
years, the question of whether or not a water was fit to drink has been
submitted to the biologists as well as to the chemists and bacteriol-
ogists, a biological examination being- generally understood to mean
the determination of the character and quantity of the microscopical
plants and animals the water may contain as distinct from the bacteria.

The history of this method of examining drinking water is reall}^
confined to the last quarter of the nineteenth century, but onl}^ within
ten or fifteen yeai's have we had any accurate knowledge of the efl'ect
of these minute plants upon the water in which they live. It is prob-
able that Dr. Hassall, of London, was the first to pu])lish any adequate
account of a thorough microscopical examination of any water supply,
and this work, which appeared in 1850, was practically the only thing

10 METHOD OV DESTROYING ALG^ IN WATER SUPPLIES.

upon the su))iect for twenty-tive 3'ears, when ''MacDonakrs Guide to
the Exiuni nation of Drinking Water" was pu1>lished. In the mean-
time various Germans had carried on investigations relating to the
biolog}^ of water supplies, notably Professor Cohn, of Breslau, who,
in a papcM- entitled the "Microscopical Analysis of Well Waters,"
anticipated much that has since been ascertained in regard to the effect
of environment upon the character and quantity of the organism found
in the water. About the time of the appearance of MacDonakFs
book, interest in the effect of algje in drinking water lirst began to be
aroused in this country, and papers by Farlow" and others called
attention to the fact that these plants were responsible for many of
the disagreeable odors and tastes in water reservoirs. By the year
1878 there was on record a list of over 60 cities and towns in the
United States which had had serious trouble because of the presence
of certain forms of vegetation in their reservoirs, but since then thou-
sands of water supplies throughout the country have been rendered
unfit for use by this cause alone. Early in the year 1891 the special
report upon the examination and purification of water by the Massa-
chusetts State Board of Health was published, this being the most com-
plete treatment of the subject which had appeared up to that time.
This report has been supplemented by further investigations and
experiments, and the work accomplished by this board in perfecting
methods for insuring a pure water supply has established the standard
both in this country and abroad for similar lines of investigation.

WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF TROUBLE CAUSED BY ALG-ffi IN WATER

SUPPLIES.

In order to demonstrate the very wide distribution of the trouble
caused by algae in water supplies throughout the United States, a
circular letter was sent to about five hundred of the leading engineers
and superintendents of water companies, asking for information in
regard to the deleterious effects produced by plants other than bacteria
in water supplies with which they were familiar. Many instructive
replies were received, indicating that those in authority were extremely
anxious to be provided with some efficient remedy for preventing the
bad odors and tastes in drinking water, and that they considered the

«Farlow. Reports on Peculiar Condition- of the Water Supplied to the City of
Boston. Report of the Cochituate Water Board, 1876.

Reports on ISIatters connected with the Boston ^^'ater Supply. Bulletin

of Bussey Inst., Jan., 1877.

' Remarks on Some Algaj found in the Water Supplies of the City of Boston,

1877.

On Some Impurities of Drinking Water Caused by Vegetable Growths.

Supplement to 1st Ann. Rept. Mass. State Board of Health. Boston, 1880.

Reladons of Certain Foi-ms of Algae to Disagreeable Tastes and Odors.

Science, II, 333, 1883.

WIDE DISTBIHUTION OF TUOUl?LE CAUSED HY AUJ.E. 11

sul)joct worthy of most careful invcstit^atiou. Quotations from some
of the letters received are (^iveu, ))ut, l)ecause there mioht })e some
objection to the iiaminj;- of towns, only the vState in which the trouble
occurred is indicated. This is sufficient, however, to show that the
difficulty is not confined to any one part of the country, and that it is
tiie ii\gx alone which are responsible for most of the bad odors and
tastes reported.

California:

Any efforts in the direction of preventing the growth (if algjc will l>e gratefully
acknowledged. So long a.s the growth is healthy it in ii Ijenefit, but as soon as
tlie alga3 break up then trouble begins.
Colorado:

We have a reservoir of water that has recently become affected through the
presence of micro-organisms of tin- algn- type that impart to the water a dis-
agreeable fishy odor and render its use objectionable.
Delaware:

A fishy taste and odor.
Illinois:

The water tasted an<l smelled like rotten wood.

Troul)le serious enough to cause general complaint by i-onsumers ou account
of odor and taste.

People declared that the water was musty. The appearance of the growth is
yellowisli-brown, and as nearly as I can describe it tlif smell is musty. T cer-
tainly think the subject worthy of the best thought and work tlie Government
can give it.
Indiana:

The growth increased to .such an extent that we were compelled to cement the
bottom and 5 feet xip the sides. It was as dense as a tield of clover iu .lune.

Taste W'as said by the people to be woody or fishy, like rotten wood or decayed
fish. At one time the report got out that the body of a missing man had 1)een
found in tbe reservoir.
Iowa :

After certain stages in the alga's growth it seeme<l to die and bet;ome decom-
posed, thus impregnating the water, giving it a most unpleasant odor and taste.
Kentucky:

Fishy odor and taste, rather musty.

The odor was so strong that we had to discontinue sprinkling the streets and
lawns.

Urgency in this case is great, indeed almost imperative, since the condition of
the water during the past two or three summers has culminated in formal action
by the authorities.
Maine:

Trouble to such an extent as to lead us to consider, without taking definite
action, whether or not the water should be filtered Ijefore lacing distributed.
Odor is reported as exceedingly disagreeable, so that many customers avoid the
use of it as far as possible and believe it injurious to health.

M ASSACH USETTS :

Trouble very serious; some years water is unfit to drink. Present year odor
and taste are not so strong as last year, when it was almost impossil)le to drink it.

The odor was so bad that it would be almost impossible to take it as far as the
mouth to taste it. Horses refused it at the street watering troughs and dogs fled
from it.

12 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG^ IN WATER SUPPLIES.

Minnesota:

Water at times a fishy odor or taste due to decomposed vegetable matter.
Experts claim it is entirely harmless.
New Jersey:

Dark green gelatinous substance in water, causing a stench almost unbearable.

Have seen Uroglena so abundant that an odor could be plainly detected one-
third of a mile away.
New York:

Water had a very fishy taste and smell.

So very offensive as to alarm all water takers.

It caused such a prejudice that the supply was rejected, although the pollution
was of short duration.

Strong fishy odor and taste; also odor of "smartweed." Popular complaint
was dead fish in water mains.

Odor and taste were fishy, popularly attributed to dead fish; but this is absurd,
as the odor is that of live fish.

Odor pondy and fishy; bad water; publicly condemned. Board of health
interfered, yet analysis showed that water was not unhealthful.

Very rank, water smelled bad, particularly when warmed. Tasted bad, but
not injurious to health. Looked better than tasted or smelled.

Water became unfit for use, musty or cucumber taste and smell, odor very
strong in hot water; water l)ecame slimy, making it exceedingly hard to filter.
Odor and taste at times decidedly fishy. A bright green powder seemed to
have been sprinkled on surface.

I am much interested to know that you are taking up an investigation of algpe
and organisms, and I very much hope you will favor me witli all circulars and
information which you may issue relating to the same. I have not attempted
to fill out the circular on the back of your letter, l3ut so many cases of trouble of
this kind have come to my attention that any Usting of them would be very

difficult.

I am devoutly thankful that science in this particular instance has got beyond
the pursuit of science for recreation's sake and is doing good and endeavoring
again directly to be of much use to mankind. I beUeve your work is the first
done in line of either cure or prevention from alga' conducted in a rational man-
ner, or so far as I know even attempted, and I have been connected with or well
informed on public water supplies and their management all my professional

life of some thirty-five years. The worst case I know of is at the reservoir.

A special commission is at this moment charged with the duty of advising
whetlier or not property worth some two million dollars is to be abandoned on
account of annual trouble from algse.

Ohio:

Complaint from customers of a fishy taste in water like the shine from fresh-
water fish.

Water had a fishy taste, causing a general kick; consumers laid it to the fish

in the reservoir.

All water drawn from house bibljs had an objectionable and strong odor, the
popular idea being that it was due to dead fish.

The towns A— and B— both have vile water, A— all the year round, B— for
six or eight weeks in the hottest part of the summer. A— 's water has a vile
odor, offensively musty. All vegetables, cereals, coffee, and such edibles and
drinks made with the water are scarcely endurable to the visitor.
Pennsylvania :

Water had a disagreeable fishy odor.

Water smelled and tasted as if dead fish were in it.

METHODS FOR PREVENTING BAD EFFECTS Dl^E TO ALOiE. 18

Pexxsylvasia — Continued.

The growth affected the taste of the water nn lioiHu};, Imt was not rejrarded as
danirerous to liealtli.

A very lishy taste and smell. 1 have heen unal)le to locate, l»nt had an idea it
came from vejjetation.

The water (hiring the autumn in so foul in ta.ste and odr)r that it was necessary
to slnit off the supjdy. The odor is similar to that of decayed fisii.

The first season of usin*^ reservoir the water hecame so tishy that it was almost
unfit for use. Since that, owing to our care of reservoir, we have had no trouble
whatever.
Tk.vas:

.\t this time of the year al<,M' are fierce; sonu' days we an' on titp and some
<lays the alf^a- are on top. Costs us an average of $25 a month for cleaning out
alga" from two reservoirs.
Wisconsin:

Universal complaint, causid liy the odor and taste due to algfc.

METHODS IN USE FOR PREVENTING BAD EFFECTS DUE TO ALG^.

Ju order to prevent the odors and tastes above described, engineers
and those in eharo-e of water sujiplies have tried \arious remedies,
none of which lias l)een perfectly satisfactory. Since few of the
aloiv can deveh)p withont simlioht. the most fre(]uent reconnnenda-
tion has been to cover th(> reservoir, and this method has proved suc-
cessfnl in a few instances. However, the expense involved is so great
as to make the remed}' ])r()iiil)itive in most cases, and other methods
have had to be resorted to. One precaution which is now almost iini-
versalh' recommended as a means of preventing the growth of algje is
to remove all the organic matter possible from the reservoir and to keep
the source of supply as free as can be from dead and decaying animal
and vegetable matter. In one notable instance millions of dollars
have been spent in the removal of earth and the substitution of gravel
at the bottom of an immense new reservoir. It remains to be seen,
however, whether this Avill be sufficient to insure permanent freedom
from these troublesome plants. It is certain that attempts of this
kind will delay the appearance of alga? in quantity, and, wherever it
is possible to do so, every efi'ort should be made not onh' to clea^i up
the reservoir at the time of its construction, but to keep it as free as
possible from organic matter after it is filled. In addition to cleanli-
ness a direct pumping sj'stem with duplicate, in case of breakdown or
repairs, has often been recommended for use with ground water,
which usually produces a more luxuriant growth of algfe and similar
organisms than surface water. Where it has been necessaiy to store
such water, it has been advisa])le to limit the capacity of the reservoir,
and frequenth' this storage is only intended to be used in case of fire.
Even so, the cleansing of the reservoir and the frequent flushing of
the water mains has been considered necessaty. In storing surface
water subdividing the reservoir is occasionally resorted to, and means

14 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG^ IN WATER SUPPLIES.

of obtainincT frequent agitation arc introduced wherever possible.
The pumping of air into water or aerating- it l)v means of a spraying
apparatus is often of considerable value in removing foul gases which
may be in solution, but the effect of aeration upon the growth of algte
in a reservoir has been very much overestimated, in some cases the
quantity being actually increased by this means.

The filtration of water, both mechanically and by sand, which has
proved so effective for the removal of pathogenic bacteria, has been
recommended as a means of removing the odors and tastes caused by
algge, but the results obtained have not given promise of success.
Perhaps the most careful experiments to determine this point have
been conducted by those in charge of the Ludlow reservoir at Spring-
field, Mass. Here the annual trouble from alga? for the past fifteen
years has been so great that every possible means has been used which
offered any relief from the effects produced by these plants. On page
4 of the "Special Report on the Improvement of the Present Water
Supply and an Alternative New, Independent Supply," made by the
board of water commissioners to the city council of the city of Spring-
field, Mass., April 14, 1902, the following statement is made:

We find, as the results of the experiments of filtration, made with the sanction of
your honorable body during the last fifteen months, that to purify the waters of this
source by filtration would be not only doubtful as to the degree of purification, but
so expensive in the cost of construction and perpetual maintenance thereafter as
to make it inexpedient to attempt improvement by such a method. Your board has
given constant and personal attention to the experimental work, and is convinced
that the excessive growths of obnoxious fresh-water organisms, notably the Ana-
baena, impart to the reservoir such rank and persistent tastes and odors as to make
uncertain entire removal by any method of filtration except that of the expensive
kind, applicable only to the filtering of extremely small quantities of water, and
requiring constant attention and adjustment.

The State board of health, in a special report (p. 81) submitted at the
same time, say that the results of the experiments indicate, in the
opinion of the board, that by double filtration it will l)e possible to
purify the Ludlow reservoir; hence there seem to be differences of
opinion as to the value of this treatment for the removal of odors and
tastes, but on account of the expense involved there is not likely to be
any very extensive use of this method.

DESIRABILITY OF OTHER METHODS.

While each of the above-mentioned methods has been used with
some success, it is generally conceded by engineers that there is no
known remedy which is universally applicable. It is the practice
of some of the highest authorities to recommend that reservoirs fre-
quently polluted by alga? be abandoned, and steps taken to provide an
entirely new system of supply. This is, of course, the last resort, as
in all such cases a large loss of money is involved. One fact is certain.

DETERMINATION oK A Til YSIOLOOICAL MKTIlnl). 15

II' Miiv known inotliod of proveiitino- the j^rowth of mI^M' whs considered
trulv crteetive. it would under all cireunistanees be reconnuended.

Because of the unsatisfactory results or the pn)hil)itive expense of
the present methods reconinieniled for riddinj^ reservoirs of alfja^, it
seemed advisable that the problem be taken up from an entirely new
standpoint, one that would take into consideration the l)iolooical aspect
of the (juestion and perhaps furnish a solution, throu*>h a study of the
nhvsioloov of the orirtmisms under lal)oratorv conditions. A series of
investigations were therefore undertaken to discover, if possible, some
substance which, because of its extreme toxic etl'ect upon the algse
involved, would absolutely prevent their growth in water supplies.

DETERMINATION OF A PHYSIOLOGICAL METHOD.

In determining such a physiological method of dealing with reser-
voirs contaminated bv algte, two conditions had to be considered: The
remedy should not only be readily availalde and cheap enough for
practical use in the largest reservoirs and by the poorest comnumities,
but under the conditions used it must also be absolutely hannlcss to
man; the maxinunn amount necessary to kill the algte being far below
the amoiuit which could in an}' wa}' affect the consumer of the water.
Of the larg(^ numl^er of substances experimented with, few gave en-
couraiiinii' results. Free chlorine at a dilution of 1 to 10,000, and sul-
I)hur dioxide in saturated aqueous solution at IG*-* C, diluted 1 to 1,000
and to 10, 000, will destroy man}' of the connnon forms of algie, but sul-
phur dioxide and chlorine are likewise very injurious to animal life.
Silver has a very high toxicity, and were not the expense prohibitive,
would undoubtedly warrant extended tests. Mercury and lead are,
of course, out of the question, and zinc requires too high a concentra-
tion to be practically considered. The ordinary sodium, potassium,
and ammonium salts are innocuous," as arc most of the acids. Locw '^
tinds that magnesium sulphate is toxic in pure solution at 0.1: per cent,
and tliat oxalates are slightly more toxic; of the acids, 0.0001 percent
oxalic kills most of the cells of Spirogyra majiiscula in live days.
Migula '■ notes the effect of many of the organic acids, but the use of
these substances in the amounts requisite for treating a contaminated
water supply is entirely impracticable.

EFFECT OF COPPER SULPHATE.

Reviewing the experiments carried on in the Laboratory of Plant
Physiology, as well as the results obtained by other investigators, it

"Ci. Richter, Flora, 75: 4.
^'Loew, Flora, 75: 368.

''Migula, T^eber den Einfluss stark verduenter Sauren auf Algeiizellen, Breslau,
1888 (Original not consulted. )
28480— No. 64-04 2

16 METHOD OB^ DESTROYING ALG^ IN WATER SUPPLIES.

seems that copper sulphate is the substance best adapted to the work
in question. This salt has a very high toxicity for algje, and experi-
ments with a number of the forms usually found in reservoirs, and
the source of much trouble, have shown that inconceivably small
amounts of copper are poisonous in a high degree. These experiments
demonstrated, however, that all algte and protozoa are not equally sen-
sitive. Among the latter Paranisecluiii is killed in three hours by a 1
to 1,000,000 solution, while Anueha, lJlJfiu<j(a^ and SjJtrostomimi die
within two hours. Crustacea are more resistant, some — Oypris and
Dajjhiia especially— requiring as much as 1 part copper sulphate to
10,000 of water to kill them. Mosquito larvie die at a concentration
varying from 10,000 to 200,000.

Quoting the results of other experimenters, Devaux" found that
both phjenogams and cryptogams were poisoned by solutions of copper
diluted to the ten-millionth part or less; Coupin ^' that 1 part copper
sulphate to 700,000,000 of water was sufficient to affect the growth of
seedlings when applied to their roots and that this is the most inju-
rious of the heavy metal salts tested by him; Deherain and De Moussy "
that the development of the roots of seedlings was arrested in distilled
water containing the slightest trace of copper, and they conclude from
this that higher plants during germination, as well as fungi and algse,
are extremely sensitive to copper; Bain's experiments'' indicated that
1 part of metallic copper to 25,000,<)00 of water was fatal to apple seed-
lings in one day; on the other hand, according to iiaulin,' copper chlo-
ride does not injure Sterigmatocystli-' until a concentration of 1 to 210 is
reached, although silver nitrate is toxic at 1 to 1,600,000.

In dealing with alg^e, the toxic concentration varies greatly for dif-
ferent genera, even for different species in the same genus. Nageli^
demonstrated the extreme sensitiveness of Spirogyra nitlda and 8.
dubia to the presence of copper coins in the water. OsciUatoria,
Cladophora^ CEdogonium^ and the diatoms succuml) in six hours
to a copper sulphate solution of 1 to 20,00<), and in two days to 1 to
50,000, according to Bokorny.s' Galeotti^' tinds that a concentration
between 1 to 6,300,000 and 1 to 12,600,000 is sufficient to kill Spiro-
gyra nitida in two days, and that the so-called colloidal solutions at 1
to 6,300,000 are fatal in the same length of time; while in the experi-

«Devaux, Compt. Rend., 132: 717.
feCoupin, Compt. Rend., 132: 645.
c Deherain and De Moussy, Compt. Rend., 132: 523.
<^Bain, Bull. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tenn., April, 1902.
^Eaulin, Ann. des Sc. Nat. Bot., 5" Ser., II: 9.3.

.fNiigeli, Ueber oligodynamische Erscheinuugen in lebenden Zellen. Neue
Denkschr. d. schweizerischen Gesellsch. f iir die gesammten Naturwiss., 33: 51.
r/Bokorny, Arch. f. d. ges. Phys. d. Mensch. u. Tliiere, 64: 262.
/'Galeotti, Biol. Centralbl., 21: 321.

EFFKCT OF COPPER SULPHATE. 17

iiu'iits ol' Israel juicl Ivliiij^'inun " the prescnec of (!0 stj. ciu. of (01)1)01'
foil ill 30U cc. of water for twenty-four hours produced plasinal cut-
tino' in iS. ht.iu after one and one-fourth hours, in S. (*?v/^'.va after fifteen
minutes, and in S. iiiaJHi<cula after thirty minutes. The work of
Runun'' shows 1 to 10,000,000 solution still toxic to a few more sus-
ceptible cells of "S. hmgdtd. Accordinj^ to Ono, ' weak solutions of the
salts of most of the metals encoura<:fe the ji^rowth of alga^ and funt^i.
Mercury and copper, however, at ((.oooo,') per cent and o.(H»00l per
cent, respectively, distincth' inhi'oit t^rowth. This was the case with
Sf!(/e(>cl<>niiiiii, C/t/'oococcu/N, and I*/'ofoeoccu.s.

In the experiments conducted in this laboratory it has not been pos-
sible as yet to include all of the orj^anisms known to pollute water
supplies. It is believed, however, that, pending the completion of
more extensive work, the data at hand will be of considerable benefit
to those who have to deal with contaminated reservoirs. The method
of procedure in studying this <|ucstion was to determine roughly the
death points of the forms under consideration, using Van Tieghem cells.
Accurate solutions were then made, with distilled water, and 200 cc.
of each solution was pipetted into an Erlenmycr flask. The algjv, if
tihunentous forms, were rinsed; if free-swimming, they were concen-
trated by the Sedgwick-Kaftcr'' method from 500 cc. to 5 cc. volume,
and this 5 cc. was added to the treated water. The inaccurac}^ due to
the addition of the 5 cc. of untreated water to the 200 cc. of treated
water was disregarded. Whenever possible, a test of these concen-
trations, determined experimentally, was made under natural conditions
by treating the pool from which the species under consideration was
taken. If this was impracticable, an additional series was carried
through in aquaria of 15 liters capacit}", in which were kept goldfish,
frogs, minnows, Crustacea, and rotifers. Since in no case was there
an appreciable difference in the effect of a concentration upon a par-
ticular organism under either natural or artificial conditions, no special
record is made of these gross experiments.

The different species tested may, for convenience, be grouped as (1)
those with death points at higher concentrations than 1 part copper
sulphate to 1,000,000 parts of water; (2) those with death points between
1 to 1,000,000 and 1 to 5,000,000; and (3) those with death points at
greater dilutions than 1 to 5,000,000.

"Israel and Klingman, Virchow's Archiv., 147: 293.

&Rumm, Beitrage zur Wissenschaftliche Botanik, 1: 97.

cQno, Journ. of College of Sc, Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 13: 141.

'^ Whijiple, The Microscopy of Drinking Water, New York, 1899, p. 15.

18 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG^ IN WATER SUPPLIES.

Effect of various concentraiions of copper sulphate upon <Vfferent forim ofal'j;.
[cl=dead; vfa=very few alivo: vfd=very few dead; g=iii good couditiou.]

&ROXJP 1.
CHLAMYDOMONAS PIRIFORMIS Dill.

Date.

December 2-5
January 4-7 . .

Date.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts —

i 2,000

October 19-21
October 21-24
October 24-27

id
id

5, 000

vfd
vfd

10,000

g
g

20,000

g
g

200,000

g
g
g

1,000,000

g
g
g

Check.

g
g
g

RAPHIDIUM POLYMORPHUM Fres.

October 19-29. . .
November 2-6 . .
November 16-20

One part copper sulphate to water, parts —

25, 000

d
d
(1

50,000

d
id

vfa

75,000

id
id

100, 000

Ad
Ad
vfd

500, 000

g
g
g

1,000,000

g
g
g

Check.

g
g
g

DESMIDIUM SWARTZII Ag.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts-

50,000

d
d

75,000

d
d

100, 000

id
Jd

150, 000

vfd
vfd

200,000

g
g

1,000,000

Check.

g
g

STIGEOCLONIUM TENUE (Ag.) Rabenh.

December 21-24
January 2-5 . . .
January 7-11 . .

One part copper sulphate to water, parts —

50,000

id
id
id

100, 000

id
id
id

300, 000

id
id
id

500, 000

id
id
id

1,000,000

vfd
vfd
vfd

2, 000, 000

g
g
g

Check.

g
g
g

DRAPARNALDIA GLOMERATA (Vauch.) Ag.

One part copper .sulphate to water, parts—

Check

Date.

50,000

100, 000

300, 000

500,000

1,000,000

2,000,000

vfd

NAVICULA Sp.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

Check.

Date.

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

1,000,000

October 20-25

d
d

d
vfa

id
id

vfd
vfd

vfd

EFFECT OF roPI'ER SiT^LPHATE.

J-Jlf'tcl of nirliiuti vviKridrnliuiiii nj nipper Kitl/ilialc hjhhi dijj'criiil Junns nf >i/t/;i — Cuut'd.

GJ-ROXJP 1— Continued.
SCENEDESMUS QUADRICAUDA (Turp.) Breb.

Date.

September 14-18 .
Deci-mbiT 7-12 . .
January 11-1.5 . . .

One part copper sulphate to water, parts —

100,000 j 200,000

vfa

vfa
vfa

300,000 I 400,000 500,000

vfa
vfa
vfa

id
id

g
g

1,000,000

g
g

{;hcek.

g
g
g

EUGLENA VIRIDIS Ehrb.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts-

Check.

Date.

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

450,000

500,000

September 21-2.5 d

vfa
vfa
vfa

fd
id
id

id
id
id

g
g
g

October 26-30 vfa

December 31-Jaiiuary 2 vfa

g
g

SPIROGYRA STRICT A (E. Bot.) Wille.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

Check.

Date.

50,000

75,000

100,000

200,000

500,000

1,000,000

Du(!ember 26-30

vfa

GUiOXJP 3.

CONFERVA BOMBYCINUM Ag.

Date.

October 1-4...
October 8-11..
October 13-17.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts —

50,000

d
d
d

100,000

d
d
d

300,000

d
d
d

500,000 I 1,000,000

vfa
vfa

vfa
via

2,000,000

g
g
g

Check.

g
g
g

CLOSTERIUM MONILIPERUM (Bory ) Ehrb.

Date.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts —

Check.

2.5,000

100,000

500,000

1,000,000

2,000,000

December 1 4-1 8

d 12hrs

d 24hrs

SYNURA UVELLA Ehrb.

Date.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

Check.

2.50,000

.500,000

666,666 750,000

1,000,000

2,500,000

March 14

d5-25min
d 5-2.5min

d 15-30min
dl.5-30min

dl5-45mindl5-60min
d 1.5-4.5min d 15-60min

d 28-60min
d28-60min

g at Ihr
g at Ihr

gat Ihr

March 18

gat Ihr

20 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG^ IN WATER SUPPLIES.

Efect of various concent ratio) is of roppcr sulphate upon different Joruis of aUjie — C'ont'd.

G-ROUP S— Continued.
ANAB.ENA CIRCINALIS Raben.

Date.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

Check

50,000

100,000

500,000

1,000,000

3,000,000

5,000,000

Dpopmber 26-29

d
d

d '
d

d
d

id
id

vfd
vfd

ANAB^NA FLOS-AQU.E Breb.

Date.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

Check.

50,000 ' 100,000 530,000

1,000,000

3,000,000

5,000,000

July 12-14

August 27-29 .•

d 12hrs d 24hrs d 24hrs
d 12hrs d 24hrs d 24hrs

d36hrs
d36hrs

d 72hr8
d 72hrs

id
id

g
g

UROGLENA AMERICANA Calk.

One part copper sulphate to water, parts—

Check.

Date.

1,000,000

2,500,000

5,000,000

10,000,000

March 19, 1903

d 3-5min

d IGhrs vfa IGhrs

vfa 16hrs

The foregoing tables clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of copper
sulphate as an agent for the destruction of algne, and as the cost
for an amount of this salt necessary to make the strongest solution
required will not exceed from 50 to 60 cents per million gallons, but
one condition remains to be satisfied — that it shall be absolutely harm-
less to man, domestic animals, and fish under the conditions used.

In general, animal life is less susceptible to injury by copper than is
plant life, though most of the higher plants, some of the fungi, and,
as the preceding tables show, certain alga? will live in concentrations
of copper sulphate that would be fatal in a few hours to fish and frogs.
The critical concentration for game fish is higher than that for such
fish as carp and catfish. Black bass in good condition have endured
concentrations of 1 to 50,000 for many weeks with no apparent discom-
fort, while 1 to 100,000 was sufficient to kill German and mirror carp
in a few hours, and 1 to 500,000 killed the most susceptible in a few
days. Mud catfish are affected at practically the same concentration;
goldfish at slightly greater, while yellow perch are perhaps less sus-
ceptible than goldfish. This agrees with the results of Perry and
Adams,« who state that minnows and goldfish live indefinitely in a 1
to 200,000 solution.

« Perry & Adams, 4th Kept. River Point. Conn., 2: .S77-391.

EFFECT OF COPPER SULPHATE. 21

The cUV'rts of copper upon the liiolier uniiimls have hoen .studied l)y
a l:ir*>e numt)er of investio^ators, and the following results may be
appropriately eited:

Metallic copper and its oxides, mixed with sugar, al))uniinoids, and
fats, iiad no noticea})le effect upon dogs; even 8 grams of tine powder
(4 grams each of copper monoxide and dioxide) caused only a slight sick-
ness. Verdigris in small amounts produced none of the violent results
it is supposed to cause in man. Soluble salts of copper can be given in
(piantities up to 1 gram daily, l)ut more than this has a fatal effect."

Dogs that had eaten half a gram of copper acetate per day for 24
days suffered but slightl}-; one dog was unaffected b}' doses as high as
5 grams at a time.* Similar results were obtained by Du Moulin,'' who
gave dogs and rabbits as much as 3 to 5 grams, causing sickness but
in no case death, and Ilippoly te Kuborn '^ states that a dog can take 4
grams of copper sulphate with but slight effect.

Ellenberger and Hofmoister *" experimented with sheep, giving them
from 18 to IS'2^ grams of copper in (piantities sometimes as large as
2 grams per day, with fatal results. Tschirsch'' deduced from this that
the nontoxicit}' of weak solutions of copper does not hold for rumi-
nants, but this seems hardly warranted. Two gi-ams per day can
scared}^ be considered a small amount, yet one sheep lived 53 days
and the other 128.

Ever since copper compounds have come into general use as fungi-
cides, the question as to their effect upon the human system has
received more or less attention. ^ At times there have been vague
and misleading statements in the pu})lic press, calculated to alarm
those who are in the habit of using vegetables and fruits which have
been subjected to treatment with Bordeaux mixture. The popular
belief seems to be that copper is a poison, but it is found upon exami-
nation that the very best authorities are by no means agreed upon this
point. It is true that after the question had been discussed for seven
months Ijefore the Belgian Royal Acadeni}' of Medicine, in 1885, it
was finally decided that copper compounds in foods were harmful, but it
should be remembered that in the whole discussion, where every effort
was made b}^ one side to show that copper was an actual poison, not a

«Burcq & Ducom, Journal de Pharmacie et Chirnie, 25: 546, 1877.

'^Galippe, Journal de Pharmacie et Chimie, 23: 298.

<■ Du Moulin, Journal de Pharmacie et Chimie, 5: 189.

'^Hippolyte Kuborn, Congres Internationale d'Hygiene, 2: 216, 1878.

''Ellenberger and Hofmeister, Archiv fiir wissench. u. prakt. Thierheilkunde, 9:
325, 1883.

/ Tschirsch, Das Kupfer vom Standpunkte der gerichtlichen Chemie, Toxicologie
und Hygiene, Stuttgart, 1893.

0 Spraying Fruits for Insect Pests and Fungous Diseases, with a Special Consider-
ation of the Subject in ItH Relation to the Public Health. TJ. S. Department of
Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin No. 7, 1892. See also Bull. No. 6, Div. Veg. Path.,
U. S. Dept. Agric.

22 METHOD OF DESTROY 1N(4 ALG^ IN WATEK SUPPLIES.

single instance was given of injury to liealth resulting from the dail}'
absorption of a small quantity of copper. On the other hand, many
instances were cited where foods containing copper in considerable
amounts were used without producing any harmful effect whatever.
It should be noted also that the law prohibiting the use of copper in
regreening fruits was repealed by the French authorities after the dis-
cussion before the Belgian Academy.

According to Thiemann-Gartner," chronic copper poisoning has
never been proved. The supposed copper colic was discussed by
Burcq^ before the Congres Internationale d'Hj^giene in 1878, and
declared Ijv him to have no existence; he even went so far as to assert
an immunit}' against cholera for the workers in copper during various
epidemics at Paris, Toulon, ^larseilles, and elsewhere, but this state-
ment he afterwards modilied with reference to the epidemic of 1 832.
The good health of copper workers is also noted by Houles and
Pietra-Santa,'' thouoh tliev do not claim for them imnmnitv from
typhoid and cholera. Gautier'' states that persons working in dye
factories, where the hands, faces, and even hair were colored green bj^
copper, were phj^sically unaffected, which is true also of copper
turners, who remain apparently in the best of health although con-
stantly in an atmosphere highly charged with copper dust.

A considerable number of experiments have been made to determine
the effect of copper upon man when taken into the intestinal tract.
For fourteen months Galippe ^ and his family used food cooked and
cooled in cojjper vessels, the amount of copper present in the food
being sufficient to be easil}^ determined. Robert's experiments-^' show
that a 6()-kg. man can take 1 gram of copper per day with perfect safety.
From his own results Lehmannf^ considers that copper to the amount
of 0.1 gram in vegetables ma}" produce bad taste, nausea, possibly
colic and diarrhea, but nothing more serious. He has himself found
peas containing as much as 630 mg. of copper per kilogram not dis-
tasteful, and 200 mg. consumed at a single meal was without effect.
A very careful and thorough series of tests have shown that some
individuals, at least, can take copper even to the amount of -100 to
5(»0 mg. daih" for weeks without detriment to their health.

Tschirsch^' finds that 0.01 to 0.02 of copper (0.039 to 0.078 of copper
sulphate) in dilute form have no effect; 0.05 to 0.2 causes only vomit-
ing and diarrhea.

« Thiemann-Gartner, Handbuch und Bexirtheilung der [Jntersuchung der Wasser,
Braunschweig, 1895.

^Burcq, Congres Internationale d' Hygiene, 1: 529, 1878.

c Houles and Pietra-Santa, Journal de Pharmacie et Chimie, 5th Ser., 9: 303.

'' Gautier, Le Cuivre et le Ploml), Paris. 1883.

''Galippe, Compt. Rend., 84: 718.

/Kobert, Lehrbuch der Intoxicationen. (Original not consulted.)

r/Lehmann, Miinch. Med. Wochensch., 38: fiO.H.

/' Tsrhirsch, 1. c.

EFFECT OF COPPER SULPHATE, 23

The process of rcoreeniiit;- lo«;uiiios is descril)0(l l>y Boiu-hardiit :iiul
Guiltier," showing the iiinount of copper tluis introduced into the
vej»eta})les to be too small to produce any injurious effect. The niaxi-
nium amount of this metal in regreened peas as given hy Gautier^ is
125 mg. per kilogram, in connection with which he notes that Chatin
and Personne have given it as 270 mg. According to Gautier, the
amount of copper ordinarily consumed in a full meal is 95 mg.

Lafar '' attributes the green color of Lodisan and Parmesan cheese
to the presence of copper, giving the maximum amount for Lodisan
cheese as 215 mg. per kilogram. Chocolate'' contains (I.O05 to 0.125
gram per kilogram, cafe bourbon'' 8 mg. per kilogram, and beef 1 mg.
per kilogram. There is O.ol gram of copper sulphate in li pounds of
bread,/ 0.1 gram of copper oxide has been found in 1 kilogram of pre-
serves, and similar amounts are normally present in a large number of
commodities used for food.

Medicinal uses of copper compounds are cited by Du Moulin.''' He
has prescribed 12 to 15 eg. for scrofulous children, for cases of oph-
thalmia, etc., and found no ill effects. Copper sulpliate in doses of 40
to 50 eg. for four or five days has proved beneficial to children with
diphtheria.

Smnmarizing from a large number of experiments, Bernatzik ''' con-
cludes as follows: After entering the stomach only small quantities of
copper are absorlied by the blood, and toxic action occurs onl}- when
the necessary amount can accumulate in the circulation. Silver,
copper, and zinc have almost the same medicinal properties, the dif-
ference ])eing of degree rather than kind. They differ markedly from
other heavy metals, having no harmful effects upon the tissues, and
producing no fatal functional injuries; hence the}'^ are not poisons in
the same sense as are lead, niercur}^, arsenic, antimony, and phos-
phorus. Moreover, in the case of copper, after suspension of the
dose the injured functions return to the normal.

It is evident that there is still a considerable difference of opinion
among eminent authorities as to the exact amount of copper which
may be injurious, but as a very conservative limit we ma}- accept 0.02
gram as the amount that may with safety be absorbed daily. Accord-
ing to Merck's Index, the National Dispensatory, and the United
States Dispensatory, the dose of copper sulphate for tonic and astrin-

"Bouchardat and Gautier, Congres Internationale d' Hygiene, 5: 486.
'^Gautier, 1. c.

" Lafar, Technical Mycology, 159.
'^Duclaux, Bull, de la Soc. Chim. de Paris, 16: 35.
''Sargeau,.Jour. de Pharm., 18: 219, 654; 16: 507.
/Tschirsch, 1. c.

9Du Moulin, Journal de Pharmacie et Chimie, 13: 189.

/t Bernatzik, Encyclop. d. ges. Medicin., 11: 429; Encyclop. d. ges. Heilkunde,
11: 429.

24 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGiE IN WATER SUPPLIES.

gent purposes is one-fourth orain, or O.oiO i^i'auj; as an emetie, a close
of live grains, or 0.33 gram. Thus it is seen that even if the maximum
concentration of copper sulphate necessar}^ to dastroy algte in reser-
voirs were maintained indefinitel\% the total absorption from daily use
would be very far below an amount that could produce the least
unpleasant effect. Taking a dilution of one to one million, which in
all cases would be sufficient to prevent the growth of a polluting algal
form, it would be necessary to drink something over twenty quarts of
water a da}' before an amount which is universally recognized as
harmless would be introduced into the system, while more than fffty
quarts would have to be consumed before there would be danger of
producing an unpleasant or imdesirable effect. As will be seen from
the preceding tables the use of copper sulphate at this maximum
strength of one to one million would need to be resorted to only in
extreme cases, and for a ver}' short length of time, for, the reservoir
once entirely free from the organisms, a very much weaker solution
would be sufficient should any further application be necessar3\

Perhaps the strongest argument in favor of using a chemical treat-
ment of this kind is that even though enough copper should be added
to a reservoir to make a one-millionth solution, nothing like this
amount would appear in the water distributed. A verj^ large percent-
age of the copper is combined with the algaj and precipitated in other
ways, so that practically none would remain in solution after the first
few hours." Samples of water taken from a reservoir treated with
sufficient copper sulphate to make a solution of one to one million,
failed to show any reaction for copper after twenty-four hours,
although all the algje were killed. It is believed that the process used
of evaporating down the original quantity and testing by the delicate
potassium ferro-cyanide method would certainly have detected copper
had it been present in the proportion of one to fifty million. Other
tests were made by different chemists, but always with negative results.

In addition to the use of copper sulphate in reservoirs containing
water to be used for domestic purposes, there are possibilities of its
application in treating irrigation reservoirs, small pleasure lakes, fish
ponds, oyster beds, etc. Here it may often be desirable to exceed the
strength of solution that would represent the maxinunu required in a
municipal water supply. This would be done not only to kill all the
alg{», but to destro}' or drive away reptiles and other pests, leaving
the water perfectly clear and clean. The use of some such method
for the destruction of mosquito larviB also seems worth}' of attention.
The mere removal of the great mass of algal growths in stagnant pools
undoubtedly reduces the number of larva^ ])y destroying this source

« Adsorption, according to True and Ogilvie (Science, N. S., 19: 421), would materi-
ally reduce the quantity of co])per in solution. See also Bull. No. 9, Yeg. Phys. and
Path., U. S. Dept. Agric.

METHOD OF APPLYINO THE COPPER RI^LPHATE. 25

of llit'ir food iiiul (lrpri\ iuj;- tlu-m of i)roteetioii from lisli and otiior
onoinios. This is probably the exphiimtion of the reported" decrease
in the luiniber of mosquito hirviB after sprayino- a lily pond with
Bordeaux mixture, although it is possible that the strcno'th of the
solution used inay have been partly responsi))le for their death. It
is believed that it will not be imi)racticable to use the amounts of
copper sulphate necessary to actually d(>str(n' such larva\ Certainly
this method if ett'ective otters considerable^ advantaj'es over any now in
use, and it should be thoroughly tested. Cooperative experiments
are now under way with the Bureau of Entomolooy to determine the
strength of solution necessary to kill larvtu of diti'ercnt species and ages
under various conditions.

METHOD OF APPLYING THE COPPER SULPHATE.

The method of introducing- the copper sulphate into a water supply is
extremely simple. Though any plan will suffice which distributes the
copper thoroughly, the one recounnended and used by the Department
of Agriculture is as follows: Place the required number of pounds of
copper sulphate in a coarse bag — gunny-sack or some ecjually loose
mesh and, attaching this to the stern of a rowboat near the surface
of the water, I'ow slowly back and forth over the reservoir, on each
trip keeping the boat within 1(> to 20 feet of the previous path. In
this manner about 100 pounds of copper sulphate can be distrib-
uted in one hour. By increasing the number of boats, and, in the
case of very deep reservoirs, hanging two or three bags to each
boat, the treatment of even a large reservoir may be accomplished in
from four to six hours. It is necessary, of course, to reduce as much
as possible the time required for applying the copper, so that for
immense supplies with a capacity of several billion gallons it would
probably be desirable to use a launch, carrying long projecting spars
to which could be attached bags each containing several hundred
pounds of copper sulphate.

In waters that have a comparatively high percentage of organic
acid it is sometimes advisable to add a sufficient amount of lime or
some alkali hydrate to precipitate the copper. The necessity for this
will never occur in a limestone region, as in this case there will alwa3^s
be enough calcium hydrate or carbonate to cause the desired precipita-
tion. The precipitation of copper does not mean the destruction of
its toxicity, for experiments conducted in this laboratory have con-
firmed Eumm's^ results that the insoluble salts of copper, such as the
hydrate, carbonate, and phosphate, are toxic only if they are in con-
tact with the cell, but are highly toxic in that case. In this connection
it should be mentioned that Hedrick" has described a method for cou-

rt Hedrick, Gardening, 11: 295. «< Rumm, 1. c.

26 METHOD OF DERTROYINO ALG^ IN WATER SUPPLIES.

trolling' the t^iowth of al^al .scum in lily [)onds hy the u.se of Bordeaux
mixture which .seems to have been temporarily effective. However,
the impracticability of using such a mixture is apparent for the
destruction of microscopic alga? distributed through a reservoir or a
lake containing millions of gallon.s.

PRACTICAL TESTS OF THE METHOD.
WATER-CRESS BEDS.

The first practical test of the treatment of water for the purpose of
killing out extensive growths of algae was made in the fall of 1901 near
Ben, Va. , in connection with the cultivation of water cress for market.
Water cress is grown there, as well as in other parts of the country,
in large quantities during the winter, it being a valuable crop at that
season of the j^ear. The cress is confined in beds made by construct-
ing dams across a small stream, which maintains a water level not too
high for the growth of the plants and yet permits flooding when there
is danger of a freeze. In the locality where the experiments were
carried on the water was obtained from a thermal spring with a tem-
perature the year around of about 70^ F. Such a temperature was
particular!}' favorable to the development of Sjjirogi/ra and similar fila-
mentous alga3, so that when the cress was freshly cut they frequentl}'
increased to such an extent as to completel}' smother out a large part
of the young and tender plants. The only known remedy under such
conditions was to rake out the water cress and alga? and reset the entire
bed. This was an expensive method, however, besides being success-
ful only about half the time. Consequently, it was very desirable to
devise some means of preventing the growth of the algae without
injuring the water cre.ss, and the treatment b}' means of copper sug-
gested itself. At first a strong solution of copper sulphate was used,
spraying it on the algal covered surface of the l)eds, but this only
destroyed the few filaments with which the copper came in contact,
the large mass of algae being practical!}' unaffected. The method of
applying the copper by means of dissolving it directly in the beds was
next tried, and the success of the treatment was almost immediately
evident. In this case the amount of copper added was about equal to
a strength of 1 to 50,000,000 parts of water, but it is probable that by
the time it reached most of the Sjjirogyra it was considerably
weakened, as it was impossible to prevent a slight current of fresh
water from pa.ssing through the beds at all times.

The success of the copper treatment for eradicating alga? from cress
beds has been thoroughly demonstrated, and there is no reason why
growers should have trouble from this cause in the future. The strength
of the .solution nsed for killing the alga^ is so very much weaker than
that which might affect the cre.ss that there is no possible danger of

PRACTICAL TESTS OF THE METHOD. 27

injiii-inji- tlu^ lattrr if the solution is used by iinyoiie capiihlc ol" ohserv-
in*,'' t)rdiiijuy care. Tlie (iiiestion of how lon^if a troatinont is otfectivc
must, of course, depend upon conditions, but it is ])elieved (liat the
application of the proper amount of copper once or twice a year will
in most cases be sufficient to keep down any al^al pest. The manager
of the Virg-inia Cress Company writes, under date of Ai)ril 12, ll>0-lr:

The "moss" lia-s jriven me no troul)lo at all this winter. In fart I have for six
months only had to resort to the eopper sulphate once. * * * All the conditions
were favorable last fall and early winter for a riot of "moss," hut it did not appear
at all until just a few days ago, and then yielded to treatment much more readily
than it did when I first began to use the copper.

WATER RESERVOIRS.

The successful elimination of al"ie from the cress beds of the South,
under conditions which were particidarly favorable to the j^rowth of
these pests, made it desirable that experiments be inauj^-urated calcu-
lated to demonstrate the possibility of riddinj^ water reservoirs of the
disagreeable odors and tastes caused by similar organisms. "While it
was realized that the popular prejudice against any chemicral treat-
ment of drinking water was strong, it was believed that the very weak
solution, together with the very rapid disappearance of the salt added,
would not render it a prohibitive method when applied under the
direction of the proper authorities. It was also found that consumers
of a water which possessed a disgusting odor and taste were not so
prejudiced against the use of even a chemical method of extermina-
tion, provided it could be proved that no bodily harm would result.

In the spring of 1903 there was brought to the notice of the Depart-
ment the supply of a water company in Kentucky, which promised to
furnish a most satisfactory test. Ever since the construction of their
reservoir it had given off an unpleasant odor. For the first two sea-
sons this was supposed to be due to decaying vegetation, but later
years demonstrated the well-known '"pigpen'' odor due to algw, and
this increased from jeav to year until it was almost unbearable.

In July, 1903, when the trial was begun, the microscopical exauuna-
tion demonstrated an average of —

Anabsena . : per cc. . 7, 400

Clathrocystis do 1, 100

Eudorina do 200

There were about 25,000,000 gallons of water in the reservoir at the
time of the experiment, and on account of the great number of blue-
green algffi present it was decided to appl v the copper at a strength of
1 to -1,000,000. About 50 pounds of copper sulphate was accordingly
placed in a coarse sack and this, attached to a boat, was dragged over
the surface of the reservoir, giving especial attention to the region
which seeiued to contain the greatest number of Anahdeyia lilaments.

28 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG^ IN WATER SUPPLIES.

The decrease in the numlier of organisnis as the result of this treat-
ment during- tlie next twenty-four liours was ver}^ decided. In two
dnvH the surface Avas clear and the water had lost its blue-green color,
becoming brown, due to the dead organisms held in suspension.
There was a slight increase in odor during the first two days after
treatment, l)ut this was followed by a gradual subsidence until it had
entireh" disappeared, not to aj^pear again that season. The following
list of counts made from surface examinations at one station iUus-
trates what went on throughout the reservoir, and shows the almost
immediate effect of a 1 to 4,000,000 solution of copper sulphate upon
the number of filaments of Anahasna jios-aquae,. The treatment was
made July 9.

Filaments per
cubic centimeter.

July 6 3, 400

July 10 54

July 11 - 8

July 13 - 0

July 15 0

July 20 0

It remains to be seen what the condition will be during the coming
summer, but it is believed it can never be an}" worse than at the
tinie of treatment, and it is reasonable to suppose that there will be
considerably fewer organisms this year than last. Even though an
annual treatment of the reservoir prove necessary, involving a cost of
from $25 to 150, the alread}^ great improvement in the (quality of the
water will certainl}^ make it justifiable.

Other experiments of a similar character were carried on in different
parts of the country with reservoirs of a capacity" of from 10,000,000
to 600,000,000 gallons. While the results were all favorable, it is
deemed best not to pul)lish any detailed account until the effect of the
treatment can be followed throug'h another season. The summer of

•^te'

1003 was cold and wet, and in some cases the decrease in the number of
organisms may have been due to these factors. However, the several
instances of the ver}^ sudden and rapid disappearance of forms which
were present in tremendous quantity, without any reappearance,
indicated that the treatment was most effective.' Those in charge of
these water supplies reported that the}^ were well satisfied with the
result.

EFFECT OF COPPER UPON PATHOGENIC BACTERIA.

TYPHOID.

The value of copper sulphate as an agent for the destruction of
algfe polluting reservoirs suggests its use in cases where the organism
is pathogenic. Since this salt is fatal to the algal growths, it seemed

KFFKCT OV COPPER UPON PATHOGENIC BACTERIA. 29

pr()l»iil)U' that it would also destroy bacteria, and that cholera j^erms
and typhoid germs nii<i;lit succuuil) to its action.

The sterilization of pul)lic water supplies ))y chemical means has so
tar seemed an impossibility. Nearly every known substance has been
tested, but the hioh concenti'ations recjuired to produce the desired
effect, the extreme toxicity of tiie a<,^ents, their cost, or the dilliculty
of application, have eliminated all but copper sulphate as a possibility
for the present purpose. Accordin<4' to Semmer and Krajewski," a
1 to 100 solution of this salt will inhil>it action in infected blood, and
septic bacteria can ])e destroyed with a 10 per cent solution. Bolton'^
says that 1 to 500 is toxic, but 1 to 1,000 permits the growth of cholera;
1 to 200 and 1 to 600, respectively, produce the same results with
t^'phoid, and some of the spore-bearing forms are imaffected at 2 per
cent. Green *■ gives 2^ per cent as the amount necessary to kill
typhoid in two to twenty-four hours, and Hnds cholera only slightly
less sensitive. Israel and Klingman,'' however, Hnd that almost
infinitesimal amounts of copper in colloidal solution are fatal to
typhoid, cholera, and Bacillu.s coll. There is considerable literature
upon the use of copper sulphate as a disinfectant for clothing, bed-
ding, cesspools, etc., but it is not necessary to review' it at this place.
Sternberg'' found that its germicide power was decidedl}- superior to
the corresponding salt of iron and zinc, and demonstrated that it
destroyed micrococci from the pus of an acute abscess in tlie propor-
tion of 1 to 2(»0. He saj'S, "This agent (cupric sulphate), then, is a
valuable germicide and may be safely' reconmiended for the disinfec-
tion of nniterialnot containing spores."

The high percentage of copper sulphate given ])v most of these
authorities seems to preclude the idea of its practical use for the pur-
pose desired. It should be remembered, however, that these investi-
gators were working for a ver}' difierent end, namely, to find concen-
trations destructive to bacteria in the presence of large ([uantities of
al})uminoid and"fatt3Mnatter. Experiments conducted under similar
circumstances have confirmed the above results, ])ut the conditions
obtaining in public water supplies are widely different. Here the
amount of albuminoid matter is so small that the death point of the
t} phoid or cholera organism is lowered tremendously and very dilute
solutions of copper are shown to be toxic. The tabulated results on
the succeeding pages demonstrate this fact.

"Semmer and Krajewski, Arch. f. exj). Path. u. Pharmakol., 14: 139.
''Bolton, Rep. of Com. on DisinfectantH, Am. Pub. Health Assn., 1888, j). 153.
c Green, Zeit. furHyg., 13: 495.

«^ Israel and Klingman, Virchon'n Archiv., 147: 293.

''Sternljerg, Kep. Com. Disinfection, Am. Pub. Health Assn., 1888, p. 38. See also
Infection and Immunity, New York and London, 1903.

30 METHOD OF DESTROYINfi ALGiE IN WATER SUPPLIES.

Effect of copper sulphate tipon Bacillus ti/phi at different tempemlares."
[Determination made in tubes of bouillon, -f indicates growth after 48 hours' incubation;

cates no growth.]

indi-

Duration of exposure to action of copper
sulphate.

2 hours .

4 hours .

Tempera-
ture.

6 hours .

12 hours .

°C.
38
28
23.5
14

4
38
28

23.5
14

4
38
28
23. 5
14

Check.

+
+
+
+

+
-t-
-I-

-r
-f
-r
-t-

-I-
-1-
-f
+
+

-f

1 part cop-
per sul-
phate to

100,000
parts of

water.

+
+
+
-t-

(?)

-t-

-t-
+

1 part cop-
per sul-
phate to

200,000
parts of

water.

1 part cop-
per sul-
phate to
500,000
parts of
water.

(?)

-I-
+
-t-
+
+
+
-I-

+
-f

-f-

-h
-f-
+

-t-

-I-
-f
-I-

-I-
-I-
-f-
-1-
+
-1-
-I-
-I-
+
+

+
-I-
+
-f
-t-
+
+

aExiieriment conducted in test tubes, each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water, portions of which
had been previously treated with the desired amounts of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with
a 3 mm. loop of a 24-hour culture of B. typhi.

Effect of copper sulphate upon Bacillus typhi cultures of various agesJi
[Determination made in tubes of bouillon. + indicates growth after 48 hours' incubation; - indi-
cates no growth.]

Duration of exposure to ac-
tion of solution of 1 part
copper sulphate to 100,000
parts of water.

3 hours.
6 hours.
9 hours.

Culture 36

hours

old.

-I-
(?)

Culture 24

hours

old.

-I-

Culture 18

hours

old.

Culture 12

hours

old.

Culture 6

hours

old.

Culture 3

hours

old.

a Experiment conducted in test tubes each containing5cc.of sterilized water, portions of which had
been previously treated with the desired amount of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3 mm. loop of a culture of B. typhi of the proper age.

Effect of copper sulphate on Bacillus typhi at different temperaiures.a

[Determination made in Petri dishes.]

Dunation of exposure to action of
copper sulphate.

Tempera-
ture.

Check.

One part
copper .sul-
phate to
100,000 parts
of water.

One part
copper .sul-
phate to
200,000 parts
of water.

One part
copper sul-
phate to
500,000 parts
of water.

2 hours --

°C.

5
38

Colonics.

720

1,260

155

Colonies.
316

0
115

Colonies.

1,440

312

495

Colonics.

894

917

278

a Experiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water, portions of which
had been previously treated with the proper amounts of copper sulphate. AH tubes inoculated with
a 3 mm. loop of an 18-hour culture of B. typhi.

EFFECT OF ('(HM'KR I'l'oX rATlKKJKNIC 1?AC'TEKIA.

Effect of copjitr huIjiIkiIc n/ion littrillus tiiphi at ronm temperatun."
[Dt'termiiialiDii made in I'ctri di.shf.s.]

Diinitioii fif oxposiiro
to Hctiiiu of i-opjior Check,
sulpha te.

One part copper sulphate to—

100,000 parts 200.000 parts | 500,000 parts
water. water. water.

i hour..

1 hour. .
U hour>s

2 hourfi.
2i hours

3 hours.
3i hours

4 hours.
8 hours.
12 hours

1 . IWjO
1,S30
1 , rm
1 , l«o

yyj

1,134

1,0«0

7X3

270

Colunun.

5, -181

Cutonk*.
•>, 370

UlS

l,02li

86-1

243

IKO

1S6

108

-MOtj

1,242 !

l.JW".

1,(120

1,101

783

972

t\AouUi>.
2, 7.'i4
2, 403
1,323

2, S3.'>

1,4H.T

1,620
'J18

1,998
4C5

1,000,000 parte
water.

5,000,000 parts
water.

CulimicK.
2, <M(i
1,377
2, 673
2, 430
2, 727
1,782
2, 079
1,836
324
243

Oulutiifg.

3,645

1,755

2,808

3,024

2,106

756

1,242

1,458

459

405

" E.\pcrimei)t conducted in test tubes each contaiulng 6 ec. of sterilized water, jtortions of which
hiKl been previously treated with the desired uniount.s of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with
a 3 mm. loop of an "l«-hour culture of Jl. Ii/plii.

Effect of copper sulplmte upon Bacillus typhi at room temperature.'^
[Determination made in Petri dishes.]

Durati(m of expo-
sure to action of
copper sulphate.

0 hour ...

3 hours . .

4 hours . ,
C hours . .
8 hours . .
12 hours .

No. I. Check.

Colonies.

14,
116,

'(24,
[19,

'p,
119,
j6,
l21,

144

792
6C4
212
954
558
300
400
484
074
156
600

5
4

7
0
2

8
0
U
0
33
0

No. 2. One part ' No. 3. One part
copper sul- ci)p|>er sul-
phate to phate to
200,000 parts 100,000 parts
water. water.

' No. 4. One j>art
copper sulpiiate
to 50,000 parts
water.

Colonies.

108
90
11

126
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Colonies.

56 —

3
198
72
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

c»

Col()nie.s.

3,672

5, 742

No. 5. One part
copper sul-

])liate to

100.000 part-s

water.

Colonies.

234
306
6
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

5.S

aExperiment conducted in 12-liter aquaria. No. 1 was untreated: copper .sulphate was added to
Nos. 2, 3, -4. and ft. Three cubic centimeters of a mixture of ctiltures of Jl. ti/phi were added to each
jar 18 hours before treating. All small nonliquifyiug colonies counted as typhoid.

28480— No. 64—04 3

METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG^ IN WATER SUPPLIES.

Effect of cupper sulphate upon Bacillus typhi at low temperature.^''

[Determination made in Petri dishes.]

Duration of exposure to action of copper sulpliate.

3 hours . ,
6 hours .
9 hours .
12 hours .
24 hours

Tempera-
ture.

° V.

Check.

One part
copper to

100,000
parts water.

5
5
5

Cokmieg.

2, 187

2,646

1,026

351

Culunkti.
1,944

702

"Experiment conducted in test tubes each contiiining 5 cc. of sterilized water, p:irt of whicli had
been previously treated with tlie desired amount of copjjcr sulphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3 mm. loop of a culture of JJ. ti/plii of the proper age.

Effect of copjjer sulphate upon Bacillus coll cultures of earious ayes."-

[Determination made in tubes of bouillon. + indicates growth after 48 hours' incubation; — indi-
cates no growth.]

Duration of exposure to
action of solution of 1 part
copper sulphate to 100,000
parts water.

Culture 3tj
hours old.

Culture 24
hours old.

Culture 18
hours old.

Culture 12
hours old.

Culture 6
hours old.

Culture 3
hours old.

3 hours

+
+
+

6 hours

9 hours

« Experiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water, part of which had
been r>rcvionsly treated with the desired amount of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3 mm. loop of a" culture ^^f B. coli of the ]>roper age.

Effect of copper salplmte ujion Bacillus coli at different temperatures.^

[Determination made in tubes of bouillon. + indicates growth after 48 hours' incubation; — indi-
cates no growth.]

Duration of exposure to action of
copper sulphate.

Tempera-
ture.

Check.

One part copper sulphate to —

100.000 parts
water.

200,000 parte
water.

500,000 parts
water.

° a

f 38

2 hours

23.5
14

+
+

f 38

4 hours

23.5
14

+
+

f 38

. 28

+ .

fi hours

23.5

+
+

-1-

+ .

" Experiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 cc. sterilized water, portions of which liad
been previously treated with the desired amounts of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3-mm. loop of a 24-hour culture of B. coli.

EFFECT OF CUrrFK Ul'ON PATHOGENIC H.KCTEKIA.

Effect of cujijnr Kulphate upon liiu-Ulu.'< co/i <it room liiiijxrninn: "
[Oetenuiuiitiuu iiiadu in I'ltrl dishes.]

Duration iif i'XVk>-
.•(uro to at'tioii of
copper sulphate.

Check.

1 part copper sulphate to—

100.030 parts
of water.

200,030 parts
of water.

rOJ,000 part-s
of water.

Colon itn.
8,937
2,700
2,403
1,890
3,4.56
3,834
1,431
2, 403
1,026
366

1,000,000 parts
of water.

6,000,000 parts
of- water.

; hour

1 hour

Colon Us.
3,888
3,456
2,592
2,079
3,969
2, 457
1,566
1,323
1,107
297

Colon kit.
5, 697
2,295
2,565
1,971
2,835
1,701
1,404
675
96

Colon it*.
4, 4.55
1,755
1,755
3,429
2,295
1,242
2, 295
1,593
459
43

Colon irii.
5,490
3,483
1,377
3, 267
2,214
2, 106
.',025
1,674
513
513

Colonics.

6,426
2, KiO

1,873

2 hours

2i hours

ij hours

3,912
2,349
3,078

3' hours

3,240

1 hours

1,836

8 liours

12 liours

1,728
891

" Experiment conducted in test tuhcs, each cont^iining 5 cc. of sterilized water. i>ortions of which
had liecn i)reviously treated with the desired amountsof copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with
a 3 mm. loop of an is-ho\ir culture of Ji. roli.

Effect of copper snlpliulc upon JlacilluK <<>li at loir tcinpcndnrc'i
[Determination made in I'etri dishes.]

Duration of exposure to action of cuiiinr sulpliate.

3 hours . .
6 hours . .
9 hours . .
12 hours .

1 part cof>-

Temper-
ature.

Check.

pcrtoUK),-

000 parts

water.

°C.

ColonUn.

Colonics.

2,700

2, 673

3,591

1,620

2,403

1,215

2,106

1,431

« Experiment conducted in test ttibes each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water, part of which had
been previou.sly treated with the desired amount of copper sidphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3 mm. loop of a culture of B. cnli of the jiropcr af<e.

Effect oj copper .nilpJiate upon paracolon cultures of rariotis ages. «

[Determination made in tubes of bouillon. + indicates growth nfter 4s hours' incubation; —indi-
cates no growth.]

Duration of exposure to ac-
tion of solution of 1 part
copper sulphate to 100,000
parts of Avater.

Culture 36
hours old.

Culture 24
hours old.

Culture 18
hours (Id.

Culture 12
hours old.

Culture C.
hours old.

Culture 3
hours old.

3 hours

—

■>

•?

6 hours

9 hours

"Experiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water, 7„it of which had
been previously treated with the desired amount of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3 mm. loop of a culture of paracolon of the jjroper age.

These tables show that Bdcillus typhi is more sensitive to copper
sulphate than is coU, that the para group are about equally sensitive,
and that temperature has a veiy important bearing- on the toxicity of

34 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG^ IN WATER SUPPLIES.

the copper in solution. At room temperature, wiiich i.s near the tem-
perature of a reservoir in summer, a dilution of 1 to 100,000 is fatal to
typlu in three to five hours; at 5^ it requires twenty-four hours for
complete destruction.

The results obtained were checked in three ways:

(1) Five cubic centimeters of each of the solutions to be tested,
made up with filtered hydrant water and check tubes of the same
water, were sterilized in test tubes. To each of these was transferred
one 3-mm. loop of a bouillon culture of the bacillus. After the proper
exposure, a 3-mm. loop of the inoculated water from each tube was
transferred to a sterile bouillon tube with a corresponding number.
These bouillon tubes were then incubated fortv-six hours at 38*^, the
time and concentration of the agent required to prevent growth being
noted.

(2j Instead of transferring to bouillon tubes from the inoculated
water, the transfer was made to gelatine tubes, and plates were poured
in 10-cm. Petri dishes, thus making it possible to estimate the reduc-
tion in the number of bacteria in concentrations not sufficient to pre-
vent growth,

(3) Five 12-liter aquaria, two of which contained a high percentage
of organic matter, also a large quantity of algw and other aquatic
plants, were inoculated, each with 3 cubic centimeters of cultures of
Bacillus typhi of different ages, and allowed to stand eighteen hours,
and two poured plates were made from each aquarium, the 3-mm. loop
being used in all cases. To these aquaria were then added a 1 per
cent solution of copper sulphate in sufficient quantity to produce the
desired concentration. After the proper time had elapsed, another
series of plates was made, this being repeated ever}^ two hours for a
period of twelve hours.

The tests were made upon four distinct cultures of Bacillus typhi^
designated respectively Wasserman, Stokes, Say, and Longcope, and
except in the case of the aquaria series, upon Bacillus coli and some
of the para forms. These organisms were obtained from the labora-
tory of H. K. Mulford & Co.

ASIATIC CHOLERA.

The method of procedure in determining the toxic concentration for
Microsjnra comma {Spirillum choleree) was identical to that employed
in the case of Bacillus typhi. The tables on the next page show that
the toxic limits of these two pathogenic organisms are ver}- similar and
that Microspira comma is slightly more sensitive to copper sulphate
than is Bacillus typhi. To destroy the cholera germ requires about
three hours in a 1 to 100, COO solution at a temperature above 20^. A
longer exposure or a higher concentration is necessary to produce this
result at lower temperatures.

EFFKCT OF COPl'KR UPON PATHOGENIC BACTERIA.

Kfict of <-(,pi>,r ttiiljilKil, iijxiii Micro><i)ir<i roni7)in at liifn-nil Innfirnitiirrft.a
[Deturniiiiatioii made iii I'etri dishcs.J

of t'Xi:H>siir»' til iirtiiiii nf
i)|>|>fr siilplmtt'.

TeinjKTU-
ttire.

Check.

One part copper sulphate to—

Diirutiuii

100.000 imrl.s

2(K).(KKt parts .-^Hl.(HK) parl-s

watiT.

waUT. water.

°C.

CnUmirs.

I'lihmiin.

fttlnnirn.

< 'iilim im.

1 , Kiu;

1,400

50(3

:t, 3tMi

2 hour**

15
26

2,500
3,500

5:«»
3

1,100
100

1,000

733

30.5

4,. 5.56

1,433

1,.533

133

766

4 houi^

15
2(;. 5

1,033
1,033

21
0

72
G

30.5

1,466

2,000

700

G lumrs

15
2Ci. 5

3,033
3, (MX)

9
0

20
166

533

30.5

1,066

" Kxpcrinifiits poiiduclrd in test lulics. cacli cniitainiiiK 5 v<\ nf sterilized water, portions of wliich
liad been previously treatt'd with the desired amounts of eoi)per sulphate. All tubes iiioeulaled
with a '.) nun. loop of a M-hour eidtureof .1/. nimiiid.

Effect of copper sulphate upon MicroRpira comma at different temperatures.^

[Determinations made in Imilloii tubes. + indie itcs growth after 48 hours' incubation; — indicates

no growth.]

Duration of exposure to action of
copper sulpiiate.

Tempera-
ture.

Check.

1 part of copper sulphate to—

100,000 parts JOO.OOO parts
water. water.

.500, 0(H) part.s
water.

2 hours

Of.

24.4
[ 30.5

f ^"
24.4

[ 30.5

( ''
i 24.4

[ 30.5

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

4 hours

+
+
+

6 hours

a Experiment conducted in test tubes each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water, part of which had
been previously treated with the desired amount of copper sulphate. All tubes inoculated with a
3 mm. loop of a IC-hour culture of .)/. cumnia.

It will be seen that the concentration of copper required is consid-
erabl}" greater than the maximum necessary for the destruction of
alg-fe, and would, of course, be injurious to the aquatic animals nor-
mall}' present in a reservoir if it were allowed to act for any great
length of time. Experiments in this laboratory have demonstrated,
however, that the time necessai^ to remove Bacillus typhi is from
three to four hours in summer, twenty-four hours in the coldest
weather, and that under such conditions the solution does not injure fish
and frogs or the common aquatic plants such as Elodea^ MyriopJiyUum^
and Lemna. To remove the copper at the desired time the method

36 METHOD OF DESTROYING A1.QM IN WATER SUPPLIES.

suggested in the preceding section in the case of acid and soft waters
may bo employed^that is, precipitate the copper by some soluble
hydroxide or carbonate. This somewhat complicates the treatment,
as it will be necessary to determine from the c-haracter of the water
the amount of copper necessary to produce a solution of 1 to 100,000,
as well as to estimate how much of the h3^droxide or carbonate should
be added. That such work be conducted under the constant and direct
supervision of comf)etent authorities is even more important than when
treating for algal contamination.

COMPAillSON OF EFFECT OF OTHER DISINFECTANTS.

A comparison of the effect of copper sulphate with certain other
substances commonl}^ used as disinfectants is instructive, and gives
some idea of the great toxicity of this metal. Mercuric chloride (cor-
rosive sul)limate) is slightly more fatal to typhoid and cholera than
copper sulphate acting at a lower temperature and in a shorter length
of time. Carbolic acid, one hundred times as strong as the dilution
found to be effective for copper sulphate, and acting eight times as
lono-, failed to kill. The same is true of formalhi used between fifteen
and twenty times the strength of a 1 to 100,000 solution. Using one
thousand times the amount of citric acid that would be used of copper
sulphate produces death. Thymol is effective in six hours when used
in a solution of 1 to .5,<»<)0, and naphthalene is five times weaker.

COLIiOIDAL SOLUTIONS.

The preceding experiments have dealt with copper in solution as the
salt of some acid. The effect upon water of metallic copper surfaces,
producing the so-called colloidal solution of copper, deserves especial
mention. As Niigeli, Galeotti, and Israel and Klingman have abun-
dantly demonstrated, the slight amounts of copper thus brought into
solution are highly toxic to many forms of algse and l)acteria.

The experiments carried on in this laboratory show that it is
undoubtedly possible to exterminate TJroglena and some forms of
Sjyirogyra by suspending in the water copper foil sufficient to give
an area of about 1 sq. cm. to each 100 cc. of water. This would not
be a practicable method of treating a reservoir, but it suggests the
possibility of sheet copper being used as a preventive of pollution.
By suspending large sheets of this metal at the intake of a reservoir,
it is probable that conditions would be rendered sufficiently antago-
nistic to algal growth to maintain the sterilit}^ of a reservoir after
it had once been thoroughly cleansed of polluting forms. It w^ould,
of course, be necessary to keep such copper sheets clean in order to
prevent a reduction of the toxic action due to the formation of an
insolul)le or slimy coating on its surface. It is possible that some

COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS.

electricjil method may be perfected for rapidly obtaining a strong"
colloidal solution, which will furnish a more convenient means of
application than that of the crude salt.

In regard to the bacteria causing cholera and typhoid, the impor-
tance of the specitic toxic efi'ect of colloidal copper is probably much
greater than with alga>. The following tables show the proportions
of the area of copptM- to the quantity of water and to the time and the
tempoi'ature necessary to jjiodui-e the complete sterilization of water
containing these pathogenic germs:

Efect upon BuciUuxtmilii of I'.rpoanri' to collnlddl mlution of copper (d room temperalure.C'

[Determination made in tnhi's of lionilloii. + indicates srowlli after is honrs' inocnliition: indi-
cates no growth.]

iXiration (

f I'xposure to action ui

copper.

Cheek.

15 .sq. mm.

copper foil

I ill 10 cc. of

water.

lOOsq.mm.

(■opi)er foil

111 10 cc. of

water.

22.')sq.mm.

copper f(jil

in 10 cc. of

water.

10 hours - .

+
-1-

+
+
+

1 1 + -1-

20 hou rs

.')0 hours

"Experiment condncted in test tubes containing 10 cc. each of sterilized water. The copper foil

was sterilized ;m<l added iiinnediatcly hcl'orc inuculatintr the tubes with tlie usual 3 mm. loop of a
21-h(nu- culture of Ji. ti/ii/ii. This experiment was duplicated with three separate strains of tyi)h()id
with idi'Utical results.

Efccl upon Biirll/nn ti/j)lii of expoiture to colloidal solution of copper at room temperalure.O'

[Determination made in Petri dishes.]

Duration of exposure to action of copper.

Check.

1 sq. cm.

copper foil

to 5 cc. of

water.

4 sq. cm.

copper foil

to 5 ce. of

water.

i hour

Colonics.

1,6.50

1,836

1,.566

1,46.5

999

1,134

1 080

783

270

297

Colon iex.

2, 241

1,944

1,620

1 , 674

675

972

1,242

837

216

Colonies.
2, 025

1 hour . .

2, 349

labours

1,188

2 h(mrs

1,188

2g hours

1,053

3 hours

918

3.i ho\irs

' 621

1 hours

360

H hours

12 hours

"Kxperinient conducted in test tubes, each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water. The copper foil
was sterilized, and added innnediately before inoculating the tubes with the usual 3 mm. loop of a
21 hour culture of 7i. /(/p/(/.

38 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG^ JN WATER SUPPLIES.

Effect vpon Bacillus coll of erpomre 1o colloklal .solution of copper at room temperature.^

[Determination made in tubes of bouillon. + indicates growth after -48 hours' inoculation: - indicates

no growth.]

Duration of exposure to action of copper.

10 hours.
16 hours.
'20 hours.
50 hours.

Check.

15 sq. mm-

copper foil

iu 10 ce. of

water.

+
+
+

+
+

100 sq.mm.

copper foil

in 10 cc.of

water.

+
+

2'25 sq. mm.

copper foil

in 10 cc.of

water.

a Experiment conducted in test tubes containing 10 cc. each of sterilized water. The copper foil was
erilized and added immediately before inoculating the tubes with the usual :! mm. looji of a 'Jl-hour

sten

culture of H. ro/l

Effect upon Bacillus coli of exposure to colloidal snliilion of copjyerat room temperature.^

[Determination made iu Petri dLshes.]

i hour . . .

1 hour ...
li hours .

2 hours . .
21 hours .

3 hours .
3 J, hours .

4 hours .
8 hours .
12 hours

Duration of exi)osure to action of copper.

Check.

1 sq. cm.

copper foil

to 5 cc. of

water.

4 sq. cm.

copper foil

to 5 cc. of

water.

f'oJmiien.

CiilonicK.

Colonies.

3,888

2, 241

3,024

■ 3,456

1,971

2,025

2, 592

1,512

2,754

2,079

1,188

1,846

3,969

1,242

999

2,457

1,242

1,593

1,566

1,026

2, 7'27

1, 3'23

1,3'23

810

1,107

702

297

348

a Experiment conducted in test tubes, each containing 5 cc. of sterilized water. The copper foil
was sterilized and added immediately before inoculating the tubes with the usual 3-mm. loop of a
24-hour ctllture of B. coli.

Effect upon par<tcolon of e.rjiosu re to collodial .solution of copper at room temperature. «

[Determination- made in tubes of bouillon. + indicates growth after 48 hours' inoculation; - indi-
cates no growth.]

Duration of exposure to action of copper

Check.

j 15 sq. mm.
copper foil
in 10 cc.of
water.

100 sq. mm.
copper foil
in 10 cc. of
water.

5 hours
10 hours
16 hours
20 hours
50 hours

225 sq.mm.
copper foil
in 10 cc. of
water.

« Experiment conducted in test tubes containing 10 cc. each of sterilized water. The copper foil was
sterilized and added immediatelv before inoculating the tubes with the usual 3 mm. loop of a 24-hour
culture of paracolon. This experiment was duplicated upon another form of paracolon with exactly
the same results.

COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS.

Effect upon jxirati/phoiil of expoxurr t<> colloidal solution of copper til room temperature. »

[DeteriiiiiiHti..ii iniuU- in tubes i.f bouillon. + indicates Krowth after is hours' inoeuliition; indi-
cates no growth.]

Duration of exposure to iielion of eopiier.

10 hours.
10 hours.
20 hours.
50 hours.

Cheek.

15 s<i. mm. 100 s<i. mm. 22r> scj. mm.
eopper toil copper foil copper foil
in U) < c. of in 10 cc. of ' in 10 (•<■. of

water.

+
+
+

+
+

water.

+
+

water.

«E.xperiment coiKlucted in test tuh.-s coniainiuff 10 cc. each of sterilized water. Tlie co[.per foil
was sterilized ami added immediately before inoculating the tubes with the usual 3 mm. loop ot a
24-honr culture of paratyphoid.

Effect upon Microspira comma of colloidal xohition of copper at rariouK temperatnrett. "

[Determination made in 1

etri dishe

-•]

r)tiration of exiiosurr to ju-lion of ('(tpiMT.

Tempera-
ture.

Check.

; sq. cm.

copper foil

to 5 cc.

water.

2 sq. cm..

copper foil

to 5 <•('.

water.

'' ('.

Colonies.

( 'olnnicx.

fiilonie».

.")

1,8GC

833

2, 500

15
•20. 5

2, .500
3, 500

733
4, (MX)

2,433

333

30.5

■1,56C

l,GtM;

533

.">

1,53:5

15
•20.5

1,033
1,033

033
'200

366

30. 5

1,400

2,000

700

15
26.5

3,033
3,000

45
300

30.5

l,0(i6

<( Experiments conducted in test tubes, eaeh containing 5 cc. of sterilized water, portions of which
had been previously treated with the desired amo\nits of copper sulphate. .\11 tuljes inoculated with
a 3 mm. loop of a l-i-hour cidtnre of ^f. coniiiia.

It is evident that the amount of surface exposed in an}' ordinaiy
copper tank would far- exceed the amount demanded for the above
results, and it is likewise certain that after standing from 6 to 8 hours
at room temperature in a e/ea/t copper vessel water becomes safe to
drink even though it may have contained cholera and typhoid germs.
It remains to be seen whether or not the application of these facts to
conditions in the Tropics, where cholera is abundant, will be of any
value. It would .seem that the con.struction of canteens and other
water vessels from copper might serve as an additional safeguard, if
not an actual preventive of this disease, and would prove of consider-
able value where distillation or efficient filtration apparatus is not at
hand.

40 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALGiE IN WATER SUPPLIES.

CONCLUSIONS.

It is believed that the foregoin^^- experimeut.s demonstrate the possi-
bilit}^ of the use of copper sulphate for the destruction or prevention
of growths of algiv in water supplies, and that when used under the
direction of a competent authority, it is the onlv practicable remed}^
for this trouble capable of universal application which has ever ])een
proposed. It is, of course, probalde that with the experience which
must come from a wider opportunity for testing this salt, man}-
improvements will be made in the practical application of the treat-
ment to large l)odies of water. However, it is hoped that the results
alread}" obtained, together with trials now under way, will make it
possible to begin using this method within a short time upon a large
scale throughout the country.

NECESSITY OF KNOWLEDflE OF ORGANISM AND CONDITION IN

RESERVOIR.

It can not be too strongly emphasized, however, that harmless as
the method undoubtedl}' is under proper control, it must alwa^'s require
a certain amount of definite knowledge in regard to the condition of
the reservoir before any treatment can be made, even by those
thoroughly able to conduct such an experiment. This is regarded as
a fortunate requisite, since it will tend to prevent the irresponsible or
cai'eless dosing of reservoirs by incompetents, who are occasionally in
charge of water supplies.

Before the amount of copper to be added can possibly be known, it
is absolutely necessary to ascertain the exact character of the organ-
ism causing the trouble. This will make a microscopical examination
of the first importance. Also, the sooner such an examination reveals
the presence of the polluting form, the more effective will be the treat-
ment. If examinations are made at short intervals during the entire
year, it is possible to detect the troublesome forms at their first appear-
ance and by prompt treatment to destroy the alga? before the consumer
is aware of any difficulty. The early detection of the algw will also
make a considerable difference in the expense of the treatment, as it
may require fifteen or twenty times as much copper to clean a reser-
voir after the bad odor and taste are evident than it would could the
application have been made before the organism began to rapidly
multiply. In all cases the use of copper as a preventive rather than
a cure is advocated, and this can not l)e intelligently applied unless
the microscopical examinations are thorough and frequent at the time
of 3"ear the trouble is to ])e anticipated.

On account of the necessity of determining the nature of the organ-
ism and the time of its appearance as nearly as possible, it will become
as imperative for water companies to employ some one competent to

CONCLUSIONS. 41

make thoso cxaniiiiutions as it now is to have a elieinist or l)at't(M-iolo-
^•ist. In Fact, in regions where the dilhculty from al^iv is ^reat, the
microscopical examination must take })reee(hMicc of overvtliing- else as
a means of keepin*;the water palatable and satisfactory to the consumer.
In addition to the character of the oroanisms and the earliest possi-
ble determination of their appearance, it has already been pointed out
that the chemical constitution, the tempeniture, and other special con-
ditions of the water are factors in determinino- the line of treatment.
No specific instructions are given in this bulletin for the amount of
copper sulphate which is to be used for each species of ali;je which is
known to atl'ect water supplies, because it is impossible to make a defi-
nite statement without a knowledoe of the conditions alreadv men
tioned. Ji}ich reservoir muxt he regarded as an indivldiial ease, re-
quiring special hnmvledge and a i^articular prescription. It is 1)elie\'ed
that the public water supplies of this country are worthy of such spe-
cial care, and it would be a matter of regret if the method proposed
here should ever be regarded as a universal panacea to be used by
ev^ervone, regardless of the organism to bo erndicat(>d and the condi-
tion of the water.

APrLICATION OF METHOD FOR DESTRUCTION OF I'ATIIOOEXIC BACTERIA
NOT DESIGNED TO REl'LACE EFFICIENT MEANS OF FILTRATION
ALREADY IN USE.

The use of copper sulphate in clearing polluted reservoirs of patho-
genic bacteria, such as tj^phoid and choleia, is regarded as incidental
to the main purpose of the investigation. There already exists a most
efficient means of preventing the appearance of these organisms in
water supplies, and under no circumstances can it be considered that
the method as descril)ed is expected to replace or supersede slow sand
or any other efficient filtration. There are conditions, however, which
sometimes make it desirable to thoroughl}' sterilize a reservoir, and
under those circumstances the use of copper sulpliate is believed to
offer a new and adequate way of dealing with the difficulty. Expe-
rience has demonstrated the impossibility of compelling consumers of
what may be an infected water to boil it, or observe other precautionary
measures, and the absence of proper filtration plants in a veiy great
number of cities and towns in this country makes it necessary that
some efficient method for destroying disease germs in water be emploj^ed
until the danger from pollution be past. Up to this time no satisfac-
tory and yet harmless method has been known that would become
effective in the course of a very few hours and the cost of which was
in the reach of every community. It is believed that the results of
the experiments upon typhoid and cholera germs described in this
bulletin indicate that it will be possible under competent direction to
emplo}' copper sulphate with perfect safety in any municipal water

42 METHOD OF DESTROYING ALG.E IK WATER SUPPLIES.

reservoir which may have ]>ecome infected with some nonspore-
forming- disease germ. Its application to barnyard tanks and pools
as a preventive of hog cholera may also prove to be of value. Since
the selective toxicity of this salt renders it fatal to pathogenic forms
peculiar to water, while the common sapro])hytic or l)eneficial bac-
teria are unaffected, the method is particularlv well adapted for this
purpose.

MEDICINAL USE.

While it is not within the province of this ])ulletin to discuss or
recommend any line of medical treatment, reference should be made
to the fact that certain eminent practitioners, after reviewing the
results here published, are of the opinion that the use of copper in
cases of typhoid fever and related diseases should be more thoroughly
investigated than it has been heretofore. It was the testimony of sev-
eral that other intestinal troubles, more recenth' presumed to be due
to the presence of certain disease germs in drinking- water and milk,
had responded most favorably to copper in one form or another.

CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CAN
FURNISH INFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE IN APPLYING THIS METHOD.

The prol)lem of destroying or preventing the growth of alga^ b}- the
method devised in the laboratory of plant physiology in water reser-
voirs, lakes, ponds, water-cress beds, and wherever these plants have
become a pest, is one which distinctly comes within the province of
the Department of Agriculture. Definite instructions as to the treat-
ment to be followed will at all times be furnished to the proper author-
ities who may desire assistance, and in so far as the limited facilities
of the laboratory permit, determination will be made of the organisms
causing the trouble. It is earnestly hoped that no tests of the method
described here will be made without tirst consulting with the Depart-
ment. Those most intimately connected with this work are constantl}^
gaining information and experience, and this ma}' prove of consider-
able value, besides a saving- of expense, to those who have occasion to
exterminate algal pests.

The treatment of water supplies for the destruction of pathogenic
bacteria, or any application of the copper-sulphate method which has
to do with public health, is not contemplated or indeed possible by this
Department. The requests of private individuals or unauthorized
bodies for information or assistance can not be granted. When State
or local boards of health consider that the disinfection of a water sup-
ply is desirable and wish information upon the subject it will be
supplied as fully and freely as possible. All experiments of this kind,
however, must be conducted by the board of health, and the Depart-
ment can serve only in the capacity of an adviser.

SUMMARY.

COST.

No definite estiuuite of the cost of the treatment of ii reservoir eiin
be i(iven, because of the special conditions jroverniiit;- each case. It is
evident, however, that the inaximuni cost of material for exterminatin<;-
alj^a' can not exceed 50 to 00 cents per million gallons, and will often
be less than half this amount. The cost for the copper-sul])hate
destruction of bacteria will be from $5 to ^iy per million gallons, and
where lime or some soluble hydrate is used in addition the cost would
l)e increased about one-third. The cost of labor necessary to intro-
duce these substances will be slight, since two men can usutdly treat
from 10,000,000 to 20,000,000 gallons in less than three hours.

STTMMARY.

The importance of maintaining all public water supplies at the
highest degree of purity and wholesomeness is too well recognized to
require any discussion.

The disagreeable odors and tastes so often present in drinking water
are due almost exclusively to alga', although the economic importance
of studying these plants has not been recognized until recent years.

These algal forms are widely distributed, and reservoirs in many
States have been rendered unlit for use ))y their presence.

The methods now known for preventing or removing the odors and
tastes caused by algse have proved unsatisfactory, either because of
proliibitive expense or failure to accomplish result.

It is therefore desiral)le that some new, cheap, harmless, and effective
method be devised for ridding i-eservoirs of these pests.

It has been found that copper sulphate in a dilution so great as to
be colorless, tasteless, and harmless to man, is sufficienth^ toxic to the
algie to destroy or prevent their appearance.

The mode of application makes this method applicable to reservoirs
of all kinds, pleasure ponds and lakes, fish ponds, oyster beds, water-
cress beds, etc. It is also probable that the method can be used for
the destruction of mosquito larvae.

At ordinary temperatures 1 part of copper sulphate to 100,000 parts
of water destroys tj^phoid and cholera germs in from three to four
hours. The ease with wdiich the sulphate can then be eliminated from
the water seems to offer a practical method of sterilizing large bodies
of water, when this becomes necessary.

The use of copper sulphate for the prevention of disease is regarded
as incidental and is not designed in any way to supplant efficient pre-
ventive measures now in use. It is believed, however, that up to this
time no such satisfactory means of thoroughly, rapidly, and cheaply
sterilizing a reservoir has been known. Since the selective toxicity of

44 METHOD OF DESTKOYING ALG/E IN WATER SUPPLIES.

copper sulphate renders it fatal to pathogenic forms peculiar to water,
while the saprophytic or beneficial bacteria are unaffected, the method
is particularl}- well adapted for this purpose.

Definite knowledge in regard to what organisms are present, the
constitution of the water, its temperature, and other important facts
are neciessar}^ before it is possible to determine the proper amount of
copper sulphate to be added. A microscopical examination thus
becomes as important as a bacteriological or chemical anal3'sis.

So rule for ddenninlng the amount of copper sulphate to Ije added
can he given. Each hody of water must he treated in the light of its
special conditions.

The cost of material for exterminating algaj will not exceed 60 to 60
cents per million gallons and will usualk be less. The destruction of
pathogenic bacteria requires an expenditure of from $5 to $8 per
million gallons, not including the cost of labor.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY- BULLETIN NO. 65.

B. T. GALLOWAY, IhUJ «/ Bureau.

RECLAMATION

tiK

CAPE ( OI) SAM) 1)1 NES

J. M. WESTGATE,
Assistant in SanivBindinc Woi.-k.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

LsauED June 30, 19<)4.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1904.

BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, includes Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations, Botanical Investigations and
Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Pomological Investigations, and
Experimental Gardens and Grounds, all of which were formerly separate Divisions,
and also Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, the Arlington Experimental
Farm, Tea Culture Investigations, and Domestic Sugar Investigations.

Beginning with the date of organization of the Bureau, the several series of ))ulle-
tins of the various Divisions were discontinued, and all are now published as one
series of the Bureau. A list of the bulletins issued in the present serie^ follows.

Attention is directed to the fact that "the serial, scientific, and technical publica-
tions of the United States Department of Agriculture are not for general distribution.
All copies not required for official use are by law turned over to the Superintendent
of Documents, who is empowered to sell them at cost." All applications for such
publications should, therefore, be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Gov-
ernment Printing Office, Washington, D. C. .

No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents.

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902, Price; 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. , Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and

Forage Plants. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.
Stock Ranges of Northwestern California: Notes on the Grasses and Forage

Plants and Range Conditions. 1902. Price, 15 cents.
Experiments in Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10

cents. .

The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.
Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price,

15 cents.
A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores ui Agaricns Campes-

tris and other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.
Kentucky Bluegrass Seed: Harvesting, Curing, and Cleaning. 1902. Price,

10 cents. •

Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.
List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem; The Great Forage and Soiling Crop of the Nile Valley. 1902.
Price, 15 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]

11.
12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

19.

20.

21.

Bui. 65, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate 1.

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U. S. DICPARTMKN r OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY BULLETIN NO. 65.

]{. T. G.VLLOWAY, Cliii/ <>/ JSurtuu.

RECLAMATION

CAPE COD SAM) 1)1 NES.

15 Y

J. M. WI<:ST(iArK.
Assistant in SANi)-BiNi)iN<i WoitK.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

Issued June 30, 1904.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PKINTINO OFFICE.

1904.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

BkVICKLY T. (lALLOWAV, Cllilj'.

J. E. Rockwell, Editor.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

Scientific Staff.
W. J. Si'iLLMAN, Agroslulogid.

A. S. Hitchcock, Asuistatd AgrosloIogiM, in Charge of Cooperative Experiment}^.

C. V. Piper, Systematic Agrodologial, in Charge of Ilerbari am.

C. R. Ball, Assistant Agroslologisl, in Charge of Work on Arlington Farm.

David Griffiths, Assistant Agrostologist, in Charge of Itange Investigations.

S. M. Tracy, Special Agent, in Cliarge of Gulf Coast Investigations.

P. L. RiCKER, Assi.'ilard in Herbarium.

J. M. Westgate, Assistant in Sand- Binding Work.

Byron Hunter, Assistant in Agroslologij.

Matt. A. Crosby, Assistant in Farm Management.

R. A. Oakley, Assistant in Agroslo/ogij.

0. W. Wakburton, A.^sistant in Farm Management.

Agnes Chase, Agrostological Artist.

IVTUIK ()!• TKAXSMriTAL.

U. S. Dei'aktmknt of A<iiiu'i ltuuk,

BuRKAU OF Plant Industkv,

Office of the Chief,
Wa.sh/m/fnn, D. ("., J/aij 10, lOOJ^.

Sir: 1 have the honor to transinit herewith a paper on "Keclaniation
of Cape Cod Sand Dunes," and respectfully reconiniend that it l)e
puldished as Bulletin No. 65 of the series of this Bureau.

This paper was prepared by Mr. J. M. Wcstg-ate, Assistant in Sand-
.Bindinj,^ Work, Grass and Forage Plant lnvestij,''ations, and has been
submitted by the Aj^rostologist with a view to publication.

The six plates accompanyincr the paper are necessary to piopcrly
illustrate the text.

Respectfully,

B. T. Galloway,

Chief of Bureau.

Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

PR 1:1- ACE.

The oxtcnsive areas of sand (liiiu's wliich sunoiind Capo Cod llarlior
fui-iiish tho l)est oxainplo that this country atiords of the oxtoiisivc
utili/ation of beach grass for tho binding of shifting sand which would
othorwise cause great damage l>y its encroachment on vahiabh> prop-
erty. The iiarl)or and city alike are endangeivd ]>y tho shifting dunes
which have l)cen encroaching u])on them since the original devastation
of the forests which formerly held the sands in check.

For a century and a half l)oach grass has l)oon utilized for sand-
binding work upon the cape by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
and })y the (Jeneral Government for the purpose of protecting Cape
Cod Harboi-, l)ut it was not until 1893 that the State of Massachusetts
put in operation tho present extensive system of reclamation, which
has proved so successful. Tiio Province lands, upon which these
plantings have been made, are owned by the State, and the work
itself is under the immediate supervision of Mr. James A. Small.

Since these operations are proving so successful and the methods
developed there are applical)le in a largo measure to other similar
areas in this country, Mr. J. jVI. Westgate, Assistant in Sand-liinding
AVork, was authorized to visit Cape Cod for the purpose of in\'estigating
tho details of the work now in progress, and to determine, as far as
possi])le, the causes which led to the devastation, and also the measures
which have at various times been taken looking to the reclamation of
the shifting dunes. The results of the investigation are presented in
this bulletin.

Acknowledgments are due the authorities having the reclamation
work in charge for the courtesy shown to Mr. Westgate in providing
every means to facilitate his investigations.

W. J. Spillman,

Agrostolo(/ist.

Office of tiik Agrostolooist,

Washington, D. C, M<ty 11, 1901^.

CONTENTS,

Page.

Introduction ^

F,rolo<;ical rclatiouH of llic vcj^ctatioii ■ 10

I'A'oli )^Mcal factors 1^

Mode of deposition of the Cape stands 12

Development of the dune range 13

Natural reclamation 1^

Areas receivinj:^ gradual accunuilations of sjuul . 15

Areas not receiving gradual accumulations of sand 16

Marshes and bogs 1 '

Early accounts 1°

Devastation of the estaliiished dune areas 18

Early conditions incident to the devastation 19

Restrictive legislation 20

Artilicial reclamation of the CaiK' sands 21

Ivuly work of sand control 21

Recent work hy t lie State 24

Preliminary operations 24

Attempts without beach grass 24

Utilization of beach grass 25

Relative merits of spring and fall plantmg 25

Selecting and transplanting the sets 26

Cost of planting 27

Present status of the various plantings 27

Effectiveness of brush laying 28

Efficiency of l)eaci» grass for sand binding 28

Necessity of ultunate forestatiou 30

Miscellaneous operations on tlie sand 31

Road construction 32

Reclamation of small areas 32

Commercial utilization of sand 33

Development of the protective beach ridge 34

The Province lands 34

State o\vnershii> - 34

Value of the lands 35

Summary 35

Bibliography - 3o

Description of plates 38

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

Pi.A ri-: T. Map of sand areas inclosing Cape Cod Harbor Frontispiece.

II. Fig. 1. — I'eacli grass forming protective l)each ridge. Fig. 2. — Beach

grass, showing method of vegetat iv(! propagation 38

ill. Fig. 1. — Set of beach grass suitable for transplanting. Fig. 2. —

Transplanting beach grass 38

IV. Fig. 1. — Sand dune burying forest. Fig. 2. Beach grass plantations.

General view 38

V. Fig. 1. — Bay])erry bushes without grass protection. Fig. 2. — Bay-
berry bushes with grass protection 38

VI. Fig. L — Wind erosion of nonprotected sand. Fig. 2. — Protect-
ing a road through the dunes 38

B. V. 1.-104. fi. F. V. I.-104.

RECLAMATION OF OAPE COO SAND DUNES.

INTRODUCTION.

The sand aroas at tho oxtroinity of Capo Cod rompri.so approxiinatoly
6,000 acres, less than half of which is under the protection of forest
covering. The city of Provincetown, with its extensive fishing and
shipping interests, is built along a narrow strip of reclaimed land lying
in the lee of the inner range of fixed dunes bordering the harbor.
The peculiar shape and position of the city ))ring it into immediate
peril should an}^ destructive force be f)rought to bear upon the adja-
cent dune areas, or in case of the encroachment of the shifting dunes
farther back l)ut in line with the winter winds, which arc by far the
most efficient in sand movement. The harl)or around a portion of
which the city is Iniilt is even more endangered, as it is surrounded by
the sand accunuUations which have ))een washed around the head of the
Cape, and the entire border on three sides is threatened with the possi-
bilities of sand encroachment. Many houses now stand where a cen-
tury ago small boats found convenient anchorage. In fact, certain
areas have been filled in several hundred feet during the last half cen-
tur3^ The value of the harlwr thus endangered can hardly be over-
estimated. It is the home port of a large fleet of fishing vessels, while
as a harbor of refuge its position, capacity, depth, excellent anchor-
age, and land-locked condition combine to render it one of the most
important on the Atlantic coast. As many as 1,000 vessels are said to
have been counted at one time in the harbor during the heavy gales
which occasional!}' occur along the coast. The entire portion originally
known as "East Harbor" has been rendered worthless by the encroach-
ing sands, a fresh-water marsh marking its original site. Not only is
the harbor of great commercial value, but in event of war its position
is such as to render it of great strategic importance. During the civil
war a portion of the extreme end of the Cape was ceded to the Gov-
ernment. Batteries were established and war vessels were at times
stationed in the harbor.

Tho greater portion of the sand areas inclosing the harbor is owned
by tho State and designated " Province lands" (PI. I). This enables
the authorities to exercise a more effective surveillance than would be
possible were the areas under private ownership.

10 REULAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

The problem of controllinjy the drifting sand.s of the Cape has con-
cerned the municipal, State, and National authorities for two hundred
years, and the extensive planting of beach grass as a means of protec-
tion dates back for more than a centiuy.

The ph3'siographic and botanical phases of the subject presented
are based upon the writer's personal observ^ations and collections.
The bibliography indicates the source of the historical features. Many
of the details were derived from an examination of the statutes and
town records, together with what covdd be deduced from local testi-
mony and personal observation. The details of the earl}' work of dune
control were obtained from the records on file in the War Department,
all the work of harbor protection on the part of the General Govern-
ment having been under the supervision of that Department.

ecoiiogicax. relations of the vegetation.

Ecological Factors.

The ecological factors which are of the most importance in the con-
sideration of the sand-dune areas are light and heat, wind, soil, and
moisture. The low specific heat of the sand causes it to respond very
quickly to any change of temperature in the surrounding medium.
The sand becomes excessivel}' hot on the side of the dune exposed to
the direct ra^'s of the sun and for the same reason the cooling process
at night is (piite as marked. The extremes of temperature incident
to this condition are severe upon any form of vegetation and probabl}'
constitute the chief reason for the absence of many species which
might otherwise be present. The oceanic location of the area tends to
produce an equable climate. The tliermometer rarely registers tem-
peratures below 2'^ F. in winter or above 8.5" F. in summer, except
immediately upon the bare sand areas, where the conditions are much
less equable.

The wind is an important factor for several reasons. Its effect upon
transpiration, especially when augmented by the high temperatures
incident to the heated layers of air at the surface of the sand, is very
marked. The distortions of the trees so often noticeable along the
coast are not present, as the rejuvenescence of extensive forested
dunes has destroyed the wood}' vegetation to beyond the limits of the
injurious effect of the un})roken salt-laden winds. The bombardment
by the sand which the wind hurls against the vegetation is especially
severe. The presence of sand as large as wheat grains (one-eighth to
one-sixth inch in diameter) in great quantities on the dunes testifies
to the force of the winter gales which swept it there from the beach
below. The force of this bombardment may be realized when walking
across a dune area during a strong wind or by examining the effect
of the sand blast upon the windward side of the exposed vegetation.

ECOLOGICAL FACTORS.

The action of tho wind in shiftino- the sand and thoichy oitlior uproot-
in"' or hurviiM'- (lie \ ci-ctatioii is ono of tin* most ol)vious i)oiiits to l»e
noted in a shift in«,^ (hnic aiva. Tho heavy winter winds, usuiilly from
the northeast or northwest, are the most ert'ectivo in shiftinj^ the sand
and in preventing' the existence of vej^etation. A nmcii monr meajj^er
vet^etative covering is present on the northern than on the southern
slopes of the pai'lially estal)lished (hmes.

The isolated location of the area is such as to subject it to the
unbroken force of the winds. The averai,^e hourly velocity of the wind
for Nantucket, where records are accessible, is 11.7 miles per hour.
Gale velocities of fioiii 5(» to «'»<> miles ])er hour are not infre(iuent,
while velocities as hiuh as 7'2 miles per hour have l)een recorded.

The soil of the entire area is largely reassorted glacial sand, at least
95 per cent of which is light-colored (piartz.. The other con.stituents
arc principally magnetite, limonite, feldspar, schist, and garnet. The
vigorous growth of the vegetation in the protected locations indicates
that tho sand is not as deficient in food s-.dts as is sometimes supposed.
The large size and angularit}' of tlu^ grains constitute the character-
istic features of the Cape sands. It is noticc'abic that on the bare
wind-swept slopes the dune sand has been swept away, leaving the
coarser grains, which remain and act as a protective blanket, thus
reducinir the movement of the underlving sand bv the wind.

The followinir table indicates the size of the two kinds of sand.
No. 1 was taken from the surface of the windward slope of one of the
dunes. No. 2 was taken fioni S inches l)eneath the surface of a typ-
ical dune and fairly represents tlu^ bulk of the Cape sands.

Diameter.

Sample
No. 1.

Sample
No. 2.

G-2 mm

]'i r n lit.

M. 6

27.9

7.5

0.0

Prr cent.

00.0

16.8

77.0

5.2

1.0

2-1 mm

1-0.5 mm

0 5-0 25 mm

0 25-0 05 mm

The moisture relations of the dune vegetation are unique. Though
the upper layers of sand are usually hot and dr}^ during the growing-
period except when rain is actually falling, the moisture comes to
within a few inches of the surface, even during periods of protracted
drought. The effect of a heavy rain is not noticeably different from
that of a very light one, as in either case a few hours of sunshine suf-
fice to remove all visible traces of the precipitation, most of which per-
colates at once to the lower layers of sand. For this reason the number
of rainy days, which averages 96, is of greater moment than the actual
annual precipitation of 43 inches, w hich is sufficient under proper soil
conditions to produce a luxuriant vegetation. The snows which

RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

miglit atford consideralile protection to the vegetation of the sand
stretches are blown off and lodged in the lee of the dunes or within
areas covered with vegetation. The humidit}" incident to the oceanic
location of the Cape acts in favor of the existing vegetation. The
average annual rainfall is 42.58 inches. The accompanj^ing table
indicates the normal monthly precipitation as compiled from the nor-

mals for neighboring stations.

Inches.

January 3.90

February 3. 39

Marcli 3. 98

April 3. 41

May 3.62

June 2. 74

Inches.

July 2.89

August 3.62

SeptemlxT 2. 91

October 4. 00

November 4. 38

December 3. 74

The factor of associated vegetation or the interrelations of individ-
uals and species is of little importance in areas of shifting sands. The
conditions do not admit of a closed formation, that is, where the veg-
etation completel}' covers the ground, and it is onl}^ when this does
finall}' obtain that the factor assumes an important role in the plant
societ3\

Mode of Deposition of the Cape Sands.

The arm of the Cape extending around Cape Cod Ba}^ con.sists of
glacial deposits, Avith the exception of about 10 square miles which
is composed entirely of post-Glacial sand which has subsequently
washed around the head of the Cape from the south, inclosing the
harbor within a sickle-shaped .sand hook.

The addition of sand to the extremity of the Cape apparently takes
place in the form of successive bars, which are built up off the north
shore and added to the Cape by deposition in the neck of the channels
Ij^ing to the east and south, forming successive "race runs" (PI. 1),
which are graduall}' filled in b}^ tide and wind deposits. The sand
cast up by the waves on one of these new beaches is dried and blown
inland, forming a beach ridge orforedune and eventualh^adune range,
which, protected by the succeeding deposits, ultimately becomes cov-
ered by the forest and associated vegetation.

The above h^-pothesis is supported by the following observed facts:
(1) Four old dune ranges now forested but badly distorted by the
long-continued action of the wind; (2) three dune ranges held only by
beach grass and hing north of the first-mentioned ranges, parallel with
them and also with the north shore of the Cape; (3) a race run (now
nearl}'^ filled in) with its flanking beach ridge fast becoming a conspic-
uous foredune (PI. 1 and PI. II, fig. 1); (4) a bar in present process
of formation offshore and to northward of the present shore line but
parallel with it; (5) the seven dune ranges indicated constitute the

DKVKLOPMENT OF THK PrNK KANdK. 13

main luxly of tin- oxtrcmity of tlir (":iiu'; ((!) the pivseiicf of sITm-ilc
or foarse l)c'a(li doposit.s uiuleilyiny the dunes in phices, and on the
«anie K'vel with the present beach.

If this be the method of dei)osition it follows that the nceessity for
sand lixatit)M will never cease unless the sand supply for the shore
drift becomes exhausted. However, the process of sand accunuda-
tlon is so comparatividy slow as to be of little imi)ortance when com-
])ared with the njore serious conditions incident to the extensive areas
of only partially reclaimed sand dunes.

Development of the Dune Kanoe,

It is probable that each of the seven dune rant,'es which constitute
the «,neater portion of the extremity of the Cape was developed in a
similar manner, from the successive beach rid«,a's and ensuin*,' fore-
dunes, l)v the accumulation of the sands l)lown up from the beaches.
The vej^etution has been an important factor in their lormation, and
althouLdi the intermediate stuws between the foredune and the forested
dune range are f ra»(mentary the general se<iuence of events is evident.
As soon as the sand deposited by the waves is blown up to beyond
the action of the tides the beach grass, associated with the typical
strand vegetation, spreads rapidly over the surface and retards the
movement of the resulting l>each ridge. As the sand accunudations
continue, the ridge becomes a foredune. Tlu^ l)each grass pushes its
way up through the accumulating sand by the formation of new root-
stocks, thus keeping the ever-increasing area of sand comparatively
well covered, as the gradual addition of sand constitutes one of the
essential conditions for the ideal growth of the grass (PI. II, fig. 1).
The foredune continues to rise and other species of plants come in,
but ultimately a height is reached where the unbroken winds are of
sufficient force to prevent the vegetation from holding the sand. At
this stage the long foredune becomes a dune range and begins to move
inland, covering tlie preexistent vegetation in its path (Fl. IV, Hg. 1).
The movement continues until the dune range is sufficiently removed
from the unl)roken force of the ocean winds to permit the develop-
ment of a vegetative covering dense enough to prevent its movement.
The forested condition ultimately dominates.

The development of the succeeding beach ridge and foredune may
have been rapid enough to afford some protection to the preceding
dune range, and thus hasten its fixation by the vegetation which would
develop more rapidly under the protection afforded by the new^ fore-
dune.

This beach ridge is of two possible origins. It may be formed from
the normal sand accumulations cast up by the waves along the old
beach, after the dune range migrates inland, or it may develop from
the sand spit or bar which is added to the mainland as first indicated.

14 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

In either case it exerts the same protective influence on the inland
veoetiition. It mayor may not remain stationary lonof enoufjh for the
forest in the lee to reach its farthest possible extension seaward before
its rejiiyenescence causes it to begin its migration inland.

The moyement inland on the part of the newly formed dune range
was probabl}^ neyer extensive, as there is little evidence of its having
encroached upon the preceding range. However, the contour of each
indicates that it was shifting to some extent before its fixation. It is
(juite probable that the ranges were never entireh* bare, as the new
accumulations of sand were not so rapid as to prevent the existence of
a partial vegetative covering upon the dune range.

The devastating activities within historic times have destroj^ed any
intermediate sta^-es which may have existed between the foredune at
present in process of formation on the north shore and the forested
dune ranges which lie inland from the thi'cc dune ranges which have
been devastated b}' human agencies. It is probable that the forest was
never able to develop as far as the beach, owing to the exposure to the
severe north winds. However, old forest beds outcropping in places
among the unforcsted dunes demonstrate that the forest originally
extended much farther seaward than it does at the present time.

Of the seven dune ranges constituting the body of the extremit}' of
the Cape, only the inner four are at present forested. These are badly
distorted, but were probably formed as has just l)een indicated, as the
irregularities are not greater than could l)e reasonably postulated when
the action of the wind during the interval of time which has elapsed
since their formation is considered (PI. I). These ranges are covered
with a growth of pine and oak, with an occasional beech in the more
favored situations. The outer three ranges are covered with scatter-
ing growths of beach grass. The depressions between the ranges are
characterized by Avild or partially reclaimed cranberr}^ bogs and the
associated vegetation. It is probable that all these ranges, with the
possible exception of the outer one, were at one time forested, but
have been brought to their present unstable condition within historic
times.

Natural Heclamation.

The natural reclamation of sand areas may be observed in the study
of the series of dunes in the various stages of fixation or establishment
b}' the native vegetation. The forest which ultimately obtains is unable
to develop directly upon the bare sand areas. There are certain defi-
nite stages that must be passed through before the mesoph3'tic condi-
tions incident to the forest are attained. The vegetation of each stage
requires more favorable conditions than did that of its predecessor
and at the same time is making the conditions possible for the exist-
ence of the vegetation which characterizes the succeeding stage. Even

ARKAS KKCKIVINa ACCUMULATIONS (»K SAND. If)

\\\h'\\ the forest condition is reached the cycle is not complete, for the
presence of the ultimate climax forest species is i)ossil)le only after the
continued existence of other species of trees has i,n-adually iciulered
the soil, moisture, and prottiction sulliciently favoralde for the devel-
opment of the climax type. The ultimate forested condition is the
sanio whether the ori«^inal area he a salt marsh or a shifting- dune, and
the sand areas under consideration show several types of reclamation
which diller in the initial stages.

AllKAS K1':CKIVIN(} (JUADUAI. A( (l Ml I.ATIONS OF SAM».

These areas arc conlined i)rincii)ally to the depositing heachrs and
are of less relative importance at the present time than formerly.
The strand plants form a zone just al>ove the action of the tides. The
sea vockiit {C'ah'/d fdcntula), beach \)V'a {L<(tln/ni.s //////•////// //.s), and
K'Ovk\QhnY{Xanth}n)ii i'ehlnatniit)\\vAy he mentioned as typical species.
These strand plants are ertective in retarding the sand which is blown
inland from the l>each. They also act as pioneers to the succeeding
vet'-etiition which dominates when the original area has become built
up sufficiently far l)eyond the action of the tides to permit the devel-
opment of another strand or beach formation below the one just indi-
cated. Beach grass {Amuiojj/iiki aranarla) is the dominant species,
and extends itself to well within the limit of the wave action during
the winter storms (PI. II, tigs. 1 and 2). This is associated with sea-
side golden-rod {Solldtujo ae/iij/crvireJiJ^) and sand wormwood {Arte-
7/>/'.'<i(l n/i/(I(ffii).

The bayberry {Jft/rica carolinenxi.s)^ wild rose (Iiosn, hiridd.^)^ and
beach plum {Prmms marit'inm) may be taken as ty\)ical of the shrub
vegetation which encroaches upon these areas from the wooded
stretches lying inland. These, by their presence, increase the humus
content of the soil and furnish the necessar}' protection for the devel-
opment of the seedlings of the pitch \\\\\i,{P'inuH rhjida) \\\\\v\\ soon
extend themselves over the partially reclaimed areas. Later the oaks
{Quercm rubra and Q. velutlna) ))ecome associated with the pine, and
in especially favored situations the l)eech {Faynx anierlcana) ultimately
dominates. The few^ areas which have reached this last stage present
a somewhat unusual condition. As the lieech represents the extreme
mesophytic type of forest growth in the northeastern United States
and normally grows onl}^ in the presence of the most favorable
edaphic conditions of soil, moisture, and exposure, the development
of the beech formation upon the sand dune is of rare occurrence. The
great bulk of the present forest covering consists of the pine and oak,
although the white birch {Betida 2^<^>P^diferc()^ white oak {QueremaXhci)^
and red maple {Acer ruhnun) arc to be observed in the lower areas,

16 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

The undcrjj^rowtli witliin the timbered area consists largely of
ink havvy (lie,/! (jltihra) and huckleberry {Gaylusmcla resinosa). The
wintergrcen or checkerberry {GaultJieria procitriibetis) forms an exten-
sive substratum below the two species just mentioned, while the hog
cranberry or bearl>err3^ {Arctosttqjhylos uva-arsl) forms extensive mats
where the undergrowth of shruljs is more open. The two grasses,
Agrostis kyenialls and Dantlwnla ^picata^ are abundant, forming scat-
tered clumps throughout the open woodlands. Less important but
characteristic species of shrubs and vines occurring in the forests are
green brier {Smllax rotimdifolui), bay berry {J^fyrica carolmoit^ls),
service berry {Anielanchier hotryapluni)^ Virginia creeper {Partlumo-
cissiis <iuin(iuefolla) ^ dwarf l^lueberr}^ {Yaccinium pennsylvanicuni)^
and coast arrowwood ( Vihurnuni venosatii). Several species of wild
rose are to be noted in the more open places in the forest and along
its borders.

AKEAS NOT KECEIVING GRADUAL ACCUMULATIONS OF SAND.

If, instead of receiving the gradual accunmlations of sand, an area
is subjected to the eroding action of the wind or at least fails to
receive additions of sand, the early stages are quite different from
those which characterize the areas just mentioned. The reclamation
process at first is very slow, for the heavy winds frecpienth' destro}^
the work of a whole season and the I'educed vigor of the plants inci-
dent to the conditions renders the process of humus accumulation
extremely slow. The beach grass as before is the pioneer and contin-
ues to occupy the area for some time, although not showing a thrifty
growth. The poverty grass {lludsonla to)ne)itosa) formation gradu-
ally develops and often nearly covers the ground with its procumbent
herbaceous stems. This condition continues for some time l)efore
there is sufficient humus accumulation for the next members of the
cycle. At this stage the bearbcrry or hog cranberry {Arctostaphylos
uva-ursl) appears and extends its mat-like evergreen growth over large
areas. This is associated with such species as Polygonella articulata
and Co7'e7na coriradil. These are followed l)y the bavberry and the
beach pkun. The ensuing development is su})stantially that cited for
the areas receiving gradual accunmlations of sand, as when the forma-
tion becomes closed in the two instances there is no further opportu-
nity for either the addition or removal of sand, and hence the initial
differences no longer obtain.

As indicated above, the succession of stages from the accumulating
beach to the forest was probably the one which characterized the
development of the vegetation upon the original sand areas of the
Cape. As the deposition of the sand was comparativel}' slow the vege-
tation was able to keep pace with the increments, thus preventing the

MARSHES AND liOGS. 17

existence of iiny extensive sand wastes. The clevastiitinL;' inllnenccs
which have been brouj^ht to l)ear upon the forested dune areas within
historic times have resulted in the extensixe ar(>as of loosely bound
sands which, with the exception of the brows of the shiftinu" dunes, are
for the most part subject to wind erosion. This renders tlie latter
system of natural reclamation most important at the present time. It
may be doubted if this system of natural reclamation would be able to
reforest the extensive wasjtes of sand were it not for the artilicial
reclamation processes which have recently been inau«;urated.

MARSHES AND BOOS.

The accumulatioji of sand incident to the formation of the sand
hooks or spits has caused consiilerable areas of salt marshes to be
developed (PI. I). The shifting- sands have prevented the establish-
ment of any natural drainage s^'stem, and as a residt there are exten-
sive areas of ponds aiul marshes ])etween the dune ranj^es. These two
processes have been the cause of the existence of extensive marsh and
bog lands throughout the area. The sand hook which exists at the
extreme point of the Cape inclosing the harbor is bordered by an
extensive salt marsh. The typical marginal species is saltwort {Sali-
cornia amhigua). The characteristic grasses of the salt marsh are the
salt reed grass (SjHcrthia polystac/ii/a) and the salt meadow grass
{Sjjartina paten-s). These grasses constitute the bulk of the salt-marsh
hay cut for the local market.

The salt marsh at the head of the old race run at the northwest
corner of the sand areas is being gradually tilled in l)y tide and wind
deposits. The Salicornia-Juncus-Scirpus formation gives way to
extensive areas of cranberr}^ {Oxycoccus wacrocarpxis).

Clapps Pond, one of the fresh-water ponds and marshes lying
between the dune ranges, presents over a considerable portion of its.
surface a sphagnum bog society. Among the characteristic species
maybe mentioned Sphagnum aoutifolium (?), pitcher plant (/SWt«-
cenia piapnirea), Kalmla cmgustlfoJia^ and Xolisma lujiistrina. The
margins of the bog are shallow and are rapidl}- giving way to the
encroaching forest. Young pitch pines were noted as extending for a
considerable distance into the margin of the bog.

In the low, moist areas between the nonforested dune ranges the
cranberry is dominant, occupying large areas to the exclusion of other
species. These areas are surrounded b}^ a scattered growth of Gyperus
grayi and Carex silicea. The condition indicated is not permanent,
for if undisturbed the woody growth eventuall}' dominates to the
exclusion of the above-named species and the forest condition ulti-
mately develops. The improvement and utilization of the cranberry
bogs often necessitate the removal of large nimibers of bushes which

30160— No. 65—0-1 2

18 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

arc present as foreruniuu-s of the forest. The order of the succession
of the wood}' phuits is practical!}' the same as that <^iven for the other
classes of sand areas, except that the beach plum is not conspicuous.
It is these low areas that constitute the nuclei of the forests, as it is
here that they first develop and then gradually extend to the hig'her
areas. This fact, as will be mentioned under the development of cran-
berry bogs, constitutes the chief reason for the State's objection to
the utilization of these areas for this purpose, as it retards the natural
development of the forested condition desired by those who have the
preservation of the harbor in mind.

While it is not probable that all of these low areas will ever become
entirely forested, yet it is evident that this is the stage to which the
low areas, as well as the dunes, are slowly trending. The recent recla-
mation processes will hasten this condition as the encroachment of the
dunes has been checked.

Eakly Accounts.

The early accounts of the New England coast, dating back to the
earliest French and English explorers, and possi))ly even to the
Norsemen, essentially agree in their descriptions of the general out-
lines and forested condition of the Cape. The wooded area appears to
have been much more extensive at those dates than at present, although
there has ahvays been, at least within historic times, more or less
shifting sand exposed to the action of the winds. Champlain in one
of his A'oyages described the Cape and named it Cape Blanc on account
of the white color of its sand areas.

The old forest beds, now for the most part covered with sand, but
outcropping in places, demonstrate that the wooded areas, at least
three times, extended much farther toward the north side of the Cape
than they do at present. The tree stumps visible at low tide near
Wood End light-house substantiate the local tradition that the forest
extended well out on to the extreme point of the Cape a century and a
half ago. It is safe to say that at least three-fourths of the non-
forested sand areas of to-day were well covered with trees within
historic times. However, the devastation is not so marked as it was
three-quarters of a century ago, at which time extensive reclamation
processes were inaugurated.

DEVASTATION OF THE ESTABLISHED DUNE AREAS.

The principal causes of the rejuvenescence of the sand areas and the
incident encroachment upon the forest were the pasturing of stock
and the partial destruction of the forest covering. The early statutes
show many instances where these practices were forbidden under
heavy penalties. Much of the injury has been due to tires, as is

DEVASTATION oF DUNE AREAS. 19

ovidonced bj- the charred stumps and charcoal beds which outcrop in
l)lacos aiuonjif the devastated dune areas.

The forests close to the harbor were naturally assailed at an early
date by the inhabitiints and shii)niasters, who found the timber a con-
venient source of certain necessary supplies. The salt factories, which
oricrinally constituted an important industry on the Cape, used wood
for fuel for evaporation purposes until the becrinninjr of the last cen-
tury when the more economical method of sun evaporation was intro-
duced. This caused the destruction of lar^^c quantities of timber, as
did also the extensive production of pitch and turpentine, and the use
' of the wood on the part of the inhabitants for fuel, lish tlakes. ship
repairs, and other purposes.

The pasturing of cattle upon the scattered clumps of ylj//v>»6?!/.s' hyeiiuiUs
a,\\d Da /tt/aoiia spieata in the more open places in the forested area
and upon the beach grass on the outer dune ranges appears to have
been a very potent cause of much of the rejuvenescence.

The more recent devastjiting influences have been much less impor-
tant. It is still the custom to cut certain areas of beach grass for hay.
Until recently it was the practice to cure nuich of the marsh hay on
the adjacent beach ridge which has )>eeii artiticially built up by the
Government as a harbor protection. This process resulted in the
• killing out of nmch of the beach grass by smothering it in event of
rain, owing to the consequent nonremoval of the marsh ha«v. The
removal of sods for reclamation work within the city limits has caused
some concern to the authorities, as has also the utilization of the low-
areas for the production of cranberries, but, even in the aggregate,
these activities are relatively unimportant w hen compared with the
early devastation of the established dune areas.

Early Conditions Incident to the Devastation.

The conditions incident to the devastation of the forested areas
appear to have been most severe about a century ago. Many of the
houses were constructed on piles to allow the sand to sweep under
rather than to accumulate and bury them. Largo amounts of sand were
artiticially removed to prevent the burial of the houses. The sand
blast was so severe at times as to completely etch the glass in the
windows in a comparatively short space of time. At that time the
road led along the beach at low tide and at high tide the travel w^as
through the heavy sands farther up on the beach. The streets were
of the same loose sand that ^every where abounded, and it is stated that
it was not until the last century that a plank walk was constructed
along one side of the principal street of the town.

The committee wdiich was appointed in 1825 to investigate the con-
ditions at Frovincetown reported that the trees and beach grass had,

20 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

been cut down and destiwed on the seaward nide of the Cape, allowing-
the sand to become loosened and driven in great (juantities toward the
harbor. The report also states that —

The space where a few years since existed some of the highest lauds of tlie cape,
covered with trees and bushes, now presents an extensive waste of undulating sand.

The filling up and consequent destruction of that part of the harbor
known as East Harbor was the work of tlie drifting sands to the north-
ward, a fresh- water marsh now marking its original site. As an
instance of the effects of the rejuvenated sand areas it nui}^ be stated
that several once valualjlc farms situated along Stouts Creek, near ,
Truro, have been covered with sand and to-day there is no trace of
even the creek to indicate the location of the original properties.

IIestkictive Legislation.

The devastated sand areas at the extremit}^ of the Cape have been
the object of State and local conc^ern since the earliest daA's of its set-
tlement. Accounts state that as earl}^ as 1703 local public mcasui-es
were taken to prohibit the destruction of timber on the "East Harbor
lands."* In 1714 the devastation incident, to the boxing and barking
of pine trees for the production of pitch and turpentine had become
so extensive upon the sand areas at the extremity of the Cape as to be
at that date prohibited by State statute.

It was originally the practice on the part of the inhabitants farther
south along the Cape to allow a considera))le number of cattle to range
over the northern extremity. As the grass growing in the tim))cred
areas was limited, the stock was forced to subsist to some extent upon
the beach errass, which then as now covered considerable areas of the
Cape sands. An act was passed in 1710 prohil)iting this practice and
providing for the impounding of the stock found at large upon the
lands. In 1715 the destruction of timber within half a mile of the
shore was prohibited under penalty. These acts, however, were not
as effective as their f ramers had hoped and were reenforced at intervals.

In 1825 the devastation had become so extensive that conunissioners
were appointed by the State to investigate the conditions. Their sug-
gestions resulted in an act to prevent the unrestricted pasturage of
stock and the destruction of beach grass and woody growth either b}'-
pulling or cutting. The enforcement of this measure, together with
the reclamation processes inaugurated at this time, materially reduced
the devastation which at this period was probably the worst in the
history of the Cape.

In 1S38 Provincetown was required to elect annualh' a committee of
three persons: (1) To enforce the existing laws regulating the Province
lands; (2) to grant permits for the use of portions of these lands by

« Massachusetts House Doc. 339, p. 41).

RESTKICTIVE LKGISLATION. . 21

various iiili!i]>itjints of the town when such use was not dotriniontal to
the safety of the harbor or the town; (3) to enter any of the Province
hinds, inclosed or unincloscd, for the purpose of settin»^ out trees or
l)each grass. The cost of the i)lanting was to })e defrayed l>y tlie occu-
pant of the hinds if the necessity for j)lanting resulted from his actions;
otherwise the town was authorized to provide for the expenses incident
to the phmting operations. This was known as the " })each grass com-
mittee," and it continued in existence until 1893, when the reclamation
work ))}' the State required the appointment of a superintendent on full
time.

In 1854 an act, reenforced in 1800, was passed, appointing an agent
to prosecute for the penalties pi"escri})ed for the destruction of the
vegetation, lie was authorized to issue permits for pasturage and
the removal of sod and brush where the same would work no injury
to the har])or or other property. The beach grass* conunittce was
continued witli the indicated curtailment of its duties. This act ])ecamc
practically noneffective. With the extensive population so close to
the pu))lic forests and onh' one person to defend them, it is not sur-
prising that the removal of timber and sod should have proceeded
almost without interruption. In 1891 the agent was paid for onl}^ live
da3's' services and he issued but four permits. No attempt was made
to prosecute parties for the removal of sod without a permit. This
constitutes onh* another instance of the difficulty of enforcing a law in
the face of opposing public sentiment.

In 1S93 the inhabitants of Provincetown were ceded the lands Ij'ing
within and adjacent to the cit}' limits, the State retaining possession of
what to-da}' constitutes the Province lands (PI. 1). A superintendent
of the Province lands was appointed to look after the interests of the
State and to take charge of the reclamation processes at that time
inaugurated.

ARTIFICIAL RECLAMATION OF THE CAPE SANDS.

, Early Woijk ok Sand Control.

Although at as early a date as the beginning of the eighteenth cen-
tury there was- considerable local concern for the devastation of the
sand dune areas, there does not appear to have been much work, other
than legislative, actually performed until after the middle of the same
century. It was at this time, w^hen the sea broke through to the cove
inlet in the arm of the Cape at East Harbor and threatened to destroy
the entire Cape Cod Harbor, that the extensive planting of beach
grass was commenced. Tliis grass, used in connection with brush
fences, repaired the break, and in the course of a few 3"ears caused
extensive accunuilations of sand. It appears to have been the pi'actice
upon the part of the inhabitants of Truro to devote a specified time

22 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

each 3'ear to the plantincr of beach grass. The aggregate effect of this
reguhir and coiiibined effort was quite marked, although it is always
difficult to estimate the results of measures more or less protective in
nature. In 1826, as a result of the report of the commission appointed
by the State the preceding year to investigate the devastation of the
lands surrounding the harbor, the General Government inaugurated an
extensive and systematic attempt at the reclamation of the exposed
sand areas by the planting of beach grass.

The operations required appropriations extending over a period of
twentj^-eight 3'ears and aggregating the sum of ^36,350. Of this
amount it is reported that $29,889.06 was spent in planting 1,403
acres of the barren sand areas with beach grass. It was soon found
that it was best to first plant the areas lying farthest to the windward,
as these constituted the source of the sand and the spreading of the
grass b}^ seed over the unplanted areas would be facilitated. The
actual planting operations w^ere commenced in 1880, and the bulk of
the plantings was made between this date and 1839. The grass was
brought from Truro in boats and planted at intervals of from two to
three feet, depending upon the exposure to the winds. Most of the
grass was set with the aid of a shovel, two men working together,
although in the low places a pike provided with a crossbar 15 inches
from the point proved an excellent tool, as deeper planting was possi-
ble and but one man was necessary. This method was found to be
imj^racticable in dr}- sand, as the small holes filled with sand before the
sets could be inserted. Mr. Asa S. Bowly was the .superintendent
during the greater portion of the time. Spring planting was the rule,
and about two hundred acres were planted each season, requiring a
force of fift}^ la])orers.

In 18.52 the planting was resumed, this time for the purpose of
strengthening the narrow arm of the Cape separating East Harbor
from the ocean. At this time there was an abundance of grass within
the old plantations available for transplanting, although the grass on
certain areas had been buried, while in others it had been uprooted
by the wind. As a rule the grass on the higher elevations had suf-
fered the most and it was thought best to confine the plantings to the
lower areas. The spreading of the grass was facilitated b}^ prohibit-
ing the pasturing of cattle upon the Province lands.

The General Government has spent to June 30, 1903, the sum of
$162,019.86 for the protection of the harbor. Aside from the amount
expended for grass planting, this has been used for dikes, bulkheads,
and groin fences to catch and hold the sand in place. It has always
been the practice to plant beach grass for the purpose of accumu-
lating sand along the dikes and bulkheads, thus increasing the protec-
tion afforded b}' them.

The work of the State was principally confined to legislative acts
until the recent work was begun in 18U3. It should be stated, however,

EARLY WORK (>K SAND CONTROL. 2S

th:it in 18<*.S the siiiii of $131,770.14: was expended in the construc-
tion of a dike across East nail)or for the purpose of protecting- the
reniainlno- portion of the harl)()r from the laro-e (juantities of sand
which wi're carried out 1)V each ebb tide. This dike oroatly facili-
tates the travel southward from Provincetown and is utilized by the
railway and Stiite road. The city of Provincctown was authorized
to levy taxes to cover the expenses incurred l)y its beach-j^rass com-
mittee, b\it an (examination of the general records failed to reveal
any <onsidera))le expenditures b}' the committee, which was nominall^'^
continued until ISDM. The leoular anmial work on the part of the
inhabitants of Truro in tli(> ])lantin<4- of beach grass was probably a
potent factor in reducing the e\'il eti'ects of the shifting sand. The
independent work on the part of private citizens was on a ver}' small
scale. In one instance a number of cranberry gi-owers combined
efforts for the purpose of planting b(>ach grass to protect their bogs
from the encroaching sand.

There are not sulHcient data at hand to render possil)le a just opinion
concerning the crt'ectiveness of thi^ early work of sand reclamation.
The devastation is nuich less than when reclamation i)rocesses were
connnenced, l)ut it is ditKcult to state to what extent the natui'al recla-
mation processes, unassisted save possibly by the restraining but
poorly enforced statutes, arc to be credited with the change in the
conditions.

The grass plantations along th(> bulkheads, designed to accumulate
sand for the protection of tiic harbor from the sea, have, without
apparent exception, been successful. The plan'/mgs to restore the
breach caused by the sea !)reaking over into East Harbor resulted in
perhaps the greatest singled success of any of the earlier operations.
The fact that two-thirds of the nonforested areas were covered with
beach grass by the end of the last centur}' indicates that the early
plantings were probably more lasting in their effect than has been
supposed (PI. IV, iig. 2).

One criticism made is to the effect that the planting was too much
contined to the high hills, where it was without protection and as a
result the grass was uprooted and destroyed. The statement concern-
ing uprooting indicates that possibly the plantings were too thin,
as the plantations recently made on the same exposed places have as
yet shown little tendenc}' to ])e lilown out. Perhaps the most just
criticism that can be made of the plan of operation is that the woody
plants were not introduced within the grass plantations. The life of
the beach grass on the areas not receiving regular accumulations of
sand seldom exceeds ten years, a period of time which, however, suf-
fices for the establishment of a self-protecting plantation of bushes
and ti'ee seedlings which require but little subseipient attention to
render the reclamation permanent.

24 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

Recent Work by the State,
preliminary operations.

The artificial reclamation which had been prosecuted with more or
less vigor during the lirst half of the last centur}^ apparently received
but little attention until 1892, when the trustees of the public reserva-
tions were authorized to submit all available information concerning
the status of the sand encroachments and control, together with a com-
prehensive plan for the reclamation of the nonforested sand areas that
threatened the harbor. The committee made a careful personal exam-
ination of the land and presented, with their general report, a steno-
graphic transcript of the proceedings of a mass meeting of the rep-
resentative citizens of Provincetown and Truro, who presented such
information and suggestions as they were able to give concerning the
historic features of the sand areas and the most practical steps to be
taken for their reclamation. As a result of the trustees' report the
Province lands were placed in charge of a permanently employed
superintendent, Mr. James A. Small.

The State at this time relinquished its right to the lands within and
immediately adjoining the city of Provincetown, leaving but 3,290
acres under State title. Of this area approximately 2,000 acres were
nonforested.

Correspondence with various authorities revealed the fact that the
initial operations would have to })e more or less experimental, owing
to the lack of data concerning the previous reclamation operations
upon similar areas. Even the available details of the extensive grass
plantations made upon the same areas in the early part of the century
were purely matters of local tradition.

There was expended during the ten years ending January 1, 1904,
the sum of $31,929.78 for the reclamation of these lands. The follow-
ing itemized statement has been furnished by the authorities:

Beach grass planting ^^^7 f*50- ^

Introduction of \voo<ly growth fi, Oil. 78

Construction and maintenance of roads 6, 250. 00

Superintendence *^! 000. 00

Incidental expenses, including survey 2, 71.S. 00

Total 31,929.78

ATTEMPTS WITHOUT BEACH GRASS.

The three great dune ranges which lie between the timbered area
and the north shore of the Cape were entirely bare upon their north-
ern slopes, and were encroaching at the rate of 1.5 feet per year upon
the forest and toward the city and harbor from a quarter of a mile to
a mile distant (PI. IV, fig. 1). The less exposed areas were partially
covered with ])each grass, while the lower places were dominated by

UTILIZATION OK KEACH ORABS.

native rranlioriy boo-s. surroundod In' the characteristic low-growinj^
vegetation. , As the l)are northoin slopes of the (hine ranges constituted
the source of the sand supply, the initial attempts involved the cover-
ing- of these areas witli vegetation.

Extensive plantings of shrubs and tree seedlings were made upon
the outer range of dunes. The result was that the heavj' winter gales
of the tirst season huried, uprooted, or killed by the sand Idast so
great a portion of these plantings that some other method of proce-
dure was considered necessary. The next season the transplanting of
beach grass was commenced, as the experience of the preceding season
had demonstrated that some protection for the woody plants is neces.sarj^
until they have made sufficient growth to be self-protecting (PI. V, tigs.
1 and 2). The beach gra.ss was selected for this purpose as it occurs
very abundantly in places innnediately adjacent to the areas which
required planting and had been extensively utilized in the early recla-
mation attempts. .

UTILIZATION OF BEACH GRASS.

Grass planting operations on each range commenced on the west
end and were extended eastward with more or less regularit}'. The
following table shows the salient points concerning the various plant-
ings, which aggregate 210 acres. The mortiility percentages were
calculated from a number of counts in several representative areas
within each season's planting. The mortalit}' appears to lia\'e been
less among the fall plantings.

Year.

Acreage planted.

Mortality of plant-
ing.s, per cent.

Spring.

Fall.

Spring.

Fall.

1896

11
12
20

3
1:5

4.5

4
22
17
22

15.6
21
20
26

r,l

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903 .

Total .

70. .'S

148. 5

RELATIVE MERITS OF SPRING ANP FALL PLANTING.

The early plantings on the Province lands and the Cape generall}'^
were as a rule made in the spring, although many parties practiced
fall planting. The plantings incident to the recent work of reclama-
tion have l)een made for the greater part in the autumn. It is the
consensus of opinion that better results follow fall planting for the
following reasons: (1) In the fall the growth of the season is finished

26 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

and plants are dormant for a considerable period of planting weather.
(2) The new rootstocks appear to be more tirmly attached than they
are in the spring, and are consequently less liable to be broken off dur-
ing the transplanting process. (3) The days are cooler and the inci-
dent evaporation less. (4) It is easier to distinguish prime planting
stock, and the rooted nodes lying within a few inches of the surface of
the sand may be readily removed by hand pulling; in the spring they
are apt to be either buried or exposed by the action of the shifting
sands. (.5) There is an additional winter of effectual i)rotection to be
gained by fall planting, as the dormant sets suffer no deterioration the
first winter.

The above table concerning the plantings of the different years and
seasons shows a marked difference in favor of fall planting. How-
ever, the difference between the two seasons is so slight as to be offset
by any practical reason why the spring season should ))e utilized for
[)lanting, as for instance the greater ease in procuring the labor or the
necessity of finding nearly permanent employment for the help in
order to keep it available when needed. In case the planting is exten-
sive it can rarely l>e completed in one season, and the planting period
is thus practically doubled if the spring as well as the fall season can
be utilized.

SELECTING AND TRANSPLANTING THE SETS.

The plants selected for transplanting are vigorous and well rooted.
• This means in practice 2-year-old stock, as the year-old plants are not
mature enough or suflicientlv rooted to bear transplanting well, as do
the older plants. If more than two years old the vitality is likely
to be low. As a rule the 2-year-ol(l plants may be readily pulled with
the hand and still retain sufficient rootage to enable them to grow
when transplanted (PI. Ill, fig. 1). It should l)e mentioned that the
hand pulling is not extensively practiced elsewhei-e in the country, it
being the custom to use a spade or shovel in procuring the planting
stock. The results indicate that it is largely a matter of opinion as to
which method is the better. The plants are piled in bunches and carted
to the place where the planting is in progress. Whenever they are to
be exposed to the air for any length of time they are heeled in with a
covering of moist sand over the roots.

When settino- out the grass it is the custom for two men to work
together (PI. Ill, Hg. 2). The one with a shovel inserts it in the sand
as far as the foot can force it. A backward pull of the handle loosens
the sand at the l)ottom of the hole, while a forward thrust produces a
suflicient opening l)etween the back of the shovel and the sand to allow
the insertion of the plant by the second man, who carries an armful
of the sets. The man with the shovel l>v one pressure of his foot packs
the sand around the newl}" set plant. The shovel is inserted a second

COBT OF I'LANTINO BEACH GllASS. 27

time at a dis^tance of about 20 inches from the first, and all is ready for
the next set. The phintino- proceeds (jiiite rapidly, as two men are
able to set G0<> plants per hour.

COST Ol' IM.ANTING.

The cost of plantino- depends upon the thickness at which the grass
must l)e set. On the more exposed areas reciuiring thick settinj^ live
men procurinjf sets, two teamsters, and eight planters, working nine
hours per day, are able to cover an acre in two days, ^^'ith wages at
$2 per day the cost is approximately ^<».5 per acre. This is with an abun-
dance of planting stock growing within a mile of the areas to be covered.
The thickness of tho planting is responsil)le for the great expense of the
operation, but the exposure of the northern slopes to the severe win-
ter gales makes it probabh; that thinner plantings would prove ineffec-
tive, at least upon the most exposed areas. The expense is much less
on the more protected areas, where thinner planting sufVices, and those
having the work in charge state that the 219 acres, covered with grass,
have been plantetl at an average cost of $50 per acre.

The plantings of the first two years were made in rows ranging from
12 to 18 inches apart with the plants 12 inches or less in the row, but
this method appenrs to be less desirable than the irregular setting
which has since been used, as under the latter method there are no
uninterrupted channels through which the wind might sweep. The
plants are set approximately 20 inches apart, but there is evidence,
however, that it is not necessary to set them so close as this, except
on the most exposed areas. The thinner plantings afford more root-
ing area for the sets, and this helps to maintain the vigor of the trans-
planted sets. The increase in cost of the thick over the thin planting
is not justified unless there is considerable advantage to be derived
from the former. It has been the custom to protect the plantings with
lateral brush hedges. The large branches are set vertically in the
ground at intervals of from 2 to 3 feet and the interstices filled with
smaller brush. These hedges catch great quantities of sand or in case
of wind erosion prevent the uprooting of the grass (PI. VI, fig. 1).

In some of the areas the small and isolated elevations have been
covered at a considerable expense with grass. This has been thought
to be an unnecessary procedure, as the wind reduces these deviations,
furnishing a gradual accumulation of sand over the plantings on the
associated level areas, which instead of proving a detriment to the
plantations increases the vigor and vegetative propagation.

PRESENT STATITS OF THE VARIOUS PLANTINGS.

The table giving the acreage and mortalit}' shows the salient facts
concerning the plantings of the different dates and seasons. There is a
uniform deterioration from the time the plants are set until they have

28 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

disappeared. This is shown more clearly in Plate V , figure 2, than in the
mortality tal)le, for in the latter no account is taken of the great reduc-
tion in size and vigor which the sets have undergone. In the planta-
tions of 1895 beach grass and poverty grass {Iludsonia tomentoxa) from
wind-scattered seed are slowly working in among the old sets. It is
possible that this natural reclamation process will continue until the
entire area is permanently covered with vegetation, although this
same site was covered with grass in 1830 and the force of the winds
prevented the natural vegetation from establishing itself among the
transplanted beach grass. In the plantations of 1899 there are to be
noted areas where the grass has retained its natural vigor, although
there is no apparent difference between these and the areas showing
a less vigorous growth.

EFFECTIVENESS OF BRUSH LAYING.

It has been the custom to cover certain areas with brush, usually
those at the top of the ranges and just above the grass plantations.
These areas were more or less su})ject to the eroding action of the
wind, and it was thought that brush would answer the purpose l^etter
than beach grass. The brush was at first laid on in squares, but this
proved less effective than the method of placing the brush uniformly
over the entire surface; hence the latter system has been adopted.
The beach grass comes in from naturally sown seed, and since the
sand is not accumulating the grass is more or less depauperate; yet it
is able to survive and by the time the brush decays has prepared the
way for the succeeding vegetation, which, in connection with the
grass, is able to hold the sand quite effectively. The laying of brush
has been practiced quite extensivel}^ for the protection of roadways
through the sand. The total area covered has been about 15 acres, at
an approximate cost of $25 per acre. The addition of a small amount
of soil to the area covered with brush has been found to greatl}^ hasten
the formation of the vegetative covering. The application need not
be continuous nor at all thick. Brush cut with the leaves attached is
best, as the humus content of the sand is increased and a nmch better
protection afforded as long as the leaves remain.

EFFICIENCY OF BEACH ORASS FOR SAND BINDING.

Although many grasses have been tried at various times and places
in this and foreign countries, no other has proved so effective as the
beach gi-ass. The long, tough, but flexible leaves of the be.ach grass
enable it to endure the action of the wind with little detriment. A
bunch of dead grass will withstand two seasons of wind action without
becoming entirely destroyed. The statements sometimes made con-
cerning the sand-l)inding power of the roots of this grass must be taken
with some allowance. The principal place where the sand-binding

EFFICIENCY (>F HKA<"H (JKASS K>K SAND BINDING. 29

action of the rootstocks may be observed is where an area covered
Avith beacii «(rass ))econies rejuvenated. Here, the places most thickly
overthrown with the o;rass arc the last to be eroded hv the wind. The
grass stems and I'xposed rootstocks hano-iii(r loosely over the sides of
the eroded hillock protect it to a considerable extent and retard its
ultimate reduction. So far as observed the rootstocks seldom form a
thick mat-like mass sufficiently near the water's edge to be of mate-
rial assistance in reducing the eroding action of the Avaves, except in
severe storms, when the wave action extends inland for a considerable
distance (Fl. II, fig. 1). The chief value of the grass in this instance
is the accunnilation of sand induced, whi(;h, })y its presence, keeps the
destruction of the property adjoining the water reduced to a mininuun.

Beach grass ordinarily requires a gradual accumulation of sand
over its crown to induce a normal \'igorous growth. It is for this
reason that it is to be noted in great clumps protruding from the crest
of small dunes, where it has accumulated a considerable quantit}^ of
sand each 3'ear, but at the same time not enough to cover it so deeply
that the new plants are unaldo to develop. This is due to the fact
that when the grass becomes partially buried the sand is no longer
held by the protruding grass leaves and it passes over, and the grass is
able to renew its growth the following vear with increased vigor,
since the accunudated sand is permeated with the roots of the new root-
stock sent out by the half- buried clump. A healthy growth of beach
grass can thrive where the l)urial by sand is not over a foot per year.

The areas which usually require planting are generally those from
which the sand is Ijcing removed by the w'ind rather than those which
are receiving the accunudations so essential to the vigor of the grass.
For this reason the most that can be expected of the grass is that this
sand removal shall be checked as long as the grass is able to survive
under the unfavorable conditions, which allow of no accumulation of
sand over the plants. The decrease in vigor of the sets from the time
they are set out is a matter of common knoAvledge to those who have
noted the plantations of beach grass under these conditions for a series
of years. (See mortality table, p. 25.) It appears that this necessity
for sand accumulation lies in the fact that it induces the development
of new roots'tocks by the old plant and thus occupies an unused por-
tion of the sand which presents such a dearth of food salts that these
are soon depleted and the deterioration noted uuist ensue unless new
areas of sand are made tributar}'. Furthermore, there is no power of
downAvard groAvth on the part of the rootstocks, and as a set rarely
possesses more than tAvo nodes the root S3^stem is A^erA' limited.
The new rootstocks dcA'cloped in the accumulated laA^ers of sand
constitute the only means of bringing new supplies of sand Avithin
reach of the grass plants. The old rootstock becomes l)uried, but con-
tinues to support to some extent the new plants until sufficiently

30 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

esta]>lisluMl to l)0 iil)l(' to withstand the rather .severe conditions inci-
dent to the dune areas. This process continues and the orass is thus
continualh' rejuvenated.

Another reason for the deterioration noted a])Ove ma}^ be the fact
that a single set of grass is not of indefinite existence, and unless it is
induced to increase vegetatively it soon loses its vigor. There are areas
in the United States where this deterioration subsequent to the trans-
planting is not manifested. At Grand Haven, IVIich., at Coos Baj^,
Oregon, and at Poplar Branch, N. C, the beach grass has continued
to increase in vigor since the plantations Avere established. This is
apparently due to the fact that the ])lantings were made sufficiently
far apart to allow most of the sand to drift through the plantations,
thus enabling each set to receive a small amount of sand. This
method, however, would be applicable only to limited areas on Cape
Cod, as it is the eroding surfaces which reqiure protection. How-
ever, these instances indicate that it is possible in certain areas to
distribute the sand accumulation and often ])uild up areas that are
erodinp-, and this method should be in mind whenever a i)lan of attack
on the dune areas is under consideration. The great reduction in the
cost per acre where this thin planting can Ijc utilized is a decided point
in favor of its adoption wherever at all practicable. The cost of the
Coos Bay plantations has been only $S per acre, 64 acres having been
planted in a single season with an appropriation of $500. In this
place the grass was set -i feet apart, and rather favorable climatic and
edaphic conditions have been to some extent responsible for the success
of such thin planting.

Trials of other sand-])inding grasses have demonstrated the superi-
oritj-^ of beach grass for sand-binding purposes under conditions which
characterize the'dune areas of Cape Cod. In 1001 experiments were
made with the sand sedge {Carex macrocephalu) and seaside bluegrass
{Poa macmntha). These are very efficient sand binders upon the Pacific
coast, and were obtained through the Division of Agrostology^ from
Clatsop beach, near Fort Stevens, Oregon. Neither the seedlings nor
the sets of these species proved successful. The seeds germinated
well, but failed to survive the winter, as was also the case with the
transplanted sets.

NECESSITY OF ULTIMATE FOKESTATION.

The marked deterioration of the beach-grass plantings shows the
need of introducing woody growth among the aieas at as early a date
as possible (PI. V, figs. 1 and 2). The vai'ious native or imported
woody plants should be set out among the grass soon after the grass
has been planted, as the first years of the protection afforded bv the
grass are the best and are, in the aggregate, none too long to enable
the shrubs and young trees to make sufficient growth and rootage
to be self-protecting by the time the grass deteriorates so as to be

NKCKSSITY (»F ULTIMATK lOKESTATloN. 31

pnu-ticiilly valiu^U'ss. It sociiis that it is noft'ssurv to start such a
shnil) or hush as the IjaylxM-rv. This is not lujurod l)v tlic unfavor-
able conditious, and seedlings of pines and oaks may with safety 1)0
introdueed aiuono- the bushes. P>cn the plantinu' of the pine seeds
and acorns has with this protection been successful.

Several species of woody plants have been tried with \aryinjr suc-
cess. The following have been found to be xuiadapted to the con-
ditions: Seaside pine {Pinus marith/ia), tree of heaven {Allonthna
glavdulom)^ irouwood {(htryu mrgivhtna)^ European hirch {lictnhi
alia), tiuuarack {Taiaarix (jdlllca), poplar {Populm (ilh<t), larch {LarUv
sp.), willow {/S,///'.r sp.), and privet {JJ</iisfniiii rxh/an). Too uuich
weight should not be given to the unsuccessful attempts with the
willow and poplai-, as they have made a vigorous growth on the sand
within the city limits, and their behavior elsewhere, under almost
as adverse conditions, ap])ears to at least justify a more extended trial.

The successful species are comparatively few in luunber. Of the
pines, pitch pine {PIiiuk r/'</id<(), Austrian pine (/'. laricio), and Scotch
pine (/*. st/Jrestri.s) arc proved successes. The pitch pine is used most
extensively, as it grows naturally in the adjacent forests, and young
trees and cones can be obtained in almost uidimited (juantities. The
black locust {Rohlvla jtMendacacla) and the European or black alder
{Almis <//>(/ i/io.sa), though not occupying extensive areas, have proved
thoroughly adapted to the conditions, and it is the plan to increase
the plantings of these two species. The Scotch broom {Oytlsus
scoparkcs) is w^cll adapted to the conditions with the one exception
of not l)eing pcrfectl}^ hard}", as many small areas have been killed
by one or t>vo excessively cold winters, though much of the original
planting is still alive and vigorous. The plant does not spread readily
from seed, as the severe conditions prohibit its existence in the early
seedling stage, and furthermore, the seed being large and con-
spicuous is readily eaten by birds and small animals. The growth is
very dense, and even scattered bunches would prevent the sand
from shifting, but its semihardiness makes it decidedly inferior to
the bay berry, which is locally abundant, perfectly hardy, and easily
transplanted. The bayberry has formed the bulk of the pioneer
plantings of woody growth, and used in connection with the beach
grass appears to ha the only necessary forerunner of the pines.

Miscellaneous Operations on the Sand.

Besides the reclamation processes leading to the ultimate reforesta-
tion of the dunes, there are a number of other operations which have
ameliorated to some extent the adverse conditions incident to the
sand dunes. Among these may be mentioned the construction of
roads, formation of cranberr}" bogs, etc. , the development of a sod in
pastures, cemeteries, and lawns, and the accumulation of sand to form
a beach ridge for harbor protection.

32 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

ROAD CONSTRUCTION.

The problem of road con«truction in sandy regions, and, as a rule,
districts with sparse population, is a very difficult one, and is fre-
quentl}' not solved until the demand has long been imperative. The
road leading from Provincetown south originalh' followed the beach
at low tide, but at high water the travel was through the heavy
sand farther up on the beach. The State is at present constructing a
macadamized road extending f roni Provincetown southward, thus con-
necting it with the main part of tlie State. Before the road across the
sand areas was macadamized, liberal applications of clay had facili-
tated the travel for many years.

There are several roads across the Province lands, and where they
lead through the forested portion they are in good repair. On the
shifting sand areas none but the State road has received much atten-
tion, although most of the portions where there is danger of guU}^-
ing by the wind have received a protective covering of brush (PI. VI,
%2).

The building of the State road across the Province lands was com-
menced in 1894 and completed in 1901. It extends from the city to
the Peaked Hill Life-Saving Station and provides an easy means of
access to the heart of the dune territor}-. The road was not con-
structed across the dunes area until the shifting sands had been
brought under control. The roadbed was first graded and then cov-
ered with a la\'er of brush, after which it received a covering of turf
sod obtained from the adjacent woods. It is still in good condition
and promises with some attention to be fairly permanent, as it is sub-
ject to but little heavy teaming. The cost of construction was about
35 cents per running foot.

When the railroad was constructed the cuts were covered with brush
and rubbish, which proved sufficient protection until a natural growth
of beach grass developed, and no difficulty has since been experienced
from gullying b}' the wind.

RECLAMATION OF SMALL AREAS.

Although the State holds the title to the Province lands and the
public in general has had free access to its natural products, there are
certain areas of the native cranberiy bogs which have been staked off
and improved by private parties. This was a common i:)ractice and
man}' of the beriy growers were assessed either on the land or its
product. There seems to have been no serious outcome from this pro-
cedure except that it generally involved the removal of considerable
brush and bushes, thus preventing the development of the forest in
the innnediate area. This has been the cause of some conflict of
opinion with the State authorities, as it is the idea of those that have

RECLAMATION OF SMALL AREAS. 33

the preservation of the harbor in mind that the lands can be controlled
with much less expense if the entire area be forested, and it may be
said that the present State appropriations for the Cape are to this end.
Fires have been started from the careless Imrning of the brush
removed in the process of clearing the bogs. However, it appears
that even with State ownership of the land the present prices of
cranberries make them a source of little, if an\', profit, as the soil is not
adapted to producing yields comparable with those farther south
along the Cape.

The pasturage of cattle upon the Province lands has long been pro-
hibited by statute, and the pastures in use have been reclaimed from
the bog lands near the city. Certain low places have been tilled in,
and the redtop present forms a close turf and is apparently able to
withstand the usual amount of pasturing

The lee side of an established dune adjacent to the city has been
terraced for the purpose of growing strawberries. The necessary
substratum for the vines was obtained from the humus accumulation
on the side of the dune. As there are numerous similar areas in the
immediate vicinit}', this indicates the possibilities if due care were
taken not to rejuvenate the dunes, and there appears to be little danger
of this on the lee slopes.

As with all old places, the cemeter\' is extensive and its uniformly
good appearance is worthv of note, especially when the adverse condi-
tions are considered. The soil rendering the bluegrass sod possible
was either hauled in wagons from further south along the Cape or
brought by boat from across the bay. A recent addition to the
cemetery was leveled off and the bare sand protected with brush and
sods, most of which came from the land leveled for the addition.
The above statements may also be made concerning the lawns about
the residences in the city, as the soil for these had to be imported from
the same sources.

COMMERCIAL UTILIZATION OF SAND.

The sand, being of varj'ing size, angular, and light colored, is valu-
able for many purposes, but its exportation appears to have been dis-
continued. The sand constituting an entire dune was at one time
removed to Boston, the ships returning with loads of soil for vise on
lawns and in the cemetery. A glass factory was once in operation
farther south on the Cape, but it, too, has been discontinued. The
sand is valuable for polishing and cutting marble and granite, as well
as for use in mortar, and in former years "Cape Cod sand" was fre-
quently specified in important contracts for building in cities having
navigable water connection with Provincetown. Sand was used in
filling in the shallow water at the base of the forested dunes to form

30160— No. 65—04 3

34 EECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

building sites for the business houses and dwellings, as originally
there was very little building space along the harbor, which was so
shallow near the edge as to make landing difficult.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROTECTIVE BEACH RIDGE.

The extensive sand flats and marshes associated with the sand hook
forming one side of the harbor have always been subject to the
inroads of the sea, which threatened the harbor with great incursions
of sand, A protective beach ridge has been dev^eloped in all of the
weaker places on the sand hook. Groin fences, in connection with
beach grass, have induced extensive accumulations of sand, which are
ver}^ effective in protecting the harbor and the bulkheads from the
action of the sea during storms. This process of reclamation is in
operation at present, the object being to build up a protective beach
ridge along the salt marsh near the extreme end of the Cape south and
west of Provincetown.

THE PROVINCE LANDS.

State Ownership.

The Province lands, .situated at the extremity of Cape Cod, have
had a peculiar histor3\ When the provincial government ceased and
Massachusetts became a State, all of the unoccupied lands retained the
title of "Province lands," as all the land had previouslv been desig-
nated. It was not V itil 1893 that the State ceded to the inhabitants of
Prov incetown even their building sites, although previous to that date
they had been privileged to give warranty deeds when making real
estate transfers. There exist excellent reasons for State ownership
of these sand areas which inclose the harbor, as it is only under such
ownership that the necessaiy attention can be given to render the
protection of the harbor efficient. The city and harbor are entirely
too important to allow the half -established sand areas which endanger
them to pass into the hands of private parties and to be subject to
possible shortsighted policies leading to immediate profit.

It seems equally desirable that the State should also own what are
known as the "Lotted lands," which constitute the sand areas lying
between the Province lands and the glacial deposits comprising the
original head of the Cape (see PI. 1). The sand of this area is more
loosely bound and the shifting dunes are much nearer the harbor than
are the sand areas of the Province lands. The " Lotted lands" are of
little economic value and title could be obtained for a nominal consid-
eration. At the present time timber and beach-grass ha}^ are being
removed by private persons to sup^i}^ the local demand for these prod-
ucts. In view of the importance of the property thus endangered
these practices need no comment.

THE PROVINCE LANDS. 35

Valuk (^f Tin: TjAXDs.

AgTicultuvallv iind horticulturallv the lands surrounding' the harbor
have little value. No field erops are raised, and the redtop pastures
are very small, ))eiug for the most part reclaimed ])Ogs with an ao:gre-
gate area of approximatel}'^ 25 acres. The salt marshes yield about
200 tons of hay per jear, and beach-grass ha}' to the amount of 15
tons is annuall}' obtained from the sand areas lying just outside of
the Province lands. The cran))erry bogs, while extensive, are not
regarded as especialh' profitable holdings even with the State owning
the lands.

The sylvicultural resources of the lands might p()ssil)ly ))e turned
into account. The growth of the timber is slow, l)ut the climatic coa-
tions are favorable, and an intelligent sj'stem of forestatiou under
existing prices would materially assist in providing for the expenses
incident to the supervision of the lands.

It has been suggested that the lands might be improved and brought
into the market as l)uilding lots for summer cottages, or, this failing of
realization, that a game preserve might be established and a revenue
derived from shooting privileges. Neither of the projects appears to
have met with much favor. The chief value of the lands is as a har-
))or former, and all plans should conserve to this end.

The idea of converting the area into a marine park has man}' points
in its favor, and it may be stated that those in charge of the land have
this project in mind and are working to that end. The isolation, beauty
of natural scener}', and oceanic location, with its f, miles of heavy surf
and an equal frontage on the ba}', combine to render the locality prob-
ably without an equal on the Atlantic coast. The harbor must be
protected from the loose sands on the north side of the Cape, and the
forested condition necessary for a marine park is exactly what is
required by the proposed plans to render the area a permanent pro-
tection to the harbor, and the money spent in reclaiming the lands, if
applied along landscape-engineering lines, wMl ultimatel}' produce an
ideal ocean park. The successful development of the Golden Gate
Park at San Francisco has demonstrated the possibilities of such sandy
tracts when properly reclaimed.

SUMMARY.

The sand areas inclosing Cape Cod Harbor were originally forested,
but have been extensively devastated within historic times. Kestrict-
ivc legislation dating back as far as 1714 has exerted a restraining
influence upon the devastating activities. In 1826 extensive reclamation
processes were inaugurated, but were unsuccessful owing to the failure
to introduce wood}- plants within' die beach-grass plantations. The
State in 1893 formulated an extensive plan for the reclamation of these

36 RECLAMATION OF CAPE COD SAND DUNES.

areas. The initial plantings of woody plants were unsuccessful, owing
to their having been introduced into the shifting sand areas without
the protection of beach grass. Plantations of beach grass aggregating
219 acres have been made and large numbers of bayberry bushes,
young pines, etc., have been introduced among the grass, which persists
until the bushes and young trees have attained sufficient size to be self-
protecting. The State has expended for reclamation purposes during
the ten years ending January 1, 190i, 131,929.78, of which |10,950
was for' grass planting. The General Government has spent
$162,019.86 in its work of harbor protection, and the total amount
expended upon the harbor by the State and National Governments is
$325, 719. Y8. This includes $131,770.11: expended by the State in 1868
for the construction of a dike across East Harbor.

The sand areas are of vital importance to the harbor and their con-
trol necessitates reforestation, which is at present being accomplished,
the authorities having in mind the ultimate development of a marine
park. .

BIBIiIOGRAPHY.

DwiGHT, T. Travels in New England and New York, 1796 and 1797 (1823).
Mass. Sen. Doc. No. 5 (1854).

(Being a report on Cape Cod and East harbors.)

Flint, C. L. Grasses and forage plants (1858).
Thoreau, H. D. Cape Cod (1864).
Mass. House Doc. No. 50.

(Being a report on the condition of Long Point and East Harbor.)
Mass. Sen. Doc. No. 5 (1872).

(Being a report on the construction of the East Harbor dike in 1868.)
Annual reports of the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army, 1876, pp. 181-190; 1879, pp.

273-275; 1886, pp. 574-577; 1903, pp. 87, 783-784.
Mass. House Doc. No. 339 (1893).

(Being a report on the Province lands authorized under chapter 420 of the acts of 1892.)

Small, James A. Reports of the Superintendent of the Province lands. Annual
reports of the Harbor and Land Commissioners, 1893-1903.

ScRiBNER, F. Lamson-. Grasscs as sand and soil binders. Reprint from the Year-
book of the U. S. Dept. Agric, 1894, pp. 421-4.36.

Sand-binding grasses. Reprint from the Yearbook of the U. S. Dept. Agric,

1898, pp. 405-420.

•CowLES, H. C. Ecological relations of the vegetation on the Lake iMichigan sand
dunes. Reprint from the Bot. Gaz., 27 : 95 et seq.

HoLLiCK, A. Geological and botanical notes: Cape Cod and Chippaquidick Island,
Massachusetts. Bui. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 2 : 381-407. '

PLATES.

DESCKIPTION' OF PLATES.

Plate I. (Frontispiece.) Map of the sand areas inclosing Cape Cod Harbor. The
30-foot contour lines indicate roughly the topography and general outlines of the
seven dune ranges which constitute the larger portion of the sand areas surround-
ing the harbor. The outer three nonforested dune ranges have been covered
with beach grass and are indicated in black.

Plate II. Fig. 1. — Beach grass forming protective beach ridge. The grass is shown
to extend to within the limit of wave action during the winter storms. Its
peculiar habit of sending out rootstocks when buried enables it to keep the ever-
increasing sand deposits well covered. The gradual accumulations of sand inci-
dent to these depositing ridges form the ideal conditions for the thrifty growth
of this grass. The beach ridge indicated has increased 20 feet in height during
the past twenty years. The beach grass has been the chief factor in accumulat-
ing the sands necessary for the strengthening of this portion of the sand areas
protecting the harbor. Fig. 2. — Beach grass, showing method of vegetative
propagation. Beach gra.ss is efficient in the natural reclamation processes owing
to the method of rapid vegetative propagation from rootstocks, which enables
scattered individuals to soon cover the drifting sands with a sufficient growth to
prevent the sand riiovement.

Plate III. Fig. 1. — Set of beach grass suitable for transplanting. The set shows two
nodes of the rootstock with attached rootlets. Two-year-old stock is most desir-
able for transplanting. The method of hand pulling is practiced throughout
these areas. Fig. 2. — Transplanting beach grass. The gently sloping sand areas
are covered with beach grass in the manner indicated. The brows of the hills
are covered immediately with bayberry transplanted from the adjoining timbered
areas. The steeper slopes are often reduced to an angle of 25 degrees or less
before the planting is begun.

Plate IV. Fig. 1. — Lee slope of a sand dune showing the manner in which the
advan(;ing dune buries forests lying in its path. Fig. 2. — General view of the
grass plantations, looking south. Native growth in foreground. In the back-
ground the transplanted beach-grass area adjoins the sands not yet covered.
Bayberry Vjushes have been introduced upon the crests of the dunes. Before
these areas were covered with the gra«s, the dunes were encroaching upon the
forest and city shown in the distance.

Plate V. Fig. 1. — Bayberry bushes without grass protection. The presence of
bushes alone is not sufficient to prevent the shifting of the sand. The large size
of the sand grains is indicated in the foreground. Fig. 2.— Bayberry bushes with
grass protection. The deterioration of the grass is evident but its duration is
sufficient to enable the introduced woody growth to become self-protecting.
The grass was planted in 1898 and the bayberry a year subsequently.

Plate VI. Fig. 1. — Wind erosion of nonprotected sand. The brush line in the center
marks the eastward extension of the beach grass plantings of 1898. The amount
of sand erosion by the wind since the gra«s w-as introduced is clearly indicated
on the eroded sand areas at the left where it appears that at least 15 feet of sand
have been removed. Fig. 2. — Protecting a road through the dunes. The brush
lines, logs, and bushes form an efficient protection to the sides of the cut. The
roadV)ed consists of brush overlaid with turf sods obtained from the neighbor-
ing forest.

Bui. 65, Buioau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate II.

Fig. 1. —Beach Grass Forming Protective Beach Ridge.

Fig. 2.— Beach Grass, Showing Method of Vegetative PROPAGATlo^

Bui. 65, Bureau of Plant Industry, U, S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate

Fig. 1.— Set of Beach Grass Suitable for Transplanting.

Fig. 2.— Transplanting Beach Grass.

Bui. 65, Bureau of Plant Imlustry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate IV.

-;'/.

- .^^^^^^^^^^^1

■ iT- '^'' -.- "

*■ \

Fig. 1. Sand Dunes Burying Forest.

T ■'^'fJ"^^!^''

■^

Fig. 2.— Beach Grass Plantations— General View.

Bui. 65, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate V.

^P^

2- ji

**^-

'^^ , M

iPx

>kL

Fig. I.-Bayberry Bushes Without Grass Protection.

««|K*f^«^

j.;»'!*?^>-.v

Fig. 2.— Bayberry Bushes with Grass Protection.

Bui. 65, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VI.

■'^Cjljb' *«'•.«%«.' '

Fig. 1.— Wind Erosiun uf Nonprotected Sand.

Fig. 2.— Protecting a Road Through the Dunes.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY -BULLETIN NO. 6tj.

«. T, HALLOW'AY. CMt/iif Burmu.

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOUTED

DlTvINi; THK I'KKIOD FROM SEPTEMBER, D.iOd,
TO DECEMBEH. lOOM.

IXVENTOKY No. 10; Nos. r>501— 9H}(ti,

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Issi i;ii Fi:HHrAi;v s, !;»().').

AVA8H1NGTON:

GOVERNMENT PR I Kt TING OFS^'fCR

1905.

BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

Tla- Bureau of I'laut Iu(Uv«try, wiiicli was organized JuH' 1; IfOl, inclu(ies-Teg<-
talde Pathol(»gical and Physiological Investigations, Botanical Inve.«tigat.ions and
Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Poniological Investigations,
and Experimental (hardens and Grounds, all of which were formerly separate Divi-
.-^ions, and also ^^eed ami Plant Introduction and Distribution, the Arlington Exper-
imental Farm, Tea Culture Investigations, and Domestic Sugar Investigations.

Beginning with the date of organization of the Bureau, the several series of bulle-
tins of the varioas Divisions were discontinued, and all are now published as<>ne
series of the Bureau. A list of the Bulletins issued in the present series follow.-.

Attention is directed Jto the fact that "the serial, scientific, and technical puWEica-
tions of the United States Department of Agriculture are not for general distribution.
All copies not re<iuire<l for official use are by law turned over to the Superintendent
of Documents, who is empowered to sell them at cost.'' .All applications for such
pubHcations should, therefore, l^e made to the Superintendent of Documents, (tia-
erument Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

No. 1.' Tlie Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant ( trowth. lUUl. Price, 10 crnt.-^.
2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.
;.. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Imi>rovement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cent,':.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Dururn Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

S. A Collection of Fungi Prepf^red for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 <^iils.
9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents. .
10. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and

Forage Plants. 1902. Price, JO cents.
U. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents.
1.3. Experiments in Range Improvement in Central Texas: 1902. Price, 10
cents;

14. Tlie Decay of Tlmtjer and .Methoils of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.

15. Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the (ireat Basin. 1902. Price,

15 cents.

16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Cami)es-

tris and Other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. Price, 10 cents,

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents. "' ■.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tol)acco. 1902. Price, 15 cent<.

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and ^facaroni. 1902. Price, 15 eenls.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. Price, 35 cents.

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollmati<jn. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. ,1902. Piice, 10 cents,

25. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. II. Saragolla

Wheat. III. Plant Introduction Notes from South Africa. IV. Gongres-
sional Seed and Plant^ Distribution Circulars, 1902-1903, 1903. Price,
15 cents. _ -

26. Spanish Almonds. 1902.' Price) 15 cents.

27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, Spain^ and the Orient. 1902.

Price, 15 cents.

28. The :\Iango in Porto Rico. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

29. The Effect of Black Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY BULLETIN NO. 66.

B. T. liALLOWAY, itiiff nf lUnriui.

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED

DURING THE PERIOD FROM SEITEMHER, P)00,
TO DECEMIJEU, 190:;.

INVENTORY No. 10; Nos. 5501—9896. USRATY

NEW YORK
BOTANICAI
QARDFN'

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Issued February 8, 1905.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1905.

HUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. GALLOWAY,

Pathologist and Physiologist, and Chief of Bureau.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

Albert F. Woods, Pathologist and Physiologist in Charge,

Acting Chief of Bureau in Absence of Chief.

BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS.
Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.
W. J. Spillmax, Agrostologist in Charge.

POMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS.

G. B. Brackett, PomologiM in Charge.

% SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

A. J. PiETERS, Botanist in Charge.

ARLINGTON EXPERIMENTAL FARM.
L. C. CoRBETT, Horticulturist in Charge.

EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS AND GROUNDS.
E. M. Byrnes, Superintendent.

J. E. Rockwell, Editor.
James E. Jones, Chief Clerk.

SEED AND PLANT INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

scientific staff.

A. J. Pieters, Botanist in Charge.

W. W. Tracy, Sr., Special Agent.

S. A. Knapp, Special Agent.

David G. Fairchild, Agi-icidtural Explorer.

John E. W. Tracy, Expert.

George W. Oliver, Expert.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Bureau of Plant Industry,

Office of tfie Chief,

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, and to recommend for
pubheation as Bulletin No. 6(5 of the series of this Bureau, the accom-
panying- manuscript entitled ^' Seeds and Plants Imported During the
Period from September, lOOO, to December, 1908."

This manuscript has been submitted by the Botanist in Charge of
Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution with a view to publica-
tion.

Respectfully, B. 1\ Galloway,

Chief of Bureau.

Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

PR HI- ACE

Tho i)ivsent inventory. No. 1<> of our series, covers a number of
introductions almost equal to the entire number included in the pre-
vious nine inventories. It is put forth as the first part of the record
of the permanent work of this office uitii these introductions, and
shows what seeds and plants have been introduced. The completion
of the record requires a report of the disposition made of these seeds
and the results obtained from the experimental work done in this coun-
try. Such records will appear from time to time as our di tic rent intro-
ductions are tested and either discarded or found to be \ aluable addi-
tions to the plants cultivated by American farmers and gardeners.

1^he introductory statement by Mr. Fairchild covers the general
information in reoard to the sources from which these introductions
have been obtained, and I wish in addition to emphasize the fact that
the seeds and plants represented by this inventory have all been dis-
tributed, and that the inventory is in no sense intended as a check list
to enable persons to call for seeds and plants with which they would
like to experiment.

A. J. PlETERS,

Botanist in Charge.
Office of Seed and Plant

Introduction and Distribution,

Washington, D. 6'., May 1^, 1901^.

B. P. 1.-105. f- P- I- ^■-^'>

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED DURINC THE PERIOD F
SEPTEMHER. l')00, TO DECEMBER, 1901

INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT.

This inventory of seeds and plants which have been collected by
agricultiiral explorers, or received throuj*!) other sources by this
Ottice, covers the period from September, IJM)(), to Decem))er, 1903. It
includes 4,890 accession inventory numbers. Since the last inventory
was published in 1901 the explorers and special agents of this Office
have continued their extensive searches after new and promising
varieties of plants for introduction into this country. The notes fur-
nished regarding the dift'erent introductions vary greatly with regard
to their completeness and it is desired to point out clearly that this
inventorv makes no pretenses to being an embodiment of all the infor-
mation we possess regarding the various seeds and plants listed. It
is merely a collection, largely for use in this Office and by members
of the State experiment stations, of the notes which accompanied the
various seeds and plants when they were sent in. Their value will in
many cases be more historical than explanatory. For some of the
most important numbers, separate detailed reports have been issued
in the form of bulletins or are being prepared for publication.

It will be noticed that no attempt has been made to follow the latest
reforms in nomenclature, the Kew Index having been taken in most
cases as a convenient guide in the spelling of the different scientific
names.

The quantities of seeds or plants represented by these different num-
bers are, as a rule, small, and in the vast majority of cases it has been
necessary to distribute them as soon as possible after arrival to com-
petent experimenters throughout the country. It will therefore be,
in most cases, impossible to furnish seeds or plants described in this
inventory. If, however, special reasons can be shown by reputable
experimenters wh}" further introductions of certain species or varieties
should be made, this Office will be glad to take the matter up, for it is
desirous of introducing any new variety which may be called to its
attention by plant breeders or others in a position to carry out con-
secutive and careful plant-introduction experiments.

8 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

Of the nearly 4,400 new introductions, a very large nijm})er repre-
sent work accomplished by the explorations of Mr. Bar})our Lathrop.
of Chicago, with whom the writer had the pleasure of being associated
as Agricultural Explorer. Mr. Lathrop's explorations, which have
required about four years of travel abroad, were carried out with the
one practical object of making a reconnoissance of the useful plant
possibilities of the world, and have successfully covered every continent
and touched every important archipelago. Owing to the very out-of-
the-way parts of the world visited b}^ Mr. Lathrop, a large number of
the seeds and plants secured by him are so rare that they will be exceed-
ingl}^ difficult to replace, and the Office considers itself extremely for-
tunate to have enlisted the cooperation of such a public-spirited man
as Mr. Lathrop, who has conducted these A'arious explorations almost
entirely at his own expense, with no other idea than that of benefiting
the American public through this branch of the work of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. No stronger evidence is needed of the practical
value of plant-introduction work than that furnished by ]\Ir. Lathrop's
devotion to its study.

The collections of the several Department agricultural explorers
which are represented in this inventory have also been gathered from
a wide range of the earth's surface. The explorations of Dr. S. A.
Knapp, the results of which are represented in the inventory, covered
his second voyage to the Orient in 1901-2, and comprised a trip to
Hawaii, Japan, China, Manila, the Straits Settlements, and British
India in search of information bearing on the rice question of the
South. Bavaria, Austria, Dalmatia, Greece, Egypt, Tunis, Algeria,
and Spain were explored }>y the writer for brewing barle3'S, hops,
fruits, and forage crops. Mr. C. S. Scofield made a careful surve}' of
the leguminous fodder and green manure crops of Algeria and inci-
dentally a study of the wheat varieties of France. Mr. M. A. Carleton
made a second trip in 1900 through Austria and Roumania, into Rus-
sia and Central Asia, and returned through Turkey and Servia in
search of cereals and forage crops. Mr. E. R. Lake, a specialist on
American prunes, was sent in 1900 on a short trip to the prune-grow-
ing regions of France. Dr. J. N. Rose, of the U. S. National Museum,
assisted us in 1901 in his botanizing trips in Mexico to secure a col-
lection of desert plants and varieties of other plants of economic
importance. Mr. Ernst A. Besse}" was sent as agricultural explorer
on two expeditions in search of hardy alfalfas and more resistant
fruits for the Northwest. The first was through Russia to Turkestan
in 1902, and the second to the Caucasus in 1903. Mr. Thomas H.
Kearne}' and Mr. T. H. Means, the latter of the Bureau of Soils, were
sent as explorers to the arid regions of Algeria, Tunis, and Egypt in
search of better strains of Egj-ptian cotton and alkali-resistant grains
and fodder plants. Mr. P. H. Rolfs, in charge of the Subtropical

SEPTKMHEU, 1!»00, To DKCKMHKK, UH»3. 9

Lal)onitory iit:SIi:mii, Fla., visited for tiiisOtlii-o in lOo:^ sovoral islands
ill the West Indies in seareh of varieties of cassava and otlier suitable
aorieultural plants for southern Florida. Mr. (i. Onderdonk, of
Xiirserv, Tex., a specialist on stone fruits, made a trip to Mexico for
this OfHce in search of varieties of this class of fruits for the Southern

States.

In addition to the seeds and plants which these various exploring
trips have hrouoht in, the Office is indebted to correspondents all over
the world for numerous interesting- things which have been presented
to it and for which credit is given in each separate instance under the
various numl)ers.

It is desired to urge strongly in this introductory statement that the
numbers which accompany these seeds and plants when they are sent
out should be carefully preserved by those who receive them. By
means of these inventory numbers the seeds and plants can always be
identified. The machinery of the Office is so arranged that a perma-
nent record is kept on file of all seeds and plants sent out, and the
addresses of the experimenters to whom they are sent. This feature
is considered essential, and unless carefully carried out there will be
nothing on record to prevent reiutroductions of plants which have
pro\od by extensive trials to be unworthy of a place in American
aoriculture, and much annovance and delay will l>e caused in the han-
dling of those things which are successful.

While it is one of the aims of plant introduction to encourage those
who can afford it to try new plants, such an object would not be gained
by any attempt to supply those who— misguided, perhaps, by exag-
gerated newspaper accounts— apply for seeds or plants which they are
not in a position to test successfully. All seeds are sent out with the
idea that those who receive them are willing to take the pains to reply
to queries from this Office regarding the success of their trial and to
supply on request reasonable quantities of seeds, scions, or plants pro-
duced from the imported material. A failure on the part of an experi-
menter to respond to repeated inquiries or his refusal to assist in giving
new introductions a wide distribution wdl affect unfavorably his stand-
ing in the list of capable experimenters which it is one of the objects
of this plant introduction work to create.

David G. Fairchild,

Agricultural Explorer.
Washington, D. C, Apyril 18, 190J^.

INYENTOKY.

550T. to 5512.

iroiii Washington, D. C. Seeds from a number of cral)-apple trees growing on
the grounds of the Department of Agriculture. These trees were nnported
from Russia, l)y Prof. N. K. Hansen, in 18i>8. The numbers in parentheses
are tliose un<ler which the trees were received from Professor Hansen. They
are as follows:

5501. Pyris prunifolia Kori.is. (No. 4.)

5502. PyRI'S I'RUNIFOLIA PURPUREA. (No. 5.)

5503. Pyrus pruxifoma. (No. 6.)
Transparent.

5504. Pyrus prunifolia. (No. 7.)
Transparent.

5505. Pyrus prunifolia .mo.s(owiensis. (No. 8.)

5506. Pyrus prunifolia PURPUREA. (No. 9.)

5507. Pyrus prunifolia M.\cROCARPA. (Nos. 10 and 11.)

5508. Pyrus prunifolia baccata. (No. 12.)

5509. Pyrus prunifolia baccata. (No. 15.)

5510. Pyrus prunifolia BACCATA. (No. 16. )

5511. Pyrus prunifolia. (No. 17. )

5512. Pyrus prunifolia. (No. 18.)

5513. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.

From Tornea, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
435), September 27, 1900.
Ynrth Fhwhh Black: "This seed is from the north province of Fiidand, and being
grown at this high latitude should be early ripening. It is not, however, of first
quality because the recent crops have been very poor." ( Fairchild. )

5514. AvENA SATIVA. O^*'

From Tornea, Finland. Presented by F. O. U. Nordberg, through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 435a, Aug. 6, 1900). Received September 27, 1900.

North Flniihh Black. "One liter of black oats of the 1897 crop, which was so
highly prized here that I could only get this small quantity. It should ripen earlier
thanNo.5513." ( Fairchild. )

5515. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Michaux, Va. Received September 27, 1900.
Banat. Grown in Virginia from seed imported by this Department in 1899.

12 SEEDS ANL> I'LANTS IMPORTED.

5516. Passiflora edulis. Passion flower.

From New South Wales, Australia. Presented l)y Dr. N. A. Coljh. Received
September 27, 1900.

"This plant grows best in good soil at some distance rnmi tlie coast, wliere there
is little frost and an annual rainfall of about 50 inches. The [ilants are usually trel-
lised about 6 feet apart, grow rapidly, and Ijear fruit the second year." {I'obb.)
(See No. 1906, Inventory No. 5. )

5517. Glycine hispida. Soy bean.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
336, Jan., 1900), October 8, 1900.

Katjang-Koro.

5518. Phaseolus mungo. Grram.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 337, Jan., 1900), October 8, 1900.

"A small bean used in soups." {Fairchild. )

5519: DoLicHos sp. Ussi bean.

From Lombok, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 338, Jan., 1900), October 8, 1900.

Katjang Ussi.

5520. CucuRBiTA sp. Squash.

From Amboina, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 339 Jan. 15, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"Native-grown squash, suited to a moist, warm climate. Said to be very sweet
when cooked. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5521. Phaseolus lunatus. Lima bean.

From Londjok, Dutch Pkst Indies. Received througli Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 340, January 7, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"A peculiar white and black striped lima bean." {Fairchild.)

5522. Arachis hypogaea. Peanut.

From Matarum, Lomliok, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 341, January 7, 1900), Octobers, 1900.

"A large rough-shelled, three-seeded peanut, having thin shells and a good flavor."

( Fairchild. )

5523. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Surabaya, Java. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

342, January, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"Short-grained Java rice." {Fairchild.) (Injured in transit.)

5524. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

343, January 10, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"A small variety of very hot red pepper generally used green in Macassar. Prob-
ably the same as that useil in Java and other parts of the Dutch East Indies."
( Fairchild. )

SKI'TKMHKK, IHOU, TO I»K('EMHKK, 1!>03. 13

5525. Capsicum annui m. Red pepper.

From Maca.'Jsar, CfU'lte.-^. Keccivt'd tlm>ii-_'li Messrs. l-atlimi) and Fairt-liild (Nci.
844, January 10, litUO), ()ctol)er S, liKKI.

"A lon>r red itepi)er of tlie shape of the so-i-alled (iiiinea pei>per." {Fnlrrhlld.)

5526. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From r.ali Island, Dutch l-'.ast Indies. Keceivetl IliroU'rh Met«si-8. Lallir..]. and
Fairrliild ( No. :'.4."), January 7, 1900), Octobers, litOO.

A lonj; red variety.

5527. Solan UM sp.

From Bali, Dutch East Inilies. Received through Messrs. Ivathrop and Fair-
chiM (No. 346, Jamiary 7, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"A white-fruited species which is used on the liijxtdl'tl or rice table of Europeans.
IVtuch like an egjrphmt, of which it may be only a variety." (Fairchild.)

5528. MOMOKDICA sp.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathropand Fairchild (No.
847, January 11, 1900), Octobers, 1900.

''A fruit called I'apare here. It is eaten raw. When mature it is very showy,
with bright-red endocarp. Said l)y Paillieux and Bois to grow well in France."
( FairchUd. )

5529. CiTKUS LiMKTTA. ' Lime.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through ^lessrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

348, January 11, 1900), Octobers, 1900.

"A very thin-skinned, juicy lime of inferior flavor." {Fairchild.)

5530. Capsicum axnuum. Red pepper.

From 3Iacassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathropand Fairchild (N<j.

349, January 11, 1900), Octobers, 1900.

A long red variety.

5531. CiTKus LiMONUM. Lemoii.

From Banda, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 850, February 8, 1900), October 8, 1900.

" Sanerbler, a very large, thin-skinned, exceedingly juicy lemon of good flavor, sent
through the kindness of Mr. Sauerbier from his own garden. The fruit examined
•was 8 inches in diameter, with sm<ioth skin, not over. one-quarter of an inch thick,
and large oil glands. The flesh is compo.sed of large cells which are nmch elongated
in shape and therefore easily broken by pressure. The amount of juice is exception-
ally large. Nearly three-fourths of an ordinary glassful was squeezed by hand froTU
a single fruit. Juice of good flavor, somewhat aromatic, Vjut the fruit was too ripe to
judge fairly. The tree is said to be small. This is the flnest lemon seen by us on the
ex})edition, and its discovery was made by Mr. Lathrop." {Fairchild.)

5532. Citrus limoxum. Lemon.

From Banda, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (NO.-351, February 8, 1900), October 8, 1900.

From the garden of Mr. Sauerl)ier. "Seeds from the remarkable lemon described
in No. 5581. Its seedlings may ])roduce its like." {Fairchild. )

5533. Citrus limonum. Lemon.

From Banda, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 852, Feljruary 8, 1900), October 8, 1900.

" Seeds from lemon said to have come from the same tree as No. 5531. The fruits
from which these seeds were taken were smaller, but still of unusual size and excel-
lence." {Fairchild.)

14 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5534. Canarium amboixense. Amboina almond.

From Amljoina, Dutch Ea.«t Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 353, February 8, 1900), Octobers, 1900.

"This is possiblv the statehest avenue tree in the world and forms in the famous
garden of Buitenzorg, Java, the 'CanariKm AlUr,' which is noted as the most l)eauti-
ful avenue in existence. A valuable tal)le oil is made from the kernels of the fruits
and these are highly prized by Europeans, being eaten like almonds. If introduced
into the Philippines they might be made to pay as a secondary crop." (Fairchild. )

5535. SoLANUM MELONGENA. Eggplant.

From Amboina, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 354, February 8, 1900), October 8, 1900.

" Fruit long, striped with red, purple, and white." {Fairchild.)

5536. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Amboina, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 355, February 14, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"An excellent variety of egg-shaped red pepper." (Fairchild.)

5537. Capsicum annutoi. Red pepper.

From Singapore. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 356,
January 24, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"A long, slender variety of red pepper." {Fairchild.)

5538. Capsicum axnuum. Red pepper.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 357, January 11, 1900), October 8, 1900.

• 'A small red pepper. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5539. Forest tree.

From Boela, Ceram Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 358, January 18, 1900), October 8, 1900.

" Seeds from a single fruit of a beautiful orange-red i-olor; borne by a small forest
tree with lanceolate dark-green leaves. Fruits borne in pairs, and are pulpy, jelly-
like, and almost transparent. One of the showiest fruits I have ever seen. I do not
know whether or not it is edible." {Fairchild. )

5540. Forest tree.

From Boela, Ceram Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 359, January 18, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"Fruit oblate spheroid, dark green, several-seeded with hard, smooth exocarp.
Flesh brown and spongy. Not known to be edible." {Fairchild.)

5541. Forest tree.

From Boela, Ceram Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through ^Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 360, January 18, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"One-seeded, purple-fleshed fruit, from clearing in virgin forest. Said to be
poisonous. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5542. ViciA FABA. Broad bean.

From Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
361, January 11, 1900), Octobe- 8, 1900.

"Sample of a variety of broad bean which is canned and sent from Holland to
India, where it is cooked in water and eaten as a great delicacy by Europeans. Most
excellent eating." {Fairchild.)

SEITEMHKK, 1»00, Tl) DECEMBER, 1903. 15

5543. Shade tree.

Fri)in Toeal, Kei Island, Dutcli Ka.«t Indien. Received thn>n<rh Messrs. Latlirop
and Fairehild (No. 862, January I'O, 1900), October cS, 1900.

"A rapidly grrowing shade tree resembling Albizzia lebbek, but with long eylin-
drieal pods of dark-brown color. Suitable for Florida, Porto Rico, or any tropical
region. ' ' ( Fairehild. )

5544. Mo:mordica sp.

From Toeal, Kei Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairehild (So. 863, January 20, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"A small-fruited species growing wild in the island. Said to be eaten raw- by the
natives. ' ' ( Fairehild. )

5545. SOLANUM MELONGENA. Eggplant.

From Toeal, Kei Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop-
and Fairehild (No. 364, January 20, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"A yellow-fruited species of Solumun, cooked and eaten by the natives. ^lay
prove valuable for breeding purposes." (Fairehild. )

5546. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Gisser Island (a typical atoll near Ceram), Dutch East Indies. Received
through Messrs. Latbnipaiid Fairehild (No. 865, February 3, 1900), October 8,
1900.

"A large oVjlong variety of red pepper." (Fain-hild.)

5547. Citrus decumana. Pomelo.

From Sekar, Dutch New <iuinea. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 366, February 1, 1900), Octobers, 1900.

"Seeds of a large and very sour variety of pomelo or shaddock ])resented by the
Radja of Sekar, a village on the coast of Dutch New Guinea. The shaddock is native
of the islands of the Malay Archipelago, being more j)articularly abundant in the
Friendly Isles and Fiji. Introduce<l into India from Java and into the West Indies
by Captain Shaddock, hence the name Shaddoek. It is cultivated in most tropical
countries. ' ' ( Fairch ild. )

5548.

From Wetter Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairehild (No. 367, January 23, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"Long purple fruit found on the shore of the island of Wetter. The pulp is soft
like that of a plum. It is said not to be edible." (Fairehild.)

5549. Convolvulus sp. ( '()

From Dammer Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairehild (No. 368, January 22, 1900), October 8, 1900.

" A large vigorous vine with curious seed pods." (Fairehild. )

5550. Convolvulus sp. (?)

From Dammer Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairehild (No. 369, January 22, 1900), October 8, 1900.

' ' Small-fruited vine which covers low trees and shrubs. ' ' ( Fairehild. )

5551.

From Dammer Lsland, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairehild (No. 370, January 22, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"From vine not in flower, but of luxuriant growth, covering trees and shrubs."
(Fairehild.)

29861— No. 66—05 2

16 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5552. CUCURBITA sp. (?)

From Dammer Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 371, January 22, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"A vigorous cucurbitaceous vine, covering trees and shrubs and bearing large
numbers of curious dry fruits resembling iu/a." (Fairchild.)

5553. Capsicum annuuini. Red pepper.

From Gisser Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 372, February 4, 1900), October 8, 1900.

' ' A cherry-shaped red pepper. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5554. Citrus limetta. Lime.

From Gisser Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 373, February 3, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"Seeds from a lime of very peculiar shape. Long and slender, with a decided
beak at the lower end. Flavor inferior." [Fairchild. )

5555. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Gisser Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 374, February 3, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"A small red pepper."

5556. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Toeal, Kei Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 375, January 31, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"A small cherry-shaped red pepper." {Fairchild.)

5557. Convolvulus sp. (?)

From Dobbo, Aru Islands, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 376, January 28, 1900), October 8, 1900..

"Seed from vine growing in the mangrove swamps near the town. Ornamental."

{Faircliild.)

5558. Convolvulus sp. (?)

From Dobbo, Aru Islands, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 377, January 28, 1900), October 8, 1900.

" Seeds from a plant growing near mangrove swamps on sandy soil." {Fairchild. )

5559. CucuRBiTA sp. Squash.

From Sekar, Dutch New Guinea. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 378, February 2, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"Seeds from a squash presented by the Radja of Sekar, a small village on the coast
of New Guinea." {Fairchild.)

5560. Zea 3HAYS. Maize.

From Amboina, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 379, February 7, 1900), October 8, 1900.

' ' A variety of Indian corn which is of such superior quality that it is shipped from
the island of Amboina to many other points in the archipelago. A hard flinty variety,
and worthy of trial in Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines." {Fairchild.)

5561. Arachis hypogaea. Peanut.

From the Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 380, February 7, 1900) , October 8, 1900.

"A very large peanut, one of the most delicious we have ever tasted, probably
from the island of Ternate." {Fairchild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 17

5562.

From Letti Island, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Latliroj) and
Fairchild (No. 381, January 25, 1900), Octobers, 1900.

"Small fruits with lemon-yellow pulp, very sour. Brought on board anil sold by
natives of Letti. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5563. Chavica officinaroi. Long pepper.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
382, January 22, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"A sample of so-called Tjaheh nroij, used in the Dutch East Indies as a condiment.
It is very hot, and is much used by the natives in their curries. It is also used in
medicine. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5564. CiCCA NODIFLORA.

From Amboina, Dutch East Indies, Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 383, February 7, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"Seeds from fruit tree, the sap of which is used for poisoning arrows. The roots
are used as a medicine for asthma. Syphilis is treated with a decoction of the leaves,
and the sour fruits are used for making preserves. The seeds act as a purgative. The
tree grows about 25 feet high. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5565. Capsicuivi annuum. Red pepper.

From Fack Fack, Dutch New (luinea. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 384, February 1, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"Very small red pepper found growing on a l)ush 4 feet liigh." {Fairchild.)

5566. Calophyllum sp.

From Saparoea Island, Dutch East Indies. Received thrr)ugli Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 385, February 8, 1900), October 8, 1900.

"A giant tree growing in front of the Controlleur's house at Saparoea. One of the
most beautiful shade trees I have ever seen." {Fairchild. )

5567. CucuMis sATivus. Cucumber.

From Macassar, Dutch East Indies. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild, October 8, 1900.

"An excellent varietv of uniform size and shape, especially suited for cultivation
in the Tropics. " {Fa i'rchild. )

5568. Stuartia pentagyna.

From Gage, Tenn. Presented Vjy Mr. J. H. H. Boyd, through Mr. Lyster H.
Dewey, of the Division of Botany. Received OctoVjer 17, 1900.

5569. HuMULus lupulus. Hop.

From Auscha, Bohemia. Received through Mr. E. R. Lake, October 18, 1900.
Auscha Red.

5570. HuMULUs LUPULUS. Hop.

From Auscha, Bohemia. Received through Mr. E. R. Lake, October 18, 1900.

Saaz.

5571. Thea viridis. Tea.

From Ceylon. Received October 30, 1900.
Highest class " Jat," a wild indigenous tea.

18 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5572 to 5585. Leguminous forage plants.

From Algeria. Presented by Doctor Trabut, Government Botanist of Algeria,
through Mr. W. T. Swingle. Received November 2, 1900.

"This valuable collection comprises small amounts of the seed of a number of for-
age plants which are cultivated by Doctor Trabut at the Algerian experiment sta-
tion at Rouiba. Many of these were introduced into culture by Doctor Trabut, and
are now sent out of North Africa for the first time. Some of the plants occur in other
parts of the INIediterranean region, but in general the forms of these species found
growing in Algeria are more resistant to drought than those obtained elsewhere.
This has proved true of the common vetch from Tunis, the narrow-leaved lupine or
naturalized form of the Corsican lupine. All of these species are adapted for plant-
ing in autumn in the warmer regions of the South and Southwest. Unfortunately,
only a small amount of seed of these species could be obtained. It is hoped that
enough can he grown in this country to give a fair trial another year. There can be
no doubt that all of the native North African forage plants deserve a most careful
trial in the arid and semiarid regions on the Pacific slope. All of these are winter
crops and should be sown in early autumn, since at that time there is sufficient moist-
ure in the soil to enable the seed to germinate. The climate of North Africa is
very mild in winter, and prol)ably most of these species would be injured by severe
frosts. They could, however, be grown in spring in Washington State and Oregon,
where the winter would probably prove too severe to permit of their being sown in
autumn . " ( Swingle. )

5572. ViciA CALCARATA. Vetch.

"This vetch is native to the Mediterranean region. The seed of this par-
ticular sort was obtained at Boghar in Algeria where the climate is very
dry. This is one of the species introduced into culture by Doctor Trabut. "

{Swingle. )

5573. ViciA HiRTA. Vetch.

"This plant, which is usually considered to be a hairy form of Vida Intea,
occurs very commonly in Algeria and has been introduced into cultivation
by Doctor Trabut. It reaches a height of 16 to 18 inches at the experiment
station at Rouiba." {Swingle.)

5574. ViciA FULGENs. Scarlet vetch.

"An Algerian vetch with handsome red flowers. It is an annual and grows
with extraordinary vigor, reaching a height of 6 to 8 feet and yielding an
abundance of excellent forage. Doctor Trabut, who introduced the species into
culture, reports that at the experiment station at Rouiba, near Algiers, it yields
40 tons of green fodder to the acre. The great drawback of this most promis-
ing vetch is that the pods when ripe snap open, especially under the influence
of hot winds, and scatter the seed, rendering its collection very difficult and
the seed in consequence high priced. It is sown in autumn before the first
rains in Algeria, either alone or with winter oats. It occasionally produces
seed abundantly. It is to be hoped that some region may be fomid in the
United States which has a sufficiently humid atmosphere during the ripening
period of the pods to prevent their scattering the seeds. It might be possible
to breed varieties which would hold the seed l)etter. This vetch is most likely
to succeed in the Southern States and on the Pacific slope." {Swingle. ) (See
Nos. 3825 and 4336, inventory No. 8. )

5575. ViciA sATivA. Common vetch.

"Doctor Trabut has been making comparative tests of all obtainable varieties
of the common vetch at the Algerian P^xperiment Station at Rouiba. The one
which proves best adapted to Algerian conditions is the present number, which
is from the dry regions of Tunis." {Swingle. )

5576. ViciA BENGALENsis. Bengal vetch.

"This name is given by the Kew Index as a synonym of V. nissoliana. It
is one of the best of the numerous species of vetch grown at the Algerian
Experiment Station at Rouiba. It somewhat resembles the scarlet vetch,
attaining a considerable height. " {Swingle.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 19

5572 to 5585 —Continued.

5577. ViciA FABA. Horse bean.

"This is a dwarf form of horse bean which Doctor Trabut reports as grow-
ing wild 25 miles south of Teniat. He considers it to he undoubtedly the wild
form of the cultivated broad beans and horse l)eans. It is utilized by the
Arabs, but is i)robablv of little value compared with the improved form,
though it may resist drought better, since it comes from a dry region in Algeria. ' '
{Swingle. )

5578. Melilotus macrostachys. Melilot.

"This species of melilot, native to Algeria, differs from most of the sweet
clovers in having no pronounced odor. In consequence of this it is readily
eaten by cattle. It has succeeded very well at the Experiment Station at
Rouiba, where it attains a height of from 3 to 0 feet." {Swingle. )

5579. Trigonella corniculata. Small fenugreek.

"This species, which has the same strong odor as fenugreek, from which it
differs, however, in having very much smaller pods and seeds, grows very
vigorously at the Experiment Station at Rouiba, where it attains a height of
from 3 to 5 feet. It could not be used for feeding milch cows, as the strong
odor would make the milk unsalable. It is, however, used for fattening stock
and as a green manure. - It is said to resist drought very well." {Switigh: )

5580. Trigonella gl.\diata. Trigonella.

" This plant also resembles fenugreek in odor. It has been cultivated with
some success at the Exjjeriment Station at Rouiba." {Suingle.)

5581. Scorpiurus vermiculata. Rabbit's ear.

" This plant is a half-])rostrate annual and grows wild all through northern
Algeria. It is said to furnish an excellent forage on good land and the Arabs
eat the seeds. The potls, which are bent more or less into a circle, are as large
as one's finger and lie on the ground. They are eaten greedily by the sheep
and constitute one of their important foods on the plains of northern Algeria."
(Swingle.)

5582. Ononis avellana. Ononis.

"This is said by Doctor Trabut to be a good green manure for heavy soils.
It is found only in Algeria, where it occurs in few localities on clay hills."
(Swingle.)

5583. LxiPiNus angustifolius. Narrow-leafed lupine.

"This species is commonly grown by the Kabyles and Arabs, and is used
by them as a substitute for coffee. It is the earliest maturing species grown in
North Africa and is good for green manure. It is said to dislike an excess of
lime in the .soil." {Sivingle. )

5584. LupiNus TERMis. Egyptian or Corsican lupine.

"This is considered by Doctor Trabut to be the best .species for culture in
North Africa. It is sown at the rate of about 100 pounds to the acre, in
autumn, and it grows rapidly, and in February or March can be i)lowed'under.
It much resembles the white lupine, but is said to be taller and have larger
seeds. It is a very promising species for culture in California." {Sidngle. )

5585. Lathyrus tingitanus. Tangier flat pea.

" This species, which is a native of North Africa, is considered by Doctor Tralmt
to be one of the best forage plants in Africa. It reaches a height of from 3 to 4
feet and drives out all other plants. Sown in autumn it prevents the growth
of all weeds, and on the 16th of May gives a crop of 3J tons of dry hay to the
acre. It is sown at the rate of about 50 pounds of seed per acre and is some-
times sown with one-third the weight of winter oats. It is a beautiful plant,
very vigorous, and probal^ly has a great future as a forage plant in the South
and Southwest. (Swingle.)

20 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5586. Neowashingtonia sp. Fan palm.

From San Diego, Cal. Presented by Mr. T. S. Brandegee; collected in Cajon de
Santa Maria, near Calamaguet, on the eastern shore of Lower California.

5587. HuMULUS lupulus. Hop.

From Spalt, Bavaria, Germany. Eeceived through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
461), November 19, 1900.

Spalt City. " Cuttings or ' Fiichser' of the finest Spalt hops grown in the restricted
area of Spalt, Bavaria. These Spalt hops are renowned throughout Germany as next
to the Saaz and Auscha, the best in the world. They are exported from here in con-
siderable quantities to America where they are used by the large brewers in the man-
ufacture of their finest beers. In planting these cuttings it should be remembered
that they have been taken in October and transported to America and may suffer in
vigor by this unusual treatment. The cuttings are planted here four or five together
in one hill, being placed upright in the ground some 3 inches apart and covered
about 1 J to 2 inches with soil. The hills are from .3 to 4 feet apart each way. The
soil, which is the most important item of any in hop culture, must be a sandy loam.
In Spalt it is a disintegrated red sandstone, similar to the soil in the Bohemian hop
region of Saaz. Only in the small region about the little village of Sjialt do these
famous hops develop their fine aroma and valuable lupulin contents. Before plant-
ing, the soil should be carefully worked to a depth of 2| to 3 feet and the culture
should be scrupulously clean during the season. This is not a heavy bearer, one
pound per pole being a maximum. Its A'alue lies in its superior quality of aroma.
The best grade of hop from which these cuttings are taken brings this year on the
Spalt market over 15 cents per pound. Great care should l)e taken that no male hop
plants are grown near these Spalt hops, as their presence induces a heavy seed pro-
duction and an immediate lowering of the quality of the yield. Harvesting, sulphur-
ing, etc., as usual." {Fairchild.)

5588. HuiMULUS lupulus. Hop.

From Spalt, Bavaria, Germany. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
462, October 24, 1900), November 19, 1900.

Seed from the best S2Mlt hops, grown in the village of ISIassendorf. "This variety
of hop produces very few seeds indeed, and these may be of distinct value for breed-
ing purposes and for the selection of a more vigorous strain of superlative quality."

{Fairchild.)

5589. CocHLEAEiA ARMORACiA. HorsG-radish.

From Biersdorf, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 457,
October 19, 1900), November 12, 1900.

"Cuttings of a variety of Bavarian horse-radish which ranks among the best in
Europe. It is much milder in fiavor than the malin variety, and its method of culti-
vation is different." {Fairchild.) (See S. P. I. Circular No. 21.)

5590. HoRDEUM DiSTiCHUiM. Barley.

From Kitzing, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 458),
November 26, 1900.

Lower Frankish Kitzing brewing barley. "The most noted Bavarian variety, and
one of the best brewing barleys in the world. It is a heavy, thin-skinned sort
containing a large percentage of starch. It was grown on a heary clay soil, and should,
according to the growers in Bavaria, be tried on a liglit but not too sandy soil. A change
of soil is considered essential." {Fairchild.)

5591. HoRDEUivi DiSTicHUM. Barley.

From Kitzing, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 459, Octo-
ber 22, 1900), November 26, 1900.

"This is the same as No. 5590, except that it was grown on light soil, and should,
therefore, be tried on heavy clay soils in America." {Fairchild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 21

5592. HoRDEUM DiSTicHUM. Barley.

From Wurzl)urg, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 4(50,
October L>2, 1900), November 20, 1900.

Lower Prankish brewing barley. Essentially the same as Nos. 5590 and 5591.
Suited to fairly light soils.

5593. HuMULUS lupulus. Hop.

From "Wolnzach, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 462, Octo-
ber 25, 1900), November 19, 1900.

Cuttings from the V.'ohizach hops. "These are late-ripening hops of excellent
(luality, but not so highly jirized as tho.se from Saaz or Spalt. Cuttings from 6-year-
old stocks, suited to a friable loam; yield from i to J pound per pole; probably not
so susceptible to soil conditions as the Saaz." ( Fairchild. )

5594. Hu]MULUS lupulus. Hop.

From AVolnzach, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 4()o,
October 25, 1900), November 19, 1900.
Seeds from Wolnzach hops.

5595 to 5608.

From the Government Laboratory, Georgetown, Demerara, British Guiana.
Received through the Division of Chemistry, October 19, 1900.

A collection of sugar-cane arrows with fertile seeds sent by Mr. J. B. Harrison.

5595.

(J. B. H.

74.)

5602.

(J. B. H.

5044. )

5596.

(J. B. H.

116.)

5603.

(J. B. H.

5201.)

5597.

(J. B. H.

790.)

5604.

(J. B. H.

5443.)

5598.

(J. B. H.

1485. )

5605.

(J. B. H.

5444.)

5599.

(J. B. H.

1850. )

5606.

(J. B. H.

5454.)

5600.

(J. B. H.

2093. )

5607.

(J. B. H.

5717.)

5601.

(J. B. H.

5041. )

5608.

(J. B. H.

5774. )

5609. Melinis minutiflora. Molasses grass.

From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Presented by the Brazilian minister, the Hon. Dr. J.
F. de Assis-Brasil, through the U. S. Consul at Sao Paulo, September, 1900.

5610. ViLLEBRUNEA INTEGRIFOLIA. Assam rhoa.

From Calcutta, India. Presented by D. Prain, Superintendent of the Royal
Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Received November 16, 1900.

(See Agric. Ledg., Calcutta, 1898, No. 15, for description of this fiber plant.)

5611. HuMULus LUPULUS. Hop.

From Wolnzach, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, November
19, 1900.

"A mixture of hop seeds from the drying room of Wolnzach." {Fairchild. )

5612. Passiflora edulis. Passion flower.

From Auckland, New Zealand. Presented by J. P. Carolin, through Mr.
George William Hill, Chief of the Division of Publications. Received
November 21, 1900.

5613. Atriplex leptocarpa. Saltbush.

From Berkeley, Cal. Presented by the California Experiment Station, through
Prof. Chas. H. Shinn. Received November 21, 1900.

22 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5614. Atriplex halimoides. Saltbush.

From Berkeley, Cal. Presented bj' the California Experiment Station, through
Prof. Chas. H. Shinn. Received November 21, 1900.

5615. CiNNAMOMUM c AMPHORA. Camphor.

From Berkeley, Cal. Presented by the California Experiment Station, through
Prof. Chas. H. Shinn. Received November 21, 1900.

5616. ViTis viNiFERA. Grape.

From Saonara, Italy. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, November 23,
1900, from FratelH Sgaravatti.

SuUanina rosea.

5617 to 5621.

From Manila, P. I. Received July 1, 1900.
No descriptions furnished.

5617. Erythrina carxea. Dap-dap.

5618. BixA orellana. Achiote.

5619. SOLANUM MELONGENA. Eggplant.

5620. Coix LACHRYMA-JOBi. Job's tears.

5621. Ing.\ lanceolata.

5622. HuMULUS lupulus. Hop.

From Tetschen, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, November

30, 1900.

"Seed from wild hops growing on the grounds of the Experiment Station at
Tetschen-Liebwerd. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5623. Clianthus dampieri.

From Roebourne, West Australia. Presented by Mr. W. F. Cusack. Received
December 3, 1900.

'•'A beautiful garden flower and also good feed for stock. It will grow with 6 inches
of rain per annum, or one day good rain in the year. The seed rec^uires scorching
or soaking in hot water. ' ' ( Cusack. )

5624.

From Roebourne, West Australia. Presented bv Mr. W. F. Cusack. Received
December 3, 1900.

"A leguminous shrub 6 feet high. Splendid feed for horses, cattle, and sheep. It
is smaller than 5623, erect instead of prostrate. A beautiful garden flower. ' ' ( Cusack. )

5625.

Froui Roebourne, West Australia. Presented by Mr. W. F. Cusack. Received
December 3, 1900.

Mundle bundle. "A good perennial tussock grass. Grows where the annual aver-
age rainfall is 14 inches, and the thermometer sometimes shows temperatures up to
127° F. in the shade." ( Camck. )

5626. Pela.

From Roebourne, West Australia. Presented by Mr. W. F. Cu.«ack. Received
December 3, 1900.

"A good annual. It grows on sandy soil very well with small rainfall." {Cusack.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBKR, 1903. 28

5627. RuBUS NUTKANUS. Salmon berry.

From Blaine, Wash. Presented by Mr. C. E. Flint. Received Nc.veiiibertj, 1900.
A large red raspberry growing on the Pacific Coast of North America.

5628. Triticum vui.gake. "Wheat.

From Portland, Oreg. Presented by Mr. R. C. Judson. Received Deiember
4, 1900.
Yaroslaf winter wheat. Grown from No. 2792; imported from the Government of
St. Petersburg, Russia, in INIarch, 1899, by Mr. M. A. Carleton. Considered objec-
tionable for Oregon because of bearded character.

5629. Triticum vui^gare. Wheat.
From Portland, Oreg. Presented by Mr. R. C. Judson. Received December

4, 1900.
Banatkn nmder wheat. Grown from No. 2956; imported by Mr. M. A. Carleton in
March, 1899.

5630. TRiTicuTki vuLGARE. Wheat.

From Portland, Oreg. Presented by Mr. R. C. Judson. Received December 4,
1900.
Sandomir winter wheat. Grown from No. 2958, imported by Mr. M. A. Carleton
in March, 1899.

5631. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.
From Schwetzingen, Germany. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 456,

Nov. 6, 1900), December 5, 1900.

"Cuttings of the Schwetzingen hop, one of the best early varieties, ripening the
middle of August. Not considered bv Professor Braungart as so delicate as the ' Saaz '
or 'Spalt,' and on this account may 'thrive better on American soils." {Fairchild.)

5632. Caesalpinia bonducella.
From Manila, P. I. Received July, 1900.

This genus of leguminosje contains some 40 species; inhabitants of the Tropics of
both hemispheres. Robust, erect trees, shrubs, or woody prickly clinibers; leaves
large; flowers showy, yellow. In some parts of India it grows at an altitude of 2,500
feet. Oil from the seeds is useful in convulsions and palsy, debility after fever, and
other diseases. Is said to soften the skin and remove pimples. The seeds are used
instead of quinine, and also as an ointment. In disorders of the liver the leaves are
considered very efficacious. The nuts are used for making bracelets and necklaces.
The seeds are used by children in place of marbles and in other games. The root is
also used for medical purposes.

5633. JuGLANS KEGiA. Walnut.

From Mettmenstetten, Switzerland. Presented by Hon. A. Lieberknecht, U. S.
Consul at Ziirich.

5634. Garcinia mangostana. Mangofeteen.

From Ceylon. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, December 7, 1900. Pre-
sented by Dr. Valentine Duke, of Newara, Eliya.

Fruits povered with a coating of paraffin to preserve the germinative power of
the seeds.

5635. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Kurman-Kemelchi, Central Crimea. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton,
December 12, 1900.

Crimean. "A hard red winter wheat, one of the best in the world. Adapted for
trial in Kansas, Oklahoma, northern Texas, Missouri, and southern portions of Iowa
and Nebraska. ' ' ( Carleton. )

24 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5636. Triticuivi vtjlgare. Wheat.

From Altonau, near Melitopol, in northern Taurida. Eeceived through Mr.
M. A. Carleton, December 12, 1900.

"Similar to No. 5635, but from a rather colder latitude and not ripening quite so
early. Adaptation like No. 5635." {Carhton.)

5637. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Altonau, near 3Ielitopol, in northern Taurida. Received through Mr.
M. A. Carleton, December 12, 1900.

Girka winter wheat. "A beardless variety, soft-grained, but very hardy. Adapta-
tion like No. 5635. ' ' ( Carleton. )

5638. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Constantinovskol, 40 miles east of Stavropol, in north Caucasus. Received
through Mr. M. A. Carleton, December 12, 1900.

Ulta. "A hard, red-grained, bearded, winter variety, very resistant to cold and
drought. Adapted for trial as a winter wheat in Iowa, Nebraska, and the southern
portions of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and South Dakota, and eastern Colorado. An
excellent variety for all of Kansas and northern portions of Missouri and Oklahoma."
( Carleton.)

5639. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Uralsk Territory, Russia. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, Decem-
ber 12, 1900.

Kubanka. ' ' One of the best macaroni wheats known. Sown in the spring. Admir-
ably adapted for growing in the semiarid regions, between the one hundredth meri-
dian and the Rocky Mountains, and North Dakota to Texas, and also in New Mexico,
Arizona, Utah, eastern Oregon, and the Palouse country." {Carleton.)

5640. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Padi, Saratov, Russia. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, Decem-
ber 12, 1900.

Padi. "A beardless, soft, or semihard winter wheat. Adapted to all the north-
ern winter wheat States, from New York to Kansas and southward to the thirty-fifth
parallel. ' ' ( Carleton. )

5641. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Starobelsk, Kharkof, Russia. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton,
December 12, 1900.

Kharkof. "A bearded, hard, red, winter wheat, similar to No. 5635, l)ut coming
from a region much farther north and therefore extremely hardy. Especially resist-
ant to piercing, dry, winter winds, where there is little snowfall. Admirably adapted
for trial as a winter wheat in Minnesota, South Dakota, Iowa, northern Nebra.ska,
Wisconsin, and perhaps southern North Dakota." {Carleton.)

5642. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Ambrocievka, 20 miles northeast of Taganrog, in the Don Territory, Russia.
Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, December 12, 1900.

Yellow Gharnovka. "A macaroni wheat similar to No. 5643, but having yellow
grains. Sown in the spring. Adapted for trial in the most arid portions of the
United States. ' ' ( Carleton. )

5643. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Amlirocievka, 20 miles northeast of Taganrog, in the Don Territory, Russia.
Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, December 12, 1900.

Gharnovka. "The best macaroni wheat from the vicinity of Taganrog. Sown
in the spring. Adapted for trial in the most arid portions of the United States."
( Carleton. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 25

5644. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Ainhrocievka, 20 miles n(>rthi'a,>^t of Ta^'anrog, in tlie Don Territory, Russia.
Recoivi'd through Mr. M. A. C'arletou, Deremher 12, 1900.

Velvet Don. "An excellent macaroni wheat with black beards. Sown in the spring.
Adaptation same as for No. 5643." ( Carleton. )

5645. Triticltvi durum. Wheat.

From Ambrocievka, 20 miles northeast of Taganrog, in the Don Territory, Russia.
Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, December 12, 1900.

Black Don. "A Uack-rltajf' macaroni wheat. Sown in the spring. This wheat and
the two preceding numbers, however, might be sown in November or December with
good results in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California. Adaptation
same as for No. 5643." {Carleton.)

5646. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Taganrog, Don Territory, Ru.ssia. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton,
December 12. 1900.

Gharnovka. "A spring wheat, but may be sown in late autumn sotith of the
35th i)arallel. This and No. 5643 are the best of the Taganrog macaroni wheats.
Adaptation same as for three preceding numbers." ( Carleton. )

5647. Panicum miuiaceum. Proso.

From Uralsk Territory, Russia. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, Decem-
ber 12, 1900.

White Ural. "The best sort for milling and extremely drought resistant. Adapted
to growing in all semiarid districts west of the Mississippi River." ( Carleton. )

5648. Panicum miliaceum. Proso.

From Uralsk Territory, Russia. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton, Decem-
ber 12, 1900.

Yellow Ural. "A variety of excellent quality, yielding heavily, and very resistant
to drought. Adaptation same as No. 5647. ' ' ( Carleton. )

5649 to 5686. Prunus domestica. Prune.

From France. Received through Mr. E. R. Lake, December 8, 1900. A collec-
tion of French grafted stock, as follows;

5649.

Coeur de bceuf. From Salvetat, Carcassonne, France. (Lake No. 1. )

5650.

Chaproni. From Vallerand, Traverny, France. (Lake No. 2.)

5651.

Giant. From Barbier, Orleans, France. (Lake No. 3.)

5652.

If^um Erik. From Barbier, Orleans, France. (Lake No. 4.)

5653.

Des Bejonniers. From Barbier, Orleans, France. ( Lake No. 5. )

5654.

Quetsche mere. From Barbier, Orleans, France. (Lake No. 6.)

5655.

Mirabelle de Metz. From Barbier, Orleans, France. (Lake No. 7.)

26 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

5649 to 5686— Continued.
5656.

Sainte Catherine. From Bar bier, Orleans, France. (Lake No. 8.)

5657.

Bleu de Belgique. From Rothberg, Gennevilliers, France. (Lake No. 9. )

5658.

Jmmed'Agen. From Rothberg, Gennevilliers, France. (Lake No. 10.)
5659.

The Czar. From Rothberg, Gennevilliers, France. (Lake No. 11.)

5660.

Grand Due. From Rothberg, Gennevilliers, France. (Lake No. 12.)

5661.

Altesse. From Rothberg, Gennevilliers, France. (Lake No. 13.)

5662.

Big rose. From Cronx et Fils, Paris, France. (Lake No. 14.)

5663.

Quetsche de Letricourt. From Croux et Fils, Paris, France. (Lake No. 15.)

5664.

Belle de Louvrain. From Croux et Fils, Paris, France. (Lake No. 16. )

5665.

Surpasse monsieur. From Croux et Fils, Paris, France. ( Lake No. 17. )

5666. (Number not occupied. )
5667.

Tardive musque. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 19. )
5668.

Mirahelle grosse. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. ( Lake No. 20. )
5669.

Mirabelle petite. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 21.)
5670.

Mirabelle preQoce. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. ( Lake No. 22. )
5671.

Mirahelle tardive. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 28.)
5672.

Dp Norhrt. Fnmi Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 24.)
5673.

Monsieur hdtif. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 25. )
5674.

Precoce de Tours. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 26.)

5675.

Prince Engleberi (strain). From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. (Lake
No. 27.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1SK)3. 27

5649 to 5686— Continued.

5676.

Riiiie Claude d' Ou'dllns. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. ( L^ke No. -'S. )
5677.

Reine Claude d'Althau. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. ( Lake No. 29. )

5678.

Dc MontJ'ort. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. ( Lake No. 30. )

5679.

IfAgen amelioree. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 31.)

5680.

(Juetsfhe de JJord. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 32.)

5681.

Reine des MirabeUea. From Baltet Freres, Troyes, France. (Lake No. 33.)

5682.

Urine Viclona. From F^leury-Meutlon, near Paris, France. ( Lake No. 34. )

5683.

Violet prune. From Fleury-Meudon, near Paris, France. (Lake No. 35.)

5684.

Stintiois tjuetsdie. F'rom Saniiois, F' ranee. (Lake No. 36.)

5685.
Rein^ Claude molette (strain). From .Sanuois, France. (Lake No. 37.)

5686.

aioire d'Epinay. From Epinay, F>ance. (Ivake No. 38.)

5687. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From France. Received tlirougli Mr. E. R. Lake, December 8, 1900.
T)-anspare)de de Croncels. (Lake No. 39.)

5688. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From France. Received through Mr. E. R. Lake, December 8, 1900.
Transparcnte de Zuricli. (Lake No. 40.)

5689. ViTis viNiFERA. Grrape.
From France. Received through Mr. E. R. Lake, December 8, 1900.

Gamay. (Lake No. 41.)

5690 to 5744. Pyrus spp. Apple.

From France. Received through Mr. E. R. Lake, December 8, 1900. A collec-
tion of ornamental apples, as follows:

5690. .Serotina. 5702. FYava.

5691. illlent argente. 5703. intermedia.

5692. Oblonga. 5704. Turbinata.

5693. John Downie. 5705. Coerulescens.

5694. Paul's Imperial. 5706. Halleana.

5695. Spectabilis Imperial. 5707. Vesper rose.

5696. Pulchella. 5708. Marengo.

5697. Speciosa. 5709. Tenorii carnea plena.

5698. Sulpurea. 5710. Ampla.

5699. Atropurpurea. 5711. Prunifolia pendula.

5700. NivEA polypetala. 5712. Minnesota.

5701. Fastigiata. 5713. Sphaerocarpa.

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

5690 to 5744— Continii

ed.

5714.

General Grant.

5730.

LONGIFOLIA.

5715.

Tardiv d'hiver.

5731.

Maxima.

5716.

RiNGO.

5732.

A FLEUR DOUBLE.

5717.

PULCHRA.

5733.

Fastigiata bifera.

5718.

Kaido.

5734.

Whitney.

5719.

Magnifica.

5735.

A FRUIT BLANC.

5720.

Nigra.

5736.

Quaker beauty'.

5721.

Edulis.

5737.

Ibric?

5722.

Orange.

5738.

Spectabilis Imperial Re

5723.

Lady Elgin.

VENI.

5724.

Translucent.

5739.

NiKITA FLORIBUNDA.

5725.

Montreal Be

AUTY.

5740.

Van Wy'ck.

5726.

Lxjtescens.

5741.

Hyslop.

5727.

Magnifica.

5742.

The Fairy.

5728.

Flavescens.

5743.

Toringo.

5729.

CiRE.

5744.

Yellow Siberian.

5745. Eucalyptus globulus.

From San Francisco, Cal. Received through Trumbull and Beebe, July 14, 1900.

5746 to 5750. Teifolium pratense.

From Hamburg, German j'. Received December 14, 1900
of various European strains, as follows:

5746. English. 5749. Russian.

5750. SiLESIAN.

Red clover.

A collection of seeds

5747.
5748.

Hungarian.
Italian.

5751. Andropogon rufus.

Jaragua.

From Matto Grosso Province, Brazil. Presented by the Brazilian minister, Hon.
J. F. de Assis-Brasil, December 1, 1900.

A native fodder grass called by the Portuguese " proviso rio. " Described by Mr.
Assis-Brasil in his book on Brazilian agriculture. (See letter of October, 1899.)

Fendicuas.

Received December

5752. Arctostaphylos sp.

From Celaya, Mexico. Presented by Prof. Felix Foex.
10, 1900. '

"The brown berries of this plant are edible. When fresh they are not disagree-
able, having a fresh subacid flavor. When dried they are nearly tasteless, but are
used in great quantities medicinally. An infusion is used for catarrh and headaches.
The tree which produces them is very ornamental." (Foex.)

Jarrilla.

Received December

5753. Carica heterophylla.

From Celava, Mexico. Presented by Prof. Felix Foex.
10, 1900.^

"A curious fruit, being drunk as one would swallow a raw egg, and not eaten. The
name is Jarrilla or 'little pitcher,' because it is shaped like a pitcher and is always
full of water. The water contained in it is fresh and slightly acid, resembling lemon
juice. When the fruit is taken from the plant it acquires in a few days a bitter taste,
something like lemon peel, but without its aroma. The plant is a perennial, half
climber, and grows wild on the hills around Celaya." {Foe.v.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 29

5754. Triticuim durum. Wheat.

From Matatjalpa, Nicarajjua. Presented by lion. Isaac A. Manning, \J. S. con-
sular agent. Keceiveil December 17, 1900.

Nicaragua. Grown at an elevation of 2,200 feet.

5755. Cucu:wis melo. Muskmelon.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received December 13, 1900.

Coral Reef. This is a cantaloupe of very striking appearance, the rind being
studded with warty excrescences. The melon is bright yellow, with reddish mark-
ings, small seed i-avity, and greenish yellow flesh. If planted in frames in winter it
ripens fruit in early summer.

5756. HoKDEUivi DiSTiCHUisi. Barley.

From Pilsen, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 466, Novem-
ber 7, 1900), February 9, 1901.

Mixed barley used for brewing the original Pilsen beer; said by the l)rewing mas-
ter of the great Pilsen " Urquelle" Brewery to compare favorably with Hanna l)arley.

5757. HuMuiiUS lupulus. Hop.

From Polepp, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 469,
November 14, 1900), December 18, 1900.

Seed from the drier in Polepp of the Semsch Red variety.

5758. Hu^viULUs lupulus. Eop.

From Polepji, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 470),
December 18, 1900.

Red Semsch. ' ' This variety originated in the immediate neighborhood of Polepp. It
was discovered in 1 853 as a sport among the so-called ' Tschims ' hops, which were then
grown herein Polepp, byAVenzel Semsch, a hop grower then only 20 years of age. This
hop is earlier than the iSaaz variety and more productive. It is remarkably uniform
in time of blooming and ripening, and has been sent all over Bohemia and Alsatia,
and thousands of cuttings go every year to Saaz, where they are planted. The largest
proportion of Saaz hops comes from these cuttings. The exact locality of the garden
from which these cuttings were taken I can not positively affirm further than that it
is in the renowned Polepp or Polepp-Platte region, which is famous through its pro-
duction of a quality of hop which often in good years approaches very closely to that
of the best Saaz variety. The important facts are that it is an August-ripening hop
of very uniform maturity and possessed of a very fine aroma and 'bitter' (so fine
in fact that it is everywhere reported as being used for mixing with Saaz hops as a
substitute) , and a productiveness which stands to the Saaz hop as 5 to 3 in i)roportion;
180 poles will yield 110 pounds of hops, while it requires about 300 poles of the Saaz
to yield as much. The soil upon which these hops are grown is a dark friable loam
with a subsoil of gravel, in strong contrast with the soil of Saaz or Spalt, which is
so-called perm or disintegrated red sandstone. The whole Polepp region, which is the
largest single stretch of hop country in Bohemia, has this dark, rich, alluvial soil.
Formerly the whole valley bottom was a peat bog. Fine sand is often used to lighten
the soil. It is strewn along the rows and worked in. For further particulars regard-
ing the origin <yi this Semsch hop, see No. 5759." {Fairchild. )

5759. HuMULUS lupulus. Hop.

From Werbitz, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 471),
December 18, 1900.

Semsch red. "Cuttings of the original specimen from the garden of the son of
Wenzel Semsch, to whose efforts the production and distribution of this remarkable
hop are due, ' ' ( Fairchild. )

30 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5760. HuMULUs LUPULUS. Hop.

From Saaz, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 475, Novem-
ber 19, 1900), December 18, 1900.
Saaz One-year-old plants of the original Saaz hop. This variety has without
doubt the finest "bitter" and best "aroma" of any known sort, but its small yield
makes it an unprofitable kind to raise. It requires often from 300 to 480 plants to pro-
duce 110 pounds of hops, while 180 poles of the Semsch red yfiW produce the same
amount. These plants come from the city region of Saaz, where the soil is a brick-
red broken-down sandstone of the Lower Permian formation.

5761. CocHLEARiA ARMORACiA. HorsG-radish.

From Malin (Kuttenberg), Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild
(No. 479, November 22, 1900), December 18, 1900.

Malin. The finest flavored, sharpest horse-radish in the world, being cultivated in
a different way from that generally practiced in America. The marketable shoots
are only one season old instead of several. (See Circular No. 1, Section of Seed and
Plant Introduction. )

5762. Cydonia vulgaris. Quince.

From Carlovitz, Slavonia. Presented by Director Hess, of the Agricultural
School of Laun, Bohemia, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 473, November
15, 1900). Received December 18, 1900.

Cuttings from a tree that bore fruit weighing 14 ounces, of excellent shape, and of
a deeper yellow than most quinces seen in America. Said to be an indigenous Sla-
vonian variety.

5763. Arachis hypogaea. Peanut.

From Washington, D. C. Seed of No. 4253, grown during the season of 1900 on
the Potomac Flats.

5764 to 5766. Glycine hispida. Soy bean.

From Washington, D. C. Three varieties of soy beans from Japan, grown dur-
ing the season of 1900 on the Potomac Flats.

5764. Common. (S. P. I., No. 4912.)

5765. Bestavhite. (S. P. I., No. 4913.)

5766. Best green. (S. P. I., No. 4914.)

5767. PiSTACIA vera X p. TEREBINTHUS.

From San Francisco, Cal. Presented by Mr. G. P. Rixford, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received December, 1900.
"Thisnumber comprises the fruits of the terebinth tree ripened near San Fran-
cisco Most of these fruits contain no seed, although they look very plump and have
a perfectly developed pit or stone. According to Mr. Rixford, the fruits which are
decayed or with dark-purple exteriors are the ones which most often contain seeds.
The majority of the fruits varv from wine color to pink and are more or less studdeil
over with white specks. The flesh is very thin, probably only about one thirty-second
of an inch. " ( Swingle. )

5768. HmiULUS lupulus. Hop.

From Tettnang, Bavaria. Received from Mr. J. A. Bueble, through Mr. D. G.
Fairchild (No. 464, November 4, 1900), December 2H, 1900.

"Sets of the earliest ripening hop variety in Europe, often maturing by the end of
Julv. Thev occupy a special place on the European hop market, being used by many
breweries lor brewing their first summer beer. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

SEll'KMHEK, 1!)U0, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 31

5769. r>ETA vuLGARTS. Sugar beet.

From Paris, France. Received February, H»00.
Vilinorin'x Frenrh Virij Rich.

5770. Hkta vulgaris. Sugar beet.
From Germany. Received February, 1900.

Slrandes Kleinwanzleben.

5771. Beta vulgaris. Sugar beet.
From Germany. Received February, 1900.

Hoemings Klein wanzleben.

5772. Beta vulgaris. Sugar beet.
From Germany. Received February, 1900.

Dippea Kleinwanzleben Elite.

5773. Beta vulgaris. Sugar beet.

From Utah. Received February, 1900.
American-grown seed. From Lehi, Utah.

5774. CucuMis MELO. Winter muskmelon.

From Arizona. Received December 29, 1900.

Seed ^Town at Phoenix, Ariz., from No. 149, originally imported from New Bok-
hara, Turkestan, by Prof. N. E. Hansen, February, 1898.

5775. Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Foxberry.

From Finland. Presented l)v Dr. Gosta Grotenfeld. Received December 31,
1900.

5776. OxYcoccus palustris. Small cranberry.

From Finland. Presented by Dr. Gosta Grotenfeld. Received December 31,
1900.

5777. Quebrachia lorentzii. Quebracho Colorado.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received Jan-
uary 4, 1900.

"A magnificent slow-growing tree, with ii wood like iron, containing much tannic
acid. Last year's seeds from Salta Province." {Spegazzini.) -

5778. Machaerium tipu. Tipu.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented l)vDr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received Jan-
uary 4, 1900.

"Leguminoste; beautiful tree for gardens and forest, rapid grower, producing excel-
lent wood for l)uilding purposes." (Spegazzini.)

5779. Elvmus andinus. - Coiron flor.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received Jan-
ary 4, 1901.

29861— No. 66—05 3

32 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5780. LiBOCEDRUS CHILENSIS.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received Jan-
uary 8, 1901.

Cipres de Patagonia;

5781. AspiDosPERMA QUEBRACHO BLANCO. Quebracho bianco.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received Jan-
uary 8, 1901.

"A very rapidly growing tree, with medicinal properties." (Spegazzini.)

5781a, GoMPHOCARPUS sp. Buluba.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received
December, 1900.

5782. Lathyrus magellanicus.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received Jan-
uary, 1901.

Mixed seeds of this and Vicia macrad.

5783. Prosopis denudans.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received
January 5, 1901.

Algarroba orozii?

5784. Berberis dulcis.

From La Plata, Argentina. Presented by Dr. Carlos Spegazzini. Received
January 5, 1901.

Calafata parra. From Chubut.

5785. Physalis francheti (?).

From Tokyo, Japan. Presented by Mr. T. Watase, of Tokyo Plant and Seed Co.
A variety with very large fine fruits.

5786. GoMPHOCARPUs sp. Buluba.

From the Soudan, Africa. Presented by Doctor Trabut, Government Botanist of
Algeria, through Mr. Lyster H. Dewey, Assistant Botanist, U. S. Department of
Agriculture.

"I have cultivated this species of gomphocarpus for several years under the name
'Buluba.' It attains a large growth, and yields a beautiful fiber closely resembling
silk." [Trabut.)

5787. HuMULUS lupulus. Hop.

From Bohemia, Austria-Hungary. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
483), January, 1901.

Semsch. "Cuttings of this noted hop, from the neighborhood of the most famous
locality of the Platte, where it is known to yield almost as fine hops as the best Saaz
variety and in much larger quantity. It is this variety which the growers of the
Saaz variety have imported in large quantities into Saaz to replace the old Bohemian
variety, which has so fallen off in yield that its culture no longer pays, unless a
fancy price can be secured. These hops possess an aroma that is really fine. Pro-
fessor Chodounsky, of the Experiment Station for Brewing Industries in Prague,
one of the best-known and most careful judges of hop varieties, says of this Semsch
hop:

"'This red hop, which gives a much larger yield than the old Bohemian red
hop (Saaz variety), is to be reckoneil among the very good hops. It has an oval
form, a well-shaped spindle, and an agreeable aroma. It is considered as an inter-
mediate type approaching the Rakonitz-Saaz hoj), standing next to it as regards
worth. This is probably the best yielder of all the really fine European varieties.'

SEPTEMBER, lUOO, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 33

" Ap thoso cnttinsrs liavo hoen sornred with jjroat diffirnlty, and as it will be more
and more diliicult tuobtain others, tliey s^lionld be jjiveii espeeial attention. Inonler
to i)ropagate them as rapidly as possible, the younj: slmots should be layered next
s]>rinjr and cut into lenfiths when rooted. These eiittin.irs have l)een taken from oiu^
of the best hop ^'aniens in the Platte region in Hohemia, but being cut during the
winter thev are not as thrifty as if taken in the spring. The rule in Hohemia is to
place a single cutting in a hill, but if small and weak it might lie better to ]ni\ two
together.

"These hops produce the finest aroma when iilanted on yellow clay soils. The
vines are light yellow when grown in sandy or clayey soil, but darker when grown
where the soil has more humus, oris of a" peaty or swampy character — what the
Germans call 'moor Erde.' " {Fuiirhild.)

5788 to 5792. Hordeum distichum. Barley.

From Munich, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. (J. Fairchild (No. 4(57), Jan-
nary Hi, 1901.

A collection of prize-winning barleys from the Barley and Hop Exposition, 1900.
Forwarded by Hon. Jam&s H. AVorman, U. S. Consul at Munich, as follows:

5788. (4H7b.) 5791. (467f.)

5789. (4()7d.) 5792. (467g.)

5790. (467e.)

5793. Hordeum distichum nutans. Barley.

From Kwassitz, Moravia, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
481), January 16, 1901.

Moravian or Hanna. "The noted Hanna brewing barley from the breeder or
selecter, Emanuel Ritter von Proskowetz, of Kwassitz. This is unquestionably one
of the best brewing barleys in the world and is noted for its qualities of early ripen-
ing, unusual heavy yields, and special mealiness, which latter, together with other
qualities of kernel, renders it one of the great favorites among (ierman as well as
Austrian brewers. Notwithstanding a duty in Bavaria of 22 marks per German ton on
brewing barleys and an increased cost of transportation, the best Bavarian breweries
import this Hanna barley. In the Thirty-ninth Session of the Bavarian House of
Deputies (1899) the purchase of these Hanna barleys among other foreign sorts by the
famous Hofbrauhaus was made the reason of an attack upon the director of this State
institution and, although the claim was not sustained that the Hanna barley is supe-
rior to the best Bavarian, the inference which is drawn is that on the average it is
more satisfactory and economical from the brewer's standfioint. The former director
of the Brauhaus Staubwasser claimed in his defense that the Hanna barley, especially
that grown in Hungary, was ready for malting earlier than Bavarian varieties, which
sjieaks for the earliness of the variety claimed liy the producer. Von Proskowetz
claims for the variety a pedigree and says that it was selected as a single plant from
some barley which he knew to be of very old Moravian origin. Through careful
selection he has been able to bring its productivity up to 3,700 kilos per hectare and
shorten Us period of growth by over a veek. It is a light straw producer suited especially
to light or sandy loams. Owing to its early ripening quality it is especially valuable
in Hungary, where the hot season occurs the latter part of July, but after the Hanna
barley hasso far matured as to be little influenced by it. Sow in March, or earlier
if possible, providing soil is in proper condition. On light soil drill in rows 5 inches
apart, on heavier soils 6 to 7 inches. If it can be made to follow a beet root or potato
crop so much the better. Owing to its heavy yielding capacity, earliness, and high
grade as a brewing grain, this variety is driving out all other sorts in Austria and
every year large quantities of seed grain are imported into Hungary. So far as I can
ascertain this is the first importation of this variety ever made into America. ' ' {Fair-
child. )

5794. Hordeum distichum. Barley.

From Leneschitz, Bohemia. Received from Prof. Frantisek Hess, of the Laun
Ag. School, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 472, November 15, 1900),
January 16, 1901.

An excellent brewing barley, probably not a jiure stock. A part of the same lot
which took the first prize in the Austrian section of the Paris Exposition. From the
estate of Josef Pisoft.

34 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5795. Phaseolus vulgaris. Adler bean.

From Sacbsenfeld, Stvria, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.

484, December 21, 1900), January 16, 1901.

Idler. A sample. "One of the finest varieties known in Austria. It is indige-
nous to Stvria, where it is considered by connoisseurs an exceptionally fine table
bean. I have eaten it and found it unusually good, though the skin is somewhat
tough. It is, however, worth a trial by experiment stations." {Fairchild.)

5796. Papaver somniferum. Poppy.

From Sacbsenfeld, Stvria, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.

485, December 20, 1900) , January 16, 1901.

A large-podded variety of poppy, grown in Styria exclusively for the production
of oil. The pods are collected in autumn, dried, their tops cut off, and the seed
shaken out. The seed is then ground and an oil is pressed out of it. This oil is
extensively used in cooking and as a table oil. It is said not to grow rancid, and is
very highly esteemed by the Styrians. The pods are often 2 inches in diameter."
{Fairchild.)

5797. CoFFEA ARABiCA. Coffec.

From Macassar, Celebes. Presented by Mr. Karl Auer, U. S. consular agent,
Macassar, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 485«, February 11,
1900), January 22, 1901.
Paijoe or Bonthain coffee. "A superior local variety from south Celebes, which
w^as formerly exported in large quantities to Europe." {Fairchild. )

5798. Bromelia sp. Timbiriche.

From Celaya, Mexico. Presented by Prof. Felix Foex. Received January 22,
1901.
" Like the Jarilla (No. 5753), it is a fruit to be drunk, not eaten. It is ground or
crushed in water. The Mexicans prefer this as a refreshing drink to lemonade made
from lemons. It is especially valuable for iiupioving hard water, i. e., calcareous or
magnesian waters, because the acid in the fruit precipitates these salts. The fruit
does not grow in this vicinitv, but in an arid region higher up. The plant is said
to resemble the Yucca, but 1 have not seen it. The fruiis sell in the markets here
at 1 cent each, while other fruits have no value because of their abundance. ( foex. )

5799. Triticum polonicum. Polish wheat.

From France. Received January 23, 1901.
Polish or Astrakhan.

5800. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Paris, France. Received January 23, 1901.
Belotourka.

5801. Lavandula vera. Lavender.

From Paris, France. Received January 23, 1901.

5802. Lavandula spica. Spike lavender.

From Paris, France. Received January 23, 1901.

5803. Sesamum indicum. Sesame.

From Paris, France. Received January 23, 1901.
White seeded.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 35

5804. Sesamum indicum. Sesame.

From Paris, France. Received January 23, 1901.
Yellow seeded.

5805 to 5809. Andropogon sorghum. Sorghum.

From Medicine Lodge, Kans. Received Fel)ruary, 1901. Seed of the following
varieties:

5805. 5808.

Amber. A'anso.s' orange.

5806. 5809.

Collier. Minnesota early amber.

5807.

Colman.

5810 to 5823. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented hy Director Axel Pihl, of the Swedish
Horticultural Societv, Rosemlai, tiirough Me.ssrs. Lathroj) and Fairchild (Nos.
400-413, July 18, 1900). Received February 4, 19C1.

5810.

Astrachan aparreholm.9 (Svensk Pomologi Applen, p. 73) . " Originated in 1859.
Ripens late in September; not commonly cultivated even in Sweden; as good
as any ripening at this time; believed tV> l)e a hybrid between White Astra-
khan and Rosenhiiger." {Fdirclnld.)

5811.

Bjorkvicks (Svensk Pomologi, p. 93). "A fall apple; well known; first
described in 1862; original tree in middle Sweden, at Bjorkvicks." ( Fairchild. )

5812.

Fager'6 (Svensk Pomologi, p. 91). "A new sort worthy of trial. Not well
known, even in Sweden." {Fairchild.)

5813.

Frosdkers. "A fall apple, little known, even in Sweden. Director Pihl says
it is a good sort; has been introduced into Finland within the last ten years,
and is cultivated there with great success." {Fairchild.)

5814.

Gimmersla. "Of unknown origin. Little known, even in Sweden. An
excellent early (September) table apple; very hardy; a first-rate market
apple." {Fairchild.)

5815.

Hampus. "A summer apple of the very first quality; rather small; trees
hardy, but of slow growth; probably of Swedish origin; very commonly grown;
one of the best known and most extensively grown sorts." {Fairchild.)

5816.

Oranie. "A well-known summer or early autumn sort, in color not very
attractive, but in flavor next to "Humus," the best in Sweden; very heavy
and early bearer; hardy; largely cultivated in Sweden. Director Pihl recom-
mends it heartily for trial." {Fairchild.)

5817.

Svensk vinterpostof. "One of the oldest and commonest sorts; late autiunn
and early winter variety of medium quality; most used as a table apple, but is
suitable for kitchen use; does not keep late into winter." {Fairchild.)

36 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5810 to 5823 — Continued.

5818.

Ringdads. "A showv red-cheeked table apple of excellent quality; a good
market sort; largely planted in Sweden and Finland; quite hardy. Highly
recommended by Director Pihl." {Faircliild.)

5819.

Stenkyrke. ' ' One of the very best Swedish sorts. Excellent keeper. A very
good table apple. Originated on the chalky soil of Gottland. It does well on
clay soil and is heartily recommended by Director Pihl." {Fairchild.)

5820.

Stdringe. "Late summer or early autumn variety. Ripens in September.
A table apple of very fine quality. Origin unknown. Ranks very high, though
it is not very commonly cultivated." (Fairchild.)

5821.

Safstaholms. ' ' Ripens in September. A most popular sort and one Director
Pihl thinks would be verv highly prized in America. A table sort made
known by the well-known Swedish pomologist, Olof Eneroth. Quite hardy."
{Fairchild.)

5822.

Akero. "This variety is considered, at the present time, to be the best of
all the Swedish apples. The tree is one of the hardiest and of uncommonly
strong growth. Not liable to disease. A winter table apple of excellent
quality. Keeps until spring. A heavy bearer only at advanced age. Grows
well in any kind of soil. The original tree is standing at Akero, although
planted more than one hundred years ago. Much propagated in last twenty-
five years." {Fairchild.)

5823.

Olands Kungs. "Closely related to Scharlakamparman, but is not the same.
A small, very bright red table apple. Sold in very large quantities as a Christ-
mas-tree apple, for which it is especially suited, as it keeps well until Christmas.
Hardy and tolerably productive. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5824. Prunus domestica. Plum.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Director Axel Pihl through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 414, July 18, 1900). Received February 4, 1901.

Allmdnna gnl. "A very good cooking plum. Extremely hardy, but not a very
heavy bearer. Almost always propagated by root division. Grown as far north as
any plum." {Fairchild.)

5825. Ceratonia siliqua. Carob.
From Lissa Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 499,

January 7, 1901), February 5, 1901.
' ' Bud sticks of a variety with large sweet pods. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5826. Lathyrus platyphyllus.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock, director of the

botanic gardens, Frescati, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 441,

August 11, 1900). Received February 5, 1901.

"A species of Lathyrus named by Retzius L. platyphyllus. Its origin is uncertain.

In Professor Wittrock's garden, at Frescati, are plants which have been growing for

twelve years. One of these is planted against a wall 12 feet or more high, and the

plant has spread over a large surface and overtops the wall by several feet. The

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 11>03. 37

vigor of this plant is remarkable an.l the amount <.f f...l.l('r luoducod apparently
great So far no experiments with the plant have hi'en nui.le in he fiel.l. As
It is a perennial and makes a comi.aratively little -n.wth m tiie nst three years,
such experiments as have been started .lo not as yet show results. A tew seeds
only are obtainable here, as the plant seldom ripens its seeds m this latitude.
Director Wittrock thinks it is quite possible that this plant is a different variety
from that described by Ketzius. So far as I am aware it is iiuite unknown as a
fodder plant outside of southern Sweden, where Protessor A\ ittrock has sent seeds.
It deserves careful attention. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5827. Bromus inermis. Smooth brome-grass.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 442, August 10, 1900) . Received February 5, 1901.

5828. Cephalaria tatarica.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. AVittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild ( No. 443, August 10, 1900). Received h ebruary 5, 1901.
"A new fodder plant of exceptionally vigorous growth. Professor Wittrock
thinks it is worthy of extensive trial." {Fairchild. )

5829. Hedysarum obscurum.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 445, August 10, 1900). Received February 5, 1901.
" A hii^h Alpine fodder plant which occurs above the timber line and is especially
suited to^mountain climates, although growing well in deep soil in the valleys or on
the plains. The root system is very long; grows readily from seed it latter has been
passed through a 'preparator' or rubbed with sandpaper. Otherwise it will take
one to three vears to germinate. Has been grown here twelve years on same spot.
Yield is good". Highly ornamental. Professor Wittrock says it is the best Alpine
fodder plant he knows. ' ' ( Fairch ild. )

5830. Calamagrostis phragmitoides.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 446, August 11, 1900). Received February 5, 1901.

" An excellent fodder grass for moist localities. It very seldom seeds, but spreads
rapidly when once planted. Yields a heavy, nutritious fodder." {Fairchild. )

5831. Ammophila arenaria. Beach-grass.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 447, August 11, 1900). Received February 5, 1901.

"An excellent fodder grass for moist localities in high latitudes. The plant has a
wandering habit. It dies out in one place after a few years, but spreads from a cen-
ter in all directions. It yields a large quantity of valuable fodder, according to Pro-
fessor Wittrock. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5832. Glyceria spectablis.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. W^ittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild ( No. 448, August 11, 1900) . Received February 5, 1901.

" A forage plant grown extensively in some parts of Sweden. Adapted to moist
places. Baron von PijkuU Volloesiiby, of Knifsta, Sweden, has large cultures of this
plant and can supply rhizomes in quantity for trial if desired." {Fairchild. )

5833. Verbascum spegiosum.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Prof. V. Wittrock through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 449, August 11, 1900). Received February 5, 1901.

" An East European or West Asiatic biennial that has just been determined by
Professor Wittrock. It is quite new, and one of the most gorgeous yellow decora-

38 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

tive plants I have ever seen. The immense flower spikes, of which there are many
branches, remain covered witli blosi^oms for more than a month. Caution ishouldbe
taken with it as, Hke others of tlie same genus, it may prove a weed. Professor
Wittrock savs it is verv easilv rooted out and will probablv never be a bad weed."
{FairrhUd.y

5834. Trifolium pannonicum.

Prom Stockholm, Sweden. Presented bv Prof. V. Wittrock. Received Febru-
ary 5, 1901.

5835. Festuca arundixacea.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented by Dr. V. AVittrock. Eeceived Febru-
ary 3, 1901.

5836. HuMULUS lupulus. Hop.

From Polepp, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 470a), 1901.
Red Semsch. Same as No. 5758.

5837. CocHLEARiA ARMORACEA. Horse-radish.

From Polepp, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, January, 1901.

5838. Eleusine coracana. Ragi millet.

From Rhodesia, South Africa. Presented by Dr. Wm. L. Thompson, of Oberlin,
Ohio.

Vpol-a or Xgoza. "This is the most important food plant of the natives of Rhodesia
and its yield of seed is said to be something phenomenal." {Fairchild.)

5839. CucuMis SATivus. Cucumber.

From Znaim, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 480), Jan-
uary 10, 1901.

Znaim. "A variety largely grown for salting and pickling. Said by Mr. W. W.
Tracy, sr., to be a mixture of strains probably deriving its name merely from the
noted locality where cucumber growing is largely practiced." {Fairchild.)

5840. ACTINIDIA.

From Ichang, China. Received through Mr. G. D. Brill (No. 1), December,

1900.

"Large fruited. Chinese name Fangr Too." {Brill.)

5841. Astragalus cicer.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Presented bv Dr. V. Wittrock through Me.ssrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 444, August 10, 1900). Received February 6, 1901.

"Considered by Doctor Wittrock to be a very important forage plant. It spreads
with great rapidity and should be watched as it may become a weed. Suited to both
sandy and clay soils. A true Steppe plant. Better for prairies than for cultivated
lands. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5842. Hordeum distichum. Barley.

From Binsbach, Bavaria. Received from Mr. D. G. Fairchild, through the kind-
ness of Hon. James H. Worman, United States Consul at Munich, 1901.

Chevalier.

5843. Hordeum vulgare. Barley.

From Binsbach, Bavaria. Received from 'Mr. D. G. Fairchild, through the kind-
ness of Hon. James H. Worman, United States Consul at Munich, 1901.

Webs.

SFPTEMPER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903.

5844. HOKDEUM VULGARE.

Barley.

From Binsbac'h, Bavaria. Received from Mr. D. G. Fairchild, through the kind-
ness of Hon. James H. Worman. United States Consul at Munich, 1901.

Pfiniken.

5845. HoRDEUM DiSTiCHUM. Barley.

From Thalham, Bavaria. Received from Mr. D. G. Fairchild, through the kind-
ness of Hon. James H. Worman, United States Consul at Alunich, 1901.

Bohemian.

5846. HoRDEUM DISTICHUM var. NUTANS. Barley.

From Binsbach, near Gonheim, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 478), February, 1901.

"This barley was awarded the gold medal as the best of 680 exhibits of brewing
barley at the Bavarian Barlev and Hop Exposition, held at Munich, September 29
to October 3, 1900. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5847 to 5899. Hordeum dlstichum.

Barley.

From Paris. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, February, 1901. Samples
of barley obtained at the exposition, as follows:

5847.

5859.

Kitzinger.

(No. 479.)

5848.

5860.

Pilsen.

(Xo. 108.)

5849.

5861.

Laniger. (No. 573.)

Lower Bavarian. (No. 476. )

5850.

5862.

Kwassitzer.

Hanna. (No. 149.)

5851.

5863.

Landgerste. (No. 442.)

Melon. (No. 325.)

5852.

5864.

Scottish pearl. (No. 159.)

Imperial. (No. 48.)

5853.

5865.

Chevalier. (No. 47. )

Chevalier. (No. 64.)

5854.

5866.

Fiinfstettener. ( No. 55 1 . )

Chevalier. (No. 198.)

5855.

5867.

Fiinfstettener. (No. 63.)

Bohemian. (No. 135.)

5856.

5868.

Saal or Kaiser. (No. 167.)

Bohemian. (No. 454.)

5857.

5869.

Frankish. (No. 608.)

Goldthorpe. (No. 1.)

5858.

5870.

Common two-rowed. ( No. 238. )

Frankish. (No. 356.)

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5847 to 5899 — Continued.
5871.
Frankish. (No. 300.)

5872.

Lower Bavarian. (No. 417. )

5873.

Mittelgersle Thilrengen. (No. 599. )

5874.

Chrislensen's Ooldthorpe.
(No. 43.)

5875.

Jmvel. (No. 324.)

5876.

Bavarian. (No. 567.)

5877.

Hanna. (No. 79.)

5878.

Laninger. (No. 670.)

5879.

(No. 683.)

5880.

Frankish. (No. 220.)

5881.

Hanna. (No. 152.)

5882.

Webb.^. (No. 191.)

5883.

Louder Bavarian. (No. 107.)

5884.

Tauber. (No. 310.)

5900. CUCUMIS SATIVUS.

5885.

(No. .3.)

5886.

Bohemian. (A).

5887.

Poppenheim.

5888.

(Probably not a pure variety. )

5889.

(No. 2. )

5890.

Poppenheim.

5891.
Hanna.

5892.

Kitzingen.

5893. (Number not used.)

5894.

Hanna.

5895.

Bohemian.

5896.

Bohemian.

5897.

/ Scliwarzenberg.

5898.

// Sell u-arzenberg.

5899.

Ill Sch irarzenberg.

Cucumber.

From Auburn, N. Y. Received through Mr. G. W. Boynton, February 6, 1901.
Aksel dwarf, grown from No. 8, Inventory No. 1.

5901. Raphanus SATIVUS. Radish.
From Amite City, La. Received through Mr. W. O. Posey, February 6, 1901.

Seed grown from No. 1189, Inventory No. 2.

5902. Capsicuivi annuum. Sweet pepper.

From Anna Maria Key, Fla. Received through Mr. W. C. Berg, February 9, 1901.
Seed grown from No. 3976, Inventory No. 8.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 41

5903. IIoKDEUM DiSTiCHUM. Barley.
From Saaz, Bohemia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 477, Nov.

20, 1900), February 9, 1901.
"Bohemian brewing barley from the estates of Prince Schwarzenberg, at Jinovic,
near Saaz. From sandy loam, soil rich in lime. Much exported to Norway.
This is an excellent representative Bohemian barley, though jirobably not a pure
variety. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5904. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.
From Elgin, Utah. Received through Mr. J. F. Brown, February 9, 1901.

Khiva. Seed grown from No. 114, Inventory No. 1.

5905. Secale cereale. Rye.
From Tenmile, W. Va. Received through Mr. F. Spiker, February 12, 1901.

WiiUer Ivanof, grown from No. 1342, Inventory No. 2.

5906. CucuRBiTA MAXIMA. Honey pumpkin.

From Eden, Nebr. Received through Mr. D. J. Wood, February 14, 1901.
Seed grown from No. 14, Inventory No. 1.

5907. Chaetochloa italica. Millet.

From Brookings, S. Dak. Received through Prof. D. A. Saunders, February
15, 1901.
Seed grown from No. 2798, Inventory No. 7.

5908. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

From Waterloo, Kans. Received through Mr. J. W. Riggs, February 14, 1901.
Maromsia Lessevitsky, grown from No. 27, Inventory No. 1 .

5909 to 5918. Vitis vinifera. G-rape.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (Nos.
486-495), February 20, 1901. A collection of grape cuttings of the following
varieties:

5909.

Boglich. "A dark-colored sweet table grape having a thick skin. The
biuiches are said to grow to a very large size, sometimes weighing as much
as fourteen pounds. Suitable for limestone soils." (No. 486.) [Fairchild.)

5910.

Marascina. "A small light-brown translucent grape, of unusual sweetness.
It is a shv bearer and subject to Peronospora. Originated near Sebenico on
mainland"; A high-grade dessert wine, known as Marascina, is made from
this grape. This wine somewhat resembles Marsala, but is considered by
some as superior, and sells for a much higher price than any of the other
wines of this region." (No. 487.) {Fairchild.)

5911.

Stronzo di Gallo. "One of the three best grapes grown on this island. It
is a thin-skinned white grape of a peculiar long shape and contains but one
seed. It will keep untilJanuary. Suitable for poor limestone soils. " (No. 488.)
{Fairchild.)

42 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

5909 to 5918 —Continued.
5912.

Ki(rf('l((i<ka. " A white wine grape, native of the island, producing medium-
sized crowded chasters. A wine known as ' Apollo,' highly prized in (ler-
many and Austria, is made by extracting the juice from the fresh grapes and
fermenting it, separated from the skins. Suitable for limestone soils." (No. 489. )
(Falrehild.)

5913.

Dernekusa. "The black grape from which the common wine of Lesina is
made. It is a thin-skinned grape of medium size, and is said to be a fair table
grape. It is a heavy producer." (No. 490. ) {Fair child.)

5914.

Ugara. ' ' A white grape serving for the production of a bottled wine exported
from Lesina. Only a few plantations of this variety exist on the island because
the plants require a ricft soil. The wine is sold for 1.20 to 1.30 florins a liter,
which is high, considering that ordinary wines bring from .25 to .50 florin a
liter. " (No.491.) ( Fair child. )

5915.

Banjoska. "A variety of wine grape brought to the island from a neighbor-
ing small island, called 'San Clementi,' according to accounts given me. It
makes a strong wine, which is imported especially into Hungary. Berries
small. Heavy bearer. Suitable for dry, strong, calcareous situations." (No.
492.) [FaiichUd.)

5916,

FaJarnm. "A white wine variety from which much of the Lesina wine is
protluced. One hundred kilos of grapes yield, it is said, 90 kilos of wine. Not
particular as to soil." (No. 493.) {Fairchild.)

5917.

Puiska. "A thick-.skinned, firm-fleshed white grape, originally from Apulia,
Italy, but grown here many years. Said to be a very heavy bearer. ' ' ( No. 494. )
( Fairchild. )

5918.

Trqjka. "A very large table grape of excellent flavor. It is a heavy bearer
and keeps well. It is a native of Lesina and requires a rich soil." (No. 495.)
( Fairchild. )

5919. Ficus CARiCA. Fig.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
496, Jan. 7, 1901), February 20, 1901.

San Pieiro. "The figs of the small island of Lesina, which lies off the Dalmatian
coast, are noted in Triest as the most delicate of any which come to that port, except
the high-priced Smyrna sorts. They have not the size or the flavor of the Smyrnas,
but, considering the fact that they do not require fertilization with the caprifig
insect, they are certainly worthy of a trial in the California fig plantations. This
variety is a very early one, ripening here in June. It is also reported to be excep-
tional ly large. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5920. Ficus carica. Fig.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 497,
January 7, 1901), February 20, 1901.

Zarniza. ' ' Cuttings of one of the ordinary figs grown on this island". Dark in
color, produces crops twice a year. It is sometimes dried and packed in small barrels
and exported." {Fairchild.)

SEPTEM15KK, 1900, TO DECKMHKK, 11H)3. 43

5921. Ficus CARiCA. Fig.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Roceive<l throuf^h l\Ir. D. (t. Fairchikl (JNo. 498,
January 7, 1901), February 20, 1901.

ZamozitjiFa. "A good fig with unusually tender skin, far superior tn tlie dried
Italian or Greek figs-. Many maintain that as far as tenderness of skin is concerned
it is really superior to the Smyrna figs. It is not fertiliz.ed by the caprifig in.sect and
may prove a superior sort if once fertilized seed are produced. Worthy of trial.
This fig is shipped in large quantities to Triest." ( Fairchild. )

5922. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 500,
January 8, 1900), February 20, 1901.

Giallo. "Cuttings of one of the best peaches of Dalmatia, and, although a cling-
stone, is worth trying in any variety test. Suitable for stony hillsides of a calcareous
nature. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5923. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 501,
January 8, 1900), February 20, 1901.

Biancn. "Cuttings of a white-fleshed freestone peach of excellent quality, matur-
ing in August. Suitable for stony hillsides of a calcareous nature." {Fairchild. )

5924. Pyrus communis. Pear.

From Lesina Island, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 502,
January 8, 1901), February 20, 1901.

Nyoko. " Cuttings of a variety of pear said to be of superior quality. Somewhat
similar to the Bartlett. Suitable for calcareous hillsides in warm climates like Ari-
zona and southern California." ( Fairchild. )

5925. Brassica oleracea. Cabbage.
From Osage, Iowa. Received through Mr. George Phillij)s, February 12, 1901.

Earliest white, grown from No. 6. Inventory No. 1.

5926. Brassica oleracea. Cabbage.

From Osage, Iowa. Received through Mr. George Phillips, February l.j, 1901.
White Beval, grown from No. 4. Inventory No. 1.

5927. Phaseolus vulgaris. Bean.

From Waynesville, N. C. Received through Dr. G. D. Green, February 13, 1901.
Flageolet, grown from No. 2069. Inventory No. 5.

5928. Cicer arietinum. G-arbanzo.

From Tenino, Wash. Received through Mr. J. F. Cannon, February 25, 1901.
Seed grown from No. 2376. Inventory No. 5.

5929. Phaseolus vulgaris. Bean.
From Judsonia, Ark. Received through Mr. Jacob C. Bauer, February 23, 1901.

Soissons, grown from No. 2068. Inventory No. 5.

5930. Andropogon sorghum. Sorghum.
From Scottsville, Ky. Received through Mr. Rupert Huntsman, February, 1901,

Colman, grown from No. 4308, Inventory No. 8,

44 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

5931. Prunus domestica. Plum.

From Saaz, Bohemia. Presented by Doctor Wolfram through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 476, November 18, 1900). Received February 26, 1901.

Dolan. "Cuttings of a plum originated in the village of Dolan, near Saaz, and said
by Doctor Wolfram, one of the best Bohemian horticulturists, to be of superior
(luality. The dried prunes made from this sort are said to be little, if any, inferior
to the famous Bosnian prunes. They are large and sweet, and have a flat stone that
separates very easily from the flesh." {Fairchild.)

5932. SoRBUS EDULis. Sorb apple.

From Saaz, Bohemia. Presented by Doctor Wolfram through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 474, November 18, 1900). Received February 26, 1901.

" Cuttings of a variety of Sorb apple discovered several years ago in the forests of
Moravia, and since distributed by the Austrian Government through its agricultural
schools. The fruit is small, about the size of Vaccin'mm viUs-idnea, and, when
cooked, the ' compot ' closely resembles that made from this cranberry. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5933. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From Saaz, Bohemia. Received through Doctor Wolfram, February 26, 1901.

Calville Madame Lesans. "Similar to Calville blanc, but more resistant to fungous
attacks." (Wolfram.)

5934. Fagopyrum esculentum. Buckwheat.

From Berlin, Conn. Received through Mr Earl Cooley, February 26, 1901.
Orenburg, grown from No. 2801. Inventory No. 7.

5935. Astragalus sinicus. G-enge clover.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Suzuki and lida, March 2, 1901.

5936. LupiNDS piLOSUS caeruleus. Lupine.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., February,
1901.

5937. LupiNus PILOSUS roseus. Lupine.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., February,
1901.

5938. A VENA SATivA. Oat.

From Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. S. de Mrozinski, March 6, 1901.
Sixty-day. Originated by Doctor Mrozinski.

5939. GossYPiuM barbadense. Egyptian cotton.

From Mansourah, Egypt. Received through Mr. Alfred Dale, March 6, 1901.

Jannovitch.

5940. Oryza sativa. Rice.
From Mansourah, Egypt. Received through Mr. Alfred Dale, March 6, 1901.

Flno.

5941. Oryza sativa. Rice.
From Mansourah, Egypt. Received through Mr. Alfred Dale, March 6, 1901.

Eyne-il-Bint.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMliEK, 1903. 45

5942. r.OTUS ULIGINOSUS.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux <k Co., ]Marih 9,
lUOl.

5943. PiNUS SYLVESTRis. Scottish pine.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-AiidriiMix i*c Co., March 9, 1901.

5944. PiNUS SYLVESTRIS. Scottish pine.
From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co. , March 9, 1901.

^'ar. liiffensis.

5945. PiCEA EXCELSA. Norway spruce.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co. , March 9, 1901 .

5946 to 5957. Linum usitatissimum. Flax.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., March 9, 1901.
A collection of seed of different varieties, as follows:

5946.

5952.

Common flax.

Improved Russian imported Pskoff.

5947.

5953.

True imported Riga.

Winter.

5948.

5954.

French-grown Riga.

Of Belgian origin.

5949.

5955.

White- flowering.

Of Dutch origin.

5950.

5956.

Yellow-seeded.

Nostrana of Lombardy.

5951.

5957.

Fskoff.

Catanian or Sicilian.

5958. CiCHORiUM TNTTBus. Chicory.

From Gorz, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 515, January
24, 1901), March 11, 1901.

"A white variety of this excellent winter salad plant, which is one of the specialties
of Gorz." {Fairchild.)

5959. Brassica oleracea. Cabbage.

From Gorz, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 516, January
24, 1901), March 11, 1901.

"A variety of cabbage which is noted for its remarkable winter-keeping qualities.
Recommended by Director Bolley, of the Gorz Experiment Station, for trial in the
Southern States." (Fairchild.)

5960. Brassica oleracea. ' Cabbage.

From Bocche di Cattaro, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
520, February 2, 1901), March 11, 1901.

"Seed of a perennial cabbage known as Capuzzo, which forms the principal food of
many hundreds of families in Dalmatia. Grown especially in the regions about Cat-
taro and Ragusa. It grows to a height of 5 feet and bears in this warm climate tender

46 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

leaves tlirovighout the winter. These are picked off singly, or the whole, rather
irregular, small head is rut off. The stems sprout out again and furnish, in a few
months, a second crop of edible leaves. They require little culture and are allowed
to stand in the fields for three or four years. Other crops are cultivated between the
rows of Capnzzo. The method of planting is precisely similar to that for cabbages.
From the ease with whicli it is grown and its apparent favor among the common
people this plant is worthy a trial in the Southern States." {Fairchild. )

5961 to 5963. Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by the director of the Corfu Agricultural Exper-
iment Station through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (Nos. 523-525, February 9, 1901).
Received March 11, 1901.

"Seeds of the Turkish tobaccos from which the noted Egyptian cigarettes are made,
being exported from parts of Turkey where they are grow'n, into Egypt where they
are manufactured. Egyptian cigarettes are said to be made of blends of these three
and other tobaccos. ' ' {Fairchild. )

5961.

Kavala, from the region in Turkey of this name. (No. 523.)

5962.

. Xanthe, from the region in Turkey of this name. (No. 524.)

5963.

Trebizond, from the region in Asia Minor of this name. (No. 525.)

5964. CupRESsus sempervirens. Cypress.

From Ragusa, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 526, Feb-
ruary 7, 1901), March 11, 1901.

"The cypresses of Ragusa and vicinity are very beautiful, and seem to be a distinct
strain, much more symmetrical in shape than the common pyramidal kind grown in
America. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5965. ViciA FABA. Broad bean.

From Corfu, (^reece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild ( No. 527, February
9, 1901), March 11, 1901.

"Sample of a variety of broad bean originally from the island of Malta. It is a
very heavy bearer and is preferred by the planters of Corfu to the native varieties."
{Fairchild.)

5966. AvENA SATIVA. Oats.

From Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. S. de Mrozinski, March 8,
1901.

Polish. ."Very fruitful and resistant to all changes of temperature. In spite of
great drought, it gives comparatively good yields." {Mrozinski.)

5967. AvENA SATIVA. Oats.

From Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. S. de Mrozinski, March 8,
1901.

Polish. The same as No. 5966.

5968. Trifotjum pratense. Red clover.

From Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. S, de Mrozinski, March 8,
1901,

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 47

5969. Trifolium pratense. Red clover.

From Proskurovv, Russia. Received through Dr. S. de Mrozinski, March 8,
1901.

Same as No. 5968.

5970. KOCHIA SCOPARIA.

From Tokyo, Japan. Received through Mr. T. Watase, December 28, 1900.

5971. HuMULUS LUPULUS. Hop.

From Tettnang, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 482,
December 10, 1900), March 12, 1901.

Tettnang late. Seed.

5972. Viola odorata. Violet.

From Gorz, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 513, January
23, 1901), March 12, 1901.

Czar. "A single violet from Antonio Ferrant's houses that has been cultivated
here for many years. It has a decided perfume, but is inferior to the double varie-
ties." {Fairchild.)

5973. Viola odorata. Violet.

From Gorz, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 512, January
23, 1901), March 12, 1901.

Cotite de Brazza. "A double white violet originated in Italy and brought to Aus-
tria by Count de Brazza. It is said to be one of the best white varieties known."
{Fairchild.)

5974. Viola odorata. Violet.

From G5rz, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 511, January
23, 1901), March 12, 1901.

Parmensis. "An unusually large sweet-scented double violet, somewhat similar to
the Neapolitan. The favorite market sort of Gorz. A native of France, being found
wild about Grasse. " {Fairchild.)

5975. HoRDEUM DisTicHUM. Barley.

From Leschkau bei Podersam, Bohemia. Presented by Wilhelm Hoffer &
Son, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild. Received February, 1901.

Goldfoil.

5976. HoRDEUM DISTICHUM. Barley.

From Kitzingen, Bavaria. Presented bv Nathan Gerste & Son, through Mr.
D. G. Fairchild, February, 1901.

Kitzing. "Of the best quality." {Fairchild.)

5977. Umbellularia californica. California laurel.

From San Bernardino, Cal. Received through Mr. S. B. Parish, February, 1901.

5978. AcTiNiDiA sp.

From Ichang, China. Received through Mr. G. D. Brill (No. 2), December,
1900.

Yang tao. "Bears a fruit resembling the gooseberry, about 1} inches long and 1
inch in diameter. Skin dull purple and quite tough. Eaten raw or cooked and also
used for preserves. There are several species, to all of which the Chinese give the
name Fm?^ tao." {Brill.)

29861— No. 66—05 4

48 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

5979. ACTINIDIA sp.

From Ichang, China. Received through Mr. (4. D. Brill (No. 3), December,
1900.

Yang Ian. " Fruit larger and mure pointed than No. 5978. The skin is a lighter
purple and thinner, and when eaten raw this has the better flavor." {Brill. )

5980. EUCOMMIA LLMOIDES.

From Ichang, China. Presented by Mr. E. H. Wilson, of Kew Gardens, through
3Ir. G. D. Brill (No. 4). Received December, 1900.

Ti ('heiK/. "A medium-sized tree growing wild around Ichang. It is said to be
cultivated in the mountains of Hupei. The bark is used as a medicine and the glu-
tinous seeds to adulterate silk. It is said that rubber can be extracted from the
seeds. Xo successhil experiments have, however, been made in the extraction of
this supposed rubber." ( Brill. )

5981. Benthamia fkagifeka. Strawberry tree.

From Ichang, China. Received through Mr. i. D. Brill, December, 1900.

"Medium-sized tree, quite showy, fruit very palatable and usetl for food in some
parts of China." (Brill.)

5982. Citrus limonu3i. Lemon.

From Bocce di Cattaro, Dalmatia. Received tlirough Mr. I). G. Fairchild (No.
?>\7, February 1, 1901), March 13, 1901.

('attaro Giant. "A very large lemon, said to have originated in [Mesopotamia.
The trees are very vigorous and good l)earers. The fruit sometimes weighs four or
five pounds, and has a flesh of excellent flavor and juiciness." {Fairchild.)

5983. .1 UGEANS KEGiA. "Walnut,

From Bocce di Cattaro, Dalmatia. Received through Mr. D. (,r. Fairchild (No.
578, February 2, 1901), March 13, 1901.

Giant of Cattaro. "A very large English walnut of flne flavor, which brings
double the price of ordinary" walnuts on the Dalmatian market. Specimens, which
were said to be smaller tluin the average, measured 2J inches long by If inches in
diameter. The shell is hard and irregular. The tree grows rapidly and is a free
bearer. Scions were taken from a tree on the farm of Francesco Navarin. Called to
my attention by Cristoforo Spalatin of Castelnuovo." {Fairchild. )

5984. Olea eukopaea. Olive.

From Bocce di Cattaro, Dalmatia. Received through .Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
519, February 2, 1901), March 13, 1901.

f^idiit of C'lttaro. 'A very large seedling olive, s])ecimens of which measiwed lij
inche,s in" length by 1 inch in diameter. From two trees growing near Castelnuovo.
Called to my attention by Cristoforo Spalatin." {Fairchild. )

5985. \ rns mnifeka. Grape.

From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 521, Febru-
ary 7, 1901), March 13, 1901.

Sultanina. "A light-vellow, transparent, seedless raisin grape. Considered to be
one of the most valuable varieties, and that from which the ' Sultanina ' seedless
raisins of Greece are made. These raisins must not be confused with the 'Corinths,'
for thev are twice as large, of a light golden color, semitransparent, and much more
valuable." {Fairchild.)

5986. Citrus limonum. Lemon.

From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 522, Febru-
ary 7, 1901), March 13, 1901.

A giant-fruited variety of lemon, probably the same as No. 5982.

SEPTEMBEK, lUOO, TO DECEMBER, 190.3. 4U

5987. PuNiCA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

i'roiii Patras, Greece. Presented by the British consul, Mr. F. B. WikxI, thn»u^'h
Mr. I). (;. Fairchild (No. 548, February 16, 1901). Keceive<i March 14, 1901.

"A very larj^e pomegranate, .^ometiines at Iea.st 8 inches in diameter. The fruit is
red and attractive, and inir^tead of being sweei as most sorts are, this is sour like a
i emon . " (Fa irchifd. )

5988. PuNiCA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From Patras, Greece. Presented by tlie British consul, Mr. F. B.Wood, through
Mr. 1). G. Fairchild (No. 549, February 16, 1901). Received March 14, 1901.

"A large sweet-favored pomegranate of excellent (luality." ( Fairchild. )

5989. Citrus aurantium. Blood orange.

From Patras, Greece. Presented bv the British consid, Mr. F. B. Wood, througli
Mr. I). G. Fairchild (No. 550, February 16, 1901) . Received March U, 1901.

J'atms blood. "A small, nearly seedless blood orange, the pulp being the most
completely blood-red of any orange T have ever seen, the segment partitions espe-
cially so. "^ Skin too thin for a good shipping variety, mottled dark and light, with^
many large oil glands. It is very juicy, of e^^cellent, almost vincjus flavor."
( Fairchild. )

5990. Citrus aurantium. Blood orange.

From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. 1>. (t. Fairchild (No. 528, Febru-
ary 10, 1901), March 14, 1901.
"A blood variety, the ])ulp of whicli is beautifully mottled with light reel and the
skin with a darker orange color." [Fairdiild. ]

5991. Citrus limonutvi. Lemon.

From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 529, Febru-
ary 10, 1901), :\Iarch 14, 1901.

"A variety of lemon which bears quite seedless fruits from the flowers which
mature in Oetober, and fruits full of seed from the spring flowers. The seedless
fruits are called " mules" or " nmlas," and differ in shape from the ordinary, being
more globose and possessing a persistent pistil which often projects some distance
beyond the circumference of the fruit. Often over 10 and sometimes even 20 per
cent of the fruits on a tree are seedless, I am told. I am inclined to attribute the
seedlessness to lack of fertilization. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

5992. CoRYLUS sp. Hazelnut.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented bv Antonio CoUa through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 540, February 13, 1901 f. Received March 14, 1901.

"A large thin-shelled, fuU-meated hazelnut, growing wild in Corfu. The trees
are vigorous and good bearers." ( Fairchild. )

5993. Citrus limonum. Lemon.

From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 530, February
10, 1901), March 14, 1901.

Similar to No. 5991.

5994. PopuLus alba(?) Poplar.

From Patras, Greece. Presented by the British consul, Mr. F. B. Wood, through
Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 551, February 16, 1901). Received March 14, 1901.

"Cuttings from a poplar of remarkably rapid growth. The tree is 30 years old and
over 3i feet in diameter, while neighl^oring trees of about the same age are not more
than half that size. The tree is very beautiful, of spreading habit." [Fairchild.)

50 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

5995. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From San Giovanni a Teduccio, Italy. Received through Dammann&Co. (No. 1),
March 12, 1901.

Scavurso.

5996. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From San Giovanni a Teduccio, Italy. Received through Dammann&Co. (No. 2),
March 12, 1901.

lumilio.

5997. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From San Giovanni a Teduccio, Italy. Received through Dammann & Co. ( No. 3) ,
March 12, 1901.

Biancolilla.

5998. Boronia megastigma.

From Melbourne, Australia. Presented by Carolin & Co. Received March, 1901.

"Sow in spring in seed pans in light, loamy soil. Plant out in autumn from 2 to 4
feet apart. Use no manure. The plants come into bearing the second year, and live
six or seven years." ( Carolin. )

5999. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Proskurow, Russia. Presented bv Dr. S. de Mrozinski. Received March
19, 1901.
Kuhanka. A sample packet of this well-known variety of macaroni wheat.

6000 to 6110.

From Russia, Hungary, and Roumania. Received through Mr. M. A. Carleton,

November, 1900.
A collection of seeds secured during the season from June to September, 1900.

6000. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Odessa, Russia. "A semihard red wheat; of good quality for milling,
but not commonly exported. Adapted for cultivation in the middle States of
the Plains. ' ' ( Carleton. )

6001. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Odessa, Russia. Ulta. "A hard or semihard red spring wheat of excel-
lent quality for milling, forming a large part of the wheat that is ex]3orted from
the Kherson and Ekaterinoslav governments through Odessa." {Carleton. )

6002. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Odessa, Russia. Ghirka. "This is the principal beardless variety of
red spring wheat grown in Russia, particularly in south Russia and the Volga
River region. It differs from the usual varieties of Russian spring wheat in
being beardless and not quite so hard grainetl. It forms a large part of the-
w 1 1 eat ex ported from Russi a. " ( Carleton. )

6003. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Berdiansk, Russia. Berdiamk: "A red, hard-grained, bearded winter
wheat with white chaff, very similar to Crimean. It is grown in the region
nortli of the Sea of Azov. It is an excellent variety for cultivation in the
middle prairie States." (Carleton.)

6004. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Berdiansk, Russia. Belokoloska. "A red, hard-grained, beardless
spring wheat with white chaff, very similar to No. 6001. Grown in the vicin-
ity of the Sea of Azov. ' ' ( Carleton. )

SErTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 51

6000 to 6110— Continued.

6005. Triticim durum. Wheat.

From Benliaiisk, Rus.sia. Arnautka. "A very good sample of this variety
of wheat fominonly grown in the region jnst north of the Wea of Azov."
{Carleton.)

6006. Triticum vuloare. Wheat.
From Konstantinovskoe. Russia, rita. See No. .'>63S.

6007. Tkitk I M vui,(iARR. Wheat.

From Tsaritsyn, Russia. Tm-gora. "A very hard-grained, hardy winter
wheat grown in the extreme nortliern portion of Stavropol government, well
ailapted for trial in Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota." {Carlftoti.)

6008. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Tsaritsyn, Russia. Bluck Don or (liprnokoloska. "A very good variety
of macaroni wheat, with black chaff, grown in the Don Territory near Poltava,
Ruasia." [Carleton.)

6009. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Tsaritsyn, Russia. Kubanka. "A very good sample of this variety of
macaroni wheat commonly grown in south Russia. ' ' ( Carleton. ) See No. 5639.

6010. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.
From Berdiansk, Russia. Belokoloska. The same a.s No. 6004.

6011. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Saratov, Russia. Egyptian. "A very hard-grained variety of macaroni
wheat somewhat similar to Kubanka, but having longer grains." (Carleton.)

6012. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Rostov-on-Don, Russia. Beloglino. "One of the hardiest red winter
wheats known, (xrown near Beloglinskaya, in the northern jiojtion of the
Stavropol Government, a region of great extremes of temperature and moisture.
The grain is very hard and makes an excellent quality of flour. It is admir-
ably adapted for trial in Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota." {Carleton.)

6013. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Rostov-on-Don, Russia. Beloglino. "Practically the same as No.
6012, but a poorer quality." {Carleton. )

6014. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Taganrog, Russia. Gharnovka. "A representative sample of the best
quality of this macaroni wheat, grown by the peasants in the region south of
Taganrog." {Carleton.)

6015. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Ambrocievka, Russia. Crimean. "A very hard red winter w'heat,
similar to Nos. 5635 and 5636, but grown in the district about 20 miles north
of Taganrog, in the Don Territory." {Carleton.)

6016. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Berdiansk, Russia. Kerch. "A hard red winter wheat, very shnilar
to Crimea)!, grown near the Sea of Azov. It is very drought-resistant and well
adapted for the middle prairie States. It will probably ripen a little earlier
than the variety commonly called Turkey. ^^ (Carleton.)

6017. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.
From Kurman-Kemelechi, Russia. Crimean. Same as No. 5635.

52 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6000 to 6110 — Continued.

6018. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Berdiansk, Russia. Arnautka. "A sample of this excellent macaroni
wheat, grown near Taganrog." (Carleton.)

6019. Triticum durum. Wlieat.

From Berdiansk, Russia. Arnautka. "The same variety as No. 6018, but
of better quality. ' ' ( Carleton. )

6020. Triticum durum. Wlieat.

From Berdiansk, Russia. Aniautka. " Similar to Nos. 6018 and 6019, but
of better quality." (Carleton.)

6021. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Stavropol, Russia. "A hard red winter wheat of excellent quality,
very similar to Xo. 5638." [Carfeton.)

6022. AvEXA SATiVA. Oat.

From near Stavropol, Russia. "A large white oat having heavy straw and
large, well-filled heads." {Carleton.)

6023. HoRDEUM HEXASTicHUM. Barley.

From near Stavropol, Russia. Six-rowed. "Apparently a standard variety
in this region." ( Carleton. )

6024. Panicum miliaceum. Prose.

From Chaplino, Russia. White. "One of the varieties of millet commonly
grown in the Don Territory, Russia." (Carleton.)

6025. Panicum miliaceum. Proso.

From Sarepta, Russia. White. "A standard variety of millet grown in the
lower Volga region." (Carleton.)

6026. Panicum miliaceum. Proso.

From Sarepta, Russia. Grey. "This variety of millet succeeds quite well
in the lower Volga region, but is not so commonly grown as other kinds."
(Carleton. )

6027. Pamcum miliaceum. Proso.

From Sarepta, Russia. Yellow. "One of the standard sorts of millet grown
in the lower Volga region." (Carleton. )

6028. Zea mays. Corn.

From Bukharest, Roumania. Red Pignoletto. "A standard variety of Italian
Pignoletto corn commonly grown in Roumania. Pignoletto is a term which per-
haps belongs more properly to a group of varieties than to a single variety.
It includes some of the best sorts grown in Italy and to a large extent in
Roumania. ' ' ( Carleton . )

6029. Zea mays. Corn.

From near Taganrog, Russia. Czekler. "One of the best varieties of corn
grown in South Russia." (Carleton.)

6030. Zea mays. / Corn.

From near Taganrog, Russia. Bessarabian. "This is a standard variety of
corn, commonly grown in Bessarabia, where a large proportion of the entire
Russian corn crop is grown." (Carleton.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 190:i. 58

6000 to 6110 — Continued.

6031. Zea mays. Corn.

From near Taganrog, Russia. Chenkvnntino. "A variety of corn grown
to a fonsiderable extent in south Russia, Rouniania, Hungary, and Italy."
( Carleton. )

6032. Ze.\ mays. Corn.

Fn.ni near Taganrog, Russia. Asiotic. "A Trans-Cauca.sian variety of corn
cnnsidered to he one of the l)est for south Russia." {('arh'toii.)

6033. Zka mays. Corn.
I'lotii .\iiil)ro«'ievka, Russia. /.*'■'/ Flint.

6034. Zka mays. • Corn.

From Sarah. V, Russia. "A large-grained variety of sugar corn grown in the
lower Volga region." {(hrlelon.)

6035. ('annabis sativa. Hemp.

From Mezohegys, Hungary. ".\ standard variety of henij) grown in central
Hungary. " [< 'arleton. )

6036. Camelina s.\tiva. False flax.

From Bukharest, Roumania. ''.V i>lnnt grown to a (•onsi(U'ra])le extent in
Russia and Rouniania for the oil. It should he used oidy experimentally, as
it is likely to become a l)ad weed, {('(trlrtun.)

6037. (hTRULLiTs VDLGARis. Watermelon.

From Berdiansk, Russia. "A rather small, round, red-fleshe<l melon of
very good flavor." (CarJeion.)

6038. CiTKiLiA's VULGARIS. Watermelon.
From Berdiansk, Russia. "-\ red-tleshed melon of average size." ( Carleton. )

6039. CiTRULUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Taganrog, Russia. ".\n excellent red-fleshed melon of medium size."
{furl ft on.)

6040. OiTRULUs vuLG.wiis. Watermelon.

From Taganrog, Russia. "An excellent melon of medium size, dark-green
skin, with red flesh and black seeds." {Carleton.)

6041. CiTRiLns viujAKis. Watermelon.

From Rostov-on-Don, Russia. ".\ very rich melon with red flesh and black
.seeds." {Carleton.)

6042. CiTRULLrs vulgaris. Watermelon.

From Tikhoretskaya, Russia. ''A medium or small round melon, very light
green on the outside with darker green bands. Red flesh and very, small
black seeds; flavor, excellent." {Carleton.)

6043. CiTRULLrs vulgaris. Watermelon.

From Stavropol, Russia. "A large red-fleshed melon with black seeds. It
is peculiarly colored on the outside, being light green with vertical bands of
dark green. ' ' ( Carleton. )

6044. CiTRULLUs VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From the region about 40 miles east of Stavropol, Russia. "A melon of
medium size, dark green outside with light-brown seeds, adapted for cultiva-
tion in the semiarid districts." {Carleton.)

54 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6000 to 6110— Continued.

6045. CiTRiLLus VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Stavropol, Russia. "A melon of medium size, very light green on
the outside with darker vertical stripes, red flesh, and sj)otted brown seeds.
Ailapted for cultivation in semiariil districts." [('arleton.)

6046. CiTRULLUs VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Ekaterinodar, Russia. "A rather large melon, dark green on the out-
side, with red flesh and large brown seeds." {Carleton.)

6047. CiTRULLUs VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Guiloyaksaiskaya, near Ekaterinodar, Russia. "An excellent melon
of rather large size, dark green on the outside, with red flesh, brown seeds,
and good flavor. ' ' ( (.'n rleloii. )

6048. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Tsaritsyn, Russia. "A rather large melon, very light green or nearly
white on the outside, with light-green stripes, very small black seeds. This is
one of the most common watermelons grown on a commercial scale in the
Volga region." (Carleton.)

■ 6049. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Saratov, Russia. Mixed watermelon seeds.

6050. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Uralsk, Russia. "A small round melon, greenish white on the outside,
red flesh, red seeds, and very rich flavor. Grown by the Kirghiz on the steppes.
Adapted for cultivation in very dry districts." [Carleton.)

6051. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Uralsk, Russia. "A good melon of medium or small size, round, green-
ish white on the outside, with red flesh and small black seeds. Grown by the
Kirghiz on the steppes. Adapted for cultivation in very dry districts."
( Carleton. )

6052. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Saratov, Russia. "An excellent melon of very large size, round, dark
green on the outside, with large reddish-brown seeds. Grown in an extremely
dry region, therefore adapted for cultivation in dry districts." [Carleton,.)

6053. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Novokhopersk, Russia. "A very fine rich-flavored melon of unusual
appearance. It has the form of a crooked-neck squash, dark green on the
outside, netted with lighter green, yellow flesh tinged with salmon-white seeds.
Adapted for cultivation in very dry regions." { CnrlHon. )

6054. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Blagodat, Russia. "An excellent melon of average size, green outside,
with white flesh and spotted dark-brown seeds." [Carleton.)

6055. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Ambrocievka, Russia. "An excellent melon of large size, dark green
on the outside, with red flesh and light-brown seeds." [Carleton.)

6056. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Dolinskaya, Russia. "A good melon of rather small size, peculiarly
colored on the outside, gourd-shaped, with light-brown black-bordered seeds."
( Carleton. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 55

6000 to 6110 — Continued.

6057. CiTRULLi's VULGARIS. Watermelon.
From Russia. "A very large rich melon, green outside, with red Hesh and

light-hrown seeds." (Carleton.)

6058. CicuMis MELo. Muskmelon.
From 0.1e.ssa, Russia. Bread mdnn. "An Egyptian melon of medium size,

pomewliat flattened verticallv, prominently riblied with a verv rough surtace,
remainiiu' green on the outside for a long time, but turning considerahly yellow
when fullv ripe; tlesli vellow, sometimes slightly tinged with salmon, rather
firm. When fully rij)e the flavor is excellent. It is sometimes «-alled the
Pineapple ( A udixix) melon. ' ' ( Carleton. )

6059. CidMis MELO. Muskmelon.
From Sevastopol, Russia. "A melon of average size with greenish-yellow

flesh and white seeds." (Carleton.)

6060. CucuMLs MELO. Muskmelon.
From Berdiansk, Russia. "One of the common varieties of muskmelon

grown in the region north of the Sea of Azov." {Carleton. )

6061. CiTcuMis MELO. Muskmelon.
From Berdiansk, Russia. "A round, smooth melon of medium size and flne

flavor; flesh greenish yellow." {Carleton.)

6062. CucuM IS MELO. Muskmelon.
From Taganrog, Russia. "An excellent, smooth-skinned melon; flesh green-
ish yellow." {Carleton.)

6063. CrciMis melo. Muskmelon.
From Rostov-on-Don, Russia. "An excellent round melon of medium size;

very smooth on the outside; flesh white with pink spots." {Carleton.)

6064. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.
From Rostov-on-Don, Russia. Kochanka. "One of the most popular melons

grown in South Russia; rather small, round and smooth, yellowish white on
the outside, with green bands or splotches; flesh green except near the seed,
where it is salmon color; seeds rather large and almost white." ( Carleton. )

6065. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.
From Ekaterinodar, Russia. "A rather large melon, yellowish green on the

outside and netted; green flesh, very juicy, and of fairly good flavor."
(Carleton.)

6066. CrcuMis melo. Muskmelon.
From Ekaterinodar, Russia. The same variety as No. 6064. Grown in

North Caucasus.

6067. Cucumis melo. Muskmelon.

From Tsaritsvn, Russia. KalminJca. "Name derived from the word Kal-
muck. Melon 'netted, nearly round, yellow, mottled with green when ripe.
Flesh green, very sweet, and good. Seeds light yellow." {Carleton.)

6068. Cucumis melo. Muskmelon.

From Kamishin, Russia. Krest^anka. ' ' A rather large, long melon, yellow,
slightly netted. Flesh yellow, and fairly good. A popular sort in the nOrth
Volga region. ' ' ( Carleton . )

56 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6000 to 6110— Continued.

6069. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

From Astrakhan, Russia. "A large, round melon of excellent flavor.
Seeds below medium size, brownish green in color, rather short and thick.''
( Carleton. )

6070. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

From Saratov, Russia. Kalmmka. "A large, rather long melon of light
orange color, netted greenish white; flesh very juicj' and sweet. Large seeds.
One of the best varieties in the Astrakhan government." {CarMo)!.)

6071. CrciMis MKi,o. Muskmelon.

From T^ralsk, Russia. Bolhara. "A rather large melon, yellowish green
in color, and netted. Flesh green near the rind; salmon pink near the seeds,
with very rich flavor. One of the l)est sorts grown l)v the Kirghis farmers on
the cast side of the Fral River." { Carleton. )

6072. CrcuMrsMELo. Muskmelon.

From I^ralsk, Russia. "A rather long melon, yellow, with dark-green
spots; flesh greenish white." [Carletou.)

6073. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

From Povorino, Russia. "A very large melon, yellow, roughly netted with
green. Flesh white, or slightly tinged with green, very Arm. Flavor good.
Seeds nearly white." {Carleton.)

6074. CrruMis melo. Muskmelon.

From Kharkof, Russia. .-Vnanaa. "Proliahlv the same as Nn. (JOoK."

{Carleton.)

6075. ( ri r.Mis .mklo. Muskmelon.

From Taganrog, Russia, "A melon of medium size, nearly round, yellow,
surface consideral)ly netted. Flesh green with very rich, sweet flavor near
the rind.' {Carleton.)

6076. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.
From Taganrog, Russia. Anana.f. "Similar to No. (i074." (Carleton.)

6077. Crcujris melo. Muskmelon.

From Taganrog, Russia. "A small melon witli smooth surface, netted
yellow and green. Flesh green." {Carleton. )

6078. C'lircMis mklo. Muskmelon.

From Blagodat, estate of .Mr. Rutchenko, about 20 miles north of Tag-
anrog, Russia. RoMor. "An excellent melon of medium to large size,
elongated or fairly round, smooth, almost white on the outside. Flesli green,
very sweet, and juicy." {Carleton.)

6079. PisTACLV VERA. Pistache.

From Stavropol, Russia. "A variety said to come from Syria bearing
unusually large nuts." {Carleton.)

6080. CucuMis SATivus. Cucumber.

From Saratov, Russia. Pavloiskii. " One of the standard varieties of garden
cucumbers grown in the lower Volga region of Russia." {Carleton.)

6081. CucuMis SATIVUS. Cucumber.

From Saratov, Russia. Mo.teoir. "A long, dark-green variety, grown in the
lower Volga region, Russia." {Carleton.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 57

6000 to 6110— Continued.

6082. CicuMis SATivrs. Cucumber.

From Saratov, Russia. "One of the standard varieties of lucnniher iirown
in the lower Volga region." (Carlelon.)

6083. CucuMis SATivrs. Cucumber.

From Saratov, Russia. Mnron. "A rather early variety of cucumber, grown
in the lower Volga region." [Carlelon.)

6084. Raphanus s.\tivus. Radish.

From Saratov, Russia. Moscow. A rather long, early, white variety, grown
in the region near Moscow." (Carlrloii.)

6085. Hapiiants SATivrs. Radish.

From Saratov, Russia. Delicesse. "An early variety of excellent flavor,
grown in the region near Moscow, Russia." (Carlelon.)

6086. Raphants s.\tivus. Radish.

From Saratov, Russia. Erfnrl. "A long, white variety of winter radish,
grown near Moscow, Russia." {Cdrh'lon.)

6087. Raphanus sativus. Radish.

From Saratov, Ru.ssia. "A small, round radish of good quality zrown near
Moscow, Russia." {Carlelon.)

6088. CrcuRBiTA maxima. Pumpkin..

From Saratov, Russia. "A good variety, grown near Mosct .v, Russia."
{Carlet07i.)

6089. CicuRBiTA MAXIMA. Pumpkin.

From Saratov, Russia. Hundred pound. "A large yellow jjumpkin."
( Carlelon. )

6090. LvcoPERSicuM esculentum. Tomato.

From Saratov, Russia. "A verv large red tomato, grown in n, tl\ Caucasus,
"Russia." {Carlelon.)

6091. Lycospersici'm esculentim. Tomato.

From Saratov, Russia. Trophy. "A large-fruited, late ton.^.to, grown near
Tsaritsyn, Russia." {Carlelon.)

6092. Phaseolus vulgaris. Ber.n.

From Jassy, Roumania. "A very large, white, kidney-sha,psd bean, grown
in the northern part of Roumania." ( Carlelon.)

6093. Helianthus annuus. Sunflower.

From Taganrog, Russia. "A large, dark, gray-seeded variety, commonly
used for eating, grown in southern and central Russia." {Carlelon.)

6094. Helianthus annuus. Sunflower.

From the District Experimental Farm at Taganrog, Ruiisia. "A variety of
sunflower having small-sized, striped seeds which are used i^r oil." ( Carlelon. )

6095. Helianthus annuus. Sunflower.

From the field near Tikhoretskaya in Kuban Territory, North Caucasus,
Russia. "A variety of sunflower having large, rather long, black seeds, much
grown in North Caucasus, but not well known in other parts of Russia."
( Carlelon. )

58 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6000 to 6110— Continued.

6096. Prunus sp. Cherry.
From Budapest, Hungary. "A small black cherry commonly grown in

Hungary." {Carleton.)

6097. Prunus sp. Cherry.

From Budapest, Hungary. " Seeds of an excellent variety of whi e cherry
grown in the vicinity of Budapest." {Carleton. )

6098. Pruxus sp. Cherry.

From near Budapest, Hungary. SpanMt. "Seeds of i variety of cherry
commonly grown in this vicinity." (Carleton.)

6099. Prunus sp. Cherry.

From Budapest, Hungary. "Seeds of a large-fruited black cherry exten-
sively grown in this region." {Carleton.)

6100. Prunus sp. Cherry.

From Budapest, Hungary. " Seeds of a large pink cherry grown in this
vicinity. ' ' ( Carletoii . )

6101. RiBES rubrum. Red currant.

From Budajiest, Hungary. " Seeds of a red currant of medium size grown
in this vicinity. ' ' {Carleton. )

6102. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From markets of Sevastopol, Russia. Anis. " Seeds of one of the best and
commonest varieties grown in the Crimea. A very good fruit and quite popu-
lar." {Carleton.)

6103. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Sevastopol. Russia. "A variety very similar to Green Gage and grown
to a considerable extent in the Crimea." {Carleton. )

6104. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Sevastopol, Russia. Rlngolot. "Seeds of one of the best varieties
grown extensively in the Crimea." {Carleton.)

6105. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Sevastopol, Russia. Mirabelle. "A large plum of excellent flavor
grown to a considerable extent in the Crimea. This and No. 6104 seem to be
two of the best varieties in that region." ( Carleton. )

6106. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Sevastopol, Russia. "A green sort grown to a considerable extent
in the Crimea." {Carleton.)

6107. Prunus sp. Cherry.

From Belbek, Russia. "Seeds of a variety of sour cherry commonly grown
in the Crimea. ' ' ( Carleton. )

6108. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Rostov-on-Don, Russia. "A variety originally from the Crimea, with
very large fruit of a delicious flavor when fully ripe. Possibly the same as No.
6105." (Carleton.)

6109. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From Rostov-on-Don, Russia. "A small Crimean variety. Fruit round,
purple, and very hairy. Flesh sweet near the rind, but sour next the seed."
( Carleton. )

SEPTEMJiEK, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 59

6000 to 6110 -^Contiiiuod.

6110. Pyrus COMMUNIS. Pear.

From Kluirkof, Russia. Yellow Flesh. "A pear of meilimn size, yellow
and pink in wlor. Extremely juicy and having an excellent flavor. By far
the best pear in the Kharkof markets." [Caiielon.)

6111. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Froskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. S. de Mrozinski, Marcli 19, 1901 .

Podolia. An excellent varietv, but not so resistant to drought as Nos. 5999 and
6112.

6112. TRiTiru:\i vulgare. Wheat.

From Froskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. S. de Mrozinski, March 19, 1901.
Poltava. "An extremely drought-resistant variety." {Mrozinski.)

6113. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From Corfu, (ireece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla, through Mr. D. H. Fair-
child (No. 539, February 13, 1901). Received March 20. 1901.

Corfu. "Scions of a very large and delicious apple, jtrobably a native of the island.
It should be tried in the Southern States, Porto Rico, and Hawaii." {Fairchild.)

6114. Ficus CARiCA. Fig.

From Corfu, (Greece. Presented bv Mr. Antonio Colla, through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 541, February 13, 1901.) Received March 20, 1901.

Fracatsani of Corfu. ' ' Scions of the largest and finest flavored tal>le fig grown on
the island of Corfu. Trees vigorous. Fruit light-colored and unusually large, thin-
skinned, and juicy." {Fairchild.)

6115. Citrus limonum. Lemon.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented bv Mr. Antonio Colla, through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 542, February 13, 1901). Received March 20, 1901.

Colla giant. "Scions from a tree bearing immense fruit, some specimens weighing
2\ pounds. Probably the same as Nos. 5982 and 5986." {Fairchild. )

6116. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla, through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 543, February 13, 1901). Received March 20, 1901.

"Scions of a variety of seedless orange. Possiblv the Maltese variety." {Fair-
child.)

6117. ('iTRUS LIMONUM. Lemon.

From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 544, February
14, 1901), March 20, 1901.

"Scions of a thin-skinned, nearly seedless lemon having salmon-colored flesh.
The tree is very ornamental, the leaves being variegated." {Fairchild.)

6118. ViTis viNiFERA. Grape.

From Castelnuova, Dalmatia, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild
(No. 545, February 14, 1901), March 20, 1901.

Marzamina. ' ' Cuttings of a. heavy-bearing excellent variety of wine grape, said to
have been grown in tbe.Bocche di Cattaro since the time of the Roman occupation;
said to make one of the best of Dalmatian wines." {Fairchild. )

GO SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6119. ViTis viNiFERA. Grrapc.

From (;!astelnuova, Dalmatia, Austria. Received through 'Sir. I). G. Fairchild
(No. 546, February 14, 1901), March 20, 1901.

Marzaniinn gennimi. "Cuttings of an old variety of wine grape, probably a native
of the country. It is Hke No. 6118, only of superior flavor and not such a heavy
bearer. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

6120. Cydonia vulgaris. Quince.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Collas, through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 547, February 13, 1901). Received IMarch 20, 1901.

Corfu. " Cuttings of a very large pear-shaped quince. The trees are handsome,
vigorous, and coarse growing. The quality of the fruit is poor, but its size and color
mav make it a desirable sort for breeders. The flesh is milder flavored than American
varieties, and can be eaten raw." {Fairchild.)

6121. Citrus limonum. Lemon.

From Patras, Greece. Received through 31r. D. (i. Fairchild (No. 552, Februarv
17. 1901), March 15, 1901.

"A variety of lemon which has the reputation of being very nearly seedless."
{Fairchild.)

6122. PiSTACiA VERA. Pistache.

From Aintab, Syria. Presented bv Rev. A. Fuller, through IMr. W. T. Swingle.
Received March 26, 1901.

Aintah. "Scions of what is here regarded as the best variety of the i)istachio tree.
This tree does best on dry, rocky soil on mountains or hillsides." [Fuller.)

6123. PiSTAciA VERA. Pistaclie.

From Aintab, Syria. Presented by Rev. A. Fuller, through [Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received April 1, 1901.

Aintab. "Scions of what is here regarded as the best variety of the pistachio tree.
This tree does best on dry, rocky, deep soil on mountains or hillsides." {Fuller.)

6124. ViTis vii^iFERA. Grape.

From Aintab, Svria. Presented bv Rev. A. Fuller, through Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received April 1, 1901.

Hunisa. "A large, dark wine-colored and very Ijeautiful table grape, slightly oblong
in shape. Flesh firm and fruity ; ripens late ( November) and has remarkable powers
of keeping. Hung in a dry, cool place it will keep perfectly until April, only slightly
withering as it is kept, and the flavor rather improving with age. To my mind it is
the Ijest all-round food grape I have ever seen." {Fuller. )

6125 to 6130. Olea europaea. Olive.

From Fresno, Cal. Presented by Mr. George C. Roeding, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 6, 1901.

A collection of rooted olive cuttings as follows:

6125. 6128.

Manzanillo. .\fivsion.

6126. ' 6129.

Nevadillo. Sevillano.

Q127. 6130.

Rubra. Pendidina.

SEPTEMBJiK, 1!»UU, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 61

6131. CucuMis MELO. - Muskmelon.

From Marseille, France. Received through Hon. Robert P. Skinner, United
States Consul-General, March 21, litOI.

CavaiUon. "These seeds should be planted under glass early in the spring and
subjected to the least i)os.<ible change of temperature until tht' weather is settled and
the plants have become sufficiently advanced to warrant transplanting. This melon
is one of the most valued horticultural products of southern France. It might be
successfully cultivated in the latitude of Washington, and certainly in our Southern
States. The fruit, when ripe, is very much the color of our green watermelons; the
flesh is light green in color, highly perfumed and extremely palatable." {Skinner.)

6132. Canavalia ensiformis. Halberd bean.

From Morioka, Japan. Received through Rev. E. Rothesav Miller, March 9,
1901.

Xiita-}fuin<-. "This, as a string bean eaten when young, is one of the finest I have
ever ra.<ted. Itgrows much like pole limas, 10 feet high, and the podsareof inmiense
size, often over a foot long and an inch and a half broad and half an inch thick.
The Japanese use them generally for pickling when young, and they are very tine
for this purpose, i)ut as astring bean they are well worth introducing into the United
States. They are cultivated about like pole limas, but need a warm climate for ripen-
ing. Should do well south of the latitude of Pennsylvania." ( MilUr. )

6133. CucuKBiTA sp. Crepe squash.

From Morioka, Japan. Received through Rev. E. Rothesav Miller, March 9.
1901. - .

Chirimen Kahucha. " This squash is rather large, of a dark-green color, changing to
yellow, sometimes even to a light greenish-blue color. The appearance is like a
rough muskmelon, flattened considerably. I think it comes from Shinshu, one of
the central provinces of Japan, but grows well here. It is about the l)est of the Jap-
anese squashes, and is ijuite different from the varieties conunonly grown in the
United States, and may be worth cultivation." (Miller.)

6134. Bkas.si('a kapa. Turxiip.

From Morioka, Japan. Received through Rev. E. Rothesav Miller, March 9,
1901.

"A large white turnip, possibly worth cultivating for stock feeding." (Miller.)

6135. Raphanus sativus. Radish.

From near Tokvo, Japan. Received through Rev. E. Rothesav Miller, ]March
9, 1901.

Daikon. " This is the immense radish used by the Japanese for pickling and eaten
1 )y them three times a day. The seeds I send are of an especially large and tine
variety which grows near Tokyo." (Miller. )

6136. Raphanus sativus. Radish.

From Sakura Island, Japan. Received through Rev. E. Rothesav Miller, March
9, 1901.

Sakura-gima Daikon. "This is another variety of the 'Daikon' radish, grown
on Sakura Island,' in the Bay of Kagoshima. It is not long, like No. 6135, but turnip
shaped, and grows to such an immense size that the natives say two of them make a
horse load . " ( Miller. )

6137. Raphanus sativus. Radish.

From Sakura Island, Japan. Received through Rev. E. Rothesay Miller, March

Sakura-gima Daikon. "The same as No. 6136, but can be planted about two weeks
later." (Miller.)

62 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

6138. CoETLUs TUBULOSA. Hazelnut.

From Rovigno, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 509, Janu-
ary 19, 1901), March 23, 1901.

Pignatele. "Plants of a small hazelnut, inferior in quality to No. 6139. May,
however, be worthy of trial in comparison with American varieties." {Fairchild.)

6139. CoEYLUs TUBULOSA. Hazcliiut.

From Rovigno, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 508, Janu-
ary 19, 1901), March 23, 1901.

Nocelunghe. "Plants of the best variety of Rovigno hazelnut. This variety is
grown only in the Province of Istria and because of its scarcity is not much exported.
It is a variety not reproduced from seed; requires a calcareous dry soil, and is said
to be a heavy bearer. The size of the nuts will recommend them to American
growers. In'quality of kernel I consider them inferior to those of Corybis pontica.
The plant forms a s'mall tree, 12 to 15 feet high, with rather handsome trunk and
graceful branches; would be an ornament to any garden. This variety will stand a
temperature of —14° F. easily and probably much lower. I consider it a promising
addition to American nut-bearing trees, and it de.*erves a thorough distribution
through the South. Secured through the kindness of Emil Watzke, of Rovigno."
( Fairchild. )

6140. ViTis viNiFERA. Grape.

From Sebenico, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 505, Janu-
ary 17, 1901), March 23, 1901.

Marascina. "Cuttings of the delicate variety of grape from which the famous
Marascina wine (not the liqueur) is made. The vines are not very hardy and are
subject to Peronospora. From the region where the sort originated and the only
place where the wine is still manufactured." (Fairchild.)

6141. PiNUS BEUTiA. Pyrenean pine.

From Triest, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fau-child (No. 506, Janu-
ary 18, 1901), March 23, 1901.

"Pyrenean pine, a variety especially valuable for its rapid growth and ability
to endure drought. Indigenous to Syria, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Crete, and parts of
Italy. This has been used with great 'success on the dry limestone soil of the Karst
formation. It makes a handsome showing in from two to three years; especially
recommended for planting in the warmer regions of the South on limestone soil."
(Fairchild.)

6142. Cheysanthemum cineeaeiaefolium. Pyrethrum.

From Milna, Brae Island, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
507, January 4, 1901), March 23, 1901.

"Seed from a locality noted for its continued profitable production of the Dalma-
tian insect powder, not withstanding American and Australian competition." (Fair-
child. )

6143. Ceeatonia siliqua. Carob.

From Triest, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 510, Janu-
ary 20, 1901), March 10, 1901.

Carob. (See No. 3112, Inventory No. 7.)

6144. Liateis odoratissima. VaniUa plant.

From Biloxi, Miss. Received through Mr. S. M. Tracy, February, 1901.

6145. Ceambe maeitima. Sea kale.

From Centralia, Kans. Received through Mr. A. Oberndorf, jr., March 27,
1901.

SEITEMBKH, 11)00, TO UECKM1JP:K, 1903. 03

6146. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

From Hungary. Presented l>v Dr. L. Waltlierr, Inanda, N. C. lleteivetl March

28, 1901.

Turkestan. "The Turkestan inuskinelons were imported into Hungary by the
famous linguist, Wamberv, nearlv lifty years ago from Turkestan, Central Asia, and
tin- importation was a great success. The fruit is sometimes round, sometimes ohlong,
and weiL'lis sometimes even 7 kilograms. Tiie ritid iias a special yellow color, is
sometimes netted; the fiesh has a greenish yellow color, is very sweet and juicy, and
so soft that it must be eaten with a spoon. It is far superior to any muskmelons of
this country." (Waltherr.)

6147. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

From Hungary. Presented by Dr. L. Waltherr, Inanda, N. C. Received March

28, 1901.

Phieapple. '-A variety having fruit of the shape of a pineapple, with the same
half-vellow, half-green color as that of a half-ripe pineapple, and the rind is sprinkled
withsmall tuberous prominences from the size of a pea to the size of a hazelnut, so
that it resembles a pineapple at a distance. The flesh is hard, sweet, and has a deep
yellow color like an orange rind." ( Walthar. )

6148. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

From Hungarv. Presented by Dr. L. Waltherr, Inanda, N. C. Receive<i March
28, 1901.
"A hybrid of Turkestan No. 6146, and pineapple No. 6147; delicious to eat." ( Wal-

then: )

6149 to 6159. CiTRULLUS vulgaris. Watermelon.

From Hungarv. Presented by Dr. L. Waltherr, Inanda, N. C. Received March
28, 1901.

A collection of Hungarian varieties as follows:

6149. 6154.

6150. 6155.
' ' With white rind and red flesh ; 6156.

very fine." [Waltherr.) "Very fine." {Waltherr.)

6151- 6157.

6152.

Marsovsky. "Finest kind in
Hi

158.

"Very fine." (Waltherr.) 6159.

"Very fine." {Waltherr.) Hungary." {Waltherr.)

6153. 6158

6160.

From Guadalupe, Mexico. Presented by Dr. L. Waltherr, Inanda, N. C.
Received March 28, 1901.

Cinco palomaii. ' ' An ornamental plant, the flowers of which resemble five pigeons;
hence the Mexican name 'Cinco palomas.' " ( Waltherr. )

6161. Taxus baccata. Yew.

From Hungarv. Presented by Dr. L. Waltherr, Inanda, N. C. Received March

28, 1901.

6162. Pyrus baccata. Siberian crab apple.

From the Khabarovsk forest. Presented by the Department of Agriculture, St.
Petersburg, Russia. Received April 20, 1901.

29861— No. 66—05 5

64 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMlH)liTED.

6163. Spirostachis occidentalis.

From Byron, Cal. Received through Prof. J. Burtt Davy, April 1, 1901.

6164. Cannabis indica. Hemp.

From Calcutta, India. Received through Prof. D. Prain, superintendent of the
Sibpur Botanical Garden, April, 1901.
Hasheesh, the well-known opiate, is extracted from the resin of this plant.

6165 to 6168. Beta vulgaris. Chard.

From San Giovannia a Teduccio, Italy. Received through Dammann & Co.,
April 1, 1901.

6165. 6167.

Chilean scarlet-ribbed. Chilean yellow-ribbed.

6166. 6168.

Silver-ribbed {yellowish white) . .Silver-ribbed, curled.

6169. Raphanus sativus. Radish.

From Acneta, Cal. Received March 25, 1901. Seed grown from No. 1237,
Inventory No. 2.

6170. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Forestburg, S. Dak. Received through Mr. H. C. Warner, March 19, 1901.
Seed grown from No. 61, Inventory No. 1.

"This was the best in quality of 80 varieties in two different seasons. Medium
size, oblong, light and dark-green striped, sometimes all light. Flesh dark red,
sweet, very rich, early." {Warner.)

6171. CiTRULLUs VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Forestburg, S. Dak. Received through Mr. H. C. Warner, March 19, 1901.
Seed grown from No. 105, Inventory No. 1.

"Medium size, round, light and dark-green striped, flesh red, sweet; productive,
early." {Warner.)

6172. Zea mays. Corn.

From Summerville, S. C. Received through Mr. H. A. Jamison, March, 1901.
Egyptian. Seed grown from No. 3998, Inventory No. 8.

6173. Ipomoea BATATAS. Sweet potato.

From Manatee, Fla. Received through Mr. A. J. Pettigrew, March, 1901.

6174. AvENA sativa. Oat.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
425), April 3, 1901.
North Finnish Black: "Dr. Gosta Grotenfelt, director of the Agricultural Institute
of Muf^tiala, has grown this Black oat from seed imported from Tornea, Paavola, and
Umea (this latter in Sweden). He finds the seed from Tornea and Umea very sim-
ilar, but the Paavola variety is somewhat browner, not black and gray in color like
the other two sorts. He has also compared the North Finnish Black with Canadian
oats, which he got through the seed-breeding institute of Svalof, Sweden. The
comparison is as follows: Canada took one hundred and thirteen days to ripen,
while the North Fiwrish Black took only ninety-eight days. The latter is the average
for four vears (1892-1895). In comparison with all sorts of foreign-grown varieties
the figures for the four years stand as 98. 9: 111.8 days for ripening period. Dr. Groten-
felt says that the yield is small. For 1895, 42.4 kilos of dried straw and grain (air
dried) per are. The foreign sorts vielded in the same year 49.1 kilos per are. The

SErTEMHEK, H>()0, To DEtEMBEK, I'.Kl.t. 05

pniiii yicM of the Xortli Finnish Blark variety was 12.(5 kilos per are, whiU' the I'or-
fi-rii variftifs yit-ldfil 1»).4 kilos per nir. These f()ivi«,'ii sorts, it must be reinarke<I,
were all varieties which had Ix-eii especially lire.l— some from Sval(")f and others from
tlie experiment sttition in Tystofte, in Denmark. i)nrin<i sir i/nirs <>/ riilliiuillnii at
Mii.sli(tl<ithix Norih FhiniKh ' likick oat /(«*• lu.sl uone <>/ IIk larhi-ri/iniiiKj ijiia/itii'.s. In
i;ood years the foreijin-jrrown sorts here yield best, but in bad season they i/'uitl uoIIuikj
7a (til,' irhili' thr Xorlli Finnish HUuk ahrai'/s i/iclds ahont tlir .vuiie niiionnl. This variety
(KverVi's thorouirh trial in .\laska an<l tlie North Atlantic Stat«;s, and should be used
for bnH'diuj: purpo.^ts w herevi^ran early ripeninj.' variety of oat is desired. To ^et the
best results it should be sown as earlv as jiossibh-. These various varieti«'s hav»' been
analyzed in Mustiala, and it has l)een found that the Xorth Fiimish Jihick variety has
LS.oS per cent of drv weijjht of protein, while the Soittk Fiitnisk Brown oat, for exam-
ple, only 10.7 i)er cent, and the Si„ith Finnish White 11.77 piT cent, and foreign oats
only 11.'79 per cent protein. Althou^di, l)eeause of the small yield of the .VoW/t Fin-
nish Black varietv, the actual i)rotein (|uantity j^er are is smaller than that of the for-
eign sorts, the fact that the former is really richer in protein is an important point
for plant breeders. The lijruresare: A'oW/t Finnish Black, 1.54 kilos per are; foreign,
including <'<nia<hi varietv, 1.73 per are. There have so far been very few experi-
ments here in Finland en. ejros. Those few have been, however, very satisfactory."
{FairchUd.) (See No. 5513.)

6175. UoKDEUM TETKASTiCHUM. Barley.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
426, August 1, 1900), April 8, 1901.

Four-rowed Laplaml. "This comes from Pillo, a town lying 30 kilometers north of
the Arctic Circle. It is a stunted variety, which ripens at least 10 to 14 days earlier
than South Finnish or Kuropean varieties, and although it <loes not jtroduce large
quantities of grain, but small kernels and in small (luantity, it deserves the especial
attention of ])lant growers in Alaska. Dr. (t. Grotenfelt is at the present time busy
with its culture and hopes to n)aintain its earliness and, by crossing, increase its
productiveness. At the present time it is almost ripe herein the Doctor's experi-
mental plats, while all other sorts (except No. 427, I., tt F.) are quite green. For a
very short-season localitv and also for breeding [lurposes this may prove of consider-
able value where barley is grown. Secured through Dr. Grotenfelt's kindness."
( Fairchild. )

6176. Brassica rapa. Turnip.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
428, August 1, 1900), April 3, 1901.

White Tankard Purple Top. "A Scottish variety of fodder turnip which has been
grown here for lifty years. This variety, grown on Finnish soil, has jiroved superior to
that grown from seed imported from Scotland, and it is worthy a trial in Alaska. Its
growth in spring is particularly rapid, and it therefore escapes the attacks of insect
enemies better than other sorts. Will be sent bv Director G. Grotenfelt in Novem-
ber." (Fairchild.)

6177. Fagopyrum esculentum. Buckwheat.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
430, August 1, 1900), April 3, 1901.

Finnish. "This buckwheat is for planting in Alaska. It is believed to be an early
ripening variety. It is cultivated in east Finland on a large scale, but little in west
Finland. It is now in bloom in Doctor Grotenfelt's experimental plats. Will be
sent by Doctor Grotenfelt in November." ( Fairchild. )

6178. Brassica campestris. Turnip.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild ( No.
429, August 1, 1900), April 3, 1901.

Mustiala. "A varietv of Swedish turnip which has been originated here in Mus-
tiala and grown for over fifteen years. It is the best sort that has been tested here
and is very regular in growth and altogether to be recommended for fodder purposes
in Alaska. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

66 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPUKTED.

6179. Bkassica kapa. Turnip.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 432, August 1, 1900), April 3, 1901.

Finnish Svedje. ''This is one of the few originations of the old Finnish people.
It is called Scedje because it is grown on soil that has been burned over, i. e., in
new clearings. The seed was sown by the peasants by taking into the mouth and
spitting out as a Chinaman sprinkles* clothes. It is a small variety, said to be of
superior flavor, and is baked in the oven in butter after being pulled, a little boiling
water being added as the turnips become brown. It can be grown in the Arctic
Circle, and is a highly prized vegetable, worthy of especial attention." [Fairchild. )

6180. JuGLANS REGiA. Walnut.

From Patras, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 553), April
4, 1901.
•'Cuttings from a single tree on the estate of Mr. S. D. Stamo which bears nuts
that are unusually large and thin shelled." {Fairchild. )

6181. JuGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 554, February
21, 1901), April 4, 1901.
"Cuttings from a single tree on the estate of Mr. Angalotti, at Bocali, which bore
nuts that are somewhat irregular in form, but of very large size, some specimens
measuring 6 inches in circumference, and so thin shelled that they can be crushed in
the hand; not as large nor as regular in shape, however, as No. 6182. The quality
is excellent and the tree reported to be a good bearer." { Fairchild.)

6182. JuGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 555, February
21, 1901), April 4, 1901.

"Cuttings from a single tree growing through the roof of a small shop near the
house of olie Sig. Machalitza, in the town of Zante. The nuts are regular in form
and of very unusual size, measuring S^f l)y 5^ inches in both circumferences. Heavy,
and said to be Avell filled with an excellent flavored meat." {Fairchild. )

6183. Cydonia sinensis. Chinese quince.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 556, February

21, 1901), April 4, 1901.

"Cuttings oithe scented quinces c&Wed "musk," "citron," or" Japanese" quinces;

grown in this vicinity. The fruits are very large and woody and seldom used for

preserving. Their principal value is as ornamentals and as perfume fruits to store

away with linen to give it an agreeable odor." (Fairchild. )

6184. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 557, February

21, 1901) April 4> 1901.

Queen "The trees from which these cuttings were taken are the only bearing
trees of the kind on the island. The fruit is of a dark orange color, almost seedless,
and of very fine flavor. It is worth trying in California and Florida orchards.
( Fairchild. )

6185. Citrus limonum. Lemon.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 558, February

22, 1901) April 4, 1901.

"Cuttings of a thick-skinned, nearly seedless, variety of lemon growing in the
monastery garden of Kalitero. Very juicy and extremely acid." [Fairchild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1!KX>, TO DECEMBER, VMV.i. <>T

6186. Cydoma sinensis. Chinese quince.

From Zante, (ireece. Received thrmi^'li Mr. D. <i. FainliiM (No. 559) April 4,
1901.
Cuttings from a seedling (luince, jioj^sildy the same as No. H183. :Sce also No. G.i()2.

6187. Cydonia vulgaris. Quince.
From Zante, Greece. Rei-eived through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 560, February

22, 1901) ApriU, 1901.
inulf. "Cuttings of the favorite quince of Zante, used for preserves, marmalades,
and as a tal)le fruit. When fully ripe they are eaten like apples, which they resemble
in shape." (FulrchUd.)

6188. Cydonia sinensis. Chinese quince.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 501, February
21, 1901) ApriU, 1901.
"Cuttings of a small, scented quince grown for its sweet-scented fruit, which is not
edible." (Fairchild.)

6189. PiNUS PINEA. Stone pine.

From Zante, Greece. Presented by Count S. Lunzi through Mr. D. G. Fairchild
(No. 562, February 21, 1901 ). Received April 4, 1901.

"The edible seeds of this pine are so thin shelled that they can be easily broken
with the lingers, while the ordinarv tvi)e has such hurd-shelled seeds that they must
be broken open with a hannm-r. Should be tried in the dry parts of Florida and the
Southwest. ' ' ( FaircMM. )

6190. Citrus limonum. Lemon.

From Zante, Greece. Presented bv Mr. Geo. Sargint through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 563, February 22, 1901). Received April 4, 1901.

"A young plant grown from a bud of an old lemon tree that has always borne
seedles-s fruit. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

6191. Eriobotrya japonica. Loquat.

From Zante, Greece. Presented by Mr. Geo. Sargint through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 564, February 22, 1901). Received April 4, 1901.

"Two young plants grown by Castagnias Aristides from cuttings of an old loquat
tree reported to bear only seedless fruits." {Fairchild.)

6192. Viola odorata. Violet.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 565, February
22, 1901) ApriU, 1901.

Parmenm. Plants of a very large double violet exported from Zante to all parts
of Greece. Lacking in perfume. Grown in the open air in Zante, not imder glass.

6193. Cydonia vulgaris. Quince.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 4, 1901.
No data.

6194. Cannabis sativa. Hemp.

From Yokohama, .lapan. Received through L. Boehmer & Co., April 5, 1900.

6195. Khus coriaria. European sumac.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., A])ril 5, 1901.

68 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6196. SEyuoiA SEMPEKViUENs. Redwood.

From Berkeley, Cal. Received through Mr. Charles H. Shinn, April 6, 1901.

6197. CucuRBiTA MOSCHATA. Cushaw.
From Oakgrove, Ind. Received through Mr. H. A. Allen, April 4, 1901.

6198. Brassica napus. Rape.

From La Crosse, Wis. Received through John A. Salzer Seed Company, April,
1901.

Dvxtrf Victoria.

6199. LiNUM usiTATissiMUM. Flax.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., April 8, 1901.
Irish-grown seed.

6200 to 6220. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From the Philippine Islands. Presented by Hon. J. Aranato, secretary of agri-
culture of the island of Negros. Received March 9, 1901.

A collection of native varieties of rice as follows:

6200.

Capao. An early variety, to be sown on irrigated, land in May and harvested
in September.

6201.

Oui-os. An early variety, sown on irrigated land in May and harvested in
September.

6202.

Cabatingan. An early variety, sown on irrigated or dry land in May and
June and harvested in' September and October. The grains of this variety,
after being boiled, cling together and are therefore adapted for use in the prep-
aration of jellies.

6203.

Bunga-tagum. An early varietv, sown on irrigated land early in June and
harvested early in October. The grain is very white and highly esteemed for
food.

6204.

Morado.

6205.

Cachuri An early, "fragrant" variety, sown in April and harvested in
August. Cultivated on the mountain slopes. Its principal use is for the manu-
facture of "Pilipig."

Mayuro. An early varietv, sown on irrigated lan<l early in June and har-
vested in October. The grain is very white and highly esteemed for food.

6207.

Bardo. An early variety, sown on irrigated land early in June and har-
vested at the end of October.

6208.

Cotsiam. An early rice, sown on irrigated land in April and May and har-
vested in August and September.

SEPTEMBKK, UHH>, T<> DKCEMBKK, 1903.

6200 to 6220 — Contimied.

6209.

Ccutiidi'i. An earlv varietv, sown on irrigated lan.l early in .Tnne and path-
ere<l iii October. The grain is re«l and is valued as an article of food.

6210.

('ahnidoq. A lat« variety sown on irrigated land at the end of June or early
in July and gathered in Deceml)er or early in January.

6211.

Piracdl. An earlv varietv, sown on dry land in May and gathered in Sep-
tember. The grain.s of this Vice cling together after being boiled, and this sub-
stance is used in the preparation of dainties.

6212.

Lubang. An earlv variety, sown on either irrigated land or dry land in
May or June and harvested in Sei>teniber or October.

6213.

Ltumutuo. An early variety, sown on irrigated or dry land in May or June
and harvested in Seiiteniber or October.

6214.

Dngul-pilit. A late variety, sown on dry or irrigate<l lands in May and
liarvested in November. The grains of this rice cling together after being
boiled and are used for making delicacies.

6215.

Cuba. An early variety, sown on irrigated land early in June and harvested
the last of October.

6216.

Tapul-pdit. A late variety, sown on irrigated lan<l late in June or early in
July and harvested in December and January.

6217.

Calanay-pilit. A late variety, sown on irrigated land late in June or the
first of July and harvested in December and January.

6218.

Tapul-pilit. An early variety, sown on dry land in May and harvested in
September. The grains of this are dark, and when boiled cling together and
serve for the making of delicacies.

6219.

Ma(X(u. A late variety, sown on irrigated lands late in June or early in July
and harvested in December and January.

6220.

Soladong. A late variety, sown on irrigated land the last of June and first
of July; harvested in December and January.

6221 to 6238.

From the Philippine Islands. Presented by Hon. J. Aranato, secretary of agri-
culture of the island of Negros. Received March 9, 1901.

A collection of seeds of economic plants grown by the natives, as follows:

6221. Chaetochloa italica. Millet.

Dana. An early-maturing grass, the seeds of which are used for naking
jellies.

70 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6221 to 6238 — Continued.

6222. Sesamum ixdicum. Sesame.

Lunga. Sown in May and harvested in October. The oil of "ojonjoli" is •
extracted from the seeds.

6223. DoLiCHOs sinensis (?). Bean.
Balatong.

6224. Phaseolus mungo. Gram.
Mongo.

6225. Bean.

Marayo. A black climbing bean, sown in May and harvested in October;
used for pottage.

6226. Phaseolus calcaratus. Bean.

Tajori A yellow climbing bean, sown in May and harvested in October;
used for pott^uge.

6227. Pea.

Native name, Cadios. An undetermined variety of pea.

6228. DoLiCHos sinensis. Bean.

Lestones. A climbing bean, sown in May and harvested in September; used
for pottage.

6229. NicoTiANA TABACUM. Tobacco.

6230. Zea mays. Corn.
An early variety; sown in May and harvested in August and September.

6231. Zea mays. Corn.
The first crop from American seed.

6232. Zea mays. Corn.
The second crop from American seed.

6233. Zea mays. Corn.
An early purple variety; sown in May and har\^ested in August and September.

6234. MusA TEXTiLis. Manila hemp.

Ahaca-Bimya. In the island of Negros it is the custom to sow the seed of
this plant in the months of May, June, and July.

6235. MusA TEXTILIS. Manila hemp.

Ahaca-Kinisol. In the island of Negros it is the custom to sow the seed of
this plant in the months of May, June, and July.

6236. MusA TEXTILIS. Manila hemp.

Ahaca-Moro. In the island of Negros it is the custom to sow the seed of this
plant in the months of May, June, and July.

6237. MusA TEXTILIS. Manila hemp.

Ahaca-Lono. In the island of Negros it is the custom to sow the seed of this
plant in the months of May, June, and July.

6238. (Museum specimen. )

SEPTKMHKK, JUai, TO DECEMBER, 19<>3. 71

6239. MrsA TKXTiLis. Manila hemp.

Muscmii speriiiu'ii only.

6240. Olea europaea. Olive.

From Fresno, Cal. Presented by Mr. (leorore C. Roedinj;, throu'^li Mr. AV. T.
Swindle. Received April 0, 1901.

Ohliza.

6241 to 6243. Ftcds carica. Caprifig

From Fresno, Cal. Presented by Mr. George C. Roedinj;, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Reeeiveil April ti, 1901.

6241. 6243.

Roeding's No. 1 variety. Koeding's No. 3 variety.

6242.

Roeding's No. 2 variety.

6244. Ficus CARICA. Fig.

From Fresno, Cal. Presented by Mr. (Tcorge C. Roeding, througli Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 6, 1901.

Smyrna.

6245. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Mnstapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, through Mr. W. T. Swingle. Received April 8, 1901.

6246. Citrus decumana. Pomelo.

From Eustis, Fla. Presented by Mr. Frank \V. Savage, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 8, 1901.

6247. Citrus nobilis (?). Orange.

From Eustis, Fla. Presented by Mr. Frank W. Savage, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 8, 1901.

King, or King-ofSiam.

6248. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Eustis, Fla. Presented by Mr. Frank W. Savage, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 8, 1901.

Snnford Mediterranean.

6249. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Eustis, Fla. Presented by Mr. Frank W. Savage, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 8, 1901.

Enby blood.

6250. Citrus decumana. Pomelo.

From pAistis, Fla. Presented hv Mr. Frank W. Savage, through Mr. W. T.
Swingle. Received April 8, 1901.

Aurantium.

72 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6251. Olea europaea. Olive.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, through Mr. W. T. Swingle. Received April 30, 1901.

Mascara, a variety from M. Jaubert's place at Inkermann. Thought by Mr.
Swingle to be possibly the very large sort, the fruit of which sometimes weighs 17
grams. Doctor Trabut considers it the same as the variety Brm of Tlemsen.

6252. PiSTACiA VERA. Pistache.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, through Mr. C. S. Scofield. Received May 22, 1901.

Sfax (female). "The sort grown about Sfax, Tunis, where large quantities of
pistaches were formerly produced. It is said to be a good variety and w^as formerly
largely exported, but of late prices have declined and exports from Sfax ceased.
This variety was obtained last year from the same tree and was sent through the
University of California to Mr. G. P. Rixford, who succeeded in grafting it on the
terebinth tree on his place in Sonoma County." {Sivingle.)

6253. PiSTACiA VERA. Pistachc.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented bv Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, through Mr. C. S. Scofield. Received' May 22, 1901.

Sfax (male). "Scions from male tree growing in the botanical garden of the Ecoles

Superievres at Algiers." {Scofield.) See No. 6252.

6254. Ficus CARiCA. Caprifig.

From Maison Carree, near Algiers, Algeria. Presented by M. Lepiney through
Mr. C. S. Scofield. Received May 28, 1901.

6255 to 6258.

(Numbers not utilized.)

6259. XlMENIA AMERICANA. Hog plum.

From Miami, Fla. Presented by Mr. H. C. Henricksen. Received May 21, 1901.

6260 to 6271.

A collection of Danish vegetable seed.

6260. Bet\ vulgaris. Beet.

Yellowstone. " Yellow, bottle-shaped; is a half-breed beet of unusual yield-
ing ability in connection Avith great nutritive substance; requires an early
sowing, but does not make great claims as to soil. It is a comparatively new
variety, which is in great demand." {Kolle Bros.)

6261. Beta vulgaris. Beet.

McKinley. " Pink, bottle-shaped. It combines yielding power with nutri-
tive substance, but wants a rich, warm soil. Under these conditions it is a
varietj' of high value." {Kolle Bros.)

6262. Beta vulgaris. Beet.

Adam. "White, cylinder-shaped variety, which ranges between the com-
mon fodder beets and fodder sugar beets. Combines good yielding power
with a respectable nutritive substance. It requires a somewhat low-situated,
deep-molded soil, and, thus placed, it will scarcely be exceeded by any other
beet variety in regard to yielding power." {Kolle Bros.)

6263. Beta vulgaris. Beet.

Red Oberndorfer. "This is an improved old variety which, by strict selec-
tion in field and laboratory, has attained its standing among 'bell-shaped
beets.' It is particularly fit for a warm, light soil." {Kolle Bros.)

SEPTEMBER, li^M)0, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 73

6260 to 6271 ContimiiMl.

6264. Beta vn.tiAHis. Beet.

A'-./ Krkendorfcr. " Like RM Ohmxlorfer, it is an old variety wliifh by
treatment has reached perfection. Its va'hie lie;^ in its jrreat yieldin<,' power,
while its nutritive contents are rather low. In ord«'r to attain its full devel-
opment it should he sown in moldy, well-fertilized, moist soil." { Kolh Uros. )

6265. Brassica kai'a. Turnip.
Fiona.

*266. Brassra oleracea var. botrytis. Cauliflower.

Duiiit^h Mammiith. (Jrown on the island of Fyen, Denmark.

6267. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. Cauliflower.
Kdra Endij Dimrf Erfurt. Grown on the farm of the royal palace,

Fredricksl)ur>r.

6268. Bkasska oleracea var. hotrytis. Cauliflower.

Danish Snoivha/I.

6269. Brassica oleracea *(//•. hotrytis. Cauliflower.
Kdni Early Jjwarf Erfurt. Grown on the island of Fyen, Denmark.

6270. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. Cauliflower.
Extra Early Improved Erfurt. Grown on the island of Zealand, Denmark.

6271. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. Cauliflower.
Copenhagen Snowball. Grown at Copenhagen, Denmark.

6272. Triticum vulgare. "Wheat.

From Vol.), Greece. Presented bv Mr. Ar. Tsakonas, of Athens, through .Mr. D.
G. Fairchild (No. 581, March 23, 1901). Received April 15, 1901.

Damnum. "A spring variety. The name means 'two months.' This is a semi-
hard sort, used in Greece to plant after the failure of the winter wheat is known.
It is not a two months' wheat, as the name implies, hut matures in about three
months, being i^lanted the last of February and harvested the first of June. It is a
light bearer and not very highly esteemed in Greece, except for the purpose
described." {Fairchild.)

6273 to 6278.

From the Philippine Islands. Presented bv Hon. J. Aranato, secretary of agri-
culture of the island of Xegros. Received March 9, 1901. A collection of
seeds as follows:

6273. Zea mays. Corn.
"Early; sown in May, harvested in August and Septfiwuner." (Aranato.)

6274. Theobroma cacao. Cacao.

6275.

Nanca. "A tree which matures at five or six years of age. The fruits,
called 'Nanca,' as well as the leaves, are used as greens when young, and
when mature the fruit is used as dessert." {Aranato. )

6276.

Dagmaii. "A bulbous plant which is sown in May and harvested the
Januarv following. It grows well in light, loose, rich soil and requires to be
kept well covered to produce any shoots. It is used in cooking to take the
place of the sweet potato or ordinary potato." {Aranato. )

74 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6273 to 6278~-Continued.

6277. DioscoREA sp.?

Tamh. "A twining tuberous plant, which is sown in May and harvested
the following January. It requires stakes about 7 feet high, grows best in
a loose, well-fertilized soil, and its roots should be frequently covered with
earth. It is ased in cooking as a substitute for the potato and sweet potato."
{Aranato.)

6278. CoFFEA ARABiCA. Coffee.

6279. Phaseolus sp. Bean.

From China. Received from Mr. J. Lawton Tavlor, Honolulu, Hawaii, Aijril Iti,
1901.

Meru{l). " Very mealy or granular when boiled." {Taylor.)

6280 to 6299. Vitis .sp. Grape.

From Departmental Nursery of Maine and Loire, France. Received from Mr.
Louis Leroy, Angers, France, April 19, 1901.

A collection of phylloxera-resistant varieties for use as stocks.

6280. 6290.

RrpariaX Rupestris 101. p„,.g Berlandieri.

6281. 6291.
Monrvedre X Rupestris 1202. Montirola X Ripnrm .5.54.

6282.

Bourrlsquou X Rupestris 60.3.

6283.

6292.

Riparia X Rupestiis 3309.

IWlandieri X Riparia 1-57-11. 6293.

6284. Aramon X Rupestris 2.

C'hasselas X Berlandieri 41. 62Q4

"285. Aramrm X Rupestris Ganzin 1.

Colorado E.

6286.

(jiluratiand X Rupestris 3103.

6287.

6296.

Rupestris du Lot.

6297.

Bimrrisqaou X Rupestris 601. Rupestris Martin.

6288. 6298.

Solonis X Riparia 1616. Aniinon X Rujjestris Ganzin 1.

6289. 6299.

Riparia grand glahre. Riparia Gloire de Montpellier.

6300 to 6306. Vitis .sp. Grape.

F'roMi Capiat. A collection of grapes, No. 6300 being Japanese and the otJ>*^»"s
Chinese. Received tlirough Mr. Louis Leroy, Angers, France, April 19, l^i-l.

6300.

6304.

Preco^e Capiat.

Morandi.

6301.

Alenconnaise (new).

6305.

6302.

Pagnacci.

liomniM'ti frifohees.

6306.

6303.

Romaneti.

Tisserandi. inedite de Mandchurie.

SKi'TEMliEK, rJOU, TO DECKMBEK, 1903

6307 to 6339.

Eroiii tlif Tokvo Stjetl and Plant Company, Tokyo, Japan.
U101.
A roUcrtion of niisccllaneouH seeds, as follows:

6307. OKVZA SATIVA.

Sufjakhi.

6308. ORYZA SATIVA.

Adzunut Xishiki.

6309. Cannabis sativa.
AShhnonita.

6310. Cannabis sativa.
JUroshinid.

6311. ViGNA (ATJAXCi.

Black Jurokumsaffe.

6312. (Jlvcink iii.spiDA.
Black Flat.

6313. ViCIA FABA.

Large Soramauie.

6314. Glycine hispida.
Yoshioka.

6315. ViCIA KABA.

Early Soramame.

6316. PiSU.M SATIVUM.

6317. Cannabis sativa.
Tochigi.

6318. Phaseolus mungo-radiatus.
Muroran.

6319. DoLicHos lablab.
White.

6320. DOLICHOS LABLAB.

Purple.

6321. Phaseolus muxgo-kaijiatus.
Yainari.

6322. Cannabis sativa.
Aidzu.

6323. Canavalia ensiformis.

Wit lie Natamame.

Reeeived April L'O,

Rice.

Bice.
Hemp.
Hemp.

Cow^pea.

Soy bean.
Broad bean.

Soy bean.

Broad bean.

Pea.
Hemp.

Gram.
Hyacinth bean.
Hyacinth bean.

Gram.

Hemp.
Knife bean.

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPUKTED.

6307 to 6339 Continued.

6324. Canavalia gladiata.
Pink Natamame.

6325. Cannabis sativa.
Iwate.

6326. Glycine hispida.
Rokugatsu.

6327. ViGNA CATJANG.

Kurakake.

6328. ViGNA CATJANG.

Kintohi.

6329. Astragalus sinicus.
An early variety of this clover.

6330. Astragalus sinicus.

A late variety of this clover, i

6331. Lespedeza bicolor.
Hagi.

6332. PisuM sativum (?).

6333. Glycine hispida.
Gosha.

6334. Glycine hispida.
Black Round.

6335. Glycine hispida.
Green Medium.

6336. Glycine hispida.
Balcaziro.

6337. BOEHMERIA NIVEA.

No. 1.

6338. BoEHMERIA NIVEA.

No. 2.

6339. BoEHMERIA NIVEA.

No. 3.

6340. QUERCUS ILEX.

Knife bean.

Hemp.

Soy bean.

Cowpea.

Genge clover.
(See No. 3725, Inventory No. 8.)

Genge clover.
[See No. 3725, Inventory No. 8.)

Bush clover.

Red fodder pea.
Soy bean.

Soy bean.

Ramie.
Ramie.
Ramie.

Holly oak.

From Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., Paris, France. Received April 22, 190L

6341. Capparis inerjiis.

From Vilmorin-i* ndrieux & Co., Pari^^, Franc*'.
A i^pinelest? form of >.aper.

Caper.

Ucceived April 22, 1901.

SElTKMliEK, li)UO, TO DEOEMliEK, l'J03. 77

6342. Ceratonia siliqua. Carob.

From Vilmorin-Aiulrieux i*t Co., Paris, Fraiuv. Rt'cciv.Ml April •_'•_', Mtni.

6343. QuERCUS ILEX. Green truffle oak.

Obtained throujih Yiliiiorin-Andrieux <k Co. froiu Mr. A. Rousseau, Carpentra.^,
Vaucluse, France. Received April 22, U>01.

6344. QuERCUS pubescens. White truffle oak.

obtained through Vihnorin-Andrienx & Co. from Mr. A. Rousseau, Carpentras,
Vaucluse, France. Received April 22, 1901.

6345. C^UEBRACMiA LORENTZii. Quebracho Colorado.

From Ronaldo Tidblom, director of agriculture and animal industry, Buenos
Ayres, .Vrgentina. Received April 22, 1901.

From the semidesert territories of Chaco and Formosa.

6346. AspiDOSPERMA guEBRACHO-BLANCO. Quebracho bianco.

Presented bv Ronaldo Tidblom, director of agriculture and animal induf^try,
Buenos Ayres, Argentina. Received April 22, 1901.

From the semidesert territories of Chaco and Formosa. The name given by Sig.
Tidblom was .1. quebracho Schlect., which does not appear in the Kew Index.

6347. Vaccinium vitis-idaea. • Mountain cranberry.

Presented by Prof. Theodor Erben, of the agricultural-botanical experiment sta-
tion of Tabor, Bohemia. Received April 25, 1901.

C348. KuBUS IDAEUS. Raspberry.

Obtained from France by Mr. G. B. Brackett, Pomologist, U. S. Department of
Agriculture.

"This belongs to the I{. Idaeus group. The plant is a strong, upright grower,
everbearing in its habit. The fruit is large, red, and of excellent quality. It ripens
from July to December.'' {Brackett.)

6349. PiSTACiA VERA. Pistache.

From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 569, March
3, 1901), April 27, 1901.

Female trees. Three-year-old trees budded the winter of 1900-1901 and the pre-
ceding winter.

"The pistache is a valuable nut tree, well suited for culture in regions having a hot,
dry climate. The nuts sell in this country from 40 cents to $1.25 a pound, wholesale.
They are already extensively used in America for flavcjring confectionery and ice
creams, and it is contidently'expected that they will be widely used as a table nut,
to be served like the almond, as soon as they become better known. In the eastern
Mediterranean countries, where the pistache is the best known and choicest nut, it is
nuich more used for eating from the hand than for flavoring. These nuts are among
the mo!?t delicious known, rather smaller than the almond, but more delicate in
flavor and a little oilier, somewhat resembling in texture and taste the pifion of the
Rockv Mountains. Unlike the pinon and almond, the pistache nut has a shell eas-
ily opened with the flngers, since it contains two thin valves, which split open and
become nearly separated as the fruit dries.

"The sorts "having yellow kernels are most used in oriental countries as a nut to eat
from the hand, but the green sorts only are in demand for flavoring, since the public
has become accustomed to associating this color with pistaches used for this purpose.

The pistache is a small tree, 15 to 30 feet high, belonging to the same family as the
sumac {Anacurdiaceae). The male and female flowers are l)orne on different trees,
and this necessitates securing both kinds of trees for an orchard, or, what is preferable,
that scions of the male sort be grafted on the female trees that Ijear tlie fruit. One
male tree is said to suffice to pollinate from Ave to ten female trees. The best method

78 SEEDS AND I'LANTS IMrORTED.

of propagation is to graft the pistaclie on the terebinth tree {Pislacia terehinthus) , a
near relative of the pistache, native of the Mediterranean countries where the pistache
is cultivated. It is preferable to grow the terebinth trees from seed in place in the
orchard, but they can be transplanted, if necessary. The present importation com-
prises three-year-old trees which were grafted in nursery rows and dug up early in
March.

"The pistache will endure a temperature of from 10° to 20° F. It is about as hardy
as the fig and olive, possibly rather hardier. Its crop is not so liable as that of the
almond to injury by late frosts, because it fl(jwers much later in spring, a matter of
great importance in the Southwest, where the almond is often injured because of its
habit of blooming early. The pistache thrives best on a deep soil containing lime,
but it succeeds also on other soils. A warm southern hillside is the best location.
The tree is adapted especially for culture in regions having a dry summer season. It
requires about the same climate as the olive, and will doubtless succeed in parts of
California, Arizona, and possibly in some regions in Florida. Around the shores of
the ^Mediterranean, where it is commonly cultivated, the tree is not irrigated. It
needs about as much water as the olive, and, like it, can succeed on hillsides too dry
to support most other fruit trees.

"The trees comprised under this number are female trees, and should be planted 20
to 25 feet apart, with a male tree (No. 6350) in the center of the group of females.
The grafts should be cut back to two buds. The trees should be watered judiciously
this season until properly started, after which no special care is necessary. Although
these trees are already older than is desirable for transplanting, it is hoped that by
care, they can all be made to live, and that a small quantity of nuts will be produced
year after next. The trees will bear full crops when they are 7 years old. The
average yield is about 20 pounds." ( W. T. Swingle and D. G. Fairchild.)

6350. PiSTACiA VERA. Pistache.

From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 569, March
8, 1901), April 27, 1901.

Male trees. ' ' Three-year-old stocks budded 1899-1900 to male scions. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

6351. Neowashingtonia filamentosa. Fan palm.

Received March, 1901, through Prof. Charles H. Shiun, from Johnson ct Musser
Seed Company, Los Angeles, Cal.

6352. Ekythea edulis. G-uadalupe palm.

Received March, 1901, through Prof. Charles H. Shinn, from Johnson & Musser
Seed Company, Los Angeles, Cal.

6353. HuMULus lupulus. Hop.

From Horst Brothers, Horstville, Cal. Received April 25, 1901.
A collection of American varieties.

6354. JuGLANS regia. Walnut.

From Karpenisi, Greece. Presented by Mr. Xanthopoulo, of the Agricultural
Experiment Station of Patras, Greece, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 568,
March, 1901). Received April 27, 1901.

"Plants of a verv large, thin-shelled walnut Avhich grows in the mountains of
Karpenisi, Southern Thessaly. I did not see specimens of this nut, but heard that
an unusually large one from one of these trees w^as sent to the Paris Exposition of
1898. It was so thin shelled that it was necessary to pack it in cotton. Mr. Xantho-
poulo, who secured the plants, says he took them from the original trees in Karpenisi
which bore the giant nuts sent to" Paris. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

6355. PiSTACiA sp. Pistache.

From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.

Stocks originally budded with the ])istache (No. 6349), of \yhicli the scions died in
transit. To be used as stocks upon which to graft the true pistache.

SEPTEMBER, 190U, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 79

6356. ViTis sp. Grape.

Received, through Mr. G. B. Brackett, Pomologist, U. S. Department of A«,'ricul-
ture, from Matthew Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, April 2i), 1901.

6357. Ficus CARICA. Fig.
From T. S. Williams, Monetta, S. C. Received April 29, 1901.

6358. Pyrls baccata. Siberian crab apple.

From Troitzkosavsk, Altai Province, Siberia. Received, through A. Fischer von
Walilheim, director of Imperial Botanic Gardens, St. Petersburg, Russia, April
30, 1901.

This was marked ''Pyrus baccata genuina."

6359. Beta vulgaris. Sugar beet.

Grown in Friedriohswerth, Germany, bv Ed. Mever. Presented by Beet Sugar
Gazette Co., Chicago, 111., April 29, 1901.

Friedrichswerther Elite.

6360. Citrus loionum. Lemon.

From Poros Island, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 576),
April 27, 1901.

"One of the best varieties of Poros lemons, which are noted in Greece as the finest
coming to the Athens market. The scions are from trees that often bear nearly or
quite seedless fruits. ' ' {Fairchild. )

6361. Citrus sp.

From Canne, Crete. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 580, March
14, 1901), April 27, 1901.

"Grafting wood of a remarkable citrous fruit, whicli resembles in shape a large,
somewhat pear-shaped lemon. It is Australian gold in color, with a soft, rather thin
skin and a flesh as dark colored as some oranges and of a remarkably agreeable, very
mild acid, slightly bitter taste. In resembles in flavor a pomelo, only it is somewhat
milder. Altogether a most refreshing fruit and deserving the serious attention of all
pomelo and other citrus growers. It is possibly a cross or result of several crosses,
including the orange, bergamot, and lemon, there are a few weak spines, the leaf
has a winged petiole, and' the fruit is borne on long, swinging fruit stalks. The name
lemon pomelo is suggested because it is shaped like a lemon and tastes something
like a pomelo. There is no popular name here in Crete. It is probable, in fact, that
there are not more than a half dozen trees in existence on the island." {Fairchild. )

6362. Cydonia sinensis. Chinese quince.
From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.

Seeds of No. 6183.

6363. CucuMis MELO. Melon.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 567, Febru-
ary 22, 1901), April 27, 1901.

Zante winter. "This is said to be the best of the winter melons of Zante, having
a delicious sweet flavor and keeping until the opening of spring. It is cultivated
like any ordinary melon, plucked before frost in autumn, and allowed to ripen in a
cool place free from frost. In Zante the fruits are hung up to ripen in small fiber
slings on the wall. A specimen was tasted by the writer on the 22(1 of February,
and although it was somewhat lacking in sweetness proved a most palatable fruit.
Good melon connoisseurs say that these winter melons from Zante are often deli-
ciously sweet, even when kept until spring." { Fairchild. )

29861~No. 66—05 6

80 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6364. CucuMis MELO. Winter melon.

From Zante, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 566, February
22, 1901), April 27, 1901.

Cephalonia. "A winter canteloupe, which is grown to perfection on the island of
Cephalonia, one of the Ionian group. The melons are cultivated in the usual way and
in autumn plucked and strung up in a primitive basket of rough twisted grass. Here
they are left to ripen and from midwinter until April the inhabitants of both Cepha-
lonia and Zante serve them on their tables. These winter melons have a thin rind,
which is loosely attached to the flesh and can be peeled off like the skin of an orange,
leaving the most beautiful ice-cream-like, greenish tlesh behind. I know of no more
beautiful table fruit than a half melon peeled and served in this way. It looks like
a mound of pistache ice cream and would captivate any fruit lover." {Fairchild. )

6365. Citrus limonum. Lemon.

From Andros Island, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27,
1901.

Seed from fruits which are nearly seedless.

6366. ViTis viNiFERA. Coiinth.

From region of Nemeo, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April
27, 1901.

Corinth. "Among the clusters of ordinary dried CorintJis, which are usually seed-
less, there are generally small branches bearing larger berries. These berries have
often one or more seeds in them. These seeds Avere taken from such berries. It may
be possible, by the use of such seeds, to produce new seedless varieties. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

6367. HoRDEUM DiSTicHUM ERECTUM. Barley.

From Patras, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.

6368. Medicago sp.

From mountains of Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No.
537), April 27, 1901.

"One of the numerous leguminous fodder plants which grow^ rankly on the island
and form a large part of the excellent Corfu hay. Procured through the assistance
of Mr. Antonio Collas." [Fairchild.)

6369. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Trieste, Austria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.

Puete Originario. "A noted winter variety, said to be resistant and a good yielder.
Grown in the vicinity of Gorz and Trieste, Austria." {Fairchild.)

6370. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.
From Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.

Cologna. "A winter variety." {Fairchild.)

6371. Triticum durum. Wheat.
From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.

Sample only.

6372. Triticu3I polonicum? Wheat,

From Corfu, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.
"Sample only; probably of Russian origin." {Fairchild.)

6373. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Greece. Received througb Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.
Sample only, labeled Jucente (?).

SEPTEMBER, liHX), TO DECEMBER, U>03. 81

6374. V1TI8 MXiFEUA. Corinth.

From Patras, Greece. Received tlirongh Mr. D. G. Fairdiild from Creinidi
Brothers, of Patra.s, Greece. Ri'ceived April 27, 1901.
Corinlli. "Large berries containing seeds. These hirge berries are i)roduced, I am
told, occasionally by certain branches of the plant which otherwise bear oidy seed-
less fruit. They have often many .^ieeds in them. New varieties of the Curiuth grape
are likely to originate as seedlings from this generally seedless variety." ( FdirrhihI. )

6375. NiGELLA AKOMATicA. Fennel flower.

Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. K.
Beattie, from No. 2129.

6376. Hibiscus esculentus. Okra.

Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 3636.

6377. DoLiCHOS lablab. Lablab bean.

Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 2083.

6378. Phaseolus mungo. Gram.

Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of ^^'. K.
Beattie, from No. 3868.

6379. (tlycixe hispida. Soy bean.

Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of \V. R.
Beattie, from No. 3870.

6380. Medicago turbinata. Bur clover.

Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 4187.

6381. OciMUM BASiLicuM. Sweet basil.

Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 200S.

6382. Capsicum anxuum. Red pepper.

Grown on the Potomac Flats, District of Columbia, under the direction of W. R.
Beattie, from No. 3905.

A sweet pepper.

6383. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, April 27, 1901.
"A market variety in Athens." {Fairchild.)

6384 to 6424.

From Pyeng Yang, Korea. A collection of seeds of economic i)lants which are
cultivated in Korea. Presented by Rev. W. M. Baird. Received May 3, 1901.

6384. Oryza sativa. Black rice.
"Plant in May." (Baird.)

6385. Fagopyrum esculentum. Buckwheat.

6386. Glycine hispida. Soy bean.
Black.

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6384 to 6424— Continued.

6387. Callistephus hortensis.
Bed.

6388. Callistephus hortensis.
White.

6389. Chaetochloa italica.

6390. Allum cepa.

6391. Phaseolus sp.

6392. Callistephcs hortensis.
Red.

China aster.

Millet.

Onion.

Bean.

China aster.

6393. Perilla sp.?

' 'A fine oil for the table is extracted from the seeds. Sow in April or May. ' '
(Baird.)

6394. Brassica junxea.
• ' Plant in April. ' ' {Baird. )

6395. Cucr.Mis sativa.
' ' Plant in April or May. ' ' ( Baird. )

Chinese mustard.

Cucumber.

6396. Glycine hispida.

White.

6397. Glycine hispida.

6398. Raphanus sativus.
Large. ' ' Plant in August. ' ' ( Baird. )

6399. Hordeum vulgare.
Late.

6400. GossYPiUM barbadense.
' ' Plant in :\Iay. ' ' {Baird. )

6401. Zea mays.
Late. ' ' Plant in April or May. ' ' ( Baird. )

6402. CUCUKBITA pepo.
April.

6403. Hordeum vulgare.
' ' A hull-less variety. ' ' ( Baird. )

6404. ZOYSIA PUNGENS.

Used in Korea for lawns.

6405. ZoYSIA PUXGENS.

Used in Korea for lawns.

6406. A.NDROPOGOX SORGHUM. Sorghum.
"A kind of grain similar in appearance to broom corn or sugar cane. The

seeds are eaten. The canes are verv straight and quite useful. Planted m
May." {Baird.)

Soy bean.

Soy bean.
Radish.

Barley.

Cotton.

Corn.

Pumpkin.

Barley.

Korean la-wn grass.

Korean lawn g^ass.

SEPTEMHKK, ilHX), TO DEOKMBEK, 1903. 83

6384 to 6424 — Continuod.

6407. I'oix sp. Job's tears.

6408. Panicum miliaceum. Broom-corn millet.

6409. Panicum cris-galli. Barnyard grass.

6410. Chaetochloa itamca. Foxtail millet.

6411. Anuropogon soKtiiiUM. Sorghum.
"Kind of grain similar in appearance to broom corn and engar cane. The

grain is eaten by Koreans. The canes are straight and valuable." {Baird. )

6412. Lagenaria vilgakis. Gourd.

6413. ViGXA c.\TJANG. Cowpea.

6414. Glycine hispida. ' Soy bean.
"I'hmtin May." {Baird.)

6415. Phaseouis sp. Bean.

Blark.

6416. Glycine hispida. Soybean.
Black.

6417. Piiaseolus mungo-radiatits (?). Gram.

6418. Phaseolus mungo-radiatus (?). Gram.

6419. Chrysanthemum carinatum.

" Very good greens for dressing with salad oil are prepared from this."
(Baird.)

6420. Sesamum indicum. Sesame.

"An oil is extracted from the seeds which is useful for oiling furniture,
etc." {Baird.)

6421. Impatiens balsamina. Balsam.

6422. Celosia cristata. Cockscomb.

6423. Zinnia elegans. Zinnia,

6424. Tagetes sp. Marigold.

6425 to 6428.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Received through Mescrs. Lathrop and Fairphild
(Nos. 419, 420, 422, 423) from Lindahls Frohandel, May 6, 1901.

A collection of vegetable seeds as follows:

6425. Cucumis sativus. Cucumber.

Stockholm's Torg. "The most popular cucumber in Sweden, suitable for
planting in Alaska. It is a white, very hardy variety, though said to be
inferior to green sorts." {Fair child.)

6426. Cucumis melo. Muskmelon.

Stockholm's Torg. "The best Swedish market variety of cantaloupe. It is
here cultivated under glass, and the melons are sold for 2 to 4 kroner, or 50
cents to |1 apiece." {Fairchild.) —

84 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6425 to 6428— Continued.

6427. Brassica oleracea. Cabbage.

Stockholm'' s Torg. "A native variety of Swedish cabbage, said to be a very
early maturing sort. For planting in Alaska." {FaircMld.)

6428. PisuM sATivLM. Pea.

Stensdrter dkta. "An early ripening Swedish pea, suitable for Alaska and
other northern localities." {FaircMld.)

6429. YiTis vixiFERA. ' Corinth.

From Panariti, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 575, March

6, 1901), May 9, 1901.

"The variety of grape producing the currants or corintlis of commerce. These cut-
tings were purchased in the village of Panariti, which lies among the mountains
back of Xyloncastron. This village is noted for producing some of the finest corinths
in Greece. It is the custom in Greece to plant very long cuttings in the rocky soil,
digging down even into the bed rock, upon which the base of the cutting is allowed
to rest. In Greece the vines are planted about 5 feet apart each way, and are trained
wholly without a wire or other trellis. The claim is made that the fruit is so deli-
cate, being, as is well known, an essentially seedless grape, that it requires the dense
shade made by the foliage of the low sprawling canes which spring from the low-cut,
upright, main trunk of the plant. As the clusters mature, these sprawling canes are
lifted from the ground and supported on short stakes to prevent the grapes from
actually lying on the ground. After the petals have dropped from the flowers, i. e.,
when the fruit is well 'set,' the vines are ringed or girdled. This girdling is done
on the main trunk of the vine, a thin quarter-inch- wide ring of bark being removed.
This ringing is said to be essential to the production of a large berry. It is the belief
that the berries from vines not ringed are richer in sugar, not so filled with juices,
and keep better than those from ringed vines. The climate and soil in which the
corinth will thrive are various. Necessary requisites are a long summer with good
insolation and a not too high temperature, 95° P. being looked on as a very high
temperature in the regions where these plants are cultivated. It is a popular belief
that the corinth degenerates rapidly on being introduced into foreign countries, and
that it even becomes a seed-bearing grape. I can not find that this belief is supported
by sufficient evidence. Samples of corinths grown in Australia show that at least the
plant does not produce seed there and does produce a utilizal)le product, which, how-
ever, is inferior in size and flavor to good Greece-grown specimens. The small size
may be caused by a neglect :o ring or a failure to perform this important process at
the proper time, i. e., just after the fruit sets. This variety is exceedingly subject to
the downy mildew {I lasmojjara vlficola), and the fields of Greece were ravaged by a
frightful epidemic of this disease last year. The immediate locality from which
these cuttings came was spared." {Fairchild.)

6430. Phaseolus viridissimus. Gram.

From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 571), May
9, 1901.

"One of the smallest and most delicate beans in the world. The beans are not
much larger than grains of rice and of a deep green color. Thej' are said to be most
delicious when cooked alone or with rice in the national Greek dish called Filaff.
Their culture in Greece is a restricted one and the beans are considered a great deli-
cacy. This is a variety which should receive a thorough distribution, as it is one
worthy of trial throughout the south. I am indebted to Prof. Th. de Heldreich, of
Athens University, for calling my attention to this species of which he has made a
special study. Probably a variety of the gram of India {Phaseolus mimgo)."
{Fairchild.)

6431. ViGNA CATJANG. Cowpea.

From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 572, March

7, 1901), May 19, 1901.

"This legume is highly prized by the Greeks, who use it as we do the ordinary
bean. {Fairchild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBEK, 1903. 85

6432. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. Cauliflower.

From Alliens, Greece. Received through Mr. D. (t. Fain-hiM (So. aT.i, Mar.li
7, 1901), Mayo, 1901.

"An early variety of cauliflower which ripens in December in Greece. Its headn
attain most unusual i)roporti()ns and are of (juite unusual flavor. It is sown here in
.Vugust or September." {Fairchild.) (See No. t)434.)

6433. Lens esculenta var. microspek:«a. Lentil.

From Athens, Greece. Received from Dr. Th. de Heldreich through Mr. 1>. (i.
Fairchild (No. 570, March 8, 1901), May 9, 1901.

"A small-seeded, very delicate lentil which was first described by Dr. Th. de
Heldreich, the noted explorer of the (Grecian flora. (See Revue dea Srioices Xalnrelles
A])pHqui'es 37'' Anne So. 15..') Atn'd 1890. Xote sur une variite noitvelle on pea Connac
de LentUle. ) The variety is cultivated on the islands of Cephalonia and Leucade, two
of the Ionian group, and differs essentially from the ordinary Ijnu e><cidenta I\Ich.,
having smaller elipsoid, even almost spherical, seeds which possess a marginal border
very inconspicuous and obtuse. The color is ])ale yellow and they vary in diameter
from three to live millimeters. Their ordinary lentil is lens shaped, circular, and has
a sharply defined margin. This micro-'^perma is said to be more tender than the ordi-
nary sorts and much more easily cooked, and the flavor is reported to be superior,
lacking that pronounced characteristic taste which makes lentils objectionable to
some people. Deserves a thorough trial as a vegetal)le for soups and pur^^es. A cal-
careous soil is essential to its cultivation. Stalks make a good fodder." {Fairchild.)

6434. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis. Cauliflower.

From Athens, Greece. Presented by Dr. Th. de Heldreich, of Athens Laiiver-
sity, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 574, March 7, 1901). Received May 9,
1901.

"A late variety of Grecian cauliflower which is planted in December and matures
in i\Iarch. Is a monster headed white variety of excellent flavor." (See No. 6432.)
{Fairchild.)

6435. ViciA ervilla.

From Canne, Crete. Received through :\Ir. D. G. Fairchild (No. 594, March 16,
1901), May 17, 1901.

Orohuti. "A forage plant very largely cultivated in the island of Crete. It is sown
like any ordinary vetch, and the seeds are fed to the oxen and cattle. Cav. G. M.
Fumis, inspector of agriculture at Canne, can secure this in quantity should it prove
of sufficient interest. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

6436. Lathyrus ochbus.

From Cann4, Crete. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, May 17, 1901.
Vicos. "A forage plant cultivated on the island of Crete." {Fairchild.)

6437. ViciA sp.

From Cann^, Crete. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, May 17, 1901.
Yares or Gesu. "A forage plant cultivated on the island of Crete." {Fairchild.)

6438. Phoenix dactylifeba. Date.

From Alexandria, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 582,
March 30, 1901), May 11, 1901.

Hayani. "This is the earliest sort grown in the Delta region of the Nile and one of
the best-known kinds there. It is a red table date, becoming black when ripe; 2 to
2\ inches long; cylindrical. It ripens in September or October. Not used as a dry-
ing date. It sells in the season for 2 piasters Turkish (10 cents) per oke (3 povmds).
Matures its fruit all at once." {Fairchild.)

86 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6439. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Alexandria, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 583,
March 30, 1901), May 11, 1901.

Zaghil. "A variety from the Nile Delta region. Fruits of this sort are very large,
often 3 inches long. They are eaten by the Arabs when red in color and still unripe.
They are table dates, but are not prized as highly by EuroiJeans as by the Arabs, who
pay a high price for them. It is a variety which hangs on late in the season."
{Fairchild. )

6440. Phoexix dactylifera. Date.

From Alexandria, Egvpt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 584,
March .30, 1901), May 11, 1901.

Bint Aisha. "The best variety of table date in lower Egypt, at least it is so con-
sidered by many Europeans. It is not a 'keeiAng date, being so sweet and sticky that
when ripe it must be eaten with a fork. A short, black, small ( H inches long) date,
ripening in December. Skin separates very easily from the flesh. Sells for 10 to 15
cents for three poimds. Stem of mature palm very slender." (Fairchild.)

6441. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Alexandria, Egvpt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 585,
March 30, 1901), May 11, 1901.

Sainuni. "A variety of Delta date; large, yellow, 2 to 2^ inches long, with a thick
skin; ripening in November. It is used in making preserves, which are maimfac-
tured especially well by a Mr. Tambaco, of Alexandria, who puts them in tin cans
for export after they have been stewed in sugar. They must be peeled before can-
ning, as the skin is tough. Thought of very highly by many Europeans as a sweet
characteristic preserve. Is also canned with little sugar, as Americans can plums."
{Fairchild.)

6442. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Alexandria, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 586,
March 30, 1901), May 11, 1901.

Dakar Majahel. ' 'A male variety which is used in the Delta for fertilizing purposes.
All the varieties, of which there are at least eight in the region of Ramley alone, are
fertilized with the pollen of this Dakar Majahel. It is claimed to be the only sort
that can be used on all these eight varieties." {Fairchild.)

6443. Albizzia lebbek Lebbek.

From Cairo, Egvpt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 611, April 18,
1901), May if, 1901.

"A much used shade tree about Cairo. Owing to the inroads of a borer, however,
this species is being gradually replaced in Egypt by other forms such as Ficus nitida."
{Fairchild. )

6444. KiGELiA pinnata (?). Sausage tree.

From Cairo, Egvpt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 612, April 18,
1901), May 17, 1901.

"This sausage tree is not only a very curious species, bearing its flowers and fruit
on long pendant pedicels, but it is a foliage and landscape tree of great merit, worthy
of introduction into the parks of southern Florida. Its foliage is exceedingly hard
and harsh and very Ijrittle and its heavy sausage-shaped fruits are so heavj' as to be
dangerous when tliey fall from the tree. In the Ezbekieh Gardens in Cairo a beau-
tiful specimen of this tree is to be seen." ( Fairchild.)

6445. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Charkia, Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 606),
May 17, 1901.

Amri (fruit bought on the market). "This sort is known as the best drying date
in Egypt. It is in its prime in November l)ut keeps until May or June. A large,

Sp:PTEMnKK, 1900, TO DKCEMHKR, 19<);{. 87

retl date with a dry, thmigh not unpleasant taste. Some i>i tlie .spei-iiiiens are two
inches long. Skin rather tougii and in most respects inferior to Aljierian varieties.
These seeds are from trees probably pollinated by some other variety, so they may
not yield true Ainri seedlings." {jFairc/iild.)

6446. Elettakia cardamomum. Cardamom.

From Heneratixoda, Cevlon. Received from J. 1'. William i<: Bros., .Mu\ 17,
1901.

Moldbnr. " In jilanting cardamons, nursery beds should be prepared about 3 feet
wide anil (> feet loiitr; if the soil is poor, cow-dung manure or vegetable mold should
be mixed with it ( iialf soil and half manure). Sow the seed, covering it liglitly with
soil, give the young plants shade, and water them regularly once every evening.
Seeds will germinate in from six to eight weeks or i)o.ssil)ly not for twelve weeks.
When the seedlings are 4 to 6 inches high they should be removed to another bed
and planted al)out 6 to 8 inches apart. AVhen they attain 1 to 2 feet high they are
ready to i)lant in the field about (5 to 12 feet apart, according to the nature of the
soil, and should be i)lanteil in rainy weather. In planting, the bull) of the plant
only should be covered and not the stem; in poor soils, holes are necessary about 1
foot deep and U feet wide which are filled with surface soil, mixed with cow-dung
manure or vegetable mold. Care should be taken to keep the nursery thoroughly
free from weeds." ( ]\'illiam.)

6447. Ertthroxylon coca. Coca.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Receive<l tlirough J. 1*. William t*c Bros., May 17,
1901.

Huanacn. " This plant is a native of tropical South America; it thrives from the
sea level ujj to 5,000 feet and over. Tlie large leaved Umtnucu variety is especially
suited to elevations from 2,000 feet and upward." ( ]Villiam, )

6448. Croton tiglium. Croton oil tree.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., May 17,
1901.

"This tree grows even in the poorest soil or abandoned coffee plantations from the
sea level up to ;^,000 feet and over. Once a week a coolie shakes the tree and i>icks
up from the ground what pods have fallen off, then drops the pods in the sun, shells
them, and gives another drying, which is all that is required. A net profit of about
1 shilling a tree per annum has been realized from full-grown trees." ( WiUinm. )

6449. Santalum album. Sandalwood.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., May 17,
1901.

"This tree yields the sandalwood of commerce. The same tree produces both the
white and yellow sandalwood, the last being the inner part of the tree and very hard
and fragrant, especially near the roots. The tree grows from sea level up to 5,000
feet on red and stony soils, and among rocks where the soil is good. The i>rincij)al
item of forest revenue in Mysore is sandalwood. The export to Eurojje and other
countries is yearly increasing." ( William.)

6450. Aleurites triloba. Candle nut.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., May 17,
1901.

"Oil from the large seeds of this tree is much used for lamps under the name of
' Kekuna' oil; also in painting as a drying oil. In the manufacture of soap it replaces
cocoanut oil at Othahiti. The cultivation is easy, the culture being possible from the
sea level up to 2,000 feet altitude." ( William. )

6451. Artocakpus integrifolia. Honey Jack.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., M'av 17,
1901.

"The fruits of this tree, including the seeds, are used as food in various ways, and
are highly esteemed Vjy the natives. '1 he fruits weigh as much as 100 pounds. The

88 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

timber is largely used for all kinds of furniture and building purposes. It is also
largely exported to Europe. A full-grown old tree is worth £5 and upward. Tliis is
one of the best shade trees for coffee, cocoa, and cardamons, and from tlie sea level up
to 2,000 feet its fallen leaves enrich the soil. The demand for jackwood timber is
yearly increasing, as well as the price. Leaves are excellent fodder for cattle, goats,
and sheep." ( William. )

6452. Sapindus trifoliatus.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., May 17,
1901.

6453 to 6460. Eriobotrya japonica. Loquat.

From Mustapha Superieur, near Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Rev. Ewyn
Arkwright, from Villa Themely, through AV. T. Swingle. Scions obtained in
June, 1900. Grafted trees shipped April 13, 1901; received May 18, 1901.

"This valuable collection of loquats comprises most of the large sorts which have
originated in Algeria, where much attention has been paid recently to this valuable
fruit. Single fruits of some of these varieties weighed 59 grams, or something over
two ounces. There are differences in the time of ripening as well as in the size and
flavor of these varieties." (Svnngle.)

6453. 6457.

Don Carlos. . Olivier.

6454. 6458.

Baronne Hall. Scala.

6455. 6459.

St. Michel, long. Si. Michel, round.

6456. 6460.

Marcadal. Narbonne.

6461 to 6468. Ficus carica. Fig.

From Roui'ba, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

" This collection embraces the principal varieties of figs which are grown at Damascus,
and was secured by the French consul there on February 14, 1895. They were sent
to Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist, Algeria, who planted them at Rouiba in
March, 1895. The original notes which accompanied the varieties and which, pre-
sumably, were prepared by the French consul are given under each of the numbers."
{Swingle. )

6461.

Kaab el Ghazal. Fruit medium size, white, yellow outside, of the color of
honey inside, splitting open when ripe.

6462.

Sultani. Fruit large, yellow outside, red inside, splitting open at maturity.
An early variety.

6463.

Mamari (labeled if en«oj?t, probably erroneously). Fruit niedium size, yel-
low outside, red inside, splitting open when ripe. A late variety.

6464.

Malaki blanc. Fruit large, yellow, white outside, red inside; does not split
open when ripe.

SEPTKMBER, 19()0, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 80

6461 to 6468 C'ontimiod.
6465.

Sultaiiie. Grows on dry lands. Fruit medium size, yellow outside, white
inside, splitting open when ripe.

6466.

Malahi (labeled }fnmki, probably erroneously). Fruit large, yellow outside,
honey colored inside, splitting open when ripe.

6467.

BaaJ'w. Fruit ; lall, green outside, red in;jide; does not split ojien when
ripe.

6468.

Hamari. This variety is not included in the descriptive list of varieties fur-
nished by the French consul to Dr. Trabut.

6469 to 6471. Ficus carica. Fig

From Kabylia, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, (Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

6469.

AbakoHT ameUal (mrly white). "A tig from Kabylia, a good fig-growing
region, said to produce two crops a year, brebas and ligs." (Siriuyle und
Scofield. )

6470.

Aberkan (black). "A fig from Kabylia, a good lig-growing region, said to
produce two crops a year, brebaa and figs." {Swingle and Scofield. )

6471.

Yomef blanche. "A fig from Kabylia found by General You.sef at time of
conquest, 1830-45." {^mngle and Scofield.)

6472. Ficus carica. Fig.

From Rouiba, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle andC. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Figuier de Smyrne. "An unnamed Smyrna fig obtained by Doctor Trabut through
the French consul some years ago. {Sivingle and Scofield. )

6473. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Rouiba, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government ?>otanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

"A wild caprifig having short flat fruits." {Scofield. )

6474. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Rouiba, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

"A wild caprifig having long fruits." {Scofield.)

6475. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Received through Mr. C. S. Scofield, May 17, 1901.

Hamma. "A very valuable variety growing by a stone quarry above the Jardin
d'Essai du Hamma, near Algiers. Bears large quantities of winter-generation capri-
figs {mamme). It is probably from this tree that the Blastophaga was introduced
into California in 1899. It bears abundant profichi also." {Swingle. )

90 SEEDS AND PLAKTS IMPORTED.

6476. Ficus CARiCA. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Received through Mr. C. S. Scofield, May 17, 1901.

"Growing at the stone quarry above Jardin d'Essai du Hanima, near Algiers.
Did not hold winter fruits well." {Scofield. )

6477. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Biskra, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. W. T. Swingle, May 15, 1900. Grown
one year at Algiers. Received May 17, 1901.

Lmidi (?). "Cuttings from tree in a garden in old Biskra." (Swingle.)

6478. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Chetma oasis, near Biskra, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. AY. T. Swingle,
May 14, 1900. Grown one year at Algiers. Received May 17, 1901.

Bsikri. "Cuttings from a tree in a garden." {Stcingle. )

6479. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Biskra, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. W. T. Swingle, May 15, 1900. Grown
one year at Algiers. Received May 17, 1901.

Bsikri. "Cuttings from a tree in garden in Old Biskra." {Swingle.)

6480. Ficus carica. Fig.

From Biskra, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. W. T. Swingle, May 15, 1900. Grown
one year at Algiers. Received May 17, 1901.

Choer. ' ' Cuttings from a fig tree growing in the road running south along the west
side of Biskra oasis. Probably of no great value." {Swingle. )

6481. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Hamma. The same as No. 6475.

6482. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

AVild fig, with entire leaves from stone quarry above the Jardin d'Essai du
Hamma, near Algiers.

6483. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

"A variety of caprifig from M. Eymes de Cheffi." {Swingle and Scofield.)

6484. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Sultani The same as No. 6462.

6485. Ficus carica. Caprifig

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented I
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and

Yousouf blanche. The same as No. 6471

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. AV. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. *,)1

6486. Ficus CARiCA. Caprifig.

FiDin Al^'it'is, Al^'cria. Prcsi'titeil by Dr. L. Tralmt, <i<i\orniiu'iil Ht)taiii.>it,
tlirougli .Mtvs-'rf'. \V. T. Swingle ami "C. S. Scotiehl. RcH'i'ive<l -May 17, 1!K)1.

Hamari. The same as No. 6468.

6487. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Aliriers, Al'rt'Ha. Presented by Pr. L. Tral)nt, (government l?i>tanist,
through Messr^'. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Seotield. Keeeived May 17. liH)l.

Bela7nie.

6488. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Chetma oai^is, near Biskra, Algeria. Obtaine<l by ^Ir. W. T. Swingle,
May 14, 1900. (irown one year at Algiers. Received May 17, 1901.

Booung. "A late sort considered of fourth quality. Cuttings from a tree in a
garden . ' ' {Swingle. )

6489. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presentetl bv Dr. L. Tral)ut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scotield. Received May 17, 1901.

Figue de VArchipel {Archipelago Jig).

6490. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Olitained bv Mr. W. T. Swingle. Received May 17,
1901.

Bourlicr. "A variety nnich jtrized by thi' Kaliyle fig growers who come 15 miles
or more to Reghaia to M. Bourlier's farm to get the fruits to use in caprifying tigs."
{Sivingle. )

6491. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabnt, Government Botani.st,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scotield. Received May 17, 1901.

}falaki iioir (labeled ^fas(tk•i noir, probably erroneoiisly). Fruit large, violet-col-
ored without, red within, not splitting open at maturity. A late variety.

6492. Iris unguicularis. Iris.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Rev. Ewvn Arkwright, through Mr. C. S.
Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Iris stylosa {while sport). " A very handsome white sport of this curious iris (also
called Iris stylosa), which bears its fruit capsules at or just below the surface of the
ground. The flowers have a tube S to 12 inches long which serves to sujiport them
at the level of the ends of the leaves differing widely from the ordinary species where
the tubes are short and the flowers attached to two stems." {Sivingle.)

6493. Ficus carica. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented bv Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Abakour amclab{?) or Abacour amclale.

6494. Ficus sakoui. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W, T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901,

92 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6495. Ficus CARICA. Tig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scotield. Received May 17, l&Ol.

Abakour aberkan {early black) .

6496. Ficus carica. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Yousouf. " A fig from Kabylia, found by General Yousef at the time of the French
conquest, 1830-1845. ' ' ( Swingle and Scofield. )

6497. Ficus carica. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Mamari or Mennoni. "An early fig from Damascus obtained by Doctor Trabut
through the French consul some years ago. " (See No. 6463. ) {Swingle and Scofield. )

6498. Ficus carica. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Kaab el ghazal. See No. 6461.

6499. Ficus carica. Fig.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Aberkan or aberkane. "A fig from Kabylia, a good fig-growing region, said to pro-
duce two crops a year, brebas and figs." {Swingle and Scofield. )

6500. ViTis viNiFERA. Grape.

From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and C. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

SuUanie. "A white grape bearing large bunches of fruit suitable for table use or
for making a kind of port or Madeira wine." {Scofield. )

6501. ViTis VINIFERA. Grrape.
From Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,

through Messrs. W. T. Swingle and 0. S. Scofield. Received May 17, 1901.

Snti/riia seedless raisin. /

6502 and 6503.

(Numbers not utilized.)

6504. AcTiNiDiA sp.

From Ruling, China. Received through Dr. G. D. Brill (No. 7), May 17, 1901.
"Will grow at an elevation of 3,500 feet and over." {Brill.)

6505. ViTis ROMANETi. "Wild grape.

From Ruling, China. Received through Dr. G. D. Brill (No. 8), May 17, 1901.
"Thorny grape, which bears large clusters of good-sized, black berries." {Brill.)

6506.

(Number not utilized. )

SEITEMBER, liHX), To DECKMBKK, 1903. 93

6507 to 6646.

From China. Received through Dr. G. D. Brill, May 17, 1901.

A collection of seeds anil plants inadi' (Inrinjj; an extended trip through China in
1900. The notes reganling the various nniuhers are i-opied from letters written dur-
ing this period, no separate descriptive list of the various introductions having been
furnishetl. Doctor Brill's numbei-s are given.

6507. PvRUS sp. I*ear.

From Ichang. "Small and medium, russet colored around the half near the
stem. Rest of skin covered with russetdota. Skin coarse, tlesh firm." ( No. 10. )
[Brill.)

6508. Pyris sp. Pear.

From Ichang. "Medium sized, drum-shaped, skin yellow and dotted." (No.
11.) (Brill.)

6509. Pyrus sp. Pear.
From Ichang. (No. 12.)

6510. Pyrus sp. Pear.
From Ichang. (No. 13. )

6511. Pyrus sp. Pear.
From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 14. )

6512. Pyris sp. Pear.
From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 15.)

6513. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 16. ) "Fruit medium small, skin white
to greenish, fruit flattened-round. Flesh dry, quality i)oor." [Brill.)

6514. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 17.) "Aflat pear, reddish in color."
[Brill.)

6515. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 18.) " Fruit medium small, skin white
to greenish, fruit flattened-round. Flesh dry, quality poor." [Brill.)

6516. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 19.) "Ripens in September; a longer
and larger pear than the Kieffer; of similar shape, but smoother; color, rich
golden yellow; quality, good; free from w^oody tissue; very handsome; often
weighs I5 pounds." [Brill.)

6517. Py'rus sp. tear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 20.) "Large, but of poor quality; skin
brown-russet color, with corky dots the size of sesame seeds; good baked."
[Brill.)

6518. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 21.) "Very large; cavity at stem deep;
coarse flesh. ' ' ( Brill. )

6519. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity o chang. (No. 22. )

94 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6507 to 6646— Continued.

6520. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 23.) "Ripens very early: small-medi-
um; flat; color yellow-green; slightly acid." {Brill.)

6521. Pyrus sp. Pear.

From the \ncinity of Ichang. ( Xo. 24. ) " Size large ; larger around at stem
end than blossom "end; very sweet and good; texture fine. Chinese say it is
'cooling.'" (Brill.)

6522. DiosPYROs kaki. Japanese persimmon.

From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 25.) "Small fruited." (Brill.)

6523. DiosPYROs kaki. Japanese persimmon.
From the \-icinity of Ichang. (No. 26.) "Large fruited." (Brill.)

6524. DiosPYROS kaki. Japanese persimmon.

From Wuchang. (No. 27.) "Small, rather pointed, red; flesh firm and of
good quality, not astringent." (Brill.)

6525. DiosPYROs kaki. Japanese persimmon.

From Wuchang. (No. 28.) "Large, red persimmon, rather pointed. Simi-
lar to No. 6524, only three times the size." (Brill.)

6526. DIOSPYROS kaki. Japanese persimmon.

From Wuchang. (No. 29.) "Small, vellow; not as good as the red."
(Brill.)

6527. DiosPYROS kaki. Japanese persimmon.

From Wuchang. (No. 30.) "Large, flat, ridged, yellow, slightly astrin-
gent; has a crease around its greatest diameter as though a string had ^en
tied around it before it was fully ripe." (Brill. )

6528. PYRU.S sp. Apple.
From Wuchang. (No. 31.) " Each tree has buds of three varieties. A soft

mealy apple, resembling a Hyslop crab. Of good size and firm flesh. A vari-
ety cultivated for flowers." (Brill.)

6529. Pkixus cer.\sus. Cherry.

From Wuchang. (No. 32.) "Tree small. Fruit rather small, pointed, yel-
lowish-red. Ripens at end of April. Never allowed to attain full size before
being picked . " ( Brill. )

6530. Castaxea sp. Chestnut.

From Hankow. (No. 33.) "Propagated by root cuttings. Large nuts.
Tree bears very young, at from 5 to 7 feet." (Brill.)

6531. Prunts sp.

From Ichang. (No. 34.) " Came to me as a peach. Chinese name is for
cherry." (Brill.)

6532. Pyri-s sp. Tear.
From the vicinity of Ichang. (No. 35.) " Same as No. 6507." (Brill.)

6533. Castaxea sp. Chestnut.

From Ichang. (No. 36.) "Root cuttings of a tree bearing large nuts.
Bears early and the tree does not grow large." [Brill. )

6534. Pruxus armexi.a.ca. Apricot.
From Ichang. (No. 37.) " Large and late." (Brill.)

SEPTEMBER, liHX), TO DKCEMBEK, VMi. 95

6507 to 6646— Continued.
6535.

^NuinlH'r not ntilize<l.)

6536. rKiNUs ^>. Plum.

From Siii Tseo, aliovo Hankow. (No. 39.) "Pointtnl, nHl(lisli-\ cllow,
sweet; tlesh dings to the stoue." (Brill.)

6537. l'iuNi-8 sp. Plxim.
From Ichang. (No. 40.)

6538. Pkunus sp. Plum.
From Ichang. (No. 41.)

6539. Prunus sp. Plum.
From Ichang. (No. 42.)

6540. Pruxvs sp. Plum.
From Sai Tseo, above Hankow. (No. 43.)

6541. Amy(;dalus peiwka. Peach.

From Sai Tseo, above Hankow. (No. 44.) "Flat, free.stone, ripens in
May." {Brill.)

6542. A.MVcin.ALis rEK.sKA. Peach.

From near Sai Tseo, above Hankow. (No. 4.^.) " White, fine fleshed, flat,
freestone, ripening the middle of May." {Brill.)

6543. Amygdalus pkrsica. Peach.

From Sai Tseo. (No. 46.) " Long, rather pointed, red-fleshed, freestone."
{Brill.)

6544. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From Sai Tseo. (No. 47. ) " Medium size, flat, freestone, ripening in May."

{Brill.)

6545. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From Sai Tseo. (No. 48.) "Flat, freestone, quality very good. Ripens in
June." {Brill.)

6546. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Sai Tseo. (No. 49.) "Large, round, with deep suture down one
side. Flesh, red. Ripens in August." {Brill.)

6547. Amygdalus persica. Peach.
From Ichang. (No. 50.) " White peach." (Brill.)

6548. Amy'gdalus persica. Peach.
From the mountains above Ichang. (No. 50a.)

6549. ZizYPHUs JUJUBA. Chinese date.

From Ichang. (No. 50a.) "Much used for preserves by drying in sugar
or sirup. Also eaten fresh." (Brill.)

6550. ViciA FABA. Broad bean.

From Hankow. (No. 51.) "Large flat bean, a few in a pod. Used for
food green and dry. Planted in October or December. " (Brill.)

29861— No. 66—05 7

96 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6507 to 6646 — Continued.

6551. PisuM SATIVUM. Pea.

From the valley of Hankow. (No. 52.) "Much resembles the Canadian
field pea. Tender ends of shoots, pods, and the peas, green and drv, are used
for food." (Brill.)

6552. PisuM SATIVUM. Pea.
From the mountains near Hankow. (No. 53.)

6553. ViciA sp. (?) Pea.

From Ichang. (No. 54.) " Grown 1,000 to 3,000 feet above river. Taller
than the others. Much used as food by boat ' trackers.' " {Brill.)

6554. ViciA sp. (?)

From Chiu Niu, near Hankow. (No. 55.) "Used as a green manure for
rice fields. Sown in October to November and plowed under in April. Larger
than No. 6555." {Brill.)

6555. ViciA CRACCA. Vetch.

- From Wusuel. (No. 56.) "Used especially as a green manure for rice
fields. Sown in September to November. Often among the late rice, beans,
or buckwheat. '" ' {Brill. )

6556. Glycine iiispida. Soy bean.

(No. 57.) " Much used for bean curd and oil all over central China. Prob-
ably as many of these are grown as all the other varieties together." {Brill.)

6557. ViGNA catjang. Cowpea.

From Hankow. ( No. 58. ) " Is ground with water into a paste and pressed
into long strings, which are dried and boiled in water." {Brill.)

6558. Glycine hispida. Soy bean.

From Hankow. (No. 59. ) " Used for bean curd and oil. Considered better
than No. 6556." {Brill.)

6559. Glycine hispida. . Soy bean.

From beyond Chiu Niu. (No. 60.) " Planted between the rows of rice and
ripening late in the fall, after the rice is harvested. Used the same as No.
6556, only quality poorer. Will grow on very wet land." {Brill. )

6560. Glycine hispida. Soy bean.

From bej'ond Chiu Niu. (No. 61.) "Planted and used the same as No.
6559. Planted in July or August." {Brill.)

6561. Glycine hispida. Soybean.

From Hankow. (No. 62.) "A black bean, used for same purposes as
Nos. 6559 and 6560, but of better qualitv. Not planted with other crops."
{Brill.)

6562. Phaseolus mungo-radiatus. Gram.

(No. 63.) " Planted on the banks of rice fields and in odd corners. Will
grow in hard -baked soils. Used in the same way as No. 6557." {Brill. )

6563. ViGNA CAT.IANG. Cowpea.

(No. 64.) "Grows to a height of four feet or more. Used for food."
{Brill.)

6564. Phaseolus .mungo. Gram.

From Ichang. (No. 65.) "Grows on the mountains between the Indian
corn. Largelv takes the place of rice; is also cooked with vegetables before
fully dry." {Brill.)

SEPTEMBER, liKH), TO DECEMBEK, lW.i. 1)7

6507 to 6646 -Contimiod.

6565. I'liASEOLUH viLGAKis. Bean.
From Ichang. (No. 66.) "A climber. Used as a snap bean." {Brill.)

6566. VicNA CATJANO. Cowpea.

From Hankow. (No. 67.) "These peas are often ground to a paste with
water and fried in a hot kettle, forming a huge paiu-ake." {Brill.)

6567. ViGNA CATJANG. - Cowpea.

From Hankow. (No. 68.) " Long-pndded bush lu'an. I'sod ahuost entirely
green as a snap bean. It is planted early in the spring in cold frames after
being soaked in water, then transplanted." {Brill.)

6568. ViGNA c.\TJANG. Cowpea.
From Hankow. (No. 69.) "Same as No. 6567, except a climljer, trained

on a trellis." {Brill.)

6569. DoLiCHOs lablab. Bean.

( No. 70. ) "A great trailer. Usually planted above banks or fences. A pro-
fuse bearer of flat pods, which later' are used green as snap beans. Late
variety." {Brill.)

6570. Canavalia ensiformis. Jack bean.

(No. 71.) "A great climber; strong grower. Often planted around the
houses for shade. Pods over 1 foot long, containing about nine large beans.
Pods are cut up and eaten green, and also salted. Beans are very good, but
expensive. ' ' ( Brill. )

6571. Astragalus sinicus. Genge clover.

(No. 72. ) "A cloverlik(> plant, sown from September to Decend)er. Plowed
under in April as a green manure for rice. Grows to a height of U to 22 feet.
Has many tubercles on the roots and will grow in very wet land. Reseeds itself
on the overflowed lands." {Brill.)

6572. Gymnocladis chinensis. Soap tree.

(No. 73.) "Large tree. The pods are pounded to a paste and used as a
soap. They have the smell of rancid butter. Seeds are used as a dye."
{Brill.)

6573. Zea mays. Corn.

From the mountains above Ichang. (No. 74.) "Has been grown there
for 200 years or more. Originally from America. Resists drought well. Much
used as food. ' ' ( Brill. )

6574. Zea mays. Corn.

From the mountains above Ichang. (No. 75.) , (Same as No. 6573, except
in color. )

6575. Oryza sativa. Rice.
From Hankow. (No. 76.) "A glutinous rice, very much like No. 6577. It

is planted a little earlier and will ripen in two weeks less time." {Brill. )

6576. Ory'za sativa. Rice.

(No. 77.) "A glutinous rice sown in May and harvested in November.
Very productive. ' ' ( Brill. )

6577. Ory'za sativa. Rice.

(No. 78.) "A glutinous rice with red or brown hulls, which are quite
easily separated from the kernels. Rather late in ripening." {Brill.)

98 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6507 to 6646— Continued.

6578. Oryza sativa. Rice.

(No. 79.) "A glutinous rice, ripening a little eariier than No. 6584. The
hull is very thin and gives a large proportion of hulled rice. Hulls very long.
Mostly used for making candy." {Brill.)

6579. Oryza sativa. Rice.

(No. 80.) "A hard rice that does not swell a great deal in cooking. Sown
in May, transplanted in June, harvested in September. Hulls thin, giving a
large per cent of clean rice." {Brill. )

6580. Oryza sativa. Rice.
(No. 81.) "A hard rice with long awns and brown, thick chaff." {Brill.)

6581. Oryza sativa. Rice.

(No. 82. ) "Around, short-grained, glutinous rice, with small, compact
heads. Ripens a week earlier than No. 6578, or about the middle of July."
{Brill.)

6582. Oryza sativa. Rice.

(No. 83.) "Straw large and coarse. Hull quite thick. Best rice of this
section." {Brill.)

6583. Oryza sativa. Rice.

(No. 84.) "A hard rice; straw short and small, but tough; hulls thin;
yields well." {Brill.)

6584. Oryza sativa. Rice.

(No. 85. ) "Grows 3J to 4 feet high. The seed is sown in March and it is
ripe in July. Field is then flooded after harve.st and suckers start out which
produce a smaller crop in September. Yields heavy crop of good rice. More
of this is sown than of any other variety around Hankow." {Brill.)

6585. Oryza sativa. Rice.
From Ichang. (No. 86.) "A brown-hulled rice." {Brill.)

6586. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Ichang. (No. 87.) "It is said to ripen three months from sowing
the seed." {Brill.)

6587. Ory'za sativa. Rice.
From Ichang. (No. 88.)

6588. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Shasi. (No. 89.) "A glutinous rice sown on the overflowed lands.
The plants are said to stand an excess of water and to keep their heads above
it better than any other variety." {Brill. )

6589. Chaetochloa italica. Millet.

From Sai Tseo. ( No. 90. ) " Much used by the people as porridge in place
of rice in the north of the province." {Brill. )

6590. Chaetochloa italica. Millet.
From Sai Tseo. (No. 91.) "Used in same way as No. 6589." {Brill.)

6591. Chaetochloa italica. Millet.

From Ichang. (No. 92.) "Grown in the mountains and much used as a
substitute for rice. " {Brill.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, li»oa. 99

6507 to 6646 — Continued.

6592. Chaetochloa italica. Millet.

From Ichang. (No. 93.) " Has the same use as No. r)591, hut is sai<l t«> l)e
of a different variety." {Brill.)

6593. Chaetochloa italica. Millet.

From Ichang. (No. 94.) ".Said to be more ghitinou.s than No.s. (3591 and
6592." {Brill.)

6594. Chaetochloa italica. Millet.
From the plains above Hankow. (No. 95.)

6595. Sesamum indiccm. Sesame.

From Hankow. (No. 96.) " Black variety, much used for oil; seeds also
used in candy and cake; oil is considered the best of all for cooking." {Brill. )

6596. Sesamum ixdiccm. Sesame.

(No. 97.) "White variety, used the same as No. 6595, but grown in much
larger quantities. The oil is considered better than any other vegetiible oil
for cooking. P]xported to France and Germany in large iiuantities. ' ' ( Brill. )

6597. HoRDEUM vuLGARE. Barley.

From Chiu Niu, near Hankow. (No. 98.) "Boiled with rice or boiled and
eaten in place of rice." {Brill.)

6598. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From near Hankow. (No. 99. ) "Fish-headed wheat, with small, compact
heads." {Brill.)

6599. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.
From near Hankow. (No. 100.) "Long-headed wheat." {Brill.)

6600. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

(No. 101.) " Variety most sown on the plains after the summer overflow
of the river." {Brill.)

6601. HoRDECM vulgare. Barley.

From below Hankow. (No. 102. ) ' ' Largely used here for feeding horses. ' '
{Brill. )

6602. Fagopyrum esculentum. Buckwheat.

(No. 103.) " Sown in August or September. Said to be different from No.

6603. Called sweet buckwheat." {Brill.)

6603. Fagopyrum esculentum. Buckwheat.
(No. 104.) "Sown early in the spring and called bitter buck wheat." {Brill.)

6604. Andropogon sorghum. Sorghum.

From Hankow. ( No. 105. ) " Grows to a height of 12 feet or more. Planted
on land too dry for rice. Used for distilling, and refuse is used for pigs and
cattle. In some places used for human food." {Brill.)

6605. Raphanus sativus. Radish.

From Hankow. (No. 106.) " Sown from September to November. Grows
all winter." {Brill.)

100 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

6507 to 6646 — Continued.

6606. Abutilon avicennae. Chinese hemp.

From Hankow. (No. 107.) "Much used for the manufacture of rope and
coarse bagging. The plant is cut, tied in small bundles, and packed in mud
or water for about five days. The bark is then stripped off by hand and
washed, and it is then ready for market." {Brill. )

6607. Brassica juncea. Chinese mustard.

From AVuchang. (No. 108.) "This seed is planted in August or September.
Young jjlants are then transplanted to rows about 1 to 3 feet apart. The best
is grown about Wuchang. Flower stalks are cut all winter continuously.
They are eaten much like asparagus. Color, purple, but said to change to
green after a season or two if the seed is planted in any other place." {Brill. )

6608. HovENiA DULCis. Raisin tree.

From Hupeh Province. (No. 109.) "Large, handsome tree. The thick-
ened, sweet seed stems are sold on the street, and the Chinese eat them after
feasts of wine, saying they prevent the wine from making them drunk."
{Brill.)

6609. Pterocarya stenoptera. Wing- nut.

From Hankow. (No. 100a.) "Large, quick -growing, soft-wooded tree,
growing along streams. Planted on the Hankow Bend." {Brill.)

6610. Brassica pe-tsai. Chinese cabbage.

From Hsiang Yang. (No. 102a. ) " Best cabbage of central China. Shipped
down the river Han to Hankow in large quantities. Its successful growth
appears limited to certain localities. Seeds sown late in April, then trans-
planted. A month before maturity a rice straw is often tied around the head
to make it more compact." {Brill.)

6611. Brassica PE-TSAI. Chinese cabbage.

From Hsiang Yang. (No. 103a. ) "Same as No. 6610, only a larger variety."
{Brill.)

6612. Raphanus sativus. Radish.

From Sui Chow. (No. 104a.) "Round, globe shaped, smooth, fine red
color. Called a turnip by the Chinese and cooked in the same way." {Brill.)

6613. Brassica juncea. Chinese mustard.

From Sui Chow. (No. 105a. ) "Top and root are salted much the same as
sauerkraut and sold in all large towns. ' ' ( Brill. )

6614. Brassica juncea. Chinese mustard.

(No. 106a.) "Produces very large leaves which are wilted in the sun and
then pickled with salt. May be valuable as a food for sheep." {Brill.)

6615. Daucus carota. Carrot.

(No. 107a.) "Medium long, yellow. Sow'n in autumn and generally dug
all winter." {Brill.)

6616. Spinacia oleracea. Spinach.
( No. 108a. ) ' ' Much used all winter. ' ' {Brill. )

6617. Chrysanthemum coKONAEiUM. Edible chrysanthemum.
(No. 109a.) "A plant much used, cooked with other vegetables." {Brill.)

6618. Lactuca sativa. Lettuce.

(No. 110.) "Stalk becomes much thickened and succulent, and is cooked
as a vegetable. Leaves used only by very poor people.. Foreign varieties are
used around the ports." {Brill.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 101

6507 to 6646— Continued.

6619. Artemisia sp.

{ No. Ill . ) " Used as greens, cooked. ' ' ( Brill. )

6620. CucuRBiTA PEPo. Squash.

(No. 112.) "Long, green skinned, smooth. Flesh very white. Often
weighs 65 pounds or more. Shipped to Hankow in large quantities. ' ' ( Brill. )

6621. CucuRBiTA PEPO. Squash.
(No. 113.) "Thick, fine skinned, dark yellow, very irregular in shape.

Flesh thick, firm, and yellow." {Brill.)

6622. Brassica juncea. Chinese mustard.
(No. 114.) "A large mustard that might have value for shee[) food."

{Brill.)

6623. l.NDKiOKEKA TINCTORIA. ludlgO.

(No. 115.)

6624. Polygonum sp.

(No. 116.) " Very dark color." {Brill.)

6625. Sapium sebiferum. Tallow tree.

From Hankow. (No. 117.) "Seeds used for wax. Coating around the
seed much harder than that in it. Tree has hard white wood, even grained.
Used for carving, incense, etc. Much of the tallow is exported from Hankow."
{Brill.)

6626. Avexa sp. Wild oat.
(No. 118.) "Growswildorniiv'<l with barley. Has long awns." {Brill.)

6627. RuBus sp. Raspberry.

From Yang Tse Gorges, above Kuei Fu. (No. 119.) "Strong g'-ower, pro-
lific bearer. Fruit red, of good size and good flavor." {Brill. )

6628. RuBUs sp. Raspberry.

From near Ruling, near Kukiang. (No. 120. ) "Said to be good as to size
and quality. ' ' ( Brill. )

6629. Amygdalus persica. Peach.
(No. 121.) "Stones of several varieties." {Brill.)

6630. Prunus armeniaca. Apricot.
(No. 122.) "Stones of several varieties." {Brill.)

6631. Prunus cerasus (?). Cherry.
(No. 123.)

6632. Canna sp. Canua.
From Wau Hsien. (No. 124.) "Growing wild." {Brill.)

6633. Thea viridis. Tea.
From Yang To Seng. (No. 125.) " Seed from one of the best tea districts

of China." {Brill.)

6634. Castanea sp. Chestnut.

(No. 126.) "Seed mixed, large and medium." {Brill.)

102 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6507 to 6646 — Continued.

6635. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From mountains near Ichang. (No. 127.) "Flowers late, fruit ripens in
September. Freestone. Fruit small and quite hairy." {Brill.)

6636. Citrus aueantium. Orange.
(No. 128. ) "Three varieties of orange seed." {Brill.)

6637. BoEUMERiA nivea. Ramie.
From near Wuchang. (No. 129. )

6638. BoEHMEBiA NIVEA. Ramie.

From Hunan. (No. 130.) "These roots are from some brought from the
best plantations of Hunan for the Viceroy Chang Chi Teng. Hunan is sup-
posed to produce some of the best fiber of China." {Brill. )

6639. [Unidentified plant.]

From Loo Ho Ko, on Han River. (No. 131.) "Is cooked much as white
potatoes are. Grown from pieces of the root." {Brill.)

6640. Citrus aurantium. Orange.
From Ichang. (No. 132.)

6641. Citrus limonum. liemon.

From Ichang. (No. 133. ) "Very juicy, fragrant, full of seeds, large, round,
thick-skinned. Used by Chinese as a medicine." {Brill.)

6642. Citrus nobilis. Mandarin orange.

From Wuchang. (No. 13-1.) " Medium size, loose-skinned orange, sligjitlv
sour." - {Brill.)

6643. Citrus medica. Citron.
From Wuchang. (No. 135. ) "Tight-skinned, round orange." {Brill.)

6644. Citrus nobilis. Mandarin orange.
From Wuchang. (No. 136. ) "Large, loose-skinned." {Brill.)

6645. Citrus decumana. Pomelo.
From Ichang. (No. 137.) "Small, white-fleshed."

6646. Citrus decu.maxa. Pomelo.

From Ichang. (No. 138.) "Small, red-fleshed. Considered the best."
{Brill.)

6647. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla, through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 533, February 12, 1901). Received May 21, 1901.

"A striking variety of orange which is extremely light in color, and according to
Mr. Colla is called in Corfu ^Arancio con pello bianco.' May be of value for breeders."
( Fairchild. )

6648. Ficus CARiCA. Fig.

From Corfu, Greece, Presented bv Mr. Antonio Colla through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 536, February 12, 1901). Received May 21, 1901.

"A variety of fig ripening its fruits in February when no leaves are on the tree.
The fig is small, but very sweet, and it is very much relished by Europeans in Corfu.
It is not a drying fig. Known in Corfu as 'FIco di Fehbraio.' " ( Fairchild. )

SEPTEMliEK, iyO(l, TO DECEMBER, n)03. lU3

6649. Olea europaea. Olive.

From Corfu, (ireece. Presented hv Mr. Antonio Colla throuprh Mr. H. (i. Fair-
child (No. 5:55, February 12, 1901). Received May 21, 1901.

"A variety of olive which is said to ripen its fruit in July instead of in October
and at the sunie time to be a heavier yielder than tlie ordinary sorts jrrovvn in Corfu.
Called ' OUro dl Estate,' and I am assured by Mr. Colla, of Corfu, that this variety is
known only in a small part of the island of Corfu." {FairchiUi. )

6650. -luGLANS REGiA. Walnut.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child (No. 531, February 12, 1901). Received May 21, 1901.

"A very large variety of walnut grown at Paleocastritza, near the town of Corfu.
The nut is of (juite unusual proportions and the shell is saitl to be of only medium
thickness. The thin skin of the kernel is also said to be less bitter than that of ordi-
nary varieties." (Fairchihl.)

6651. JuGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Corfu, Greece. Presented by Mr. Antonio Colla through Mr. D. G.
Fairchild (No. 532, February 12, 1901). Received May 21, 1901.

"A variety of walnut having a shell so thin that it splits open of it.«elf as the
exocarp or outer covering dries, ex^iosiu}' the kernel within. An interesting house
nut, but jirobably of little commercial value. May, howeve^, be excellent for breed-
i ng pu ri)oses. ' ' ( Fairch ild. )

6652. JuGLANS REGIA. Walnut.
From Corfu, Greece. Received May 21, 1901.

(No data.)

6653. LiNUM usiTATissiMUM. Flax.

From Kafr-el-Zavat, Egvpt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 607,
April 18, 1901)", May 21, 1901.

" The native Egyptian flax which, according to Mr. Bonaparte's experiments near
Cairo, is much inferior to the Belgian imported variety. I can not say positively
that this Egyptian variety used by Bonaparte was identical with this seed sent. The
stems are long, not blanched near the ground, but of quite miniature and slender size
compared with that from Belgian seed. For breeders only." {Fairchild.)

6654. Citrus limonum. Lemon.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 608, April 18,
1901), May 21, 1901.

Lemon beledi. "A native Egyptian lemon which is not grafted, l)ut grown from
seed. It comes true to seed, or reasonably so at any rate. It is a thin-skinned,
very juicy variety and is keenly appreciated in Egypt, although a good Syrian variety
is common there. This is valued for its great juiciness and wonderfully prolific
character." {Fairchild.)

6655. GossYPiUM sp. Cotton.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, May 21, 1901.

' ' Samples of a variety said to be growing wild in the Sudan, and also a sample from
the Province of Tokar, in the Sudan, grown from seed sent up there from Lower Egypt
last year to show the quality of Sudan-grown cotton." {Fairchild.)

6656. Pyrus malus. Apple.

Received through Hunter & Sons, Gosford, New South Wales, May 22, 1901.
Irish Peach.

104 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6657. Paulownia sp.

From China. Received through Dr. G. D. Brill (No. 101), May 17, 1901.

6658. HoRDEUM vuLGARE. Barley.

From the Han River, China. Received through Dr. G. D. Brill (No. 102^), May
17, 1901.

"From up the Han River, where it is used for food in place of rice." (Brill.)

6659. AcTiNiDiA sp.

From China. Received through Mr. G. D. Brill, May 17, 1901.

6660. Cryptomeria japonica.

From Japan. Received through Tokyo Seed and Plant Company, Yokohama,
May 22, 1901.

6661. Dalbergia sissoo.

From Cairo, Egvpt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 601, April 18,
1901), May 24", 1901.

"A rapidly growing, hard-wooded tree which is easily propagated by root cuttings.
It is a pretty ornamental for warm regions, with delicate foliage of light green, and
it is lookeil upon by the gardener near Cairo, Mr. Stamm, as one of the most promis-
ing avenue trees in Egypt. Personally I find that its shade-giving properties are too
scanty to recommend it for this purpose. It will <lo well as a park or garden tree,
however. It requires plenty of water and warmth." (Fairchild. )

6662. Rhamnus californica. Cascara sagrada.

Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.
The plant irom which the drug cascara of commerce is secured.

6663. Maurandia barclaiana.

Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

6664. Madia sativa.

Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

6665. Elaeagnus longipes. G-oumi.

Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

6666. Acacia retinodes (?).

Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.
In Kew Index synonymous with A. neriifolia.

6667. Euphorbia lathyris.

Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

6668. Sterculia diversifooa.

Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

6669. ViciA FABA. Broad bean.

Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

6670. ViciA GiGANTEA. Vetch.

Presented by Prof. Jos. Burtt Davy, Berkeley, Cal. Received May 27, 1901.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 105

6671. Cannabis indica. Hemp.

From Royal Botanniral Garden, Sibpur, Calcutta, India. RtHvivt-d Mav ;!1,
1901.

6672. Lartx LEPTOLEPis. Japanese larch.

From Japan. Received through Vilmorin Andrieux t<c Co., I'aris, i'laiice,
June 3, 1901.

6673 to 6678. Gossypium barbadense. Cotton.

From Cairo, Ejrvpt. Received thrDuyrh Mr. I). G. Faircliild (NO.s. (i(i()-t>t)."),
April 18, 1901), June 10, U»01.

"A collection of cottons which have been selected by Christian Stamm, of Cairo,
from fields of the Egyptian cotton and from his own experimental i>lats.

6673.
Mit Afifi. Selected cream color. First year of selection.

6674.

Very large growing variety, 2 to 2.50 meters higii, bearing very large cap-
sules. Grown in Stamm's garden in Cain).

6675.

J(ninorilrh. Cream colored, selected from Stamm's own garden.

6676.

The descendant of a cross between a variety .sent year l)efore last to Mr. II. J.
Webber and a variety called by Stamm "Berla." Shows tendency toward
cream color.

6677.

Bciia. Second generation. Selected from fields as the yellowest sort
among many thousands. The yield of this sort was very high, even double
that of many others grown in Stamm's garden.

6678.

"Wild cotton from Omdurman in the Sudan." {Fairchild.)

6679. Gossypium barbadense. Cotton.

From Shibin-el-Kanater, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, June
10, 1901.

Mit Afifi. Ordinary variety.

6680. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From ]Minieh, Egvpt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 634, May 5,
1901), June lOri 901.

Mishriki. "A very fine variety of this wheat which was exhibited last season at the
Khedivial Agricultural Society's show in Cairo, and which Mr. George P. Foaden, the
secretary of the society, remarked as the finest he has ever seen in Egypt. Secured
through Mr. Foaden's kindness from the grower in the province of Minieh, which
lies between the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth degrees of latitude. The wheat is
grown on irrigated land, and from all I can ascertaiji is remarkaljly pure, considering
how mixed almost all Egyptian wheats are. This wheat will probably not with-
stand the cold winters of the pi' "ns at all, but Avill very likely prove of great value
in Texas. It is a hard wheat, whose qualities for macaroni making are quite unknown.
Its yielding capacity, I believe, will prove satisfactory, although its resistance to rust,
I surmise, may not equal that of other Egyptian sorts, for I notice the heads sent
as samples are more or less rusted. Should be planted on soil receiving irrigation
and tried as a idnier w^heat in the Southwest on good, rich, stiff soil." {Fuirchild.)
(See No. 7016.)

106

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6681 to 6693.

From Alexandria, Egypt. Presented by the firm of B. Nathan & Co., through
Mr. D. G. Fairchild. Received June 10, 1901. A collection of seeds of culti-
vated plants gathered in the Sudan by one of the firm.

6681. AxDROPOGON SORGHUM. SoTghum.

Kusabee, Arabic name.

6682. Paxicum miliaceum (?).
" Coming from the River Dukhu." {Fairchild. )

6683. Sesamum indicum.

6684. GossYPiUM sp.
A mixed lot of seed of different races and even species.

6685. Andropogon sorghum.
' ' Very good quality. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

6686. Andropogon sorghum.
Aish Abou Girdeh, Arabic name.

6687. CicER arietinum.
Hummos, Arabic name.

6688. LupiNUS sp.
Tirmoos, Arabic name.

6689. Andropogon sorghum.
Hajiree, Arabic name.

6690. Andropogon sorghum.
Hamaisee, Arabic name.

6691. Andropogon sorghum.
Feterde, Arabic name.

6692. Panicum miliaceum (?).
Dukhu, Arabic name.

6693. Andropogon sorghum.
Safra, Arabic name.

Broora-corn millet.

Sesame.
Cotton.

Sorghum.

Chick-pea.

Lupine.

Sorghum.

Broom-corn millet.

Sorghum..

6694 to 6711.

From Pekin, China. Received through Dr. G. D. Brill, June 12, 1901. A col-
lection of seeds of cultivated plants, as follows:

6694. CucuMis sATivus.

Cucumber.

' ' This forcing cucumber is grown with heat during the winter. Many speci-
mens were from 1 foot to 18 inches long, very crisp, and of good quality. Each
had a small weight attached to it after it was an inch and a half long to keep
{Brill.)

Squash.
Eggplant.

it straight."

6695. CucuRBiTA sp.

6696. SOLANUM MELONGENA.

" Large, purple, of very fine quality." {Brill.)

6697. CuCUMIS MELO.

"Said to be of very good quality.

Muskmelon.

{Brill.)

SEITEMBKK, 1!MX), To DECEMHKR, liKYA. 107

6694 to 6711 — ContimuHl.

6698. CufiTRBiTA sp. Squash.

''Flesh verv white, iiiiK-h used bv Chinese, cooketl with meat or alone."
{Brill.)

6699. R.\PHANr8 sativus. Radish.

" l>ar>;e, red, flat variety, resembling a tuniii». Kept through the winter
and nuK-h eaten raw, aa well as cooked." {Brill.)

6700. Raphanus sativus. Radish.

6701. HAPnANTs .sATivrs. Radish.
' ' A winter variety." ( Brill. )

6702. Rapiianuh sativits. Radish.

"A forcing variety, grown under mat.'' or undtT benches in cucumber houses.
It is sold in bunche.s when small. Globe shai)e<l. It i.s also grown very thickly
and the young radishes are pulled when about to send out the third leaf. For

use in salads." {Brill.)

6703. Raphanus sativus. Radish.
"Small, long, red variety." {Brill.)

6704. Raphanus sativus. Radish.
' ' Long, white variety. ' ' ( Brill. )

6705. Brassica oleracea. Cabbage.

"A very long-headed cabbage, .3 to 5 inche.<5 in diameter. The quality is
said V)y foreigners to be excellent. Some say it has a very <lelicate flavor and
can be eaten without causing indigestion by people who can not eat the ' for-
eign' cabbage." {Brill.)

6706. Daucus carota. Carrot.

6707. Apium graveolens. Celery.

"Not very good in comparison with foreign varieties, but better than that of
central China." {Brill.)

6708. Cucurbita sp. Gourd.
" Hard shells used for drinking cups, etc." {Brill.)

6709. Panicum miliaceum. Broom-corn millet.

"Much used in the place of rice by the people around Pekin. Cooked as
porridge. ' ' ( Brill. )

6710. Andropogon sorghum. Sorghum,

"This is. much grown for human food around Pekin and is considered much
superior to the other varieties." {Brill.)

6711. Panicum miliaceum. Broom-corn millet.

"This variety is said to withstand drought well." {Brill.)

6712. CoFFEA ARABiCA. CofFee.

From Macassar, Celebes, Dutch East Indies. Presented by Mr. K. Auer, U. S.
Consular Agent at Macassar, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. (No.
385.) Received June 12, 1901.

Patjoe or Bonthain. A superior variety of coffee grown in southern Celebes.

108

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

6713 to 6730. Pyrus ivialus.

Apple.

From Gosford, New South Wales. Received through Hunter & Sons, June 19,
1901.

A collection of varieties, as follows:

6713.

Fall Beauty.

6714.

Winter Majetin.

6715.
Autumn Tart.

6716.

Lord Wolseley.

6717.

Ruby Pearmain.

6718.

Golden Queen.

6719.

Nortliern Spy.

6720.

Menagerie.

6721.

Striped Beaufin.

6722.

Yarra Bank.

6723.

Chatastee.

6724.

Maggys Seedling.

6725.

Early Richmond.

6726.

Tetofsky.

6727.

Primate.

6728.

Nev^ England Pigeon.

6729.

Stubbard Codlin.

6730.

Jr«.s/i Peach.

6731 to 6753. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From Emerald, Victoria. Received through Mr. C. A. Nobelius, June 19, 1901.
A collection of varieties, as follows:

6731.

Sharp's Early.

6732.

Cole's Rymer.

6733.

William Anderson.

6734.

Kooroochiang.

6735.

John Sharp.

6736.

Cliff' H Seedling.

6737.

Santa Clara King.

6738.

Granny Smith.

6739.

Sharp's Late Red.

6740.

Ruby Gem.

6741.

Northern Spy.

6742.

Statesman.

6743.

TF?n<er Majetin.

6744.

Early Richmond.

SEP 1 EM HER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903.

luy

6731 to 6753 -Cuntiuued.
6745.

Sharp's Nonesuch.

6746.

Ruby Pearmain.

6747.

Fall Beauiy.

6748.

Irish Peach.

6749.

Magg^K Seedling.

6754 to 6772. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From Camden, New South Wales. Received from Ferguson Si Son, June IW, UiOl.
A collection of varieties, all grafted on Northern Spy stocks, a.s follows:

6760.

Lord Wolseley.

6751.

The Queen.

6752.
Shroeder's.

6753.

Taupaki.

6754.

Striped Beaufin.

6755.

Golden (^ueen.

6756.

New England Pigeon.

6757.

Chatastee.

6758.

.1 merican Golden Pippin.

6759.

6760.

Stubbart Codlin.

6761.

jRufey Pearmain.

6762.

Primage.

6763.

iorc? Wolseley.

6773 to 6823. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Kabylia, Algeria. Received through Mr. C. S. Scofield, June 19, 1901.
"This collection, secured by Mr. Scofield in the spring of 1901, consists of cuttings
of all the caprifig trees he observed in the vicinity of Tizi Ouzou and Fort National
in the mountainous part of Kabylia to the east of the town of Algiers. No data could
be secured in regard to most of the numbers and some may prove to be duplicates.
All of the 50 numbers are caprifigs, with the exception of 6819, which is an ordinary

6764.

Yurni Bunk.

6765.

Xorthem Spy.

6766.
Autumyi Tart.

6767.

Winter Majetin.

6768.

Irish Peach.

6769.

Magg's Seedling.

6770.

Tetofsky.

6771.

Early Richmond.

Q712.

Fall Beauty.

110 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

edible fig. This collection, as well as those enumerated before in this inventory,
was secured in the hope of getting an assortment of caprifigs having as wide a range
of climatic and soil requirements as possible, in the hope of finding varieties suited to
harbor the blastophaga in all parts of California and the Southwest where fig culture
is feasible. These varieties are on trial in the Department gardens, and will be
distributed when their qualities have been determined." {Swingle. )

6773.

"Cuttings from tree No. 18, growing along road from Fort National toTizi
Ouzou. ' ' ( Scofield. )

6774.

"Cuttings from tree No. 11, growing along road from Fort National to Tizi
Ouzou. ' ' ( Scofield. )

6775.

"Cuttings from a large tree (No. 33) in the rich bottom lands about a mile or
two beyond Tizi Ouzou on the way from Fort National." {Scofidd. )

6776.

"Cuttings from tree No. 12 along the road from Fort National to Tizi
Ouzou. ' ' {Scofield. )

6777.

"Cuttings from a large and very fine orchard above Mr. Bankhardt's mill,
4 or 5 miles out of Tizi Ouzou on the road to Fort National." {Scofield.)

6778.

" Cuttings from a large and very fine orchard just above Mr. Bankhardt's mill,
4 or 5 miles out from Tizi Ouzou on the road to Fort National." {Scofield. )

6779.

' ' Cuttings from tree No. 22 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou."

{Scofield. )

6780.

' ' Cuttings from tree No. 23 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou."

{Scofield. )

6781.

"Cuttings from a tree in large and very fine orchard above the mill belong-
ing to Mr. Bankhardt, 4 or 5 miles out from Tizi Ouzou on the road to Fort
National. ' ' {Scofield. )

6782.

"Cuttings from tree No. 10 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou."

{Scofield.)

6783.

' ' Cuttings from tree No. 14 along road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou.
(Possibly Ghazarh, early. Cuttings from tree in immediate vicinity of Tizi
Ouzou. Label lost.)" {Scofield.)

6784.

' ' Cuttings from tree No. 21 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou. ' '

{Scofield.)

6785.

"Cuttings from tree No. 6 on the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou,"

{Scofield.)

SErTKMliKK, lUOC), TO DECEMBER, HM)3. 1 1 1

6773 to 6823— Continued.

6786.

"CuttinL'slroma lar^e and very liin'orchanl jus^t alx.vi- Mr. Haiikhanlt's mill,
4 or 5 miles out from Tizi Ouzou on the road to Fort National.' {Si-ojield. )

6787.

"Cuttings from tree No. 24 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou."
(Scofidd.)

6788.

" Cuttings from tree No. 13 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou,
near Fort National." {Scofield. )

6789.

Dhaalou, No. 1. "Cuttings from tree on north side of valley in the imme-
diate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou." {Scofield.)

6790.

" Cuttings from tree No. 15 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou."
{Scofield. )

6791.

"Cuttings from very fine large tree growing in rich bottom lands a mile
or so beyond Tizi Ouzou. ' ' ( Scofield. )

6792.

"Cuttings from tree No. 7 along the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou."
{Scofield.)

6793.

Ghazar, No. 1, an early variety. "Cuttings from tree in immediate vicinity
of Tizi Ouzou. (Possibly another kind, No. 14, from tree alon" road from
Fort National to Tizi Ouzou. Isabel missing. )" {Scofield. )

6794.

"CultingH Ifoiii tree near Fort National, on the other side (from Tizi
Ouzou). Tree still carried the winter fruit in considerable numVjers." {Sco-
field. )

6795.

" Cuttings from tree in orchard in rich l)ottom lands a mile or two beyond
Tizi Ouzou (from Fort National), tree of medium size." {Scofield.)

6796.

"Cuttings from a tree, No. 25, along the road from Fort National to Tizi
Ouzou." {Scofield.)

6797.

"Cuttings' from tree No. 4 along the road from FcJrt National to Tizi
Ouzou." (Scofield.)

6798.

"Cuttings from tree No. 19 along the road from Fort National to Tizi
Ouzou. ' ' ( Scofield. )

6799.

"Cuttings from tree No. 17 along road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou."

{Scofidd.)

29861— No. 66—05 8

112 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6773 to 6823 — Continued.
6800.

"Cuttings from tree No. 16 along road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou."
{Scofield.)

6801.

Ghazar, No. 3. "Cuttings obtained from large tree, south side of the valley,
in immediate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou, rather late." {Scofield. )

6802.

"Cuttings from tree No. 8 along the road from Fort National to Tizi
Ouzou." [Scofield.)

6803.

Te.ccoid, Xo. 1. " Early variety. Cuttings from tree on north side of val-
ley in the immediate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou." {Scofield. )

6804.

" Cuttings from tree on other side of Fort National from Tizi Ouzou.
"Worthy of mention, as they still carried the winter fruit in considerable num-
bers—both old and new fruits. ' ' {Scofield. )

6805.

" Cuttings from tree No. 20 along road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou."
{Scofield. )

6806.

" Cuttings from tree on south side of valley in the immediate vicinity of
Tizi Ouzou. Name unknown; season medium, intermediate." {Scofield.)

6807.

Dhaaloii, Xo. 2. "Cuttings from tree in immediate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou,
from north side of valley." {Scofield. )

6808.

" Cuttmgs from a very tine, large tree in orchard in the rich bottom lands a
mile or two beyond Tizi Ouzou from Fort National." {Scofield. )

6809.

Marza-Ko. "Cuttings from tree on north side of valley in the immediate
vicinity of Tizi Ouzou." {Scofidd. )

6810.

Dhaalou, Xo. 3. "Cuttings from tree on north side of valley in the imme-
diate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou." {Scofield. )

6811.

Ahzaim (2). Late. "Cuttings from tree on north side of valley in imme-
diate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou." {Scofield. )

6812.

"Cuttings from tree No. 9 along the road from Fort National to Tizi

Ouzou . " ( Scofield. )

6813.

Ahzaim, Xo. 1. Late. "Cuttings from tree on north side of valley in imme-
diate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou." {Scofield. )

SEPTEMMKK, UKH), TO JDECEMBEK, r.K)3. 113

6773 to 6823— Continued.
6814.

"Cuttings from tree No. 1, near Fort National, on road to Tizi Ouzoii."
(Scqfiehl.)

6815.

Texkoiirt (short form). Late. "Cnttingti from tree on south side of valley
in the immediate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou." {Scoficld.)

6816.

"Cuttings from tree in a large and very fine orchard just alx)ve a flour and
oil mill belonging to Mr. Bankhardt. It is 4 or 5 miles out of Tizi Ouzou, on
the road to Fort National." {Scojield.)

6817.

"Cuttings from a small, scraggy, but heavily fruited tree in orchard in the
rich bottom lands a mile or two beyond Tizi Ouzou." {Scqfield.)

6818.

" Cuttings from medium-sized trees in orchard in the rich bottom lands a
mile or two beyond Tizi Ouzou." (IScoJield.)

6819.

Bakor (not a caprifig). "Excellent tree. Cuttings from tree south of Tizi
Ouzou . " ( h^cofield. )

6820.

Tetonzel, No. 1. Early. (Spelled Teefouzel or Trefouzel.) " Cuttings from
tree on south side of valley in the immediate vicinity of Tizi Ouzou." [Scofield. )

6821.

"Cuttings from tree No. 5 on the road from Fort National to Tizi Ouzou."
{Scojield.)

6822.

"Cuttings from tree south of Tizi Ouzou." (Scqfield.)

6823.

Ain Hjedjhi. "Season medium. Cuttings from tree north of Tizi Ouzou."

{Scojield.)

6824. PiSTACiA VEEA. Pistachc.

From Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, June 29,
1901.

"Very fine pistache nut from a Greek nurseryman in Smyrna." {Roeding.)

6825. Trifolium spumosum.

From Mustapha Superieur, near Algiers, Algeria. Received through Mr. C. S.
Scofield, May 25, 1901.

" Seed from a plant found in the grounds of the former consulate of Denmark.
They are from an especially fine plant and can not be easily replaced." {Scojield.)

6826. Veronia elephantum(?)

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 609), May 24,
1901.

"A very pretty shade tree, suitable for planting in southern Florida or southern
California. It grows and fruits well in the gardens in Cairo and is considered a desir-
able ornamental tree for parks." {Fair child. )

114 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6827. Zea mays. Corn.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (Xo. 624), July 1,
1901.
Secured for Mr. Fairchild by George P. Foaden, esq., secretary of the Khedivial
Agricultural Society of Cairo.

MarelU. "It is a low-growing sort and does not exhaust the soil as the tall-grow-
ing American kinds do. As much as 80 bushels per acre are harvested in Egypt. It
has been tested in comparison with the following American sorts and yielded heavier
and twentv days earlier: Murdli, the Egyptian sort, yielded 12}* ardebs per feddan;
Tender and True, an American variety, yielded 11^; Hk-kory King, also American,
10; and Imperial Leaminq only 9 ardebs. (These are Egyptian units, given only for
coiaparisr.n. ) It is a wliite variety, preferred to most others in Egypt because of its
extreme earliness and great productivity. It grows scarcely half as high as the Amer- '
ican sorts. Here in P^gvpt the maize is broadcasted very thickly, much as we plant
fodder maize. The hill svstem is little known. Perhaps this and the irrigation sys-
tem used in the comparative test may account for the comparatively high yield of the
Egyptian. This variety should be tried in irrigated regions, such as those of southern
California, and a quantity should be reserved for experiments in the Colorado Desert."
{Fairchild.)

6828. QuEBRAGHiA LORENTZii. Quebracho Colorado.

From Tucuman, Argentina. Presented by :\Ir. Joel Blamey, Huasan, Andal-
galii Catamarca, Argentina. Received July 5, 1901.

"Large handsome trees, 40 to 50 feet high, found in the heavy river bottom forests
of Argentina and Paraguay, not vet introduced into this country. The wood is of a
red color, very hard, contains from 25 to 28 per cent of tannin, and is impervious to
weather conditions. Logs exposed for a hundreil years are still sound. It is used in
Argentina for beams in house and bridge building, railroad ties, all kinds of posts,
and for tannin. There were imported into the United States in 1901 60,000 tons of
extract, worth nearly $300,000. Klipstein & Co., New York, state that 240,000 tons
of wood are also imported annually." {Harrison.)

6829. Ebony tree.

From Tucuman, Argentina. Received through Mr. Joel Blamey, Huasan,
Andalgaki Catamarca, Argentina, July 5, 1901.

6830. Viraris.

From Tucuman, Argentina. Received through Mr. Joel Blamey, Huasan,
Andalgala Catamarca, Argentina, July 5, 1901.

6831. Olea eukopaea. Olive.

From Tunis, nurseries of M. G. Castet. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Govern-
ment Botanist of Algeria, through ]\Ir. C. S. Scofield. Received July 2, 1901.

Chetoni or Ocfonbri. This is described by N. Minangoin as an oil olive " very com-
mon in northern Tunis at Tunis, Soliman, Tebourba, Bizerte, and Grombalia, where
it enters to at least the extent of two-thirds into the composition of the olive orchards.

{Bulletin de la Direction de V Agriculture et du Commerce, Begence de Tunis 6 No. 8,
January, 1901, p. 35, pi. 6, fig. 11. )

6832. Ficus CARiCA. Caprifig.
From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through IMr. George C. Roeding, July 5, 1901.

"Very large caprifig from S. G. Magnisalis, Aidin." {Boeding. )

6833. QuERCUs aegilops. Valonia oak.

From Nazli, Province of Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George
C. Roeding, July 5, 1901.
This species of evergreen oak is the one furnishing the "Valonia" of commerce,
one of the best tanning materials known. The acorn cups are the parts containing
the tannin.

SEPTEMHEK, IHOO, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 115

6834. Oi.KA KURorAKA. Olive.

From Aitliii, A.><ia Jliiinr. Keeeived throutih Georjie €. Roeding, July •'^, 1I">1.

Early .\i«lin ulive grown in the Meander Valley for oil. There must be 5,000,000
rees in this valley.

6835. Firus carica. Caprifig.

From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. GeorgeC. Roeding, June o, liK)l.
"Very largest and finest caprifig from S. G. Mj^nisalis, .\idin." {Roedhuj.)

6836. Ficus CARICA. Caprifig.

From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, Jul.\ "), Hm 1 1 .
"One of the largest raprifigs from S. G. Magnisalis, Aidin." {RoeiUng.)

6837. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 5, 1901.
"Another variety of black caprifig from S. G. Magnisalis, Aidin." {Roeding.)

6838. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 5,
1901.

"Very fine caprifig from garden of 8. G. Magnisalis, Aidin." {Roeding.)

6839. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through ]Mr. George G. Roeding, July 5,
1901.

" Black caprifig from garden of S. G. Magnisalis, Aidin." {Roeding.)

6840. Ficus carica. Caprifig.

From Aidin, Asia ■Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 5,
1901.

"Loose sample to show method of budding, inclosed with Nos. 6838 and G889."
{Roeding. )

6841. Prunus armeniaca. Apricot.

From Aidin, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, Julv 5,
1901.

" A small freestone apricot, having a very sweet kernel, with a flavor like an
almond." {Roeding.)

6842. Meibomia illinoexsis. Beggar weed.

From Manhattan, Kans. Presented by Mr. J. !M. Westgate. Received Julv
8, 1901.

A leguminous plant, possibly of some value for forage or green manure, which
grows on the prairie lands of central Kansas. Seed ripens in summer and autumn.
This sample was collected in the autumn of 1900.

6843. PuNiCA GRANATUM. Pomegranate

From Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received through Mr
1901.

Schekerdekses. "Seedless pomegranate."- {Roeding.)

From Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 8,
1901.

116 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6844. Prunus armeniaca. Apricot.

From Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July S,
1901.

"Aver}' large apricot, growing in the garden of Doctor Lane, American consul,
Smyrna. Kernel sweet." (Roeding.)

6845. Prunus armeniaca. Apricot.

From Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding. July 8,
1901.

"A large freestone apricot, having sweet kernels like an almond " {Roeding. )

6846. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Orleansville, Algeria. Presented by M. Yahia ben Kassem. Received
May, 1901.

Deglet Noor.

6847. PopuLUS sp. Poplar.

From Kephisia, near Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding,
July 17, 1901.

"A poplar resembling the silver leaf in foliage, but with smaller leaves. Tree
very vigorous and of spreading habit. Superior to any poplar I have ever seen. I
saw one tree 6 feet in diameter, whose estimated height was 125 feet, and which had
a spread of branches of 80 feet." {Roeding. )

6848. Morus sp. Mulberry.

From Royal Grounds, Kephisia, near Athens, Greece. Received througli Mr.
George C. Roeding, July 17, 1901.

" A variety of mulberry with large, dark -green, rough leaves, no gloss, and having
very fine fruit." {Roeding.)

6849. PiSTACiA VERA. Pistache.

From Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, July 17, 1901.

" Buds of a very fine pistache nut from the garden of the agricultural experiment
station at Athens. ' ' ( Roeding. )

6850. Ficus CARiCA. Caprifig.

From Kephisia, near Athens, Greece. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding,
July 17, 1901.

"A late fruiting variety of caprifig." {Roeding.)

6851 to 6912.

From Oneco, Fla. Received through the firm of Reasoner Brothers, July 5, 1 901 .

A collection of ornamental and economic plants (nomenclature is in the main that
of the nurserymen):

6851. Aberia caffea. Kei apple.

6852. Anacardium occidentale. Cashew.

6853. Anona muricata. Sour sop.

6854. Artocarpus integrifolia. Jack fruit.

6855. CoccoLOBA uvifera. Shore grape.

SEPTEMBER, 1!>00, TO DECEMBER, 1W:{.

117

6851 to 6912 — Contimied.

6856. CuPAXiA SAPIDA. Akee.

"The fruits are said to l)e delicious when eaten in omelettes." {Fairchild.)

Cluster fig.

Barbados cherry.

Spanish lime.

Emblic myrobalan.

"This is not the true myro])alan of commerce, although it.s fruits are used for
lining purposes, according to Talbot." {Trees, Shmba, ami ]Voody Climbers

6857.
6858.
6859.
6860.

FiCUS GLOMERATA.
MaLPIGHIA GLABRA.

Melicocca BIJUGA.
Phyllanthus emblic a.

tanning purposes

of the Bombay Presidency, 2d ed., p. 300.)

6861. Spondias dulcis.

6862. Terminalia catappa.

6863. RhodoiMyrtus tomentosa,

6864. Amomum cardamomum.

6865. Cedrela odorata.

6866. Cedrela toona.

6867. CiNNAMOMUM CASSIA.

6868. Crescentia cujete.

6869. Garcinia morella.

6870. Guaiacum officinale.

6871. Lawsonia alba.

6872. Maranta arundinacea.

6873. Dittelasma rarak.

6874. Semecarpus anacardium,

6875. Zingiber officinale.

6876. CupRESSUS funebris.

6877. Abrus precatorius.

6878. Ardisia polycephala.

6879. Baphia racemosa.

6880. Bauhinia acuminata.

6881. Bauhinia galpini.

6882. Brunfelsia macrophylla.

6883. butea frondosa.

6884. POINCIANA regia.

6885. Caesalpinia pulcherrima.

Otaheite apple.

Tropical almond.

Downy myrtle.

Cardamom.

Jamaica cedar.

Toon tree.

Chinese cinnamon.

Calabash tree.

Gamboge.

Lig-num-vitee.

Henna.

Bermuda arrowroot.

Indian soap berry.

Marking nut tree.

Ginger.

Funeral cypress.

Crab's eye vine.

Mountain ebony.

Bastard teak.

Royal poinciana.

Dwarf poinciana.

118 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6851 to 6912— Continued.

6886. Caesalpinia sappan. Sappan.

"The pods and hard wood of this plant yield the valuable red dye used in
coloring silk. A native of the Asiatic tropics." ( Talbot.)

6887. Dillenia indica. Gunstock tree.

"Native of India. Ripe fruit eaten in curries. Wood durable, used for
gunstocks." {Talbot.)

6888. Dracaena braco. Dragon's blood.

Native of the Canary Islands, where, until recently, a noted tree of great age
and size was standing. A valuable and curious ornamental for parks.

6889. Ficus HisPiDA.

6890. Hibiscus tiliaceus.

"Fiber used in India for the manufacture of elephant timber-dragging
ropes." [Talbot.)

6891. Jacquinia armillaris. 6903. Chamaerops farinosa.

r>onn ^T ( Not lu Kew ludcx. )

6892. Maba natalensis. ^ '

6893. Thevetia nereifolia.

Trumpet flower.

6894. Atalantia trimera.

6895. tltrraea floribunda (?)

6896. TuTsiA ambosensis.

6904. Rhapidophyllum hys-

TRIX.

6905. COCOS AUSTRALIS.

6906. CoCOS ALPIIONSEI.

6907. Cocos bonneti.

6909. Bactris gasipaes.

6910. Bactris utilis.

6911. Licuala grandis.

6912. Licuala rumphii.

(Not in Kew Index. ) 6908. Elaeis guineensis.

Oil palm.

6897. TODDALIA LANCEOLATA.

6898. AcRocoMiA sclerocarpa.

6899. Attalea cohune.

6900. Caryota urens.

6901. Chamaerops humilis.

6902. Chamaerops humilis var.

spinosa.

6913 to 6932.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose, assistant curator, U. S. National
Museum, July 9 and 10, 1901.

A collection of Mexican ornamentals and economic plants, many of which have
not been specifically identified; made in 1901 by Dr. J. N. Rose. No further data
than Doctor Rose's numbers and the generic names were at hand when this inventory
was prepared.

6913. OxALissp. (No. 207.) 6918. Oxalis sp. (No. 212.)

6914. Oxalis sp. (No. 208. ) 6919. Hymenocallis harrison-

lANA. (No. 222.)

6915. Oxalis sp. f No. 209.)

6920. (No. 213.) "Pepo."

6916. Oxalis sp. (No. 210.)

6917. Oxalis sp. (No. 211.)

SEPTEMBER, IWO, TO DECEMBER, 1!H>;{. 11*.>

6927. AMPELoi-sissp. (No.215).

6913 to 6932— ContiiuRHl.

6921. CissiTssp. (No. 201.)

6922

6923.

ECHEVERIA PLATYPHYI.l.A,

Rose,n. sp. (No. 202.)

EcHEVERlA MACULATA,

Rose, n. sp. (No. 217.)

6924. Fortii'iEKiA splendens.

(No. 20ri.)

6925. ZKpnYKANTnE.s sp.

(No. 20().)

6928. TUAUESCANTIA CRASSIKO-

i.iA. (No. 216.)

6929. SKDt.Msp. (No. 218.)

6930. Soi.ANiMsp. (No. 210.)

6931. KiniiiiuNAsp. (No. 220.)

6932. TiLLANDsiAsp. (No. 221.)

6926. Zepiiyrantiies sp.
(No. 214.)

6933 to 6958.

From Malta. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, July 9 and 10, 1901.

A collection of figs, loquats, pomegranates, and citrous fruits secured during a
short stay in Malta in May, 1901. In most cases scions only were sent.

6933. Ficus CARiCA.
A large white variety. (No. 685e. )

6934. Ficus carica.

(No. 685.)

6935. PUNICA CRANATITM.

(No. 679.)

6936. PUNICA GRANATUM.

(No. 677.)

6937. PUNICA ORANATITM.

,St. Catherine. (No. 673.)

6938. Eriobotrya japonica.

(No. 681.)

6939. Eriobotrya .japonica.
(No. 684.)

6940. PuNICA GRANATUM.

St. Joseph. (No. 674.)

6941. Ficus carica.

Xehba. (No. 685c.)

6942. Ficus carica.
Bamisotte. (No. 685f.)

6943. Eriobotrya japonica.
(No. 680.)

6944. Punica granatum.
Scwta Rosa. (No. 675.)

6945. Eriobotrya .taponica.

(No. 682.)

Fig.

Pomegranate.

Loquat.

Pomegranate.

Fig.

lioquat.

Pomegranate.

Loquat.

120 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

6933 to 6958 — Continued.

6946. Ficus CARICA. Fig.
Black Parsot or Bamisotte. ( No. 685d. )

6947. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

"The round blood orange of the island of Malta. This varietj' has nearly
always a blood-colored flesh and is one of the best strains of oranges on the
island. Probably originated here or was brought here at a very early date.
It is quite distinct from No. 6948 and not esteemed so highly." {Fairchikl. )

6948. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

"An oval blood orange, said by Dr. Giovanni Borg, a specialist in citrous
matters in Malta, to be the finest flavored orange on the island. Personally I
find it superior to No. 6947 and unparalleled for its remarkably vinous flavor."
{Fairchild.)

6949. Eriobotrya japonica. Loquat.

" Seeds of some very large loquats from Bosketto Gardens, Malta, collected
May22,1901." ( Fairchild. )

.6950. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

Maltese oval seedless. "Cuttings taken from trees in the governor's palace
grounds in Malta. This is the best known seedless Malta orange. My expe-
rience is that it sometimes has a few^ seeds or rudiments of seeds in it. By
many it is thought to be the best orange in Malta." (Fairchild. )

6951. Citrus limetta. liime.

"A variety of lime growing in the gardens of San Antonio near Yaletta.
The origin of this variety is unknown by Doctor Borg, the citrus specialist.
The fruits are almost without exception quite seedless and attain a very con-
siderable size for limes, being often 3 inches long by 2i inches in smaller
diameter. Doctor Borg says that owing to the peculiar flavor (a typical lime
flavor) this is not appreciated in Malta, people preferring forms with seeds.
It is a very juicy sort, with thinnish rind, and of a good color. Possibly this
is the same as that sent in by Mr. Swingle (No. 3412) from Algiers. The
trees are very vigorous here, even strikingly so. They commonly bear only
one crop of fruit, but occasionally two crops are produced. A single fruit
yielded one-fourth of an ordinary drinking glass full of juice of good flavor.
Secured through the kindness of Dr. Giovanni Borg, of San Antonio Gardens,
at the governor's palace." [Fairchild.)

6952. Ficus carica. Fig-
Tin Baitri or St. Johns. ' ' Precocious fig, two cropper. ' ' ( Fairchild. ) ( No.

685h.)

6953. Ficus carica. Fig-
Tinabaida. (No. 685b.)

6954. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

Lumi-laring. "A remarkable variety of orange otherwise known as the
Sweet orange or China orange. It is ahvays siveet even when quite green and
immature. Doctor Bonavia, well known as a specialist on the oranges of India,
speaks of this variety in a recent article in the Journal of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society, April,' 1901 (Vol. XXV, pt. 3, p. 308). He remarks: 'I am
informed that in Malta there exists a unique orange of the same ( Portugal
orange) group, but which is never sour from beginning to end, but sweet and
juicy. * * * I have never met with an orange of this description in India.
It would be worth while getting hold of it for the purpose of multiplying it
and bringing it into commerce. Such a unique orange, I believe, has never
appeared on the English market.' In Malta this orange is not very highly
esteemed, and personally I find it not nearly so agreeable as the sour varieties,
but nevertheless it is far superior to an immature sour orange. It is as sweet
as sugar and water, and is declared to be just as sweet when half grown as
when mature. It may have a decided value commercially, and will find many

SEPTEMBER, IWM), To PKCEMBER, HXl.?.

121

6933 to 6958 — Continued,

who will appreciate it. If it proves to l>e early ripening enough it might be
sent to market much in advance of the sour sorts, when it would surprise ail
buyers by its sweet flavur at a time when all other varieties were too sour to
be appreciated. It is medium in size, globular in shai>c. skin gooil and ()f lair
thickness, tiesh fine color and juicv, and color medium dark orange." ( Fair-
rhild. )

6955. Eriobotrva .j.\ponica.

(No. 683.)

6956. Ficus CABiCA.

• (No. 685g.)

6957. Ficis CARiCA.
Ditccar. (No. 686.)

6958. Eriobotrva japoxica.
Seeds of large fruits.

Loquat.

Fig.

Caprifig.

Loquat.

Wheat.

6959. Triticum sp.

From Shibin-el-Kanatir, Egypt. Received through Mr. IX i\. Fairchild (No.
653, May 11, 1901), .July 11, 1901.

"A collection of selected typical races of Egyptian wheat, gathered from the fields
about a small village between Zaga/.ig and Cairo. These are the best, and they show
how mixed the races of Egyptian wheat are, but at the same time how remarkably
free from rust. The wheat was mostly dead ripe when gathered May 7, while
American sorts grown at Cairo were several weeks behind. All grown by perennial
irrigation. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

6960. (Citrus limonum.

Lemon.

From Chios, Turkey. Presented by Mr. N. J. Pantelides through Mr. D. G.
Fairchild (No. 590, March 23, 1901). Received July 17, 1901.

Pafa. "A variety of almost seedless lemon, grown in the island of Chios."
{Fairchild.)

6961 to 6977.

From Rouiba, Algeria. Received through Mr. C. S. Scofield.

A collection of the root tubercles of a number of leguminous forage plants collected
by Mr. C. S. Scofield in May, 1901, at Dr. L. Trabut's experimental gardens.

6961.

ViCIA FABA.

6970.

Lotus tetragonolobus.

Horse bean.

Square pea.

6962.

ViCIA LUTEA.

6971.

LUPINUS ANGUSTIFOLirS.

Blue lupine.

6963.

Trigoneli.a FOENUM-GRAE-

CUM.

6972.

LUPINUS TERMIS.

6964.

Astragalus boeticus.

6973.

Lathyrus TINGITANUS.

6965.

Melilotus infesta.

6974.

Lathyrus CLYMENUM.

6966.

Onobrychis viciaefolia.
Sainfoin.

6975.

Lotus edulis.

6976.

Lotus ORNiTHOPoniornEs,

6967.

Anthvllis tetraphvlla.

6977.

Ononis alopecuroides.

6968.

Anthyllis tetraphvlla.

6969. ScoRPiURUS sulcata.

122 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

6978 to 6995.

(Numbers not utilized. )

6996. Triticum vulgare. Wheat,

From Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Farm, Stillwater, Okla. Re-
ceived July 26, 1901.

Weissenburg. Box containing a few heads of wheat grown from Xn. 5499 during
season 1900-1901.

6997. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Farm, Stillwater, Okla.
Received July 26, 1901.

Weissenburg. Bag of wheat grown from No. 5499 during season 1900-1901.

6998. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Gizeh, near Cairo, Egvpt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, July 1,
1901.

"A small package of dried plants of alfalfa with roots showing very few nodules.
These plants were grown from Argentine seed sent to Cairo by the Office of Seed and
Plant Introduction and Distribution, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and planted
in the spring of 1901 . " ( Fairch ild. )

6999. CiCER arietinum. Chick-pea.

From Gizeh, near Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, July 1,
1901.

Package of dried plants and roots for root tubercle germ. (See No. 6961.)

7000. Trifolium alexandrixum. Berseem.

From Gizeh, near Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, from
the agricultural society. Collected about May 1, 1901.

" Roots of berseem dried in the shade. These roots came from a field whi(rh had
just been grazed over by cattle." (See No. 6961. ) {FulrcMld.)

7001. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Favum, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 617), July 1,
1901.

Wahi. "Twenty kilos of dried fruit of a variety of date which is said to have been
brought from Siwah, a small village in the oasis of Bahriyeh. It is to my taste the
sweetest drying date in Egypt — at least it is much sweeter than the Amri or any other
1 have tasted. It has a very peculiar mealy flesh of golden to greenish yellow. The
skin is very thin and smooth and of a golden brown shade. Seed short, rather large,
and clinging to the meat rather firmly. The flesh is somewhat granulated with the
sugar. I can not be certain that this variety did really come from Siwah, but it cer-
tainly is a sort not commonly seen at this season in Cairo, and is superior in flavor to
that which is considered the best in Egypt. The Avord WaJii signifies merely oasis,
according to Mr. H. A. Rankin, of Fayum." {Fairchild.)

7002. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Favum, Egvpt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 618), July
1, 1901."

"Dried dates of the common variety of the Province of Fayum. They are of fair
quality as a drying date, but are not equal to the ' Wahi ' or 'Amri ' dates, the former
of which was for sale on the same market in Fayoum. It is probalde that seedlings
from these seeds will be mixed, although in northern Egypt only one variety of male
plant is grown, ' ' ( Fairchild. )

SEPTKMHKK, l!KK>, To 1)K("KMHKK, 1!K)3.

123

7003 to 7010.

From Mi'xico. A collection of plants received tlirou^li l>r. J. N. Kost', July In,
lilOl.

Doctor Rose's numbers are appended, no further data being on hand reganling the
l>lants.

7003. Mammii.lakia np. 7007. Manfreda sp. (No. 229).

(No. 204).

7008. IIymenocallis sp.

7004. Mammillaria sp. (No. 280).

(No. 225).

7009. OXALIS I'RIXGLEI Sp.

7006. KKYNGir.M sp. (No. 227). (No. 2:«).

7006. Cississp. (No. 228).

7010. UxALis sp. (No. 234).

7011. FlCUS SYCOMORUS.

Sycamore fig.

From Biskra, Algeria. Received through Mr. D. G. FairchiUl (No. 719, June
14, HH)1), July 17, 1901.

"This is the sacred fig of the Egyptian.^. The liuit is produced in very large nuui-
l)ers on the main l)ranches and trunk of the tree, being borne in clusters. The tree
is used in Egypt extensively a.s an avenue tree, and forms one of the characteristic
landscape trees of Egypt. Along the canals it grows luxuriantly and attains large
dimensions. The trunk is often 2 feet or more in diameter, and the spread of the
branches makes it an excellent shade tree. The objection is maile by old residents,
and, I feel, (piite justly, that it is a 'dirty' tree, i. e., drops continually debris of green
fruit and fruit stalks which have to be cleaned up. As a fruit, it is not highly
esteemed by any but Arabs, who will eat almost anything. It is dry and mealy, and
personally t do not care for it. The Aral)s in Biskra, an<l also in Egypt, have a prac-
tice of cutting off the tips of the immature ligs in order t<j make them ripen. Mr.
Columbo, of Biskra, asserts that three days after this cutting is done the cut tigs
l)ecome twiie as large as the uncut ones and develop a not unpleasant taste. It is
(|uite possible that in Texas and Louisiana this tig might be keenly appreciated by
children and even by adults." (Fairchild.)

Quebracho Colorado.

Presented by Mr. W. G. Davis, of Cor-

7012. QUEBRACHIA LORE.XTZII.

From Terr. Nac. de Misiones, Argentina,
doba. Received July 17, 1901.

"These trees are founil in the central northern sectit)ns of the Republic. Tn the
provinces of Catamarca and Rioj and San Luis the rainfall rarely exceeds 300 nmi. a
year. Over a large extent of the quebracho forests in Santiago del Estero the aver-
age rainfall does not exceed 200 mm." ( Davis. ) (See No. 6828. )

7013. ASPIDOSPERMA QUEBRACHO-BLAXCO.

Quebracho bianco.

From Terr. Nac. de Misiones, Argentina,
doba. Received July 17, 1901.

See No. 6828.

Presented by Mr. W. G. Davis, of Cor-

7014. Cola acuminata.

From Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica.
William Fawcett, July 18, 1901.

7015. CUCUMIS MELO.

Kola nut.

Received through the director. Dr.

Muskmelon.

From Bassousa, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 633, May
1,1901), July 1, 1901.

Shaman. " A variety of cantaloupe said to be small, oblong, often egg-shaped, and
of a peculiarly delicate flavor. Very highly spoken of by Englishmen in Egypt.
Bassousa is the most noted melon-growing center of Egypt." {Fairchild.)

124 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7016. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Alexandria, Egypt. Received from George P. Foaden, esq., secretary of
the Khedivial Agricultural Society at Gizeh, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild,
October 10, 1901.

Mishriki. A red durum wheat, of which samples have already been sent in for
inspection. ( See No. 6680. )

7017. CiCER ARiETiNUM. Chick-pea.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 622, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

"The Syrian variety of chick-pea grown in Egypt and considered equal to the
native sort. It has better seeds, however, being plumper and better formed."

(Fairchild.)

7018. GOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE. CottOn.

From Favum, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 613), July
1, 1901.'

Ashmuni. "Unginned cotton of this variety collected where it is exclusively
grown, i. e., in the oasis of Fayum. I am informed that this variety is the only
one which will succeed well in this province. The Afif, Jannovitch, and Abbasi have
all been tried, although, I suspect, not thoroughly. This variety may be better suited
to upland cultivation than the Jannovitch or Afifi, and may be more resistant to the
wilt disease." (Fairchild.) (See No. 7025 for ginned seed. )

7019. (tOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE. CottOn.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 648, May 11,
1901), July 1, 1901.

Mit Afifi. Secured by George P. Foaden, esq. , of the Khedivial Agricultural Society,
Cairo.

7020. ViciA FABA. Horse bean.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 632, April 26,
1901), Julyl, 1901.

" These are the varieties which took the prizes at the Agricultural Fair in Cairo
last year. They are introduced for comparative trial with the other sorts." {Fair-
child.)

7021. CiCER ARIETINUM. Chick-pca.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 626, April 26,
1901), July 1,' 1901.

Hommos Beledi. "The native variety of chick-pea. This variety is grown usually
for food. The green peas are eaten raw, while the ripe peas are cooked. In Egypt
this chick-pea is planted in October or November at the rate of from 30 to 40 pounds of
seed per acre, depending upon whether it is sown in drills or broadcasted. On irri-
gable land it is watered when sown, again when in flower, and the third time when the
seeds are being formed. This plant will probal)ly prove of value as a winter soiling
crop in the Southwestern States. In parts of the country subject to frost it should be
sown in May or June. In parts of Egypt the plants are dried and fed to cattle.
Care must be taken, however, in using it for this purpose, as it is known sometimes
to be injurious to horses and even to cattle. The seeds, however, make an excellent
food for domestic animals. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

7022. LupiNUS TERMis. Egyptian lupine.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through INIr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 628, April 26,
1901), July 1,"1901.

" A variety of lupine planted by the Egyptians on the dry sandy edges of the irri-
gation basins of Upper Egypt. The seeds are sown broadcast after the irrigation

SKI'TKMMKK, THtO, I < > DKCKMHKK, I'.HCJ. 125

water has snl)si(h'<l, and no more attention is <;iveii to their cnlture until the lupines
are harvested. It is considered a valualtle croi) for iucreasinj; the nitrogen in the
soil and the heans are eaten hy the natives alter being liuileil in salt water. Shouhl
be tried as a soiling crop in' arid regions where a single irrigation is pt)ssible."
(FairchiM.)

7023. UOSSYPIUM BAKBADt^NSE. CottOn.

From Alexan<lria, Egvpt. Received tlirougii Mr. D. (i. Kairchild (No. 593), July
1, 1901.

Jaininritrfi. "This variety is sai<l to tie losing in popularity in Egypt. Its yield
is lighter, at least 10 percent, and its staple, although longer than that of Mil Ajiji, is
said to be falling off in length. It is open to the serious objection that the bolls
open and allow the cotton to fall to the ground early, thus making its cleaninge.xpen-
sive, since the natives pick it up from the ground where it has lain and become tilled
with dirt." (Fairchitd.)

7024. ViciA FABA. Horse bean.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received througli Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 621), July 1,
1901.

Sai'In. ''This important fodder crop of Egypt, which forms an article of export
amounting in 1898 to over one and one-half million dollars' worth, and which seems
entirely unknown in America, is worthy of the most serious attention. For the
Colorado Desert region and southern Texas, Louisiana, and California, the broad
bean may be of great importance. This variety comes from Fjiper Egypt, where the
bean is grown most extensively. It is a iritUrr crop in Egypt and must l)e fitted in to
American conditions. It is killed by too cold or too hot weather." {Fairchild.)

7025. (JOSSYPIUM BARBADENSE. CottOn.

From Favoum, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. (I. Fairchild (Xo. 014, Ajiril
21, 190"l), July 1, 1901.

Ashmuni. "From the ginning mill of Theodore Bakoum, Fayum. This is prob-
ably of a mixed character. See S'o. 701S for sample of staple. For trial against the
root disease and on uplands. It is all grown here by irrigation and is claimed to be
the only sort which jiays in the Fayum oasis." {Fairchild. )

7026. GossypiUM bakbadense. Cotton.

From Cairo, Egvpt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 649, Mav 11,
1901), July 1, "1901.

Jannovilch. "Seed from plants which have been grown on land containing from
1 to Ij per cent of salt. It is presumed that this seed will be adapted to experi-
ments with similar soils in America and possibly will prove more resistant to the
wilt disease than the Jannovitch seed taken from plants growing in soil with less salt
in it or without any. Secured by Mr. Foaden from the lower Delta region. In
quality the fiber is said to equal that coming from plants grown on the less saline
soils. ' ' {Fairchild. )

7027. (tossypium barbadense. Cotton.

From Cairo, Egvpt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 631, April 26,
1901), July-l,*1901.

7028. Ervum lens. Lentil.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 627, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

Saidi. "The upper Nile lentil, which is cultivated in Egypt, is an important food
crop. Lentils amounting in value to over $90,000 were exported in 1898 to England,
France, and Turkey. It is remarkable that America should so long neglect the cul-
ture of this most excellent food plant. For some years a very well-known invalid
food, called 'Revelenta Arabica,' has been manufactured in England which consists

126 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

exclusively of a flour of the Egyptian l3ntil. Purees of lentil and lentil soup are deli-
cacies of the European menus quite absent, generally, from American tables. As a
forage crop as well, these lentils should receive serious study. This is a typical Egyp-
tian variety. It brings nearly |2 per hectoliter, according to custom-house returns
of exports. The yield varies from 20 to 25 bushels per acre and upward. Sown at
rate of 1 bushel i>er acre broadcasted. Grown in irrigation basins. Kequires little
water. ' ' ( FaircJi ild. )

7029. Trtgonella foenum-graecum. Fenugreek.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 623, April 26,
1901), Julv 1, 1901.

" Egupiian fenugreek or Hclba, as it is called by the Arabs. This plant yields an
important condiment and its root system is so remarkably provided with tubercles
that it is worthy serious attention as a green manure crop. The seeds are also of value
for feeding purposes, and a large amount of fodder is produced, which, if cut before
seeds ripen, isof excellent quality. ' The condition jjowders and condiment foods which
are sold in England extensively and fed to ailing horses and cattle are mixtures of
the fenugreek with other meals or grains. It is sometimes planted with berseem
here to give a slight purgative effect to theg'-een fodder given so commonly in Egpyt
to horses and cattle." {Fairchild.)

7030. GossypiUM barbadense. Cotton.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 647, ]\iay 11,
1901), July 1, 1901.

Ashmouni. "Secured through the kindness of Mr. George P. Foaden. This should
prove valuable for experiments in the hot dry uplands. It is the variety grown
especially in the upper Nile region." {Fairchild.)

7031. Trifolium alexandrinum. Berseem.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 620, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

Muscowi. "This variety, as noted in No. 4254, is the common variety of the Delta
region. It is the variety from which the largest number of cuttings can be made and
the one likely to prove of greatest use in America." {Fairchild. )

7032. Hibiscus cannabtnus. Ambari hemp or Teale.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 625, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

"This fiber plant, which is used here as a wind-break for the cotton fields, may
be worth investigating, as I am assured by Mr. (ieorge P. Foaden, of the Khedivial
Agricultural Society, that the prices offered for it in the London markets are very
high. This Tade may be quite a different variety from the ordinary Ambari hemp
and better suited to culture in irrigated regions of America. Mr. Foaden intends
trying several acres of it as a culture next year. It is planted at the same time as the
cotton in a thickly sown row around the cotton field, forming a sort of hedge. This
l)ractice is a very old one in Egypt. Some samples of this Egyptian Teale were sent
to London and a quotation of £20 ])er ton was secured by Mr. Foaden." {Fairchild. )
(See Dodge's " Fiber Plants," pp. 192-193. )

7033. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 629, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.

Mezzqfannager White. "A variety of Indian wheat which has recently been intro-
duced into Egypt and has met with unusual success, being a much heavier yielder
than the native. Though small in grain and thin husked, it yielded near Cairo about
12 bushels per acre more than any native sorts. Samples sent to England were pro-
nounced 'the finest of their kind' ))y experts. The yield of straw was unusually
large in some preliminary tests made on the grounds of the Khedivial Agricultural
Society. On the Domain's lands last year there were about 1 ,500 acres of this Indian
wheat planted and over 5,000 acres of native wheat. The Indian averaged nearly 12
bushels an acre more than the native. Less seed is required than of ordinary varie-

SEl'TEMBKK, 1!»00, TO DECEMHEK, VMi. 127

ties as the plant stools unusuallv well. Starts into growth more rapi<lly than native
porta. A winter wheat for warm elimates. For information reganlnig this In.lian
wlieat applv to (ieorge T. Foaden, esq., secretary of the Khe<livial Agrienltural
Societyof Cairo, through whose kindness this sample has been secured." (FairchM.)

7034. Allium cepa. Onion.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received tlirough Mr. I). G. Fairchild (No. 630, April 26,
1901), July 1, 1901.
"A native variety of onion which is grown in immense quantities on the islands
jmd t'lsewhere on the upper Nile. These are for export mostly and in 1898 over
SitO!t,UO0 worth were exported. Train loads are piled on the wharves in Alexan-
dria'in March and April, from which point they are shipped all over Europe
an<l even to New York, $5,36r> worth going to this latter port during the quarter
ending March 31, 1901. This onion forms one of the army rations now, I am told,
and these Egvptian onions are of good, even superior quality. A Texas onion spe-
cialist who tested these Egvptian onions two years ago declared them to be the finest
l)ickle onion he had ever" seen. Deserves a wide (listribution wherever irrigation
prevails, as it is an onion for irrigated lands." {Fairchild.)

7035. ViciA FABA. Horse bean.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 650), July 1,
1901.

Beheri. "A variety of horse bean which is grown in the province of Beheri in
lower Eygpt. It is a" distinct variety from the -SVu'da and should be tested in com-
parison with it. Especiallv valuable for experiments in irrigated regions of Califor-
nia, Arizona, and Texas. "Secured through Mr. George P. Foaden, of the Khedivial

Agricultural Society. ' ' {Fairch ild. )

7036. GOSSYPIUM BAKBADENSE. ^ CottOn.
From Alexandria, Egypt. Received through Mt. D. G. Fairchild (No. 592),

July 1, 1901.
Mit Afiji. "This varietv is now more commonly grown than any other, and the
Jannovitch variety, so popular two years ago, is said to be a lighter yielder and, by
some, to be rapidlv deteriorating. The ^fU Afifi is not a wdiite but a cream-colored
cotton, and is pri"zed especiallv for the manufacture of cream-colored underwear,
hosiery, etc. It is also mixed "with silk and is especially suited for this purjjose."
( Fairchild. )

7037. Hedysarum coronarium. Sulla.

From Malta. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 689), July 23, 1901.

Malta. "Sulla from the island of Malta. This is a late maturing sort, useful when
rains are abundant. It is a heavier yielder than that from Gozzo, and hence pre-
ferred by Maltese in places where there is plenty of moisture." {Fairchild. )

7038 to 7045. Mangifera indica. Mango.

From Bombay, India.

A collection of grafted mango plants, arranged for by Mr. John B. Beach, of West
Palmbeach, Fla., through Latham & Co., Bombay. Received July 24, 1901.

7038. 7042.

Bath. - Mazagon.

7039. 7043.

Fernandez. Roos.

7040. 7044.

Goa Alfonso. Alfonso, or Alfoos.

7041. 7045. I
Kala Alfoos. Cowasjee Patel.

29861— No. 66- -05 9

128 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7046. Gymnocladus canadensis. Kentucky coffee tree.

From Botanic Gardens, Washington, D. C. Received through Mr. G. W. OHver,
July 23, 1901.

7047 to 7057.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose, July 26, 1901.

A collection of economic and ornamental plants and seeds made in Mexico in the
summer of 1901. Doctor Rose's numbers are retained for identification.

7047. Erythrina sp.
(No. 5301.)

7048. ViTis sp. Grape.

"A grape the stems of which die down to the ground every year. Fruit very
large." [Rose.) (No. 5349.)

7049. Rosa sp. Rose.
(No. 5368.)

7050. OxALis sp.

' ' Has beautiful red foliage. ' ' {Rose. ) ( No. 5389. )

7051. Hyptis sp.

"Flowers red." {Rose.) (No. 5412.)

7052. Trifolium sp.

"A showy clover with large heads." {Rose.) (No. 5486.)

7053. Cardiospermum sp.

"A vine." {Rose.) (No. 5490.)

7054. Albizzia sp.

"A beautiful leguminous tree cultivated in Mexico at an altitude of 7,000
feet. Flowers in spikes 2 or 3 inches long." {Rose.) (No. 5281.)

7055. Zapote borracho.

' ' A cultivated fruit. ' ' ( Rose. ) ( No. 252. )

7056. Passiflora sp.

' ' Edible fruit sold in markets. ' ' (Rose. ) { No. 254. )

7057. Culphea sp.

(No. 5353.)

7058. CocHLEARiA ARMORACiA. Horsc-radish.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Received through Lindahl's seed firm, July 27,
1901. (L. & F. No. 421.)

Enkoping. A variety of horse-radish grown at Enkoping, near Stockholm. It is as
noted a sort in Sweden as the Maimer Kren is in Austria, and is cultivated in a
similar way.

7059. Ceratonia siliqua. Carob.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 742), July
29, 1901.

"A male variety of carob. In this region all trees of carobs are grafted or budded
with this male sort. A large branch or, oftener, a secondary trunk is trained up into
the center of the tree to furnish the pollen for the female flowers. This practice,

SKl'TEMBEK, r.R»0, To DKrKMHEK, r.K)3. 129

whirh I have not observed in Gret'tvor AIukth in tlu- siune deprce of perfection,
iurounts no donht f..r tlif lieavv vields obtaine<l hert.-. This may be what is railed
Iai Bon-em." (Fninhild.)

7060. Ckuatonia siliqua. Carob.
From Alieante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 744), July

29, 1901.
]W(i. "This is the sweetest carob 1 have ever tasted." ( FairrhiUl. )

7061. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Aliiante. Sjiain. Received through Mr. H. (i. Fairchild (No. 740), July
29, 1901.
MoUar. "A soft-shelled variety of almond grown in Alicante for table u.se. Espe-
cially relished when still green. The consumption of these green almonds in Mediter-
ranean ct)untries is very great. They are eaten with salt. This variety is not an
exporting one, but may prove an addition to the orchards of California. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

7062. Amygdalus communis. - Almond.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 741), July
29, 1901.
Planeta. "The great exporting almond of this part of Spain. It is the variety
best known and most extensively cultivat('<l, not because it is altogothtT tlie be.st,
according to local taste, but because of its shipping and good marketing (luaiitit's. It
is wedge-shaped inform, with //«/•(/ shell and a flat, heart-shape<l kernel with mednnn
thin skin. The ./nnlan almond, which fetches higher prices, 1 am tolil, is not grown
here in Alicante. It has a thimier skin and tiner flavor. The riututa is, however,
one of the first-class hard-shelled almonds. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

7063. Ceratoma siliqua. Carob.
From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 743), July

29, 1901.
Xcgra. "The commone«t variety of carob grown around Alicante. It is a variety
use<l for horse food almost entirely^ and it.« yields are very large and regular. Every
year a tree 20 veai-s old will vield from 50 cents' worth to a dollar's worth of fruit,
the culture is suited to wa.<te places in dry soil. Trees here 200 years old yield
yearly up to $3 worth apii'ce. This varii-ty has little sugar in it and the seeds are
surromided by parchment. Not for table purposes." {Fairchild.)

7064 to 7070.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose, July 29, 1901.

A collection of economic and ornamental plants made in Mexico in 1901. The
numbers given by Doctor Rose are retained for identification.

7064. Cotyledon sp. 7066. Sedum sp.
(No. 260.) (No. 263.)

7065. Mamillakia sp. 7067. Sedum sp.
(No. 261.) (No. 264.)

7068. RuBus sp. Raspberry.

"A fine raspberrv and worthy of cultivation. Obtained a root and one ripe
fruit. It grows at an elevation of 10,400 feet. ' ' ( Rose. ) ( No. 265. )

7069. COMMELINA sp.

"A very beautiful greenhouse plant. It grows in Alpine meadows at 10,000
feet elevation. ' ' ( Rose. ) ( No. 266. )

7070. SoLANUM sp.

(No. 267.)

130

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

7071. Trigonella foenum-graecum.

Fenugreek.

From Batna (Constantin), Algeria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild
(No. 720), July 31, 1901.

"Sample of fenugreek i^eed arranged for by Mr. C. S. Scofield, coming from the
moTintains of the Aures east of the town of Batna, on the high Algerian plateau.
Used, as in Tunis, bv the Jewesses to induce an excessive fleshiness, which is the
fashion among them'. This may prove a different variety and should be reserved
for breeding purposes. Sent through the kmdness of Mr. John Wild, of Batna."
( Fairchild. )

7072 to 7100.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose, July 31, 1901.

A collection of economic and ornamental plants made in Mexico in 1901. Doctor
Rose's numbers are retained for identification.

7072. Palm,
(No. 253.)

7073. SoLANUM sp. Potato.

(No. 257.)

7074. Sedum sp.
(No. 248.)

7075. Begoxia sp.

^No. 238.)

7076. Sedum sp.
(No. 239.)

7077. Begonia GRACiLia.

(No. 243.)

7078. Sedum sp.
(No. 237.)

7079. Dahlia sp.

(No. 242.)

7080. Sedum sp.

(No. 235.)

7081. Cotyledon sp.

(No. 245.)

7082. Cotyledon gp.
(No. 236.)

7083. Sedum sp.
(No. 247. )

7084. Cotyledon sp.

(No. 255.)

7085. Cereus sp.
(No. 223.)

7086. Cereus sp.
(No. 224.)

7087. Agave sp.

(No. 246.)

7088. Tillandsiabenthamiana.
(No. 241.)

7089.

(No. 226.)

7090.

(No. 203.)

709 1 . Senecio sp.
(No. 256.)

7092. Senecio sp.
(No. 258.)

7093. Tillandsia sp.
(No. 232. )

Cactus.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903.

lai

7072 to 7100 -Continued.

7094.

(No.

231.)

7095.

(No.

251.)

7096.

(No.

250. )

7097.

NOLIN-A Sp.

(No.

240.)

7098.

Cotyledon

sp.

(No.

244.)

Orchid.

Cactus.

7099. TiGRiDiA ap.
(No. 269.)

7100. D.\sYUKiON sp.
(No. 262.)

7101 to 7108. Manoifera indica. Mango.

From Bangalore, India. Received through .\. I^hmann, Ph. D., July 31, HtOl.
A collection of grafted mangoes.

7101.

Peterpasand.

7102.

Mullgoa {Mulgoha).

7103.

Badami.

7104.

Amini.

7105.

Rnjab^mi or Rajpitry.

7106.

Raspbury.

7107.
Gada Mar.

7108.

Sandersha or Sandershaw {Soon-
dershaw) .

7109 to 7116.

From Avalon, Santa Catalina Islands, California. Received through Mrs. Blanche
Trask, July, 1900.
A collection of seeds of native plants, as follows:

7114. Phacelia lyoni.

7109. HOSACKIA VENUSTA.

7110. HoSACKIA TRASKIAE.

7111. Rhus ovata.

7112. Galium catalinense.

7113. Senecio hyoni.

7115. LyONOTH AMNUS FLORIBUN-

DUS.

7116. Eriooonum giganteum.

7117. Danthonia californica.

From Berkeley, Cal. Received through Miss Alice F. Crane, January, 1901.

7118 to 7129.

From Berkeley, Cal. Received through Miss Alice F. Crane, January, 1901.
A collection of seeds of native Trifoliums, as follows:

7118. Trifolium gracilentum. 7119. Trifolium bifidum.

132 SEEDS AND I'LANTS IMPORTED.

7118 to 7129— Continued.

7120. Trifolium ciliatum. 7125. Trifolium tridentatum.

7121. Trifolium macraei. 7126. Trifolium microceph-

ALUM.

7122. Trifolium involucratum. ^^g^^ Trifolium microdon.

7123. Trifolium pauciflorum. 7128. Trifolium fucatum.

7124. Trifolium pauciflorum. 7129. Trifolium fucatum, var.

flavulum.

7130. SOLANUM MELONGENA. Eggplant.

From Raleigh, N. C. Received through Prof. W. F. Massey, March 18, 1901.

7131. Passiflora sp.

From Melbourne, Australia. Received from Carolin & Co. through Mr. G. W.
Hill, Chief of the Division of Publications, U. P. Department of Agriculture.

7132. Ceratonia siliqua. Carob.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 744),
August 3, 1901.

" Vera. "This is a poor yielder, but its fruits are so full of sugar that drops of sirup
run out when the pods are broken. It is too dear for horse food and is eaten by the
people as a delicacy. Its flesh is very crisp and lacks the harshness of other yarieties.
Its seeds are of a lighter color and" the pods thicker. As a shade tree it is a finer
looking variety, with larger leaves, than No. 7063." {Fairchild.) (See also Nos.
7060 and 7461.)

7133. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 745), August
3, 1901.

Castillet. ' ' A superlative sort of hard-shelled almond which was found in a garden
at Mucha Miel, near Alicante. I have not been able to learn that this sort is known
on the markets, although the owner assured me it brought a higher price than the
Planeta. It is a larger, fuller shaped almond." {Fairchild. )

7134. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 746) , August
3, 1901.

Planeta. "Taken from an orchard at Mucha Miel, near Alicante. The names of
these varieties are often mixed, and this may be slightly different from No. 7062."
{Fairchild.)

7135. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 748), August
3, 1901.

Fabrica. "A smaller and inferior sort to the Planeta, but said to be a good bearer.
It is ten to fifteen days later than the Planeta, ripening about the middle or last of
August. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

7136. Prunus armeniaca. Apricot.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 749), August
3, 1901.

Patriarca. "One of the largest fruited varieties of apricot in eastern Spain. Said
to be of excellent quality. The apricots of Spain probably were introduced from

8EPTEMBKR, 1900, TO DECEMHEU. 1903. 188

France originally, Init have undergone changes in size and character, suiting them
to the drought and heat of this more southern region. Tiiis I'litrlnn-n is the best
large variety al)out Alicante, and is said to be a local sort." (Fairchild.)

7137. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 755a), Au-
gust 8, 1901.

J'axtaiu'fii. "A variety differing in form very materially from the other Spanish
varieties. It has a truncated apex and is more or less rectangular. This variety is
not planted largely about Alicante, but is the prevailing sort grown at Murcia, 1 am
told. It fetches as high or even a higher price than the Flmiela." (luilrchllil.)

7138. Trifolium pratense. Red clover.

From New York. Received through J. M. Thorburn & Co., August 5, IV^Ul.

7139. CiCHORiUM ENDiviA. Endive.

From Cassel, Germany. Received tlirough Mr. George C. Roeding, August 5,
1901.

Self-closing, yelloiv Cassel summer endive.

7140. Prunus armeniaca. Apricot.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 750), August

9, 1901.

rU blanc. "A medium sized apricot famed as the finest small fruited variety in the
neighborhood of Alicante. I did not have a chance to taste it, and can not vouch
for its superiority." {Fairchild.)

7141 to 7145. MoRUS .sp. Mulberry.

From Murcia, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 757), August

10, 1901.

A collection of cuttings from the gardens of the Sericultural Institute of Murcia,
Spain. The nomenclature is that furnished by the head gardener.

7141. 7144.

Esteril Glemosa.

7142. 7145.

Arantiana. Colson or Lotson, of Italy.

7143.

Common, of Italy.

7146 to 7340.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt, seedsmen, August
10, 1901. ^6 , e

A collection of seeds as follows (the nomenclature is in the main that of the
seedsmen ) : '

7146. Strelitzia augusta. 7150. Cupressus funebris.

7147. Ageratum CONYZOIDES (?) 7151. Adenanthera pavonina.
Prinzessin Victoria Luise. 7152. Anona macrocarpa (?)

7148. Aquilegia chrysantha 7153. Beta chilensis.

FLORE PLENO. Goldeu yellow.

7149. Ageratu.m CONYZOIDES (?) 7154. Musa mannii (?)

184

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7146 to 7340— Continued.

7155. IiMPATIENa SITLTANI SPLEN-

DENS.

7156. Phlox dkummondii.
Brilliant.

7157. Primula oBCONicA GEAND-

iflora violacea.

7158. Croton sebiferum.

7159. Anona suavissima (?)

7160. Campanula persicifolia

FLORE alba.

7161. Illicium floridanum.

7162. Begonia semperflorens

hybrida flore pleno.

. 7163. Antirrhinium ma jus
grandiflorum luteum.

7164. Papaver orientale hy-

BRIDUM.

7165. Aquilegia caerulea

FLORE LUTEO.

7166. Cinchona officinalis.

7167. Acanthus mollis.

7168. Impatiens sultani nacre

rose.

7169. Strelitzia reginae.

7170. Anona reniformis (?)

7171. Cordyline australis.

7172. Phormium tenax varie-

GATA.

7173. Anona cherimolia.

7174. Anona squamosa.

7175. TORENIAFOURNIERI (eDEN-

TULa) COMPACTA ALBA.

7176. Eucalyptus robusta.

7177. Phlox dkummondi cinna-

barina.

7178. Torenia fournierigrand-

iflora.

7179. Beta brasiliensis cap-

moisin-carmoisi (?)

7180. Torenia fournieri (ed-

ENTULA) COMPACTA COE-
LESTINA.

7181. Beta chilensis car-

moisin-chamoisi.

7182. Adansonia digitata.

7183. Amaranthus caudatus.

7184. Lychnis coeli-rosa.

7185. Primula OBCONICA grand-

IFLORA rosea.

7186. Papaver bracteatum.

7187. Torenia FOURNIERI ( EDEN-

TULA ) grandiflora
coelestina.

7188. Rheum palmatum tangu-

TICUM.

7189. Phormium tenax veit-

chii.

7190. Jatropha glauca (?)

7191. Ficus macro phylla.

7192. Quassia amara.

7193. Cinchona succirubra.

7194. Lindelofia spectabilis.

7195. Chrysanthemum maxi-

mum.

7196. Campanula persicifolia

coerulea.

7197. Torenia fournieri spec-

lOSA.

The Bnde.

7198. Carica papaya pyrifor-

MIS.

7199. Beta brasiliensis (?).

White.

7200. Antirrhinum majus

nanum album.

7201. Antirrhinum majus sul-

PHUREUM RUBRO-VEN-

OSUM.

7202. (Blank. Omitted unin-

tentionally.)

7203. Antirrhinum MAJUS NiGRo

purpureum.

7204. Antirrhinum majus if-

SIGNE.

7205. Clitoria ternatea.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903.

135

7146 to 7340 — Continued.

7206. Caesalpixia sappan.

7207. Gaillardia amblyodon.

7208. Antirrhinum majus

urandiflori'm aliu'm.

7209. Carica papaya atrovio-

LAt'EA ELEtiANTlSSlMA.

7210. Strychnos ntx-vomica.

7211. priml'la obcoxka ker-

MESIXA.

7212. PiTHECOLomUM PRUIN-

OSl'M.

7213. Antirrhinum majus.
Romeo.

7214. Rheum palmatum typi-

CUM.

7215. Acanthus niger.

7216. Gaillardia pulchella

lorexziana.

7217. torenia fourxieri.

7218. Phlox orummondii alba

oculata superba.

7219. Gaillardia pulchella.

7220. Papaver orientale.

722 1 . Primula obconica grand-

IFLORA.

7222. Ficus elastica.

7223. Cedrela odorata.

7224. Cinchona ledgeriana.

7225. Aquilegia caerulea

flore alba.

7226. Eucalyptus globulus.

7227. Berberis darwinii.

7228. Impatiens sp.

7229. Cinchona calisaya.

7230. Aquilegia californica

hybrida.

7231. Begonia semperflorens

Vulcan-Vulcain.

7232. Phormium tenax impor-

tirt gr. importers.

Sappan.

7233. I'rimula obconica gkaxd-

1 flora alba.

7234. Phormium tenax coi.en-

soi Arg. var.

7235. Torenia fournieri (eden-

tula) speciosa.

Violet Ut.

7236. Torenia fournieri (ed-

entula) speciosa.

7237. Sterculia acerifolia.

7238. Cedrela toona.

7239. Eucalyptus citriodora.

7240. Mu8A sumatrana.

7241. Torenia fournieri (ed-

entula) compacta.

7242. Aquilegia caerulea.

7243. Jatropha manihot.

7244. Chrysanthemum sp.

7245. Cinchona hybrida.

7246. .Jatropha curcas.

7247. Carica candamarcensis.

7248. Centaurea Americana.

7249. Gaillardia picta margi-

nata alba.

7250. Papaver orientale semi-

plenum.

7251. Papaver orientale par-

kinansii.

7252. Papaver orientale.
Prince of Orange.

7253. Papaver bractaetum

nanum splendens.

7254. Sterculia acerifolia.

7255. Pithecolobium unguis-

CATI.

7256. Cedrela sinensis.

7257. Jatropha multifida.

7258. Aquilegia chrysantha.

136

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7146 to 7340— Continued.

7259. MUSA MARTINI (?)

7260. MrsA rosacea.

7261. MuSA SUPERBA.

7262. MuSA ROSACEA.

7263. Phormium tenax.

7264. Impatiens sultani hy-

brida nana.

7265. Primula obconica grand-

iflora hybrida.

7266. Caesalpinia pulcher-

RIMA.

7267. Caesalpinia coriaria.

7268. Sterculia diversifolia.

7269. Acanthus candelabrum

(?)

7270. Laurus canariensis.

7271. Pterocarya caucasica.

7272. bombax ochroma (?)

7273. Chamaerops arborea (?)

7274. Chamaerops canariensis

(?)

7275. Raphis cochinchinensis.

7276. Chamaerops elegans (?)

7277. Trachycarpus excelsus.

7278. Chamaerops farinosa.

7279. Chamaerops humilis.

7280. Chamaerops humilis ar-

GENTEA.

728 1 . Chamaerops macrocarpa.

7282. Chamaerops olivaefor-

MIS (?)

7283. Chamaerops robusta (?)

7284. Chamaerops tostentosa.

7285. Phoenix dactylifera.

7286. jubaea spectabilis.

7287. Kentia Alexandria (?)

7288. Hyphaene benguelensis.

7289.

Elaesis guineensis.

7290.

Raphia pedunculata.

7291.

PiSTACIA TEREBINTHUS.

7292.

ACROCOMIA SCLEROCARPA.

7293.

Livistona jenkinsiana.

7294.

Anacardium occiden-

TALE.

7295.

MuSA ENSETE.

7296.

Phoenix reclinata.

7297.

Erythea edulis.

7298.

Thrinax barbadensis.

7299.

Livistona australis.

7300.

Chamaedorea corallina

(?)

7301. Chamaedorea ernesti

AUGUSTI.

7302. Chamaedorea geonomae-

FORMIS.

7303. Chamaedorea gracilis.

7304. Livistona altissima.

7305. Livistona rotundifolia.

7306. Sterculia platanipolia.

7307. Campanula persicifolia

FLORE ALBO PLENO.

7308. Campanula persicifolia

grandiflora alba.

7309. Campanula persicifolia

grandiflora alba gi-

GANTEA.

7310. Campanula persicifolia

caeruleo pleno.

7311. Begonia semperflorens

atropurpurea c o m -

PACTA.

7312. Begonia semperflorens

flore pleno.

Bijo des Jardin.

7313. Begonia semperflorens

grandiflora ATROPUR-
PUREA.

SEPTKMHKK, UMKl, TO DECEMBER, 1903.

137

7146 to 7340— Continuod.

7314. I'UIMll.A OHOtNICA CRAND-

IFI.OKA l-IMHKIATA.

7315. I'Kl.Mll.AOBCONICA GRAND-

I FLORA VIOLACEA.

731G. AQlILECilA KLABEI.LATA

NANA ALBA.

7317. Am ILEOIA GRANDUL08A.

7318. AuriLEOIA nAYLODOENSIS.

7319. Acil'ILEGIA SKINNERI.

7320. Aurii.EtiiA stiarti (?)

7321. AcillLECilA VERVAENEANA

I'OL. VAR.

7322. Hydriastele wendlan-

DIANA.

7323. THRINAX ALTISSIMA.

7324. ACA.NTHUS MOLLIS.

7325. C'aksali'inia sefiaria.

7326. Pyrethrum rosei'M hy-

liKIDlM (?)
7341. LUPINUS HIRSUTUS.

7327. HoccoNiA frittescenh.

7328. Carica papaya.

7329. .VcANTiirs mollis.

7330. I'.KKKERIS WALLinilANA.

7331. CultVl'llA KLATA.

7332. LiVlSTONA AISTRALIS MAC-

ROPIIYLLA.

7333. I' lex EIROPAEUS.

7334. Ceratomasiliuia.

7335. I'lsTACIA VERA.

Pistache.

7336. PlSTACIA LENTISCrS.

Mastic.

7337. PiNANdA OEtORA (?)

7338. TlIRlNAX ARGENTEA.

7339. cocos romanzoffiana.

7340. I'axdanvs aqiatkts.

Blue lupine.

From Voniero, near Naples, Italy. Received through Mr. C. Sprenger, August
13, 1901.
Used as an ornamental plant, also valued for fodder and as a green manure.

7342 to 7365.

From London, England. Received through Mr. William Bull, August 14, 1901.
A collection of plants, as follows (the nomenclature is in the main that given by
Mr. Bull):

7342. JASMINU.M NITIDDM.

7343. LiCUALA MUELLERI.

7344. Camoensia maxima.

7345. Ceropegia woodi.

7346. Codiael'm variegatum.
Croton broomfieldii.

7347. Codiaeum variegatum,
Croton excurrens.

7348. Codiaeum variegatum.
Croton insignis.

7349. Codiaeum variegatum.
Croton memphis.

7350. Codiaeum variegatum.
Croton sceptre.

7351. Codiaeum variegatum.
Croton elysian.

7352. Codiaeum variegatum.
Croton elvira.

7353. Codiaeum variegatum.
Croton euterpe.

7354. Codiaeum variegatum.
Croton hermon.

7355. FiCCS RADICANS VARIE-

gata.

7356. Ficus indica.

138

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7342 to 7365— Continued.

7357. Cinchona officinalis.

7358. Calodendrum capensis.

7359. Hibiscus elatus.

7360. PsYCHOTRiA (?) ipecacuanha.

7361. KiCKSIA AFRICANA.

7362. Salvadora persica. »

7363. Epipremnum mirabile.

7364. Antiaris toxicaria.

7365. Stangeria paradoxa.

7366. Ananas sativus. Pineapple.

From West Palmbeach, Fla. Received from Mr. George C. Matthams, August
13, 1901.

Ripley Queen.

7367 to 7396.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (Nos. 270-299), August 15,
1901.

A collection of Mexican plants and bulbs, as follows (Doctor Rose's numbers are
retained for identification) :

Peruvian bark.
Cape chestnut.

Ipecacuanha.

Liagos rubber.

Mustard tree of Scripture.

Tonga.

Upas tree.

7367. Tillandsia sp.
(No. 270.)

7368. Cotyledon sp.
(No. 271.)

7369. Cotyledon sp.
(No. 272.)

7370. Cotyledon sp.
(No. 273.)

7371. Agave sp.

(No. 274.)

7372. Agave sp.
(No. 275.)

7373. Cotyledon sp.
(No. 276.)

7374. Cotyledon sp.
(No. 277.)

7375. (No. 278.) Cactus.
Flat-spined.

7376. (No. 279.) Cactus.
Long-spined.

7377. (No. 280.) Cactus.
Round.

7378. (No. 281.) Cactus.
Four-spined.

7379. Opuntia sp.

(No. 282.)

7380. Mamillakia sp.
(No. 283.)

Oblong.

7381. Mamillaria sp.

(No. 284.)
Round.

7382. - (No. 285.) Cactus.
Tall.

SEPTEMBER, 1!KR>, Tti DECEMHEK, 1U03. lli\)

7367 to 7396— Contimu^d.

7383. Cissrssp. (No. 28(3.) 7390. CoTYi.KDONep. (No. 298.)

7384. TiLLANDsiAsp. (No.287.) 7391. Nolina sp. (No. 294.)

7385. TiLLANDSiAsp. (No.288.) 7392. Yucca sp. (No. 295.)

7386. TiLLANDSiAsp. (No. 289.) 7393. Zefhyranthes sp. (No.

296.)

7387. HECiiTiAsp. (No. 290.)

7394. Cotyledon sp. (No. 297.)

7388. FouQUiERiAsp. (No. 291.)

7389. (No. 292.)

7395. SoLANUM sp. (No. 298. ) Potato.
Half-wild potatoes from Mount Orizaba.

7396. SoLANUM sp. (No. 299.) Potato.
A small wild potato from near City of Mexico.

7397. CucuMis MELO. Muskmelon.

From Savannah, Ga. Received throufxh Mr. D. G. Purse, president of the
Savannah Board of Trade, August 17, 1901.

Seeds from a 32-pound muskmelon.

7398. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Malaga, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 765), August
19, 1901.

Jordan. " Sud sticks of the famous Jordan almond of commerce, which is imported
into America in large quantities every year. These bud sticks were taken l)efore the
ahuouds were harvested in ahiiost all cases, and from trees still bearing the Jordan
ahnonds. They were difficult to obtain, and it is hoped can be grafted this autumn.
This variety is without question the finest almond of its class in the world. It is
exported from Spain, largely as shelled kernels, to England and the United States,
and is used extensively in these places for the manufacture of confectionery. Its
typical long, plump shape distinguishes it from any other sort grown in Spain. It
has a very thin, delicate skin and fine, white, highly flavored flesh. There are
orchards of considerable size in Spain of this variety, but as a rule the trees are scat-
tered irregularly over the hillsides among the Sierras back of Malaga. A famous
locality for them is at Alora, a half hour's railroad ride from Malaga. No special
care is given the trees and many of the orchards are quite old. The soil on which
they are grown is a light gravel, not fitted for any other culture. In summer it gets
exceedingly dry, but the trees seem to withstand the drought very well. ' ' ( FairchUd. )

7399 and 7400. Ceratonia siliqua. Carob.

From Malaga, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G, Fairchild (No. 766), August

19, 1901.

Castillana. "One of the best varieties of carob, or St. John's bread, in Spain," and
probably one of the best in the world. It is eaten by the natives in the same way
that the variety Vera is in the region of Alicante. It has a very thick, medium-sized
pod, which is very sweet. Produces abundantly and is not grafted with the male
variety, as in Alicante." {Fairchild.) See No. 7132.

7401. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Malaga, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 771), August

20, 1901.

Jordan. "Bud sticks from the garden of Cristobal Paloma, of Malaga. These are
probably like the former buds of this same variety, but are forwarded to make sure
of getting the best strains." {Fairchild. )

140 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7402 to 7413.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose, August 20, 1901.

A collection of native plants, bulbs, and seeds, as follows (the numbers given by
Doctor Rose are retained for identification) :

7402. Zephyranthes sp. (No. 268.)

7403. Cotyledon sp. (No. 300.)
' ' Large red flowers. ' ' ( Rose. )

7404. ARGEMONESp. (No. 301.)

' ' Large white flowers. ' ' ( Rose. )

7405. Zephyranthes sp. (No. 302.)

7406. CrcuRBiTAsp. (No. 5287.)

7407. RuBussp. (No. 5380.)

"A beautiful flowering shrub." (Rose.)

7408. Pithecolobium sp. (No. 5840.)
"A shrub." {Rose.)

7409. CucuRBiTA sp. (No. 5899?.)

7410. SoLANUM sp. (No. 5944.)

' ' Large purple flowers. ' ' ( Rose. )

7411. Sph aekalcea sp. ( No. 5945. )

"A large, beautiful flowering shrub much used in Mexican parks." {Rose.)

74 1 2 . Ox ALis sp. ( No. 5956. )

7413. [Undetermined.] (No. 303.)

"Forty-nine bulbs of a beautiful white flowering water lily. The flowers
stand up above the water." {Rose. )

7414 to 7421.

From Naples, Italy. Received from Dammann & Co., August 'zO, 1901.
A collection of seeds as follows (the nomenclature is in large part Dammann's):

7414. Anacardium occidentale, 7419. Gazania hybrida.

Nora.

7415. Inga dulcis.

7416. Trachycarpus excelsus.

7417. FlCUS ELASTICA. nAni r^

7421. Gazania hybrida.

7418. Ficrs macrophylla. Blondine.

7422. Triticxjm sp. Wheat.

From Girgeh Province, Egvpt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 655),
August 20, 190L

"Selected Egyptian wheat secured through the kindness of Sir William Willcocky,
from typical ' basin ' irrigated lands of the upper Nile. This is especially for trial in the
Colorado Desert experiments. It is a winter wheat in Egypt, but matures by the
first (or middle at latest) of May. Probably will be more or leas mixed and contain
both hard and soft varieties." {Fairchild.)

7420. Gazania hybrida.
Diana.

SEPTEMBKK, 1!M)(), TO DECEMnER, 1903. 141

7423. C'OKYIAS AVKLLANA.

From Aliamte, Spain, lieceived tlirough Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 752), Augii.st
30, 1901.

"Sample sin-ds of what aro ialle<l here on the market 'AveUiiiaH.' Tliey nre
^rnnvn near Valencia, I am told, and are one of tlie eommon sort.s of hazelnuts. It
is a fairlv tliin-.-^helled nut hut it.s skin in Hakey and too heavy to make it of first
(|uality."" (Fairckild.)

7424. Cyperus esculentus. Chufas.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. <i. Fairchild (No. 753), August
30, 1901.

"Sample of the 'Chufa' of Spain, for planting in Louisiana and otlu-r ]>laces in
the South. The culture is said to he simple and lucrative in Spain. When soaked
in water the rootstocks swell up and are then very sweet and palatahle. They are
sold as we sell peanuts on the .streets. Children are very fond of them, and they are
usetl very extensively in the manufacture, in Madrid, of a delicious ice called 'Hor-
rhatd di Chufas.' " {Fairchild.)

7425. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Cordova, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 764), August
30, 1901.

Xeffro. "A black-bearded durum wheat grown largely about Cordova. It is called
Xi'dro simply, but I believe is the Barha Xeyro, from which the Pefi.-tslcr wheat is
said to have originated. None of these wheats are nmch exported, and it is impos-
sible to determine here their macaroni-making properties." (Fairchild.)

7426. ViciA FABA. Broad bean.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 755), August
30, 1901.

Muhonesas. "A variety of broad bean, preferred for boiling purposes by Alican-
tians. Comes from Mahon in the Balearic Islands." (Fairchild.)

7427. HoRDEUM TETRASTiCHUM. Barley.

From Albacete, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 761). Sam-
ple received August 21, 1901; 88 kilos received January 14, 1902.

Albacete. " The barley of this dry plateau region of southeastern Spain is used for
brewing purposes. Although its quality for this purpose can not compare with the
best Hanna barley, it is a good variety and worthy of trial by breeders in the south-
west." (Fairchild.)

7428. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Albacete, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 758), Jan-
uary 14, 1902.

"This is the ordinary durum wheat of this Jry plateau. It is not, I am told by a
dealer in Murcia, as 'strong' a variety as the Russian so-called Tae/anrog, and hence
is not exported, but from what I saw'of it I judge it will prove resistant to rust in a
fairly high degree. No distinctive name was discoverable. It is the only hard
variety." (Fairchild. )

7429. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Albacete, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 759), Jan-
uary 14, 1902.

Candial. ' 'A soft variety of wheat grown on this dry plateau in southeastern Spain.
This variety is very highly esteemed as a bread-making sort for home use. It may
prove valuable for our dry southern plains, for it is grown without irrigation. It is
quite distinct from the variety known by the name of Candeal in South America,
being a soft wheat, while the South American kind is a hard wheat." (Fairchild. )

142 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7430. Triticum DURUM (0 Wheat.

From Albacete, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 760), Jan-
uary 14, 1902.
Gejar. "A semihard wheat, which is said to be the best for the manufacture of
macaroni of anv in Spain. It is not so ' strong' as the Taganrog, 1 am told, but has
a very tine gluten, which makes it sought after by Spanish macaroni makers. It is
grown on the high plateau of southeastern Spain without irrigation, and is suited for
trial in the southwest." {Fairchild.)

7431 to 7438. MoRUS sp. Mulberry.

From Murcia, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No, 757, f, g, h, i, j,
k,l,m,n), August 21, 1901.

Various species of mulberry for silkworm feeding. All dead except:
7431. Alba nervosa. {Ibl i.)
7436. FeHilde Italia. (757 1.)
(SeeNos. 7141 to 7145.)

7439. Agave univitatta. Lechuguilla.

From Tamaulipas, Mexico. Received through Mr. L. H. Dewey, August 31,
1901. Presented by Mr. H. Riehl.

A Tampico fiber plant.

7440. PuNicA GRANATmi. Pomegranate.

From the island of Chios, Turkey. Presented by Mr. N. J. Pantelides, through
Mr. D. G. Fairchild. Received August 23, 1901.

"Scions of a variety of pomegranate which has seeds that are very tender coated.
Probably a similar variety to that commonly cultivated on the coast of Spain and
considered the best market variety there." {Fairchild.)

7441 to 7445.

From Nice, France. Presented by Mr. A. Robertson-Proschowsky. Received
August 23, 1901.

A collection of seeds as follows:

7441. Trachycarpus excelsus.

7442. Phoenix reclinata.

7443. Phoenix.

Hybrid pollinated with P. reclinata.

7444. Phoenix pumila.
Pollinated with P. reclinata.

7445. PsiDiuM cattleyanum.

7446.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (No. 304), August 24, 1901.

7447.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (No. 305), August 24, 1901.

SKl'TKMBEK, li»00, TO DECEMBER, l'J03. 148

7448. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Alicante, Spain. Iteceived through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 754), August
21, 1901.
"A very fine variety lA red pepper grown at A^pra, not far from KIche, near
Alicante. It forms a showy object in the market place and is grown extensively."
(Fatrdtild.)

7449. Pl.Ml'INELLA ANISUM. AniSB.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, August ;.'4, 1901.

"The anise seed of HOuthea.stern Spain is noted. One firm here has exported
40,000 'vielas' in a single year. Used in Amsterdam for the manufacture of
anisette. ' ' ( Fairch ild. )

7450. AVENA 8ATIVA. Oat.
From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, August 24, 1901.

' ' Sample of oats from market. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

7451. HoRDEUM VULGARE. Barley.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fainihild, August 24, 1901.
"Sample of barley from market." {Fuirchild.)

7452 to 7458. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, August 24, 1901.
Almond fruits as follows:

7452. 7455.

MoUar. From same tree as No. ^"j'';i';"- From same tree as No.

7061.

7135.

7453.

Flaneia. From same tree as No.

7134. 7457

7456.
Planeta. From a grower.

„^^^ Planeta. From a grower.

7454.

CasHllet. From same tree as No. 7458.

7133. Fastaneta. From a grower.

7459. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From near Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, August 24,
1901.
"Sample of wheat from threshing floor." {Fairchild.}

7460. Ceratonia siliqua. Carob.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 743), August
24, 1901.

Negra. Seed pods from same tree as cuttings. (No. 7063.)

7461. Ceratonia siliqua. Carob.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, (No. 744) August
24, 1901.

Vera. "Seed pods. This is said to be one of the sweetest varieties known. It is
planted for table use especially and is too valuable for horse food. The yield is
irregular and small compared with other sorts." {Fairchild.)

29861— No. 66—05 10

144 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7462. CiCEK AKiETiNUM. Chick-pea.
From Cordova, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, August 24, 1901.

7463. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. lairchild (No. 763), August
24, 1901.

Bcrherm'o. "A variety of wheat which was intro(hioed into Spain many years ago
from I5arl)ary, and which has won for itself the reputation of being a larger yielder
and having better grain than the durum wheat Blanco, No. 7464. It would be inter-
esting to try tiiis in comparison with Algerian wheats, which are said to have origi-
nated (part of them at least) from imported Spanish sorts." {Fairchild.)

7464. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Cordova, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 762), August
24, 1901.

Blanco. "A native variety of hard wheat grown about Cordova which has the
reputation of being of a fair ([uality and, although not so productive as the so-called
Bcrherisco, it is more resistant to drought. I believe it will also prove resistant to
rust in a fair degree. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

7465. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Uralsk, Russia. Received through Mr. A. A. Vannohin, August 29, 1901.
Kuhanka. (See No. 5639, Inventory No. 10.)

7466. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Padui, Russia. Received through Mr. M. Narishkin, August 29, 1901.
Padui. (See No. 5640, Inventory No. 10.)

7467. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.
From Kharkof, Russia. Received through Dr. A. Boenicke, August 29, 1901.

KJmrkoJ. (See No. 5641, Inventory No. 10.)

7468. Garcinia mangostana. Mangosteen.

From Ileneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. AVilliam & Bros., August
29, 1901.

7469 to 7490.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (Nos. 306 to 327), August 30,
1901.

A collection of Mexitan jilants and bulbs as follows (Doctor Rose's numhers are
given for purposes of identitication):

7469. Orchid.
(No. 306.)

7470. Orchid.

(No. 307.)

7471. Orchid.
(No. 308.)

7472. Orchid.
(No. 309.)

SEPTKM15EK, r.»M», TO DKCKMBKK, litU3.

145

7484. TlLLANDSlA sp.

(No. 321.)

7485. Zei'iiyrantiies sp.
(No. 322.)

7486. TiLLANDSIA 8p.

(No. 323.)

7487. Cotyledon sp.

(No. 324.)

7488. Agave sp.
(No. 325.)

Orchid.
Orchid.
Orchid.
Orchid.
Orchid.
Orchid.

7469 to 7490 Continued.
7473.

(No. 310.)

7474.

(No. 311.)

7475.
(No. 312.)

7476.

(No. 313.)

7477.
(No. 314.)

7478.
(No. 315.)

7479. Cotyledon sp.

(No. 316.)

7480. Arum sp. (?).
(No. 317.)

7481. TiLLANDSIA sp.

(No. 318.)

7482. TlLLAXDSlA f'p.

(No. 319.)

7483. T1LLAND.SIA sp.
(No. 320. )

7489. 80LANUM sp.
(No. 326. )

7490.

(No. .327.)

7491 to 7495.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. .T. X. Rose (Nos. 6259 and 328 to 331),
August 31, 1901.

A collection of Mexican plants and bulbs, as follows:

7491. 7494.

(No. 6259.) (No. 330.)

7492. 7495.

(No. .328.) (No. 331.)

7493.

(No. 329.)

7496. Cissus.

From Eagle Pass, Tex. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose, September 5, 1901.

Potato.

l-iO SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7497.

From Mexico. Received througli Dr. J. N. Rose (No. 259), Septembers, 1901.

7498. ViciA FABA. Broad bean.

From Vomero- Naples, Italy. Received through :Mr. C. Sprenger, September 5,
1901.
St. Pantaleone. "A new variety of bean having very long pods." {Sprenger. )

7499. Anacardium occidentale. Cashew.

From Kingston, Jamaica. Received through Mr. W. Harris, assistant superin-
tendent of the Hope Gardens, September 5, 1901.

7500. ]Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Oued Rirh oasis, northern Sahara Desert. Received through Mr. W. T.
Swingle from French and Arab foremen of the European date plantations.
Received May, 1901.
^'An early sort, resisting drought and alkali much better than the ordinary alfalfa."
{Swingle. )

7501. Spondias sp. Ciruela.

From Iguala, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles, Cal.,
September 10, 1901.

Dried fruit.

7502. Zea mats. Corn.

From Tampico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles,
Cal., September 10, 1901.

Large AVhite Mexican.

7503. Phaseolus vulgaris. Bean.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los
Angeles, Cal., September 10, 1901.

Large Purple.

7504. Phaseolus vulgaris. Bean.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los
Angeles, Cal., September 10, 1901.

Ballo Gordo. A yellow bean.

7505. Casimiroa edulis. "White sapota.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles,
Cal., September 10, 1901.

Za})Otc Blanco.

7506. (Unidentified seed.s.)

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los
Angeles, Cal., September 10, 1901.
Pepita para mole verde. ' ' Sold in roasted condition on streets of ^lexico. ' ' ( Steams. )

7507. Opuntia sp.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through :Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los
Angeles, Cal., September 10, 1901.
Tuna Colorado. "Fruit is the size of a duck's egg, and has very red flesh."
{Stearns.)

SEFTKMiiKK, IHW, T«t DECKMHKK, 1903. 147

7508. CucuRBiTA .sp. Pumpkin.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Ims
Angeles, C*al., September 10, 1901.

Spargel Kurbis.

7509. Cereus sp. (0 Pitahaya.

From Tanipica and (inadalajara, Mexico. Received througli Mr. FhiuT Stearns,
Los An>,a'ies, C'al., September 10, 1!H)1.

"Fruit pink, large, sweet, and fine eating." (See Cunt. IL S. Herb., Vol. V,
No. 4, pp. 220-221.)'

7510. Cauica I'Ai'AYA. Papaw.

From Tampico, Me.xico. Received througii Mr. Palmer Stearns, Los Angeles,
Cal., Septem])er 10, 190L

"Fruit very large." {Sti'(ini>i.)

7511. Cucmns sATivus (?). Cucumber.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Received througii i\Ir. Elmer Stearns, Los
Angeles, Cal., Septemlter 10, 1901.

"Fruit of tine flavor, round, the size of a large ai)ple. Bears large crop."
( Sleams. )

7512 to 7515. Tkiticum vulgare. Wheat.

iMom Proskurow, Russia. Received through Dr. S. Mrozinski, Septeml)er 9,
1901.

Samples of wheat as follows:

7512.

Sandomirka. "A V)eardless wheat grown in Podolia. It is very resistant to
frost, heat, and drought. This wheat was first grown in the vicinity of Sando
mir, in Poland . " ( Mrozinski. )

7513.

Plock. "A variety of wheat introduced into Podolia from Plock, Poland.
It is especially noted for its resistance to the effect of rain storms. ' ' ( Mrozinski. )

7514.

Triumph of Podolia. "An improved local species, very productive and
resistant to all climatic changes." {Mrozinski. )

7515.

Banut. " Selected from the original Hungarian 5«n«^ It is noted for not
degenerating as easily as the original. ' ' ( Mrozinski. )

7516 and 7517. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Malaga, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 769), Septem-
ber 13, 1901.

Jordan. "Bought in the shell from a grower in the Sierra, at a small village called
Almogia, one hour's mule ride from the well-known road of Antiquera. This is a
collection as it came from the trees, small and large together, and is for purposes of
seed selection. It is highly probaV>le that new varieties (seedlings) can be secured
from these seeds, and they should be distributed to breeders of Prunus. Almost all
the trees about Malaga, where this particular variety is grown and from which place
almonds are shipped in large quantities to America, are budded trees. The stock is the
bitter almond, seeds of which (No. 7-517) are included in the same box with the
Jordans. I am told, however, that seedling jilants are employed and that they bear
fruit reasonably true to type. The soil on which these trees are grown is very rocky

148 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

and light and at this season is quite dry and dusty. Hillsides and high-lying valleys
are the favorite spots for their cultivation, and the secret of their culture seems to lie
in the freedom from spring frosts. They flower in January and February, and even
about Malaga a crop is often lost by a frost at flowering tinie. These frosts being
quite local, one often hears in one valley of a total loss of the crop in a neighboring
one. These seeds may prove very valuable in originating later-blooming sorts of
good quality and in discovering valleys suited to their culture. The seed should be
carefully inspected and all specimens with gum adhering discarded. I recommend,
further, that the remaining be washed with copper sulphate or some other disinfect-
ant and well rinsed \\ ith fi-esh water. The disease called Gumvwi^h is a troublesome
one and exists in all tlie orchards I have visited. It is important that this disease,
if it really is one, l)e not introduced into (California. I am unaware if it is already
there and lias been studied. I have seen trees that ajipeared to be dying of the dis-
ease. Nuts attacked by it are worthless. These seeds should be stratified and
planted without cracking in rich garden earth. Budding is done here only in April."
{FairchUd.)

7518. RoMNEYA COUI.TERI. Matilija poppy.

From Los Angeles, Cal. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, September 20,
1901.

7519. Cereus sp. (?) Pitahaya.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles,
Cal., September 20, 1901.

"Fruit three to four inches long and two inches in diameter. Skin reddish pink.
Pulp white and jellylike, with the seeds distributed through it. Sweet and fine
eating." {Stearns.)

7520 to 7534.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., September
21, 1901.
A collection of agricultural seeds, as follows:

7520. Trigonella foenum-graecum. Fenugreek.

7521. Lathyrus ciCER. . Vetch.
Gesse jarosse.

7522. Ervum monanthos. Lentil.
One-flowered lentil.

7523. Ervum lens hiemale. Iientil.
Red winter lentil.

7524. LupiNus ALBUs. liupine.
White lupine.

7525. LupiNUS LUTEUS. liUpine.
Yellow lupine.

7526. Onobrychis onobrychis. Sainfoin.

7527. Onobrychis onobrychis. Sainfoin.

Sainfoin a deux coupes.

7528. Hedysarum coronarium. Sulla.
Spanish Sulla.

7529. Trifolium incarnatum. • Crimson clover.
Early variety.

SEPTEMBEK, 1900, TO DECEMHEU, 1903.

149

7520 to 7534 Continued.

7530. Tkikolium incarnati^m.

\'ery late variety, willi wliite flowers.

7531. Secale cereale.
Giant winter.

7532. VUIA NARBONNENSIS.

7533. Vi( lA viLi.osA.

7534. Latiiyius (kiiris.

Crimson clover.

Rye.

Narbonne vetch.

Hairy vetch.

Vetch.

7535. LupiNUS ANGUSTiFOLius. Blue lupine.

From Enstii^, Fla. Sent by Mr. F. W. Savap;e through Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received September 2!^, 1901.
A North African variety. Grown from No. 5583.

7536 to 7556.

From Paris, France. Received through
23, 1901.

A collection of seeds as follows:

7536. Albizzia jilibrissin (?)

7537. Moris alba. Hat-var.

MORETTI.

7538. ScHixrs molle.

7539. 8 CH IX U 8 TEREBIXTHIFO-

LIUS.

7540. FiCUS ELASTICA.

7541. Gaesalpixia bonducella.

7542. HrRA crepitaxs.

7543. SWIETEXIA mahagoni.

7544. Coluifera balsamixu.\i.

7545. Arexga saccharifera.

Vilmorin Andrieux & Co., September

7546. Cycas xorm.\xbyaxa.

7547. LiCUALA GRAXDIS.

7548. LiVISTONA .lENKIXSIANA.

7549. CiNCHOXA CALISAYA.

7550. clxchona ledgeriana.

7551. Cinchona calisaya.

7552. Cinchona succi-rubra.

7553. Lespedeza sieboldi.

7554. Ilex Integra.

7555. AbRUS PRECAT0RIU.S.

7556. Leucadendron argen-

TEUM.

7557 to 7574.

From St. Albans, England. Received through Sander & Co., September 24,
1901.

A collection of -plants as follows:

7557. Richardia sp.
Calla leucoxantha.

7558. Leea sambucina.

7561. Dianthus caryophyllus.

Ivaahoe.

7559. Panax aureum.

7560. Passiflora pruinosa.

Carnation.

150

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

7557 to 7574 — Continued.

7562. DiANTHUS C.VRYOPHYLLUS.

/. Coles.

7563. DiANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS.

Lily Measures.

7564. DiANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS.

3frs. F. Sander.

7565. DiANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS.

Monica.

7566. DiANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS.

Mrs. Joicey.

7567. RicHARDiA sp.
Calla Elliottiana Rossii.

7568. ACANTHOPHOENIX CRI-

NITA.

• 7569. Bentinckia nicobarica.
7570. cocos coronata.

Carnation.
Carnation.
Carnation.
Carnation.
Carnation.

7571. Cyktostachys renda.

7572. Heterospathe elata.

7573. Ptychoraphis augusta.

7574. Kentia sanderiana.

7575 and 7576. Triticum durum. Wheat.

Grown bv Oscar C. Snow, Mesilla Park, N. Mex., under contract. Distributed
from the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station. Reported ready for
delivery September, 1901.

7575. Oharnovka, grown from No. 5643.

7576. Kubanka, grown from No. 5639.

7577. Physalis peruviana. ' Cape gooseberry.

From Lima, Peru. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles, Cal.,
September 26, 1901.

Jaranydln. "Plant 2 to 3 feet tall, branching, leaves large.
The local name means Little Orange." {Stearns.)

7578. Triticum durum.

Fruits abundant.

Wheat.

From province of Oran, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fairchild and
C. S. Scotield (No. 721), September 26, 1901.

Marouani. " This wheat is cultivated extensively on the elevated rolling lands in
the western part of the province, and is one of the best of the types of durum wheats
cultivated bv the Arabs. The quantity obtained is from the estate of M. J.
Labouresse, at Tessala, near Sidi-bel-Abbes. It has been carefully selected by Mr.
Lal)ouresse from year to year until a fairly pure and very vigorous stock has been
obtained. The variety is Verv hardy, resistant to rust, and succeeds fairly well under
rather droughtv conditions. ' The grain is especially adapted for the manufacture of
semolina. In the province of Oran the wheat is sown in November and ripens in
June, but it might succeed as a spring wheat in the spring-wheat region of the
northern United States. ' ' ( Fairchild and Scofield. )

7579. Triticum durum.

Wheat.

From Sidi-bel-Abbes, province of Oran, Algeria.
D. G. Fairchild and C. S. Scofield (No. 722), Sef

Received through INIessrs.
September 26, 1901.

Medeah. "This is one of the best-known macaroni wheat varieties of western
Algeria. When grown on the high rolling lands in the vii'inity of the city of Medeah
it ])ro(luces a grain with very valuable macaroni-making qualities. It was recently
introduced into the vicinity of Sidi-bel-Abbes, where it gives promise of being a very
valuable sort, ripening ten to fifteen days earlier than the Marouani and similar

SKl'TKMHKK, 11K)0, TO UE("KM1?EK. l!H)3. 151

-■irtt; grown in that vicinity. It is ordinarily sown lu'ri' in XoveinlK'r and ripens
ally in Juui', hut it is worth trying as a spring wheat in the northi-rn I'ni ted States.
The saniple ohtained is from the farm of Si. J. Lahouresse, of Tessala, near Sidi-hel-

Alilx'S, whieh latter is one of the noted wheat growing districts of Algeria, possessing

a light rich soil." {Fairchild and Hcojield.)

7580. Tkiticum durum. "Wheat.

From Batna. C'onstantine, Algeria. Received tlirough Messrs. D. G. Fairchild
and C. S. Scotield (No. 729), Septend)er 2(i, 1!H)1.

Adjini. "This wheat is from stock grown by the Arabs on the rolling lamls of
the Aures Mountains, east of Batna, where the summer temperature often reaches
100° F. and where it freijuently drops to zero in winter. It is a variety highly
spoken of by the macaroni mamifacturers of Marst'ille, and, although rapidly dete-
riorating in (|uality, when cultivati'd there, has given very good yields when grown
without irrigation on lower lands of the liigh jilateau of the jtrovinceof C'onstantine.
The soil on these lands is excessively rich in suli)hate of magnesia and is of a hard
and gravelly nature. Although a winter wheat in Batna, being sown in December
or .January and harvested early in .Inly, it will be worth a trial in the s|»ring-wheat
region. The stied obtaiiu'd is from .Vrab growers, whose methods of culture art' very
primitive, and the Department is indebted to Mr. (i. Ryf, manager of the(ieneva
Society of Setif, for its jjurchase from them." ( Fnirchild and Srojield. )

7581. TitiTicuM DURUM. Wheat.

From El-Outiiva, Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. (>. Fair-
child and C."S. Scofield (No. 730), Septendjer 26, 1901.

Kahla. "This wheat will be found to differ from the Knliln, No. 77H4, of the
high j>lat(>au region, as it comes from jilants grown by irrigation on the somewhat
salty sands of tlie nortliern Sahara Desert. It is one of the few sorts of wheats that
maintain their good quality when grown year after year in slightly alkaline soils.
It is highly valued by the Arabs for its rich content of ela.stic gluten. It is grown
on land that probably has at least 5 j)er cent of salt in it and the irrigation water
itself with which the |)lants are irrigated is slightly salty, not so salty, however, as
to l)e((iiite undrinkable. The wheat is planted in l']i-( )utaya in Deci'nd)er or .January,
but it might be worth trying as a spring wheat in the Nortii. This seed is from the
farm of Mr. Charles des Places at El-()utaya. As a macaroni wheat its rank is not
known, but its ability to grow in alkaline soil makes it especially valuable for any
experiments in the irrigated salt lands of America. We were told that a change of
seed was especially beneficial on these salt lands. (2'ifi'itities of wheat are brought
down from the neighboring mountains to plant on these salt lands. This change
of seed forbids the formation of any salt-resistant race, but does not change the
interest in these wheats for other salt lands." {FairchUd inid Scofield.)

7582. Tkiticum vtilgare. "Wheat.

From p]l-Outava, Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fair-
child and C."8. Scofield (No. 731), September 26, 1901.

Fretes. ' ' This variety, sometimes called Freitisfi, is one of the few' soft wheats grown
in Algeria. It is particularly noted for its early maturity and is often extensively
planted in the Sahara Desert in seasons when the winter rains occur so late that the
durum varieties usually grown would not have time to mature. When planted in
Novendoer, as it is in Algeria, at the same time with durum varieties, it is said to ripen
two months in advance of them. The seed obtained was grown on the rather ^alty
desert sands in the vicinity of El-Outaya, north of Biskra, and watered with some-
what alkaline but still drinkable irrigation water. The variety is said to have origi-
nated from a shipment of Russian wheat which was made into Algeria at the time of
a famine many years ago. Its early maturing qualities attracted attention, and it has
been cultivated in small quantities by the Arabs ever since. The seed obtained is
from the farm of Mr. Charles B. des Places. ' ' ( Fairchild and Scofield. )

7583. HoRDEUM TETRASTicHUM. Barley.

From El-Outaya, Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fair-
child and C." S. Scofield (No. 732), September 26, 1901.

Beldl. "This and the following variety (No. 7584) are sorts planted on the saline
soils of the edge of the Sahara Desert. They are grown by irrigation, but the irriga-

152 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

tion water itself is saline. In quality tliey are neither of them of superior excellence
and are little used, if any, for beer-iiiaking purposes. The yield is small when com-
pared with that of barley grown on good soils, but it nevertheless seems to pay the
French colonists to grow it in these regions where very few plants of any kind suc-
ceed. The Arabs feed their horses largely on liarley and even eat it themselves. Mr.
des Places says, however, that on these saline soils wliere this barley is grown he
ihids a change of seed l)eneticial, even necessary, and he imports every year or two
his seed barley and seed wheat from the mountains, l)ecause it so rapidly degenerates.
These barleys are introduced for a trial on the salt lands of the Southwest. The
names given are Arab ones for slightly different strains. Secured of Mr. Charles B.
des Places. ' ' ( Fairrhild and Scofield. )

7584. HoRDKUM TETRASTiCHUM. Barley.

From El-Outaya, Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fair-
child and C."S. Scofield (No. 733), September 2G, 1901.

Telli. "A barley for salt lands under irrigation. See No. 7583 for description."
{Fain']iild and Scojield.)

7585. Triticum turgidum. Wheat.

From Oran, Algeria. Received through Messrs. I). G. Fairchild and C. S. Sco-
field (No. 734), September 26, 1901.

Black Foulard. "This is one of the so-called Poulard wheats, a class which is
commonly grown in France on stiff or heavy soils unfavorable to the culture of less
vigorous sorts. The quality of the grain is considered inferior to that of either T.
durum or T. vulgare. It is particularly valuable on account of its vigorous growth
and hardiness. * It is usually grown as an autumn wheat, but is worthy of trial on
any land too heavy or too coarse to produce ordinary wheats to good advantage. The
seed was secured from M. Vermeil, professor of agriculture at Oran, who has it grow-
ing in his experimental plats under the Arabic name of 'Kahla,' a name which,
however, is applied in other parts of Algeria to a quite different variety of wheat.
(See Nos. 7581 and 7794. ) This is not a macaroni wheat, but may be used for fiour
making. ' ' ( Fairchild and Scofield. )

7586. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Setif, province of Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. S. Scofield (No. 735a), November 11, 1901.

"A wild variety which has been introduced into culture by Mr. G. Ryf, of Setif,
who is conducting experiments, the results of which are published by the "Comice
Agricole," of Setif, of which Mr. Ryf is a prominent member. This variety has been
remarkable in its variation since its introduction to cultivation, and the seed should
prove an excellent foundation stock from which to select varieties for special soils
and conditions. In general it has been found very resistant to drought and well
adapted to soils rich hi phosphates. Mr. Ryf has an interesting method of cultivat-
ing it. He plants the seed in rows 39 inches apart and cultivates between the rows
the first season. The following season the crops of hay are cut as rapidly as they
come on, and the plants spread out, forming l)road bands or rows. The season fol-
lowing, the space between the rows and all but a narrow band 8 inches wide of
the alfalfa is plowed under and well tilled. After this cultivation a crop of wheat
is sown between the rows of alfalfa, and when this is matured and removed a light
cultivation is given, and the following year the rows of alfalfa are allowed to spread
out and crops of hay are taken off. In this way wheat and alfalfa are alternated
from year to year. Mr. Ryf finds that by following this method the perennial legu-
minous forage crops give much better results than annual ones. This he attributes
largely to the extra amount of cultivation that this method permits. In fact he finds
that for his conditions an extra cultivation of the soil gives better results in the fol-
lowing crop than the planting of an annual leguminous crop, with which cultivation
is impossible. This is seed from a procumbent form of the plant." {Fairchild and
Scofield. )

7587. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Setif, Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fairchild
and C. S. Scofield (No. 735a), November 11, 1901.

A wild variety, with erect form. (See No. 7586.)

SEPTEMBER, 19m), TO DECEMBER, Um.

153

7588. Medicacjo media. Sand lucem.

From Setif, tJonstantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. I). G. Fain^hild'
and C. S. Scofield (No. 735a + ), November 11, 1901.

Luzerne nisliqite.

7589. liAuniMA sp. White bauhinia.

From Mount Silinda, Melsetter district, Rhodesia, South Afrira. Keci-ivcd
through Dr. Win. J.. Thompson, Octoher 1, U»01.

" Is quite rare. The flowers are large and beautiful and very abundant, but very
delicate. The plant seems quite sensitive to frost and many plants have been injuro<l
l)v it this vear." ( Thoniiixon.)

7590. lUlTHINIA sp.

Red bauhinia.

From Mount Silinda, Melsetter district, Rhodesia, Soutli Africa. Ki-ccived
through Dr. AVm. L. Thompson, October 1, 1901.

"The red variety is very widely and generally distributed over this region."
(Thomjisov.)

7591 to 7630.

From London, Kngland. Received through James H. Veitch & Sons, October
3, 1901.

A collection of ornamental plants as follows (nomenclature is that of the seedsmen) :

Begonia.

7591. Begonia sp.
Winter Cheer.

7592. Begonia sp.
Adonis.

7593. Begonia carminata.

7594. Begonia sp.
Ensign.

7595. Begonia eudoxa.

7596. Begonia incomparabilis.

7597. Begonia sp.
John Heal.

7598. Begonia sp.
Mrs. Heal.

7599. Begonia sp.

VeniiK.

7600. Begonia sp.

Winter Perfection.

7601. CODIAEUM variegatum.

Mrs. McLeod.

7602. Codiaeum variegatum.

Aighurth Gem.

7603. Codiaeum variegatum.
Mrs. Iceton.

Begonia.

Begonia.
Begonia.

Begonia.
Begonia.
Begonia.

Begonia.

Croton.

Groton.

154

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

7591 to 7630— Continued.

7604. CODIAEUM VARIEGATUM.

Princess of Wales.

7605. Dracaena sp.

Duchess of York.

7606. Dracaena up.

Esckhantei.

7607. Dracaena sp.
Tlie Sirdar.

7608. Dracaena si>.
Exqiiisiie.

7609. Dracaena sp.

Donsetti.

7610. Amasonia calycina.

7611. Maranta major.

7612. Allamanda blanchetii.

7625. Dianthus caryophyllus.

i>7?t.s/( White.

7626. Dianthus caryophyllus.
Lady Grimstone.

7627. Dianthus caryophyllus.
Lord Rosebery.

7628. Dianthus caryophyllus.

Trumpeter.

7629. Dianthus caryophyllus.

Oeorge Maqiutt.

7630. Semele androgyna.

7631 to 7636. Phoenix dactylifera. Date palm.

From Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 597) from INIr. Em. C.
Zervudachi, Alexandria, October 2, 1901.

7631.

Amri. "One of the best varieties, of large size; color, garnet verging on
black." {Zervudachi.)

7632.

Oga of Bedrichen. "Of medium size; color, garnet verging on black."
( Zervudaclii. )

7633.

Nagl-el-Basha. "One of the best varieties, of large size; color, yellowish."

{Zervudachi.)

Croton.

7613. Medinilla bornensis.

7614. Medinilla magnifica.

7615. MuSSAENDA GRANDIFLORA.

7616. ROUPALA POHLII.

7617. Vriesia fenestra LIS.

7618. TiLLANDSIA LINDENIANA.

7619. Guzmania musaica.

7620. Urceolina pendula.

7621. Zingiber officinale.

7622. Richardia elliottiana.

7623. Richardia pentlandi.

7624. Hedychium gardneri-

ANUM.

Carnation.
Carnation.
Carnation.
Carnation.
Carnation.

SKITEMBKK, 1900, TU DECEMliEK, 1903. 155

7631 to 7636— Continued.

7634.

iSultaui I »r Souhaa-el-Sitti. ' ' ( )iie of the best varieties, of medium size; color,
yellowish." {Zerimdachi. )

7635.

Blrkd-el-IIaggi. "Of medium size; color, garnet verging on black."
( Zervudachi. )

7636.

Aiii-hdi. "Of small size and yellowish color." (Zervudachi.)

7637. Lathyrus tingitanus. Tangier scarlet pea.

From Algeria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, September 2(j, 1901.

7638. CiCER ARiETiNUM. Chick-pea.

From Fouiba, Algeria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, September 26,
1901.

7639. Lathyrus sativus.

From Roui'ba, Algeria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild, September 26,
1901.

76^0 to 7645.

From Tunis, Tunis. Received through :\rr. D. G. Fairchild (Nos. 697 to 702),
October 4, 1901.

Samples of miscellaneous seeds presented by the School of Agriculture of Tunis.

7640. HoRUEUM vuLGARE. Naked barley.

Chair-en Nebhi. "Originated in Tunis, but grown in the trial gardens of
the college for three years." (No. 697.) (Fairchild.)

7641. HoRDEUM vuLGARE. Naked barley.

"From Turkestan. Grown three years in Agricultural College garden,
Tunis." (No. 698.) (Fairchild.)

7642. Trigonella foenum-graecum. Fenugreek.

"The grain is eaten by the Jewish women of Tunis in large quantities in
order to increase their avoirdajioihi, it being the fashion to weigh as much as
200 pounds or more. Primarily, however, a forage and soiling ci'op." (No.
699.) (Fairchild.)

7643. Andropogon halapensis.

SorgJio d' Alep. "This is an important grain crop of north Africa. It
hybridizes easily with broom corn and causes the latter to deteriorate."
(No. 700.) (Fairchild.)

7644. Carthamnus tinctorius. Safflo-ysrer.
"Grown as an oil plant." (No. 701.) (Fairchild.)

7645. GUIZOTIA ABYSSINICA.

"An oil-producing plant used like sesame. It is grown similarly." (No.
702.) (Fairchild.)

7646. Pennisetum spicatum. Pearl millet.

From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 696) , October 4,
1901.

Millet de Chandelles. " Probably grown extensively in the south of the province
of Tunis, about Gabez. Arabs use it for food, Europeans for forage. May be useful
for breeding. From School of Agriculture, Tunis." ( FaircJiild.)

156 SEEDS AND I'LANTS IMPORTED.

7647. GossYPiUM sp. Cotton.

From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 695), Septem-
ber 26, 1901.

Colon bruine de Mallaganza. "Single boll of a brown cotton from the collection
of cottons at the School of Agriculture of Tunis. Its origin is quite unknown."
{Fairchlld.)

7648. LiNUM usiTATissiMUM. Flax.

From Oran, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 717), Septem-
ber 26, 1901.

' ' Said to resist drought very well. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

7649. LiNUM USITATISSIMUM. Flax.

From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 716), Septem-
ber 26, 1901.

"Also said to be drought resistant." {Fairchild. )

7650 to 7653. Triticum durum. Wheat.

. From Tunis, Tunis. Presented by the School of Agriculture of Tunis through
Mr. D. G. Fairchild (Nos. 703 to 706) . Received September 26, 1901.

Samples of wheat from the collection in the School of Agriculture of Tunis.
They bear the following native names, for whose spelling Mr. R. Gagey, instructor at
the college, is responsible:

7650. 7652.

Sba er Rouyni (Sboa-el-Rouniia). Mkleuh. (No. 704.)

(No. 706.)

7651.

Azizi. (No. 705.)

7653.

Abd-el-Kader. (No. 703.)

7654. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 718), Septem-
ber 26, 1901.

"A large, very fine, long red pepper from market of Tunis." {Fairchild.)

7655. CiCER ARiETiNUM. Chick-pea.

From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 707, May 27,
1901) , September 26, 1901.

"The native chick-pea of Tunis for comparative tests as to nodule-producing projt-
erties and resistance to drought. From the School of Agriculture in Tunis."

{Fairchild.)

7656. Lotus tetragonolobus. Square pea.

From Tunis, Tunis. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 715, May 27,
1901), September 26, 1901.

"A new forage and seed legume being tried at the Tunis Agricultural College. Its
root nodules are remarkable for their size and number, and its seed-bearing capacity
is extraordinary. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

7657. Trifolium alexandrinum. Berseem.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 642, May 9,
1901), October 10, 1901.

Saida. "This variety stands somewhat intermediate in character between Muscowi
and Fachl. Its long-root system enables it to withstand dry weather very well, and
it is considered in Egypt as a variety of dry-land Berseem. It yields two cuttings

SElTKMJiEK, UKK), T(i DECEMBER, ISMCJ. 1 ;") (

only, ami is tiuTt'ldro sown in snch ix'jiions as can lu' iriij:att'<l twn or' tiircc tinit-'s.
It should Ix' sown in antmnn, on land with a lirniti-d pow^T of inij,Mtion, and will
yiel<i, on an avfrajre, ahont 6 ton.s of jireen fodder jht acre at the liryt futtinjj; and

4 or o at the second. It makes better hay than the ^fus(•ov^i, but can not be coiiHid-
ered of as ureat importance as that varit'ty. The root system of tliis variety is longer
than in either of the others." { FairchUd.)

7658. TuiFOLiuM ALEXANDitiNUM. Bersceni.

From Cairo, Ef!;yi>t. Received through Mr. D. (J. Fairchild (No. 643, May {»,
1901), October 10, 1901.

Fdchl. "This variety differs materially from the Mtiscoiri (No. 7tin9), being used on
land which is irrigated by the basin system, that is, by being overflowed for forty
days in tiic antnmn. The seed is broadcasted at the rate of a Imshel an acre on the
nun I, and no later irrigations are found neces.-jary, as the plant gives oidy one cutting.
This, however, yields 9 tons of green fodder i)er acre and makes a better hay than
the ^fllx(^oll•i. In order to secure the seed of this variety it is the practice to sow the
same broadcast with wheat or barley, and the seed is sei^arated from the grain by
thrashing, it being much smaller aiui lighter. This variety will l)e limited in its use
to regions where only one irrigation can be given during the winter, or possibly may
prove valuable as a spring forage crop." {Fairchild. )

7659. TiiiroLiuM .\lexaxi)KI\um. Berseem.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 644), October
10, 1901. Secured through the kindness of the secretary of the Khedivial
Agricultural Society of Egypt, Mr. (Jeorge P. Foaden.

iliiscoiH. "The great fodder and soiling croj> of Egypt. An annual, leguminous,
green fodder crop, considered indispensable by the Egyi>tians as a half-year rotation
with cotton. Its fodder-jirodncing value, effei-t upon the soil in storing up nitrogen,
and cleansing effect are considered exceptional. It will l)e best suited to irrigated
lands in warm climates, but might also be tested as a spring fodder crop in the
northwestern coast States. In Kgypt tin- see<l is sown generally in October, after
the soil has been thoroughly irrigated to |)rei)are a moist bed for the seed. It is
sown broadcast at the rate of not less than 40 pounds pvr acre. P^ven as high as 50
to 60 pounds are sown. This is due in j)art to the ])revalence of weevils in the seed,
which sometimes destroy the germinating power of a large percentage. The seed
should be harrowed into the soil lightly, and when starte(l the young plants shoidd
be given plenty of water. In Egyi)t the i)lants grow so rapidly that if sown toward
the end of October a first cutting can l)e made after forty-five or fifty days, but if
sown later, after the cooler weatlier has set in, it takes a nnich longer time for the
plants to develop. Depending upon the amount of water and the temperature, the
plants yield from four to five cuttings, yielding for the first and second cuttings about

5 tons of green forage per cutting and for the third and fourth cuttings somewhat
less. In order to secure seed for next year's planting the plants should be left to
stand after the fourth cutting, when they will go to seed. In Egypt the seed pro-
duction is larger and lieavier tlian in the case of clover. After each (tutting a suffi-
ciently long period should elapse before the plants are irrigated again, to allow the
cut surfaces of the stems to dry out; otherwise the water will rot the plants. This
fodder j)lant deserves a thorough test in the Colorado Desert region, beet-sugar regions
of the Southwest, and as a soiling crop in the orchards of California." {Fairchild.)

7660. Tkiticum vulgake. Wheat.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. (t. Fairchild (No. 638, May 9,
1901), October 10, 1901.

Bolii. "A soft wheat which is grown popularly alxiut Cairo, and is considered one
of the best soft wheats of Egypt. This sample comes from the grounds of the Khe-
divial Agricultural Society and was remarkably free from Fuccinia, although the
American wheat varieties, Henderson's Pedigreed and Gold Corn, growing adjacent,
were very badly rusted. This Bohi is an early ripening sort, at least one month earlier
than above-mentioned American wheats. It is improl^alile that this variety will
withstand a very low temperature, and it ought to do best in irrigated regions of the
Southwest. It is planted al)0ut the 20th of November in Egypt and is cut the first
week in May, although, from an American standpoint, it would be ripe by the last
week in April. All wheat is left until dead ripe before cutting in Egypt. The tem-
perature during the winter seldom goes below 40° F." ( FnircJnId. ) "

158 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7661. Sesamum ixdicum. Sesame.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. Li. Fairchild (No. 635, May 9,
1901), October 10, 1901.
White. "This forms an important, profitable crop on the basin irrigated lands.
It should be tried as late as the beginning of July after floods of Colorado River have
subsided and might mature by the end of October. The seed should be broadcasted
on the mud at a rate of about a bushel per acre. If possible, two subsequent water-
ings should be made, one when a few inches high and another later. If mud is not
fresh it would be best to plow the land and harrow in the seed. (See No. 3972,
Inventory No. 8, for description of oil making.) Lord Cromer, in his last report,
mentions that sesame is exported from Egypt to Europe. It is largely used for mak-
ing the Turkish sweetmeat Chacla{?). Profits in Egypt are estimated at aV)Out |40 an
acre. For use in the Colorado River experiments. Secured through the kindness of
Mr. George P. Foaden, secretary of the Khedivial Agricultural Society. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

7662. Sesamum indicum. Sesame.

From Cairo, Egypt. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 636, May 9,
1901), October 10, 1901.

Brovn. "I can not find that this has any advantage over the white, or vice versa,
but it may prove better adapted to growth in*^the Colorado River flood plain. Secured
through tlie kindness of Mr. George P. Foaden, secretary of the Khedivial Agricul-
tural Society. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

7663 to 7677.

From Asia Minor. Received through Mr. George C. Roeding, October 11, 1901.
A collection of economic plants secured in September, 1901, as follows:

7663. Ficus CARiCA. Caprifig.
From Aidin. Designated "F."

7664. Ficus carica. Caprifig.
From Aidin. "/>." "A very large caprifig (same as No. 6832), from the

garden of S. G. Magnisalis." {Roeding.)

7665. Ficus caiuca. Caprifig.
From Aidin. "E." "One of the largest caprifigs from the garden of S. G.

Magnisalis. ( Same as No. 6836. ) " ( Roeding. )

7666. Ficus cakra. Caprifig.
From Aidin. "7. " "A variety from the garden of S. G. Magnisalis, near the

ruined mosque. This is not the variety especially mentioned by Mr. W. T.
Swingle." {Roeding.)

7667. Ficus carica. Caprifig.
From Aidin. "G." Very largestand finestcaprifig from the garden of S. G.

Magnisalis. Same as No. 6835. " {Roeding.)

7668. PisTACiA VERA. Pistache.
From Smyrna. "From the Greek nurseryman near Smyrna." {Roeding. )

7669. Pyrus sp. Pear.
From Smyrna. "Wild pear growing near Smyrna, a good stock, valuable

for clay ground. ' ' ( Roeding. )

7670. Amygdalus persica. Peach.
From Smyrna. "A yellow cling, yellow to the pit, ripening in August.

From Pounar Bashi . " "( Roeding. )

SKITEMHKK, I'MH), TO DKCKMIJKK, liKCJ. 15V)

7663 to 7677 ( oiitiiiiitil.

7671. Vnis viNiiKKA. Grape,

From Siiiynia. "A siiiwrior variety <»f Mala>:a callol liiznkl. I'roltaMy
piittr ill III i/riiiitli." ( liii'iliiii;. I

7672. I'lu MS AKMKMAt A. Apricot.

Frimi Smyrna. "From Pounar Bashi lu-ar Smyrna. An ajuiiot witli a
swet't ki'nu'l like an almoiul." (Roediiuj.)

7673. I'l.sT.MiA TEREBiNTnrs. Terebinth.

From Smyrna. K<irahnnoiir. " Hnds from niali- pisUu-hio terebintli."
( linedituj. )

7674. PiNicA r.RANATiM. Pomegranate.

Fn m Smyrna. TrherkerdtkxiK. "Tlie 9t*o<llt's.s pununniiiatc Inmi r<>miar
I?a.«h . ' I liniiliiKj. )

7675. Olka El KDi'AKA. Olive.

From Smyrna. "Pirkling antl oil olive from (Jreek nurseryman near
Smyrna. ' ' ( Roeding. )

7676. TiNicA GRANATi!M. Pomegranate.
From Smyrna. Fei/xiuar. "Pome^rranatefroin Pounar BaMhi." (Roeding.)

7677. PuNicA URANATUM. Pomegranate.
F>om Smyrna. Kudinnr. "Pomei^ranate from Pounar Ba.shi." {Roeding.)

IQIQ. C'oFKKA .\UAni( A. Coffee.

From Maca-xnar, Celebes. Keceiveil tlimu^li Me.><.>^r.<. I.at limp ami FairchiM (No.
386a, February 11, 1900), October 15, 1901. Sent by Hun. K. .\mr, United
States consul.

Menado. "The bean of this famous coffee is very larp-. It is one of tiie highest
priced coffees on the niarkt-t. Sells dry in Amsterdam at 70 to HO i-ents Dutch per
one-lialf kilo. Best 'Java Brown' brings no more." (Fnirchifd.)

7679. ViCIA HIRTA.

From Tessala, Algeria. Obtained bv Mr. C. S. Scotield, April, 1901. Received
October 21, 1901.

"Dried roots and tubercles from barley tield at Tessala." [Scojidd.)

7680. Lathykus sativus.

From Orau, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. C. S. Scofield, April, 1901. Received
October 21, 1901.

"Dried roots and tubercles of the 'Pois Carre' from .salt-impregnated field near
Oran. Much cultivated." {Scofield.)

7681. LupiNirs luteus. Yellow lupine.

From Rouiba, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. C. S. Scofield, April 10, 1901, through
Dr. L. Trabut. Received October 21, 1901.

"Dried roots and tubercles. Tubercle growth considered by Doctor Trabut as
pathological and characteristic of Lvjmius lutem." {Scofield.)

7682. Tkifolium angustifolium.

From Kabylia, Algeria. Obtained bv Mr. C. S. Scofield, April, 1901. Received
October 21, 1901.

"Roots and tubercles." {Scofield.)

29861— No. 66—05 -11

160 seeds and plants imported.

7683. Trifolium panormitanum.

From Rouiba, Algeria. Obtained by Mr. C. S. Scofield, April 10, 1901. Keceived
October 21, 1901.

' ' Roots and tubercles. ' ' ( Scofield. )

7684. Amyodalus communis. Almond.

From Malaga, Spain. Received through Mr. D. O. Fain-hild (No. 768, July 81,
1901), October 21, 1901.

"Supposed to be grafted plants of the famous Jordan almond. Upon arrival they
proved to be only ungrafted seedlings, and not at all as per the contract made with
the Spanish gardener." {Fairchild.)

7685. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

. From Volo, Greece. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 581, March
23, 1901), September 28, 1901.

Diminum. "A variety of spring wheat called Diminum, meaning ' two months.'
This is a semihard wheat used in Greece to plant after the failure of the winter
wheat. It is not a two-month wheat, as its name implies, but matures in about
three months, being planted the last ot February and harvested the first of June.
It is a light bearer, not very highly esteemed in Greece except for a catch crop, as it
were, when winter wheat has failed. Sent by kindness of Mr. Ar. Tsakonas, of
Athens, who can secure a large quantity in June, if desired." {Fairchild. )

7686. NicoTiANA TABACUM. Tobacco.

From Godwinsville, Ga. Received through Mr. H. J. Webber, October 28, 1901.

A.vni/r. A Turkish cigarette tobacco. About 6 ounces of seed obtained by Mr.
Webber through Mr. Robert Viewig, who imported the original seed from Turkey
and grew itat Godwinsville, Ga. A crop was grown in 1899, from which the present
seed was taken. Production usually very light, but product of superior quality.

7687. ViTis sp. Grape.

From southern Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (No. 5349), October
28, 1901.

"A new grape, collected in southern Mexico this past season. It is a very remark-
able species in that it dies down to the ground each year, apparently arising from the
big deep-set tuber or tuberous root. It produces an immen>^e growth of vines, the
internodes often being 1^ to 2 feet long. The fruit is borne in large clusters, some-
times nearly a foot long, individual grapes being about the size of the fox grape."
{Rose.)

7688. Heeria jalapa.

From southern Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose (No. 6081), October
28, 1901.

"A very beautiful little trailing plant, well suited for baskets or for a carpet plai;
It belongs to a genus of plants much cultivated." {Rose. )

7689 to 7765.

From Algeria. Secured by Mr. C. S. Scofield, April to June, 1901. Receive-
at the Department in October, 1901. Turned over to the Office of Seed and
Plant Introduction and Distribution, March 6, 1903.

"The following collection of leguminous plants was obtained by Mr. C. S. Scofield,
in many cases through the kindness of Dr. L. TraVjut, government botanist of Algeria.
This collection represents the results of many years careful study by Doctor Trabut,
who, with Doctor Battangier, published a flora of Algeria, in which some of these species
were described for the first time. Doctor Trabut familiarized himself with the indig-
enous flora of Algeria by many expeditions to all parts of the colony, and some of the

SKl'TKMHKK. I'KHI, T() DKi KM15KK, IWA. KW

inotit proinisinjr s|ii'«-U's for rulturL- wore f.)uii<l to hi- vtTV rare in a wiM statf, liavin^
Iit't'ii aliiio.>-t t'\t«'nninat»'(l hv licrhivorous aiiiiuiils. Tin* colkH'tioii Ihmv t'limiu-ratod
was <.l)taiiu'.l for s^tn.lv aiul iiot for diHtriliution. It is of the very jjreate.st value and
tlie various !J|)i'cii's are now hciii-r cultivatetl in a preliminary way hy the Depart-
ment of AuriruUnri' to KL't information as to their a<laptal)ility to Amt-riran eoiuli-
tions. As the Hfe histories of the various sjKjiies are workt-il out so tliat r(asoiial)le
projinosis can he inaile as to the vahie of the plant for forajje or for liay or ^jrecn
manure ami some information ran he ^iven as to the regions where it is most likely
to suciet'd, and w here seed can be prown at a rcasonahle cost, tlien this species will
be intnxhicc.l into i.ractical culture. It is likely that many j.lants of the «;reatest
value for the future developnu'Tit of American ajiriculture, especially in the dry
rejiions of the West, are included in this collection, which is the cream of what has
iH'en broujiht together by twenty years' study in North Africa, one of the richest
regions of the world for leguminous plants suitable for field culture." { Siriixjir.)

7689. Lii'ixrs tkr.mis. White lupine.

••'.ids jtlant is one of the i)ronunent lupines which has a place in general
culture. It has a vigorous, upright growth." (Scojield.)

7690. LriMNTs ASciisTiKoLirs.

"Specimen found n«'ar Fort National, where the soils are evidently of mar-
ble or 1 i niestone origi n . " ( St-ojield. )

7691. Ononis avki,i..\.\a.

"This [)lant is too coarse for use as a forage plant; it may have a place as a
soil fixer or for green manuring." {Scujield. )

7692. Mklilotis mackostai'iivs.

"Sj>ecimen olitained from trial j'lats at the botani<:d station at Uouilia.
This is one of the most iiromising plants of this genus. It is the only one not
objectionable for forage purposes on account of its txlor. It has a vigorous
growth, often reaching :\h 'Vet in height, and has a large leafy surface."

(ScqtiM.)

7693. Mklii-otis spkciosa.

".Si)ecimen from botanical garden at Uouiba. Several varieties of this
species are under cvdtivation. It is a fairly good forage plant, being erect and
producing an abundance of foli^e." {Scojield. )

7694. Melilotus sulcata.

"Specimen from the garden of the school of medicine of Algiers. This plant
is one of the least valuable of this genus. It has rather harsh stems and does
not have an abundant leaf growth. It seeds very freely." {Scofield. )

7695. Medicago arbokea.

• 7696. Cytisus proliferus.

"Specimen from Iwtanical station at Rouiba. This plant has been intro-
duced into Algeria from the Canary Islands. It is a shrub, often 12 to 14
feet high; very leafy and producing "a large number of seed pods. The new
shoots are often trimmed from the tree and used in the dryer countries."

{Scofield.)

7697. Cytisus linifolius.

7698. ScoRPiURUS vermiculata.

"Specimen from botanical station at Rouiba, where it is both wild and
cultivated. Plant has creeping habit, rather vigorous, but seldom more than
7 or 8 inches high; fruits verv freely. There are large numbers of nodules.
The plant is principally for sheep pasturing and for enriching the sod in
n i t rogen . " ( Scofield. )

1()2 8EEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7689 to 7765— Continued.

7699. Trifolium panormitanum.

' ' Specimen found growing wild near botanical station at Roui'ba. This plant
closely resembles T. alexandrimnn in general appearance and habit of growth.
The lower tooth of the calyx is very much longer than the other four teeth,
making identification simple. This plant is little or not at all cultivated as yet
in Algeria, but was found to have gained possession of some wild hay fields
near Tizi Ouzou. It is very vigorous and upright in habit of growth, often
over 2 feet in height." {Scofield. )

7700. Lotus tetragonolobus. Square pea.

"Specimen found growing wild near l)otanical station at Kouiba. Plant
has a reclining or creeping habit, seldom growing more than 10 or 12 inches
in height; it is very vigorous, leaves of a very bright green color, flowers
brilliant, rosy red. It fruits freely and Vjears large numbers of root nodules;
has been introduced into America in an experimental way through the
Department of Agriculture. It deserves further attention." {Scofield.)

7701. ViCIA HIRTA.

"Specimen obtained from botanical station at Rouilia, where the plant

. grows wild. It has been tried in culture there, but has not done well enough

to hold a place in competition with other si^ecies of the same genus. The

stem is upright, but rather weak, sometimes reaching 2 feet in height."

{Scofield.)

7702. ViCIA KABA.

7703. ViCIA FULGENS.

"From small plat growing at botanical station at Rouiba. This species is
one of the very important ones introduced ):)y Dr. Trabut into culture in
Algeria. It seeds very freely and produces a large amount of foliage."

{Scofield.)

7704. ViCIA NARBONNENSIS.

"Specimen from botanical station at Rcniiba, where it is both wild and
cultivated. This plant is erect, very succulent, and robust. It is often sown
with winter oats to be cut for green forage. It seeds freely and matures early
in May. A close relative of this i)lant, jjossibly a variety of the species, is often
confused with it, the other variety being entirely glabrous, while the type is
decidedl y hispid . " ( Sc( field. )

7705. VlClA BENGALENSIS.

(This seed was neverturned over to the Office of Seed and Plant Introduc-
tion and Distribution, as it was all used in experiments by the Office of Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations. ) (See No. 5576. )

7706. ViCIA CALCARATA.

"Specimen found near botanical station at Rouiba, probably not from
cultivated plats. This plant is commonly found along the Algerian coast,
gro\<'ing in hay fields and waste places. So far as known it is not at all
cultivated. ' ' ( Scofield. )

7707. ViciA sATivA. 7709. Vicia saI'iva.
Vicia sativa de Toulouse. ■ Vicia saliva de Tunis.

7708. Vicia sativa.
Blanche.

7710. Hedysarum coronarium.

"Specimen found growing in the garden of the School of Medicine of
Algiers. Source of seed not known. Plant very robust; stems rather weak "
{Scofield. )

SKl'TEMUKK, IIKHI, To DKCEMl^KK, UK).}. KWi

7689 to 7765^Coiititmed.

7711. HkUYSAKUM I'ALLIUITM.

"Spcc'inu'n ohtaiiuMl from near Oran l)y Mr. D G. Fairchild. It was nearly
matured. The plant is mentioiieil by Battamlier as hein^ perennial, liaviii'^
larjie, ornamental tlowers wliieli are white and streaked with purpK'; the stem
Heshy, decumbent; the leaves somewhat i)ubeseent, not as lon>i; a.s tlu' tlower
elnsters; the leaflets 10 to 20 mm. by 5 to 10; flowersinobloufrHower clusters;
the pod si>iny, 4 to 7 articulations with vertical spini's at the emls; connnon
in salty and i^ypsum soils." {Scojichl.)

7712. Uedys.vrum m.writ.vnicitm.

"Specimen from garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers; seed probably
lm)ught by nuctor Trabut from somewhere in the i)rovince of Oran. Tim
plant is somewhat less vigt>rous than Jf. (■oroiuirimn; stems reclining; plant
often more than 2 feet in height." {Scofteld. )

7713. Tki(;onell.\ foenum-<iraecum. Fenugreek.

"Specimen from the garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers. This
j)lant has an upright habit of growth, reaching 18 to 20 inches in height; has a
very important jilace in general culture as a soil enricher and a green forage
crop. It is often planted in the autumn between rows of grapevineand turned
un(ler the following spring, when the cultivation of the grai)es begins. When
used as a green forage crop, or when the seed is used, the fat j)roducing effect
is very noticeable. The plant has a very strong odor when dried, and animals
fed on the dry grain or green forage are strongly afft'cted by the odor. Kggs
from hens fed on this })lant are uneatable. Meat of animals having access to
it can not i)e used as human food; as a horse food it is of considerable impor-
tance. The Jewish women eat a meal prejjared from the grain of this plant
and become enormously fat. It is already used to some extent in Virginia,
and very widely cultivated throughout Persia and India. About 1,000 tons of
this seed are sold annually by one dealer, Schempft it Co., in the Liverpool
Stock Kxchange. This seed forms an essential quality of nearly all prepared
stock foods. The root bears a large number of nodules." {Scojidd.)

7714. Trigonella corniculata. •

7715. Festuca fanara.

7716. VlCIA I.ITEA.

7717. ViciA sirui.A.

"Specimen found growing wild near the botianical station at Algiers. So
far as known, the plant is not cultivated, but is found very commonly along
the Algerian coast. The stems are rather small. It is of no present value as a
forage plant. ' ' {Scojir/d. )

7718. ViCIA EGYPTIANA.

(Not in Kew Index. )

7719. Astragalus boeticus.

"Specimen found growing wild in the garden of the School of Medicine of
Algiers. So far as known, this plant has not been introduced into culture.
The stem is upright, though inclined to be weak, 20 to 24 inches high; rather
straggling in habit of growth; plant deserves attention for improvement."

{Scqfield.) ■

7720. AXTHYLLIS tetraphylla.

"Specimen found in the woods above Mustapha. This plant is said to be
adapted for use in arid regions. It has a creepinj^ habit of growth, fruits very
freely, and produces a large number of root nodules." (Scqfield. )

7721. Anthyllis vulneraria.

" Specimen found in the woods above Mustapha. This plant is not common
in Algeria. It has a decidedly different habit of growth from that of A. tetra-
phylJu. It grows very commonly along the bluffs above Hussien Dey." {Sco-
field.)

164 SKEUS AND I'LAiMlS IMPORTED.

7689 to 7765 —Continued.

7722. Ceratonia .siliqua. Carob.
" Seeds of an improved variety from Blidah." {Scofield.)

7723. Brassica oleracea. Cabbage.
"A few seeds of a wild cabbage from Rouiba." {Scofield.)

7724. Ae(JILOps ovata. 7725. Hkdvsakum pallidum.
From Bouli Bree (?) Fioin Oraii.

7726. HippocREPis multisiliquosa.

"Specimen from the garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers. So far as

known, this plant is not of great importance as a forage plant. It rarely

reaches 20 inches in height, and has a straggling habit of growth. The stem
is hard and produces few leaves." [Scojield.)

7727. Hymenocarpus circinata.

"This plant is descriljed by Battandier as being velvety pubescent; stems
about 1 foot in height, erect or blant-hed; lower leaves entire, obtuse, attenu-
ated at the petiole, 4 to 6 cm. by 2; leaf pinnately divided with an odd leaf at
the end; flowers 2 to 4 in a peduncle, umbel exceeding the leaf; pod velvety,
flattened, orbiculate, sometimes spiny at the back, sometimes not, 15 mm. in
diameter. This plant is extremely rare and difficult to find, but Doctor Trabut
is of the opinion that it is of very great value as a forage plant, although it is
not yet evident that he has experimental proof to support the belief. Secured
by Mr. Fairchild from wild plants growing not far from Oran through assistance
of Prof. M. Doumergue, of Oran." {Scofield.)

7728. Lathyris tixgitanus.

"This grows from year to year in the garden of the School of Medicine
of Algiers, i)roducing a large num])er of flowers which are nearly or quite all
fertile." {Scofield.)

7729. Lathyrx's numidicus.

"Specimen found growing in the garden of the School of Medicine of
Algiers. The original seed was found by Doctor Trabut on the rocks near El
Kantara. The plant has a creeping habit of growth; matures very early and
produces a large nuudjer of well filled pods; grain rather small, round, dark
gray." [Scofield.)

7730. Lotus ornithopodioides.

"Specimen from the garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers. This
plant is common in waste places near Algiers; has not very robust stems; some
reclining; grows in rather poor soil; may reach a height of 15 inches. The
roots bear numerous peculiarlv globose nodules. The plant bears seed very
freely." {Scofield.)

7731. Lotus edulis.

" Specimen from garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers. This plant
has a creeping habit of growth, and produces many pods,which are fleshy,
with comparatively small seeds, and the pods when green are sweet to the
taste. Doctor Trabut thinks that this plant can be improved to be used as a
vegetable. ' ' {Scofield. )

7732. LUPINUS LUTEUS.

7733. LuPiNUS sp.

" A violet lupine of Spanish origin." {Scofield.)

7734. Medk'ago denticulata var. apiculata.

SKl-lKMRKK, U>01), TO DECKMKEK. IW.]. lOT)

7689 to 7765 — Continued.

7735. MKDK'Ario echixis.

"Speciiiu'ii found near Oiu-d Sniaiir, Algeria. This plant is one of the
important annual nu-dii-aRos. It has an inclining or rreeping habit of growth;
i.s very vigorous, and pro<luces a large number ( »f fruits. ' ' (Scojiild. )

7736. Mki)Ic.\<!o helix var. KKiimi.A.

7737. Mki)IC.\go denticll.^ta.

7738. Mkdicaoo orbicularis.

7739. MEDUAfiO TRrXCXTl'LA.

7740. .MEDICAdo TIKBIXATA.

"Specimen found in woods above Mustapha. This plant has an inclining,
or sometimes upright, habit of growth. It is an annual, and deserves a trial."

{Srofiehl.)

7741. Mei>ica(jo truncatula.

7742. Medicago ciliaris.

7743. Medkago secundifi-oka.

•obtained on Ain el Hadjar Plateau." (ScoJieltJ.)

7744. Memlotis mackocaki'a.

"Specimen found near Hotel Continental, Mustapha. It is not particularly
common. The j>lant is mentioned by Battandier as being upright, profusely
branched, with bright green leaflets, very large, obovate, glaucous under-
neath; flowers al)out (i mm. long, paU- yellow, in loose bunches, exceeding the
leaves. The fruit is almost as lai-ge as a small pea, ovoid, obtuse, or spherical;
seeds, one or two, large, tuberculate. It is .said that Arabs sometimes use
these fruits as a spice, since they have the odor of the melilot in a very high
degree." (SroHeld.)

7745. Ononis sp.

7746. OxoBRVCHis sp.

7747. Oxoxis avellana.

7748. Kkiohotrva .tapoxica. Loquat.

(Seed never turned over to the office of Seefl and Plant Introduction and
DistriV)ntion. )

7749. Gexi.sta sphaerocarpa.

7750. ScoRPiiRrs vermiculata.

7751. SCOKIMIKUS SULCATA.

"Specimen found near Hotel Continental, Mustapha. This i)lant seems to
be at present of very little value. Like .S'. rennicuhtUi it never attains any con-
siderable height, and is, if anything, less vigorous than S. innniculata. It
thrives, however, in very poor soil, and is a harmless weed." {Scofield. ) ■

7752. Trigonella gladiata.

"Nearly related to T. foenum-graecum." {Scofield.)

7753. Trifolium angitstifolium.

"Specimen from grounds of Danish consulate, Mustapha. This plant is
closely allied to T. incarnatiun. It does not thrive well in Algeria, seldom
reaching more than 1 foot in height, and producing few, if any, liranches.
Some very, vigorous specimens were seen near Oran and west of there, where
it is more common than near Algiers. It is an annual, maturing early in May. ' '
(Srqtield.)

H\{\ SKEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED. /

7689 to 7765 — Continued.

7754. Tkifomum lappaceum.

"Specimen from the grounds of the Danish consulate, Mustapha. This
plant is one of the less vigorous of the genus. It has a somewhat reclining habit
of growth; stems seldom more than 12 to 15 inches long, rather soft and deli-
cate. This plant is common in waste places in the vicinity of Algiers."
(Scojield.)

7755. Thifolium olomeratum.

"Specimen found near Oued Smaar, Algeria. This plant has a creeping,
or at least an inclining ha1)it of growth; is found on roadsides or in waste
places; is as yet of no particular importance as a forage plant." {Scojield. )

7756. Trifolium pallidum.

"Specimen from the garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers. This
plant is common in the fields and waste places along the coast near Algiers;
it resembles T. prataise somewhat in habit of growth, though it inclines to be
smaller and less vigorous. ' ' ( Scojield. )

7757. Tripolium panormitanum.

7758. Tripoli I'M repens.

"Si)ecimen from nursery of Mr. Labatut, of Tizi Ouzou. It grows to a
height of 8 to 10 inches from its creeping stem; produces seed freely; leaves
and stems bright green ; very succulent. ' ' {Scojield. )

7759. Trifolu'm spumosum.

' ' Specimen found growing wild near botanical station at Rouiba. The plant is
an annual, vigorous and succulent, with rather weak stems, sometimes reaching
a lieight of 20 to 24 inches under favorable conditions, i. e., in soils of lime-
stone'^ origin ; the root nodule development is very pronounced. So far as
known this plant is not yet cultivated, but it has the appearance of being of
great value should it be introduced and somewhat improved by selection. It
seeds very freely, producing grains somewhat larger than T. pratmse."
{Scojield.)'

7760. Trifolium stellatum.

" Specimen from near botanical station at Rouiba. This plant is very com-
mon along the roadsides and in the waste places of Algiers. It is nf)t of great
importance as a forage plant. It seldom reaches a height of more than ten
inches, and the stem branches very little." {Scojield.)

7761. Trifolium tomentosum.

7762. Vkia sativa.

' ' T.arge seeded variety. ' ' ( Scojield. )

7762a. ViciA sativa.

" \ small seeded variety." {Scojield.)

7763. Vicia sativa.

"Specimen from the garden of the School of Medicine of Algiers. There
are very many varieties of this species growing wild in Algiers." {Scojield.)

7764. Vicia hirta.
From Tessala, Algeria.

7765. Vicia sativa, var. macrocarpa.

" Specimen found in grounds of Danish consulate, Mustapha Superieure.
This is doubtless the variety known as 'Macrocarpa,' but very little is defi-
nitely known al^out the varieties of Vicin sativa. They grow in very large
numbers, and attempts to classify them have up to the present time beec
fruitless. ' ' {Scojield. )

SKI'TKMBKK, liHH). To DKCKMHKK, I!t0;{. IC.T

7766 to 7768.

iNuinbors not utilizi'd.)

7769. FK.\(;.\in.\ spp. Strawberry.

From MfxiiMi. lic.iivcd lliruiijrh l)r. .1. N. Kusc, ( )ct<)lH>r 30, l!M»l.
Seeds of ciiltivateil varietiis l<>r |>laiit-l>ree<linjr purposes.

7770. Sauai. katoma.

KiDiii Miami, Kla. Ixeeeived throujrli .Mr. II. ( '. lleiiriekseii, Oetoln'r^fi, ItfOl.
Collected l.y Mr. 1'. II. Uolf.«.

7771. TlIKINA.\ II.OUIDANA.

From Miami, Fia. lieceived tlinmuli Mr. li. C. Ilenrieksen, Oetober 26, 1901.

7772. SeRENOA SEKKn.ATA.

Knuii Miami, Flu. Ueceivcd tlinnii:li Mr. II. ('. I Itiirickscn, Octolier L'ti, 15H)I.

7773. Ixodes talmetto.

From Miami, Kla. Ktrcivcil throiiirh Mr. II. ('. Ilnniek.sen, Oetober 26, 1901.

7774. C'occotiikina.x <;ai:i{Ki:i.

From Miami, Fla. R«'ceived tliruiigli .Mr. II.C. I leiiriek.sen, Octol)er 26, 1901.

7775. Coffea ahahica. Coffee.

From Maea.S'^ar, Celebes. Receiveil tliroiijili Me.ssrs. Latlimpand Kairtliilil ( .No.
;«()a, February 11, 1900), October .30, 1901. Sent by K. .\ner, Fnited States
Consular Apent.

Mcnmh). (See No. 7678. )

7776. Punica granatim. Pomegranate.

From Oran, Alj^eria. Beceive<l tliroujili Messrs. D. fi. Faircbild ami ( '. S.
Scofield (No. 738, June 14, 1901 ), Oetober .30, 1901.

"Grafting wood of several varieties of pomegranates of Algerian origin from t! ••
OrpheVinat de Missertjltin, near Oran." (FairchihL )

nil. Ceuatoma .siLigiA. Carob.

From Oran, province of Oran, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fair-
child and C. S. Scofield (No. 737, June 14, 1901 ), October 30, 1901.

"Large fruited variety of carol), introduced into Algeria from Spain. Said to be
momecious, not re(}uiring the i)resence of male trees to make it fruitful. Pods are
large, thick, and of reported superior excellence." {Fairchild.)

7778 to 7780. Amy(jdalus communis. Alihond.

From Alicante, Spain. Received October 30, 1901.

7778.

Marcona. Nuts of this Spanish variety of almond.

7779.
Pastanetn. Nuts of this Spanish variety of almond.

7780.

Costeretu. Nuts of this Spanish vaiiety of almond.

1(^8 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7781. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Los Angeles, Cal. Keceived October 26, 1901, from Mr. Elmer Stearns.
" From seed in mixed spices from Japan." {Stearns.)

7782. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Los Angeles, Cal. Received October 26, 1901, through I\h . Elmer Stearns.

"Originally from Juarez, Mexico. Forms a ImisIi nearly 4 fci high, with pep-
pers erect instead of hanging." {Siroriix.)

7783. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Los Angeles, Cal. Received October 26, 1901, through Mr. Elmer Stearns.
"Originally from Juarez, Mexico." (Stearns.)

7784. Hedysarum coronarium. Sulla.

From IVialta. Received through Mr. I), (t. Fairchild (No. 6S8, May 22, 1901 ) , July
23, 1901.

Gozzo. "An early ripening variety of sulla from the httle island of Gozzo, near
:\Ialta. This is said to be superior' to the kind grown on Malta in seasons when
si)ring rains are scanty, as it matures i)roperly, while the Malta variety fails to ripen
well. In seasons of abundant spring rainfall it is not economical, because it matures
too soon. The seed in the seed pod is used in Malta, and it was not possible to get
cleaned or decorticated seed. According to the literature, sulla should be planted in
deep soil. This varietv forms the principal fodder and soiling crop of an island
where soil is not much over 6 to 8 inches deep on a l)ed of calcareous rock. It is
sown here in July and August on the wHeat or barley stubble and allowed to
' scorch ' in the burning sun until the September or October rains begin to mature
it as they say. (The use of a seed scratcher might make quick germination possible
and probal)rv largelv increase the stand.) It is cut here only when in full bloom,
for, if left to stand, "the leaves fall. The yield per acre is unusual. " Some growers
report 40 to 90 tons of green fodder, but no definite information on this point was
obtained. It is the great green cover crop of Malta, and a rotation of wheat or oats
and sulla is very common here. Everywhere the fields are filled with big stacks of
the bundles of this plant. In some countries the seed is immersed for five minutes
in hot water to hasten germination. The fleshy roots are often dug by peasants
and fed to the hogs or horses. They are full of starch and sugar. The root tubercles
are rather small and delicate, but very numerous. Attempts to cultivate the specific
germ of these tubercles are being maxle from dried roots sent to Dr. George T. Moore
from Malta. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

7785. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Vesoul-Benian, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fairchild and
C. S. Scofield (No. 723, June 20, 1901), November 6, 1901.

Pelis.ver. "This wheat, which is one of the best varieties of macaroni wheats
grown in Algeria, is said to have been originated by selection from native Algerian
durum wheats by a I\Ir. Pelissier, at Pont de I'Isser, a small town in western Oran.
From there it was introduced into the western part of the province of Algiers.
Mr. Paul Chalvin, of Vesoul-Benian, received a small quantity of seed from Doctor
Trabut, botanist of the Government of Algeria, and by a rough en masse selection
he has kept it almost- pure. The variety under the name Pelissier is better known
in the province of Algiers than in that of Oran, where it is said to have originated;
in fact, we found no one growing it, even in Mr. Pelissier's neighborhood. Mr.
Chalvin, from whom this seed was bought, sells his whole crop for seed purposes,
and has practiced for four vears a selection of the best ears. These are collected by
his Arab foreman and thrashed by hand. About 200 kilos of this selected grain are
sown, and the process is repeated every year. Last year this selection was not done.
This wheat sent is about four generations from such selection. Mr. Chalvin believes
the field from which it was taken will produce about 45 bushels per acre. At the
Paris P^xposition Mr. Chalvin took a gold medal on a sheaf of this wheat. Owing to
its hardiness, vigorous growth, and large yield, this wheat is gradually replacing all
other sorts in the vicinitv of Vesf)ul-Benian, and at Doctor Trabut's botanical
experiment station at Roiiiba, Algiers, it has ranked among the best in yielding

SKn'KMHKK. 1".)(M). To DKCK.M HKK. IHO.J, 1 (')*.)

rapacity ami ivsislaiue to rust. Tlu' i liniate of Vt-soiil-Hfiiiaii (altitinlc TOO iiu'tcrs)
isawaiiu one, L'o° and ; 2.S" F. l)t'iii^ the usual miiiiniiniis in wiuti'i'. The smiws,
soiiK'tinies a tuut or more dci'p, ari' of very short duration. Tlie mean yiclcl of tliis
variety \va.s ahout ItJ to 22 husliels ])er acre on stiff clay soil witliont iiardpan. It is
on tliis stiff soil tliat the variety f^eeni-s to do best. The resistance to dron<;ht shown
hy this sort is eviilenced l)y the fact that it has proved a .success in the Chelif Valley,
wheie as «'arly as the be^iiiniu'r of .liuu' the thermometer rises to 107° F., antl
drouijhtsof lonji duration are saiil to occur in the sprin<,'. In .\l;reria tiie wht-at is
planted in Novend)er ami harvested in June, l)ut it is worth whiii' testinj; it in
.America as a sjirini; wheat in the northern States. The only noticeable we<'ds in the
(ields from which this seed was bouorht were wild ani.s*', a wiM oat (Aimn stirilis),
and a iar^e flowered carrot, none beinji of a serious character except the wild ani.se,
which ripens about the same time with tlie w lieat. It is, however, a lijrht seeded
plant, and its seeds are easilv blown out liv tlie fanninj^ mill." {F<ilr<-lil/i} <md
Scofiehl. )

7786. Triticum vut/jare. Wheat.

From Kharkof, Russia. Received November 9, 15)01, throu<;h Dr. \. lioenicke,
president of tbe Kharkof Ajirifultural Society.

Klmrhtf. (Same as No. 7467.)

7787. Triticum vul(;ark. Wheat.

From Rostov-on-Don, Russia. Received tlimugli Hon. W. U.Martin, acting
United States consular agent, November 9, 1901.

Belogl'nut. A varietv of hard winter wheat from Uyelaya (liinskaya station, Dmi
Territory. (See Nos. '(i{)12 and (lOl.!. )

7788. IIedysarum coronarium albidum. Sulla.

From Setif, Province of Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. (i.
Fairchild and C. S. Scofield (N<j. 735c), Novend)er 1 1, 1901.

"This variety, which differs from the type of the species by having white flowers,
is found by Mr. Ryf (see No. 7586) to be much longer lived and in general i»referable
to the ordinary //. coronar'nnn of the region. The seeds, however, are very slow in
germinating and should be put through some .sort of a seed-scratching <levice before
jilant ing. ' ' ( Fairchild and tkofield. )

7789. Hedysarum naudinianum.

From Setif, Province of Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. S. Scofield (No. 735b), November 11, 1901.

"This is a very hardy, narrow leaved, bushy variety, in<ligenous to the vicinity of
Setif. It has been recently introduced into cultivation by Mr. Ryf (see No. 7586),
who is trying it under the same cultural methods that he u.ses with his new strain of
alfalfa. His experiments are not yet completed, but he has reasons to hope that this
species will prove of value, especially for dry and rather poor soils." {Fairchild and
Scofield. )

7790. Hedysarum coronarium. Sulla.

From Setif, Province of Constantine, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. S. Scofield, November 11, 1901.

Red Flon:ered. "This is the ordinary type which is widely grown as a forage or
soiling crop in Algeria. It is perennial and yields abundant crops under favorable
conditions. It is widely used in all countries bordering on the western Mediterra-
nean. As a hay crop, its greatest weakness is that its leaves fall easily when they
become dry . ' ' ( Fairchild and Scofield. )

7791. Melilotus sp. Melilot.

From China. Received from Dr. C. Sprenger, Vomero, near Naples, Italy,
November 1, 1901.

170 SEEDS AND I'LANTS IMPORTED.

7792. Triticum duklm. Wheat.

From Setif, Conatantine Province, Algeria. Keeeived through Messrs. D. ti.
Fairchild and C. S. Scofield (No. 724, June 20, 1901), November H, 1901.

Miilniioudi. "This is quite similar tea well-known Algerian variety called 'Nab-el-
bel.' It is one of the most highly valued wheats for the macaroni trade which Setif
furnishes. The latter locality is probably the largest ]>rimary market for macaroni
wheats in Algeria. The seed obtained is from that grown by the Arabs in the vicinity
of Setif and the purity of type can not be guaranteed. This quantity is secured
through the kindness of Mr. G. Ryf, manager for the Societe Genevoise de Setif. In
the country of its origin, this wheat is sown in November or December and ripens
late in June or eaily in July. It may be worth while trying it, however, in the
spring-wheat regions of America, where it would be classed as one of the so-called
' goose ' wheats. ' ' ( Fairchild and Scofield. )

7793. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Setif, Constantine Province, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. S. Scofield (No. 725, June 20, 1901), November 6, 1901.

Mohamed ben Bachir. "This variety of wheat is one of the prominent sorts grown
l)y both Arabs and French farmers on the high plateau of the Province of Constan-
tine. It is one of the sorts highly prized l)y manufacturers of macaroni, although its
name has not won for itself a reputation in the trade. It is one of the several valu-
al)le sorts commonly cultivated in this justly celebrated wheat region. The saying
is that this wheat was originally brought from Mecca by the pilgrim whose name it
bears. In botanical characters it is much like the Pelimer variety (No. 7785), and
it is ])Ossible that the i*(>^/,s.s/er was obtained from this stock. This seed was purchased
of Mr. G. Ryf, of Setif, manager of the Geneva Company, and one of the best
cultivators in the country." {Fairchild and Scofield. )

7794. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Setif, Con.stantine Province, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. S. Scofield (No. 726, June 20, 1901), November 6, 1901.

Xahla. "This is one of the wheats commonly grown by Arabs throughout Algeria.
As the name Kahla signifies, this is a black-chaffed sort. It is generally considered
to be one of the best of the Algerian wheats for adaptability to a wide variety of
adverse conditions. When such are favorable it produces grain of excellent quality
for macaroni manufacture. Under certain favorable climatic conditions the chaff
loses color somewhat, but under native culture on the gravelly hills of Algeria or in
the semiarid plains the jmrjile-black of the chaff is a striking feature. This seed is
furnished the Department by Mr. G. Ryf, manager of the Geneva Society of Setif.
Commonly planted in November or December and harvested in June or July."
( Fairchild and Scofield. )

7795. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Setif, Constantine Province, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. S. Scofield (No. 727, June 20, 1901), November 6, 1901.

Richi. "This variety is one of the best known from the Setif region, which latter
is perhaps the most important wheat-growing center of Algeria. It is very highly
prized for its good qualities as a macaroni-making wheat. The seed introduced was
grown by Arabs in the vicinity of Setif, and it may be mixed, but a little careful
selection to prominent type should give a good stock of pure seed. This wheat is a
vigorous grower, often succeeding fairly well on even very poor soil. As to quality
for macaroni making, it ranks very high. It is usually sown in December or Janu-
ary and harvested in June or July, but might be worthy of trial in the spring-wheat
region of the United States. Seed was obtained through Mr. G. Ryf, of Setif. The
region of Setif is on the high Algerian plateau, 3,500 feet above sea level. The winters
there are more severe than in many parts of Algeria, the temperature frequently
dropping to zero and snow being not infrequent." {Fairchild and Scofield. )

7796. Hordeum tetrastichum. Barley.

From Setif, Constantine Province, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G.
Fairchild and C. S. Scofield (No. 728, June 20, 1901), November 6, 1901.

Tetcherit. "The barleys of Algeria are nearly all four- rowed or six-rowed varieties
and have, as do most barleys grown in hot climates, thick glumes. A cross seo-

SKl'TKMHKK. IHOO. To DKCKMliKK, \'Ml.

171

tioii shows tlieiii to lu' remarkably mealy, ami we were told they are exported into
Ainwcrp and l)imkirk, France, for beer-makintr pnrposes. The Beljjian beer is not
noted for its tiin' (jnality, and from tlie appearanee of tlie ;.'rain 1 do not believe it
will i)rove as <:ood a brewing; barley as many American sorts. The fact, lunvever,
that it is <;rown in snch a warm clin)ate and has ni'vertheless a certain reiiumme as
a brewing barley, entitles it to a preliminary trial. The types will be fonnd more
or less mixed, as no process of selection has been i>racticed. Kesistance to dron^ht
will be found one of its primary characteristics. Pnrchaseil of Mr. (J. Kyf, manager
of the (ieneva Company of Setif. This latter ]>lace is on tlu' high jilatean, liJM) feet
aliove the sea, where the thermometer falls to about zero and where snows of con-
siderable <lei)th sometimes occur. This variety will be found to have much of the
'wild' character ol>jectionable to barley breeders, but may show <|ualities of hardi-
ness in spring droughts which will be of value. It should be tested in the South-
west and in California." ( Fairchild and iScoJidd.)

7797. Andkopogon sorghum.

Sorghum.

From El Outaya, Algeria. Received through Mr. C. S. Scotield, Novend)er 14,
1901. Obtiiined June 16, 1901.

BeKhna. "White sorghum. 8anii)le from Kl Outaya in the edge of the Sahara
Desert, where it is used as a summer growing .^oiling crop. Seed probably came
from Kabylie, where this crop is very generally grown. The seed is sometimes used
as human food." {Scofield.)

7798. Phoenix dactylifeka. Date.

From Paris, France. Receive<l through Mr. C. S. Scotield. Novend>er VA, 1901.
Detjlet noor, probably. Seeds of dates bought in Paris.

7799 to 7847.

From Erfurt, (iermany. Received through Haage <k Schmidt, imrserymen,
November 4, 1901. The nomenclature is, in the main, that of the seedsmen.

A collection of plants as follows:

7799. ("aladium aoamantinim.

7800. Cai.adium albanense.

7801. Caladium assunguy.

7802. Caladium hila.ntka.

7803. Calauium cacapava.

7804. Caladium.
Conite de Germiny.

7805. Caladium.
Duchesse de Mortemartc.

7806. Caladium.
Ibis Rose-.

7807. Caladium.
L'Insolite.

7808. Caladium.
Mavambda.

7809. Caladium.
Marif Freeman.

7810. Caiaoium.
(litrii Finn.

7811. Caladium.
Rio (le Jdueiru.

7812. Caladium venosum.

7813. RiCHAKDIA elliottiana.

7814. RiCHAKDIA NELSONI.

7815. richakdia pentlandi.

7816. Epipremnum mikakile.

7817. Phyllostachys aukea.

7818. Bambusa aukeo-striata.

7819. Akundinaria .taponica.

7820. Phyllostachys mitis.

7821. Bambusa disticha.

7822. Phyllostachys ni(;ka.

7823. Akundinaria Simoni.

172

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7799 to 7847 — Continued.

7824. Phyllostachys yiola-

SCENS.

7838. Hepatica triloba fl. cae-

RULEA pi.

7825.

Desfontainea spinosa.

7839.

(Number not utilized.)

7826.

Spabrmannia afkkana.

7840.

Hepatica triloba fl. ru-
bra pi.

7827.

SPAltRMANNIA AFRICANA

flo. pi.

7841.

Leucanthemum uliuixo-

7828. Holbaellia latifolia.

7829. Testudinaria elphan-

TIPE9.

7830. Cascarilla muzonensis(?)

7831. Cedrela odorata.

7832. dorstenia contra.ierva.
• 7833. Dracaena draco.

7834. Malpighia urens.

7835. Myristica Horsfieldh.

7836. Helleborus hybriuus.

7837. Helleborus nkjeh.
7848 to 7859. Lilium.

SUM.

7842. Viola odorata.
Princess Beatrice.

7843. Viola odorata.

Reinc des Violettes.

7844. Viola odorata, rossica.

7845. Viola odorata.
ViHoria Regina.

7846. Viola odorata.

Bdle de Chdtenay.

7847. Viola odorata.
Mad. MUlel.

Lily.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received from Suzuki it lida, American agents of
The Yokohama Nursery Company, November 6, 1901.

A collection of lilies as follows:

7854. lilium longiflorum va-
riegatum.

7855. LiLIUM SPECIOSUM.

7856. LiLIUM JAPONICUM.

7857. LiLIUM ELEGANS.

A lice Wilson.

7858. Lilium elegans semi

PLENO.

7859. Lilium rubellum.

7860 to 7901.

From near Berlin, Germany. Received from Mr. L. Spath, November 14, 1901.
A collection of plants as follows (nomenclature of Mr. Spath retained):

7860. ACTINIDIA ARGUTA. 7863. AmYGDALUS PERSICA DIAN-

THIFLORA pi.

7848.

Lilium auratum rubra

VITTATUM.

7849.

Lilium auratum platy-

PHYLLUM.

7850.

Lilium auratum wittei.

7851.

Lilium maculatum.

7852.

Lilium browni.

7853.

Lilium maximowiczii.

7861. Amygdalus davidiana.

7862. Amygdalus davidiana

fl. ALBA pi.

7864. Ay-mgdalus persica fl. pi.

7865. Amy'gdalus persica fol.

pur.

SErrKMHKK. nKH>, TO DECKMHKK, VMi.

173

7860 to 7901 — Contiiuu'd.

7866. Amyguali's perska.
Kaiser Friedrich III.

7867. AMYtiDAl-lS 1'EK.SKA.

Kl'ira Maijer.

7868. A.MYciDALrs i-eksra py-

ramid a i. is.

7869. Bkkheuis ii.icikolia.

7870. Berhkris stenophylla.

7871. Bekheris thunbergii

MINOR.

7872. buxu8hani)s\v()rtiiiensi8.

7873. Ceratostigma plumbagi-

NOIDES.

7874. Cercidipiiyllum japoni-

CUM.

7875. Clematis pp.
Andre Leroy.

7876. Clematis sp.
BariUet Deschamps.

7877. Clematis sp.
Belisaire.

7878. Clematis sp.
Belle of Woking.

7879. Clematis sp.
Blue Gem.

7880. Clematis sp.
Claude de Loi-raine.

7881. Clematis sp.
Duchess of Edinburgh.

7882. Clematis sp.
Edith Jackmann.

7883. Clematis sp.
Fairy Queen.

7884. Ci. KM Alls sp.
Jackniinii.

7885. Clematis sp.
.fnrkini(ni alba.

7886. Cle.matis sp.
La (iiiulc.

7887. Ci.EM.vns sp. lamginos.a.
Marie Defosse.

7888. Cle.matis sp.
}frx. (Jeo. Jacknian.

7889. Clem.vtis sp.
Prince of Ba/e.s'.

7890. Clematis sp.
Lawsoniana.

7891. Clematis sp.
Star (f India.

7892. Clematis sp.
Eha Sputh.

7893. Clematis sp. rubella.

7894. Clematis sp.
Madam Granger.

7895. Clematis sp.
Princess Maru.

7896. Clematis sp. velutina
purpurea.

7897. LoxiCERA caprifoli'um.

7898. LONICERA humilis.

7899. Parrotia persica.

7900. Prunus paniculata fi.

ros. pi.

7901. RiBES SANGUINEUM.

174

HEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7902 to 7907. Thea viridis. Tea.

From "Pinehurst," near Sninmerville, S. C. Received through Dr. Charles U.
t>ihepard, special aj^ent in charge of tea culture investigations, United States
Department of Agriculture, November 18, 1901.

American grown tea seed as follows:
7902.

7905.

Kauf/ra. Hardy, fragrant, ami
dwarf.

7906.

Assam Hybrid. Good and relia-
ble.

Japanese. Very hardy.

7903.

Amoy. A. very hardy Chinese
variety.

7904.

Darjeelhig. Tender, but very
fine.

7907.

Chinese Dragon^s Pool. Very good, but probably the plants are short lived.

7908. Beta vulgaris. Beet.

From Eisleben, Saxony. Presented by Mr. Franz Jodl, of Prague, Bavaria.
Received November 14, 1901.

Verhesserte Kleinwanzleben. This seed was grown by W. Ramdohr, on the Wim-
melburg domain. Saxony.

7909 to 7941a. Chrysanthp:mum spp.

From Paris, France. Received from Vihnorin-Andrieux & Co., November 20,
1901.

A collection of 34 varieties of large-flowering chrysanthemums, planted in the
Department greenhouses.

7909.

Alcon.

7910.

Alcyone.

7911.

Altair.

7912.

Antares.

7913.

Bflldtrix.

7914.

Fatlnte.

7915.

Henry.

7916.

Megrez.

7917.

Orves.

7918.

Perfection Rose.

7919.

Perle.

7920.

Princesse Galilzine.
7921.

Mrs. A. Barrest.
7922.

Miss Ida Barwood.

7923.

Mrs. Vh. Birch.

7924.

Alice F. Carey.

7925.

Miss Lucy Chesseman.

7926.

Col. Baden-Powell.

SKll'KMUKK, I'JOO, TO DECEMKKK, 1903.

175

7909 to 7941a -Continued.
7927.

M. IltKiIt CYawford.

7928.
Madeline Davis.

7929.
Lady Janet Clarke.

7930.

Loi-d Cromer.

7931.

Major Malhew.

7932.

Meredith.

7933.

Mermaid.

7934.

Florence Molyneux.

7935.
James Molyneux.

7936.

Oiiion.

7937.
Ralph Haiton.

7938.
Silver Queen.

7939.

Souvenir de Marchioness of Salis-
Imry.

7940.

J. II. I'pton.

7941.

Von Andre.

7941a.

Henry Weeks.

7942 to 7945.

From Paris, France. Received through Vihnoriii-Andrieux & Co., November
22, 1901.
Seeds of leguminous plants as follows (nomenclature of seed firm retained):

7942. ViciA FABA EQUINA. • Hotse bean.

Feverole d'hiver.

7943. YlCIA FABA EQUINA.

Fherole de Loraine.

7944. AVENA SATIVA.

Belgian Wilder.

7945. Medicago media.
Luzerne rustique.

7946. Eriobotrya japonica.

Horse bean.
Oat.

Sand lucern.

Lo(^uat.

From Vomero, Naples, Italy. Received through Dr. C. Sprenger, November 27,
1901.

A seedless or one-seeded variety originated by Doctor Sprenger.

7947 and 7948.

(Numbers not utilized.)

7949. PiSTACiA VERA. Pistache.

From Aintab, Turkey in Asia. Received through Rev. A. Fuller, November 15,

1901.

29861— No. 66—05-

-12

176 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7950. PiSTACIA VERA X PALAESTINA. ButUlll.

From Aintab, Turkey in Asia. Received through Rev. A. Fuller, November 15,
1901.

7951. PiSTACIA MUTiCA. Menengech.

From Aintab, Turkey in Asia. Received through Rev. A. Fuller, November 15,
1901.

7952. Medicago getula.

From Mustapha, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botan-
ist, November 22, 1901.

7953. JuGLANS ciNEREA. Buttemut.

From Biltmore, N. C. Received through Dr. C. A. Schenck, November 25,
1901.

7954. JuGLANS NIGRA. Black walnut.

From Biltmore, N. C. Received through Dr. C. A. Schenck, November 25,
1901.

7955 and 7956. Aberia caffra. Kei apple.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. Peter MacOwan, botanist
and horticulturist, department of agriculture of Cape Colony. Received
November 26, 1901.

7955. Seeds gathered in June, 1901.

7956. Seeds gathered October 30, 1901.

7957 to 7961.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., November
30, 1901.

A collection of asparagus seed as follows:

7957. Asparagus OFFICINALIS. 7960. Asparagus verticillatus.
Violette de Hollands. Grimpante.

7958. Asparagus officinalis. 7961. Asparagus sprengeri.
Blanche d' Allemagne.

7959. Asparagus officinalis.
Tardive d'Argenteuil.

7962 to 7968.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. J. N. Rose ( Nos. 345 to 351 ), U. S. National
Museum, November 26, 1901.

A collection of Mexican seeds and plants as follows:

7962.

"Unknown variety of shrubby plant. Elevation nearly 6,000 feet. Flowers
yellow and fine. Plant given for identification." {Rose.) (No. 345.)

7963. Chrysanthemum sp.

"Flowers white and very floriferous. Worthy of introduction." (Ease.)
(No. 346.)

7964. Cosmos sp.

"Includes three or four varieties of Cosmos and seeds of two new plants, one
of the latter tuberous rooted and valuable," {Bose. ) (No. 347. )

SEITKMBKR, 1000, TO DECEMBER, 1W3. 177

7962 to 7968— Continued.
7965.

' ' New tuberous-rooted plant. ' ' ( Row. ) ( No. 348. )

7966. Dvill-IA SILVESTRE.

"Re<l and yellow; single. I also send tubers." {Rose.) (No. 349.)

7967. Dahlia sp.

"Red." (Rose.) (No. 350.)

7968. Dahlia sp.
"Yellow." (Rose.) (No. 351.)

7969 and 7970. Hordeum vulgare. Barley.

From Smyrna, Asia Minor. Received thron-rh :Mr. (leorge ('. Roeding, Fresno,
Cal., from Mr. B. J. Agadjanian, of Smyrna, November 15, 1901.

7969. While. 7970. Black.

7971. Crescentia alata.

From Jalisco, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los Angeles, Cal.,
November 15, 1901.

7972. CucuMis MELO. Winter muskmelon.

From Zante, Greece. Presented by Cofint N. Salamo Lmizi through Mr. D. G.
Fairchild. Received September 25, 1901.

Green. See No. 6363.

7973. Lespedeza bicolor. Bush clover.

From Japan. July, 1901. Presented by John D. Jones, esii., Augusta, (ja.,
through Dr. B. T. Galloway.

Said to be a fine fodder plant.

7974. Canavalia ensiformis. Knife bean.
From Japan. Received through Dr. B. T. Galloway, July, 1901.

7975 to 7984.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt, December 6,
1901.

A collection of seeds obtained for experimental work on rust diseases, being con-
ducted by Mr. John L. Sheldon, of the University of Nebraska:

7975. Asparagus officinalis. 7979. Dianthus alpinus.
Schneekopf. 7980. Dianthus arenarics (? J

7976. Asparagus officinalis. ^gg^ Dianthus armeria (?)
Ruhm von Braumschiveig.

7977. Asparagus officinalis.
Erfurt Giant.

"978. Asparagus officinalis.
Burgunder Riesen.

7982. Dianthus chinensis.

7983. Dianthus chinensis.

7984. Dianthus chinensis.

178 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

7985 to 7989. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Alicante, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (Nos. 740-765),
December 7, 1901.
A collection of young almond trees budded on Myrobolan stocks by M. Georges
Boucher, Paris, France, with buds secured in Spain by Mr. Fairchild, as follows:

7985.

Mollar. {Fairchild. No. 740, July 19, 1901.)

7986.

Planeta. {Fairchild. No. 741, July 19, 1901.)

7987.

Castillet. {Fairchild. No. 745, July 20, 1901.)

7988.

Pastaneta. {Fairchild. No. 755a, July 19, 1901.)

7989.

Jordan. {Fairchild. No. 765, July 30, 1901. )

7990 and 7991. Hicoria pecan. Pecan.

From Morgan City, La. Received through Mr. B. M. Young, December 7, 1901.
7990.
Frotscher. " Very large, soft shelled. " {Young.)

7991.

Stuart. *' Very large, soft shelled." ( Young.)

7992. HoRDEUM DiSTicHUM, Barley.

From ]Munich, Bavaria. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 467,
November 10, 1900), January, 1901.
"A variety of liarley grown bvMich. Hartmann, of Mainstockheim, Bavaria, which
took a prize" at the Munich Barley and Hop Exposition, 1900." {Fairchild.) (See
Nos. 5788-5792.)

7993 to 8071. Vitis vinifera. G-rape.

From Thomerv, France. Received through Etienne Salomon & Sons, Decem-
ber 11, 1901.'
A collection of grafted grapevines, as follows:

7993. Admiral de Courtiller on Riparia rupestkis, 3309.

7994. Agostenga on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

7995. Bicane on Riparia GLOiRE.

7996. Black alicante on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

7997. Blanc d'ambre on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

7998. Chasselas dore on Riparia gloire.

7999. Chasselas ciotat on Riparia rupestkis, 3306.

8000. Chasselas bouches du rhone on Riparia rupestris, 3309.

8001. Chasselas besson on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8002. Chasselas negropont on Riparia gloire.

SKPrKMHEK, l!HK», TO DKCE.MHEK, UMW. 1 < ^>

7993 to 8071 Continued.

8003. Chasselas duhamel on Aramon kipestris, G. No. 1.

8004. Chasselas musqi k vrai on Ripfstkis or lot.

8005. Chasselas napoleo.s on Riparia ripestris, 3306.

8006. Chasselas rose royal on Aramon ki i-estris, (i. No. 1.

8007. Chasselas tokav dks .lAUDiNson Aramon rupestris, G. No. 1.

8008. Chasselas vibert on Ripakia rupestris, 3306.

8009. Chasselas vibert on Aramon ripestris, G. No. 1.

8010. CiNSAiTLT on Riparia c.loire.

8011. Clairette GROS GRAINS on Riparia RITPE.STRIS, 3306.

8012. Clairette m.\zel on Riparia oloire.

8013. CLAiRErrE mazel on Aramon ri-pestris, G. No. 1.

8014. Clairette musque talabot on Akamox rupestrls, G. No. 1.

8015. CoRNiCHON BL.\NC on Riparia cloire.

8016. Cornichon violet on Riparia oloire.

8017. Cornichon violet on Aramon ripe-stris, G. No. 1.

8018. Foster's White Seedling on Riparia gi.oire.

8019. Frankenthal hatik on Riparia ripestris, 101-114.

8020. Gen. de la Makmoka on Riparia ripicstris, 3306.

8021. Golden champion on Aramon rupestris, G. No. 1.

8022. Gradiska on Riparia gloire.

8023. JOANNENC CHARNU OH ArA.MON RUPESTRIS, G. No. 1.

8024. Le commandeur on Riparia rupestris, 3306

8025. Madeleine blanche on Riparia rupestris, 3.306.

8026. Madeleine blanche de jacques on Aramon rupestris, G. No. 1.

8027. Madeleine royale on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8028. Madeleine rose on Riparia gloire.

8029. Malaga blanc on Rupestris du lot.

8030. Mamelon on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8031. Meslier hatif on Aramon rupestris, G. No. 1.

8032. Morillon bicolor on Riparia rupestris", 3306.

8033. Muscat albarians on Rupestris du lot.

8034. Muscat bifere on Aramon rupestris, G. No. 1.

8035. Muscat bifere on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8036. Muscat de Hamburgh on Rupestris du lot.

180 SEEDS AND PLANTS TMPOKTED.

7993 to 8071— Continued.

8037. Muscat rouge de madere on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8038. Petite st. jean on Riparia gloire.

8039. Pis de chevre de.s alpes on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8040. Preco^e de kientzheim on Riparia gloire.

8041. Rosaki on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8042. Raisin Boisselot on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8043. Roussanne on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8044. Saint Antonio on Riparia gloire.

8045. Satine Jaune on Riparia rupestris, .3306.

8046. Servan BLANC on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8047. SiciLiEN on Riparia, G. No. 1.

8048. Souvenir du Congress on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8049. Sucre de Marseille on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8050. Sultanieh Rose on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8051. Teneron Vaucluse on Rupestris du Lot.

8052. Tokay Angevin on Riparia gloire.

8053. Trentham Black on Riparia rupestris, 3306.

8054. Chasselas vibert on Aramon rupestris, G. No. 1.

8055. Burgrave de Hongrie on Rupestris du Lot.

8056. Pis de Chevre noir on Rupestris du Lot.

8057. Verdelho de Madere on Riparia gloire.

8058. Sultanina on Rupestris du Lot.

8059. Leani Zolo on Rupestris du Lot.

8060. President Cardenaux on Rupestris du Lot.

8061. Sauvignon blanc on Rupestris du Lot.

8062. TsiEN tsien on Mourvedre Rupestris, 202.

8063. Ulliade blanche on Rupestris du Lot.

8064. Chasselas Bulhery on Riparia gloire.

8065. Preco^'E de Kientzheim on Riparia gloire.

8066. Seibel No. 1, American hybrid.

8067. Seibel No. 2, American hybrid.

8068. Bourrisquou 3907, American hybrid.

8069. Aramon rupestris G. No. 1, American Lot.

SEPTEMBER, l!IO(), TO DECEMUEK, 1903. 181

7993 to 8071— Contimu'd.

8070. ()i.iviKK i)E Seiires on Aramon ki i-rstuis, (i. No. 1.

8071. Oi.ivKiTi: DE CAnEXfrr on Kh-akia ur i-kstkis, .S.S(M>.

(By "American I.,ot" in umlerstood in France tlie stock on which the European
Lot is grafted. )

8072 to 8121. Pakonia moutan. Tree peony.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through the Yokohama Nursery Company,
November 2.S, 1901.

A collection of grafted plants as follows:

8072.

Yojio-no-homare.

8073.

Yaso-okino.

8074.

Kamadafuji.

8075.

Kumui-dsuni.

8076.

Gioku-Kho-kaku.

8077.

Aduma-sahi.

8078.

Nishiki-gawa.

8079.

(Number not utilized.)

8080.

Kumoma-no-tsuki.

8081.

Fiiji-araski.

8082.

A dzuma-nishiki.

8083.

GInfukurin.

8084.

Midii-shiba.

8085.

Renkaku.

8086.

Kagurajima.

8087.

k'niiio-iio-uixhiki.

8088.

Aiiyoji.

8089.

Iinito-Ktigami.

8090.

Ynki-tiraifhi.

8091.
Kokirin.

8092.

Akasho-jishi.

8093.

Hntubanrya.

8094.
Hnkngan.

8095.

Hinode-dsuru.

8096.

Tokiiradsu.

8097.

Asahi-minato.

8098.

Ruriban.

8099.

Kame-asohi.

8100.

Saishoji.

8101.

Konron-koku.

182

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8072 to 8121 — Continued.
8102.

Akashi-gata.

8103.

Bunbudo.

8104.

Nishikishima.

8105.

A dzumakagami.

8106.

Fuji-no-mine.

8107.

Hana-tachahana.

8108.

Shishi-gashiri.

8109.

Shi-un-ryu.

8110.

Gabisan.

8111.

Shoki-kaguru.

8112.

Oioku-seiishin.

8113.

>Seirm.

8114.

0-sakadasuki.

8115.

Fiikashigi.

8116.

Kausenden.

8117.

Daikagura.

8118.

Muhensai.

8119.

Saigyo sakura.

8120.

Momo-zono.

8121.

Jvo-no-se/:i.

8122 to 8188.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Suzuki & lida, American agents of
The Yokohama Nursery Company, New York, December 13, 1901.

A collection of plants as follows (the nomenclature in the main is that of the
nursery company):

8122. michelia comprebsa.

8123. Clerodendron squama-

TUM.

8124. Deutzia sieboldiana.

8125. Styrax japonica.

8126. Styrax obassia.

8127. ligustrum ciliatum.

8128. pittosporum tobira.

8129. QuERCUS ACUTA.

8130. Qfercus cuspidata.

8131. QUERCUS dentata.

8132. Quercus dentata aurea.

8133. Quercus glandulifera.

8134. Quercus glauca.

8135. Quercus lacera (?)

8136. Quercus laevigata (?)

8137. Quercus phillyreoides.

8138. Quercus pinnatifida.

8139. Quercus serrata.

8140. Ginkgo biloba varie-

gata.

8141. Chamaecyparis obtusa,

var. Kamukura-hiba.

8142. Chamaecyparis obtusa,

var. Hotaru-hiba.

SEPTEMBER, liKK», TO DECEMBER, 1903.

183

8122 to 8188— Continued.

8143. ClIAMAECYPAKIS OBTUSA,

var. Emiu-hiba.

8144. ClIAMAKCYl'ARIS OBTCSA,

var. Kan A- AM I.

8145. Daphne genkwa.

8146. Edgeworthia gardneri.

8147. Kadsura .iaponica.

8148. Kadsura .iaponica, spot-
ted.

8149. Kadsi'ha .iaponica, white

variegated.

8150. Acer tanabata.
Various cultural varieties.

8151. Acer sanguineum.

8152. Acer atropurpureum.

8153. Acer oshiu-beni.

8154. Acer japonicum.

8155. Acer sanguineum, Seigen.

8156. Acer roseum.

8157. Acer versicolor. ,

8158. Acer osaka-zuki.

8159. Acer atro-dissectum va-

riegatum.

8160. Acer atropurpureum Dis-

sectum.

8161. Acer reticulatum.

8162. Acer okushimo.

8163. Acer atro-dissectum

(green).

8164. Acer urime.

8189 to 8192.

8165. Acer kimkasavama.

8166. Acer aoba.

8167. Acer ii.\tcuyuki kaido.

8168. Acer aikkim.

8169. Acer scolopendrifolium

KIBRIM.

8170. Acer scolopendrifolium

(green).

8171. Acer atropurpureum va-

RIEG.VriM.

8172. Acer akikaze-nishiki.

8173. Acer rosa-marginatia.

8174. Acer cAKPixiroLirM.

8175. Acer TRiFiDUM. '

8176. AcEU lUFINERVE.

8177. Ackk tsumagakl

8178. Acer i-suRU-NianiKi.

8179. Acer musatoriyama.

8180. Acer pictum album.

8181. Acer japonicum filici-

FOLIUM.

8182. Acer xishikigasane.

8183. Acer pictum aureum.

8184. Acer mukakumo.

8185. Acer komonuishiki.

8186. Acer japonicum.

8187. Acer japonicum.

8188. Acer japonicum.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Suzuki & lida, American agents
of the Yokohama Nursery Co., New York City, December 17, 1901.

A collection of seeds as follows:

8189. Hamamelis .iaponica. 8191. Xanthoxylon piperitum.

8190. Sterculia platanifo-

LIA.

8192. PODOCARPUS macrophyl-
LA.

184 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8193 to 8199.

From l.ucknow, India. Eeceived through the Government Horticultural Gar-
den, December 16, 1901.

A collection of plants as follows:

8193. BoMBAX MALABARicuM. 8197. Stigmaphyllon peeiplo-

8194. Clausena excavata.

8195. DiLLEXIA SPECIOSA.

8196. FiCUS INDICA.

CAEFOLIUM.

8198. RONDELETIA CHINENSIS.

8199. RUSCUS HYPOPHYLLUM.

8200 to 8203. Hicoria pecan. Pecan.

From Ocean Springs, Miss. Received through The Stuart Pecan Company,
December 21, 1901.

8200. 8202.

Russell. Jeicett.

8201. 8203.

• Stuart. ■ I «n Deman.

8204. Pistacia vera X Pistacia terebinthus.

From San Francisco, Cal. Received through Mr. W. T. Swingle from Mr. G. P.
Rixford, secretary of the California Academy of Sciences, December 23, 1901.

8205 and 8206.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., December
27, 1901.

8205. Cinchona officinalis.

8206. Agathis australis.

8207. CoFFEA ARABiCA. Coflfee.

From jNIacassar, Celebes. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild from
Hon. Karl Auer, United States Consul, December 28, 1901.

Timor.

8208. JuGLANS REGiA. "Walnut.
From Zante, Greece. Presented by Mr. Alfred L. Crow, through Mr. D. G. Fair-
child, January 6, 1902.

Large Zante.

8209. Cydonia sinensis. Chinese quince.

From Zante, Greece. Presented by Mr. Alfred L. Crow, through Mr. D. G.
Fairchild. Received January 6, 1902.

Scented quince.

8210. Citrus nobilis X citrus bigaradia. Orange.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, January 7, 1902.' (A second packet January 14, 1902.)

Clementine. A hybrid of Citrus nobilis ami Citrus bigaradia sinensis salicifolia, var.
granito.

"Fruit very fine and beautiful. I recommend it." {Trabut. )

SEPTEMBER, 19U0, TO DECEMBER, liK)3. 185

8211. COFFEA ARABICA. CoffeC.

From Macassar, Celebes. Received thrmig;h Messrs. Lathrop and Faircliild,
from Hon. Karl Auer, United States Consul, January 7, litOl'.

Chemnitz (.?).

8212 and 8213. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Cralsk, Russia. Purchased from the Ural Millers' Association. Received
January i>, 1902.

8212. 8213.

Kubanka. Crop of 1900. Kubanka. Crop of 1901.

8214. Prosopis juliflora. Mesquite.

From Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. Received through Mr. Jarcd (1. Smith,
director of the agricultural experiment station, January 10, 1902.

8215. Polygonum tataricum. India wheat.
From the Himalaya Mountains. Received through Dr. C. Sprenger, Vomero,

near Naples, Italy, January 15, 1902.
' ' A large growing specimen. ' ' {Sprenger. )

8216 to 8218. Cyperus esculentus. Chufa.

From Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 772, Aug. 9, 1901)
January 14, 1902. Secured through kindness of Hon. R. M. Bartleman, I nited
States Consul at Valencia.
"Chufa cultivation in southeastern Spain is one of its most profitable industries,
the underground tubers are used to make the HorchaUt de chvfax, a favorite ice, sold
very extensively in all the large cities in Spain." (Fairchild.)

8216. 8218.

From Alboraya. From Algemese.

8217.

From Balasuar.

8219. Cucumis melo. Winter muskmelon.

From Valencia, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 772, August
9, 1902), January 14, 1902.

8220 and 8221. Triticum yulgare. Wheat.

From northern China. Received through Mr. G. D. Brill, January 17, 1902.

8220. 8221.

Red. White.

8222 to 8225. Agaricus campestris. Mushroom.

From Paris, France. Received through Dr. B. M. Duggar, January 18, 1902.
Mushroom spawn from Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., as follows:

8222. 8224.

Triple. Virgin spawn, white Ordinaire. Virgin spawn, brown

variety. variety.

8223. 8225.

Double. Virgin spawn, brown Crop spawn, brown variety,

variety.

186 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8226 to 8228. Thea viridis. Tea.

From Heiieratgoda, Cevlon. Received through J. P. WilUam c't Bros., January
18, 1902.

Tea seed, as follows:

8226.

"Assam hybrid tea seed of highest class Jat, light leaf variety from Invery
Estate, Dickoya, Ceylon, elevation 4,500 feet." ( William.)

8227.

"Highest class /«< Assam Hybrid tea seed from Abbotsford Estate, Dim-
bulla, Ceylon, elevation 5,500 feet." {William.)

8228.

"Pure Manipuri indigenous tea seed, of highest class /a<, from Pen-y-len
Estate, Dolosbage, Ceylon, over 4,000 feet elevation." ( William.)

8229. Beta \tjlgaris. Sugar beet.

From Wimmelburg, near Eisleben, Germany. Presented by Frantisek Jodl,
Prague, Bohemia, January 18, 1902.

Kleinwanzleben improved.

8230 to 8232. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Ambrocievka, Russia. Received from the estate of A. Michalkov, Jan-
uary 21, 1902.

Macaroni wheats as follows:

8230. 8232.

Yellow GharnovJca. Black Don. (Chernokoloska. )

8231.

Velvet Don. (Chernouska.)

8233 to 8236. Eriobotrya japoxica. Loquat.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Messrs. D. G. Fairchild
and C. S. Scofield (Nos. 690 to 693), January 22, 1902.

8233.

Marcadal. "A nearly seedless variety from the Rev. Mr. Arkwright's gar-
den." {Fairchild.)

8234.

Olivier. "From the Rev. Mr. Arkwright's garden. Fruits weigh over 52f
grams apiece. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

8235.

St. Michele. "From the Rev. Mr. Arkwright's garden. Said to weigh as
much as 75 grams." {Fairchild.)

8236.

Meffre's No. 2. "Said by its originator, M. Henri Meffre, of El Merdj, to
exceed in size any of the foregoing and to be of excellent quality. ' ' ( Fairchild. )
No. 693.

8237. MiNA TRILOBATA.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received from Meffre & Salom Sons, January
22, 1902.

SEPTEMBER, liHXt, TO DECEMBER, 1!K)3. 187

8238. Beta vulgaris. Sugar beet.
From AthenslelHMi lu'i Ixklerhnrjr, Ciermany. Received throu^'li 11. Bonncrke

& Son, January 23, 1902.
Kh'hwanzlebemr XachznclU. This seed was presented to Dr. 11. W. Wiley, Chief
of Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture.

8239. SoLAXUM DREGEi. Natal thorn.

From Los Angeles, Cal. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, January 24, 1902.
Grown from seed of No. 1987, Inventory No. 5.

8240. Spondias lutea. Ciniela amarillo.
From Iguala, Guerrero, Mexico. Received through Mr. Elmer Stearns, Los

Angeles, Cal., January 24, 1902.

8241 to 8298.

From Nice, France. Received through ]\Ir. A. Robertson-Proschowsky, January
27, 1902.
A collection of seeds as follows: The determination of these species is that ..f Mr.
Robertson-Proschowsky.

8241. AgAPAXTHUS U.MBELL.\TUS. 8254. C.^SrARINA EQUISETIFOLIA.

8242 \G\VE LOPHAXTHA, 8255. CEAXornrs azireis Desf.

Schiede? (hybridis Hort.)

Gloire de Versailles.

8256. Clerodendron hastatim.

8257. Cordyline australis.
Cordyline indwisa of the trade.

8258. DoLicnos lablah.

8259. Eremocarpcs scaber.

8243. Al-Bl/ZIA LOPIIANTHA.

8244. Arbutus uxedo.

8245. Aristolochia elegans.

8246. Artemisia argextea.

8247. ARAUJIASERICIFERABrot.?

8248. Asparagus sprengeri.

8260. Elaeagnus pungens var.

8249. BiGNONIA tweediaxa. simoxi.

^^_^ ^ „.xx^. 8261. NiCOTIAXA GLAUCA.

8250. Cardiospermum halica-

*^^^^^'^^* 8262. Olearia haasti.

8251. Carica quercifolia. 8263. Passiflora pruinosa.

8252. Cassia corymbosa. 8264. Perimedium discolor (?)

8253. Cassia occidextalis (?) 8265. Phoenix reclinata.

8266. Phoexix pumila X Phoenix reclinata.

"Fruits of rather good taste when fresh. In moist climates, like Florida
other species than Phoenix dacU/lifera might in time, through selection and
hybridization, produce good varieties. ' ' {Proschowsky. )

8267. Phormium tenax. 8270. Polygonum lanigerum.

8268. Plectranthusstriatus(?) 8271. Porana racemosa (?)

Roxb.

8269. PODACHAEXIUM PANICULA- ,„,

TUM. 8272. Prosopis glandulosa (?)

188

SEEDS AND PLANTS

8241 to 8298 — Continued.

8273. Rich ARDi A AFRICAN A Kth.

8274. RiCHARDIA ALBO-MACU-

LATA.

8275. RiciNUs COMMUNIS, var. 1.

8276. RiciNus COMMUNIS, var. 2.

8277. Ruscus hypoglossum.

8278. schinus molle.

8279. Senecio longifolius.

8280. Solanum sp.

8281. Solanum laciniatum Ait.

(S-RECLiNATUMTHerit) .

8282. Solanum marginatum.

8283. Solanum PSEUDOCAPSicuM.

8284. Solanum warszewiczii.

8285. Solly A heterophylla.
8298. Mespilus germanica.

8286.

Thalia dealbata.

8287.

VlTEX incisa.

8288.

Wigandia sp. (hybrid?)

8289.

Euphorbia sp.

8290.

Ficrs macrophylla.

8291.

Gomphocarpus textilis.

8292.

Globularia salicina

Lam.

8293. Hedychium gardneri-

axum Rose.

8294. Jacaranda ovalipolia.

8295. loCHROMA TABULOSA

Benth.

8296. LiGUSTRUM .lAPONICUM.

8297. Mesembryanthemum aci-

naciforme.

Medlar.

8299. Medicago elegans.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, January 27, 1902.

8300 to 8306. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Kobe, .Japan. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, January 27, 1902.

Seed rice as follows, Japanese names being given :

8300. 8304.

Shinrikl. From Hyogo district. Miyako. From Yamaguchi dis-

8301.

Shiralama. From Fukuoka dis-
trict.

8302.

Komach i. From Kumamoto dis-
trict.

8303.

Omase. From Kumamoto dis-
trict.

trict.

8305.

From Chiugoku district.

8306.

From Chikuzen district.

8307. JuGLANS REGiA. Walnut.

From Aintab, Asia Minor. Received through Rev. A. Fuller, January 28, 1902.
Wild Persian walnuts.

SEPTEMBER, H>00, TO DECEMBER, VM\.

189

8308 to 8310. CucuMis melo.

Musknielon.

From Li^^l>.>M, I'ortugal. Receivetl throngh Sonor Al>cl Foiiloiiia da C.sta, .laii-
uarv SO, 1V>02.

8310.
Pallia (Valentien).

8308.

Amarelln.

8309.

Alpiarn.

8311. KiiAYA SENEGALENSTS. African mahogany.

From Mount Silinda, Melsetter district, Rhodesia, Soiitli Afrira. Kinvivi-.l
througli Dr. Wm. L. Thompson, January 81, 1902.

Ubaba. This is one of the tinest timher trees of South Africa, growing to a hirge
size, sometimes 6 feet or more in diameter. Resists the attacks of insects and is \ cry
dural)le. Cienerallv grows near streams, hut is also found in otlier places. Called l)y
the natives " Ubaba," from the bitter bark.

8312. SiMMONDSIA CALIFORNICA.

Jojoba.

From Las Florea, Lower California, Mexico. Received through :\Ir. F. I'lunk,
jr., January 30, 1902.

8313 to 8329.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Ilaage & Sclimidt, February 1, 1902.
A collection of seeds as follows:

8322. ErTKKPE edulis.

8323. Oreodoxa kegi.^.

8324. cham.xedokea saktori.
oueodoxa oleracea.

AlANTIIorilOENIX CKI.N'ITA.
K ENTK )PSIS M ACROCA KPA.

Begonia rex X Diadema.

8325.
8326.
8327.
8328.
8329.

8313. Carvota mitis.

8314. Cocos yatay.

8315. Chrysalidocarpus lutes-

CENS.

8316. Pyrethrim roseum.

8317. Leucadendron argen-

teum.

8318. Cinnamomu.m sp.

8319. Papaver bracteatum.

8320. Phormium tenax.

8321. Cocos datil.

8330. Amtgdalus persica.

From near North Gate, Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 774, December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

"A variety of peach growing in a Chinese orchard at Ngau Ian Kong. The habit
of this tree "resembles that of an apricot, and, although I saw none of the fruit, I
believe it is quite a distinct type from the ordinary Eagle Beak peach, which is the
common variety about Canton. I was not able to get a name for this variety.
{Fairchild.)

8331 to 8334. Amtgdalus persica. Peach.

Eagle Beak peach from Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathroi) and
Fairchild (No. 775, December 20, 1901), February 3, l902.

"From orchard trees growing near the Great North Gate of Canton, at Ngau Ian
Kong, of the Ying tsui fo or Eagle Beak peach. This variety resembles the Honey

KeXTIA MAtARTnURF.

(Horticultural variety.)

Peach.

190 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

closely, except that the pointed tip of the fruit is more curved, according to Dr. J.
M. Swan, of the Canton Hospital. I saw no specimen myself. According to Doctor
Swan's gardener this variety blooms in March and April, while other sorts here
bloom in February. The peach is said to be very sweet, even inclined to be a bit
mawkish in flavor. The fruit is brought to the market some time early in July. The
market for peaches in Canton is a short one, being in all not over five w^eeks — the last
three weeks of June and the first two weeks of July. The Peen t'o type of peach is
unknown here in Canton, so far as I can ascertain. It certainly must be a rare form
here if it occurs at all. These cuttings were taken from small commercial orchards,
and, it being winter, I am obliged to take the identification through an interpreter
that they are the Eagle Beak. To insure getting all the varieties i]^ the orchard, I
got several lots from the different parts of the orchard. These I have marked 775, a,
b, c, respectively. The numbers 8331, 8332, 8333, and 8334 correspond with these
numbers. This peach is not larger than the Honey, but may prove later blooming
and be valuable on this account." {Fairchild. )

8335. ]MoRUS MULTiCAULis. Chinese mulberry.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
776), February 3, 1902.

"A variety of mulberry cultivated for its leaf, used in feeding silkworms. The
method of culture is to plant the cuttings deep in the ground, leaving two buds above
thesoil. The plant is never allowed to make a tree, but is cut down every year to the
ground. The plants are only 6 to 8 inches apart, in rows li feet from one another."
{Fairchild. )

8336. PopuLus sp. (?) Poplar.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 777,
December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

"A low growing poplar with small leaves of a peculiar, truncated shape, which
color up in December here in southern China a beautiful wine red. The splashes of
color which this po)ilar gives to the landscape are very beautiful and the species is
worth growing as an ornamental for this purpose alone." {Fairchild. )

8337. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 778,
December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

Ying tsui Vo. " Eagle Beak peach from a garden at Fati, opposite the island of
Shameen. Probably much the same as Nos. 8331 to 8334, but as all these peaches
seem to be grown from seed and are not grafted it may be slightly different."
( Fairchild. )

8338. Prunus sp. Red plum.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 779,
December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

Bung Mui. "The flower and fruit are both said to be red and the latter to be an
inch or more in diameter. It flowers somewhat later than the Tsivg Mui, which is
beginning to bloom now. This is from Yat Chim garden, at Fati, near Canton.
These Chinese plums are said to be good canners, but likely to have a bitter taste on
standing. They are not highly prized by the Europeans, who say they are hard and
have a tendency to be astringent. The trees I saw at Fati were not remarkable,
except for the great vigor of some young shoots springing from the old trunk which
had been cut down. I can not vouch positively for the name of the variety as I
worked through an interpreter." ( Fairchild. )

8339. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild ( No. 780,
December 20, 1901), February 3, 1902.

Nam Wa Li. " A variety of plum called the Southern Glorious plum, a(!cording to
Dr. J. M. Swan's translation. It is a red plum, about three-fourths of an inch in

SKl»TKMHEK, llKKI, T<) DKCKMHKK, 1!m>.;. 1'.>1

• liaiJU'ttT, qiiiti' romul, ^kiii not toujili, yi'ed small. Thewaiuvmadt.' fnuii this varirty
turns liittir if li-ft to stand for evt-n an honr. If tiie troc is given good fulturi- il
produrt's fruits lA inches in diameter. It flowers in Marc-h. The tree I saw was
(juit*' vigorous and not grafted." [FaircluhL)

8340. .Vmvcdam s i-kksica. Peach.

From Canton, ("iiina. Received through Messrs. Latiiroi> and Fairchild (No.

751, I\H-eud)er 20, IWl), February .S, 1902.

/'((/.■ U''// liiii I'o. "A slightly sweet, white stone variety of rather small size, prc-
ferre<l hy some to the Vinij Ixni I'd, which, it is said, has too sweet a flavor. It has
no beak like the latter, but is a tyi)ieal south Chinese shape, according to Dr. J. M.
Swan, of the Canton Hospital, who very kindly described this variety." ( Fairchild. )

8341. Diosi'YKOS KAKi. Persimmon.

From Canti)n, China. Ucccived through .'NK'ssrs. Lathroj) and Faircliild i No.

752, l)ecend.er 2t», UHM ), February:'., I!i02.

Ifuiiij Isi. "A soft |»ersinimon, of dark-red c(jlor, which is preferred by many
Kuropeans to the hard type that is only edibli- after soaking in water for an hour.
This is grown at Fati, near Canton." {Fuirchild.)

8342. Pkunus .sp. Phmi.

From Canton, China, lieceived through Messrs. Lathrop and l''aircliil<l ( .No.
7KJ, I)ecend)er 20, HtOl I, February.;, i!»02.

/'(//• Miii. ".V white jilum, ac»-ording to the interpreter. The tree is a fairly vigor-
ous grower and abundant producer of flowers. It is not cultivated extensively here,
.^<t far as 1 can lind out, and I have been unal)le to get a description of the varietv."
{Fairchiht.)

8343. Amygdalus i'krska. Peach.

From Canton, China. Received through Me.^^srs. bath rop and Fairchild (No.

784, December 20, 1901 ), February :^, 1902.

Yin/i Imii I'll, or the Eagle Beak peach, from Fati, near Canton. " These are from
different trees than Nos. K\\\\ to 8.'334, and may i)rove to have superior (|ualities. All
tliat I have seen are seedling trees. Few jieaches seem to l)e graftt^d." (Fuirchihl. )

8344. PsiDii M (juajava. Guava.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

785, December 20, 1901)^ February 3, 1902.

"A reputed large-fruited (2 inches or so in diameter) yellow guava of good quality.
The guavas about Canton are grown in the same fields with the rice. A single patch
is often planted to a mixture of peach and guava trees, and both are grown on low
ridges about 6 to 8 feet apart each way. No name was obtained." {Fairchild. )

8345. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Canton, China. Receiveil through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

786, December 20, 1901), Februarys, 1902.

Tsii)(j iiiui. "A white-flowered, green-fruited plum. The fruit reaches 1 inch in
<liameter and is round in shape. This was just beginning to flower on December
20, much earlier than the Hung Mui or Nam wa U {li is pronounced as if spelled
' lay ' in this word)." {Fairchild. )

8346. Ficus 8p. Milk tree.

From Canton, China. Tresented bv Dr. J. M. Swan, of the Canton Hospital,
through Messrs. Lathrop and F^aiVchild (No. 802, December 20, 1901), Feb-
ruary 3, 1902.

Nau Nai Shu. "A large entire-leaved species of F/cm.v, which bears, even when
quite young, large quantities of flgs, at least an inch in diameter and quite sweet.
Used "as a shade tree in Canton. This was taken from Doctor Swan's yard at the
Canton Llospital." (Faircliild.)

29861— No. 66—05 13

192 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8347. Citrus limetta ( ?) Lime.

From Canton, China. Sent by Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 803, Decem-
ber 20, 1901) , February 3, 1902.

" Orange-fruited lime. Scions talien from some fruit in the market of Canton of a
variety of Hme about 2 inches in diameter. In color this lime is as dark orange as
a blood orange from Malta, and its flesh is not light, as the lime is generally, but a
deep orange. It seems like a very sour orange. It is used everywhere here in place
of lemon or other kinds of lime. I did not see the trees growing, so can not descrihe
them. ' ' ( Fairchild. ) ( These scions were not received. )

8348. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Malaga, Spain. Received through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 707, Julv 31,
1901), February 4, 1902.

Jordan. ' ' Bud sticks sent by Francisco Borgos Himenez, of Alhaurin, a village near
Cartama, ime and one-half hour's ride from Malaga." {Fairchild.)

8349. PiSTACiA vera. Pistache.

From Aintab, Syria. Received through Rev. A. Fuller.

8350 to 8352. Viola odorata. Violet.

From Paris, France. Received through A'ilmorin-Andrieux & Co., February
4, 1902.

A collection of violet seed for experimental work, as follows:

8350. 8352.

Perjxliial. The Czar.

8351.

Perpt'liitil, tvhil.e.

8353. Viola cjornuta. Violet.

From Paris, France. Received through Vihnorin-Andrieux A Co., Februarv
4, 1902.

Bhn:

8354. Vi(iNA (ATJANG. Cowpca.

From Moi-ioka, Japan. Received through Rev. E. Rothesay Miller, Februarv
4,. 1902.

A variety of cowpea having pods 3 feet long. Cooked and eaten like string beans.

8355 to 8357. Dolichos lablab. Bean.

From Morioka, .lapan. Received through Rev. K. Rothesav Miller, Fel)rnarv
4, 1902.

Edible podded beans as follows:

8355. 8357.

Green i)ods. Purple i>ods.

8356.

Purplish iiods.

8358. Vk lA FABA. Broad bean.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
791, December 21, 1901), February 5, 1902.

"A green variety of broad bean found on the market of Canton. This is used for
human food, and is grown extensively in Central China, and I have seen large gar-
dens of broad beans near Shanghai." ( Fairvltild. )

SEITEMBER, 1!KK», T(» DKCKMliKlC, 1!H>.{. I'.KS

8359. UuvzA sATivA. Rice.

From Canton, China. ReLt'ived tliiuii^'li .Mi-ssis. l-atlitop anil i'aiirliilil (No.

788, lMenil.er21, IWl), Ft'hruary o, UK)!'.

aS* Mil. " liiie from Chinj.' Shieny distriit. Canton provinrf, L'() niilfs from Canton.
It is a low-irrowing variety. This rice is inii»orte<l fu America for Chine.^e nse, ami
is very hi<rhly prizetl ]^y the Chinese In-canse of its line .|nality and i-specially hecanse
itf its fine aroma. Tii»' price per katty is ti cents, wliile uniinary rice costs aliont 4.
Coolies often smuggle this rice out of the country, l>ecause there is an export duty on
rice in Canton and this kind is the tinest known to tiie Cantonese." ( Fmrchihl. )

8360. OinzA sativa. Rice.

From Canton, China. Receive*! tiirough Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

790, Decemher 21, 1901). February T->, WO'l.

No Mat. "Old man's rice, a variety used for tlouraiid pastry makin;.'. Il is .said

to be very tough and nutritious an<l satisfying. Not generally employed lor boiling

purposes. It is a very e.\pensive rice, bringing s ccufs a katty. Not cla.sscd with

the ordinary boiling rices." ( Falrrhikt.)

8361. OinzA s.\TiVA. Rice.

From Canton, China. Heceive<l thiough .Messi>. Lathrop and Fairchild ( No.

789, December 21, 1901), February .i, 1902.

W'niif/ Chhn. "A variety of rice grown in Ching Sien or Ching Shien. I am told
this is, next to No. s:S.'i9, the tinest rice in Canton, but is not exported. It brings
unlv ."i cents a katty when the other brings () cents. Vermicelli is saiil to be made
of it." (Fairchild.'}

8362. C'a.stanka sp. Chestnut.

From Canton. China. Keceivol through Messrs. Lathrop and I'airiliild, I'eli-
ruary 6, 1902.

8363. Prunus akmkmaca. Apricot.

F>om Canton, China. Received through .Messrs. Lathrop and l-'airchild CSk.

800, December 20, 1901), February .=1, 1902.

"Dried apricots from the Canton market. There seem to be no ajiricots grown
about Canton, at least none of the Kuro])eans 1 have talked with have seen any, and
these are probably imported from north China." ( Fnirrhlhl.)

8364. Canarium album. Chinese olive.

From Canton, China. Received through Mes.grs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
798, December 20, 1901), February .5, 1902.

Pa k Lam. "This is a fruit sold in China by the th(jusandsof tons, i)oth in the dried
state and pickled, and stained a light-yelkiw color. The i)lant is grown in orchards
up the river from Canton and forms a very important article of commerce. Scarcely
a fruit stall of any size is without it. The methods of j)reparation seem to be numenjus.
Worthy of preliminary plantings in Florida and southern California." ' FalrrhlliL)

8365. Prunu.s sp. Plum.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop anu Fauchild (No.
799, December 20, 1901), February 5, 1902.

" Dried plums fi-oin the market in Canton. The origin of the trees is (juite uncer-
tain, but the fruit probably came from somewhere up the West or North rivers.
The dealer said they came from F'oo Chow, but no reliance is to be put on this state-
ment. ' ' ( Fairch ild. )

8366. Eleocharis tuberosa. Water chestnut.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

801, December 20, 1901), February 'i, 1902.

" An especially tine variety of the water chestnut, which is imported in large quan-
tities into Canton from Kwai Lam, u|) the river. It is larger and better than the

194 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

urdiuaiy sitit ami .■should \)v jiiven a trial in California, where tiie Chinese already
irrow the ordinary variety. (See Bidletin No. 68 of the Office of Experiment Sta-
tions. ) There are nnnierons uses to whioh this swamp plant is put. Worthy of con-
sideration as a plant for cultivation in the swamps of the South." {Fuhrhild. )

8367. Citrus nobilis x (Citrus bigaradia. Orange.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, .January 5, 1902.

Clementine.

8368. Citrus nobilis X Citrus decumana. Orange.

Fnjm Mustajiha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, January 5, 1902.

8369 to 8385.

I'lom Erfurt, (iermany. Received through Haage &, Schmidt, Februarys, 1902.
A collection of seeds, as follows:

8369. Viola .munbyaka (?). 8377. Viola odokata kossica.

8370. Viola odorata bakuen- 8378. Viola odorata semper-
steixi. florens.

8371. Viola odokata maukkx- 8379. Viola odorata sempek-

STEINI, ft. ALBO. FLOKENS fl. ALBO.

8372. Viola odok.vta. 8380. Viola odorata sempek-

KLOREXS.

Czar.

8373. Viola odokata.

Czarji. nihn.

8374. Viola odokata.
Kaiserin Augusta.

Hanitiurger In-ih.

8381. Viola odorata.
Victiiria Reginae.

8382. Ca.mpanula medium.

8375. Viola odokata. 8383. Codonopsis viridiflo-

J{A (?)
Ijaurliraiiii.

8384. DiAXTHus barbatus.

8376. \'loLA ODOKATA.

Rehie (tes Violetten. 8385. Delphixium zalil.

8386. Thea viriuis. Tea.

From Tokvo, .Japan. Received through The Tokvo Plant and Seed Companv,
FeV>ruary 10. 1902.
Foniio.'^a.

8387 to 8409.

From Yokohama, .Japan. Received through L. Boehmer it Co., Februarv H,
1902.
A collection of i)lants and l)ull)s, as follows:

8387. Ln.n M lon<,iklokum. 8392. I'aeonia moutax.

8388. IkLS LAEVIGATA. 8393. (astaxka crexata.

or, on T Japanese mammoth chestnut.

8389. Ikis .lAPoxK a. ^

8390. Ikis tectoki m. 8394. Dai-mxe odoka.
Blue. T^iiik-

8391. Ikis tk( TOKiM. 8395. I ) aimixi; i>I)ORa.
White. Whitf.

SEPTEMBER, 1^00. TO DECEMUKK, liMK'.. " lUf)

8387 to 8409- (oMtiiiucfl.

8396. 1 1 \ tii; vNci: \ iioutknsis var. Akjakt.

8397. 1 1 vi)i:an<;k \ iiortkxsis var. .\.iisai.

8398. II YDRA.soKA HORTKXsis var. l'>i:N.iAKr.

8399. Hydkancka iiortexsis.

8400. MAOXdl.IA PAKVIII.OKA KKBITA.

8401. M ACi.NOI lA rARVIFI.oUA I'KXDri.A.

8402. Ma<;\()I.ia (;hanm)ii i.hka kxoxiexsi.s.

8403. ("oHXis KoisA.

8404. ClXXAMOMlM l.olKKIRH.

8405. KAi'iiioLEPrs .iapoxk a.

8406. Hnrs sitcedaxea.

8407. I{ins vrnxifiFEiiA.

8408. Zei.kova actmixata.

8409. Staintoxia hexapiiyi.i.a.

8410. CiTRULLUS VULGARIS. Watermelon.

From Eltjin, Utah. Rec-eive<l thronjih Mr. John F. Brown, Fel>ruary 12, 1902.

Winter. A round, white melon, which will keep in jierfect ("ondition for several
months after maturing:. F^lesh erimsun, very sweet and tender. Seeds small and
black. Rind (Hiite tough when fully rii)e. The average weight of these melons is
about 20 pounds, although specimens weighing 40 pounds have been grown.

8411 to 8413. Mancjifera ixdica. Mcingo.

From Colombo, Ceylon. Pre.sented by Dr. C. Drieberg, of the Agricultural
School, Cinnamon Gardens, Colombo, through ^lessrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(Nos. 805 to 807), January 13, 1902. Received February 15, 1902.

Scions of three varieties of mangoes, as follows:

8411.

Jaffna. "A long-fruited, medium-sized green mango. The seed is fairly
large; tiesh golden yellow. It is edible even before fully ripe. A vigorous
grower and good bearer. This is the best market mango in CeyloUr and is the
f>ne generally planted about the villages. The name would imply its origin
in the northern province of Ceylon, but Doctf)r Willis, of Peradeniya Gardens,
says the variety is scarcely known in that province." ( Fairchild. ) (No. 805. )

8412.

Rnper. "The largest fruited variety of mango grown in Ceylon. It is called
the Rupee, or two-shilling mango, because of the price paid for a single fruit.
Its origin is unknown. It is very large, sometimes 5 inches long, nearly globu-
lar, light green in color when ripe. A shy bearer. Skin tender and easily
bruised, rendering it a poor shipper. Flesh a golden yellow. Seed small in
proportion to the size of the fruit. A rare variety even in Ceylon. The fruits
are considered a great delicacy and much sought after by those who know it.
Flesh free from stringiness and flavor delicious, but only when properly and
perfectly ripened. The tree is not very robust, and Doctor Drieberg does not
recommend the variety for general planting." ( Fairchild. ) (No. 806.)

19r> SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8411 to 8413— Continued.
8413.

TJmrston. "These scions are from a single tree (there is only one on the
island of Ceylon) growing directly in front of Doctor Drieberg's bungalow, at
the agricultural school at ColomVjo (Cinnamon Gardens). This tree wa.**
planted by a Mr. Thurston, and for convenience I have given it his name. It
is not a variety known elsewhere on the island. The tree is between .30
and 40 years old and is a very heavy bearer. The fruit is of medium size,
short, and somewhat globular. The stone is of medium size and the skin is
dark green even when ripe. It ripens well off the tree. It is a vigorous
grower, has a sweet flavor, and, according to Doctor Drieberg, is acid when not
fully ripe. The flesh is greenish in color near the skin and slightly fibrous."
{FdhrkiM.) (No. 807.)

8414. Citrus nobilis X Citrus decumana. Orange.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist, February 15, 1902.

Seeds.

8415. Citrus auranttuivi. Orange.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received through Dr. T>. Trabut, Government
Botanist, February 15, 1902.

Merki. A small packet of seeds of a variety of sweet orange.

8416. Ceratonia siliqua. Carob.

From Candia, Crete. Presented bv H. B. M. consul, Walter E. Lanson, of Can-
dia, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild (No. 579), February 17, 1902.

"Cuttings of the best variety of carob, or St. John's bread, for grafting on seedling
trees. I am informed that the Candian variety of carob is one of the best in the
market, bringing the highest prices. It is a tree which is being more extensively
planted every year on the island of Crete, and its pods already fonn one of the prin-
cipal exports, both of Crete and Cyprus. It is exported to England, France, and
Italy, where it is used for cattle food and for a surrogate to mix with chocolate.
According to the inspector of agriculture of Crete, Cavre. G. M. Fumis, this Candian
variety has more sugar in it than the other sorts grown in Crete." {Fairchild. )

8417. Carica papaya. Papaw.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Received through Mr. Jared G. Smith, special agent
in charge of the agricultural experiment station, February 17, 1902.

Seed grown from No. 5112, Inventory No. 8.

8418. ViGNA CAT.JANG. Cowpea.

From Monetta, S. C. Received through Mr. T. S. Williams, December 5, 1901.

Iron. This variety of cowpea is noted for its remarkable resistance to wilt disease
and root-knot.

8419 to 8421. Mangifera indica. Mango.

From Bombay, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos.
810 to 812, January 21, 1902), February 24, 1902.

Scions of three varieties of mangoes, as follows:

8419.

Douglas BennetVn Alphonsp. " The Bombay mangoes are noted all over the
Orient, and they are generally cla.ssed as a single sort, but in reality there
are numerous varieties. The Alphonse, or, in Hindustani, Alfoos, is considered
by connoisseurs as the very finest. These scions are taken from a tree on the
estate of Mr. Cooper, near (ioregon Station, one hour's ride from Bombay, and

SKI'TKMHKR. 1'.»00, TO DKrEMHKR, KM).!. ID?

8419 to 8421--('o!itiiiuod.

represent an especially fine strain uf the Alphonse mango, which was called to
our attention l»y Mr. Douglas Bennett, sui)erintenilent of markets in Bombay,
who desires that it Ite j,'iven ins name. Ih' says tiiat all he knows of its oriirin is
that over one hundicij and thirty years ago it was discovereil by a I'arsee mer-
chant, and that grafts were put down at (iwaliaTank K(ia<l, helow C"ond)ali
Ilili, in Bombay, but that now very few of tiiese are to be seen. The supply
of this mango is so limited tiiat fancy prices are paid for it, and few Knropeans
even have ever tasted the fruit. In size it is .'l l)y 4 l)y 2 inches and in color a
golden yellow when rijie. The tlcsh is (pnte without stringiness, stone small,
and flavor, according to Mr. Bennett, the best in the world. It is a large-
leaved varietv and forms a good-sized tree, but is of scragglv growth." {Fnir-
child.) (No." 810. ) (See N... S7L'7.)

8420.

Hulllf. "A good market sort, of Bombay. (Jreen in color, ripening to red-
dish yellow. Flesh is yellowish in color and is not stringy. The fruit is long
and slender, hence the name 'I'xittle.' The stone is small. The fruit ript-ns, as
do most of the Bombay mangoes, from Ajiril to .May." ( FiilnliiUl. ) ( No. SI I. )

8421.

J'iiit'. ''A green, pointed-shaped variety from the Cooper estate at Goregon.
Said by the owner, an inspector in the Bond)ay markets, to be, next to the
Alphonse, the best of the l>ondjay mangoi's. The seed is larger than that of the
Alphonse iind the flavor is excellent, lias the undesiral)le (juality of being a
poor keeper, losing its flavor (piickly after fully ripe." ( Fuirchild. ) ( No. 812. )

8422 to 8424. Glycine hisi'Ida. Soy bean.

From Yokohama, Japan. Keceiveil through Dr. S. .V. Knapp, February 24,
1902.

8422. 8424.

Ila Name. Early. Ita Name. Late.

8423.

Ita Name. Medium.

8425. JuGLANs coHDiFOFtMis. 'Walnut.

From Yokohama, .Japan. Received tiiiough I)i-. S. A. Knapp, F'ebruarv 24,
1902.

8426. JuGLANs siEBOLDiANA. Walnut.

From Yokohama, .Japan. Receive(l through Dr. 8. A. Knapi>, February 24,
1902.

8427. Phyllostachys mitis. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received tlirough Dr. 8. A. Knap}), February 24,
1902.

^fn.^(l chihi.

8428. Phyllostachys qlilioi. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapp, February 24,
1902.

Miulake.

8429. JuNCUS EFFUSus. Rush.

From Yokohama, .Japan. Received through Dr. 8. A. Knapi), February 24,
1902.

198 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8430 to 8433. Punica granatum. Pomegranate.

From Valetta, Malta. Presented ))y Baron Testaferrata Abela, through Mr. D. G.
Fairchild. Received February 25, 1902.

Cuttinojs as follows:

8430. 8432.

(iinsrppe. Prima quality. Frances.

8431. 8433.

iJiic Colon, di S. Catering. ,S. liosa.

8434. Eleusine coracana. Ragi millet or Kurakkan.

From Colombo, Cevlon. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
809, January i:!,"l902), February 25, 1902.

"A species of millet which is planted all over Ceylon by the Singale.se. It is a
most important food croj) for the natives, although given little attention by Euro-
peans. Watt's Dictionary of Indian Products, 1890, Vol. Ill, p. 287, gives a long
account of the use of this species in India, where it forms one of tlie great staples.
Ferguson describes it as the most j)roli(ic of cuhivatcd grasses. One variety, J'J.
strirta Roxb., gives an increase of 120 fold, an(jther 500 fold, and a single seed has
been calculated to produce no less than 8,100 seeds in a single year. These seeds
are very small, however. The food made from this species is coarse, though nourish-
ing. When l^oiled the Hour forms a sticky paste, which must be eaten with greasy
gravy to be palatable. There are two varieties in this samjile, mixed together, this
being the way the field was sown. The two sorts are called Ifmnum Kurakkan, or
Black Kurakkan, -Am] Klri (A>'hite or JNIilk) Kurakkan. The seed is broadcasted and
raked in or trampled in with the feet hi May, in Ceylon, and the crop ripens in three
months. It seems, however, to be sometimes planted at other times of the year.
These varieties are suited only to irrigated lands and for trial in tropical regions with
an abundance of rain. This species is a native of Ceylon, but varieties of the same
species are cultivated under the native names of Mitrua Kairarii or Kclvaragu in con-
tinental India. This whole (jue.'^tion of the Indian millets, many of which withstand
severe dry weather. Watt says, is worthy of especial attention, and all the best var-
ieties should be secured. Doctor Drieberg, superintendent of School Gardens, Cinna-
mon Gardens, Colombo, should he aj)plied to for a larger quantity of this seed, which
at this season is dithcult to secure m good condition. As a chicken food this is reputed
to be unsurpassed, fattening poultry with great rapidity. This is grown in a region
which has 75 to 100 inches of rainfall a year." ( Faircliilrl. )

8435. Citrus decumana. Pomelo.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathroj) and Fairchild (No. 815,
January 26, 1902), Feliruary 25, 1902.

"A variety of pomelo which is said to be practically seedless, though not of first
quality. It may prove useful for crossing purj)oses. it is medium large and has a
thick skin. The fiesh is too dry." [Fairchild.)

8436. ViTis viNiFERA. Grrape.

From Poona, India. Received through INIessrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 810,
January 27, 1902), February 25, 1902.

Bhokri. "A sweet, white .sort, with rather tough skin, lint very productive. This
is one of the best varieties for general cultivation al)out Poona, which has a high alti-
tude, tropical climate, temperature as high as 120°, and with SO inches of rainfall.
It is said to have originatetl in the north of India. It bears two crops a year, only
the second one, however, being sweet." [Fairchild.)

8437. Jasminum sambac. Arabian jasmine.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 817,
January 25, 1902), February 25, 1902.

"A variety of jessamine much cultivated by the natives of India and used by them
in their worship under the name of Mogaree. It is a vigorous growing shrub and

SKPTKMHKH, liHKl, T») DKCEMBKR, UM)!}, 1 9U

bear? an aluiiniaino of very lar^'c, <li>ul)lc, while (Idwci*, wliidi an- lii;i,'lil\ iicrl'mncil.
Some of tlu'^f fltiwei"^ are said to 1k' as lar;L'ea.~^a caiiu-lia l>lot;^i()Ill. Tlu'iilaiit rtMjiiin's
rieh soil and is very sensitive to eol<l. It is strictly a tropieal plant, althon^rh doinjr
well in gardens in Cairo. The cnttinfis shonld l)e tn-ated in tiie usual way, i. e.,
rooted in moist sand, and tiie plants can he set out in a rich border. This is the
lar<;e!^t variety of the jes.^iamini' I know, and if not already introduced into Hawaii,
southern California, or Florida, <leserves to be generally propagated ami ilistributeil.
From the Empress (xardens, in Poona, India." (Fairchild. )

8438. PoiNSKTTiA PI i.rnEHKiMA. Poinsettia.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. T^throp and Faircliild (No. 818,
January 2o, 1902), February 25, 1902.

" A double i)oinsettia of rare beauty. Instead of the usiial whorl of bright red
leaves characteristic of the ordinary poinsettia this sort has from three to live such
whorls. These are at their best when the green leaves have fallen and the light gray
stems are (juiti' bare. As a decorative jilant for giving a splash of the brightest nil
to a lanilscape this plant is uneijualled." ( Fairchif<l. )

8439. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. Slil,
January 2(\ 1902), February 2o, 1902.

Koirld. " I)e.scril)ed by Woodrow in his 'Gardening in India,' ])age 19;^), as an
indifferent dessert fruit, but considered by the natives of India as well worth atten-
tion and, in fact, reconunended as a good sort. A distinct variety, and hence worthy
of a collection." ( Juiirrhild. )

8440. Mangifera indica. Mango.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 820,
January 26, 1902 i, Felmiary 25, 1902.

AI{)hoiisi' ov A))h()i»i. "From a tree in the Empress (ianlens at Poona. It may
prove a different strain from Nos. 8419 and 8727. This is the best Bombay mangf>
and is remarkable for its good shi]>ping (|ualities. It can l)e jticked when still green,
laid or sliijjped in straw with j)lenty of air, ami kept for six weeks. Even after ripe,
fruits can be kept for a week or more. A much l)etter shipper than the ^fult|oh<t and
more productive." (Faircliild. )

8441. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Poona, India. Received through Mes.srs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. si'l,
January 26, 1902), February 25, 1902.

Ladoo. " This is a popular orange in India and is of the mandarin class, although
not so fine looking in appearance. The oil glands are finer and the color is a duller
orange, sometimes russet. It deserves a ]>lace in every collection of oranges as a dis-
tinct type. Woodrow, in his Miardening in India,' page 209, figures this variety and
recommends it for planting. It is a loose-skmned sort but the skin is more nearly
tilled by the flesh than the ordinary mandarin and in texture it is unusually crisp and
of good flavor. Very little fiber is one of its characteristics. In size it is about the
average of the mardarin type. Secured by the superintendent of the Empress (iar-
dens in Poona. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

8442. Mangifera indica. Mango.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 822,
January 26, 1902), February 25, 1902.

Borxli((. "See Woodrow, Gardening in India, page 248. Fruit weighs on an average
10 ounces. liipens by the first of July Flesh is as dry as that of Mulgohn or Aljilionsr
and can be cut like cheese. It is three to four weeks later in ripening than the
Alplt(in.'<e and is considered almost its equal in quality. One large tree of this variety
is said to have often yielded over $150 worth of fruit in a single crop. It should be
planted in alluvial soil and given plenty of bone ash. The banks of a river or irriga-
tion canal are especially well suited to mango culture. This variety is distinguished
from the Mvlgoha by its young shoots, which are distinctly reddish in color. Mangoes
are sometimes shipped from Bombay to London, which is eighteen days' or more of
sea travel." ( Fdirchild.)

200 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMTORTED.

8443. ('ITKUS s)).

From Pooiia, Jmlia. Kereived thruugli Mes.<r(s. Lathnj)) and Fairchild (No. 823
January 20, 1902), February 25, 1902.

Jamlmree or Jainhoone. "A variety of Cilnis wliit-h is used in India extensively
for .stocks on which the orange is grafted. Ci)n.siderahle discussion regarding its
infiuence on the scions of sweet oranges will be found in Woodrow's '<iardening in
India,' pages 214 and 21. "i. In one i>lace Woodrow calls this a lime, in another a
citron." {Fnin-h'ihl. )

8444. Mangifera indica. Mango.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 824,
January 2(i, 19()2|. February 2.5, 1902.

I'dkrin. "Described at some length by Woodrow, page 247, in his Gardening in
India, and considered by some as one of the three best mangoes in the Bombay
pre'sidency; at any rate it is a sort in big demand for planting. It ripens three or
four weeks later than the AlplKnixe — i. e., from the end of May to the end of June.
Secured through the kindness of Mr. Kannetkar, superintendent of Empress Gar-
dens in Pdiina. ( FninhHiJ.)

8445. Thysanolaena agrostis.

Iroiii Poona, India. Received through Me.ssrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 825,
January 26, 1902), February 25, 1902.

" Two pieces of rhizome of an ornamental cane from the Himalayas. It flowers
profusely and remains in flower for four months. The inflorescences are steel-gray
and great masses of them are produced. The plant grows to a height of 8 to 10 feet and
forms large clumps like pampas grass or like some species of Arundo. It is altogether
the handsomest cane for borders that I have ever seen. It deserves a wide distribution
in Hawaii and southern California. As seeds were not procurable the experiment of
sending two rhizomes in a perforated tin case by sample post has been attempted.
If successful more can be had of the .superintendent of the Empress Gardens in
Poona. Seed may be had of the Calcutta Botanic Gardens. The plant requires good
rich soil and plenty of moisture. In the Poona (iardens it is grown on irrigated land
because there are only al>out 25 inches of yearly rainfall. The cuttings sh(juld be
given such treatment as would be given the ordinary ornamental canes. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

8446. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Poona, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 82(i,
January 26, 1902), February 25, 1902.

Cintnt or Suni>n-a. "Woodrow (Gardening in India, ]>. 210), says this is the finest
orange in India. It weighs from 7 to 10 ounces. One sort has loose skin, the other
tightly tits the pulp. It has very few seeds, and is often quite seedless. The flesh
is unusually crisp and has almost no fiber, but is somewhat lacking in sweetness.
The oil glands are very small and clo.«e together in the skin. The color is not so
bright as that of the mandarin of Japan. This variety is of especial interest only
because of its reported seedlessness and the fiberless nature of tlie flesh, which is quite
remarkable. 1 am assured this is the tight-skinne<l variety, which is superior to the
loose-skinned one. The type is distinctly a mandarin one. Through the kindness
of Superintendent Kannetkar of the P^mpress Gardens, Poona." ( Fairrhild.)

8447. CiTRULLUS vuEGA'Ris. Watermelon.

From the Agricultural Exjieriment Station, Pomona, Cal. Received Februai\
20, 1902.

Kltnma or Tmmma. This melon is very valuable for stock feeding in dry countries,
as it tlirives with very little water. (Grown from No. 4322.)

8448 to 8453. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From Misserghin, near Gran, Algeria. Received through Me.ssrs. D. G. Fair-
child and C. S. Scofield, from the Xurserv of the Orphelinat de I'Annoncia-
tion, February 26, 1902.

SKl'TKMMKK. l'.»)0, Tn DKCKM MKK. l!Ki:5. 201

8448 to 8453 ( 'ontinurd.
Apple trees ami wcioiis as follows:

8448. 8451.

AlgerieHne. Xaiii I'linnfls.

8449. 8452.

U Ei'e. Pffrorc lit' Tunis.

8450. 8453.

De Chatniffnier. Nuiu ih' Mnlitm.

8454 and 8455. Cydonta vulgaris. Quince

From Missergliin, near Oraii, Algeria. Received through Messrs. I), (i. l-air-
child and C. S. Scolield fmin the Nni>ery <>f the ()r|iheliiial di- rAiuinii-
ciation, Fel)rnary 2H, 1902.

Quince scions as follows:

8454. 8455.

De Laghouat. l>i yfulioii.

8456 to 8460.

From San Giovanni a Teduccio, Italv. Received through Dammann i<: Co.,
March .S, 1902.

8456. Vioi.A coRNTTA. 8459. Nioi.a iounita.

llliii I'rrffclinii.

8457. Vioi.A cornuta alra.

8458. Vioi-A coRxrTA.
Admiracion.

8460. Vioi.A odorata skmi'KR-

KLOREXS.

8461. Lathyrus sp.

From the Vomero, Naples, Ttalv. Received through Dr. C. Sprenger, March .'i,
1902.

"A native of Mexico." (Sj^renger.)

8462. ViTis YiNiFERA. Grrape.

From Kurracliee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathropand Fairchild (No.
827, February 2,1902), March 10, 1902.

Safetha. "An indigenous white grape, grown successfully at Kurrachee. It is one
of the three best in cultivation here, where there is only 7 inches of rainfall and the
temperature in summer goes to 110° F. from March to the end of .Tune, and the soil is
noticeably alkaline. Berry large and round; ))nnches 4}, poumls in weight; long,
crowded, heavy cropper; flavor good ; skin thick and leathery. It is said to be a goo(l
keey)er and shipper, being shipped from Kurrachee to Bombay and Lahore. These
cuttings are from the Kurrachee Public Gardens." {Faircli'iM. )

8463. ViTis YINIFERA. Grrapc.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
829, February 2, 1902), :\Iarch 10, 1902.

Goolnbie. "An indigenous variety of grape Avhich thrives better than such forms
as the Blacl- Hamhnrg, and, according to our informant, Mr. Lester, superintendent
of the public gardens of Kurrachee, it is considered superior in flavor to the Black
ITamhiirg. This is the favorite grape for Kurrachee conditions, which resemble those
of Tulare (California) and Arizona, being a flesert where only 7 inches of rain
falls and where, for the summer months, a temperature of 110° is of dailj^ occurrence.
The soil is deci<ledly alkaline, in fact too much so for ordinary European grapes.
The variety is said to be a purple, small-berried kind, a very heavy cropper, fruit-

202 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

ins the hikI of A|>ril. The l)uiuh<'p woisli 1 ■] to 2 pounds. The berry has a very
thm skin and two or lluct> st-tMls. Thf name means 'rose flavored' i-ind the flavor
is that of rose petals. It was introthu-rd into Poona, India, but did not suceeed
there." {Fah-rhil<l.)

8464. ViTis viNiFERA. Grrapc.

From Kurrachee, India. Received tlirough Messrs. Lathropand Fairchild (No.
828, February 2, 1902), 3Iarcli 10, 1902.

Xandhari. "A long-berried, thin-skinned, white grape with very large bunches,
3 to 4 pounds in weight. It is a vigorous grower, but light bearer. An indigenous
sort, of flne flavor, suited to an arid climate, and alkaline soil in a very warm climate."
( Fairchild. )

8465 to 8475. Citrullus vulgaris. Watermelon.

From Monetta, S. C. Received through Mr. T. S. AVilliams, November b, 1901.

Seeds from hand-pollinated melons, grown from seeds imported by the Office of
Seed and Plant Introduction:

8465. From No. 16.

Melon of average size with dark-green stripes. Flesh orange-colored and
of very flne flavor. Vine small and not vigorous. This is an excellent melon
for home use.

8466. From No. 35.

A small green melon with white spots. The flesh is deep red and very fine.
The vine is small, but strong.

8467. From No. 68, which is evidently mixetl seed.

A large, pale-green melon with broad, dark stripes. The flesh is orange-
colored and of very flne flavor. Tlie vine is very vigorous.

8468. From No. 68.

A medium-sized, pale-green melon with broad, dark-green stripes. The
flesh is orange colored and of good flavor. The vine is very vigorous.

8469. From No. 46.

A large, light-gray melon. The flesh is deep red and of fine flavor. The
vine is very vigorous.

8470. From No. 93.

A rather large, gray melon, with green stripes. The flesh is pink and of
very flne flavor. The vine is vigorous.

8471. From No. 2847.

A fairly good, green melon of average size. The flesh is pale red and of good
flavor. The vine is strong.

8472. From No. 2847.

A medium-sized, mottled-green melon. The flesh is red and of good flavor.
The vine is strong.

8473. From No. 2848.

A large, white melon. The flesh is deep red, of fine texture and very fine
flavor.

8474. From No. 2849.

A medium-sized, dark-green melon, with small white stripes. The flesh is
deep red, of fine texture and delicious flavor.

8475. From No. 6151.

A very large, dark-green, striped melon. The flesh is pink, of rather coarse
texture, but fine flavor.

SKPTKMHKK, 1!MK>, T< > DECKMHKK, I'.Hlll. 2(lH

8476. PisTACiA MUTKA. Mciiengech.

From Aiiitah, Syria. lVf^eiite.1 l)y Ki'v. A. Fuller, thn.ii^'li .Mr. W. T. Swiiiirl*'.
Recvived Marcli Id, li»02.

8477 and 8478. Pista( ia vkka. Pistache.

From Aiiitali. Syria. I'rc.^eiite.l l)v Key. A. Fuller, tliron^Mi Mr. W. T. Swin^rie.
Keceivi'd March 10, UH)2.

8477. 8478.

L<ir;/e ral. f^<ii'J< 'J'''"-

8479 to 8482. Pistacia vera. Pistache.

From Aiiital), Syria, rrt-seiitfl by Key. -V. Fiiller, llin.ii-h .Mr. \V. T. Swin^rlr.
ReceiytMl Manli lt», V.m.

8479.

Selected mixed lre.-<li pi^taelie mils fmm llie market,

8480.

Ak'i>iJO ml. \'ery lar^e and tine.

8481.

A large, nniiaim-d, green yariety.

8482.

Koz. Know II a? the "Walnut" pistache.

8483. PiSTACiA VKUA X (0 Butum.
From Aintab, Syria. Presented by Key. A. Fuller, througli Mr. \V. T. Swingle.

Receiyed IVIarch 10, 1902.

Fresh, selected "Butum" nuts.

8484. PisTACiA MUTiCA. Mcncngech.

From Aintab, Svria. Presented bv Rev. A. Fuller, thri.ugli .Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received March 10, 1902.

Selected fresh seeds.

8485. PiSTACiA 3IUTICA. Mencngcch.

From Aintal), Svria. Presented bv Rev. A. Fuller, through Mr. W. T. Swingle.
Received March 10, 1902.

Ordinary seeds from the market.

8486 to 8501.

From Washington, D. C. Received March 10, 1902.

A collection of seeds grown on the Potomac Flats by Mr. W. R. Beattie from seeds
furnished by the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction.

8486. Phaseolis mixgo. Grown from No. 6321.

8487. Phaseolus muncw. Grown from No. 6417.

8488. Phaseolus mungo. Grown from No. 6ol8.

8489. Glycine hispida. Grown from No. 6314.

8490. ( ii.YCiNE HISPIDA. (irowu from No. 63.33.

8491. Glycine fiispida. Grown from No. 6334.

204

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8486 to 8501 — Continued.

8492.
8493.
8494.
8495.
8496.
8497.
8498.
8499.
8500.

(injwn t'riiju No. fiiiHH.

Grown from No. ();>9(>.

Grown from No. (iH86.

Grown from No. (io97.

Grown from No. fUlb.

(irown from No. (iol2.
ViGX.v cATiANG. Grown from N(.). (VMl.
ViGXA CATJAXG. Grown from No. (io27.
ViGNA CATJAXG. Grown from No. 6328.

(iLVCIXE HI.SPIDA.
(iLYCIXE HISPIDA.
Glycixe HISPIDA.
GlYCIXE HISPIDA.
(rLYCIXK IIISPinA.

Glycixe hi.spida.

8501. ViGNA CATJAXG. Grown from No. 6413.

8502. Magnolia kobus. Magnolia.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received througli L. liochmer c>c Co., March 13, 1902.

8503. Paeoma moutan. Tree peony.

From Yokohama. .Japan. Received through L. Boelmier c*t Co., March 13, li)02.

8504. Zamia flokidana. Coontie.

From Miami, Fla. Received through Prof. P. PI. Roh's^, in charge of the Sub-
tropical Lalxjratory of the PTnited States Department of Agriculture.

Tea.

Presented hv .Messrs. .J. P. William tt P.ros.

8505. 'PlIEA VIKIDL"^.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon.
Received March 17, 1902.

Juiniiosd.

8506 and 8507. Ficus gakica. Fig.

From llie island of Chios, Turkev. Presented by Mr. N. .1. Pantelides, througli
Mr. D. G. Fain-liild. Received March 19, 1902.

Fig cuttings as follows:

8506.

Figue de Chios. "Very fine when fresh." {Pmilelides.)

8507.

Figue de Si/ria. Lomhardlca. "A very line, large variety, blacki.sh on the
outside and bright red inside." {Pantelides.)

8508 to 8515. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Jai)an. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapi), March 19, 1902.
Seed rice as foUow-s:

8512.

From lyo district. (M)

8513.

From Higo district. (N)

8514.

From Bizen district. (O)

8515.

From Banshu (?) district. (?)

8508.

Famkidii. From Bizen district.

(I)

8509.

Mansnkn bozu. From Fukuoka
district. (J)

8510.

From Ise district. (K)

8511.

From Buzen district. (L)

SEITKMHKK, TKHt, TO DKiKMUKK, VMi. 20.^

8516. e'ANNAHis sATivA. Hemp.

Fn. Ill Daiivill.', Ky. Received Ihroiigli Mi. Cieur;:^ ('o^;ar, .March L'O, HM)2.

8517 to 8520. Pistacia veka. Pistache.

From Marseilli-, Franco. Keceived through Mr. Clau.le Monlcl, Manli iM, IIMIJ.

8517. (Jrafted iVmale pistac-lie 8519. FeinaK- pi.^tarlie scions.

^^^^^' 8520. Male pistache scions.

8518. (iraftetl iiiale pistache

t i-ees.

8521. PiSTACiA TEHKBiNTHUS. Terebinth.

From Marseille, France. Received thronjrli Mr. Claude Montel, March 21, UKIi'.
Terebinth stocks for graftinj:.

8522 and 8523. rurncuM durum. Wheat.

From Brookings, S. Dak. Seed grown in liiOl under contract Ity i'n.l. .1. 11.
Shepard, of the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

8522.

Kubanht. Grown from No. ."it)89.

8523.

Velvet Don. (imwii from Nn. r>(i44.

8524 to 8529.

From Paris, France. Received from Vilmorin-Andrieux it Co., March 27, l!»()2.

8524. LiNiM rsiT.vnssiMiTM. Flax.
Original Rici<i.

8525. C.\NNAi5is s.vrivA. Hemp.
RuHxUm.

8526. Tnv.Nus vii.oaris. Thyme.

8527. TuvMis .sKKPVLLiM. Creeping- thyme.

8528. Lavandula vera. Lavender.

8529. Lavandula spica. Spike lavender.

8530 to 8537.

Received from J. M. Thorburn & Co., of New York City, March 2li, llt02. A
collection of foreign-grown seeds of medicinal plants, foi- use in experimental
work under the direction of Dr. R. H. True, of the Department of Agriculture.

8530. Atropa belladonna. Belladonna.

8531. Arnica MONTANA. Mountain tobacco, or mountain snuff.

8532. Digitalis purpurea. Foxglove.

8533. (ilycyrrhiza glabra. Licorice.

8534. D.vTURA STRAMONIUM. Thom apple.

8535. Hyoscyamus Niger. Henbane.

8536. Papaver somniferum. I*oppy-

8537. AcoNiTUM NAPELLUS. Acouite.

20(5 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

8538. A VENA SATiVA. Oat.

From Bozeman, :Moiit. Presented by the Director of the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station. Received April 1, 1902.

Swedish Select. Grown from No. 2788,

8539 to 8542.

From Poona, India. Received through Dr. S. A. Kuapp, April 1, 1902.

8539. Phaseolus aconitifolils.

Math. "This legume is grown in the Deccan and the Gujarat as a ' kharif,'
or rain crop, sown only in the rainy season. It does well on light, stony,
upland soil, with an average annual rainfall of 30 inches. The usual method
is to sow a mixture of 8 pounds of Bajri {Penn'm'tum tijphokhinn) and 1^
pounds of MatJi per acre in July, the crop being harvested in November or
December. ' ' ( Knapp. )

8540. Phaseolus mixgo.

}Fiig. "This plant is largely grown as a 'kharif,' or rain crop, and also as
a 'rabi' (cold- weather crop) in many parts of India. As a 'kharif crop
it is mixed with sorglium (Joirari), while as a 'ral)i' crop it is sown after
rice lias been harvested. It does best in a deep, black soil, with an average
rainfall of from 30 to 3-5 inches. It ripens in three months after sowing."
( Knapp. )

8541. Phaseolus radiatus.

Udid. "This bean is largely cultivated in India as a subordinate crop with
sorghum {Jon-rirl), the usual amount sown being 6 pounds of Jowar'i and 3
pounds of Uil'ul. It does best if sown in .Tune in deep, black soil, with a
rainfall of from 30 to 3-5 inches, Ijeing harvested in September. Udid is also
grown in some sections as a second crop after rice." {Knapp.)

8542. DoLiCHOS uxiflorus.

Kultlii. "This plant is largely grown on light soils of a strong or sandy
nature, and thrives with a moderate rainfall. It is usually sown with bul-
rush millet {Pennmtam typhoidevm) , the rate per acre being 8 pounds of millet
to 2 pounds of Kulthi." {Knapp. )

8543 to 8547.

From Xagpur, India. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, April I, 1902.

8543. Oryza sativa. Rice.
Dhan. A quick-ripening variety.

8544. Tkiticum durum. Wheat.
JIaura (Jahoo.

8545. Dolichos lablab. Lablab bean.
Taf, r«/, or Popat.

8546. Andropogon sorghum. Sorg-hum.
A late variety used for forage.

8547. AxDROPOGOx sorghum. Sorghum.
Used for forage.

8548 to 8552.

From Lahore, India. Received tlimugh Dr. S. ,\. Knapp. .\pril I. 1;K)2.
A collection of Avheats as follows:

8548. Triticum vulgare.

Pure red wheat, grown without irrigation on land near the river. (No. 1.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 207

8548 to 8552— Continued.

8549. Triticum vulgare.

I'ure white wheat, grown on slightly salty land irrigated with canal water.

(No. 2.)

8550. TKiTicr.M nrRiM.

Round red wheat, grown on slightly salty land irrigated with canal water.
(No. 3. )

8551. TRITICfM DURUM.

Round white wheat, grown on strong black soil irrigated with canal water.

(No. 4.)

8552. Triticum durum.

Wadanak. Grown on light, slightly sandy soil irrigated with well water.

8553 to 8562.

From Christiania, Norway. Presented by Prof. C. Doxrud, of the Christiania
School of Technology, for testing in comparison with seeds from other coun-
tries. Received April 2, 1902.

8553. PuLEtM I'R.\tense. Timothy.

8554. Dactylis (jlomerata. Orchard grass.

8555. Trifolium pratense. Bed clover.

8556. Trifolium hybridum. Alsike clover.

8557. PisuM. SATIVUM. Pea.
Early.

8558. AvENA SATivA. Oat.

8559. Hordeum hexastichum. Barley.

8560. Hordeum distichum. Barley.

8561. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.
Bed spring.

8562. PisuM sativum. Pea.

Sueding.

8563 and 8564. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
830, February 1, 1902), April 4, 1902.

Cupcap, Chupchap, or Cupmp. "This is a variety of the Karak pol-hta, or cooked
dates, and is considered one of the best of its class. ' These cooked dates are prepared
in the following way: The fruits are picked before fully ripe, while still full, plump,
and slightly astringent. They are boiled for an hour in fresh water, to which one
handful of "salt per gallon of water is added. After boiling they are spread out in
the sun to dry. These boiled dates are sold in large quantities in India. They form
an indispensable part of every marriage feast. Higher prices are paid for them in
India, I am informed, than for the dates shipped to America. This sort is, when
properly prepared, quite sweet, in fact, tastes quite as if candied. The slight flavor
of tannin may be due to careless preparation. It is a fairly early date, coming into
fruit about Maskat in July. It is also a good date to eat fre-sh. It keeps almost
indefinitely. There are several qualities of this variety. That marked a came from
Kurrachee', while b was secured in Maskat." (Fairchild.)

29861— No. 66—0.5 14

208 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

8565. Capsicum annudm. Red pepper.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (no
number) , April 4, 1902.

Bird's hill.

8566. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
828, February 6, 1902) , April 4, 1902.

"The common red pepper in use in Kurrachee. It is mild in comparison with the
Maskat variety. It is dark wine-red in color, and long and conical in shape. Bought
in a Maskat market. " {Fa irch ild. )

8567. Phoenix dactylifera. Date palm.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (no
number), April 4, 1902.

"Bagist or Dairi dates, a second-class variety eaten by the common people."
{Fairchild.)

8568. Capsicum annuum. Chili pepper.

From iNIaskat, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 837,
February 6, 1902), April 4, 1902.

"A very hot orange or light-red variety of red pepper, reputed to be one of the
hottest peppers on the Persian Gulf. Bought in a Maskat bazaar." {Fairchild.)

8569. Phoenix dactylifera. Date palm.

From Maskat, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

831, February 6, 1902), April 4, 1902.

Burni. "Dried dates of one of the Karak poJchta or cooking class. This date is
also said to be a first-class drying or pressed date, but with poor keeping qualities.
It is so delicate that it can not be sent successfully to America, but it is considered
superior in flavor to the Furd date, which is the variety commonly shipped to
America. It is the earliest date known at IVlaskat, and one of the very finest flavored
sorts. It ripens in Maskat in June, but this region of ISIaskat has a temperature in
summer of 110° and even 117° F. in the shade, so that the sort might ripen later if
transplanted to*a region with a cooler summer temperature. The dates sent are of
the boiled sort only, the dried kind being quite unobtainable. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

8570. Phoenix dactylifera. Date palm.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
834, Feb. 2, 1902), April 4, 1902.

Jahadi. "Dried dates of one of the second quality sorts shipped into India from
the Persian Gulf. This variety is probably shipped to America." {Fairchild.)

8571. Phoenix dactylifera. Date palm.

From Maskat, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
833, February 6, 1902), April 4, 1902.

Khanezi. " Dried dates of a first-class Persian Gulf sort sent largely to America.
This is considered inferior to the Fard, but still ranks as a very good sort." {Fair-
child. )

8572. Phoenix dactylifera. Date palm.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

832, February 5, 1902), April 4, 1902.

Fard. "Dried dates of the variety most commonly shipped from the Persian
Gulf to America. This is not considered the finest of the dates, but is one of the
best shippers. It is a dark, medium-sized jsort, of good quality. It is grown about
Maskat and the southern part of the Persian Gulf. It is a medium early date, later
than Burni." {Fairchild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1000. T<> DECEMBER, HX).!. 200

8573. Phoenix dactylifkka. Date palm.

From Bahrein, Anihia. Re«Mve«l through Mes.'frs. Lathrop and Fairrhild (Xo.
835, Ft'hruary 10, 1902), April 4, 1902.

KhahtMi. " Drieil thites of oiio of the lirn-st variotio.* in the IVrsian (\n\i. These
dates are so delicate that they are not sliippi'd t«> America, altiiini<,'h they may he
kept several months, a.s is evidenced l)y the present samples. They ari- reported to
suffer hv the sea voyajre. Tiie <late has very little tiher, heiu'r a stitky .sort with a
deiidediy earameldike texture. The Havor is superior to that of the he.st Phnl date
and the skin is soft and <lelicafe. The stone is small, but not unusually so. It is
considered the best date on the Persian (iulf hy Mr. .1. C. (iaskin, British consul,
who has been a dealer in one of the lar<:est date Hrms at P.a.«sorah, and by Mr. S. M.
Zwemer, who ha.s traveled all over Arabia. Personally I prefer tlu- I'lnu/li tilmr
date and the DegJi't Xoor, but the KhalaMt approaches these closely for sweetness
and delicacy. It is sticky, however, and nii>rht not be well suited to such style of
packing: as is in vogue with the French packers in .Vlgiers. Secured through the
kindness of Messi-s. Gaskin and Zwemer, of Bahrein." {Faircliild.) (8ee No. 875.3. )

8574. PiSTACiA VERA. Pistache.

From Bunder Abbas, Persia. Received through Me.ssrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 839, February 11, 1902), April 4, 1902.

"Bought in the market of Bunder .\bbas. They were said to have been brought
down some nineteen days by caravan from the town of Kerman, in the interior.
They were fresh in I)ecend)er or November. The trees were probalily grafted,
although no definite information on this point could be obtained. Kerman is said
to have a temperate climate." [Fairchild.)

8575. Lauknakia .sp. G-ourd.

From Jask, Persia. Received througli Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 840,
February 11, 1902), April 4, 1902.

"A white, edible gourd growing to a large size, lo ff'Pt long by S inches in diam-
eter. It forms a pretty trellis plant in Jask, where the temjieraturc rises to 110° F.
and no rain falls. It is grown by irrigation. It may ]>rove of value in the Colorado
desert region. It is prepared by boiling in salt water like any of the squash family.
The leaves are large and the flowers are white with long tubes to the corolla."
( Fairchild. )

8576. ViTis CANDiCANS. Mustang grape.

From Tiger Mill, Texas. Presented by ^Mr. II. T. Fuchs to Hon. A. S. Burleson
and by him to this Department. Received April 7, 1902.

Seeds of the finest wiM grapes of Texas, according to Mr. Fuchs' letter.

8577. Carica papaya. Papaw.

From Mexico. Presented bv Mr. Elmer Stearns, 3226 Manitou avenue, Los
Angeles, Cal. Received :Slarch 29, 1902.

"These seeds were from a fruit 6 inches long bj' 31 inches in diameter, grow;n in
the hot country southwest of (Guadalajara." [Stearns. )

8578. Opuntia sp. Prickly pear.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Elmer Stearns, 3226 Manitou
avenue, Los Angeles, C"al. Received March 29, 1902.

Tuna Colorado. "These seeds were from a fruit 2 inches by Ij inches in diame-
ter. ' ' [Stearns. )

8579. Opuntia sp. Prickly pear.

From City of Mexico, Mexico. Presented by Mr. Elmer Stearn.s, 3226 Manitou
avenue, Los Angeles, Cal. Received March 29, 1902,

Tuna amarilla.

210 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

8580. Cereus sp. Pitahaya.

From Mexico. Presented by Mr. Elmer Stearns, 3226 Manitou avenue, Los
Angeles, Cal. Received March 29, 1902.

" These seeds were from a fruit weighing 1 pound, grown in the foothills 75 miles
west of Tampico, Mexico." {Stearns.)

8581 to 8583. Vitis vinifera. G-rape.

From Aintab, Syria. Received through Rev. A. Fuller, April 15, 1902.
Grape cuttings as follows:

8581.

Aintab Summer (Xabodada). "A large, oblong, white grape. The flesh is
rather coarse, but it is much prized for table use." {Fuller. )

8582.

Aintab Autumn (Kabbajuk). "A medium-sized, round, white grape, much
prized for table use. It ripens in July and August." {Fuller.)

8583.

Aintab Winter (Hunisa). "A large, wine-colored, oblong grape. It ripens
in October and November and keeps until March." {Fuller.)

8584 to 8589.

From Chin-kiang, China. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp from Rev. Dr.
S. P. Barchet, Shanghai, China, April 15, 1902.

8584. Glycine hispida. Soy bean.

"A very prolific, nearly white variety, used for making oil and also for food.
It is sometimes ground into flour and used for making cakes." {Knapp.)

8585. Phaseolus sp. Bean.

"LTsed for food and for making starch. It grows well on sandy soil."
{Knapp. )

8586. Glycine hispida. Soy bean.

"A very oily variety, used chiefly for fattening purposes. Planted in July
or August. ' ' ( Knapp. )

8587. ViciA FABA. Broad bean.

"A large, rank-growing variety that will stand frost. It is planted in
November. ' ' ( Knapp. )

8588. PisuM sp. Pea.

"A rank-growing variety used for food. It is planted in November."

{Knapj). )

8589. Tkiticum vclgare. Wheat.
"A hardy, rust-proof variety. Sown in October or November. {Knapp.)

8590 to 8592.

From Shanghai, China. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp from Rev. Dr.
S. P. Barchet, April 15, 1902.

8590. Oryza sativa. Rice.
"An early variety. It is sown late in May or early in June." {Knapp.)

SEl'TEMBEK, IWO, TO UECEMBKK, hM). 211

8590 to 8592 —Continued.

8591. Okyza sATivA. Bice.

" A late variety. It is sown late in June or early in Jnly." (A'»<//<y*. )

8592. Vria kaba. Broad bean.
"Quite similar to No. 8587, but not so large." {Kmipp. )

8593 and 8594. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Kiaiifr-si Province, China. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp from Kev.
Dr. D. W. Nichols, Nan-chang, China, Ai)ril l.'i, lt»02.

8593.

Wan Ku (late rice). "A beautiful white grain, ((uite flaky when cooked."
{Nichols. )

8594.

Txoa Kit (early rice). "A crop of this and the preceding variety can be
grown on the same ground the same year." (yifhol.i.)

8595. Thea vikidis. Tea.

From Calcutta, India. Received from the Pashok Tea Company (Limited), Kil-
burn & Co., agent-s, April l"i, 1902.

PasJiok Darjeeling.

8596. ViciA FABA. Broad bean.

From Sheridan, Mont. Presented by Mr. 8. M. Wilson, Ai)ril 15, li)02.

These beans are said by Mr. Wilson to come from northern Sweden, and to endure
a degree of cold that kills other tender vegetation.

8597 and 8598.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt, seedsmen, April
19, 1902.

8597. Caryota urens. Wine or toddy palm.

8593. Ravenala madagascariensis. Travelers' tree.

8599. PuNiCA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
883, March 8, 1902), April 21, 1902.

Achrnar or Red. "This variety bears fruit of a very large size. I have seen a speci-
men over 2 pounds in weight. " The skin is thin, but there are many thick walls
dividing the segments. The seeds are large, each with a deep, very juicy, wine-red
arillus. Remarkable for its size and red color." {Fairchild.)

8600. ZizYPHUS JUJUBA. Jujube.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
887, March 8, 1902), April 21, 1902.

NebuJc or Nabug qjcun. ' ' A Persian variety, called the red jujube. A variety larger
than the Bagdad, but not of as good flavor. These jujube trees, as they are grown in
Mesopotamia, are the most picturesque, in fact the only conspicuous shade trees in
the region, and are worthy of trial along irrigation canals. They bear enormous crops
of small fruits, about the size of cherries, which are greedily sought after by the
children. The fruits taste much like baked apples. There is a variety in which the
seed, instead of being hard, like a date stone, is thin shelled, and one can eat it
easily." {Fairchild.) (See No. 8702. )

212 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

8601. Citrus limonum. Lemon.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

889, March 8, 1902), April 21, 1902.

Hameth. "A Bagdad variety which is of most excellent quality and characterized
by a dark orange ' blush ' at the stem end, making it a peculiar and showy fruit.
The skin is very thin, and the fruit very juicy and of medium size. The shape of
those I saw was almost that of an egg." {Fairchild.)

8602. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

890, March 8, 1902), April 21, 1902.

Portugal Asfar. "A common Bagdad orange which is in all respects, except the
presence of seeds, a remarkably fine orange. It does well in the alluvial adobe soil
of Bagdad, and even where tlaere is some alkali in the soil. These scions came
from the garden of Abdul Kader Kederry, at Bagdad." (Fairchild.)

8603. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

891, March 8, 1902), April 21, 1902.

Aboid serra. "A navel orange, with seeds, of especially fine aroma, I am told,
which is cultivated by Sheik Abdul Kader Kederry, and is worth testing as a
new variety. The oranges of Bagdad are in general excellent, and this one, although
I was unable to test it, may be no exception." {Fairchild.)

8604. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

892, March 8, 1902), April 21, 1902.

Narinji. "A variety of orange with a ' button ' at the flower end; from a tree in
the garden of Sheik Abdul Kader Kederry. It has an excellent flavor and has few
seeds. This is one of the common varieties of Bagdad, and is an excellent orange."
{Fairchild.)

8605. ViTis viNiFERA. Grape.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

893, March 9, 1902), April 21, 1902.

(L. & F. No. 893 is Citrus aurantium, but the tube so marked contained grape cut-
tings without data.)

8606. Citrus decumana. Pomelo.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

894, March 9, 1902), April 21, 1902.

"A species of pomelo or shaddock, of which the skin is used for making preserves.
I did not have an opportunity to taste the fruit, but presume it is of second quality."
{FairchUd.)

8607 to 8642. Citrullus vulgaris. Watermelon.

From Monetta, S. G. Received November 5, 1901.

A collection of seeds of hand-pollinated watermelons grown by Mr. T. S. Williams
from seed furnished by the Oflice of Seed and Plant Introduction.

8607. Grown from No. 18. 8611. Grown from No. 39.

8608. Grown from No. 25. 8612. Grown from No. 48.

8609. Grown from No. 26. 8613. Grown from No. 55.

8610. Grown from No. 33. 8614. Grown from No. 84.

SEPTEMBER, I'.KM, TO DECEMHER, 11H)3.

218

8607 to 8642 -Continued.

8615. (iiowii fiom No. 84. -

8616. Cirown from No. 85.

8617. Grown from No. 86.

8618. Grown from No. Stl

8619. drown from No. 87.

8620. (irown from No. 88.

862 1 . Grown from No. 98?

8622. Grown from No. 98?

8623. Grown from No. 102.

8624. Grown from No. 104.

8625. Grown from No. 2739.

8626. Grown from No. 2740.

8627. Grown from No. 2843.

8628. Grown from No. 2844.

8643. PUNICA GRANATUM.

8629. Grow 11 from No. 2845.

8630. Grown from No. 106.

8631. Grown from No. 2846.

8632. Grown from No. 2850.

8633. Grown from No. 3680.

8634. Grown from No. 3680.

8635. Grown fnun No. 4899.

8636. Cirowii from No. 6149.

8637. GrowiTfrom No. 6170.
8688. Grown from No. 6038.

8639. Cirown from No. (50.39.

8640. Grown from No. 6046.

8641. Grown from No. 6052.

8642. Grown from No. 6056.

Pomegranate.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop ami Faiivhilil (No.

847, February 26, 1902), April 22, 1902.

Mellasi. "A large 'seedless' pomegranate with light-colored flesh. This is said
to be the best variety in Arabia and to be (juite free from seeds; i. e., the coats of the
seeds are probablv so delicate that thev offer no resistance to the teeth when eating
the fruit. Secured through the kindness of Mr. Raphael Sayegh, of Bassorah."
{Fairchikl.)

8644. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Ncj.

848, February 26, 19U2), April 22, 1902.

Persian. "This apple will grow well in a region where dates are produced and
where for three months the thermometer keeps about the 100° F. mark. It is not of
the best (jualitv, but is quite edible, and should be tested in the desert regions of the
Colorado River and in the dry regions of Texas. It requires irrigation. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

8645. Cydonia vulgaris (?)

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

849, February 26, 1902), April 22, 1902.

Bahamro. "A stock wliich is used in Arabia, especially in Mesopotamia, on which
to graft apples, pears, and quinces. It is reported to be an excellent stock in this
very hot region' of the Tigris Vallev, where the thermometer stands for three months
near tlie 100° F. mark and where "it often rises to 117° F. It is cultivated here on
adobe soil under irrigation." { Fairchild.)

8646. PuNiCA GRANATUM. Pomegranate.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

850, February 26, 1902), April 22, 1902.

Nejidi. "A red-fleshed varietv of pomegranate which is considered second only
to the seedless or Mellasi variety. The fruit is large and has a very thin skin."
{Fairchild.)

214 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8647. ViTis viNTFERA. Grape.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Presented bv Hadji Abdulla Negem through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 854, February 25, 1902). Received April 22, 1902.

Abiat. "A white grape which is medium in time of ripening and of reputed excel-
lent quality. It is trained from trunk to trunk of the date palms at Abu Kasib.
Soil an adobe with abundant moisture in it." {Fairchild.)

8648. ViTis viNiFERA. Grape.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
855, February 25, 1902), April 22, 1902.

Asuad Suamee. "A black, early grape, with very large berries and rather tough
skin, Avhich is cultivated among the date groves at Abu Kassib. The quality of
this sort is reported to be exceptionally good. The practice of grape growing under
the palms is rapidly spreading in Mesopotamia. It is worthy of trial in Arizona and
southern California. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

8649. ViTis VINIFERA. Grape.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Presented by Hadji Abdulla Negem through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 856, February 25, 1902). Received April 22, 1902.

Bengi. "A late, black grape of superior quality, according to the report of Euro-
peans in the region. It is said to be the best variety here in Bassorah and to be really
'as fine as the hothouse-grown Black Hainhurgh.' Grown under the date palms at
Abu Kassib." (Fairchild.)

8650. AVENA SATIYA. Oat.

From Mustiala, Finland. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild from
Mustiala Landtbruks och Mejeri-Institut, April 25, 1902.

North Finnish Black.

8651. Fatsia .japoxica.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., April 26, 1902.

8652. Triticum dicoccum. Emmer.

From Dunseith, N. Dak. Received through Mr. Arthur Hagendorf, April 29,
1902.

8653. Anona cherimolia. Custard apple.

From Chile. Presented bv Dr. A. W. Thornton, of Ferndale, Wash. Received
April 28, 1902.

Cherimoya. Seeds of a choice variety.

8654 to 8679a.

From Ootacamund, India. Presented by R. L. Proudlock, esq.. Curator of the
Government Botanic Gardens. Received April 30, 1902.

8654. AcROCARPUS fraxinifo- 8660. Cedrela toona.

LIUS.

8655. CuPRESsrs torulosa.

8661. Clematis wightiana.

8662. Dalbergia latifolia.

8656. Lasiosiphox eriocepha-

Lus. 8663. ExAciM bicolor.

8657. Meliosma arnottiaxa. 8664. Ilex wightl^na.

8658. Rosa gigantea. 8665. Photinia lindleyana.

8659. Acer oblongum. 8666. Pterocarpus marsupium.

SEPTEMBER, 19l)U, TO DECEMBER, 19o:5. 215

8654 to 8679 -Continued.

8667. KlIuDoMYKTrsTOMENTOSA. 8674. rilOENIX KII'irOLA.

8668. Urceola EscuLEST.v. 8675. Agapantiu s imhkllatis.

8669. Celtis serotina. 8676. Cassia (iRAsnis.

8670. Mrkotkopis ovalifoma. 8677. Pedicularis zeylaxka.

8671. TiKPiMA poMiFEKA. 8678. Pints loxgikolia.

8672. Elettakia caruamomum. 8679. Santalum album,

8673. MiciiEMA mlagirica. 8679a. Litnea zeylanica.

8680. Mangifera indka. Mango.

From Colombo, Cevlon. Received through Mes-'^rs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

948, April 6, 1902) , May 5, 1902.

Jaffna. "For a description of tliis variety see No. S411. I have taste<l this mango

but Hnd it, although n( .t stringy, far inferior to the Alplinnse Bombay mango. It lacks

the tine aroma and dark orange colored flesh." (Fairchild. )

8681 and 8682.

From Ileneratgoda, Cevlon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., May 5,
1902.

8681. CoFFEA liberica. CofiFee.

8682. CoFFEA HVBRiDA. CofFee.

8683. LuFFA AEOYPTIACA. Sponge gourd.

From Springfield, Mo. Presented by Mr. Joe P. Wilson. Received May 10,
1902.
Grown from No. 3982, Inventory No. 8.

8684 and 8685.

From Poona, India. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, May 10, 1902.

8684. Triticum durum. Wheat.
Kala Kushal.

8685. Andropogon sorghum. Sorghum.
Husar. Grown in Sampayam, Belyaum district.

8686 to 8692.

From Surat, India. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, May 10, 1902.

8686. DoLicHos lablab. Bean.
Kadva Vdl or Kadvd Wdl.

8687. V-iGNA catjaxg. Cowpea.
Chowali, Chola, or Choli.

8688. Oryza sativa. Bice.
Kamoda. From Ahmedabad, Geyarat.

8689. Oryza sativa. Rice.
Sunkhavel. From Surat, Geyarat.

8690. Oryza sativa. Rice.
Ainbamore. From Surat, Geyarat.

216 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8686 to 8692 — Continued.

8691. Andropogon sorCxHUM. Sorghum.
Sholapuri.

8692. Andropogon sorghum. Sorghum.

Perio.

8693. Thea viridis. Tea.

From Colombo, Ceylon. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
947, April 6, 1902), May 14 and May 29, 1902.

Assam. "Sent by Mr. Hadden, of Kotiyagala, Ceylon, through Director John C.
Willis, of the Peradeniya Gardens." {Fairchild.)

8694 to 8697.

From Santiago, Chile. Presented by Senor Federico Albert, chief of the Sec-
tion of Zoological and Botanical Investigations. Received May 14, 1902.

8694. Aristotelia macqxii. Maqui.

8695. Kageneckia sp.

8696. Trevoa quinquenervia. Tralhuen.

8697. Trevoa trinervia. Trevu.

8698. Hibiscus sabdariffa. Roselle.

From Punjab, India. Presented by Abdulla Khan, clerk in the office of director
of land records, through Dr. S. A. Knapp, agricultural explorer. Received
May 14, 1902.

Patma. Common red.

8699. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Hongkong, China. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, agricultural
explorer, May 16, 1902.

Simi.

8700. Pritchardia gaudichaudii. Fan palm.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Presented by Mr. Tared G. Smith, director of the
Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station. Received May 22, 1902.

8701. Mangifera indica. Mango.

From Saigon, Cochin China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 949, April 16, 1902), May 22, 1902.

Cambodiana or Xodi V6L "This is a delicious mango, of medium size, furnished
with a short beak, yellow when ripe, with a faint but agreeable aroma. The tlesh
varies slightly from light to deep orange in color. Has an excellent, fine, delicate
flavor and is never stringy. It is not as rich as the Alphonse, of Bombay, either in
aroma or flavor, but nevertheless worthy of rank among the best mangoes I have
ever eaten. Doctor Haffner, of the botanic gardens of Saigon, informs me that this
sort is never grafted, but is a variety which reproduces itself from seed. This being
the case, I deem it prol)aTjle that out of the lot of over a hundred seeds which we are
sending some remarkable ones ought to be secured. I believe there is a slight varia-
tion among the seedlings, although it is a surprisingly constant variety. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

8702. ZiZYPHUS JUJUBA. Jujube.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
851, February 26, 1902), May 22, 1902.

" Nabug. "The seed in this fruit, instead of being covered wuth a very hard shell,
is like paper, giving the variety the name of being seedless. The tree is the most

SEPTEMBKK, UMX), TO DKCEMHKR, 190.1. 217

Siitisfactorv slunk" tret- in tliis hot rcf^idn, having' a si)rea(liiif: top with sonu'wiuit
(Iroopinj? hraiuht's coviTeil witii small, dark-txrwii U'avi's. The |)lant is a most pn.-
litic bearer. The fruits when ripe are like Haws in mtaliiifss, and tlicy an- ktHiily •
relished by the Arabs. Thev are about one-half to three-fourths ineh in diameter.
Thi.s po-eailed seedless sort is, paradoxically enoajrh, proi)a>rated by seed, and is said
to eoine true to them. It is a tree well suited to the banks of irrigation eanals in the
hottest regions which we have." {Fahrhild.)

8703. ZizYriirs jujuba. Jujube.

From Bassorah, .Vralna. Received through Messrs. Lathroi) an<l Fairchild, .May
22, 1902.
"Seeds of the common jujube largely grown throughout this arid country." ( Fair-
child. )

8704. QuEucus CORNEA. Oak.

From Hongkong, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

950, April 2i>, 1902), May 22, 1902.

"Edible acorns from a species of oak which grows in southern China, even on the
island of Hongkong. The acorns have a hard, horny shell and a sweet tlesh of very
agreeable flavor. The acorns are sent in very large quantities to Hongkong from
Canton. Thev are eaten 1)V the Chinese with great ])leasure, and are often roasted.
They ^^^(l be acceptable,"! believe, to Americans, and the tree ought to do well in
the Southern States. If the tree, wliich is a pretty one, proves a success, large quan-
tities can be had through the botanic gardens at Hongkong, but only at this season
of the year. ' ' ( FnircU ikl. )

8705. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Honirkong, China. Received through Messre. Lathrop and Fairchild (.No.

951, April 19, 1902), May 22, 1902.

"A beautiful little plum, said to be grown in Canton. It was purchased on the
Hongkong market. It is of a beautiful, transparent, wine red color, with a delicate
skin which is covered with the tinest, most delicate i)ubescence imaginable, resem-
bling a bloom which can not be rubbed off. When ripe the fruit has a delicate, agree-
able aroma, which is that of a half-ripe Japanese quince. In taste the plum is not
very good, but deci.ledly refreshing. It is sour with a slightly bitter taste. The
flesli is yellow in color and inclined to be solid and stringy. The stone is a cling,
being covered with many long fibers. In shape it is pointed with a distinct keel.
The skin is very delicate but in flavor is hUensely bitter. It separates from the flesh
with difficulty. ' ' ( Fairch ild. )

8706. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Kabylia, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist,
Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received May 26, 1902.

Bandja. A late, sweet orange, which reproduces itself from seed.

8707. PiSTACiA MUTiCA. Menengech.

From Smvrna, Asia Minor. Presented by Mr. George C. Roeding, of Fresno,
Cal. Received May 26, 1902.

8708. Pritchardia martii. Fan palm.

From Olaa, Hawaii. Presented by Mr. Jared G. Smith, special agent in charge
of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station at Honolulu.

From an altitude of from 2,000 to 2,500 feet.

8709. EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., May 29,
1902.

Til Clmng. Rooted cuttings of this (-hinese plant. It is used medicinally. It is
claimed that the leaves contain a large amount of gutta-percha.

218

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8710 to 8726. Pyrus malus.

Apple.

From New South Wales, Australia. Presented by Messrs. Hunter & Sons, of
" The Penang," near Gosford, through Hon. D. C' McLaehlan, undersecretary,
department of mines and agriculture, Sydney, to replace trees and cuttings
received in bad condition in June, 1901. Received May 29, 1902. Hunter &
Sons' numbers are given.

Apple trees as follows:

8710.

Allsops early. (No. 237. )

8711.

American Golden Pippin. (No.
2.56. )

8712.

Carrington, Small's. (No. 238. )

8713.

Early Richmond. (No. 83.)

8714.

George Neilson. (No. 157.)

Apple scions as follows:

8715.

Lady Hopetoim. (No. 234. )

8716.

Menagerie. ( No. 220. )

8717.

Perfection, Shepherd's. (No. 4.)

8718.

Sharp's Early. ( No. 232.)

8719. (Label missing.)

8720.

8724.

Autumn Tart.

Lord Wolseley. ( No. 50. )

8721.

8725.

Chestattee. (No. 221.)

Ruby Pearmain. ( No. 228. )

8722.

8726.

Fall Beauty. (No. 80.)

Yarra Bank. ( No. 252. )

8723.

Jupp's Carrington. (No.

210.)

8727. Mangifera indica.

Mango.

From Bombav, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
814, January 28, 1902), June 5, 1902.

Douglas Bennett's Alphonse. " Named in "honor of the superintendent of markets in
Bombay, who has called our attention to this superlative strain and who has very
kindly donated to the American Government the trees which he guarantees to be of
this special variety. This sort should be compared with No. 8419, which latter num-
ber is compo.sed of scions from the tree of which these are believed to be grafts."
{Fairchild.)

8728. GossYPiuM brasiliense (?) Kidney cotton.

From Ciego de Avila, Cuba. Presented by Mr. Felix M. Catala. Received
June 5, 1902.

Wild Cuban kidney cotton.

8729 to 8734. Mangifera indica. Mangoes.

From Bombay, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 944,
March 30, 1902), June 7, 1902.

A collection of trees donated to the Department by Mr. J. N. Tata, of Bombay,
who has a very large collection of the best mangoes from all over India. These are

SEPTEMBER, 1V»00, TO DECEMBER, 11K)3. 2i\)

those he ronsiders the Hnest of his whole collection, which is one of the lar^'est in
the world. These include, doubtless, some of the most valual)le sorts of mangoes of
all India.

8729. 8732.

NowKhinvani. Tntn/.tri.

8730. 8733.

Paheri. Ilnfn or AI/>ltoiise.

8731. 8734.

Ameeri. Jantshrdi.

8735. CuRCu:siA longa. Turmeric.
From Bombay, India. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, June 7, 1902.

8736. Zingiber officinale. G-inger.

From Bombay, India. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, June 7, 1902.

8737. Triticum durum. "Wheat.

From Bombay, India. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, June 7, 1902.
Hansoli. Grown at Surat, in (iujarat.

8738 to 8745. Phoenix dactyi.ifera. Date palm.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos.
866 to 873, March 10, 1902), June 7, 1902.

8738.

Kustawi. ' ' Considered one of the two best dates in the region of Bagdad. It
is a variety which, though acknowledged to be far superior to the sorts which
are sent to America, is not exported because of its poor shij)ping (luality. If
this date succeeds in America it can, without doubt, be easily shipped l)y rail,
as I have eaten here in Bagdad good specimens over five months old. It is a
sticky sort, as packed by the Arabs, although I believe its skin is thick enough
to allow of its being packed as the Detjlet Xoor of Algiers is packed. The
fruit is not over H inches long, as judged ]>y dry si)ecimens, and has a seed
about seven-eighths inch in length by live-sixteenths inch in diameter. The
flesh is not very thick, but exceedingly sweet and, like the other good dates
of this region, of a decidedly gummy consistency. It is placed by the Arabs
second in' rank to the Maktum, which is richer in sugar and somewhat fleshier.
I have only tasted the Maktum once, but I believe it superior in flavor to the
Kustam. owing to the fact that the region of Bagdad is much drier than that
of Bassorah. This date is probably better suited to conditions prevailing in Cal-
ifornia and Arizona than the sorts grown in Bassorah. It is considered, how-
ever, one of the most delicate dates to cultivate, requiring much more care than
such sorts as the Zehedt/, Ascherasi, and Bedndht. Not being a date for export
the price is low, as is 'the case with the Berhi of Bassorah. It sells for about
$2.60 to $3 per 210 pounds, while the Bedmihe brings about $4 to $4.40. This
variety begi-ns to ripen about the 1st of August in this exceedingly hot climate.
It should be planted with the growing bud 2 inches above the soil. The best
ground will be an adobe, like the silt of the Colorado River, or such as occurs
in certain places on the experimental farm at Phoenix. This sort is said to
be a good bearer, but I do not know just how heavy the yields are. There is
very little fiber to the date, and it is altogether an exceptionally fine sort."
{Fairchild.) (No. 866.)

8739.

Ascherasi. " One of the highest-priced dates on the market in Bagdad. It
is, as I have seen it, always a more or less dry sort, never pressed into a con-
glomerate mass in the way the other sorts are. It is the sort preferred by

220 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8738 to 8745— Continued.

Bagdadians to eat with walnuts, and is preferred by many to any other kind.
Personally, I found it a very eatable date, and it has the very great advantage of
not soiling the hands. The flesh is, however, even when fresh, hard enough
to allow shipping. In fact tlie dates are even sent, when fresh, from Mundeli
to Bagdad in skins. Generally, however, the fruit is allowed to dry on the tree
until it becomes hard. It is not exported from Bagdad, but consumed in Meso-
potamia. The price sold dry is about $3.20 to $3.60 per 100 kilos on the Bag-
dad market. It is suited to a region with less water than that of Basso rah. It
matures about the middle of September to the 1st of October hi Bagdad."
{Fairchild.) (No. 867.)

8740.

Bedmihe. "This ripens in September and the first of October, and is allowed
to dry on the trees. As sold here in the markets it is a yellow date, about 1^ to
IJ inches long and three-fourths inch to 1 inch in diameter. The base of the
date is quite dry, as I have seen it, but the tip is transparent or semitrans-
parent and quite sweet, although at this season of too gummy a consistency to
be agreeable. In Bagdad this date is generally sold dry, and brings |4 to
$4.20 for 210 pounds, i. e., it is the most expensive according to weight, but
the other sorts, having a great deal of water in their composition, contain
proportionately less food. Many Bagdadians prefer this sort, when fresh and
softer, to all other kinds. There is an immense consumption of this variety
in Bagdad. I believe this date would be a success in America because it is so
different from other sorts, and for tlie reason that it is a remarkably good
keeper, and when not too old is really very good eating. It is far superior to
the dry dates of Egypt, and not to be confused with dry dates in general, for
it has scarcely any disagreeable fibers about the seed. It deserves attention
in American plantations." [Fairchild.) (No. 868. )

8741.

Maktum. "Considered by the Arab sheik, Abdul Kader Kederry, of Bag-
dad, to be the finest date, except one, in the world, the Mirhage from Mandelt>
which it resembles, being superior. It is a date not often seen on the Bagdad
market, and I was unable to get any of good quality to taste. A very fine
date, which was said to be of the Maktum sort, which I tasted, was a richer
date than the Kustawi, although of the same general type. The probabilities
are that this is a delicate sort which produces only a small quantity of fruit.
The date I tasted came from Kasimain, but the tree is cultivated up the river
from Bagdad. These trees were donate<l to the Department by Sheik Abdul
Kader Kederry, of Bagdad." [Fairchild.) (No. 869.)

8742.

Burni. "For a description of this date see No. 8569. I believe it properly
belongs to Maskat. It being winter I am not able to verify the identification
of these varieties, but must buy the plants of Arabs or others who know the
sorts. ' ' ( Fairchild. ) (No. 870. )

8743.

Zehedi. "This is probably the commonest date about Bagdad. It is the
quickest to develop and the heaviest yielder of oil the dates about Bagdad, accord-
ing to Mr. Raphael Casparkan, of Bagdad, who very kindly donated a lot of
twenty-four palms to the Department, including part of these. It is a cheap
date here, selling for only $1.40 to $2 per 210 pounds. The date is small, not
over IJ inches long by three-fourths inch in diameter. It is not entirely like
Egyptian dates, but is so dry that the individuals do not stick together. They
have very little fiber, the stone, is small, and the flesh quite sweet even when
dry. When fresh this sort is packed in skins and exported to Egypt and Sin-
gapore, under the name of Kursi. It is often sold on the bunch when fresh
and called Zehedi Gus, in which shape it is very highly thought of. I tasted
the so-called K^^rsi and found it decidedly inferior in flavor and amount of
flesh to the Kustawi. The variety is, however, I am assured, the most resistant
of any, so far as water is concerned, being quite drought resistant, and although the

SEPTEMBER, 1900, To DECEMBKR, 1903. 221

8738 to 8745 — Continued.

product is a cheap one, the heavy yields make it a yery j^rotitahle sort. It
ripens about Septenil)er or October. It .«ells in Bagdad (dry), 1 am told, for
$1.40 to $2 per L'lO pounds." {Fairchild.) (No. 871.)

8744.

Barhnn. "This date is reported to ripen in .Inly and yield only fairly gootl
fruits. It is the earliest ripeninji of tiie IJa^'ilad dates, I am told, and deserves
a plan' in the <iardens for this rea.^^on. Tliis variety is red before riprninjr but
turns black when mature. It is not a very sweet sort, and not very iiiirhly
thought of by the liatidadians. It is rarely cultivated except outside of I'.ag-
dad. Its early rijiening qualities are what make it worthy of trial in Amer-
ica. It is probable that this sort will not ripen so early in America because
the amount of heat is i>rol)ably considerably less." {Faitrhihl.) (No. 872.)

8745.

Siikeri. "A very large variety of date, said by Mr. Raphael ("asparkan to
be 2 inches or more in length, and when fresh, to be of good (luality. Mr.
Casi)arkan donati'd these to the (Government, and the determinations are his,
for I could not distinguish the different varieties which he selected. Worthy
of trial in Arizona on account of its large size." [Fairchild. ) (No. 873. )

8746 to 8752. Phoenix dactylifera. Date palm.

From Hassorah, Arabia. Receive<l through Messrs. I^throp and Fairchild (Nos.
89.T to 901, February 25, 1902), June 7, 1902.

8746.

Berhi. "A variety of date ^vhich, though never shipped to the American
market, is said liy every one in this region to be uncjuestionably the best date
in this part of the Persian Gulf, inferior only to the Kli<d'is(i date of Ilassa. It
ripens, as do most all these Shat-el-Arab dates, in the month of September,
and it is therefore likely to prove very valuable bi'cause of its superior quality
and its early ri{)ening character. It rijiens in September in Ba.<sorah, where
the temperature goes to 117° F. in the shade. It is a sticky date, l)ut neverthe-
less a variety with a very fine flavor, and grows well on adol^e alluvial deposits.
It is watered by canal irrigation as often during the year as the tide ri.ses, viz,
twice a day. I have ta.sted this Brrhi, and it is superior to the IMairi, the
principal exjiort sort, and also to the Taberzid. The seed is very small."
{Fairchild.) (No. 895.)

8747.

IFvciM or Hevezi. "One of the best dates of the Persian Gulf. A delicate,
light-colored date of medium size, with medium-sized stone. It ripens in
Bassorah in Septeml)er. It is very httle known, even at Bassorah. Grown, as
are all of the dates on the Shat-el-Arab River, in stiff clay, almost adol)e soil,
in raised areas surrounded by canals, which are flooded twice a day by water
from the river as it is backed up by the tides, the variety is a sticky sort, but
deserves the serious attention of exj)erimenters with date palms, on account of
its superior flavor and excellent color. The summer temperature of Bassorah
rises to 117° and sometimes to 120° F. in the shade. In winter it drops to below
50°. The soil where the date is grown is distinctly saline. This date has not
been shipped to American markets, but would be a good selling date, and for
this reason it is well worth planting in southern California (Colorado Desert)
and Arizona. ' ' ( Fairchild. ) (No. 896. )

8748.

Sai/er or Ustaamran. "A variety of date darker in color than the Halaun,
but of fair flavor. A standard sort in New York. It is said to do best on a
light sandy soil, and to require less water than No. 8747. Sayer is a word also
used to indicate a mixed lot of dates, but these trees are of a distinct long
fruited dark sort. The trees are taller than those of the variety Halnvri, and
not so uniformly straight. This sort is most likely to succeed on sandy soils,
or, at least, to do better on sandy than on ordinary adobe soil. It is inferior
in quality to Halaiii and Khadraid, but, nevertheless, a good market date. It
is grown here very extensively." {Fairchild.) (No. 897.)

222 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8746 to 8752 — Continued.
8749.

Gunnami. A male variety. "Considered by Hadji Abdulla Negem as the
best pollen-producing male in this region. It holds its pollen best, and the
latter is found to be 'stronger' than that of any other sort. One male tree
suffi ces for 100 female trees. ' ' {Fairchild. ) ( No. 898. )

8750.

Halawl. "One of the standard sorts grown on the Shat-el-Arab River, of
Arabia, and it is one of the principal dates shipped to the American market.
There must be millions of trees of this variety along the river. A fairly light-
colored date, short and thick, with a good-sized stone, and very little fiber
about the seed. Grown under the same conditions as No. 8747, and ripens in
September." {Fairchild.) (No. 899.)

8751.

Khadrnwi. "A darker colored, longer date than the Malawi , and inferior to
it. It is one of the standard sorts for shipment to America, but is not a deli-
cate skinned variety; therefore an excellent packing date. It is a sticky date,
and ripens in September or the first of October." {Fairchild. ) (No. 900. )

8752.

Unnamed variety. "Sent without label from Abu Kassib, by Hadji Abdulla
Negem, with Nos. 8746 to 8752, for all of which I am indebted to the kind
assistance of Mr. H. P. Chalk, agent of Hills Bro. & Co., of New York."

{Fairchild.) (No. 901.)

8753. Phoenix dactylifera. Date palm.

From Hassa, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
905, March 17, 1902), June 7, 1902.

KJialasa or Khalasi. "This date is known all over the Persian Gulf as one of the
three best dates. It certainly has few equals, and its only rivals are the Maktum,
Taberzal, and Berhi, and probably also, though I have not tasted it, the Mirhage.
Palgrave, author of 'Travels in Eastern Arabia,' 1863, says the literal translation of
the name Khalasi is 'quintessence,' and that it 'is easily first of its kind.' The
country in which it is grown is, according to Zwemer, a sandy one, with under-
ground springs or water courses, water being reached only a few feet below the sur-
face of the soil. This country of Hassa or El Hassa lies 60 miles or so inland from
Bahrein Island, and these palms were brought by camels from that region. The cli-
mate in winter is hot in daytime, but cold at night, and in summer it is excessively
hot. This variety matures its fruit, I presume, sometime in August or September,
though I can not state this positively. It is a variety worthy the serious considera-
tion of our date growers, as it will probably be better suited to our conditions than
the Bassorah dates, which will require more water to bring them to full development.
We are indebted to H. B. M. Vice-Consul J. C. Gaskin, of Bahrein, for securing these
sets and for many other favors, and also to Mr. H. M. Zwemer for information about
Hassa dates." {Fairchild.)

8754 to 8761. Phoenix dactylifera. Date palm.

From Maskat, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos.
906 to 913, March 21, 1903), June 7, 1903.

8754.

Fard. "A long, large-sized, late date, of dark color but good flavor. About
1,000 tons of this date are exported from Maskat to America every year, it
being the principal export date of the region of Maskat. These young palms
were brought from Semail, 50 miles in the interior, where there are extensive
plantations of this and other sorts. There are estimated by Vice-Consul Mac-
kirdy, who very kindly secured these for the Department, to be half a million
date'trees in the Semail Valley. This date ripens in August and sells for $40
Mexican per 1,800 pounds. It is the best flavored soft packing date in the
region. It is adapted to the hottest regions in America." ( Fairchild. ) (No.
906.)

SEPTEMUKK, l'.>UO, TO DECEMBER, l!X)3. 223

8754 to 8761 — Continued.

8755.

Banii. "This is a light-ooloreil date about tlu' «iim' si/c as tlu- Funl, hut
thinner, als^o from Seniail. It ripons in Maskat in July. It was formerly
shipped to Ameriea, hut was found to 1)e a jMiorer keeper than the Fnnl, and
now it is no longer demanded. Bec-ause of its scarcity it sells for $50 Mexican
per 1,800 pounds." {Fairchild.) (No. 907.)

8756.

Xa(/al. "An early variety from Semail, 50 miles in the interior, ripe)ii)i</ 'ni
Jam' It is a lijiht-colored date ahout 1 { inches lonjr and three-fourths inch
in diameter. It is not as sweet as the Furd, hut is highly prized because it ix
the earlicxi dale in (he reqioii. It is consumed locally and only in a fresh con-
dition. High i)rii-es are paid for it by the Arabs. It is a soft sort, resembling
the Fard. ' ' ( Fairchild. ) ( No. 908. f

8757.

Mubmli. "From Semail, 50 miles inland from Maskat. This date is a long,
large variety, which is picked before being ripe, boiled for an hour in^ salt
water, anil then spread out in the sun to dry. (See Nos. 8568 and 8564.)
These dates, w Inch art- as hard as stick candy, and almost as sweet, are sold
in India, w here there is a big <lemand for them, and where higher prices are
paid than for the ordinary /Vn-f/ variety. They sell for $80 Mexican i)er
1,800 pounds. This Ijelongs to the Karak- pokhta cUlss of dates, which are
served in India at every wedding and festival. They are sometimes eaten
fresh It is the l)est paving date in Maskat. Suitable for dry, hot regions.
It ripens in July." {FairchUd.) (No. 909.)

8758.

Khanezi "From Semail, 50 miles inland from Maskat. An almost round,
soft, very sweet sort, oidy consumed locally. It is a rare variety, rii)ening in
July It is eaten in the" fresh state and considered one of the best of this
kind in Maskat. ' ' ( Fa irch ild. ) (No. 910. )

8759.

Khcmcdt. "From Semail, 50 miles inland from Maskat. A red variety
when ripe, somewhat shorter in shaije than the Fard. It ripens in August.
It is a soft variety, therefore not a shipping date. It is reported to be the
heaviest yielder of any, as much as 450 pounds being borne by a single tree.
It is not as sweet as'tlie Fard, but is still of good quality." {Fuirchild.)
(No. 911.)

8760.

Helliili. "From Semail, a date region 50 miles back of the town of Maskat.
It is as round fruited as a walnut, light colored and soft. It is not a packing
date but is used fresh. The bunches are exceedingly large. A rare sort even
in Maskat." {Fairchild.) (No. 912.)

8761.

''Fachl or FaheJ, meaning male date, from the valley of Semail, 50 miles in
the interior behind Maskat. This is the variety used in this great valley,
where half a million trees are grown, as the pollinator. It might be called
simply Semail Fahel, to distinguish it from the Egyptian Fahel or male sent in
1900. ' ' ( Fairchild. ) ( No. 913. )

8762 to 8785. Phoenix dactylifera. Date palm.

From Kej, Baluchistan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos.
914 to 937, March 23, 1902), June 7, 1902.

A collection of date palms secured through the kindness of Lieutenants Grant and
Maxwell, of the First Baluchistan Liglit Infantry, from Kej, a region six days by

29861— No. 66—05 15

224

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

camel from Guadur, near the Pangh Ghur region. The soil is an adobe but mixed
with small rocks. It is watered from artificial wells. The palms are as follows:

8762.

Mozali. One of the finest flavored dates in the world. It is sent in earthen
jar.?, packed in the sirup of inferior sorts, to Kurrachee and Bombay. It is said
to ripen in July. It is a large, round sort with small stone, golden brown
flesh, and delicate skin. (No. 914.)

8763.

Gush. A male variety. (No.
915. )

8764.

Apdandoii. (No. 9U). )

8765.

SoontGora. (No. 917.)

8766.

Hiishna. (No. 918.)

8767.

Gonzelli. (No. 919.)

8768.

Juhjhi. (X... 920.)

8769.

BiKjinii .III It/hi. I Xii. 921.)

8770.

Shukkeri. (No. 922. )

8771.

Koroch. (No. 928.)

8772.

Hallanl. (No. 924.)

8773.

Sli(i/)('!/(i. (No. 1)2.').)

8774.

DishUin. (No. 92().)

8786 to 8793. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From the vicinity of the Persian Gulf. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild, June 7, 1902. Samples of dried dates as follows:

8786.

Bedmihe. From Bagdad market. (No. 86«. ) (See No. 8740.)

8787.

A variety sold in the Kurrachee market in two-gallon earthen jars. It is said
to come from the interior of Baluchistan. Its name is not known.

8788.

Kndrawi. ( No. 900. ) ( See N .. . s 75 1 . )

8775.

Chupshook. (No. 927.)

8776.

Korron. (No. 928.)

8777.

Rogani. (No. 929.)

8778.

Churpan. (No. 930.)

8779.

Kharba. (No. 931.)

8780.

Diindari (No. 932.)

8781.

• Subzoo. (No. 93.3.)

8782.

Goml Gorbiii/. (No. 934.)

8783.

Washdont. (No. 935. )

8784.
Kalara. (No. 936.)

8785.
Hurshul. (No. 937.)

SEPTEMBER, IWO, TO DECEMliEK, l'JU3. 225

8786 to 8793 —Continued,
8789.

Kustatvi. From Bagdad market. (N... SHH.) ( Set- No. H7:i8. ) A very Hue
date, though somewhat stringy.

8790.

Berhi. Dates as packed in paiier rartoiis lor Knmpean market, i No. S!».">. )
(See No. 8746.)

8791.

Ilakiwi. Dates a.>i packed in paper cartons lor ixiiort to all parta of tlie
world. (No. 899.) (See No. 8750. )

8792.

Busser. From Bassorah, Arabia. An inferior variety.

8793.

Zehedi. ' ' From Bagda< I market. ' ' ( Fa lirli iM. ) { No. 87 1 . ) (See N( >. 8743. )

8794. Phoenix dactylifeka. Date.

From Bagdad, .\ral)ia. Received tlirougii Mes^srs. Latliroi. and Fairchild (No.
885, March 10, l!to;i), .June 7. 1002.

Taherzal. " Sample of dried dates. This is a rare date even at Bagdad, and I did
not find it on tlie markets. Aglia Mohammed, British consular agent at Kasimain,
very kindly donated these to the Department. It is a small ilate \\ to 1; inches
long by about seven-eighths inch in diameter. When dry it is of an amber color.
The .skin is a lighter shade than the tlesh, is loose, rather papery in texture, and can
be removed with the fingers from the dried flesh. The flesh is never dry in the
sense of l)eing hard, 1)nt has the consistency of a chocolate caramel and is sweet and
of characteristic <late flavor. The seed is of medium size and fits loosely in the dry
flesh. There is scarcelv any fiber about the seed. The stem has a trifle too large
disk (involucre), but is" easily removed with the fingers. When fresh it is con.«id-
ered one of the most delicate dates in Bagdad, though not so fine or so large as the
Berhi (No. 8746), whi<-h it resembles. I have not seen the Berhi, but take this as
the opinion of a date shii^per. These dates, if not pressed into skins or cases, are
drv enough to be handled with the fingers. This is a point of great importance.
Tlie Deglet Xoor of Algiers would pnjbably be (juite as unappetizing if jjressed into
baskets or boxes. I secured these samples too late to make it possible to secure
plants, but they can be had through Vice-Consul Hiiruer, of Bagdad, from Agha
Mohammed, who donated these." {Fairddld.)

8795. Phoenix dactylifera. Date.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild, .lune
7, 1002.
Aschermi. Samples of dates. (See No. 8739, L. & F. No. 867.)

8796 and 8797. Vitis vinifeka. G-rape.

From Kandahar, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild,
June 7, 1902.
Samples of raisins bought in the Kurrachee market.

8796.

Seedless. Very sweet and thoroughly candied.

8797.

A large, light-colored raisin with seeds.

226 SEEUvS AND PLANT8 IMPOKTED.

8798. GossYPiUM sp. Cotton.

From Arabia. Keceived through ^lessrn. Lathrop and Fairchild, June 7, 1902.

"Probably fruni the garden of Abdul Kader Kederrv, on the Tigris River."
[Falrchlld.y

8799. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Keeeived through ^lessrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
852, February 26, 1902), June 7, 1902.

"A lance-shaped variety of red pepper from the market of Bassorah. The fruits are
not over 1 inch to 1] inches long." {Fairchild. )

8800. PiSTACiA VERA X {() Butum.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received througli Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
874, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

"A small packet of seeils from the market of Bagdad. These may be hardier
than the European butum." [Faurhild. )

8801. PiSTAciA MUTiCA. Meneiigech.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchil('i (No.
874, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

"Sample of seed from Bagdad market. The.se may prove iiardier stocks than the
European sorts." {Fairchild.)

8802. (Undetermined.) Sissi.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received througli Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
87.5, March 11, 1902), June 7, 1902.

"Seeds brought from tlie mountains of Persia beyond Mosul. They are edible
and are eaten ))y the Arabs as the Cliinese eat melon seeds. The flesh is sweet, but
there is little of it. The plant which produces these fruits is said to be a shrub and
likely to withstand desert conditions." {Fairchild.)

8803. Amakanthus hypochondkiacus (?) Chagoggee.

From Wonsau, Korea. Presented by Mr. C^ F. S. Billbrough, of AVonsau,
through Messrs. Latlirop and Fairchild (No. 77o), June 10, 1902.

"Used in Korea as an ornamental, having masses of bright red foliage. The
]ilant is an annual, 6 feet liigh. It is useil by the natives for food, being boiled like
caljl)age. It is, further, much relished by stock. It should l)e grown for identifica-
tion and may prove a new thing as an ornamental or may be of use as a fodder plant."
( Fairchild. )

8804. Oryza satiya. Rice.

From Niuchwang, China. Presented by Hon. Henry B. Miller, United States
consul, through the Department of State. Received June 10, 1902.

ICiea Tzv. " Dry land rice, sown the last of April or the first of May and har-
vested early in Septend^er. It grows best on low land or on rich yellow soil. It
must not be flooded, but requires rain at the time the grain is forming. It will not
grow on high, dry clay land." [Miller.)

8805. Panicum .miliaceum. Broom-corn millet.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
85.3, February 25, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Duhkhu. "A kind of millet which is sown on the mud after flooding the soil
with irrigation water and left to mature its crop without further watering. It is said
to produce and rijien its heads in forty days, so that two crops are generally grown
each year (»n the same soil. This is sent for trial iu the Colorado Desert region and
western Texas. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

SKI'TKMIJKK, llMtO. T< > DKCKMMKU, VM\. '227

8806. Mkdicaiu) sattva. Alfalfa.

From Bassorali, Arabia. Rireiveil llirouj:li Mt-ssrs. I.;iilin>|. ami FainliiM ( Nu.
904, Mari-li lo, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Djel. "This is treatetl like any alfalfa (.'^ee No. S823K Tlii.s i.-; givt-ii a neparatf
nuniljer as it lonies from .'lOO miles south of the locality whenee No. S82:; wa.s sent.
Seenreti through the assistance of Mr. i;ai>hacl Saye<:h, uf Ba.«-surah." ( I'iilirlii/,1. i

8807. CiCER AKiETiNUM. Cliick-pea.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received throuorh Messrs. I^thnni ami I'ainliilil (N>>.
903, March 15, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Jfumiis. "Sold everywhere on the markets of Mesopotamia. It is suited to very
hot regions with little water. Sent for trials in ( 'alifornia and Arizona." I Fdirrhiltl. )

8808. TiiiTicuM 1)1 RIM. "Wheat.

From Ba,ss(»rah, .\rai)ia. Ueceived through Messrs. Latlni)). an.i Fairchild (No.
902, March Ki, 1902), June 7. 1902.

Karitii. "A hard wheat which is irrown un the river Karun in Persia. It is
reported t<» hi' the best wheat c<(min<r to the Bassorah market and is "jnuvM in a region
where scant rains fall and which is expo.«ed to excessive hut weather. Suited for
our dry, hot Southwest." [Falrvhild.)

8809. HoRDEUM TETRASTicHUM. Barley.

From Bagdail, Aral)ia. Ueceived througli Messrs. Lathroi. and i'ainliiid (No.
88(), Marcii 10, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Black. "The native barley of the Tigris Valley above liag<lad. It should be
siiited to culture in our dry Southwest, as it is a sliort season vaiiety and deju'iids on
the scanty rains in January and February for its moisture. 1 understand that this
barley is sometimes exported to Europe.'" ( Fnirehild. )

8810. Lathyrus ticer. Pea.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathmit and Fairchild (No.
880, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Hortnman. "A species of the i)ea family, which in the market is called Hortiiman,
but, according to the dictionaries, Ilorhnna)) means onf, and this is evidently one of
the Leguminosie. It is cultivated by j)lanting in bills or drills, and grows, according
to the very unsatisfactory information wiiicb 1 could pick up, to a height of about 2
feet. The grains are produced in a pod and they form the valuable product of the plant.
The straw is, however, also said to be fed to cattle, l>ut has not any great value. The
grain is exceedingly hard and requires grinding before it can be u.^^ed. It is then
cooked with rice or boiled and eaten alone. It is grown without much water, but
generally on irrigated lands. It is suitable for trial in the extremely hot regions of
the Colorado Desert. Its use as a soiling crop is (piite unknown, but it may be of
considerable value, nevertheless, for people here are evidently quite ignorant of soil-
ing crops. Bouglit in the bazar at Bagdad, where it is not at this season a very
common grain . " ( Fairch ild. )

8811. Triticum durum. "Wheat.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
879, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Hurma. "A large-grained, hard wheat which is called Hurma, meaning widow,
because of the large size of the grains. This sample comes from the wheat-growing
region of Mosul and is cultivated without irrigation. It deserves a trial in iiur arid-
region experiments." {Fairchild.)

8812. Triticum vulgare. "Wheat.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
878, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Kermaimha. "The finest looking .soft wheat to be found on the Bagdad market.
It comes from Kermansha, in Persia, where it is grown without irrigation. It brings

228 REEDS AND TLANTS IMPORTED.

a Idwcr price tliaii I In- Kurdislan ami Kinoon wlicats, because it is soft and has not
the 'strength' of tin; latter, which is necessary in the making of the Arabic ' Hubus'
or paneake-hke bread. Tt is worth a trial in dry regions." {Fairchild.)

8813. TiiiTicuM DURUM. Wheat.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Received through Messrs. T^athrop and Fairchild (No.
877, March 9, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Kurd. "A wheat grown in Kurdistan and brought down to the Bagdad market.
It is used for bread making and V)rings good ]irices, being, in fact, one of the highest
priced wheats in the Bagdad market. Bread from this wheat is made in thin sheets
like German i)ancakes and has a decideil nuxture of the macaroni wheat iiour in it.
This wheat is harder than No. 8812. The Kurd wheats and the Karnn or Karoon
wheats are considered the best sorts sold in Bagdad and 1 understand they are grown
without irrigation, depending only upon the scanty rains. They should ])e tested to
show their resistance to rust and drought." {FairchUd. )

8814. Phaseolus viridissimus. Bean,

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
864, March 3, 1902), Jnne 7, 1902.

Maash. This is grown in Mesopotamia and used as food. It is employed with rice
and even boiled and eaten alone. It is planted in drills or hills, like ordinary string
beans, and grows to a lieight of 2 feet or more. This resembles, I am informed, the
Merjemek of Turkey. I think this is the same species as No. 6430 sent in 1901 as
Phnseolus viridissimnK, secured in Athens, Greece. This bean should be tested in the
irrigated lands of the Southwest, and as a A'egetable throughout the Southern States
of America." {Fairchild.)

8815. Andropogon sorghum. Sorghum.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
863, February 25, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Edra. "A kind of sorghum like the Dura of the Egyptians. This is a white
variety grown in this hot region where the temperature often goes to 117° F. and
during the summer ranges between 85° and 99° F. day and night. No other irriga-
tion than that of the rains is received by the plants, and yet it is said that it can be
relied upon generally to give a fair crop. It is worth trying on the scorching deserts
of California. The grain makes excellent second-class food." (Fairchild.)

8816 to 8819. Triticum. Wheat.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos.
857 to 861, February 25, 1902), June 7, 1902.

"A collection of wheats from the Euphrates, Tigris, and Karun river valleys,
which are the three great wheat growing regions of Mesopotamia. These wheats
are not generally grown by irrigation but depend upon the rains for their water, and
as the climate is a dry and excessively hot one and the soil an adobe, inclined to be
alkaline, these wheats deserve trial in similar excessively hot regions in America.
Their rust-resisting qualities I know nothing about. With the exception of the
Karun variety they are not especially fine wheats, but from their very long culture
here in Mesopotamia they should be tried in the Colorado Desert region and on any
stiff soil which is subject to droughts. Larger quantities may be had by correspond-
ing with Mr. H. P. Chalk, of Bassorah, referring to the varieties by name. These are
exposed two months to a summer shade temperature of 117° to 120° F. and stand it
well. The wheats are as follows." {Fairchild.)

8816. Triticum durum.

Buelha. A hard wheat from Arag, on the Euphrates River. (No. 858.)

8817. Triticum vulgare.

Bagdad. A soft variety from Bagdad . (No. 859. )

8816 to 8819 (Vmtiiuiod.

8818. TKlTltUM DIHIM.

Koohi. A liard wheat from Kurdistan; exact ..ri-riii in .loul)t. ( \i>. SllO. )

8819. TUITICIM DIKI M.

lltumru. A hard si.rt ..f .lark .•..l..r, from Ara'_', ni\ tlie Euphrates River.

8820. TiiiTicuM in HUM. Wheat.

From HaK<lad, Arabia. Received throu^di Messrs. I.athrop an.i Fairchild ( X«..
87(5, Marili i), U>02), June 7, VMl.

Hurma. "A hard wheat jirown at DesphuH, in I'ersia, near tlie Kaniii River.
This sample was l)ou^dit on the market in r.av;<lail. It is ^M-own in a re^rion notrd
for its extreme sunnner iieat and scanty rains and shoul<l l>e suited to ariddand
conditions. Exact data were unohtainalSle." { Fairrhihl.)

8821. Panicum MiLiAiEUM. Broom-corn millet.

From Kurrachee, ln<lia. Receivetl throu^rh Messi-s. Lathropand Fairchild (N"-
94;i, .March 27, iiK)2), June 7, 1902.
San Chinx. "Grown on the Sewage Farm at Kurrachee. It is an excellent forage
crop, and should 1k' tried, though not new to America, in tiie Colorado Desert region.
The grain is fed to cattle and working bullocks. It is coai>e, but is said to be a proiit-
able crop. The viehls are large. It is pop.sibly a different strain from the onlinary."
(Fairchild.)

8822. Zka mays. Maize.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Receive<l through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
884, March 11, 1902), June 7, 1902.

"A Mesopotamian maize, given me by .\gha Mohammed, of Kasimain. It is the
variety commonly grown in the region and is sent as illustrating the low condition
of agriculture in this wonderful region." ( Fairchild. )

8823. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Bagdad, Arabia. Presented by Agha Mohammed, the Nawab at Kasimain
and consular agent at that place for His British Majesty. Received through
Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 881, March 10, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Djet or El-djei. ' 'A larger tjuantity of seetl can be secured through arrangement with
the American vice-consul at Bagdad, Mr. Rudolph Hiirner. Although the Nawab
admits this to be the best plant for horses he has ever grown, he says that he is the
first in the region of Bagdad to grow it, and this, notwithstanding the fact that at
Kerbella, only a day's journey away, large areas have been planted to it from ancient
times. In the especially hot summers the fields are irrigated three times a month;
in the cooler summers only twice. From 9 to 10 cuttings are taken each year, and
the fields are manured with stable manure after each cutting. The life, i.e., profitable
life, of a field of this djet is seven years. This variety should be admirably suited to
our irrigated lands in California and Arizona, and deserves a trial in comparison with
the Turkestan alfalfa. It should also be tested as to alkali resistance." {Fairchild. )

8824. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Kurrachee, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
940, February 26, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Kandahar. "A peculiar dried plum sold on the market in Kurrachee and said to
have come down from Kandahar. I have never eaten this plum stewed, so do not
know of what quality it is. Sent for breeding purposes." {Fairchild.)

230 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8825. Prunus armeniaca. Apricot.

From Kurrachee, India. Eeceived through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
938, February 26, 1902), June 7, 1902.

"Dried apricots which were bought on the market in Kurrachee as coming from
Kandahar. These apricots, when stewed and served as they are in India, have
a reallv very delicious flavor. There is a bit of disagreeable fiber about the stone,
but altogether they struck me as a novelty worthy of attention. Should they prove
valuable, cuttings may be obtained by correspondence." [Fabrhild.)

8826. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Arabia. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild, June 7, 1902.
Xo data furnished.

8827. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Bassorah, Arabia. Eeceived through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
865, February 26, 1902), June 7, 1902.

Aluche. "A variety sold on the markets of Bassorah as coming from Persia. A
sour variety, which may be useful to l)reeders." {Fdirrhild.)

8828. ZizYPHUs JU.JUBA. Jujube.

From Bassorah. Arabia. Received through Messrs. Latliropand Fairchild, June
7, 1902.

Samples of a variety similar to No. 8702.

8829 to 8847. Ficus carica. Fig.

From Italv. Received through Mr. W. T. Swingle (Nos. 101 to 119), June 13,
1902.

"The following collection of caprifig cuttings was obtained during the spring of 1902
at Naples, the classicground for the study of capritigs and caprification. Considerable
attention was given to the study of the botanical cliaracters of the capritig trees, and
detailed descriptions were drawn up of seven of the princijial varieties of capritigs
occurring in this region. It was found possible to draw up a key for the determina-
tion of the different varieties of caprifig, based on these characters, which key is given
below. It ai)plies only to those of the caprifigs which were carefully studied, but it
will doubtless prove useful to investigators who wish to study the caprifigs of Naples.
This collection, like that included under nund)ers 6473 to 6491 and 6773 to 6823, has
been introduced to this country in the hope of securing an assortment of capritig,><
adapted to all the climatic and soil conditions occurring in California, where all of
these capi-ifigs will be tested as soon as possible. A few varieties of figs are also
included in this collection." {Strinf/h'.}

KEY TO SEVEN PRINCIPAL VARIETIES OF NEAPOLITAN CAPRIFIGS.

Leaves nearly entire or but slightly lobed, small, short, covered with a golden pubescence; middle
lobe obtuse and rounded. Petioles short and very stout, also pubescent. Veins reddish on drying.
Profichi oyale with few male flowers; flower pedicels green. No. 8838.
Leaves decidedly lobed, or, if not, nearly smooth.

Leayes velvet)/ pubescent, petioles short and veri/ stout, al.so pubescent. Leaves many (.5-7) lobed.
Middle lobe with obtuse and rounded apex. Veins green on drying. Lamina yellow dotted.
Proflchi small oral with many male flowers. No. 8844.
Leaves not velyetv, hairv; profichi ovate.
Petioles very low/ (reaching beyond .sinuses when reflexed). Sinuses very deep and narrow. Mid-
dle lobe with roiinded apex. Leaf long and narrow with U-shaped base. Veins reddish on drying.
No. 8S29.
Petioles short or medium in length (not reaching to sinuses if reflexed).

Profichi depressed at apex. Flower caviti/ broader than tone/. Leaves with deep and narrow sinuses;
medium sized, regular in outline; iMobed, middle lobe with acute straight-sided apex.
Lamina decurrent on petiole. Veins drying reddish, flower pedicels purplish. No. 8834.
Sinuses open, usually shallow. Proflchi not depressed at apex. Flower cavity longer than
broad. , ,, ,

Middle lobe rounded and obtuse. Leaf and petiole moderately hairy. Sinuses shallow and open.
Veins drying reddish. Lamina not decurrent. No. 8832.
Middle lobe with acute, straight-sided apex.

Leaveslarge. irregularly 3-5 lobed. Sinus shallow, usually very open. Lamina decurrent. Veins

drying reddish. Flower pedicels purplish. No. 8845.
Leaves medium sized. Lamina not decurrent. Veins green on drying. Petioles and palmate
veins vei-y glabrous. Flower pedicels green. No. 8837.

8829 to 8847— Contiimed.

8829.

From Napk's. "A modiuin-si/AMl tire in a jianleu on I'osilipo hill on Strada
• Nuova di Posilipo, evidently a eultivate<l sort. It i>ore a fair number of
tnaiutne; full of Blitxto))li((</!r on A]»ril 19, and still had a few //Kn/o/zc attached
on May 14. The ]>rt>fiilu are almiidant. Apparently a valuable late sort. Its
botanical characters are as follows: I'lliolix rerii Ion;/, when retlexed i-eachiiif;
hej'ond base of sinuses. Lea\es small, lonjr, and narrow, smoothish, IMoIkhI,
ivith deep and narrow sinuses, sometimes clo.^ed above. Middle lobe nuich
expanded, with a blunt rounded ape.x; lateral lol)es unusually narrow. Base
U-shaped, with decurrent lamina. Veins dryiuij: reddish. I'etioles very long
and slender; slightly hairy. I'roHchi ovati', meiUum sized, 4.5 x30mm. Very
unlike other sorts in leaf characters. Resembles most No. .SS.S4, but has very
much longer petioles, wliile No. HH'M has acute, straight-sided apex and pro-
fichi depressed at tip. No. 8832 has similar U-shaped base, but differs greatly
in having shallow sinuses, shorter petioles, an<l abruptlv attache<l lamina."
(Sirl)igk'.) (No. 101.)

8830.

From Naples. "A large tree in the Botanic (iarden, covered with pnijichi.
but destitute of mamnic. The projichi were far advanced and ha<l abundant
male flowers; but one that had been injured was soft, and this may indicate
that this variety has the drawback of producing jirojichi which soften as they
ripen. A valuable early sort." {Sirlii(jle.) (.No. 102.)

8831.

From Naples. "A medium-sized tree, evidently of a cultivated sort, in a
garden on Posilipo hill, near Villanova. Bore both mmnme and }>rofichi."
(Stvingle.) (No. 10.3.)

8832.

From Naples. "A medium-sized tree, of a cultivated sort, in a garden on
Posilipo hill. It had a few mamme still attache(l and many jirojichi. Its botan-
ical characters are a.s follows: Leaf U-slui/itd niik kIkiUoh: open sinKscx and
rounded apex. Leaf medium sized, slightly hairy, o-lobed, with shallow and
rather open simises. Base U-shaped, with abruptly joineil lamina. Apex of
middle segment rounded. Veins slightly reddish on drying. Petiole medium
length and not veiy slender; somewhat hairy. Proticlii ovate, 58 x 37, with
abundant male flowers. Near to No. 8837, but has a rounded instead of an
acute apex and more hairy ])etioles. See under 8829. Differs from No. 8834
with U-.shaped leaves in having open shallow sinuses and rounded apex."
(Swingle.) (No. 104.)

8833.

From Naples. "A small seedling tree, growing from a wall retaining a road-
way on Posilipo hill. Floral envelopes long and nearly hiding the flowers,
which were still immature on May 9, 1902. Probably a seedling fig, Init pos-
sibly a very large caprifig." {Suingle. ) (No. 10.5. )

8834.

From Eesina, near Naples. '"A large tree in Villa Amelia, bearing a few
mamme and abundant profichi. Evidently a cultivated sort. The tree had
been caprified with mamme, in spite of the presence of a fair number of mamme
attached to the l)ranches. Its botanical characters are as follows: Profichi
deprex.'^ed at apex. Leaves small, rounded, regular in outline, 3-!obed, slightly
hairy, with deeji, narrow sinuses, often closed, ^liddle lobe with acute,
straight-sided apex. Base U-shaped, with decurrent lamina. Veins drying
reddish. Petiole medium or short, slender, slightly hairy. Profichi ovate,
depressed at apex, 52 x 36. Some of the flower pedicels purplish. Differs
from No. 8845 in smaller leaves, regular in outline, and narrower sinus, and
from No. 8837 in having reddish veins on drying and a decurrent lamina. See
also under No. 8829, which has longer petioles and roimded tip." {Svinqle. )
(No. 106.)

282 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

8829 to 8847 (Vuitiniicd.
8835.

From Resina, near Naples. "A medium-sized tree in Villa Amelia, prob-
al)ly tlie same as No. 8834." {Swiivjlr.) (No. 107.)

8836.

From San Giovanni a Teduccio, near Naples. "A large tree, which had
been cut back for ,t,n-afting; growing in the garden of Dammann & Co. Owing
to the presence oi" only young trees, there were no mamme, but a lew profichl
with very long pedicels were seen." {-"Swingle.) (No. 108.)

8837.

From Naples. "A medium-sized tree, evidently of a cultivated sort, grow-
ing in a garden on Posilipo hill. Had a few mamme and abundant, very large
jmifidii, with numerous male flowers. A promising sort. Its liotanical char-
acters are as follows: Petiole.'^ ahnost (/lafirous. Leaves medium sized, slightly
hairy, 3-lobed, with rather deep and narrow sinuses. Middle lobe narrow
below and bulging above, with very acute, straight-sided apex, bulging moder-
ately. Base cordate; lamina not decurrent, Inroad space between margin and
first palmate vein. Veins drying green. Petioles glabrous, or nearly so;
slender. Profichi very large ovate, 71 x 42, with very many male flowers.
Flower pedicels green. Principal palmate vein glabrous. Skin marked with
small reddish brown specks. Resembles No. 8834, but has not decurrent
lamina and has flower pedicels and veins of dried leaves green, besides peti-
oles which are less hairv. Very like No. 8845, (]. v., and No. 8832." {Stvinffle. )
(No. 109.)

8838.

From Naples. "A small tree growing in a garden. No mamme were seen,
but there were numerous medium-sized projiclii, which had only a few male
flowers. Leaves nearly entire, with golden pul)escence. Its botanical char-
acters are as follows: Leares nearlii entire, small, sh(jrt, pubescent, with golden
hairs, as are the short, thick petioles; sinuses present, shallow and open, not
extending one-third way to middle. Middle lobe blunt deltoid, nearly straight-
sided, over 90 mm. long. Veins reddish on drying. Base cordate; lamina
al)rupti.\' attached to petiole. Ultimate veinlets very line and visible by trans-
mitted iiylit. Profichi ovate, 53 x 30 mm., with few male flowers. Skin with
large, nearly white spots. Resembles No. 8844 in pubescence, which is, how-
ever, Ifss marked, and in having short, stout petioles. No. 8844 differs in
having lolied leaves and oral small profichi, and yellow spots on dried leaves.
Slightly resembles the slightlv lobed No. 8832, but has much shallower sinuses,
and No. 8832 has rounded middle lobe and longer slender petiole and smoother
leaf." (Swingle.) (No. 110.)

8839.

From Naples. "A large tree in a garden on the hill between Arenella and
Capodimonte. May be a caprifig." {Smngle.) (No. 111.)

8840.

From Naples. "A cultivated sort, growing m-ai- No. S831, in garden on
Posilipo hill, near Villanova." [Swingle.)

8841.

From Naples. "A cultivated sort, growing in garden near No. 8831, on
Posihpo hill, near Villanova." {Swingle.) (No. 113. )

8842.

From Vico Equense, near Castellamare. "A medium-sized tree, growing
in a cliff bv the road between Vico Equense and Sejano. It may be a caprifig. ' '

{Siringle.) (No. 114.)

SKI'TEMliKK, l'.»0(). ro DEv'KMUKK, VMi. 2'^'^

8829 to 8847 ( 'oiitiiiucd.
8843.

From Naples. " A good-sized tree, evidently of a cnltivate<l port, on Posilijio
hill. Prohalily a hrelxis tree, i. e., a port wliirli mature.^ the spriiijj <:;eneia-
tion eorrepponllinjr to the protieo jjeneration of a caiirilif;." (SiviiKjIi:) ( No.
115.)

8844.

From Mipeno, near Pozzuoli. " Profico hianco, white caj^rifij:. A pniall tree
in tlie garden on the top < >f M< mnt Miseno. It had a few uiaimiif and tiouw //ruficlti
whith showed a large nund)er of male flowei-u. Evidently a i-ultivate<i sort of
value. It.H hotanical eharactei-s are a.-^ follows: Liarrs irhely lidiri/, j)etioles
thick and short; also velvety ]»id)eseent. Leaves medium sized, short and
thiek, decidedly .S-7-lohed. Sinuses rather open, usually less than one-half way
to middle. Ijeaves(someat least) show luimerous small yellowish dots on the
upper surface. Ai)ical lohe hluntly deltoid with nearly straight sides. Base
strongly cordate. Lamina ahruptly attache<l to midrib. Veins usually drying
green. Lateral lobes bulge so sinus line cuts them. Prolichi very small (pos-
sibly young?) 'AH x 33 onil, with many male Howers. Skin marked with large,
nearly white dots." (>'iu:iiitjli\] iNo. lid. i

8845.

From Naples. "A large tree of a cultivated sort, growing in a garden on
Posilipo hill. It had numerous jn-oficlti containing many male Howers. A
promising caprifig. Its botanical characters arc as follows: Liiirrs l<tr(/r,irirff-
iilar in ontlltw, irith irry opin siuii.'^ex. Leaf large, irregular in outline, somewhat
hairy; 3-5-lol)ed sinuses, rather shallow and very open. Lateral lobes very
coarsely dentate. Middle lobe thick and bulging but slightly, with an acute
straight-sided apex. Base U-shaped or slightly cordate. Lamina deiurrent.
Veins reddish on drying; ])almate veins hairy. Petioles only slightly hairy,
rather long and not very slender. I'rolichi very large, ovate, (i2 x 40, with a
good number of male flowers; pe<licels of Howers purplish at luise. ^Nluch
resembles No. 8837, but differs in having large leaf, more decurrent lanuna,
and more hairy petioles and veins, and Hower jiedicels purplish at Itase.
Most resembles No. 8834; differs in large irregular leaf, with more open sinuses
and protichi not depressed at apex." {Strinylt'.) (No. 117.)

8846.

From Nai)les. "A large cultivated lig in a garden on PosilijM) hill, bearing
a.ie\\ brehax.'' {Sicinf/le.) (No. 113. )

8847.

F>om Lago Averno, near Pozzuoli. "A large tree near the road from Arco
Filice to Pozzuoli. It was covered with hrelnin figs. X promising sort of
early fig. " ( Swingle. ) ( No. 1 19. )

8848 to 8886.

From Nice, France. Presented by A. Eobertson-Proschowskv. Received Jfune
13, 1902.

A collection of seeds as follows:

8848. Agerati'm .nExicAxiM.

8849. Amorpha fruticosa.

8850. Antholyza aethiopica.

8851. Araujia sericipera.

8852. Aristolochia elegans.

8853. Berberis nepalensis.

234 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

8848 to 8886— Continued.

8854. Cakka quekcjfolia.

8855. Cassia corymbosa.

8856. Ceratonia siliqua.

' ' Sweet fruite<l. ' ' ( Prnschovshj. )

8857. Cercis siliquastri-m.

8858. CORDYLINE banksii.

' ' This may be some hybrid. ' ' ( Proschmvsky. )

8859. ErPATORUM sp.

"It has abundant white flowers in midwinter." { Proschmvsky.)

8860. EUPATORIIM ATRORIBEXS.

"An evergreen busli with very beautiful foHajre an<l flowers in midwinter."
{Proxrhrnrxki/. )

8861. Eri'ATORIlM ATROVIOLACErM.

8862. Fatsia iapoxka.

8863. Frevlinia cestroides.

8864. Franseria artemisioides.

8865. Glaucium flavim.

8866. Hedera heux var. aurantia .

8867. Hibiscus sp.

8868. Ipomoea ficifolia.

8869. Iris laevi(;ata.

8870. Mavtenis boaria.

8871. Melaleica vi'^idiflora.

8872. Olea europaea.

Nice. "Famous for oil. The fruit is very good for preserving in salt sulu-
tion. The tree is of a very graceful weeping habit." {Proschowsky.)

8873. Olearia haastii.

8874. Oreopaxax platanifolium.

"A very ornamental evergreen." (Proschowsky.)

8875. OXALIS CORXICITLATA Var. ATROPURPrREA.

8876. Salvia oesneraeflora.

"A very showy winter-blooming shrub. It produces very few seeds."

(Proschoii'sky.)

8877. Senecio deltoides. 8880. Solaxum pvracaxthum.

8878. Senecio petasites. 8881. Solaxum sodomaeum.

8879. Senecio grandifolius.

SEl^EMHEK, l!H^M>, TO DECEMBER, VMi. 285

8848 to 8886 C'oiitiiiued.

8882. S)LLV.V llETEKOl'HYLl.A.

"A twining t'vergreen shrub with very lieautilul l>hic llowt'rs." (I'ms-

chaiixkil. )

8883. Sui'UuuA lAroNKA.

8884. 8TERCri,iA i'I.atami-cii \.

8885. T.\fS«)MA MOI.I.l.sslMA.

"A very heautiful (•hiiihin>; iilant, with large n^se-eolored Howern and
abundant }ruit.« of a j)leasant, refreshing Havor." {I^roschov'ghii.)

8886. TKIULDCillN MAKITIMIM.

8887 to 8889.

From Erfurt, <terman\. Turchaf-ed from Haage it (Schmidt. Kcceive.l .lune 21,
1902.
Pahn seeds as follows:

8887. RlIOI'ALOSTYI.Is SAI'IDA. 8889. lloWKA KOK.STEKIAXA.

8888. HOWEA BELMORE.WA.

8890. ERioiiOTin A .lAroMCA. Loquat.

From Tokvo, Japan. Keeeived through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Xo.
954, June 2, 1902), June 23, 1902.

Taiutka. "The largest fruited lo«]uat in Japan. This variety originated as a seed-
ling in the yard of Mr. loshio Tanaka, at 72 Kinskeeho, Tokyo. Mr. Tanaka is a
Tioted Japanese authority on economic botany, and as originator of this remarkably
large locpiat, his own name has appropriately l>een given to it. A single fruit lias
weighed more than 97 grams, while the largest reported in Algiers, Malta, or Si)ain,
so far as-I am aware, was oidv S.">, and the largest I have seen was only '>() grams.
This is certainlv a larger sort "than any of the.«e noted African or Spanish varieties.
The scions were taken from the original seedling tree in rrofes.«or Tanaka's yard in
Tokvo, and it is to be hoped can l)e used for budding. The fruit in formalin, which
ProfessorTanaka showed me, was egg-shaped, and the largest lixpiat 1 have ever seen.
Quality is said to Ije very good. Professor Tanaka delivered an address on tliis
loquat'in 1897, at Nagasaki, in which he said the range of weight is between 40 and
80 grams only. The weight of 97 grams was exceptional." {Fairchikl.)

8891. Panicum crus-galli. Japanese millet.

From Niuchwang, China. Presented l>y Hon. Henry i>. Miller, United States
Consul, through the State Department. Received June 23, 1902.

8892. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.
From Moscow, Russia. Received tiirough E. Imnier & Son, June 27, 1902.

Romanoff S^mng.

8893. Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco.

From Sumatra. Received through Messrs. Lath rop and Fairchild (No. 955),
July 7, 1902.

DeVi. " From one of the best plantations in Deli, East Sumatra. Secured by Mr.
Barbour Lathrop personally. See special letter of explanation to Dr. Gallowav,
June 10, 1902, ' ' ( Fairchild. )

8894. CiTRU.s BIG ARABIA { 0 Bitter orangc.

From Shidzuoka, Japan. Received through Messrs. I.athrop and Fairchild (No.
956, June 16, 1902), July 8, 1902.

Xutsa dai-dai. "A flat, broad, summer variety of the .Japanese bitter orange,
which is a remarkable citrous fruit and <U'serves the study of citrus growers. It is

286 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

only of fair quality, but ripent^ at a time when our pomelos are over, and when the
craving for a sour breakfast fruit is perhaps strongest, i. e. , in May and June. These
scions came from a noted old citrus grower near Shidzuoka, and are a gift to the
United States Government. For fuller notes on this fruit see No. 8903. Tanaka
gives in his 'Useful Plants of Japan' Citrus bigaraclia as the species name for Dai-dai,
but does not identify the Natsu dai-dai ' ' {Fairchild. )

8895. Citrus bigaradia (?)• Bitter orange.

From Shidzuoka, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
957, June 16, 1902), July 8, 1902.

Natsu dai-dai. "A globular formed, slightly different variety of summer bitter
orange from No. 8894. Donated by a famous old citrus grower near Shidzuoka,
where the government is going to start an experiment station for citroiis and other
fruits. For a fuller description on this fruit see Nos. 8894 and 8903." {Fairckild.)

8896. Citrus japonica. Kumquat.

From Shidzuoka, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
958), July 8, 1902.

Nimpo. ' ' Scions of one of the best varieties of kumquat in Japan ; with large, round
fruit«. These kumquats, which are small oranges, eaten skin and all, are much more
common in China and Japan than in America, and are worthy of Ijeing much better
known on our market.s. Donated by a veteran citrus grower in Shidzuoka."
( Fairchild. )

8897 to 8899. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Bombav, India. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
945, April 2, 1902), July 14, 1902.

Three varieties of hard wheat from Ralli Brothers, in Bondjay, fruited for macaroni
making. One sack of each forwarded Vjy Latham & Co., of Bombay.

8897.

Khata. "This variety has been tested in Nag Pur, where it proved the
most rust resistant of any kind experimented with. Nag Pur is one of the
hottest regions in Ijidia, and any wheat which endures the heat of that region
will be likely to do well in our desert regions of Arizona and California. This
Khata is said by Ralli Brothers to be the best of all Indian hard wheats, and
whenever they Can buy it cheap enough and ship it to Genoa it brings as good
a price as the "hard Russian wheats. This deserves the serious attention of the
hard-wheat experimenters, and may prove superior to the Algerian, Russian,
or Spanish varieties for our conditions." {Fairchild.) (No. 945a.)

8898.

Kharidva. " This is not so good from the standpoint of such big firms as
Ralli Brf)thers, and it does not have the reputation of being as rust resistant as

the Khata.'' {Fairchild.) (No. 945b.)

8899.

Pila (jheen. "This is not so good fi'om the standpoint of such big firms as
Ralli Brothei-s, and it does not have the rei)utation of being as rust resistant as
i\\e Khata.'' {Fairchild.) (No. 945c.)

8900. Glycine hispida. Soy bean.

From Anjo, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 963,
June 29, 1902), July 24, 1902.

"Twenty -six numbered seeds of a giant soy bean presented to the Department by
Mr. K. Obata, director of the Tokai branch agricultural experiment station at Anjo,
.Tapan, on condition that should any of the seeds jirove to have inherited the charac-
teristics of its fomalc i)arent he is tn have rt'tunu-d to him a fair quantity of the beans
which it produces. All the beans have been numbered, and it is desired especially
that a record of each be kept for infonnatiiMi. This most exceptional sport froui

SKl'TEMliEK, 1!I(K>, TO UKlEMBKK, l!Ki;;. 287

whirli tlu'sr Innin-s aiv taken inoajjured IL'I uvt in K-UKtli ami lunl a sti-ni 1 incli in
diamftor at tlii- l)a.Mt'. It yielded about one-fifth of a ^'allon of l)ean^^, while onlinary
plants, 1 am assured by Mr. Obata, give from r>0 to HO seeds only. Its root system is
well developed, but whether unusual it is impossible to stiy, as it was dug i)eforc Mr.
Oitata saw it. The history oi this most remarkal)le sport is as follows: Mr. J. Miya-
/aki. a descendant of a Saiimrai and now a si-cond-hand clothier in tlu' village of
Okasaki, found in his small back yard a soy bean which neither he nor his wife had
planted purposely, but over which they <|Uarreled, the wife wishing to pull it uj)
liecanse it grew to such unusual proportions and spread over the whole yard. Mr.
Miyazaki, however, found in this abnormal plant something to interest him, and
when the local <listrict fair was held in ^lukada in October he dug n\t the i)lant antl
exhibited it there, but he unfortunately an<l thoughtlessly ate up most of the bean.".
Mr. ()l)ata, of the e.xperiment station at Anjo, .«aw the plant at the fair, visilt-d Mr.
Miyazaki's place, and rescued the remaining handful of seed. He got samples of the
soil where the plant grew and ha.s sown about 20 seeds in this soil at the experiment
station. I have seen and photographed this remarkable sport and think it worthy
of the most careful attention." (Fairrliild.)

8901 and 8901a. Pykus communis. Pear.

From (,'liios Island, Turkey in A.sia. Presented l)v Mr. N. .1. I'antelides, through
Mr. D. G. Fairchild. Received July 29, lfl02.

8901. 8901a.

ChaiiiDf/i'it. Kurunin kirokin.

8902. Citrus nouilis. Mandarin orange.

From Fukui, Japan. Reoeive<l tlirough Messrs. Latliropand l-ainliild i .\o. !».■>;•,
June 24, 1902), July 21, 1902.

I'nxhu. " .V large-fruite<l, thick, loose-skinned mandarin orange, w hich is gen-
erally quite seedless but sometimes has one or two seeds. In (juality it is not f|uite
so sweet as the eonnnon but smaller A'/.s7(» Mihui, which is the connuon mandarin
orange of Japan. This see<lless variety is known all over .lapan, but these scions
come from thecoldest region in which oranges are grown in Japan, where the tem-
perature sometimes goes down to —10° C — i. e., 14° above zero F. — and where for
fifty days or so a foot of snow lies on the ground. In this region, which is a very
restricted one, called 8ano, near Fukui, ice forms on the rice fields to the thickness
of a quarter of an indi. However, the trees are covered by large l)ambof> mats during
December, January, and February, and even with this covering the minimum of last
year, 14° above zero, did them material injury. This .sort has gradually driven the
ordinary seed-bearing mandarin out of the market and is now, since ten years or more
ago, the most popular mandarin in Japan." {Fairchild.)

8903. CiTKU.s DECUMANA (?) Pomclo. (?)

From Fukui, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
960, June 24, 1902), July 21, 1902.

iVdlsn daidai. "Large summer orange. This fruit deserves tlie attention of all
pomelo growers, as it is a variety to be had on the Japanese market as late us tht:
end of June. I saw it as early as the close of April, so that the season is two months
at least. It is notas fine and juicy as our best pomelo, butisnev'erthelessatthis season
eaten with relish by everyone, both European and Japanese. It is served with sugar,
as pomelos are served in America, and would pass among all but connoisseurs as a
tolerably good pomelo. Further than this, it ranks as one of the hardiest citrous
fruits in Japan. These scions came from a tree that was exposed last winter, with a
bamboo mat shelter, to a temperature of ^14° F., and although it lost some of its
leaves it was not killed liy the low temperature. A foot of snow covered the ground
about this plant for several weeks during the months of January and February."
( Fairchild. ) ( See No. 8894. )

8904. Citrus nobilis. Mandarin orange.

From Fukui, .Japan. Received thrfmgh Messns. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 961,
June 24, 1902), July 21, 1902.

Koji. "A small-fruited variety with seeds. It is noted for its hardiness, being
cultivated in a region where the thermometer drops to +14° F. and where the plants

288 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

are surrounded bv snow as late as February. It is not an espeeiallj' fine variety, but
is worthy of trial" in the variety gardens. SeeiSos. 8902 and 8903 for further descrip-
tions of climate where it is grown. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

8905. Citrus nobilis. Mandarin orange.

From Fukui, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Xo.
962, June 24, 1902) , July 21, 1902.

Koji. "This is similar to No. 8904, but is said to bear larger, finer fruits. It was
not the season for any of these fruits, so I can not say as to their excellence except
from reports. " {Fa irchild. )

8906 to 8909.

From Xice, France. Presented liv ^NFr. A. Robertsju-Proschowsky. Received
July 31, 1902.

vSeeds as follows:

8906. Aristotelia macqui.

8907. Tacsoxia mollissima.

"A variety with flowers of a ilarker color than the type." {Froschowsky.)

8908. Tacsonia mollissima.

8909. Olka europaka.
Nice. (See No. 8872.)

8910. Crotalaria juncea. Sunn hemp.

From Bombay, India. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapi), July 26, 1902.

8911 and 8912. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Bombay, India. Received through Dr. S. A. Kuapi>, July 26, 1902.

8913. Prunus akmemaca. Apricot.

From Coahuila. Saltillo, Mexico. Received through Miss Lelia Roberts,
July 20, 1902.

8914. Ceratoxia siliqla. Carob.

From Marseille, France. Received through Hon. Robert P. Skinner, United
States Consul-General, August 9. 1902.

8915. VoAXDZEiA suBTERRANEA. Woandsu (African goober).

From Dar-es-Salam, German East Africa. Presented by Mr. D. Holtz. Received
August 22, 1902.

8916 to 8975.

From Buenos Ayres, Argentina. Presented by Sefior Carlos Thays, director of
l^arks, through :Mr. Frank W. Bicknell. Received August 20, 1902.

8916. OlTNTIA DECIMAXA. 8922. PsIDIlM (UA.IAVA.

8917. Sambucus australis. 8923. Enterolobum sp.

8918. Cocos YATAV. 8924. Desmodicm uxcinatum.

8919. SoLAXUM PocoTE. 8925. Termixalia triflora (?).

8920. Cecropia palmata. 8926. Sesbaxia saxctipaulex-

SIS.

8921. :MAVTExrs boaria. 8927. <jriLLA.i a sapoxaria.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DEUEMBEK, 1!»03

8916 to 8975 Continued.

8928. Xanthoxylon sp.

8929. PiPTADENIA CEBIL.

8930. LiPI'IA TURBINATA.

8931. Pakkinsonia actleata.

8932. TlITANA SPEflOSA.

8933. C'OCOS Ai:STRAI>IS.

8934. (tleditsia AMoui-noinKs

8935. C'aksai.imma (iiLi.ihxii.

8936. lil\ \ <)}{E1.1.ANA.

8937. KitiEMA gp

Anacahuita.

8938. Err.ENiA mato.

8939. LlTHUAKA AKOKIKlXriA.

8940. Fatkholomum ti.mbouva.

8941. I>\l.l{KK(;iA NKiKA.

8942. Saimndis tkifdliatis.

8943. ScHiNis MoiJ.K.

8944. PsiDHM CATTLEIAMTM.

8945. Mimosa .skxsitiva akho-

REA.

8946. Trrt.si'idaria depexd-

ENS.

8947. Oestrum pseii)o-(ilina.

8948. Acacia farnesiana.

8949. colligua jabrasiliensis.

8950. TeCOMA 8TANS.

8951. LUCUMA NERIIFOLIA.

8952. LiPPIA LYCIOIDES.

8976. Garcixia mangostana.

239

8953. Il.KX PAKACI AYENHIS.

8954. BoccoNiA frcte-scens.

8955. I^AXTANA CAMAKA.

8956. ( iKAltoWSKlA <il,Ai:CA.

8957. KlCEXIA PlX(iENS.

8958. II ETEHOPTERIS UMBEL-
I-ATA.

8959. Cestui M i-ak(jii.

8960. ('\i;i(\ <)ri:K(iKiii,iA.

8961. OlMNTlA KICIS-IXDKA.

8962. Cl.KMAllS IIII.AKII.

8963. KrciKXiA micheui.

8964. C'OPEKXICIA CERIKEHA.

8965. II misers AKCEXTixrs.

8966. I'siKii M (ii A.iAVA var.

PYRIKERI.M.

8967. ClIOIUSIA CKISPIFLOKA.

8968. MoKKEMA ODOUATA.

8969. Eugenia eduliss.

8970. SciTiA itrxiiui.iA.

8971. IVUHIXIA canuicans.

8972. Celtis tala.

8973. Citharexylum haubi-

NERVE.

8974. Acacia moniliformis.

8975. Jacaraxda chelonia.

Mangosteen.

From Saigon, Cochin China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
from Mr. M. E. Haffner, director of agriculture of Cochin China, September
3, 1902.

8977 to 9013.

From Aburi, Gold Coast, Africa. Presented by the curator of the Botanic Gar-
dens. Received September 5, 1902.

8977. Abrus precatoriuh. 8979. Adenanthera pavonij^a.

8978. Achras sapota.
29861— No. 66—05 16

8980. Anona muricata.

240

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

8977 to 9013 — Continued.

8981. Anona squamosa.

8982. Akachis hypogaea.

8983. Artocarpus integri

folia.

8984. Bauhinia imcta.

8985. butyrospermum parkii.

8986. Ca.iants indults.

8987. Calotkopis gigantea.

8988. Cassia alata.

8989. Chrysophyllum tAixrro.

8990. coffea libekica.

8991. Crescentia cujete.

8992. Elaeis guineensis.

8993. FUNTUMIA elastica.

8994. Garcinia hanburyi.

8995. HONCKENVA ficifolia.

8996. hura crepitans.

8997. Labramia bo.ieri.

8998. Leucaena glauca.

9014. Pyrus malus.

8999. Michelia champaca.

9000. Palisota barteki.

9001. Persea gratissima.

9002. PiMENTA At'RIS.

9003. Pithecolobium saman.

9004. POINCIANA regia.

9005. Kaphia vinifera.

9006. Sideroxylon DruiFicuM.

9007. SPATHODEA I'AMPAXU-

LATA.

9008. Spoxdias DiLCis.

9009. Spondias lutea.

9010. Theobroma cacao.

Cacao.

9011. Thevetia xerei folia.

Trumpet flower,

9012. Thuxbergia erecta.

9013. Voaxdzeia subterraxea.

Apple.

From Saltillo, Mexico. Received through Mr. G. Onderdonk, special .agent of
the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction, September 9, 1902.

Peroii.

9015 and 9016. Frunus armeniaca.

Apricot.

From Saltillo, Mexico. Received through Mr. G. Onderdonk, special agent,
September 9, 1902.

9016.

From a large tree at Chepultepec
farm.

Pomelo.

9015.

Perry.

9017 to 9019. Citrus decuiviana.

From Bangkok, Siam. Secured by Dr. G. B. McFarland, and imported by Rev.
G. R. Callender, at the request of Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received
■ September 11, 1902.

"A seedless variety, or possibly three different varieties of pomelo, from the garden
of Prince Mom Chow Rachawongse, of the lineage of the former Second King. Tlie
seedless pomelos, sold on the Hongkong market, which are supposed to be produced
by trees of this variety, are the best pomelos in the Orient. The ' ' seedless Bangkok ' '
was the sort requested by us. The circumstances connected with the introduction of
these pomelo plants, many months after Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild visited Siam,
were such that it is not possible to say definitely whether one sinjile variety of the
"Bangkok seedless" was represented by the three plants brought in, or whether the
Prince sent one plant each of three kinds." ( Fairchild. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO UECEMIJEE, 1903. 241

9020. CUCUMI8 MELO. Muskmelon.

From Valcmia, Spain. I'ro^onteil bv Ilmi. K. AI. Bartlcman, rnited States
Consul. Kecc'ived Septeinher 20, l!»Ol.>.

Proii:i\ One of the tinest Spanish varietie.s.

9021. Trkjonella foenum-graecum. Fenugreek.

From New York. Received thronjrli •!. ^I- Thdrlmrn iS: Co., Septemlxr L".t, |'.K)2.
This see<l \\ ;i.« jfrown in .southern Germany.

9022. Cl'CUMIs mklo. Muskmelon.

From Valencia, Sj>ain. Presented hv Hun. K. M. i'>aitltinaii. I'liitcd Stales
Consul. Received October 2, 1902. "

Bronze. (These seeds may be of the same variety as .No. ;»020, but as they are
much lighter in color they have been given a separate nundjer. )

9023. PsiDiUM (JUAJAVA. Guava.
From Merritt, Fla. Presented by Mr. L. H. Gurney. Received Octt)l)er ti. 1002.

9024. Anona squamosa. Custard apple.

From ^lussoorie, united provinces of Agra andOndh, iutlia. Presented by IJev.
H. Marston Andrews. Received October <\ 1002.

Sharifa or cu«iard ajifi/e seed, grown in Deiira Dun, on the .south side of a wall.
The trees grow to a height of from 1.5 to 25 feet.

9025. Oknotiieua sinuata.

From Santa Rosa, Cal. Presented by ]\Ir. Luther Burbank, througii Mr. D. G.
Faircbild. Received Septend)er 80, 1902.

"Mr. Burbank tliinks this a valuable ornamental." {Fairchild.)

9026. Tkifolium resupinatu:m. Stra-wberry clover.

From North Australia. Presented by Mr. l^uther Burbank, of Santa Ko.sa, Cal.,
through 'Sir. D. <t. Fairchild. Receive*! Sei)teml)er oO, 1002.

"Found in culture at Mr. Burbank's experimental gardens." {Fairchild.)

9027. Pyrethrum tchihatchewii.

From Santa Rosa, Cal. Presented bv ^Ir. Luther Burbank, through 'Sh: D. G.
Fairchild. Received September .30, 1902.

"Said to be from Asia Minor. Should be sown in pots and transplanted. Forms a
pretty mat of foliage like a lawn, and could be used for lawn purposes." {Fairchild. )

9028. MusA textilis. Manila hemp.

From Manila, P. I. Presented by Mr. John W. Gilmore, of the Insular Bureau
of Agriculture, through Mr. L. H. Dewey, Assistant Botanist of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Received October 10, 1902.

9029. Prunus cerasus. Cherry.

From Vladimir, Russia. Received through Mr, E. A. Bessey (No. 101, Julv 22,
1902), October 9, 1902.

Vladimir. " Sun-dried cherries from the garden of Feodor Gontcheroff. These
cherries, which will not be picked until about .July 31, are from a garden typical as
to the method of cultivation (or rather lack of cultivation). The trees are projja-
gated by shoots from the roots regardless of any order. The trees are never pruned
nor is the ground ever cultivated. The young shoots are allowed to grow up with
the older trees. The result is a dense thicket or jungle, almost impenetrable, of trees

242 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

from 8 to 12 feet high. In spite of this, lack of care the trees bear rather freely. The
cherries are usually fully ripe by the 20th of July, but this year being cold only
part were ripe. The cherries are black, about five-eighths to three-fourths inch in
diameter, with blood-red flesh and juice. They are sweet and juicy, but still retain
a pleasant, acid flavor. The general idea that this variety is propagated, as a rule,
from seeds is erroneous, that method being used only rarely. However, the variety
is said to come fairly true to seed." {Bessey.)

9030. Prunus cerasus. Cherry.

From Dobrovka, near Vladimir, Russia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey
(No. 103, July 22, 1902), October 9, 1902.

"From the garden of Vladimir cherries of Makar Ivulikoff and Gregori Rezanoff.
This tree differs from the others in being exceedingly prolific, the cherries nearly
hiding the leaves. The tree is much more vigorous and less inclined to branch at
the ground. The leaves are larger and darker green and more coarsely dentate.
The leaves are shiny aljos^e while those of the neigh lioring Vladimir cherry trees are
dull. The cherries are l)orne in clusters, those of the Vladimir being usually single
or in pairs. They ripen ten days later than the Vladimir, i. e., normally about
July SI, and are nearly black when ripe. The flesh is only slightly colored. The
cherries are juicy and "said to be sweeter than those of the true Vladimir variety.
No trees were obtainable. Seeds (in the sun-dried cherries) were obtained in the
hope tliat something valuable may be obtained. This is believed to be a seedling of
the true Vladimir." [Bessey.)

9031 to 9039.

A miscellaneous collection of exotic plants growing in the De]>artuient grounds
and greenhouses, which were turned over to the Office of Seed and Plant Introduc-
tion for distribution, October, 1902. The origin of most of them is unknown.

9031. Jacakanda chelonia.

From Argentina. Seed received May, 1901.

9032. Tectona grandis. Teak.

9033. Grabowskia (jlauca.

From Argentina. May be a good hedge plant.

9034. Sophora japonica. Pagoda tree.

9035. RuBus sp.

From Mexico. Presented by Dr. J. N. Rose (No. 194), assistant curator,
U. S. National Museum. "The leaves have a metallic luster, making it a fine
ornamental." (Rose.)

9036. Sterculia platanifolia.

9037. nuytsia floribunda.

9038. Albizzia lebbek.

9039. Indigofera anil.

From Porto Rico. Received Octolier, 1901.

9040. Citrus australtca.

From Botanic Garden, Pisa, Italy. Received through Mr. ^X. T. Swingle (No.
120), October 16, 1902.

"A small tree, 12 feet high, with abundant foliage; trunk 4 feet high, 6 inches in
diameter at base. Tree grows alongside C Irifoliata and, like it, seems to stand the
cold at Pisa, which sometimes reaches 10° F. in winter and kills pistaches. Fruit is
like a lime in .Vustralia, and the species may prove very useful in breeding a hardy
lime or lemon, or for a stock." {Swingle. )

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, ll»0;j. 248

9041. PllVLLOSTACHYS CASTILI-ONIS. Bauiboo.

Kruiii Yokoluuiia, Japan. Recoivt'd through Messrs. Ivatliropaml Kairchild ( No.
iKSM, July 28, 1902), November, 1902.

Kimmei-chiku. "Plants of the 'golden' or 'striped' bamboo of Jajnxn. This spe-
cies has the most decorative culms of any of the Japanese l)amboos, being of a golden
yellow color striped with green. When young these stems are brilliant in their fresh-
ness an<l a clump of them is a most beautiful sight. This bandxio is said to have been
introduced into Japan from Korea. It is by no means a common sort, even in Ja])an.
Owing to the fact that the green stripes fade after the culms are cut, ita decorative
value is confined to the living stems, especially tho.se one year old. The plant grows
to a height of 15 to 16 feet, even occasionally to 39 feet, and the culms attain 10 inches
in cin-umference. If planted in a sheltered place on rich .»<oil which is kei>t well
mulched it will produce in a few years a handsome clumj) of the golden stems. The
leaves are slightly variegated. It is exceedingly variable in the variegations, both of
leaf and stem, the green stripes sometimes being scarcely visible. Sprouts appear in
June in Japan and are .said to be edible, though I have never heard of this variety
being grown for food. It is essentially an ornamental plant." {Fairchihl.)

9042. Phyllostaciiys nigra. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrojiand Fairchild (No.

984, July 28, 1902), November, 1902.

Kuro-chiku, Kurodake, or (loniadake. "Plants of the Japanese black bamboo.
This species is characterized by its dark brown to purple-black culms, whii'h make
it one of the handsomest species in Jaj)an. It does not grow much over 20 feet in
height, even under the best conditions of soil and climate. The shoots do not turn
black until the second year, the first season being green with dark, freckle-like spots.
The black bamboo formed at one time a considerable source of revenue to Japan,
being largely exported to Euroi)e and America, but of recent years the demand for
it has fallen off. The growers say it is because the exporters have shipped immature
culms. Itisstill extensively useil for walking sticks, und)rella handles, etc. It grows
largest on rich alluvial .^^oil, needs plenty of phosijhoric acid and potash, and the ground
should be heavily mulched so that it will not dry out." {Fairchild.)

9043. Phyllostachys henonis, var. mauakadake. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Jajjan. Received through Messrs. Lathropand Fairchild (N(j.

985, July 28, 1902), November, 1902.

Madaradake or Ummon-chiku. "Plants of the mottled l)amboo from Ilakone,
province of Omi, arranged for through the assistance of Professor Hirase, a well-known
Japanese botanist. This variety is characterized by having distinct blotches (possi-
bly of fungus origin) on its culms. These blotches are of a dark-l^rown color, some-
times with concentric rings of a darker hue. The mottled culms are especially ])rizeil
for fancy furniture making, as the mottling is permanent. The jjlant resembles
Flitjlloddcliiis lieiioitis in growth, and under favorable conditions attains a height of
over 15 feet. The blotches on this bamboo do not make their appearance until the
third or fourth year, and are more pronounced in the shady parts of the grove. If
exposed to Itright .sunshine it is .said the blotches fail to appear. Tliis variety should
])e given e.special attention, not i)lanted in very small clumps, and grown on rich,
well-drained soil in locations well sheltered from the wind. It is probably not so
hardy as some other sorts and until well estal)lished should be protected/with a
heavy mulch of straw in the winter. The soil should not l)e allowed to dry out, but
should ])e kept moist by an inch of good mulch during the summer as well."
{Fairchild.)

9044. Phyllostachys bambusoides. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 980, July 29, 1902), November, 1902.

Yadake. " The arrow bamboo, from whose culms the Japanese archers of feudal
times had their shafts prepared. The culms are especially suited to this purjjose,
for they are straight, extremely hard, and of about the proper diameter. The arrows
of present-day archers in Japan are also made of this bamboo. The sort was first
introduced into England in 1894, Mitford says, and is consequently a comi^aratively
new kind. In Japan it is not so common as many other types, being seen rarely in

244 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

cultivated ground. It is pronounced hardy in England by Mitford, and a valuable
acquisition. In habit it is cespitose, and its clumps are tall and closely set with the
culms. Its broad leaves give it a very decorative ajipearance, individual leaves being
as much as 11 inches long by 1| inches broad. It is sometimes used as a hedge
plant in Japan, audits wood finds uses in the manufacture of tea sieves, baskets, etc.
In general appearance it is (juite unlike the ordinary bamboos, most of the leaves
being borne only on the uj^per portion of the culms." {FairchUd.)

9045. Phyllostachys mitis. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 987, July 29, 1902), November, 1902. •

Moso-chiku or Mouso-chiku. "Plants of the edible bamboo of Japan. This vari-
ety, which Japanese historians say was introduced into Japan from China a century
and a half ago, is not the species best suited for timber jjurposes, although the largest
in size of any of the hardy sorts in Japan. Its culms are sold, it is true, and used in
the manufacture of dip^jers, pots, vases, water troughs, etc., but the wood is
softer and more brittle than that of the 31<idake, No. 9046. As a vegetable it is cul-
tivated in small forests near the j^rincipal cities, and is given great care. Its young,
tender shoots, like giant asparagus .shoots, form one of the favorite spring vegetables
of all classes in Japan. European and American residents in Japan are, many of
them, fond of this vegetable, some even being passionately so. Its cultivation for
the purpose of shoot production, therefore, is alone worthy the consideration of
truck growers in the extreme South. A market can probably be created for the
shoot.s as soon as a large enough supply can be insured to make the effort worth
while. On the other hand, the value of the culms for use in fence making, basket
making, and the production of a host of farm and garden conveniences, makes it
worth a place in the back yard of every farmer in those regions suited to its growth.
It is one of the hardy sorts, and so far as beauty is concerned it is, according to Mit-
ford, 'the noblest of all the bamboos generally cultivated in England.' The severe
winter of 1895 in England cut the culms down to the ground, but during that season
the thermometer dropped below zero Fahrenheit. Even after this severe freeze the
roots remained alive. It is not to be expected that this form will attain so large
dimensions in the colder, drier climate of America, but the size of the culms of J)am-
boos depends so much upon the richness of the soil and the methods of culture that,
with proper nourishment, there is no reason why large-sized culms, over 2 inches in
diameter, should not be produced in America. I have measured a shoot in Japan
which was 1 foot 7| inches in circumference, and there are records of culms nearly
3 feet in circumference. These large culms were over 40 feet in height. A forest of
these large bamboos forms one of the most beautiful sights in the world. In plant-
ing for its edible shoots about 120 plants are set out to the acre, but if for forest pur-
poses at least 200 plants should be used. The balls of earth and roots should be
more carefully set than those of deciduous trees, as the rhizomes, if injured, stop
growing, and the spreading of the plant is checked. The fibrous roots are very
brittle after planting and a heavy mulch of straw and loose earth should be kei)t
on the field, so that the surface soil will not dry out. A sheltered situation is
essential to the growth of this species, and rich, alluvial soil is what it likes best.
Standing water lieneath the .soil kills it, and nuich gravel prevents its rapidly spread-
ing. A sufficient number should be planted in a clump to enal)le the young plants,
after a few years, to effectually shade the ground, otherwise, no tall, straight culms
will be produced. Judicious thinning out of the small shoots, while still young,
tends to make the plant produce larger culms." {Fairchild. )

9046. Phyllostachys quiliot. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 988, July 29, 1902), November, 1902.

Maddke. "This is the great timber-producing bamboo of Japan. It is grown in
large plantations or forests near the large c.h'ies of Japan, and its culture is .said to be
among the most profitable of any plant culture in the country. There are extensive
wild forests south of Kobe, but the finest culms come from the cultivated forests;
these culms are more regular in size and of better shape. The wood of this .species
is .said to be superior in elasticity and durability to either that of the Mom, No. 9045,
or Hacliikn, No. 9047. Its extensive uses are too numerous to mention, for they
would form a list as long as that of an enumeration of the uses of the white pine in
America. The cultivation of this bamboo is not a difficult one, and forests of it
should lie started in all regions having a suitable climate. The species is one of the

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 245

hardiest of the lar^e-sized kinds in Japan and thrives in En^dand, proving; hardit-r
than .lAwo, No. 9045. It never attains the same dimensions as this species, ))nt often,
however, grows to a height of MO to 40 feet, and enims having a diameter of 2h to 8
inches ari' not unnsual. Even 4-inch cnhns an' dcscrihcd l)y tlie hooks. Tiu" size
of these cuhns depends largely upon the method of culture and iiow carefully the
forests are thinned out and manured. About ."{(K) plants should he set to an acn-, in
such a way that their spreading rhizomes will not interfere with each other at the
start. The soil should l)e worked over to a depth of 18 inches several months before
planting, and if of a heavy clay, should l>e lightened by working in straw and litter
from the barnyard, .\lter planting, the ground should be heavily midcheil to prevent
the top soil from drying out, and every means should be taken to insure that the
ground is soon shaded by the growing shoots. The soil about the bases of the cuhns
should be kept in semiob-scurity. This object is only obtained by moderately thick
planting and judicious thiiming. Small clumps are not so likely to produce large
stems as(|uicklvas large patches, for the rea.son that the soil is more exposed to
the drying effect of the sun. ( )iily rich, alluvial, weil-<lrained soil is likely to prove
suital)Ie for a banduio fore.st of this species. The thickni'ss of the pipes of this sort
of bamboo is greater than that of any of the other common kinds, and this charac-
teristic makes the culms more rigid and more serviceable for many i)urposes. It is
of great importance that a young forest of baud)oos be protected from tlu' wind, for
the young, temler shoots are easily injured. Wind-breaks of conifers are used in
Japan even where the winds are anything but severe. A sheltered valley, or the
base of a mountain slope, is sometimes chosen as offering such a sheltered situation.
In setting young i)lants out great care should be taken not to injure the buds on the
rhizomes or to break off the fibrous roots l)y packing down the soil too roughly about
them. This si)ecies is likely to prove the most valuable of any of the Japanese hardy
bamboos. ' ' {Fairchild. )

9047. Phyllostaciiys henonis. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 989, July 29, 1902), November, 1902.

Hachihi. "The second most important timber bamboo of Japan. Its method of
culture is exactly similar to that of the Madake, No. 904(), and often it is cultivated
side by side with this species. The brittleness of its joints, I am told, prevents its
being used for many purposes, such as barrel hoops, for which the Madake is better
adapted. On the other hand, the fine baudjoo ribs of Japanese paper lanterns are
generally made from this species. The height of this species is little inferior to that
of the Madake, but it may be easily distinguished from it by the al)sence of dark
spots on the sheath in young shoots." The sheaths are a solid light-straw color. The
pseudophyll has a wavy outline. As an ornamental, this species is singled out by
Mitford as the most beautiful of all the Japanese bamboos. In hardiness in Japan
it ranks al)out the same as Pln/Uostachys quilloi. Mitford says it is one of the hardiest
species in England, retaining its green color through the winter, the leaves not being
injured by the cold. It should be given good soil and protection for the first few
winters, or until thoroughly established." (Fairchild.)

9048. Phyllostachys marliacea. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 990, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Shiho-chiku or Shhra-rhiku. "Plants of the wrinkled bamboo, perfectly hardy in
England, characterized by having the base of the culm fluted or covered witH longi-
tudinal grooves and ridges. The stems of this species are especially prized for use in
the woodwork of the special tea-ceremony rooms of old Japanese houses. An uncom-
mon form in England and very decorative. Hard to get in quantity, even in.Iapan.
It should be given the same treatment as that given to Phyllostachys quilioi." {Fair-
child.)

9049. Bambusa quadrangularis. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 991, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Shiho-chiku or Shikaku-dake. ' ' Plants of the square bamboo. This is not consid-
ered as hardy as the previously mentioned species, Phyllostachys quilioi, and it will be
advisable to give it especial care upon arrival. The plants should be potted and kept

246 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED,

in a cool house over winter; not planted out at once. The culms of this species are
square only when large. The small culms are round like any other kind. It pro-
duces its young shoots in Japan as early as February or March, I am told, and this
feature may make it difficult to acclimate. Mitford says its rootstock is very vigor-
ous, and, from clumps which I have seen near Yokohama, I judge it to be capable of
producing small forests of culms 20 to 30 feet high. It is a beautiful form and its
stems arc much used for all classes of ornamental woodwork. It is not, however,
very largely cultivated in Japan." {Fairchild. )

9050. Arundinaria simoni. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 992, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Narihiradakf. ' ' One of the hardiest and tallest of the Japanese bamboos, perfectly
hardy in England, where it is very commonly grown. It is mainly an ornamental
and should be planted in small clumps. Its peculiar attraction lies in tlie large, per-
sistent, or semipersistent sheaths, which do not fall off until the shoots are mature.
It spreads rapidly, but for several years the young shoots are likely to be small. In
Kew, Mitford says, this species has grown to a height of 18 feet, and I have seen
specimens in Japan 20 feet high. It is a very showy form and one which is worthy
a place in any collection of bamboos. It is not a forest type, and should be planted
in clumps of three or four plants. So far as I know, little use is made of this species
in Japan. It should be planted in sheltered locations, in fertile, mellow soil, and
given especial care for the first two or three winters." {Fairchild. )

9051. Phyllostachys ruscifolia. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 994, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Bungozasa. "A small species of bamboo, not over 2 feet high. The plants sent
are designed for trial along the banks of irrigation canals in California and else-
where. The species is said to l)e an excellent sand binder and cajjable of forming a
thick mat of pretty green foliage and an indestructible mass of interwoven roots and
rhizomes. Plant 6 feet apart each way on the slopes of the canal l)ank and give
attention until well estal)lished. This may prove of considerable value for making
the banks of canals pern.ianent. It will probably withstand considerable drought,
and it forms a very prettv mat of foliage on slopes or under the shade of conifers in
parks. It is not an uncommon species in England, and is also slightly known in
America. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

9052. Phyllostachys aurea. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild.
(No. 995, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Hotei-chiku or Horai-chiku. "The so-called 'golden' bamboo; a misnomer, as the
culms are no more deep yellow in color than those of other sorts. It is distinguished
by the short internodes at the base of the culm. It is an ornamental and the species
most used for canes and fishing rods. It should be planted in clumps of not less
than 15 plants for ornamental effect or for propagation. It is hardier than J'hyllm-
tachys mitifi and probably one of the hardiest species in Japan. The sprouts are said
to be of a better flavor than those of the real edible species, though this fact is not
commonly known. In England this species grows to a height of 14 feet 6 inches,
Mitford says. It is a much smaller species than P. mifi.^, P. (juilioi, or F. ]ienonl.%
but worthy of a place in every bamboo collection." {Fairchild.)

9053. Bambusa veitchit. ' Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 997, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Kuma-zasa. "A bamboo eminently suited for planting under conifers on lawns to
form a dense mass of foliage. The edges of the leaves in this species die in winter and
turn light yellow, giving them a striking landscape effect. Worth trying on embank-
ments of canals in California. Not less than 50 plants should be planted in a place,
say, 2 feet apart each way. For the slopes of embankments or roadways it produces
remarkably pretty effects. It is used here in Japan very extensively for this pur-

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 247

pose, and is also said to he a vei y Roocl ^iml l)in(UT, Imt will prohal)ly not stand
drought or salt water. It spreads verv rapidly, hut if it tinvatens to hec-ouie tniui)k'-
some^hv spri-adinjr, a ditch 2 feet wide hy 2 feet deep, kept open hy ocrasional
rediK^'in^', will prevent its •retting heyond control. A species whose value is ni its
deco'iative and sand-hinding character. It is said to he quite hardy in England."
{Fairchild.)

9054. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 998, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Shakitiiin. "A broad-leaved species of bamboo which resembles in habit Bamhnsa
veitclili, only the stems are nuich taller and the leaves are larger. It is suited for
planting on embankments and under trees on a lawn to form a decorativi' mass of
foliage. It is said to come from the Hokkaido and to be very hardy. It should be
planted in lots of ten or more. In the Hokkaido the culms are used for pipe stems
and a host of other objects where a small, hard, flinty pipe is desired. I can not
find that this is commonlv known in i^urope under this name, though it comes near
Mitford's description of Bainhnsd pulnmta, which he says is a striking ornamental
species and evidently hardy; at least he says nothing to the contrary. It grows to a
height of 5 feet." (Fairchild. )

9055. Bambusa vulgaris. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 999, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Taisau-chiku (?). "A tender variety of bandx)o for Florida. This species comes
from the hottest part of Japan and is the only species of the shipment not hardy.
Its wood is said to be useful, though inferior to that of the hardy species. This may
prove a different variety from those already in Florida under this specific name.
Should be planted in lots of at least five." {Fairchild.)

9056. Bambusa alphonse karri. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1000, August 9, 1902), November, 1902.

Suwochiku, or Suochiku. "A species of striped bamboo which is considered by Mit-
ford as tender in England. It is an exceedingly pretty species and worthy of trial
in clumps in Florida and southern California, where it should grow to a height of
10 feet. When young the culms appear in autumn of a purplish color, traversed
with green stripes. This should be distributed in lots of at least 10 plants." {Fair-
child.)

9057. Arundinaria hindsii. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1001, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Kanzan-chikd. "A species of bamboo which is commonly grown in clumps near
the houses of the peasants in Japan. It forms a very pretty clump from 12 to 17
feet high and, although Mitford says his specimens were cut down to the ground by
a severe winter, they grew up again^ showing the species is not really tender. Should
be tried in Florida,' Arizona, or southern California. So far as I know, no' use is
made of this species except that of broom making." {Fairchild.)

9058. Arundinaria HINDSII var..GRAMiNE A. Bamboo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1010, August, 1902), November, 1902.

Taimin-chiku. "A very decorative, narrow-leaved species of bamboo which is
used in Japan for hedges and ornamental clumps. It grows 10 to 12 feet high and
forms a dense thicket of slender stems. The foliage is narrow and grasslike and
resembles, though it is narrower, that of Arundinaria hindsii, No. 9057. It is a very
common form and is used for making baskets used in pressing oil from various seeds.
It is probably less hardy than other forms like Phylloslachys qidlioi." {Fairchild.)

248

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9059. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM.

Potato.

From Callao, Peru. Secured by Mr. Joseph C. Cree, United States vice-consul,
October, 1902.
Papas amarillas. One-half bushel of native yellow potatoes.

9060. Myrica fata.

From Fayal, Azores Islands. Presented by Hon. Moyses Benarus, United States
consular agent.

This shrub or small tree grows on the sandy shores of these and other subtropical
islands.

9061 to 9082.

From Buenos Ayres, Argentina. Presented by Senor Carlos D. Girola, chief of
the division of agriculture. Received September 15, 1902.

A collection of seeds, as follows:

9061. Carex darwixii.

9062. Carex decidua.

9063. Carex haematorrhynca.

9064. Carex macloviana.

9065. Carex pseudocyperus.

9066. Jacaraxda cuspidifolia.

9067. libocedrus chilensis.

9068. schinus dentatus.

9069. ScHiNUs DEPEXDENs var.

PATAGONICA.

9070. SCHINUS MONTANA.

9071. Tecoma sp.

9072. Aristotelia macqui.

9073. Chorisia insignis.

9074. Cocos australis.

9075. Cocos YATAY.

9076. Exterolobium timbouva.

9077. Exterolobium timbouva.

9078. Feijoa sellowiana.

9079. Larrea xitida.

9080. ]\Iachaerium fertile.

9081. Prosopis denudans.

9082. PiPTADENIA MACROCARPA.

9083 to 9122.

From Nice, France. Presented bv Mr. A. Robertson-Proschowsky. Received
October 24, 1902.

A collection of seeds, as follows:

9083. Acacia armata.

9084. Acacia cyanophylla.

9085. Acacia farnesiana.

9086. Albizzia moluccana.

9087. Albizzia odoratissima.

9088. Anchusa italica.

9089. asy'stasia bella.

9090. Ceanothus azureus.

9091. COBAEA scandens.

9092. COMMELIXA coelestis.

9093. coroxilla atlantica.

9094. cuphea ignea.

9095. cupiiea selenoides.

9096. Cupressus sempervirens.

9097. Cyperus papyrus.

9098. DioTis CAXDinissiMA.

9099. Eriobotrya .taponica.

" From large fruits of very good
quality. ' ' ( Proschotrslnj. )

9100. Eryxgium agavefolium.

SEPTEMBER, 1900, To DKCEMHER, litO.l.

24\)

9083 to 9122 Continued.

9101. Ill I'ATOKIl M ATKORrBENS.

"Very remarkable leaves and
H( I wers. ' ' ( I'roxrfioirxl:;/. )

9102. GeXI.STA MOXOSPER.MA.

"A very ornamental bnsh."

(Pi-osrhoirsl:!/. )

9103. IkIS (iEKM.VNMCA.

Varieties.

9104. luiS SIHKKICA.

Varieties.

9105. KsirnoFiA ai.oides var.

Nol'.ll.lS.

9106. LaNTANA KADl'LA.

9107. Lkspeokza nicoi.oR.

9108. LlNARIA saxatii.is (?).

9109. MaLVA SVLVE.STRIS.

9110. Mariscts natalkxsis.

9111. MeLALEI'CA LEICADEND-

rox.

9112. NoliH llAKTi: IIAMOSA.

9113. OlTXTIA (;VMN<H AIU'A.

"A very large and ornainentai
cactns with delicious fruit."
( f'roschowshj. )

9114. OsVRIS ALBA.

9115. Pelargoxum zonale.
Varieties.

9116. PlloKMUM TKXAX.

"Koliaj^e variegated, very beau-
tiful." ( ProxchdHKk!/. )

9117. I'lIVCELirS CAI'ENSIS.

9118. I'oDAt MAENIl M rAXIClII.A-
TIM.

" Very ornamental." {J'roschov:-

9119. HiviNA niMii.is.

9120. SOLAXI'M ERVTHROCARP-
I'M.

9121. Sor.AXiM sp.

9122. StERCTLIA AtERIFOLIA.

9123 and 9124.

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., November
3, 1902.

9123. Olea laurifolia. 9124. Olea verrixosa.

9125. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Kharkof, in the Rtarobelsk district, Russia. Received through .Mr. K. A.
Bessey (No. 10«, July 2r>, 1902), November 4. 1902.

Kharkof. "Red, bearded, hard winter wheat from the Starobelsk district of the
government of Kharkof. This is similar to the A7(^n7.v;/' wheat obtained last year,
but from a region where the winters are mucli drier." (/iV.w*/. )

9126. Balsamorhiza sagittata.

From Bridges Peak, Mont. Received through Mr. \'. K. Chesnut, of this
Department, November 5, 1902.

9127 and 9128.

From Santiago, Chile. Presented by Seflor Federico Albert, chief of the section
of zoological and botanical investigations, department of industries and public
works. Received No vendjer 12, 1902.

9127. LixnRAEA aroerinha.

9128. Per-sea lingue.

250 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9129. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Padi, Saratov government, Russia. Received through Mr. E. A. Be.sse}'
(No. 109, July 25, 1902), November 15, 1902.

Winter wheat. "A softish, light-colored wheat, with smooth heads. Said to have
been originally grown from the Hungarian Banat, but is somewhat darker colored
and harder. ' ' ( Besseij. )

9130. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Naples, Italy. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1076) . Sample received by mail November 28, 1902; 300 kilos received Decem-
ber 10, 1902.

Saragolla. "Wheat grown in the province of Apulia, along the Adriatic coast of
southern Italy. This wheat is esteemed by the producers of the famous (jragnano
macaroni as the best in the world for the production of a delicate, tine-flavored
product. It has not the strength of the Taganrog varieties, which, owing to the
small quantity of native wheat securable, are imported into Italy for semola-making
purposes. It has, however, a better flavor, I am told, and the yield of semola from
it is greater per weight of grain than from any of the imported hard wheats. It,
therefore, sells from 1.25 to 1.75 lire per quintal (100 kilos) higher than imported
wheats, which have to pay an import cluty as well. Macaroni made from this variety
of wheat will not keep as long as that made from Taganrog sorts and is more liable
to the attacks of insects, but for quick consumption (three to six months) it is con-
sidered superior, and the gourmets of Naples order their macaroni made of the Sara-
golla wheat. The climate of the region about Foggia, where the best of this variety
is said to be grown, is one of the driest in Italy — only 18 inches of rainfall in the
year — and the soil is said to be stiff l)ut impregnated with lime — i. e., calcareous.
This variety deserves the attention of American macaroni-wheat growers. As it
comes from a region where the winters are mild, it will probably not prove hardy as
a winter wheat north of the thirty-flfth parallel of latitude. The summer tempera-
ture of Apulia is high, but not commonly over 100° F. The heavy rains occur in
autumn, spring, and winter." [Fairchild.)

9131. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From Dzhizak, a town about 100 miles northwest of Samarcand, on the railroad.
Obtained through the Samarcand representatives of Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt
by Mr. E. A. Bessey (No. 118, August 30, 1902). Received December 1, 1902.

Chul hidai (or hugdai), meaning dejipe wheat. "This grain is grown on the Steppes
without irrigation. The grains are hard, but it is not T. dm-iim (according to Mr. Schif-
ron). This variety yields two harvests a year, for it can be sown as either a winter or
spring wheat. If the former, the harvest comes in July ; if the latter, the harvest comes
in September. If sown in the spring, it is sown just as soon as the snow melts. The
spring-sown is the most certain to yield a good crop, for the fall-sown must depend
upon the rather uncertain snows. This seed, however, is from the fall-sown seed,
being obtained in July. It is selected from over 1,000 poods offered for sale and is
remarkably clean and free from foreign .seeds for this region." [Bexsey.)

9132. Citrus nobilis X Citrus bigaradia. Tangerine.

From ]Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Govciiiment
Botanist. Received December 3, 1902.

Clementine.

9133. HoRDEUM DiSTiCHUM NUTANS. Barley.

From Fort Atkinson, Wis. Received through Ex-Governor W. D. Hoard, Decem-
ber 5, 1902.

Hanna. Grown from No. 5793.

9134. ]MusA TEXTiLis. Manila hemp.

From IVIanila, P. I. Presented by Mr. W. S. Lyon, of the Insular Bureau of
Agriculture, to ]Mr. L. H. Dewey, Assistant Botanist, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. Received December 15, 1902.

SEFTEMBER, li»0(), TO DECEMBER, 1903. 251

9135 to 9146. Oi'iJNTiA sj). Tuna.

From Mexico. Received through Dr. Edward Paluier (Nos. 1 to 12), December
U», U»02.

A collection of seeds as followa:

9135.

Amarillox. "One of the finest of the Mansa forms of tuna and well suite«l
to the use of travelers, being large and containing sufficient water to quench
the thirst. Outride it is amber-yellow in color; inside it is decidedly amber
or with orange patches. Very productive fruit of this form will be found in
the market up to December. The flesh is firm, with the flavor of boiled car-
rots with :i large admixture of sugar." {Palmer.) (No. 1.)

9136.

Cardoud. " Nine pears of this variety sold in the San Luis I'olosi market for
1 cent. It is a small, rich, sweet fruit. The flesh is blotched with maroon
and red. The commonest and most useful of all the tunas, yielding a fair
supply in December. This fruit is nmch used in making a summer drink
known as 'colonche,' which is largely in use. (^na^o de tuna, tuna cheese,
is a round cake made from Tuna rardo. The fruit is divested of its jacket ancl
then rubbed through an earthenware strainer and the resulting mass is cooked
six hours, then worked (like candy) until all the heat is expelled, and then
jiut into round frames to harden. This is a conmiercial article all over Mexico.
The tuna Cardona contains sugar enough to preser\-e it." {Palmer. ) (No. 2. )

9137.

Diiram'dlo Blanco (little white peach tuna). "Sold in the market of San Luis
Potosi, 25 for 1 cent. This tuna is eaten entire, not having its rind removed.
The seeds are compacted in a wad to resemble a peach stone. It is but a second
class fruit. Inside it resembles a white freestone jieach, firm, acid-sweet, with
water-colored pulp. Its'rind is canary-colored outside. I think this tuna
would make a good pickle." {Palmer.) (No. 3.)

9138.

Dnrasndio (Jolorado, or little red peach tuna. "Sold 25 fori cent in the
market of San Luis Potosi. The fruit is eaten entire. Fine acid-sweet, much
relished by some. Has the flavor of some late freestone peaches. It is rose-
colored on the outside and a rose-pink inside ( with a fleecy white spot near the
base and also at the apex of the fruit). The seeds are compacted inside in a
mass to resemble a peach stone. I think this would make a good pickle."
{Palmer.) (No. 4.)

9139.

Cuejas. "Sold 30 for 1 cent in the market at San Luis Potosi. A remark-
ably juicy fruit, with a delightful acid taste, which might make it suitable for
wine and a fine jelly. The fruit is first dark mauve, then rich maroon, a color
fine for wine and jelly. It is considered but a second-class fruit; nevertheless
all that come to the market are consumed." {Palmer. ) (No. 5. )

9140.

Cameosa. "A Mansa form, sold in the market of San Luis Potosi 9 for 1
cent. A fine rich fruit with a watermelon flavor, and very juicy, making it
fine for a breakfast fruit. Inside it has white patches intermixed with its
mealy, tempting pulp, which is rich reddish crimson in color. The exterior
is a pink crimson. This much prized fruit is abundant until the end of Octo-
ber." {Palmar.) (No. 6.)

9141.

Mansa Colorado. "Sold in the market of San Luis Potosi 4 for 1 cent. Old
fruit is a dark mauve on the outside and bright maroon inside. A juicy, agree-
able fruit which might make a good wine. At the base is a white patch, and
at the apex under the skin is a circle of rose color. Many consider this equal
in quality to any tuna. Disappears from market at the end of October."
{Palmer.) (No. 7.)

252 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9135 to 9146— Continued.
9142.

Bhmcamansa. "Sold in the market of San Luis Potosi in pilen of 7 for 1
cent. The fruit is greenish-white outside and a lighter white ( with an icy
looii) inside. An agreeable juicy flavor renders it fine for early meals. It has
rather a thin skin, and is one of the choicest tunas. Out of season at end of
October." {Palmer.) (No. 8.)

9143.

Toconodle. "Fruit resembling a peach, with seed compacted in the center
to represent the stone. The outside is a soft green when the fruit is young
and of a salmon color when it is older. The flesh is solid and has an acid
taste. Marmalade is made of it by removing the rin<l and seed core, boiling
in water to remove the .sourness, an<l cooking in sugar in the usual manner for
marmalade. The fruit is also eaten chopped uj) and fried, (iood pii'kles are
said to be made of it. It is also cut into pieces and put into soups or boiled
with vegetables and meats, and can be preserved in the ordinary way. It is
also candied to represent white Smyrna figs, being first boiled in water (after
the seeds have been removed from the apex) and then in sugar the usual
way for candied fruit." {Palmer.) .(No. 9.)

9144.

Chavana. "Sold 10 for 1 cent in the market of San Luis Potosi. The fruit
is a dark -mauve color outside and lighter colored inside. The rind is rather
thick. The fleshy parts represent lines of white circles, which contain the
seeds, and between which are lines of light mauve pulp. The core is decid-
edly white. The flesh has a rich, sweet, juicy taste like no other tuna; may
be nearest to a rich, juicy apple. This is a wild variety. Can be used for
preserves and marmalade. It seems to be next to Cardona in the amount of
sugar it contains. " {Palmer.) (No. 10. )

9145.

CaMilla Colorado. "In the market of San Luis Potosi 10 of these large, mag-
nificent fruits can l)e bought for 1 cent. Purjile-mauve on the outside, rich
crimson inside, but the two i-nds of the fruit are inclined to be carmine at first;
but in the fully mature fruit of a rich claret hue. The juice might pass for
claret wine. One of the largest, showiest, and richest flavored, and perhaps
equal in flavor to the richest pear. It is one of the rarest tunas, and is soon
out of the market." {Palmer.) (No. 11.)

9146.

Blanea Castalimt. "Four sold in the market of San Luis Potosi for 1 cent.
Yellow-white on the outside, but of an icy whiteness inside. Flesh solid, not
as moist as some of the Mansas, and with a very agreeable watermelon taste.
It is large, and has a rather thin skin. There seems to be considerable sugar
in the fruit. Abundant in the market until the end of October, when it begins
to disappear." {Palmer.) (No. 12. )

9147 to 9160. Phaseolus sp. Bean.

From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received through Dr. Edward Palmer, Decem-
ber 19, 1902.

A collection of selected "frijoles" as follows:

9147,

Amarillo. "A third-class bean, said to be of good flavor. For trial in New
Mexico, Arizona, and southern California." {Palmer.)

9148.

Ballo. "A first-class bean, the leader in quality, and greatly admired, par-
ticularly by the rich. It is a good producer, fair sized, and light in color,
which latter quality should warrant its trial in the United States. It should
be tried in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California." {Pahmr.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 253

9147 to 9160— Continued.

9149.

Bcirndo. "A f<econd-cla.ss bean; not without merit, however, as it has a
large number of purchasers. When the beans are ol<l they are nuich darlier
than when new. Plant just before a rain. For trial in New Mexico, Arizona,
and southern California." (Palmer.)

9150.

lUdiico hohtdor. "A third-class bean, but may improve with cultivation.
Only two lots were seen on the markets. It is generally eaten when no better
bean can be had. After being boiled it is sometimes fried in lard. It resem-
bles our lima bean. It should be tried in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern
California. ' ' ( I'ahuer. )

9151.

lionnlo. " Rated as a second-cla.ss bean, though it is good when fried. It
has many purchasers. The variations shown in the piles in the market prove
that it crosses freely. For trial in New Mexico, Anzona, and southern Cali-
fornia." [Palmer.)

9152.

Blanco. " A third-class bean which does not seem to be a favorite. It
closely resembles the white bean of the Ignited States, and I refused to eat it
if any colored beans w^ere on lian«l. Grows with a small amount of water.
For trial in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California." {Palmer.)

9153.

Balh almo halln ( Cacaguaie, peanut bean ) . "This bean resembles the kernel
of a peanut. It is a first-class bean, relished by many for its flavor, and as it
is of a light t-olor may be a good one to cultivate. Try in New Mexico, Ari-
zona, and southern California. ' ' ( Palmer. )

9154.

Color de Rosa. "A second-class bean, and yet ther(> are many who prefer it.
It seems to cross freely, judging from the ' half castes ' in the piles of beans on
the market. Should be tried in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Cali-
fornia." {Palmer.)

9155.

(iarhandllo. "A first-class bean i)referred l>y many, as it has a ricli Havor.
It is white, and on that account might claim recognition by those wIkj like no
other color, however high the quality. It grows freely on the table-lands of
Mexico, and therefore might grow upon our plains and surpass our white bean
in quality and productiveness. Should succeed in Utah." (Palmer. )

9156.

Grullito. " A tirst-class bean in every respect, and has only the Ballo as a
rival according to most people. It is said to yield bountifully. It should be
tried in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California." (Palmer.)

9157.

Gnu/o. "A second-class bean which -seems to be a good producer. For
trial in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California." (Palmer.)

9158.

Guevo de Vieja. "A second-class bean, not abundant in the market. For
trial in New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California." (Palmar.)

9159.

Negro. * ' Rated as a third-class bean. It is grown only in the tropics, where
no other bean thrives well. There it is appreciated. This sample came from
Veracruz and was the purest in the market, either as regards adulteration or
crossing. As a personal choice for permanent food, I should select this bean,
as it has a satisfying quality to it. For trial in southern part of Florida."
(Palmer.)

254 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9147 to 9160 — Continued.

9160.

tSlguino. "A second-class l>eau, used a great deal. For trial in New Mexico,
Arizona, and southern California." {Palmer.)

9161. PtRUS LONGIPE8.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Bota-
nist. Received December 23, 1902.

9162. Edgeworthia gardneri. Paper plant.

From Shizuoka, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

1008, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Mitsmnala. * ' The paper plant, from which some of the finest Japanese paper is
made. This fine paper is imported in large and increasing quantities into America,
where it is used for legal paper, stocks and bonds, deeds, diplomas, etc. This plant
requires especial attention, and a bulletin on its culture has appeared — B. P. I. Bulle-
tin No. 42. In Japan the seeds are kept in bags of palm sheath fiber in a shallow
hole in the floor of a house or shed, which is covered with boards to keep it dark.
In planting in the spring, sow in rows in rich garden soil, and when several inches
high transplant to nursery rows, and cultivate until large enough to plant out in per-
manent locations. It may, however, be jilanted out when only 8 to 9 inches high.
The plant is semihardy, but is often given protection, even in Japan. A frost of 6
or more degrees will not kill it, as it is a deciduous plant. It seems to adapt itself
to a variety of soils, and I believe it can be grown in arid regions by irrigation; at
least it is worthy of trial in them. The paper pulp yielded by the bark is four times
as valuable as ordinary wood pulp in Japan, and makes a quality of paper which for
many uses is immeasurably superior to our wood pulp or even rag papers. This
whole question of producing a bast paper in America is one worthy the serious con-
sideration of our cultivators in the South. In Japan the cultivation of this species is
increasing rapidly, I am told, and the consumption by foreigners of these fine Mitsu-
viata papers is larger every year. The attempt to find out where the plant will grow
should be made by the distribution of small potted plants rather than of seeds, and
one of the main objects of this first importation of seeds is to discover how far north
the plant will prove hardy. The bush grows about 6 feet high, is decorative, and is
sometimes planted for its pretty yellow flowers." (Fairchild.)

9163. Edgeworthia gardneri. Paper plant.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1011, August, 1902), January 6, 1903, and February 28, 1903.

(See No. 9162 for description.)

9164. Myrica nagi.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

1009, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Yamamomo. " Plants of the best variety of this fruit species. (See No. 9314. ) The
best kind, i. e., that producing the largest fruit, has serrated leaves, I am informed.
Entire leaved fomis produce smaller, scarcely edible fruits. This is a very slow-
growing tree, which will not i^roduce fruit for six or seven years. Possibly a few
fruits will be produced in four years from these trees." {Fairchild.)

9165. WiCKSTROEMiA CANESCENS. Paper plant.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1012, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Gampi. "A species of tree from which the noted Gampi paper is made. This
plant has never been cultivated in Japan, but grows wild in the mountains of the
provinces of Yamato, Ise, Mino, etc. The demand for the bark is so great that the
plant is being killed out. The paper made from its bark is the toughest, finest, silkiest
paper in the world, and is used for the manufacture of letter press-copying books, etc.
In America many of these Japanese letter books are in use, and the export of this Gampi

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 255

paper is an important one for Japan. The plant will probably do best in the moun-
tains of the South, anil tlie young plants should be distributed to such persons as can
give them a trial by setting them (mt, a few in a place, to ascertain how hardy the
species is. The plant is easily propagated by root cuttings, and this method should
be used to secure a small forest of it. The species runs readily by means of shoots
from the root, and trees 2 inches in diameter were not unusual before the big demand
set up for this delicate dampi paper. Now it is ditticult, it is said, to find trees of
more than a few feet in height. If this species can be brought into forest cultivation
it will add to the market a paper pulp of the greatest value." {Fairchild.)

9166. A K ALIA CORDATA. Udo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1013, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

Kan I 'do. "Seed of a new salad plant called Udo. This is described in B. P. I.
Bulletin No. 42. It is a delicate, new salad which should find a most acceptable
place on the tables of well-to-do Americans, for it comes into season in October
and November. It is as crisp as celery, and has a refreshing flavor quite its own."
( Fairchild. )

9167. Aralia CORDATA. Udo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1014, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Kan Udo. "Roots of the same variety of Udo as No. 9166. For description see
B. P. I. Bulletin No. 42. This variety should be given a different treatment from
that given to No. 9168, Moyashi Udo.'' {Fairchild.)

9168. Aralia cordata. Udo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1016, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Moyashi Udo. ' ' Young roots of the forcing Udo, a new salad plant of great promise.
These roots should be kept packed in straw, where they will not dry out nor mold,
in a cool storage plai-e until next spring, when they should be planted out in rows
2 by 3 feet apart, and cultivated all sununer as potatoes are cultivated. In the
autumn, after the leaves die, the old roots are dug and packed closely together in the
bottom of a trench 2 feet deep, and covered with leaf-mold and rich loam to force
them into growth. The blanched shoots, 2-3 feet long and as big as a man's thumb,
are as tender as celery, and make a delicious salad if shaved and served with a French
dressing. This forcing variety is likely to be useful throughout the South. See
B. P. I. Bulletin No. 42." {Fairchild. )

9169. Aralia cordata. Udo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1016a, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Moyashi Udo. " Old roots, which should be planted out next spring in rows 2 by 3
feet apart, cultivated all the season, and next winter forced by burying in a trench,
as has been described for No. 9168. These old roots will produce good-sized shoots
the first winter's forcing, while young roots will produce only a few small ones."
( Fairchild. )

9170 to 9199. Prunus pseudo-cerasus var. hortensis.

Flowering cherries.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1017, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

"A collection of the different varieties of flowering cherries from a noted grower in
Tokyo— Mr. Takagi. There are hundreds of slightly different sorts of this flowering
cherry, which is, as is well known, the favorite flower of the Japanese. It is incon-
ceivable that Europeans and Americans have not followed the example of this race
of flower lovers and planted long avenues or whole hillsides with this superbly
beautiful plant. As an avenue tree in summer, the cherry would not be a success
except when mingled with some other sort, but its beauty during the spring months

29861— No. 66—05 17

256

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

warrants its being planted in big masses in our large parks instead of as single, isolated
trees. The beauty of the cherry trees of Japan lies in the fact that there are miles
of them or acres of them in bloom at once. Great care should be taken to keep the
names of the varieties straight, to enable other plants to be ordered if desired later.
These flowering cherries can be grafted on our wild cherry or on any good cherry
stock. Single, double, and weeping sorts are included in this shipment. A list
follows." {Fairdukl.)

9170.

Nam Sakura,

9171.

Osldogun.

9172.

Chioshiu hisakura.

9173.

Oyataa fugin.

9174.

YohM.

9175.

Kuramayama.

9176.

Ito Kukuri.

9177.

Surugadai nioi.

9178.

Ogasa yama.

9179.

Gozanomai

9180.

Ichio.

9181.

Daijen.

9182.

Botun sakura

9183.

OcJdochin.

9185.

Horinshi.

9186.

Amayadori.

9187.

Yedosakrira.

9188.

Ouchisakura.

9189.

Shiogama.

9190.

Higurashi.

9191.

Baurlko.

9192.

Rui arashi.

9193.

Tamamari.

9194.

Ukon.

9195.

Kangosan.

9196.

Murasaki sakura.

9197.

Gayeakehono.

9198.

Shirofugin.

9199.

Sikigan.

Japanese plum.

9184.

Omanogaiva.

9200. Prunus mume.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1018, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

RinsMu. ' ' The favorite variety used for stocks by the Japanese nurserymen . This
is worthy of trial as a vigorous, resistant stock upon which to bud both European and
American varieties of plum. It should be tried by nurserymen interested in the

SKITKMBEK, 1!KH», To DKCKMHKU. \W:\. 257

i|uoetion (if tlic infliuMiff of tin- stuck uii the scion. Tlic fruit of tin- .lapaiu'st- apri-
cot is used principally for |>ickliii<r pnriiosts. Tlu* trees arc unusually \ i;;oroiis grow-
ers, heavy hearers, and are coiisidereii the hest fonmiercial plnin trees of the Ume
class in the nursery re<rion of Ikeda, .lapan." ( FnircliihI.)

9201. I'uuNis TOMKNTOSA. Japanese cherry.

From Tokvo, Japan Kcci'ived through Messrs. Lathrop and Kairchild (No.
1015, .\ugust, l!t02|, Kehruary L'S, ltK«.

".\ decorative cherry with fruit.s tlie size of a large pea and .sespile, or nearly so,
on the long, slender hranches. The fruit.s are ediMe, hut not of good (piality. For
hreeders and a.s an ornamental species. The fruits have a considerahle amount of
pulp on them and are much more delicate than those of the American choke cherry."
(Fairchild.)

9202 to 9210. Prunus triflor.v. Japanese plum.

From Yokohama, .lapan. Receiveil throuirh Messrs. Uithroi) and l'\iirchild
(No. 1019, August, 1!)02), January (1, IW.i.

"Fruiting plums of the //'»/fn(/.7/() class, (ireat confusion exists in the nomencla-
ture of these .Japanese plums. The Jfntdulci/o cla-ss is often confu.seii with the Ii<>t<iii/,i/i>.
The early rijiening sorts are sometimes called JlattDiki/o; the late rijiening kirxls
Biilanki/ii. They are the largest of the true plums of .Japan, and have a smooth skin
like the Fnropean .species. Said to he shy hearers and not as profitahle for commer-
cial jnirpo-ses as the Sinriomo class of small-sized, thin-skinned, .«oft-Heslied fruit.
These Ilnt'inki/os or Hatanhios are somewhat like the //('/7;n»A' and Wicksoii in type.
They are hard fleshed, and make the hest stewe<l i)lums I have ever eaten. A list
of the varieties follows." {Fairchild. ) (See also Nos. 9222 and 9223.)

9202. 9207.

Okutsno. Ohatankyo.

9203. 9208.

Funigiya. Rimjotane.

9204. 9209.

Nakatcsumomo. TIaknbotan.

9205. 9210.
Hackioji. Benibotan.

9206.

Suikaviomo.

9211 to 9216. Prunus mume, Japanese plum.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1020, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

"One-year-old plants of the Vine class of Japanese plums. These are quite differ-
ent from European and American plum varieties, having a short but distinct jiubes-
cence. The fruit is exceedingly sour and is not designecl for table use, except in the
form of pickles'. These pickles are the sourest things I have ever tasted, and are
consumed in large quantities in Japan, being pickled with the leaves of a labiate,
Perilla argnta, which give the plums a reddish color and aromatic taste. They are
not much relished by Europeans, because of their intensely sour flavor. This class
of plunis is well known in America among breeders, but a collection of the different
varieties will doubtless be acceptable for purposes of comparison. It is more like
the apricot plum than anything else." (Fairchild.)

9217 to 9220. Amygdalus persica. Japanese peach.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathroj) and Fairchild
(No. 1021, August, 1902), January 6, 190.3.

"A collection of one-year-old plants of Japanese peach varieties. There are a num-
ber of distinct varieties of these Japanese peaches, and some are fairly sweet and

258 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

many are unusually juicy. It is not possible for me to say how recently these sorts
may have been introduced into Japan from China. A list of the varieties follows."

( Fair child. )

9217. 9219.

Hayibei. Kintoki.

9218. 9220.

Nasehi maru. Mizumito.

9221. Amygdalus persica. Nectarine.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1022, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Chosen or Korean nectarine. "A freestone variety, with smooth, almost greasy
skin, which is sold everywhere in the markets in July in .Japan. It is a juicy,
white-fleshed sort, bitter near the stone, but with a decided and agreeable peach
flavor. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

9222 and 9223. Prunus triflora. Japanese plum.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1019, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

(These two varieties were incorrectly labeled " L. & F., No. 1017," and packed with
that lot. ) ( See Nos. 9202 to 9210. )

9222. 9223.

Kowase. Yome momo.

9224. Aralia cordata. Udo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1016, August, 1902), January 6, 1903:

Moyashi udo. A new salad plant of great promise. (See No. 9168.)

9225. ViCIA GEMELLA.

From Yokohama, Japan. Secured by Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (not num-
bered) through the Yokohama Nursery Company. Received February 28, 1903.

9226. Lagenaria sp. Gourd.

From Yokohama, Japan. Presented by the Yokohama Nursery Company.
Packed with seeds secured by Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received Feb-
ruary 28, 1903.

Kanpio gourd.

9227. Pueraria thunbergiana. Kudzu.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1023, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

Kudzu. "This broad-leaved, perennial, leguminous climber is well known in
America, being often seen in private gardens where it is used as an arbor plant or to
produce tropical effects by allowing it to grow over the tops of bushes or low-growing
trees. For this i)urpose alone it is a valuable plant. In Japan the fleshy roots are
use<i for starch making and the foliage is cut and fed to cattle for fodder. Whole
hillsides are sometimes covered with, this plant in Japan, where it grows wild, and
in these regions its foliage is utilized for fodder purposes and a fine quality of starch
is made from its roots. It should be tested as a fodder-producing plant in waste
places. The seed should be sown in a seed bed and the young plants set out in rich
soil. I am told it does not withstand "much drought." \Fairchild.)

SKPTKMUKR, IWO, TO DKCKMHEK, l!MV{. 25*.!

9228. 1*1 KRAIJIA rilUNHKlKJlANA. Kudzu.

Kruiu Yokoliaina, Japan. Received thnuigli Miwrs. l^itlirup aii-l Fairc-liiM
(No. 1024, AuKVisf, 1902), January •">, li»0:i.

''Kiiihn nxjts fur trial as a fudiU-r jtlant. Tln'se roots should lie planted in asinirlf
plat al)OUt 5 feet apart eacli way and tin- vines allowed U> ^muw over the ;:r(>nnd in all
ilirerti()ns. It is po.-^sihle that hy repeatedly ( iittin.-r the slmots haek hefore they are
too toutrh a eontinuons supply of fo<lderniay ite secured. The i»lant is a le^'unnnuus
one and may be of service for l)reeders." ( FuhrhUd. )

9229. Medicaoo denticulata.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1025, August, Ut02), January 6, 190:5.

Ijihi (joiiiixhi. "A biennial wild-foddi-r Mriliruijn with yellow (lowers, which grows
2 feet in height. Its stems are said to be highly relished by horses, which eat them
gree<lily in the spring. So far as I have observed the plant is not cultivateil."
(Fairchild.)

9230. Lesi'EDEZa bueroeri.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Me.«srs. Lathrop an<l Fairchild
(No. 1026, August, 1902), February 28, 190;}.

No Iltuji. "The species of Ho(ji in Japan are especially jtrized for ornamental
purposes and their sunnner and autumn flowers are used extensively for decoration.
This species, the So llcji, is saiil to be a good fodder plant, but how it is used 1 have
been unable to discover. It is a low, bushy, hardy pireunial." (FairrhihI.)

9231. JuGLANS REGIA. Walnut.

From Shanghai, China Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
95:}, May 10, 1902), January 0, 190:i.

"A variety of walnut bought on the market in Shanghai. This variety is said to
be eaten all the year round by the Chinese. I could not llnd from which jirovince
it came." {Fairchild.)

9232. JuGLAXS REGIA. Walnut.

From Hongkong, China. Received through ]\Iessrs. Lathrop and Fairchild,
January 6, 190:i

These few nuts are from a lot secured by Mr. 11. Suzuki, of the Yokohama
Nursery Company, Yokohama, Japan, and may be slightly different from No. 92:il.

9233. Prunus triflora. Japanese plum.

From Ikeda, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild ( No. 908 ) ,
January 6, 1903.

Hatankyo. "A special sort of this common variety of plum. This fruit has a
decided red blush upon it and is not of that translucent yellow which is said to
characterize the sort in other parts of Japan. In flavor it leaves a good deal to be
desired." [Fairchild.)

9234. Thermopsis fabacea.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1030), from the Yokohama Nursery Company. Received February 28, 1903.

Sendai Hagi. "Seed of this yelloAV flowered variety, 1 foot high, perennial, said
to be very showy." {Fairchild.)

9235. Prunus triflora? Japanese plum.

From Ikeda, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 969),
January 6, 1903.

Gunnji. "A small fruited sort, 1 inch in diameter, bought in the orchard. Though
differing little from No. 92:^6, it seems well to keep them apart. This is a vinous

260 • SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

flavored variety, flattened in shape, with thin, sour skin, rich flavored flesh, and
altogether the most dehcate phun I have eaten in Japan, though not to l)e compared
with a good variety of Fnmus domestkn. It is said to be the best paying plum in
Ikeda, the plum-growing center of Japan." ( FaircMld. )

9236. Prunus TEiFLORA? Japanese plum.

From Ikeda, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
970, July 5, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Gnanji. "Seeds bought on the market. This is essentially the same as No. 9235,
though the fruit is somewhat larger and not quite so sweet. It is e^adently one of
the principal market plums, for one sees it everywhere, whether under this or some
other name. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

9237. ViCIA HIRSUTA.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1033, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

Suzumeno yendo. "A leguminous plant worthy of investigation as a possible fod-
der plant or 'for breeding experiments, as it is said to be occasionally used in Japan
for fodder. I was unable to see this species growing." {Fairchild.)

9238. Des^iodithm podocarpum var. japonicum.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1034, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

Nusubito Hagi. "A species of Leguminosaj of possible use in breeding experiments
with leguminous fodder plants. I did not see the plant growing." {Fairchild. )

9239 to 9243. Pyrus sinensis. Japanese pear.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 103.5, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

" This collection will include, according to contract, some sorts which keep until
July and even longer, and some very large-fruited kinds, which originated in the
north of Japan. I have eaten many varieties of pear in Japan and, while none are
as good as our pears, they are, nevertheless, refreshing fruits. I believe they should
be advertised as a fruit for poor people, since the trees are heavy bearers and the
fruit will keep well. In Japan nearly all the trees seen Avere trained upon over-
head trellises, and it seems to be the popular idea that they Avill not bear well unless
so trained. The selection of these varieties has been left to ]\Ir. H. Suzuki, of the
Yokohama Nursery Company, whose friend at Kawasaki is a specialist in Japan
pears. A list follows." {Fdirchild.}

9239. 9242.

Waseaka. Tai haka.

9240. 9243.

Ofurugawa. Chiqjuro.

9241. ( Label missing. )

9244 to 9247. Eriobotrya japonica. Loquat.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messi-s. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1036, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Japanese loquats, called Biwas in Japan, as follows:

9244. 9246.

Tanaka. (See No. 8890.) Variegated.

9245. 9247.
Long fruit. Maruni.

BEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DEf'EMRER. 1903.

2r)i

9248 to 9267. Nell muium .si'EnosuM. Lotus.

From Tokyo, Japan. Received through Mossi-s. L:itlin.|. and Fairchild (No.
1039, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

"A collection of pot lutnse.s for cultivation under water in large shallow pot.** of L'
feet in diameter and a foot deep. Thesi- j)lant.« are from a noted lotus grower in
Tokyo, who claims to have hnndretlsof varit-tics ami who.-e lotus show in late.\ugust
is saul to be umisuallv line. The rhi/.omes of these pot lotuses are kept in a cool
place over winter and in spring set out in 6 to 8 inches of rich mud at the bottom of
the pots, which are ki'pt filled to within an inch of the brim with water. Tiie second
year these rhizomes sliouM bloom and produce a beautiful show of Howers. Judg-
ing from watiT-color sketches, which I saw in the Tokyo Botanic Gardens, the
variety of form and color among these lotuses nmst be something quite unusual. All
shades of pink, vellow, and green, and many variegated forms were represented.
The pots should never be allowed to dry out, but the mud must be kept continually
covered with water. The varieties are as follows." {Fairchild.)

9248.

Inazuma.

9249.

Shiro Shakuyaku.

9250.

Bnii hntan.

9251.

tSakuralen.

9252.

Kayo.

9253.

Tiikahn.

9254.

KinsM.

9255.

Nishikilen.

9256.

Mangitm.

9257.

Itten kohai.

9268. Citrus bigaradia?

9258.

Tenjiku len.

9259.

Haknbotan.

9260.

Us/iiyo.

9261.

Shokan.

9262.

Giomn.

9263.

Ndukiii kiichihin.

9264.

A.'<hl)iiai'u,

9265.

Mi/iyo.

9266.

Beni Tinshi.

9267.

Tamausagi.

Bitter orange.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1040-, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Natsu Mikan or Nutsu Shiro. "An especially fine variety of the bitter orange.
This is a remarkable fruit and worthy the serious attention of citrus growers. It is
not of such fine flavor as our pomelo, but still is sufficiently palatable to serve the
same purpose, and it matures at a different time of the year. Thii< fruit is common
on the market from April until the middle of August in Japan and, although in August
it is a poor fruit, it still serves very well as a morning appetizer. This is the com-
monest, often the only citrous fruit to be seen on the Japanese markets in July, and
I judge the number of tons consumed every year is very large. The tree is said
to be a vigorous-growing one and a good bearer. This variety is also one of the
hardiest citrus sorts in Japan, withstanding a temperature of -f 12° F. on the west

262 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

coast of the main island. An iniportant point in the enlture of this variety is to
leave the fruit hanging as long a time as possible on the trees, not picking it green
and allowing it to ripen." {Fair child. )

9269. Citrus decumana. Pomelo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1041, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Asa hikan. "I understand this is a summer-ripening pomelo." {Fairchild.)

9270. Prunus triflora. Japanese plum.

From Ikeda, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 971,
July 5, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Oheni. "A flattened variety, looking much like a large Guanji ( see No. 9236 ) , though
lacking its flavor. The skin and flesh are intensely sour even when nearly ripe.
Never sweet enough to be good eating. These fruits were bought on the market."
{Fairchild.)

9271. Citrus nobilis. Mandarin orange.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1043, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Unshu or Unshiu Mikan. "This is the best Japanese mandarin orange. It is said
to be quite seedless and very juicy. I do not believe it is the equal of our best man-
darin oranges, but its seedless character makes it valuable. It is grown extensively
all over middle Japan, especially in the Province of Kii. It is already known in
America. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

9272. Citrus decumana. Pomelo.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1044, August, 1902) , January 6, 1903.

Aya buntan. "A red-fleshed variety of pomelo which is eaten with great relish by
the Japanese. It is doubtless inferior in flavor to our best pomelos, but its red flesh
is a character of value. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

9273. Prunus triflora. Japanese plum.

From Ikeda, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
972, July 5, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Obeni. ' ' These fruits came direct from orchard trees which are noted for produc-
ing especially fine fruits. They were certainly much larger and finer than those
bought on the market, and I believe this is a different strain from No. 9270."
( Fairchild. )

9274 and 9275. Citrus japonica. Kumquat.

Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos. 1046 and 1047, August,
1902), January 6, 1903.

Nagami-kinkan. "Two varieties of these kumquats were ordered, but the Yoko-
hama Nursery Conij)any sent only the one sort marked Nagami-kinkan, which is said
to be an elliptical or obovate fruited kind." {Fairchild.)

9276. Myrica faya.

From Madeira. Presented by Mr. J. B. Blandy, of Funchal. Received Febru-
ary 21, 1903.

9277. Celtis sinensis.

From Yokohama, Japan, Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1049, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

"One of the prettiest shade trees in Japan, suitable for avenues or private gardens,
parks, etc. It resembles C. australis which is so commonly used in Algiers and south-
ern Spain, but does not attain the large size of this species, so far as I have observed.
It should be tried in the Southwest as a shade tree. " {Fairchild. )

SEPTKMHKR, IWO, TO DKCKMHKK, 1^>3. 2<»8

9278. CoRTLi's KOSTRATA. Hazclnut.
From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrup and Fairchihl

(No. 1050, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.
ILishlhiuni. "Seeds of this wild species of hazehnit wliirh may prove vahial)!*' for
l)reeding purposes. The nut is not highly pri/.e<l in .Jai)an, and is nowhere given the
attention that the hazelnut gets along the Black Sea or in Istria." (Fairchild. )

9279. Trunus triflora. Japanese plum.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. I^throp and Fairchild (No.
973), January 6, 1903.

Oheni. "Seed, originally from Ikeda, that was bought on the market in Kobe.
It is very much like No. 9270. It is evidently one of the favorite market plums of
this region. It resembles the American wild-goose plum. The trees are reported
to be regular and heavy bearers." {Fairchild.")

9280. .luGLANS coRDiFORMis. . Walnut.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1052, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Himegnrumi. "A long, pointed walnut which is a narrower and slenderer type
than that called in Japan Otafuku. Probably both seed variations of the same
species. ' ' ( Fairch ild. )

9281. Prunus TRIFLORA. Japanese plum.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
974, July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Sumomo of Airaji Inland. "A delicate variety, like our wild-goose plums in qual-
ity. A thiii-skiniied, juicy, sour-flieshed, bright-red, translucent variety, with small
stone, and a slightly bitter taste near the stone." ( Fairchild. )

9282. Perilla ocymoides.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through INIessrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1054, August, 1902), February 28, 1902.

" Seed of a labiate which is grown extensively in Japan for oil-producing purposes.
The oil expressed from the seed is considered the best known for the manufacture of
the remarkable oil and leather papers of Japan. It takes the i)lace of linseed, which,
I am informed, is not so good for this purjiose. The i)lant can be grown very easily
by irrigation or Ayithout it in regions where soil is cheap, and there is a possibility
that it could be produced cheaply enough to make it a profitable article of export.
It should be tried in the irrigated regions of the Southwest. I am informed that
Australia imports the oil and the seed also from Japan. In Japan the seed is sown
in a nursery bed in the middle of June, and the young plants are transplanted about
the 1st of July into rows 2 to 3 feet apart and set 6 inches apart in the row. The ordi-
nary methods of cultivation to keep down the weeds are all that are necessary. It is
not grown here on irrigated land. The seed ripens in November. In America it
could probably be planted earlier and harvested earlier. According to the owner of
an oil mill in Yamada, 100 plants of Perilla yield 1 sho = 0.39 gallon of seed, 17 per
cent of \yhich Ijy volume is oil. The price of this oil in Japan, as quoted by the oil mill
owner, is 45 yen per koku (1 koku = 39.7 gallons; 1 yen = 50 cents). The seeds are
likely to fall "oiit of the dry calvx if left until overripe, and I am told the yield is
therefore best in wet seasons. "The crop is a variable one, and the price therefore
quite variable. Land is so valuable in Japan that this crop does not rank as a good
paying one, but if grown on cheap land, in Washington State, for example, it might
be" produced so cheaply as to pay very well. It is worth a trial at least in the wet
regions of Washington. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

9283. RiciNUS COMMUNIS. Castor oil bean.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1055, August, 1902), January 7, 1903.

" For breeding purposes. By request." {Fairchild.)

264 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9284. Amygdalus persica. Japanese nectarine.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 975,
July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Zxtmbai momo. "The onlv variety of nectarines said to be seen on the Kobe mar-
ket." {Fairchild.)

9285. Amygdalus persica. Japanese peach.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 976,
July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Taruya. "A typical honey peach, an old vaiiety on the Kobe market. Least
valuable and lea.«t abundant here." {Fairchild.)

9286. Trichosanthes cucumeroides.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild

(No. 1058, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

"Seed of a wild perennial vine of the cucurbit family, which has large, dark-green
leaves of unusually beautiful velvet texture. I have never seen such beautiful foli-
age except on some tropical aroids. This vine I have only seen growing in the
shade or semishade of Cryptomeria trees, but I am assured it will grow well in the
bright sunlight. If this is true it promises to be an interesting addition to our arbor
plants, and deserves to be given the widest possible distribution. Its flowers are said
to be very pretty, while its fruit, about the size of a duck's egg, is showy and useful,
in Japan at least, where it takes the place of soap. The roots are used for starch
production. The seed should be planted in the same way that cucumber seeds are
planted. The roots will probably prove hardy all over the United States, but during
the first winter some of them should be dug up and kept in a cold house."
{Fairchild.)

9287. Trichosanthes cuclt^ieroides.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1059, August, 1902), February 28, 1902.

"Roots of No. 9286 for immediate trial. They should be planted out next spring
after being kept like dahlia roots through the winter." {Fairchild.)

9288. Trichosanthes japonica.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1060, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

" Seed of a species of cucurbit, related to Nos. 9286 and 9287, but with broader,
larger leaves, which have not such a velvety texture. It is said to have fruit twice
the size of the latter. These fruits are eaten after preserving in soy or salt. Starch
is made from the roots. For trial as an arbor plant. " {Fairchild.)

9289. SoLANUM sp. (?) "Kiswaheli" tomato.

From Tanga, German East Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1085, January 18, 1903), March 3, 1903.

Ngogwe or Njanja. "A native tomato grown by the Kiswahelis of the Tanga
region. The fruit is H inches in diameter, egg-shaped, brilliant light red, thii-k
skinned, and with rough protuberances at its apex. The flesh is scanty and with
little flavor, placentae tough, and with many seeds. The negroes say it is a jjeren-
nial plant, grown everywhere, about 4 feet high." {Fairchild.)

9290. Tamarix chinensis.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1062, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

"A species of TaJHan.c which has finer and more delicate foliage than T. gallica.
It should be tried in Florida and California along the seashore drives in comparison
with the ordinary species." {Fairchild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMHER, 1903. 205

9291. Xanthoxylon i'II'EKITUM. Japanese pepper.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received throujih Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nn.
1063, August, 1902), February 28, 1903.

" A small shrub, the loaves of which are very ao:reeal)ly anmiatir and are used most
effectivelv bv Japanese housewives and by Knropi-ans in Japan as a garniture. It
would form a verv a((eptal)le variation from tlie <oiivciitioiial parsley. The small
round fruits, flower buds, ami leaves are boiled witli meat dishes to give them a
flavor, and the fruits are always served after eels as a digestive." (Fdirrhild. )

9292. Tkochodendron aralioides. Birdlime tree.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through The Yokohama Nursery Company,
February 28, 1903.

(This seed was apparentlv substituted bv the Nursery Company for L. and F. No.
1064, //('.(• Integra.) (See 9293.)

9293. Tkochodendron aralioides. Birdlime tree.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

1065, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

"A species of tree the bark of which is macerated and made into birdlime in
Japan. This tree produces the best birdlime in the country, it is said, and there is
an export of the article to Europe." ( Fairchild. )

9294. Fagopyrum esculentum. Buckwheat.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

1066, Augast, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Sando Solxi. 'From Nagano. "This Nagano ))uckwheat is famous in Japan, where
all sorts of cakes, macaroni, and tarts are made from its Hour. The (piestion of the
uses of buckwheat in Japan would form a very interesting and i)rolital)le study, for
there are a hundred ways, I imagine, in which the l)uckwheat is employed, whereas
we know of only a few." {Fairchild. )

9295. Fagopyrum esculentum. Buckwheat.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

1067, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

"A species of Fa(/opi/ru)ii which is said to be inferior to F. cM-ulentum, but is culti-
vated and may be of interest for breeding purposes." {Fairchild. )

9296. Juniperus chinensis var. procumbens.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

1068, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

"A beautiful procumbent juniper which is U3ed most effectively as a substitute for
lawms on sloping embankments. It covers them with a mass of luxuriant foliage
which is strikingly effective. In the Tokyo Botanic Gardens there is a very attract-
ive lawn made in this wav. The plants should be set about 3 feet apart each way
and allowed to run freelv in all directions until they completely cover the ground
with a thick mat 12 to 18 inches deep. It will probably prove hardy about Wash-
ington." {Fairchild.)

9297 and 9298. Solanum melongena. Eggplant.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

1069, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

9297.

Naganasu. "Considered the best variety in Japan, where eggplants are
very largely eaten. They are even used for candying purposes. A candied
eggplant is very delicate indeed, tasting something like a fig." {Fairchild. )

9298.

Maru nam. "A round, black variety of eggplant, sold everywhere in the
markets of Japan." {Fairchild.)

2(iC) SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9299. ZoYSiA ruxGENS. Japanese lawn grass.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchiltl
(No. 1071, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

BirodosJilha. "A very fine-leaved lawn grass which forms a most beautiful velvet-
like turf. The plant is i?aid to have originated in southern Ja])an, to l)e sensitive to
^rost, but to be one of the prettiest lawn grasses in the country. It should be tested
n California and Florida, where good lawn grasses are desired." [Fairchild.)
i

9300. ZoYSiA PUNGEXS. Japanese lawn grass.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1072, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

"A coarser leaved species of lawn grass than No. 9299, but otherwise of similar
habit. These potted plants should be split up into a large number of small pieces
and set out as is usually done with lawn grasses not gi'own from seed. It is said to
be hardier than No. 9299. ' ' ( Fairch ild. )

9301. Allium fistulosum. Forcing onion.

Prom Yokohama, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
. (No. 1073, August, 1902), January 6, 1903.

"The seed is sown in spring and the young onions are dug in July and inclined in
long deep trenches, where they are gradually covered with earth almost to their tops.
This covering of earth bleaches them and makes a length of about 14 inches of leaf
edible. Sometimes the seed is sown in autumn and the transplanting to trenches
done in the spring. " {Fairchild.)

9302. Amygdalus persica. . Peach.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 977,
July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Samomo. ' ' This is the earliest ripening peach on the Kobe market. It is not
very sweet but is of attractive color. It is an old sort in Kobe." (Fairchild.)

9303. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Limache, Peru. Presented by Mr. Adolfo Eastman Cox. Received
October 20, 1903.

Seed of the native Peruvian alfalfa. Secured in Peru by Beeche, Duval & Co.,
and shipped through their house in New York.

"This variety has the following advantages over the Chilean: The stems are hollow
and more succulent; the growth commences earlier in spring and continues later
in the autumn, materially increasing the yield per acre, and it grows- taller. On the
other hand care has to be taken in feeding stock on it as it is apt to produce hoven

(heaves)." {Cox.)

9304. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild ( No. 978,
July 7, 1902), January 6, 1903.

Tinsin Simnitsuto. "One of the favorite sorts on the Kobe market, although too
light in color to be very attractive. It is of large size and has been, it is said,
recently introduced into southern Japan. According to nurserymen in Saitama Pre-
fecture this can not be what they call the Tinsin Suimitsuto for that has red flesh, even
before wholly ripe." {Fairchild. )

9305. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 979,
July 7, 1902) , January 6, 1903.

Suimitsuto. "One of the earliest sorts and one of the sweetest of the peaches in
the Kobe market. It differs in shape from the Honeii type, being more like the Per-
sian. It comes from the province of Sanuki, Japan." {FaircJiild.)

SEPTEMBER, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 267

9306. TUUNUS TKIFLOHA. Plum.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 980,
July 7, 1902), January fi, 1908.

Botiuiki/o. "A light-colored variety of Hatankvo. A large-t'ruited phun, with
very juicy Hesh and thin skin." {Fairchild. } (See Nos. 9202-9210. )

9307. ViciA KABA. Broad beaii.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received tlirough Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1081, Augu.^t, 1902), .January B, 1908.

Ohifnkn. " Said to ho rcmarkahlc for its size and gf)()d (|nality. The young heana
of this variety are said to Ix- especially delicious." [Fairchild. )

9308 to 9312. Vu ia faba. Broad bean.

From Yokoliama, Japan. Rcci'ivcd tlirougli Messrs. Latlimp ami Fairchild
(No. 1082, August, 1;K)2), January <>, 1908.

" Five sorts of the Japanese broad bean or Sara ntamc, as follows:

9308. 9311.
Chiu olafnku. Yatanbum.

9309. 9312.

Imn maine. Tsunashimam ame.

9310.

Kotmlm.

"The broad bean plays an important role in Japan, being grown extensively in
ground which ia later used for pad<ly rice. It is particularly abundant on the coast
of the Japan Sea and in the colder parts of Japan. Almost exclusively used for
human food." (Faircliild.)

9313. Prunus triflora Plum.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 981,
Jvdy 7, 1902,, January 6, 1908.

Hatanhjo. "This is like the variety Saimtnn in America and may be the same,
though I am not familiar enough with the American type to say. The flesh is a blood
or claret red color, very juicy, and not very sweet." {Fairchild.) (See No. 9202.)

9314. Myrica nagi.

From Kobe, Japan. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 982,
July 7, 1902) , January 6, 1903.

Yamamomo. "This fruit is said to be cultivated in the province of Kii. The
beautiful fruits look something like raspberries, but resemble most in shape small
fruits of Arbutus uuedo, the strawberry tree of Italy. Their flesh is deep wine red,
mildly acid, and refreshing. A very' decorative fruit for fruit dishes, but not of
great value for other purposes. Mr. Tanaka says it grows wild in the warm regions
of Japan and forms a tree 20 feet high. The bark furnishes a tanning material."
{Fairchild.)

9315. PANicuai trypheron. G-uinea grass.

From Sabana Grande, Porto Rico. Presented by Mr. Frank D. Gardner, special
agent in charge of the Porto Rico Experiment Station. Received January 10,
February 3, and February 9, 1903.

One of the best fodder grasses of the Tropics.

9316. Myrica faya.

From St. Michael, Azores. Presented by Mr. F. S. Chaves. Received January
12, 1908.

268 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9317. Opuntia ficus-indica. Prickly pear.

From Taormina, Sicily. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1079, November 24, 1902), Jamiary 17, 1903.

"A prickly pear which bears fruit containing comparatively few seeds. The vari-
ety is a white-fleshed one of medium size. The thallus is very spiny indeed, and
the fruit is covered with small spines. This sort is considered more delicious than
the ordinary kinds, and having but few seeds is in this respect entitled to the con-
sideration of growers. A comparatively small numl)er of plants of this variety are
grown about Taormina, because the fruit is not a good market one, neither is it a
very heavy cropper, but as the starting point for a seedless-fruited cactus it should
appeal to any breeder of this very important and much neglected group of useful
plants." [Fair child.)

9318. Allium cepa. Onion.

From Valencia, Spain. Received through Hon. R. M. Bartleman, United States
Consul, January 26, 1903.

"This large, mild-flavored onion is a native of Denia and the whole Valencia
region. Attempts to grow these onions in other parts of Europe have not been suc-
cessful, as they generally lose their mild flavor after the first season. The size of the
onion is regulated by the farmers to suit the taste of the foreign buyers. Those
shipped to the United States are the largest grown, and those intended for British
markets the smallest. The seed is planted in beds from the middle of January until
the first week in February, and transplanted when sufficiently developed. When
large onions are desired, the plants are placed about 10 inches apart and plied with
fertilizers and large quantities of water. When smaller ones are desired the plants
are placed close together." {Bartleman. )

C. C. Morse & Co., of Santa Clara, Cal., state that this onion is without doubt the
progenitor of Maule's " Prize Taker."

9319. Prunus armeniaca. Apricot.

From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received through Mr. G. Onderdonk, of Nur-
sery, Tex., special agent of this Department, October, 1902.

9320. Amtgdalus persica. Peach.

From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received through Mr. G. Onderdonk, of Nur-
sery, Tex., special agent of this Department, October, 1902.

9321. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From Saltillo, INIexico. Received through Mr. G. Onderdonk, of Nursery, Tex.,
special agent of this Department, October, 1902.

9322. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Tuggurt, Algeria. Received through Mr. Thomas H. Kearney, December
8, 1902.

An alkali-resistant variety. Crop of 1902.

9323. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Tuggurt, Algeria. Received through Mr. Thomas H. Kearney, December

8, 1902.

An alkali-resistant variety. Crop of 1901.

9324. Triticum durum. Wheat.

From Relizane, Algeria. Received through Mr. Thomas H. Kearney, December
8, 1902.

MarouauL An alkali-resistant variety.

SEPTEMJiEK, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1903. 2()',)

9325. PisTACiA ATLANTiCA. Afsic or Betoom.

From Duperiv, Aljreria. Rocfived thmuuli Mr. W. T. Swingle (Nd. IL'L') from
Dr. L. Tral)iit, ( Joveriiment Botanist of Alju'ria. C'()lk':"ti'<l by Mr. Frank Joly.
Kefeived January 10, 15»0;i

"A large tree, rea(liing40 tn 50 feet in lieigiit and 40 feet in diameter. Tiie leaves
produce a gall ' Af.-i-el-betooni,' which is an article uf considerable commercial
importance in Tripoli and Tunis. It is the only tree of any size growing in the
northern Sahara, where it occui>ies the 'dayas' or depressions in the plateaus. Of
nuich promise as a drought and alkali resistant stock for the pistache. A deciduous
tree, not so resistant to cold as the Chicudia." {>Swingle.)

9326 to 9341. Okyza sativa. Rice.

From Lake Charles, La. Received through Dr. S. A. Knapp, January 19, 1903.

9326.

Shinrikl. Grown from No. 8300. From Hyogo district, Japan. Doctor
Knapp considers this the best early Japan rice.

9327.

SJdratama. Grown from No. 8301. From Fukuoka district, Japan. A very
good early variety.

9328.

KoiiHichi. (irown from No. 8302. From Kumamoto district, Japan. This
is a medium late variety of no great value.

9329.

Omaite. Grown from No. 8303. From Kumamoto district, Japan. One of
the best medium varieties.

9330.

Mil/ako. Grown from No. 8.304. From Yamaguchi district, Japan. A
medium early variety that may be of value.

9331.

An unnamed varidi:. (Trown from No. 830.5. From Chiugoku district,
Japan. This is not so early as No. 932G, but has many good qualities.

9332.

An unnamed variety. Grown from No. 8306. From Chikuzen district, Japan.
One of the best medium varieties. Practically the same as Kiushu.

9333.

Fusakichi. Grown from No. 8508. From Bizen district, Japan. A medium
early variety of remarkable quality. The seeds are exceptionally large, and
on suitable land, with plenty of water, this will probably be one of the very
best varieties.

9334.

Mansaku, bozu. Grown from No. 8509. From Fukuoka district, Japan.
This is one of the best medium varieties.

9335.

An unnamed variety. Grown from No. 8310. From Ise district, Japan. This
is a medium variety and may become valuable.

9336.

An umunned variety. Grown from No. 8511. From Buzen district, Japan.
This is a medium variety and may prove valuable.

270 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOBTED.

9326 to 9341 — Continued.
9337.

A7i unnamed variety. Grown from No. 8512. From lyo district, Japan.
This is a medium late variety of extra vigor and fairly good yield.

9338.

uin unnamed variety. Grown from No. 8513. From Higo district, Japan.
This is one of the best late varieties.

9339.

An unnamed variety. Grown from No. 8514. From Bizen district, Japan.
This is a late variety that may prove valuable.

9340.

An unnamed variety. Grown from No. 8515. From Banshu district, Japan.
This is the best late variety.

9341.

Honduras rice. One of the standard varieties, grown for comparison.

9342. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Kin-hua, China. Secured by Dr. S. P. Barchet, of the United States con-
sulate, Shanghai, China, at the request of Dr. S. A. Knapp. Received Janu-
ary 22, 1903.

A late variety sown in May.

9343. Oryza sativa. Rice.

From Ki-ni, Kin-hua, China. Secured by Dr. S. P. Barchet, of the United
States consulate, Shanghai, China, at the request of Dr. S. A. Knapp. Received
January 22, 1903.

Glutinous rice. Sown in May.

9344. Glycine hispida. Soy bean.

From Chiu-hua, China. Secured by Dr. S. P. Barchet, of the Ignited States con-
sulate, Shanghai, China, at the request of Dr. S. A. Knapp. Received January
22, 1903.

Chiu-hua. "In case of future reference to the bean, if you call this the Chiu-hua
bean I shall know what is meant, in the absence of a botanical name, as I have not
seen this bean anywhere else. It is sown broadcast in paddy fields before the rice is
harvested. The moist ground favors the sprouting, and the standing grain shields
the sprouting plant from the sun. By the time the rice is harvested the beans have
taken firm roots and require no further care. Horses and cattle are very fond of them
green or in the ripe state. The bean also makes a good food for man. This bean I
think well worth a trial in the Southern States." {Barchet. )

9345. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist. Received January 26, 1903.

Cuttings of the wild almond of the mountains of Algeria, said to be excellent for
stock.

9346. Prunus domestica. Plum.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist. Received January 26, 1903.

Reine Claude Rouge. Cuttings of this plum. Marked by Doctor Trabut "Glorion
Vincent."

SKl'TEMBEK, 1900, TO DECEMBKK, IW.!. 271

9347. LlNLM USlTATiySlMlM. Flax.

From Rotterdam, Holland. Received throu^'li F. Dutilh i^: Co., January 2it,
li)0:i
Dutch Hifjii-Ch'il'l. Extra iiiikt'd. From crop of IWOL'.

9348 to 9351. Amyijualus communis. Almond

From Alicante, Spain. Received through :Mr. D. G. Fairchild (Nop. 740, 741,
745, 7n5a, .luly 10 and 20, 1901), .January 30, 1903.

A collection of young almond trees huddetl on myrobalan stock? by Mr. Georges
Boucher, Paris, France, with buds secured by Mr. Fairchild in Spain.

9348. 9350.

Molhtr. (No. 740.) ('nsiilld. (No. 745.)

9349. 9351.

I'hiiietn. (No. 741.) Pastanda. (No. 755a.)

(See Nos. 7985 to 7989 and 9458 to 94(>2. )

9352. Opl XTiA Kicus-iNDKA. Prickly pear.

From Malta. Received through Messrs. Lathrop ami Fairchild (No. 1082,
December 27, 1902), January 31, 1903.

"Fruits from the jjiants of this variety i-ontain less than 12 seeds, according to Dr.
Giovanni Borg, of Malta, who kindly presents them to the Dei)artment. These seeds
are very small and not at all obji-ciionable. The fruit inside and out is yellowish
orange "in color, of good Havor, Doctor Borg says, and of the size of a goose egg. The
thallua is nearly spineless. It is a rare plant even in Malta. These fruits came from
plants growingin a garden in Siggiewi." {Faircltild. )

9353. Opuntia ficus-indica. Prickly pear.

From :Malta. Received througli Messrs. Lathroj) and Fairchild (No. 1083,
December 27, 1902), January 31, 1903.

"This variety resembles No. 9352 closely, Init the fruits are much smaller, being
onlv the size of a hen's egg. Seedless or at least with very few seeds. The thallus
is nearly spineless. The minute bristles on the fruit, according to Dr. (iiovanni
Borg, can be removed bv washing the fruit.s in a ba-sin of water with a whisk broom.
The water loosens up the small cushions of bristles and they are easily brushed away
into the water. This variety is not as promising as No. 9352, but is worthy a place
in the breeder's collection. 'The fact of its seedlessness and spinelessness makes it a
valuable varietv of Opmitln for any economic studies on the subject. From Professor
Pisani's villa at Maurisi, near Zeitun, Malta." {Fairchild.)

9354. Ficus carica. ^ig-

From Malta. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No: 1084,
December 28, 1902), January 31, 1903.

.SV. Anfhotui. -' ' Dr. Giovanni Borg, director of the botanic garden, says this is one of
the most delicious figs he has ever eaten. It ripens one crop of figs in June and a.
j^econd in September or October. The regular late crop is red in color. No caprih-
cation is deemed necessary for this sort, which Doctor Borg tliinks could be used for
drying purposes. It is an uncommon variety." (Fairchild.)

9355. Arachis hypogaea. Peanut.

From Tanegashima, Japan. Presented bv :Mr. H. E. Amoore. Received Feb-
ruary 2, 1903.

29861— No. 66—05 18

272

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9356 and 9357. Zea mays.

Corn.

From Forestburg, S. Dak. Presented by Mr. H. C. AVarner. Grown from S.
P. I. No. 13, which was found to be a mixture of types.

9356. 9357.

J/a/aAq^ sugar corn. White type. Amber type.

9358. Triticum vulgare. Wheat.

From the estate of Mr. Bezouglov, near BvelogUnskava, Don Territory, Russia.
Obtained by Mr. E. A. Bessey (No. 110,' August 4, 'l902), through the Theo-
dore N. Solodov ^Mining Company, Rostoy-on-Don, Russia. Received Feb-
ruary 3, 1903.

Beloglino. "A hard, red, winter wheat from the crop of 1902. This has just been
harvested and thrashed at this date and is of very good quahty, far exceeding that
of last year. ' ' ( Bessey. )

9359. Medicago .sativa.

Alfalfa.

From Erivan, Caucasia. Obtained by Mr. E. A. Bessey (No. 236, October 7,
1902), through Mr. N. P. Taratinoff," of Tifiis. Received February 3, 1903.

"Ahalfa from Erivan Province, tiie hottest and driest province in sunnner and
coldest in winter (reaching —22° F. ). It should prove valualjle in cold regions."
( Bessey. )

9360 to 9402.

From Tiflis, Ru.ssian Caucasus. Presented l)y Mr. A. Rolloff, director of the
botanic garden, tlinmjrh Mr. E. A. Bessey. Received February 3, 1902.

9360. Pvur.s communis.
Sini. (No. 209.)

9361. PVRIS COMMUNIS.

XiiiKi-aniiiiil. (No. 210.)

9362. Phunus domestic.v.
Vazirali. (No. 211.)

9363. Prunus domestica.

Tchantchvri. (No. 212.)

9364. Prinus armeniaca.
AffdzhanabofL (No. 213.)

9365. Prunvs armeniaca.
Achvei-di (No. 214.)

9366. Prunus armeniaca.
Badam-arik. (No. 215.)

9367. Prunus armeniaca.
XonrM. (No. 216.)

9368. Prunus armeniaca.

Taharzei. (N'o. 217.)

9369. Prunus armeniai a.

Bairam-ali. From Turkestan. (No. 218. )

Pear.
Pear.

Plum.

Plum.
Apricot.
Apricot.
Apricot.
Apricot
Apricot.
Apricot.

SKI'TK.MUKK. l!»(Kt, To 1)K( KMIiKU, IIH).!.

273

9360 to 9402-Contiimod.

9370. I'mxis armexiaca.
Red Yumiii-K'fiiin. From Tiirke>*taii. (N". L'lii. )

9371. I'HIM S AKMK.NIAIA.

W'liilf Yiisiiji-KJiiiii. Kroiii Turkfstaii. i N< >. JliU. )

9372. A>n(;i)Ai,is i'erxha.
Zafrani. (No. 221.)

9373. Amygdalls pek.ska.
Nazli. ( No. 222. )

9374. .\MVlil>AI,l S I'KK.SICA.

Xorrdsl-hiiH. (No. 22;i. )

9375. A.MV(il)Al.l S I'KK.SRA.

iS<if<iini. ( No. 224.)

9376. .\.MV(.i)M.i s i'i;i(.su\.
Xnrindzhl. ( No. 22.^. )

9377. A.MVi.oAi.i s riiusuA.
Sctchrnii. (No. 22fi. )

9378. .V.MVt.DAi.rs i'kksra.
Anthill i. ( No. 227. )

9379. .\MV(il)AMS PERSICA.

T'llxilrica. (No. 228.)

9380. Amvudalis per.si(a.

Gini(l:liiiri. I Nu. 229. )

9381. FlClS CARU A.

Txrhaplo. (No. 230. )

9382. El.AEAGNlS AXGISTIFOLIA.

Maliia-jisliat. (No. 231.)

9383. Elaeagnis angi>tifolia.
Unab-pshat. (No. 232.)

9384. Moris alba.
Gandzha. (No. 233.)

9385. PuxicA granatim.
Krmzi-kabmk. (No. 234.)

9386. PtXICA GRANATIM.

Shmn-nar. (No. 235.)

9387. Mixture of seedt^ of PvRrs sai.k ifolia and I', klaeagrifolia. (Nos.
203 and 204. )

Apricot.
Apricot.

Peach.

Pea-h.
Fig.

9388. PyRI S COMMUNLS.

Wild pear. (No. 202. )

Pear.

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPuKTED.

9360 to 9402 — Continued.

9389. Amygdalcs persica. Peach.
Wild peach.

9390. Prunus armemaca. Apricot.
Wild apricot. (No. 205.)

Seeds of cultivated varieties of peaches as follows:

9391. Amvgdalus peksica. Peach.
Aarindschi. (Xo. 206. )

9392. 9395.

Guli (No. 2n,S. ) Spitak.

9393. 9396.

Zafrani. (No. 207.) Loilz.

9394.
Xovrast.

Seeds of cultivated sorts of apricots, as follows:

9397. Prlxus armexiaca. Apricot.
Srhaloffi.

9398. 9401.

AffdKfhanabud. (ievondi.

9399. 9402.

Ch osrof-scli ack. ( iegdschana 'y(( (/.

9400.

B<td(iin-iir'il:.

9403. Stryphnodexdron barbatimao.

From Sao Paulu, Brazil. Preseuted by Dr. Alberto Lofgren, director of the
Botanic Garden. Received February 2, 1903.

"The Vjark of this tree contains considerable tannin." {Lofgren.)

9404 and 9405. Phaseolus sp. Bean.

From Sao Paulo, Brazil. Presented l>v Dr. H. M. Lane. Received February
4, 1903.

9404.

Feijiio iiwUito.

9405.

Fi'iji'Ki i>reto.

Brown bean.

Black bean.

9406. Akachis hypogaea. Peanut.

From Sao Pauln, Brazil. Preseuted bv Dr. H. M. Lane. Received February
4, 1903.

Ordinary varietv.

SKl'IKMKKK. IH<M>. TO DKt'KMKKK, I'Mli;. 275

9407 to 9418. di v( ink HisriDA. Soybean

A cull.Mtiuii .i| f-uy hfjiii^ ^Towii l>y Mr. W. U. licatli.' "ii tlif i\i'« rimtiil;il
^'nininls ..n lln- r'iit<iiii:ii- Flats, fnim iiitnximvil i^t't-d.

9407.

(ii-dwii in liMVJ tiuiii S. I'. 1. No. 4!tlL'.

9408.

(iiowii in MM)1' from S. 1'. 1. No. 4t»l:;.

9409.

(irown in liMii.' from S. P. I. No. 4914.

9410.

(irown in llMll an.l U»0-_> from S. P. I. No. tiai'-'.

9411.

(iidwn in li»01 and 19(12 from S. P. 1. Xo. <).{:!:!.

9412.

(irown in 1901 and 1902 from S. P. I. No. 63:U.

9413.

(irown in 1901 and 1902 from S. P. I. No. 63.'U).

9414.

(.irown in 1901 and U«)2 from S. !'. I. No. (i:;,S(i.

9415.

(irown in 1901 and 1902 from S. P. I. No. (i.WO.

9416.

(irown in 1901 and 1902 from S. P. I. No. ti.!97.

9417.

Grown in 1901 and 1902 from S. 1*. 1. No. ti414.

9418.

Grown in 1901 and 1902 from S. P. I. No. (UltJ.

9419. Phaseolus MUXGO-RADiATUS (J). Grram.
(irown on Potomac Flats in 1902 by Mr. W. R. Beattie from S. P. I. No. (Ml 7.

9420. Amygdali s persica. Peach.

From Pomona, N. C. Presented by Mr. .1. Van Lindley. Received February 6,
1908.

Natural peach seed from the seedling peach orchards, for growing as stocks in
comparison with Mexican seed.

9421. LiNUM usitatissimUjVI. Flax.
From Perwez, Belgium. Received through Emile Mathy, February 8, 1903.

First choice.

27(>

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9422. AVENA SATIVA. Oat.

Froiii Moscow, Russia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessev, from Jinmer &
Sous (No. 104, .July 22, 1902), February 10, 1903.

Swedish Select. "This excellent variety has proven exceptionally good for the dry
Steppe region. This is a selection made in Sweden of the Ligowo oat and bred up by
Immer & Sons. It originally came from Ladoga, near St. Petersburg. This j^ear's
crop." {Besmi.)

9423 to 9425. Panicum mtliaceum.

Proso.

From Moscow, Russia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey, from Immer k
Sons. (Nos. 105 to 107, July 22, 1902.)

9423.

Red Orenbvn/. Crop of 1902. Received February 10, 1903. (No. 105.)

9424.
Red Voronezh. Crop of 1902. Received May 22, 1903. (No. 106.)

9425.

■ Black Voronezh. Crop of 1902. Received May 22, 1903. (No. 107.)

9426. PiSTACIA LENTISCUS.

Mastic.

From the rocky cliffs along the seashore, between Leghorn and Castiglioncello,
Italy. Collected by Mr. W. T. Swingle (No. 123, January 14, 1903).
Received Febniary 17, 1903.

"The lentisk or mastic tree is found chietly in the immediate vicinity of the sea
in the Mediterranean region wherever the winters are not too severe (it is decidedly
less hardy than the terebinth). Its northern limit is about the January isotherm of
42.8° to 46.4° F. It is a small evergreen tree (other species of Pwfacla are decidu-
ous) or more often a shrub, branching profusely from the ground. When growing
in tree form it sometimes reaches a height of 20 to 25 feet, and a diameter of 8 inches
to one foot. It prefers silicious soils and avoids those decidedly calcareous in nature,
being just the opposite of the terebinth, so the two are very rarely seen growing
together in a wild state. The leaves are rich in tannin (11.5 per cent), and are col-
lected and sold in Tunis as a substitute for sumac for tanning. The seeds are nuich
liked by pigs, goats, and wild boars in Tunis, and are an important source of food
in dry years when the fruit is apt to be unusually abundant, while other forage is
scarce. In Chios a grafted variety yields mastic, a soft resin mucli prized in the
Orient for chewing gum and for flavoring liquor.s. This is a jm) i -iiig s'tock on
which to graft the pistache, especiallj^ on silicious or slightly acid soils near the sea.
It is said not to be so long lived as the terebinth, and the pistache, when grafted on
the lentisk, is said to live only forty years, whereas it lives one or two centuries on
the terebinth. It is probably a dwarf stock and pistaches grafted on it should be
set out at smaller distances apart than on other stocks. On sandy soil with moder-
ate bottom heat, there should be no difficulty in starting the cuttings." {Siimgle.)

9427 to 9436.

From Nice, France.
Januarv 12, 1903.

Presented by Mr. A. Robertson-Proschowskv. Received

A collection of seeds as follows:

9427. Aristolochia elegan.s.

9428. Oestrum elegans.

9429. CiSTUS ALBIDUS.

9430. Cleome arborea (?)

9431. DoLiCHOs lablab.

9432. ECHINOCACTUS SCHUMAN-

NIANUS.

9433. Phlomis fruticosa.

9434. Sutherlandia prute-

SCENS.

9435. pittosporum undulatum.

9436. Tacsonia manicata.

SEITKMHKK, liHHI, Tn DKtKMIJKi;. l!M»:5. 'J77

9437. CiiiMs Ai KANTiiM. Oraugc.

Krinii Miisiaiilia, Al;;ici>;, Al^'eria. I'lvseiiU'il hy I>?-. L. Trabut, (iovenimcDt
BoUiiiist. Keceivetl Ft'l)ruary IH, li)O.S.

Seeds of the Voudja (?) oi-anp*'. Fruit very large and >i!\veet, lour linmln'd
trniiiis or more, reseml)linj» the Joffna. One or two seeds of eaoh fniit. It rei)ro-
diii'cs true to seed.

9438 to 9444. Piiaseoluh sp. Bean.

From Mexico. Receive^l through Dr. Edward Paluier, February 21, 1903. A
collection of different varieties of lieans, as follows:

9438.

(InrlxtiisUlt). From Saltillo. " First -cla.-js l)ean and seems a little different
from the one at San Luis l'ot(xsi of the same name (No. 9155). When the
bean from San Luis Potosi is brought to Saltillo for ssile it is objected to
l)ecause it is said to take more fuel for cooking, and fuel is an object. This is
proltal)ly due to the fact that the water at San Luis I'otosi is hard, while that
at Saltillo is soft. Tiiis bean is very i)rolilic in this sc<'tion of the table-lands
and is tiie choice of all who can afford to purchase it. Bought from Jesus
Santos Grande, Saltillo. Mexico." {Palmer.)
\

9439.

Vayo-gordo. From Saltillo. "A first-clas.s bean an<l a great favorite with
the rich. It is said to be very pnu'uctivc in this section, and as it is not very
dark in color it might claim recognition in the I'nited States." (J'ahner.)

9440.

Frijot para Ja so/xi. From San Luis I'otosi. "Not of very good (juality, Vmt
much u.sed for .Moups. .Vpparentiy a pooripiality of i:iuiiml>olu<l<tr." {Palmer.)

9441.

Lkuuio Gordo. From Saltillo. "A first-class bean which can be had in large
quantities at the markets." ( Palmer. )

9442.

Canelo Chico. From Saltillo. "A fir.«t-ela.ss l)ean; plentiful in the markets.
It is used extensively." ( Palmer. )

9443.

Guadalupano. From Saltillo. "A bean not nnich seen on the markets,
somewhat resembling the Unrrmh,. It is a second-class bean." {Palmer.)

9444.

Bokulor de Color. From Saltillo. "A third-class bean, and only eaten when
others can not be obtained, and then only after boiling and frving in lard."

{Palmer.)

9445. SoLANXTM sp. Pepper.

From San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Received through Dr. Edw-ard Palmer, Februar\-
21, 1903.

Chili guipin. "Sold in the markets of San Luis Potosi and commonly eaten bv
the well-to-do. A very hot pepper. Eaten before and with soups. " {Palmer.)

9446. PiSTACiA LENTiscus. Mastic.

From rocky cliff near seashore, opposite Castello Sonnino,. between Leghorn and
Castiglioncella, Italv. Received through Mr. W. T. Swingle (No. 124), Feb-
ruary 20, 1903.

27s SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9447. Anacaedium Occident ale. Cashew.

From Beira, East Africa. PresentCvl by Mr. Arthur W. H. Glenny, United
States consular agent at Beira, tlirough Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1092, January 28, 1903), March, 1903.

"Seed of the West Indian cashew, which came from trees growing in Rhodesia
that seem unusually hardy and grow at an altitude of several thousancl feet, where
occasional frosts are said to occur. Worthy of trial in Florida and Porto Rico."
{Fairchild.)

9448. Physalis sp.

From Saltillo, Mexico. Received through Dr. Edward Palmer, February 21, 1903.

"A large, dark plum-colored variety, used in soups and stews. Also fried with
beefsteak and sometimes used in dressings for fowls. Fruits secured in November,
1902, were sound February 6, 1903, when the seeds were removed." (Fahner.)

9449. Zea mays. Corn.

From Ravenna, Ohio. Presented bv the Ford Seed Companv. Received Feb-
ruary 24, 1903.

Malakhoff sugnr. Grown from S. P. I. No. 13. *

9450. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Askhabad, Trans-Caspian Territorv, Turkestan. Received through Mr.
E. A. Bessey (No. 113, August 23, 1902), from Sadik-Bek Agabekov, acting
governor of the district of Askhabad. February 28, 1903.

"The sort of alfalfa grown by the natives ( TeHns) from time immemorial. Appar-
ently well adapted to a very hot climate of low humidity and mild winters. This
variety will probably not be suited for northern climates, l)at will thrive, when irri-
gated, in the very hottest, driest regions, as Askhabad is almost the hottest point in
Turkestan . " ( Bessei/. )

9451. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa,

From Sairam, near Chimkent, Russia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessev,
from Ur. H. W. Diirrschmidt, of Ta.shkent (No. 150, September 29, 1902),
February 28, 1903.

"The alfalfa of this region (and also around Karabuhik, 24 miles northwest of
Sairam ) is considered to be about the best in Turkestan. It is grown in considerable
quantities throughout the whole region. This is probably the coldest region in Tur-
kestan where alfalfa is grown in such large quantities. This ought to be good for cool
regions. ' ' ( Bessey. )

9452. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Karabulak, 25 miles north of Chimkent, Russia. Received through :\li-.
E. A. Bessev, from Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt, of Tashkent (No. 151, Sept<?mber
29, 1902), February 28, 1903.

"The same methods of culture as in Sairam, only in slightly larger fields. As in
Sairam, it is grown with theaid of irrigation. Sent for trial in cool regions." {Bes^-m/.)

9453. Medicago sativa. Alfalfa.

From Bokhara, Turkestan. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessev, from Mr. II. W.
Diirrschmidt, of Tashkent (No. 152, September 29, 1902), February 28, 1903.

" Bokhara is a region containing uiuch alkali land; the soil has a white crust when
dry. Large fields of various crops are destroyed by alkali. This seed is not especially
resistant to cold. It is sent for trial in alkali regions." {Besseij.)

SKPTKMMK1{, 1;km>, T«. KKt'KMUKK, l!«>a. 27*.t

9454. Medicaoo sativa. Alfalfa.

From Khiva, Turkestan. Received thimiKli Mr. E. A. Besj^cy, troni Mr. II. AV.
Diiri>chinidt, of Tashkent (No. 153a, November 6, 1902, numl)en'il in sack
153), Fel)ruary 2S, 1903.

"Khiva is one of the driest regions in Turkestan, the average rainfall being less
than 8 inches a vear. It is correspondinglv hot in summer, but rather cold in
winter; much colder than Bokhara, Askliabatl. or Karshi. Alfalfa is grown only by
irrigation. It is fertilized abundantly, at least with fresh soil if not with animal
I iianure. ' ' ( Bexseij. )

9455. Medic AGO sativa. Alfalfa.

From Karshi, Turkestan. Received through Mr. K. A. Bessey, from Mr. 11. \V.
Diirrschmidt, of Tashkent ( Xo. 154a, November <>, 1902, numbered in sacks
154), February 28, 1903.

"Karshi lies about 80 miles southwest of Samarcand and about as far southeast of
Bokhara. It is in the edgi- of the mountains and much cooler than Bokhara."
( Be-tsieij. )

9456. QuERcus SURER. Cork oak.
From Paris, France. Received through Viimorin-.\ndricux i^ Co., March 5, 190;{.

9457. LiNUM usiTATissiMUM. Flax.

From Riga, Rus.«ia. Received throtigh the I'nited States consul, from A. Sell-
mar, March (5, 1903.

Best Riga.

9458 to 9462. Amygdalus communis. Almond.

Received through Mr. .1. W. Kerr. Denton, Md. Grown ])y Mr. Kerr from buds
furnished by this nei^artnient. Receivcil March 7, 1903.

9458.

CnMilht. <;rown from S. P. I. No. 7133.

9459.

Fabricd. (Jrown from S. V. I. No. 71.35.

9460.

Jorflav. Grown from S. P. I. Nos. 7398 and 7401, mixed.

9461.
Mollor. Grown from S. P. I. No. 7it()l.

9462.

Planeta. Grown from S. P. I. No. 7062.
See Nos. 7985 to 7989 and 9348 to 9.351. Budded on peach stocks.

9463 and 9464. Prunus armeniaca. Apricot.

Received through Mr. .J. W. Kerr, Denton, ^Id. Grown by Mr. Kerr from l)uds
furnished by this Department. Received March 7, 1903.

9463.

Pati'iarca. Grown from S. P. I. 7136.

9464.

Grown from S. P. I. No. 6844.

280 SEEDS AXI» I M. ANTS IMPORTED.

9465. KosA sp. Rose.

Frijili Cannes?, France. Received through Mr. J. B. Cognet, United States con-
•sular agent, March 9, 190.3.

The true perfume rose.

9466. AXONA f HERIMOLIA.

Plants grown in Department greenliouse from seed iire.sented by Capt. J. J.
Haden, Cofoanut Grove, Fla., April Ki, 1902. Plants numbered March 11,
1903.

9467. Kriobotrya .tapoxica, Loquat.

Seedling plants grown in Department greenhouse from seeds of large loquat tree
in orange house. Plants numbered March 11. 190.3.

9468. Eriodendrdn anfractuosum. Kapok.

From Marseille, France. Presented by the United States Consulate. Received
Februar\- 14, 1903. Turned over to the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction
by Mr. L. H. Dewey, Assistant Botanist.

9469 and 9470. Ptrus malus. Apple.

From Naples, Italv. Presented bv Prof. L. Savastano through ]Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (Nos. 1077 and 10781. Received March 14, 1903.

9469.

Amiurco. "The leading market apple of the region about Naples. It is a
showy red apple, with yellow streaks, and has an unusually high flavor for a
variety grown so far south. It should be tested in the Southern States.
Obtained through the kindness of Professor Savastano, of the agricultural
school at Portici." {F'lirchlhJ. i

9470.

Limoncelli. "A lemon-yellow fruited variety; one of the best market vari-
eties of southern Italy. It has a hard, crisp, slightly tough flesh, subacid and
highly flavored. It is not as good as No. 9469, but I believe is a better keeper.
Obtained through the kindyess of Professor Savastano, of the agricultural
school at Portici?' (FmrchUd.)

9471. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From Portici (Naples), Italy. Pre.sented by Prof. L. Savastano through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild. Received March 14, 1903.

Melo (jehiio. " Grows well in the warm region about Naples. In cold countries
the yield is poor. It does best in calcareous soil." {Fairfhihl.)

9472. Palm.

From Black River, Honduras. Presented by Mr. Frank Dean through Dr. H. .1.
Webber of this Department. Received March 16, 1903.

Two ounces of seed of a small, jjinnate-leaved palm 6 feet high. Foliage dark
green. Fine for conservatories.

9473. Attalea coHUNE (?) Palm.

From Black River, Hondura.s. Presented by Mr. Frank Dean through Dr. H. J.
AVeV)ber of this Department. Received March 16, 1903.

Coquito. A large pinnate-leaved palm.

SKI'TKMHKK, liKKi, To DKCKMUKK, I'.Ml.!. 2Sl

9474. T'lSTA<TA MFTirA (?)

I" mm Siiivnia, Tiirkcv in A;:!!;!. I'linliascil from M\\ V>. .1. A^'inljaiiiaii. at tlu'
nM|iu'st of .Mr. W. '1". S\viiij:lt' (Ni.. IL'I I. Kcn-ivcl .Man-li lM. 1!I0:;.

"The celebrated turpentine tree of Chios, from whieh a kind of fnrpentine is
extniftt'd hy niakint,' iiK-isimis in the Itark. It ^rows to a larjrt- .^'ize, reaching; a diam-
eter uf "> feet 2o iiulies and a hei;;ht of 4U to (iO feet. The seeds yield an oil n.sed for
enlinary purposes and in making toilet soaps. This tree is of ijreat jironiise for use
as a .«tock on which to graft the ])i.>Jtache, esjiecially for seniiarid resiions in the Sonth-
wtst, where this tree would lie ahle to jjrow without irriy;ation. Worthy of trial as a
shade and timber tree in warm dry. regions. It is deciduous." {>Stiingli'.}

9475. Capsicum annuum. Red pepper.

From Pasadena, Cal. Presented hv ('apt. ('. W. l.ivirmorc Received .Marcii
21, 1903.

Paprica.

9476. Myrku faya.

From 8t. Michaels, Azores Islands. Presented by Hon. George H. Pickerell,
Fnited States consul. Received ^larch 21, UK)."!.

9477. PiSTACiA VERA. Plstache.

From Catania, Italy. Presented l)y Hon. Alexander Heingartner, I'liited States
consul, at the re<|uest of Mr. W. T. Swingle. Received March 10, HtO:i

Sicilian. "From grafted pistache trees at Bronte, on the elopes of Mount Etna.
The only .sort likely to succeed in America for commercial purposes. Not large, with
a bright-green kernel." (Siriiu/lr.)

9478 and 9479. Tkiticim dirum. Wheat.

From Brookings, S. Dak. Received through Mr. .Tames H. Shepard, March 14,
190.S. (Trown from see<l originally imported from Russia.

9478. 9479.

Kubanka. Vehel Bon.

9480. Citrus xobilts X citrus bigaradia. Tangerine.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented bv Dr. L. Trabnt, (Toveiimient
Botani.^t. Received March 19, 1903.

Clementine.

9481. CucuRBiTA sp. Squash.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, (iovernment
Botanist. Received March 21, 1903.

Courge bedoiiine.

9482. Trichilia dregei.

From Delagoa Bav, Portuguese Ea.st Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild (No. 1094, February 1, 1903), March 13 and 21, 1903.

Freda. "A handsome shade tree which is being used for avenue planting and
which deserves trial as a shade tree in tropical gardens and also in Florida. It grows
in ahnost pure sand, but requires water. Its seeds may be objectionable when they
fall, as they are abundant and covered with a red arillus." {Fairchild. )

2<S2 Sl'KDR AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

9483.

From Jnhannesbni'g, Transvaal. Received thrcin}.fh ]\Ies(sis. T^athrop and Fair-
cliild (No. 1108, February IS, 1!)0?.), :\rarch 24, 190:1

"An nndetermined species of the sunflower family which, according to Mr. R. W.
Odlam, superintendent of the Municipal Garden at Joliannesburg, bears very pretty
pale-yellow flowers and is worthy of being brought into cultivation. These seeds
were collected l)y him on the high veld for the purpose of planting in his garden.
They should be sown immediately upon arrival." (Faircliild.)

9484. Gerbera jamesoni. Barberton or Transvaal daisy.

From Johannesburg, Transvaal. Received through ^Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1106, February 18, 1903), March 24, 1903.

"This showy perennial is half hardy and can be grown in the open in California
and the Southwe.st but will i)rol)ably succeed as a potted plant, if set out in the
summer time, even as far north as Chicago. Its flowers, which are daisy-like in
shape and very large, are of a beautiful scarlet color. They are not borne in great
abundance but aie nevertheless very showy. The foliage, resembling slightly that
of the dandelion in shape, is a deep, dark green, and the flower scapes, which rise
out of a dense mass of it, are long and slender. The flower is a brilliant, attractive
thing and well worthy of attention. The seeds are very short lived and should be
planted at once in rich, sandy potting soil. Should germinate in ten to twelve days.
The plants require plenty of water and sunshine." (Fairchifd. )

9485. Ananas sativus. Pineapple.

From Durban, Natal. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1109, February 19, 1903), INIarch .30, 1903.

Natal. "Sets taken from the tops of two most delicious pineapples of the common
cultivated variety of Natal. More sets would be sent were it not for a disease which
is prevalent among the Natal pines and which we fear to introduce into America.
This disease is said to be fungous in character and to be caused by a species of Mucor
which gets into the fruit through places attacked by a red mite. These two plants
should be watched closely and the sets carefully examined before planting, for
although they came from perfectly sound fruit they may harbor this Mucor. The
Natal pineapple is a small sort of most unusual uniformity of flavor and texture and
surpasses in sweetness, crispness, and freedom from flber f)r seeds any other pine-
apple which we have ever eaten. Its small, convenient size and tenderness of flesh
suit it better than any variety we have ever seen for general table use, and its excellent
shipping qualities must recommend it to American growers. It has scarcely any
core, and from the standpoint of the consumer it is a great pineapple. It is said to
thrive with very little attention in Natal." { Fdlrrliilil.)

9486. Mangifera indica. Mango.

From Beira, Portuguese East Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1091, .lanuary 28, 1903), A])ril 2, 1903.

Lathrop. "The single fruit from which one of these two seeds came, and from
which the following description is made, was the only one obtainable during our
short stop in Beira. It was 15y\ inches in largest i-ircumference and of a peculiar,
characteristic shape; being in outline (seen from the stem end ) very broadly ellipti-
cal (14 inches in circumference at base) while, seen in profile, it was heart shaped
with a decided oblique tendency. It resembled in shape a Sour Sop and was nearly
as large as a medium-sized specimen of this species of Anona. The skin was, when
ripe, a light golden yellow and of a peculiar texture, not common to other yarieties
of mangoes that I have seen. It was not quite smooth but suggested the roughness
of a pomelo skin. It was about one-eighth inch thick and quite tough, and on the
inside it was lined with a number of long, strong fibers which did not penetrate into
the flesh but adhered closely to the skin. The flesh, troui this skin quite down to
tlie short fibers attached to the seed, was entirely devoid of stringmess of any kind
and had the texture of a firm custard and was of a deep golden color. In aroma it
lacked very little of being as pronounced and agreeable as that of the best Alphonxe
variety of Bombay and its flesh had the indescribably rich flavor which character-
izes the best varieties of this tropical fruit. The seed was small (Sf by 21 by 1}) in

SKl'TEMHKK, IWO. IN > I)K(KMI{KH, IWA. 2!SH

nroportiun to the tiize of tlie I'ruit and tlie libers altatlieil to it are niustly about one-
fourth ineh lonjr. A small bundle of fibers at one ed^e is 1 inch in leufith. This is
one of the jrreat nian^'oes of the world and would coiiiniaiid faney priees in America
at anv time of the vear. It is tittin-j to name this alter Mr. Barbour Lathrop, who
fii-st called it to the attention of the American pul)lic aii<l who first introduced it into
Florida. See No. 9H69." (Fairchild.)

9487. Raphanus sativus. Radish.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received through F. C. Heinemann, April 4, 1!K);5.
Erfurt Orimsun G'untl. Heinemann's tender forcing radish.

9488. Citrus hybkida.

From Mustaplia, Algiers, Algeria. Pr«'sented by Dr. L. Tralmt, ( iovernmeut
Botanist. Keceived April 11, IWA.

"Seed of a hybrid said to be of very good quality. Fruit nearly round, clear,
yellow, sweet, and very juicy. Late." ( Trahnt.)

9489. CiTUUS AIKANTIUM X CiTRUS BEROAMIA.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Preseute<l by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist. Received April 11, liK):^.

Seeds of a hvbrid called by Doctor Trabut Jjinoninije. A hybrid of the orange and
mellarose. Said to be very good. Skin white. See No. 9554 for bud wood of same.

9490. PiSTACiA VKRA. Pistachc.

From Baku, Trans-Caspian Province, Russia. Received through Mr. E. A.
Bessey (October 9, 1902), April 13, 1903.

"The price of these nuts at retail in the market is 60 kopecks per pound; whole-
sale, 40 kopecks per pound." {Bease;/.)

9491. PiSTACiA VERA. Pistache.

F'rom Tunis. Received through Mr. Walter T. Swingle (No. 125), February
21, 1903.

9492 to 9500.

From Japan. Presented by T. Tamura, of the agricultural experiment station
at Okitsumachi, Shizuoka, Japan, through Messrs. Lath'-op and Fairchild.
Received April 16, 1903.

A collection of bud wood of Japanese fruits, as follows:

9492. Pyrus communis. Pear.

9493. Citrus .iapoxica. Kumquat.
Marukinkan.

9494. Citrus .japoxica. Kumquat.
Xagakinkan.

9495. Citrus nobilis. Mandarin orange.
A'lHomikan.

9496. Citrus xobilis. Mandarin orang-e.
Kawahata Mikan.

9497. Citrus sp.

CMiima Kiinenbo or Seedless Knnenho. "Grown on the island of Oshima,
province of Osumi, prefecture Kagoshima. Fruit medium, flattened, but
much larger than the common Kunenbo and very coarse. Rind thick, deep,
brilliant reddish-orange color. Very fragrant. Pulp sweet, juicy, and deli-
cious. Very good for table use and of good keeping quality." {Tamura.)

284 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9492 to 9500 -Continued.

9498. Citrus aukantium. Orange.

T. TamunCs summer orange. Originated by T. Tamura in tlie district of
Shingai, x)rovince of Gosa, preiVfture Kochi. "Fruit conical, weighing from L]
to 2 pounds. Skin pale white and somewhat rough. Color Ijright yellow in
the first year, changing to dull yellow the second. Fruit remains on the tree
during July and August the second season. Pulp very sweet and juicy, melt-
ing and rich in fragrance, and is very palatable, although small in quantity.
Contains 20 to 25 large seeds." ( Taviura.)

9499. Citrus nobilis. Mandarin orange.

Tamaru Unshiv, or seedless mandarin orange, originated by T. Tamura, in the
district of Shingai, province of Tosa. " Fruit roundish, oblate, rind thin, some-
what rough, of a bright reddish color. Pulp sweet, subacid, juicy, and seed-
less. This orange will not keep as well as the true sweet orange, but is one of
the best for table use. The quality is very fine." {Tamura. )

9500. Citrus decumana. Pomelo.

Kawaguchi's Bantan, or seedless pomelo. Produced only in the district of
Higashiniorokata, in the province of Hiuga, Prefecture Miyazaki. "Fruit
■medium to large, very oblate, rind thin, smooth, and pale yellow. Pulp
sweet, sul)acid, juicy, of a dull-purplish or light-reddish color, and seedless.
Quality good. Excellent for table use and a good keejjer." [Tamura.)
(No. 967, July 5, 1902.)

9501 to 9503. Mesembkyaxthemum sp.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (Nos. 1140 to 1142, March 11, 1903), April 17, 1903.
A collection of plants presented by Mr. Eustace Pillans, of Rosebank, near t'ape
Town. The species were undetermined by Mr. Pillans.

9501.

"A strikingly ornamental variety with vivid orange flowers. From Mr.
Eustace Pillan's garden at Rosebank." {Fahchild. )

9502.

"A variety with striking magenta-colored flowers. A very strong grower.
Especially adapted for borders. Flowers in the early South African spring."
{FairrhUd.)

9503.

"A tricolored sort, orange, maroon, and red. Said to be very rare. It has a
most striking dewlike sheen on plant and flower«. Is a strong grower."
{Fairchild.)

9504 to 9553. Mangifeka indica. Mango.

From Saharanpur, united provinces of Agra and Oudh, India. Received through
Mr. W. Gollan, director of the Saharanpur Botanic Garden, April 17, 1903.

A collection of small grafted mango plants as follows, one plant of each variety:

9504. 9507.

Arhuiliiint. Bonditnj, grcni. (Dead on ar-

rival.)

^^^^- 9508.

Bhabaurea. Bombay, yellow.

9506. 9509.

Brindabani. (Dead on arrival. ) GapuJbhug. (Dead on arrival.)

SEPTEMBER, liiOO, To DECEMliEK, I'Mi.

285

9504 to 9553— Con

1 tinned.

9510.

9529.

Khaj>ariah.

Kuchiii(xh}ia,

9511.

9530.

Lanffrn.

A'«^(jr/fi.

9512.

9531.

Maldu.

A'rt^<f.

9513.

9532.

Salibunda. ( Dead on arrival. )

Krifilinahhog.

9514.

9533.

Sialkarl.

Khijya.

9515.

9534.

Straoberrif.

Sdinar Chixht.

9516.

9535.

iSvfaida.

Snhnnar.

9517.

9536.

.1 IfoilHO.

Ki.'<t<(jiaL

9518.

9537.

5/l((/dUA-.

fill nihil Bliadra.

9519.

9538.

BulbulcluiKiii.

Taiii'Jiii Jbiidiii.

9520.

9539.

(JalciMld, am ill.

( \K'A'\ on ar-

Jjiiiiijni, large.

rival. )

9540.

9521.

J/(je/(««.s.

C/iic^'»a.

9541.

9522.

Maradabadi. amin.

Dan/'s Favorite.

9542.

9523.

Nijibahadi.

JPfl(2on.

9543.

9524.

Nai/ale.

Fa/)i', Zo»(7.

9544.

9525.

iVwcZ/rt.

Fnjri, roiriifl.

9526.

9545.

FogirwiffZf/.

P»/rt.se<;.

9527.

9546.

(Mo.

Eamani. (Dead on

arrival. )

9528.

9547.

Halijhul.

6'andurta.

286 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9504 to 9553 — Continued.

9548. 9551.

Shurball, hruini. Sunahra.

9549. 9552.

Sharbati, hkirk. Surkha.

9550. 9553.

Singapur. Tamancha.

9554. CiTllUS AUKATSTIUM X CiTRUS BERGAMIA.

From Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government
Botanist. Received April 18, 1908.

Scions of a wbite orange, a hybrid of the mellarose and orange, said by Dr. Trabut
to be of excellent quality. A description of this is published in the "Revue Hort.,"
of Paris; exact reference n<jt given.

9555 to 9558. Rougainvillea spp.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (Nos. 1144 to 1147, March 11, 190:!), April 20, 1903.

"Four different varieties of this su])erl) creeper have Vjeen collected by Mr. Ardern
and planted on his i)lace called the ' Hill,' at Claremont. These differ in their habit
of flowering, color of bracts, and vigor, and although probably not new to America,
the set is sent for comparison with sorts already known in the gardens of California."
( Falrchild. )

9555. Bou(;ai.\ville.v lateresi.v (?).

Has brick-red bracts and is a vigorous grower. No. 1144.

9556. BOUOAIXVILLEA SPECTABILIS.

Has very dark jiurple bracts. A wonderfully vigorous grower, said to excel
the others in its masses of bloom, which are borne for a short period only.
Xo. 1145.

9557. BoiGAIXVILLEA GLABRA.

Has very pale, jjurple bracts, mucn more so than the two other purple
varieties.

9558. l>OL(iAIXVri,LEA sandekiaxa.

"A purple-flowered kind, remarkable for its free-flowering habit. It remains
in flower much of the year, and although it is not so beautiful as B. spectabilis
when the latter is in flower, it is preferable because of its constant blooming
habit." {Fairchild.)

9559. Olea verrucosa (?). Wild olive.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1148, March 11, 1903), April 20, 1903.

"The native wild (jlive of South Africa. These cuttings were taken from a tree
growing in Mr. Ardern's garden at Claremont. It may be useful for l^reeding or as
a stock in California." {Fairchild.)

9560 to 9568. \ itis vinifera. Grape.

From Khodjent, Russian Central Asia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessev,
from Mr. Valneff, April 20, 1903.

A collection of grape cuttings, as follow s:

9560. 9561.

KInimine. Sheker-Angur.

SEFIEMliEK, lyOO, TU DECEMBEK, 1903. 287

9560 to 9568 — Continued.
9562.

Kudn-Kliuxaiiu'.

9563.

Iiiiiiii.

9566.

Tngobi.

9567.

Kh limine Surkh.

9564.

Vlalnki. 9568.

9565. ^^^"^■'-

. Slmvun/nni.

9569. Garcinia ^p. (^).

From Delagoa Bav, East Africa. Received through Messr.-?. Lathrup and Fair-
child (No. 1191^ February, 1903), March 21, 190.3.
"Seed of a large shade tree growing everywhere about and in the town of Delagoa
Bay. The tree is a pretty shade tree, vigorous grower, and an enormous fruit producer.
I have seldom seen any wild fruit tree which was so loaded down aa the trees of this
species are with their small egg-shaped green fruits. I was not able to determine the
species of this tree, but according to the surmise of Mr. J. Medley Wood, of the
Botanic Gardens of Durban, it is a (iarciniu, and for that reason, as well as for its
value as a shade tree, this is worth introducing into the tropical and subtropical
gardens of America. It may be possible to cross this with the mangosteen, although
the difference between the species seems very great. From the sour pulp of the fruit
the Kaffirs prepare a variety of fermented liquor which they keenly relish. They
also eat the fruit pulp fresh." {Fairchild.)

9570. SoLANUM MURiCATUM. Pepino.

From Las Palma.<, Canarv Islands. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1166, April 6, 1903), April 24, 1903.

Pera Melone. "A seedless fruit plant which is grown on the terraces of Grand
Canary and the other islands of the group and on ^ladeira as well. The fruit
tastes like a canteloupe, is the shape of an egg, and when ripe is yellow, striped with
splashes of purple. The texture oi the yellow flesh resembles that of a ripe i)ear.
The hotel visitors are very fond of this fruit, and it brings a good price in the markets
of the island. Here the plants are grown l)y irrigation and bear in nine months after
being planted as cuttings. xVrtificial fertilizei-s are used in their culture and the soil
is a volcanic one. The fruit may be picked before it is ripe and ripened off the bush.
Small shipments have l)een made to London, which arrived in good condition.
This was introduced into California several years ago by Dr. Gustav Eisen and is now
grown there. ' ' ( Fairch ild. )

9571. AvENA sp. Mapstone oats.

From Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1104), April 14, 1903.

"A variety of oat which has been a very prolific yielder in numerous trials at
Mapstone farm in Natal." {Fairchild.)

9572 to 9574.

From Brookings, S. Dak. Presented by Prof. N. E. Hansen, horticulturist of the
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Received April 17, 1903.

9572. CiTEULLUs VULGARIS. Watermelon.
Grown from S. P. I. No. 23. Named South Dakota by Professor Hansen.

9573. Zea mays. Corn.

Malakojf sagar corn. Grown from seed imported by Professor Hansen from
Moscow, Russia, in 1902.

9574. Dauccs carota. , Carrot.
Kuldja carrot. Grown from S. P. I. N(^. 1254.

29861— No. 66—05 19

288 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

9575. MUSA 8APIENTUM.

From Las Palmas, Canary Islands. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1168, April 12, 1903), April 27 and May 6, 1903.

DatUe. "Young buds from the base of some banana plants in Mr. Nelson's garden
in Las Pahnas, which the gardener says came from Cuba several years ago. The
fruit of this 'date' banana is very small, not over an inch or so long, it is said, but of
unusual sweetness, though inclined to be dry. This may be of use for breeding
purposes. The plants are small in size and do not seem very vigorous." {Fairchild. )

9576. ViTis viNiFERA. Grape.

From Old Bokhara, Turkestan. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey from Mr.
Voronov, the representative of Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt (No. 114, AugUst 27,
1902), April 29, 1903.

Kishmish. "A white (i. e., very light green) seedless grape, considered to be the
best of the sorts grown near Bokhara. The berry is rather small, with a slight
amount of bloom, short elliptical in outline, about one-half inch long and three-
eighths inch wide, very thin skinned, ndth a moderately firm, juicy fiesh and sweet
taste, modified by the presence of sufficient acid to prevent its being insipid. The
bunch is large, firm, and compact, and weighs one-half a pound to a pound. I fear
that if once attacked by Anthracnose, Plmmopava, or Black Rot, the berries are so
closely packed that the whole bunch would be destroyed, as without great care in
spraying it would be impossible to properly reach the inner l>erries of the bunch.
This variety was also seen in Ashkabad, where it is said to be of Persian origin. It
s rather rare here." (Bessey.)

9577. ViTis VINIFERA. Grrapc.

From Old Bokhara, Turkestan. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey from Mr.
Voronov, the representative of Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt (No. 115, August 27,
1902), April 29, 1903.

Khusainl ( Khoosii-eenee) . "A light-green grape, considered to be one of the best,
but inferior in quality to Kialiinish, No. 9576, and Ok Uzinm, No. 9578. One of the
most abundant varieties on the market. Very productive. Berries light green, with-
out bloom, often tinged with a very faint red color on the sunny side, elongated
elliptical in outline, an inch to 1\ inches long by one-half to five-eighths inch in short
diameter. Usually truncated at the base and shortly rounded at the apex. Often
slightly larger near the base. Seeds usually only two, situated about one-third of
the distance from the base to ape.x (rarely central). Skin thin and tender; flesh
juicy and tender, but firm. Sweet and slightly acid— too little acid for some people's
taste. Bunches large (three-fourths to 1 pound or more), loose, rather long; would
be easy to spray." [Besseij. )

9578. ViTis VINIFERA. Grrapc.

From Old Bokhara, Turkestan. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey from Mr.
Voronov, the representative of Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt (No. 116, August 27,
1902), April 29, 1903.

Ok Uzium (meaning White grape). "A white (i. e., light green) grape, very abun-
dant on the markets of Old Bokhara. Considered by some to be of better quality
than Khiikdni, No. 9577, but I consider it inferior. Berries light green, with bloom,
round, five-eighths to three-fourths inch in diameter, with usually three rather small
seeds. Skin thin but tough, and with a slightly astringent taste, which makes it
necessary to avoid chewing the skin much. Flesh firm but tender and juicy, sweet
but with sliglit acid flavor, and superior in this respect to that of Khnsaiid, if care is
taken not to chew the skin. Bunches large (1 to U pounds), very compact, with a
pronounced shoulder. Apparently would be difficult to spray properly, but not so
difticult as A'is/mm/i, No. 9576." {Bessey.)

9579. ViTis VINIFERA. Grrapc.

From Old Bokhara, Turkestan. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey from Mr.
Voronov, the representative of Mr. H. W. Diirrschmidt (No. 117, August 27,
1902), April 29, 1903.

Shubonjonyi. "An almost black grape with a faint bloom. Quite rare in the mar-
kets. Considered inferior to Kishmish, No. 9576, and Ok Uziiim, No. 9578. Berries

SKl'TEMBEK, J9(K), TO DKCE.MBKK, I'M). 289

I'lliptical, !>uiall to medium, usually one-half to tive-einhths inch loug by three-eighths
inch thick, sometimes larger. Flesh actually almost colorless, but ajipeariiig dark
on cutting open, because of the dark skin and colored layer immediately lu'low it.
Skin rather tender; only very slightly, or not at all. astringent. Flesh (inite tirm,
juicy, and sweet. Seeds none or, if present, .*»o tender that they are not noticeable
on chewing, having no hard coat. Bunches rather small, not over one-half pound,
with a pronounced shoulder, rather loo.«e, and eai^y to spray. Except that it stains
the fingers and mouth, I consider this variety superior to Ok Uzium, No. 9578, ami
Kishmish, No. 9576." (Bex»ey.)

9580. Salsola akbuscula.

From ('hardjui, Russian Central Asia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessev
from .Mr. V. I'aletzkv, forester, of Chardjui (No. 194, October H, 1902),
May I, V.m.

"This plant is one of the best sand binders in this region. It forms a large shrub,
or even small tree, 15 to 20 feet high. It grows without irrigation in sand in a very
hot region where no rain falls from April to November. In the winter it endures
severe cold. This plant t-in be propagated either by seed (sown from January to
March) or cuttings (also planted in early spring). In either ca.«e a .«tand of al)out
40 per cent is obtained. If grown along with Ari.stidd jtnuinta var. Kdirlini, .No. 9582,
it seeds it,><elf in the tufts of the latter, and soon is able to take care of its own dis-
semination. ' ' ( Betofi'i/. )

9581. IIaloxylon am.modendrox.

From Chardjui, Russian Central Asia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessev
from Mr. V. I'aletzkv, forester, of Chardjui (No. 195, October .S, 1902),
May 1, 190.S.

"This plant often becomes a tree 20 to even 30 feet high, with a trunk 15 to 18
inches in diameter near the base. It requires a clay subsoil which holds some
moisture. It is very hard t<» establish, but when once started is valuable as a sand
binder. It will not endure salt." (Bessei/.)

9582. Akistida penxata var. karelixi.

From Chardjui, Russian Central Asia. Received through .Mr. E. A. Besse\
from Mr. V. Paletzkv, forester, of Chardjui (No. 19(i, October 8, 1902),
May 1, 1903.

"This grass, itself valuable as a sand binder, is especially valuable from the fact
that its tufts act as shelters in which the seeds of Salsola arhuHcahi ( No. 9580) and ( 'alli-
gonum sp. (Nos. 9583 to 9.594) lodge and gr<jw. Nearly every Inmch of this grass will
be fomid to have growing in it a young plant of Salsola or Calligonum. The seeds are
sown in holes in the sand and covered with sand l)y the workman's foot, or are
mixed at the rate of 1 pound to 200 or 300 pounds of sand and sown broadcast; the
former method is, however, preferable. It is sown in the hollows between the sand
dunes, and requires only one seeding, as the following year it reseeds itself."
(Bessey.)

9583 to 9594. Calligonum sp.

From Chardjui, Russian Central Asia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey
from Mr. V. Paletzkv, forester, of Chardjui (No. 197, October 3, 1902),
May 1, 1903.

9583. Calligonum arborescexs and C. caput-.medu8AE.

"A mixture of these two .species. These two are the l^est of the Calligo-
nums for sand-binding purposes. They form small trees. They are superior
to Salsola arhuscula in that when i>lanted from seeds or from cuttings 90 per
cent grow, inferior in that they do not reseed themselves very well."
{Bessey.) (No. 197, Octobers, 1902.)

Additional species sent by IMr. Paletzky.

9584. Callicjoxum ac.vnthopterum, Borscz. var. setosa.

290 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMFUKTED.

9583 to 9594— Continued.

9584a. Calligonum acaxthopterlm, Bors^cz. var. setosa.

9584b. Calligonum acanthoptervm, Borscz. var. setosa.

(These three packages were kept separate because of a sUght variation in
the appearance of the seeds. )

9585. CALLKiOXLM A RBORE.SCEXS, Sp. nOV.

9586. Calligonum arbore-scens X C. acanthoptercm.

9587. Calligonum calliphysa.

9588. Calligonum caput-medusae.

9588a. Calligonum caput-medusae var. rubicunda.

9589. Calligonum cumosum.

9590. Callic;oxum densim.

9591. Callkjonum eriopodum.

9592. Calligonum microcarpum.

9593. Calligonum pallasii.

9594. CALLKiONUM ROTULA.

9595. Citrus aurantium. Orange.

From Las Pahnas, Canarv Islands. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1171, April 14, 1903), May 1, 1903.

Telde. "Considered the finest variety in Grand Canary and superior to those
grown in the central part of the island. These latter, it may be remarked, are con-
sidered by Mr. Lathrop and myself some of the finest flavored oranges which we
have ever eaten, Ijeing characterized by a freedom from fiber, a crisp texture of
flesh, and an indescribably vinous flavor. The variety is medium in size, thin
skinned and seeded. The color of the flesh varies, but in the best specimens is a
shade of dark orange. The juiciness is phenomenal, and though the fruit varies
greatly in flavor and color it is uniformly good and sweet. Any collection should l^e
glad to get this variety. Its origin is unknown as far as 1 can discover. The name
is that of the village where the fruit is grown, some 8 miles from Las Palmas."
( Fairch ild. )

9596. Citrus auraxtiu:>i. Orange.

From Las Palmas, Canarv Islands. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1172, April 14, 1903), May 1, 1903.

Canary seedless. "Scions from two trees which are growing on the estate of Don
Juan Rodriguez, in the famous orange region along the Barranca de la Hlguera de
Canaria. These trees are reputed to produce only fruit that is absolutely seedless,
and though they are very old trees they have never, so far as we could learn, pro-
duced fruits with more than the rudiments of seeds in them. No fruits were on the
trees when these cuttings were taken, so the statement as to their seedlessness is that
of the renter of the i)lace, 8ig. Rivero. If this orange is seedless, as claimed, and of
a quality equal to the other varieties of the same locality, as is affirmed l)y the culti-
vator, the sort is well W(jrth thorough investigation and comparison with the navel
orange now grown in California. It is, I believe, a smaller sort, and may prove
superior in flavor. The excellence of these oranges from this region, which is the
most noted in the islands, is attested by Mr. Lathrop, who thinks thera equal to the
best." ( Fairch dd.)

KKl'TKMIiKK, I'KKi, To DKi KM I^KK. 1!H»;{. 'JUl

9597. CiTKUs ALHANTIUM. Oiauge.

From Lag Paluias, Cuiiarv lf^laIl<l^. KcrtiviMl llin.n>rh MfS!=rs. Lathr..[. aii.i
Fairchild (No. 1172a, April 14, ItHKi), May 1, liKKi.

Canari/ .sCf'r/Aw. "Scions of a variety of seeiUess orange likfl> t.. jirove the same
as No. tJoOO, hnt taken from a nuieh younger tree than the latter that gn-w a short
(li.ftance away from the two oM trees" mentioned under No. J».")!Hi. We have taken
the liherty of namiugtiiis and the pn-vious variety the dnud-ii stnUexs." ( FnirHiihh )

9598. Plocama pendula.

From Las I'ahnas, Grand ("anarv, Canarv Islands. Reeeived through ^fessrs.
Lathropand Fairchild (No. 117:'., -Xi-ril 14, UK).".). May 1. 15»():;.

"A species of low-growing shruh w liich ocons wild on the .^Idjk's of the arid hill-
side near the road from Las Palmas to Telde. It has a most beautiful weei>ing
habit, giving the plants the apjiearance of tiny weeping willows. It is not t»ver 2i to
3 feet high. Tliis would be very beautiful as a cover for dry hillsides overlooking
the .sea. "" It has already been r)rought into greenhouse culture. 1 believe it will
w ithstand severe drought." ( Foirchil'l. )

9599. Mangifera indka. Mango.

From the Philipi.ine Islands. Received through Prof. W. S. Lyon, in charge of
seed and j.lant uitroduction, Insular P>ureau of Agriculture, .Manila, .May 4, 190:-{.

" One see<l of mango No. 2. The fruit from w hich this seed was taken vveighe<l 1(5
ounces. When still wet ami fresh the see<l weighed only 1 oimce, making more than
93 per cent of tlu' tlesh available, exclusive of a very thin autl light rin.l." {Li/on. )

9600. l*iiOEMX DACTYLIFERA. Date.

From Marseille, France. Keceiveil through Champagne Bros., Lt<L -May 4,
19U3, 2t>4 pounds dried Deglet Noor dates, punhased at the re(iuest of Mr.
W. T. Swingle. (No. 130.)

"Dry Deglet Noor dates from the Sahara suitable for planting. Planting is best
done after the ground gets warm in April or May on alkali-free .-;oil with abundant
irrigation. This superb varietv can be propagated with certainty only by means of
offshoots, but as these are now very diflicult to obtain, it is desirable to grow seed-
lings in the hopeof securing some that will j.rove equal to the parent sort in quality.
Alxmt half the seedlings are generally males and one in ten can be counted on to
yield good dates. It is not unreasonable to expect that some of the seedlings may
be as good as the Deglet Noor, and ripen earlier, which will i)ermit of their culture
in the Salt River Valley, Arizona." 'iSmngle. )

9601. Iris sp.

From Monte, Grand Canary, Canarv Islands. Received through Messrs.
Lathropand Fairchild (No.' 1174, April 17, 1903), May 4, 1903.

"A veiv beautiful" white iris of unusual size (5 inches in diameter), which is fra-
grant. This grows wild in certain barrancos of Grand Canary, and Mr. Alaricus Del-
mard, of Monte, called it to our attention. He sent plants to English florists who
declared it was new , l)ut the jjlants failed to live. Its great size and the purity of its
Avhite color and its delicate perfume, like that of a lily, make it a desirable introduc-
tion, although specifically it may not be new to America." {Fairchild.)

9602. Hedera helix var. caxariensis. Ivy.

From Monte, Grand Canary, Canary Islands. Received through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1175, April 17, 1903), May 4, 1903.

"An exceedingly vigorous, very large-leaved variety of ivy, which grows wild in the
Canary Islands. The leaves are sometimes 6 to 8 inches across. It may not retain
this character of large leaves, but it is worthy of trial or for breeding purposes."
{Fairchild. )

292 seeds and i'lants imported.

9603. Dhacunculus canakiensis.

From Monte, (rjaud Canary, Canary li^landf^. Koceiyed tlirough Mt'ssrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (Xo.ll76, April 17, 1903), May 4, 1903.

"A giant aroid with spathes sometimes 14 to 16 inches long. Yello\A-iah or green-
ish in color. Leayes deeply lobed and ornamental. Grows 6 t<i S feet in height in
moist places in the mountains of Grand Canary. .Might ]irov«^ useful for breeders of
the calla lily because of its large size. This \yas called tu imr attention by Mr. A.
Delmard, of Monte." (FairchiUJ.)

9604. PoRTULACARiA AFRA. Spek-boom.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Receiyed through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1130. March S, 1903), May 6, 1903. .

SpeJc-hoom. "This bush, which grows sometimes 12 to 15 feet high, forms one of
the most valuable fodder elements of the northeastern Karroo, in Cape Colony. It
is a succulent-leayed species, greedily eaten by horned stock, and well worth thorough
trial in the frostless, dry lands of our southwestern States. The cuttings should be
placed in the hands of the gardeners of a few interested ranch ovynei'S and at the
experiment stations in the States where the plant is likely to prove of value, with the
understanding that they are to be grown and multiplied and small patches of mother
plants started from which cuttings can l)e taken. The cuttings and young plants
must be protected from gophers, rats, mice, or prairie dogs until several years fild.
At least the mother ])lantations should be so protecte<l. This is not a desert ]>lant,
])ut simply a species which has the power to withstan<! a long, dry season, and
because of the avidity with which live stock eat its leaves and stems it is worth
acclimatizing in the frostless regions of America. It thrives best on rocky slopes
and needs protection from the wind by wind-breaks. These cuttings were made
from a tree growing in the grounds of the South African Museum, in Cape Town,
which tree was planted many years ago by Professor MacOwan. They are a gift to
the American ranchman from this veteran Cape l)otanist who has done so much to
call attention to the good qualities of the Spek-hoo)ii. The climate of the region in
which the tree lives is illustrated by these figures: Absolute maximum temperature
for ten years (1881-1890), 108° F., absolute minimum, 21° F. Rainfall average for
ten years, 18.76 inches per annum, occurring in the warm .«ea.«on." ( Fairrhild.)

9605. PORTULACARIA AFRA.

From Oatlands, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild
(No. 1155, March 16, 1903), May 6, 1903.

Spek-boom. "These cuttings came from the typical Karroo, where the plant is
highly prized for fodder purposes. It may prove slightly different from those taken
from a tree in Cape Town, No. 9604. These cuttings were collected by ]Mr. Nash, of
the Cape department of agriculture, and secured through 3Ir. Davison, chief sheep
inspector of the department." ( Fairchild. ) (For description see No. 9604. )

9606. Ananas sativus. Pineapple.

From Lower Albany, Trapps Valley, South Africa. Received through Messrs.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1154, March 16, 1903), May 6, 1903.

Natal. "This is e\adently the same variety of pineapple as No. 9485. Fresh pine-
apples from this region which we tested were not as tine flavored as those we ate in
Natal, but the fact that they had been picked green should be taken into considera-
tion. Should it grow as well in Florida as it does here it would prove a great suc-
cess. Secured through the kindness of Mr. Eustace Pillans, agricultural assistant of
Cape department of agriculture, from C. J. Ansley, Trapps Valley, Cape Colony."
{Fairchild.)

9607. ViTis RUPESTRis var. metallica. Grape.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented bj' the Cape department of agri-
culture through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1137, March 10, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

"A resistant American stock of South African origin, which ha.s proved itself most
admirably suited to the conditions at the Cape, and especially adapted to 'any loose

SKI»TKMHKU. I'HMi. m hK<KMMKK, liMl.l. 2'>.i

soil, loam, ^.'lavrl, (.l■^^alnl, aii'l alx. in 'Irv, ..|>rii In-avy soils; il can. Ih-sI.Ics, staml a
fair amount of nioistur*- in loose soils. Il forms an fXcclU'nt irraft-hcarfr for all
varieties of European vinets, exeept Jlampuol, uiul po.ssiMy also other memhei-sof the
Miisnil family.' (tf. .1. P. <le Waal, in the Ajrrieultnral .Journal, ('a|K' of (iood llop«',
Decemher W'k UK)1, p. S.SS. ) This variety, 1 am iiifi>rnuMl liy Mr. Knstace I'illans, is
the hest of all the resistant stocks yet tried at the Cape, as its ea.<e of yriaftin^', ^Mvat
vijror, snitahilitv to «lifferent kin<ls"of .soil, ami jiraftinj,' allinily for all l>ul varieties
of^the MiixritI type, make it a jjeneral .stot-k of jjreat value. Even thos*> who <lo not
elaim that it (-xceiMls in vijror any otiier sort, a<lmit that it is tlie easiest frrafti-d of
any of tin- .\meri(an sti>cks. The stock orijrinated at (iroot Con.stantia Wine Farm
in "a lot of seeillin<:s from si-ed sown in IHSt). It is uncertain whether the seed came
ilirect from .\merica or from France. This is entirely distinct, according to Mr. J.
Bioletti (formerly of Ik-rkelev I'niversity, California, now at Fl.^enhnri; .\«.Micultnral
Sehool), from the MetnUim of French vineyardists. Its name applies to tin- luster of
its folia<re. The seed linj: was picked out in 1S*)4, and by (|uick propagation in UK)1
yieldcM 11)87,000 cuttin<rs, and in 1902, St;4,OO0 cuttinj^s were.distrihuted. It has been
tested side by side with many French stocks, such as Aniiiion ru/ti'slris, Itiparia
aioh-f dc Moiiljidlicr, etc., and" takes its place as their ecpial in all points and
their superior as retrards ease of jiropagation and suitability to th*' varieties of soil
mentioned. Mr. IMllans jjoes so far as to predict that it will drive all other .sttx-ks
out of South Africa, except for Miixrol sorts. He claims for it a remarkable yield-
friving power, extn^me vigor, and resistance to the phylloxera. Mr. I'.ioletti admits
its excellent (jualities and |.ra<tical growers are eiithusia.^tic over it. This is well
wortli the serious consideration of ( alifornian vine growers. The originators of this
remarkable seeilling are Messrs. J. P. de Waal and Fustace Tillans, of the Cape of
(iood Hope di-partment of agriculture, and its trial in California should be made at
once. We are indebted to Mr. I'illans for tin- plants .«ent." [Fdlrchild )

9608. Chloris viugata. Rhodes grass.

From Capi' Town. South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and l-'air-
child (No. ll.n, March S, 190:',), May 0, 100:i.

"A species of jiasture gra.«s that, although .scattered Nvidely through the Tropics of
both hemisiiheres (according to the books), has ]irobably not before been brought
into culture. Mr. Cecil Rhodes had the .seed of this plant collected several years ago
and sown in large patches on his jilace near Cape Town, called 'Groote Schur.' The
grass has done well there, forming heavy sods of a good herbage, and the manager of
Sir. Rhodes's farm has had the seed collected and distributed among the i)lanters of
the colony, by wliom it is called 'Rhodes grass.' From what I .-^aw of these patches
on the slopes of a hillside, I do not l)elieve this is a drought resistant form; at least it
is not able to withstand very severe dry weather. It has the typical tinger-like
inflorescence of the genus and "its strong, tough, creeping .stems lie flat on the ground.
When given sufficient moisture the gra.ss is said to produce a mass of forage over 2
feet high, but what it would do if subjected to severe drouglit has yet to be found out.
1 saw a single patcli which had been sown w ith the seed and had failed to take, and
it was evident that the drought-resisting powers of the plant are quite limited. How-
ever, a grass which lias attracted the attention of so keen a lultivator as Mr. Rhodes
and is meeting with favorable comment from many practical men here at the Cape
•deserves a thorough trial in America. As the species is a i>erennial it need only be
tested in frostless or nearly frostless regions. Its fodder value will be much inferior
to alfalfa, but it will thrive on soil with little lime in it. This seed was given Mr.
Lathrop for distribution in America by the steward of Mr. Rhodes's estate, and ni
case it succeeds, the Chartered South African Company, at Cape Town, shoiild be
notified of the success it attains. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

9609. Triticum junceum.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1136, March 9, 190.S), May 6, 1903.

"A grass which is a native of North Africa and Europe, and is used as a .sand binder
here in Cape Colony. Mr. Hutchins, conservator of forests of the colony, to whom
we are indebted for the seed, has found this species especially serviceable in exi^eri-
ments near the seashore. Von Miiller remarks that it is one of the best grasses to
keep rolling sand ridges together. Probably this has already been tried in America,
but this South African seed may be of a different strain." {Fairchild. )

294 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9610. MusA SAPiENTUM. Baiiaiia.

From Las Palma.'i, Grand Canary, Canary Inlands. Receiyed through Messrs?.
Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1169, April 12, 1903), May 6, 1903.

Manzana or Silver. ' ' Young shoots from the base of a few plants of the Silver banana
of Madeira, Avhich yarietj^ is thought by the residents uf this island to be a very
superior sort and to haye originated in 'Madeira. The fruits Avhich we tasted were
good, but not remarkable. They had an acid flavor, were juicy, liad light-colored
flesh, and though very refreshing as a change from the ordinary type of banana, were
not especially to be recommended." {Fairchild.)

9611. Strychnos spinosa (?) Kafir orange.

From Mozambique, East Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1103, February 8, 1903), May 6, 1903.

"Seed {poisonous) of the Kafir orange, a native fruit uf Portuguese East Africa.
The tree is grown in Delagoa Bay only occasionally, and the Katirs crack open the
calabash-like fruit and eat the brown, "plum-like flesh which surrounds the many flat
angular seeds. These seeds are said to be very poisonous, but the flesh is quite refreshing.
That of the specimen which we tasted was like a brandied peach into which cloves
had been stuck. The sj)icy aroma of the fruit is perceptilile before the hard shell has
been broken open and forms one of its best characteristics. The fruits are cannon
ball shaped and very heavy, and the green shell is so hard that it has to be broken
with a heavy l)low. It is in many ways a remarkable fruit, and although the data
regarding it are meager it is well worth a place in Porto Rico, Florida, and Hawaiian
gardens. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

9612. Carissa arduina.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1110, February 26, 1903), May 6, 1903.

"A beautiful, thorny, evergreen shrub, suited to frostless regions. It would be
suited for hedge making and as an ornamental, for its white flowers and oblong,
bright red fruits show off strikingly against its dark-green foliage. Like Carissa
grandiflora, its fruits, resembling a large barberry fruit, are good to eat, having a
sweet,' fresh, but somewhat characterless taste. Standing alone this species pro-
duces a prettier shaped shrub than C. grandijiora and is well worth the attention of
gardeners in California and Florida. These seeds are from fruit gathered in the
municipal gardens in Cape Town. Breeders should be encouraged to try crossing
these two species. There are other representatives of the genus in South Africa
which might be used in breeding experiments. C. acuminata, A. D. C, is listed for
Natal by J. Medley Wood in his 'Indigenous Plants of Natal;' von Mueller lists
C. brownii, F. V. M., from East Australia, and C. carandas L., from India to China,
All these species have edible fruits." {Fairchild. )

9613. Medicago arborea. Tree lucern.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1111, March 3, 1903), May 6, 1903.

"Seed of the Tree lucern, which is said to occur in southern Europe, especially in
Greece. It is, according to von Mueller in his 'Extra Tropical Plants,' page 300, the
'Cytisus' of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The plant forms a shrub 7 to 8 feet
high with thick, woody stems 3 inches in diameter, which sprawl more or less over
the ground. These seeds are from a single specimen in the Municipal Gardens at
Cape Town, and Professor MacOwan informs me that the plant has not attracted
much attention here as a fodder plant, though it grows well. For plant breeders
only who are at work on the genus Medicago." {FaircJdld.)

9614. SoLANUM sp.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1112, March 3, 1903), May 6, 1903.

"Seed of a tree Solanum, of decided ornamental value, which is growing in the
Municipal Gardens at Cape Town and which has never been specifically determined.

SKPTKMHKK. HMKl, TO DKCKM KKU. lM(i3. 'iUf)

Its origin also is imi known, arconliiig to Professor ISIacOwan. It should be sent for
trial to the frostifss ic^'ions of AnuTica and distrihntcil anioni: the snpfrintciideiils
of parks and itul)lic;rardt'ns and private ornamental plant i:ro\\ers. Its iipri^dit stem,
spiny, broad leaves, and Imrizontal Itranches make it effective." {Fairrjiilfi. )

9615. POKTLLACARIA AFKA.

From Cape Town, SoutJi Africa. Presented by Prof. P. MacOwan, (Jovernnient
Botanist, throiifrh Messiv. Lathrop and Fairchild ( No. ill.!. Keceived ^^areh
3, 1903), May U, ISIO.'J.

Spek-hooni. "Seed of this interesting' fodder plant. (See Nos. 9«>04, imori.)"
(FairchiM.)

9616. Uaki'kimiylm M < aifiu m. Kafir plum.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented l)y I'rol. 1'. MacOwan, (iovernment
Botanist, through Me.ssrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Ni>. 1114, March 5, 1908).
Received May 6, 1903.

" One of the prettiest evergreen shade trees to be seen in the gardens of Cape Town.
Prof. P. MacOwan has planted a row of these tree.M in a very win<ly situation near the
parliament buildings in Cape Town and they are admirably suited to such a trying
situation, where they are whipped by continuous win<ls which blow from various
directions. Professor Sim remarks that its tindu-r resend)U's mahogany and is used
for wagon making, being called rfirlienlioal by the Dutch. The red, showy <lrupes
are suitable for pre.«erves, but in the Ca|>e tln'y are apparently not popular though
they have a pleasant acid taste, but littU' pulp. The branches are sometimes planted
as fence i>oles and these large 'cuttings' take root and form trees. [.S7///.] I'rofessor
MacOwan recommends this heartily as a shade tree for windy situations, where its
beautiful dark green foliage forms a dense shade. The tree will thrive in the frost-
less belt of California and Florida and is sure to be appreciated by owners of ])ark.sas
an avenue plant. The seeds should be sown in a f^ovA bed and plants transplanted
to situations desired. It is not a desert plant, but will stand some drought. This
tree is worthy a prominent place in the gardens and parks of California and Florida."
{Fairchild.)

9617. SoLANUM AOULEASTRiM. Natal thorn.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. P. MacOwan, Government
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and F'airchild (No. in5, March 8, 1903).
Received May ti, 1903.

"An ornamental species with very large fruits, grows 6 feet high if grown singly or
4 to 4^ feet if in a hedge, for which latter j)urpose it is used by the farmers.
Very acutely hook-thorned, rather disposed to use up too much space if left alone.
The fruit is the size of a mandarin orange. It will not bear more than a short and
slight frost. To be sent to Texas, Arizona, and ('alifornia gardens." {FairchiM.)

9618. PASPALUivr digitaria.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented bv Prof. P. MacOwan, Government
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1128, March 8, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

"Seed of a grass, which, according to Prof. P. MacOwan, is promising for moist
bottom land. It \vill not endure cold weather, 'out is suited to subtropical condi-
tions. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

9619. Pentzia virgata.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented bv Prof. P. MacOwan, Government
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1129, March 9, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

"Old seed of the fodder bush called the Goed Karroo. This is the best plant in
the Karroo for sheep pasturage, for it furnishes good fodder, binds the sand, prevent-
ing gullying, and withstands drought. {Fairchild. )

290 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9620. EUCLEA EACEMOSA.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented Ijy l*rof. P. MacOvvan, Government
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1132, March 9, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

"A shrub with dense, dark-green foHage, of <listinctly ornamental appearance,
which in especially suited for plantings near the sea that are exposed to salt spray,
with the purpose of lifting the wind from the surface of the soil and checking the
shifting of the sands. In experiments of fixing sand dunes this plant may prove of
decided value, not so much through the action of its roots as by the formation of a
cover for the sand, which will lift the wind above its surface. Strongly recommended
by Professor MacOwan in his recommendations to the Cape government on the
rebushing of an overstocked island off the coast called Robbin Island. This seed
should be planted in a seed bed and the young plants set out when of sufficient size
to bear transplanting well. ' ' ( FairfliiUi. )

9621. Myoporum ixsulare.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. P. MacOwan, Government
Botanist, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1133, March 8, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

"An extra tropical Australian tree called in South Africa Australian blueberry, and
used there as a hedge plant or as an ornamental tree. It is proof against sea breezes,
can be propagated by cuttings, grows rapidly, and will thrive down to high-tide
mark. It is one of the few trees which will grow in wet saline soil. The wood is
close grained and good for ca])inet making. {FnirchUd. )

9622. Cotyledon teretifolia.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. P. MacOwan, Government
Botanist, through Me.ssrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 11.34. March 8, 1903).
Received May 6, 1903.

"Seeds of a CoUiledon from Grahamstown, Great Kirch River. This is a hothouse
plant. ' ' ( Fairch ild. )

9623. Cephalandra quinquiloba.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 11.35, March 8, 1903), May H, 1903.

"A cucurbitaceous plant of ornamental value, running over the ground and bearing
pretty yellow flowers and red fruits. It should be tried in southern California as an
arbor plant mixed with other more dense shade-giving species. Probably a tender
species. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

9624. Eucalyptus ficifolia.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1157, March 16, 1903), May 6, 1903.

" Seed from some trees growing on Cecil Rhodes' s place, Groote Schur. I have
never seen in any landscape more gorgeous dashes of color than those produced by
these trees when'in bloom. The colors vary from salmon or pale pink to deep scarlet.
This tree is probably known in California, perhaps under another specific name."
(Fairchild.)

9625. PiTTOSPORUiNi pendulum.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (No. 1158, March 16, 1903), May 6, 1903.

"Seed of a remarkably grotesque tree growing in the municipal gardens at Cape
Town. It has long slender branches which hang like those of a weeping willow.
Its trunks are weird and irregular in form and give to the tree a most singular appear-
ance. This is worthy of trial in such parks as the Golden Gate Park, of San Fran-
cisco." (Fairchild.)

SF.rTKMHKK, UmX>, TO DKCKMUKK, VM)^. 207

9626. ( r( I iJMiTA MELANOsrEi.'MA. Squash.

Kroiii San Antonio, Malta. Kcreivol tliruuf.'li Meswrs. I.;itliinii ami KaiivliiM
(No. 1159, December 27, Ut02), May H, 190S.

"Dr. Giovanni Borg, director of the gardens at San Antonio, railed our attention to
this squash as the best one for soups and as a vegetable wliich he had ever tested on
the island. The plant also grows luxuriantly in Madeira, when' it is highly prized
as a vegetable. Doctor (irabhani, of Funihal, remarked that it formed one of the
principal foods of the native poor people. It should be given a good test by seeds-
men." {FairchUd.)

9627. LlPINUS ALBUS (?).

From Tripoli or Tunis. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
116(1, December VM)2), May 6, 1908.

"A few peculiar lupines picked up either in Tunis or Tripoli. They may be of
interest to those experimenting with this plant as a green manure crop." ( Fdirrhil'L)

9628 to 9631. Ornamentals.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fair-
child (Nos. 1162 to 1165, March 16. 1903), May H, 1903.

Seed of several ornamentals presented by ]Mr. H. J. Chalvin, sni)crintcndent of the
municipal gardens at Cape Town, as follows:

9628. Cotyledon sp. 9630. G.\steria cRorcnERi.

Various species. Mixed seed. (No. 1164. )

(No. 1162.)

9631. Mon.\E.\ p.wonia.
(No. 1165.)

9629. AsPAR.^Gus pi.r^fosrs.
(No. 1163.)

9632 and 9633.

From Port Elizabeth district, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop
and Fairchild, May 6, 1903.

9632. EiprioHHiA coronata.
.\ tow seeds.

9633. LEiCAnEXDRON ARGEXTEiM. Sllver tree.

"Planted in a pot closely and all<iwed to grow up thickly, the silver tree
is said to form a very pretty pot plant. Difficult to transplant." (Fulrrhild.)

9634. Ananas sattvus. Pineapple.

From Trapps Yallev, South Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathi(ji) and
Fairchild (No. 1156, March 16, 1903), May 15, 1903.

Xatal. "These are probably in no way different from No. 9606, and were intended
to be shipped with them, but arrived too late. Secured through the kindness of Prof.
C. P. Lounsbury, entomologist of the Cape department of agriculture, from a planta-
tion near Trapps Valley.

9635 to 9660. Gossypium barbadense. Egyptian cotton.

From Egypt. Received through Mr. Thomas H. Kearney, May 16, 1903.

9635.

Extra Fine Mil Afifi. Purchased from Robin Carver, Kafr-el-Zayat.

9636.

Ashmuni, Purchased from Carver Brothers & Co., Beni-Suef.

298 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

9635 to 9660— C'ontinnerl.
9637 to 9660.
Purchased from Choremi Benaohi <fe Co., Alexandria.

9637.

Mit Afifi. First picking;, from Beliora Province.

9638.

Mit Afifi. Second picking, from Behera Province.

9639.

Mit Afifi. From Charkieh Province.

9640.

Mit Afifi. From Dakahlieh Province.

9641.

Mit Afifi. From Kalioubieh Province.

9642.

U/V Afifi. First picking, from K;iliniil)ieii Province.

9643.

Mit Afifi. First picking, from (iharbieh 1'roviiice.

9644.

Mit Afifi. Second picking, from GhaHMch Province.

9645.

Mit Afifi. First picking, from Menufieh Province.

9646.

.ffimiovitrli. First picking, from Beiiera i'rovince.

9647.

.Jannoritrh. From Charkieh Province.

9648.

Jnnnovitch. From Dakahlieli Province.

9649.

Jannovitch. First picking, from Gharbieh Province.

9650.

Jannovitch. Second ])icking, from Gharbieh Province.

9651.

Ahbaai. First picking, from Behera Province.

9652.

Ahhasi. Third picking, from Behera Province.

9653.

Abbusi. From Charkieh Province.

9654.

Abbasi, From Dakahheh Province

SKl'TKMHKK, UHK), TU DECEMBER, iWi. 2UU

9635 to 9660— Continued.
9637 to 9660— Continuetl.
9655.

Al>hai<i. Third picking, lioni Kiiliuubifli I'lovintc.

9656.

Abbuxi. Second i)ickin':, from Kalioul)it'li I'ruvintv.

9657.

Abbcusi. First |.i(kin;tr, from < iliarhii-li Province.

9658.

Abbiisi. Second picking;, iVom (iliarhieh rrovincc.

9659.

Abbutsi. First picking, from Menntieli rroviuce.

9660.
AbbusL .Second picking, fr<»in Mennfieh Province.

9661 and 9662. Ornamentals.

From Funchal, Madeira. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (Nos.
1177 and 1178, April 21, 1903), May 18, 1903.

9661. Stkeitosolon jamesonii.

" This is one of the showiest Howering siinihs 1 have ever seen. It is a
native of South Africa and there and in Madeira the l)ushes are covered with
dense masses of veliow and orange colored blooms. Already known in Cali-
fornia." (Fnivchild.) (No. 1177.)

9662. BuiNONIA CilAMBEKLAVXII.

"A iMjantiful lemon veliow flowering species, which grows to perfection here
on walls and trellises. It iscovered with masses of big trumpet-shaped flowers."
{Fairchild.) (No. 1178.)

9663. Pereskia aculeata.

From Funchal, Madeira. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1183, April, 1903), May 18, 1903.

" (puttings of this member of the cactus family, which is used for a stock on which
to graft cacti. As a stock it is well known, but as an ornamental climber probably
less w^ell known. In Fvmchal a single plant, 3 years old, had covered the front
fence of a private house with a wealth of beautiful foliage. It was loaded with one-
seeded fruits, which, though edible, had little taste. Already known in California."
( Fairchild. )

9664. Canarina canariensis (?).

From Funchal, Madeira. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1185, April, 1903), May 16, 1903.

"Seed of a pretty creeper, native of the Canaries and deriving its generic name
from the islands. It has luxuriant light-green foliage and bears bell-shaped orange-
red flowers which are quite showy. It requires much moisture and grows naturally
in shaded valleys of the Canaries. These seed came from the villa of Mr. Reid, some
distance above the town of Funchal, in Madeira. Should thrive in Florida and pos-
sibly in southern California. Sometimes grown as a hothouse plant." (Fairchild. )

9665. Cannabis sativa. Hemp.

From Yokohama, Japan. Received through The Yokohama Nursery Company,
21-35 Nakamura, Yokohama, Japan, May 20, 1903,

Aizu.

300 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMruRTED.

9666 and 9667.

From Surat Government farm, India. Received May 11, 1903.

9666.

Unnamed seed.

9667. Oryza sativa. Rice.

9668. Helianthus annuus. Sunflower.

From Moscow, Russia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey from E. Immer &
Son, May 22, 1903.
White-seeded variety, grown for oil making.

9669. Mangifera indica. Mango.

From Beira, Portuguese East Africa. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and
Fairchild (No. 1089, January 28, 1903), May 25, 1903.

Lathrop. "During a trip down this East African coast seven years ago, Mr.
Lathrop found at Beira a few mangoes of such extraordinarily fine quality that he
has often spoken of them as a possibly valuable present to the mango growers of
America. We reached Beira at the end of the season for this mango and could
only secure one fruit of it to test and one seed of another fruit. The fruit eaten,
which was given us by the American consul, Mr. Glenny, was of exquisite flavor and as
free from fiber as a firm custard. The seed of this fruit and the other seed of the
same varietv are labeled No. 1091, L. & F., S. P. I. No. 9486. The following scanty
information was obtainable about this mango: On the island of Chiloane, some
60 miles south of Beira, a monastery was established by the Portuguese several cen-
turies ago. This monasterv has been abandoned for many years, a century or more,
we are told. Long after that time some fishermen found mango trees growing in the
abandoned garden of the once monastery and brought the fruit to Beira. Since then
small lots of this fruit are brought from Chiloane by any fishing boat passing during
the mango season. The repute of this mango has spread along the African coast as
being far superior to anv other variety grown there. So far as we could learn no
effort has been made to introduce the plant to the mainland, except in the instance
of a single young tree in Beira grown from a seed. The sample we ate was delicious
in flavor, delicate in texture, and of large size. This variety was named after Mr.
Barbour Lathrop, its discoverer and first introducer into America." ( Fairchild. )

9670 to 9699. Manihot sp. Cassava.

From Robert Thomson, Half Way Tree, Jamaica. Purchased on the recommenda-
tion of Prof. P. H. Rolfs. Received May 7, 1903.

9670. 9677.

Pudio A'o. 1. lleleda No. 4-

9671. 9678.

Pacho No. 2. Ueleda No. .5.

9672. 9679.

Facko No. 3. Heleda No. c.

9673. 9680.

Pacho No. 4. Heleda No. 7.

9674. 9681.

Heleda No. 1. Rio {Pie?) de Paloma.

9675. 9682.

Heleda No. 2. Negrito No. 1.

9676. 9683.

Heleda No. 3. Negrita No. 2.

SEl'TKMBKK, 1900, TU DECEMBER, 1903. 3Ul

9670 to 9699— ( "ontimied.

9684. 9692.

JSei/ritn Xv. ('hiiKjclr.

9685. 9693.

Neynla .\<>. 4- MaiUeca.

9686. 9694.

BlancUa. LiiKjim ilr Vinwhi.

9687. 9695.

Cajoii mnoHllii. Solila ainnrilhi.

9688. 9696.

Notosewi^. Manlera.

9689. 9697.

Cub^fsn (liira, Cuntahrieru.

9690. 9698.

Pie dc per dig. Solila hUmco.

9691. 9699.

CeiuKjiii ra. BitUr.

9700 to 9732.

From Jamaica. Keceived through I'rot'. 1'. 11. KoU.'^, May 7, 1903.
A collection of scions* a.s follows:

9700. CiTKis AiRANTiUM. Tangerine.

"A tangerine seedling, secured at I'.jrus, .Jamaica. \n extra large variety,
nearly as large and equally as good flavored a.« the King, ripening earlier, and
of a much finer color. ' ' ( Rolfa. )

9701. Citrus aurantium. Tangerine.

"A tangerine very similar to No. 9700, but ripening .somewhat later."
{Rolfs.)

9702. Citrus aurantium. Navel tangerine.

"Similar to No. 9700 in size, color, and general make-up of the fruit, but
Ijeing seedless and producing a small accessory orange, as in the ca.«e of the
Washington navel; otherwise being of the distinct tangerine type." {Rolfs.)

9703. Mangifera indica. Mango.

Alfoos. "This mango was introduced from India to Jamaica about fifteen
years ago, and is considered to be one of the finest of the East Indian varieties."

\Rolfs.)

9704. Mangifera indica. Mango.

Bombay. "The tree from which the scions were obtained Avas ripening

fruit in winter. The fruit weighed about three-fourths of a pound. Very

luscious and producing very little fiber. Altogether a superior mango."
{Rolfs.)

Cuttings as follows:

9705. Hibiscus sinensis.

"A beautiful ornamentiil of unusual appearance, producing a ruse-colored
flower." {Rolfs.)

302 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPUKTED.

9700 to 9732— Continued,

9706. Hibiscus SINENSIS.

"Another beautiful Hibiscm with verA- dark center and yellow outer portions
of the petal." (Rolfs.)

9707. BOUGAINVILLEA SPECTABILIS Var. LATERITIA (?).

' ' One of the most showy decorative plants for the lawn. The orange-colored
bracts produce a very pleasing contrast with the dark -green background."

(Rolfi.)

9708. Thuxbergia graxdiflora.

"A large flowering vine, very useful for arbor and house decoration."
(Rolfs.)

9709. Thunbergia harrissii.

"A beautiful arVjor plant." (Rolfs. )

9710. Thunbergia laurifolia.

"A beautiful plant for covering arbors and sides of houses." (Rolfs.)

9711. RuppELiA grata.

"An ornamental, producing verv striking and i)leasing effects on an arbor."
(Rolfs.)

9712. POINSETTIA Sp.

"All especially fine extra double race of this variety." (Rolfs. )

9713. Passiflora uladrangclaris.

"The granadilla of the Tropics, bearing large fruit the size of an ostrich egg,
the inner puljj of which has a very pleasant subacid flavor." (Rolfs.)

9714. Petrea volubilis.

"An arbor ornamental of extra good qualities, making a dense shade and
producing a profusion of flowers." (Rolfs. )

9715. BeACMONTIA GRANDIFLOR.\.

"A vine of large proportions, producing an immense white bloom, the tips of
the corolla being pink. A valuable climbing plant for out-of-doors." ( Rolfs.)

Seeds as follows:

9716. COFFEA ARABICA.

"A variety of. this species growing in a higher altitude and producing fruit
of an extraordinarily good quahty. ' ' ( Rolfs. )

9717. Clitoria sp.

"A peculiarly crested form of this plant which makes an excellent plant for
covering a lattice. ' ' ( Rolfs. )

9718. LVFFA AEGYPTICA.

"A dishcloth gourd, the inner parts of which produce a fibrous material use-
ful for various culinary purposes." (Rolfs. )

9719. Cananga odorata (?). . Ilang-Ilang.
" Seed produced from tree growing in Jamaica." (Rolfs.)

9720. HuRA CREPITANS. Sand box.
"Useful for shade and ornamental purposes." (Rolfs. )

9721. AcROCOMiA sp.

" This species produces nuts that are used like hickorv nuts and are most
excellent." (Rolfs.)

SErrEMBKK, I'.RKI, TO DKCKMHKK, VMi. »U)8

9700 to 9732 ("oiitimu'd.

9722. ( >KK()ii()\A oi.KRACEA. Mountain palm of Jamaica.
"A viTV haiiilsotiic ornamental plant." ( A'o//it. )

9723. Sabal sp. Cuban sabal.
"A very sturdy, big-t ranked tree." (liolfo.)

9724. LiVlSTONA IIOOCENDORPII.

"An ornamental palm." (Rolfs.)

9725. Sabal adansoni.

' 'A dwarf palmetto. ' ' ( Rolfs. )

9726. Pandaxus vandermeschii.

9727. AUEIA AI.KAK.

9728. CoCOS BOTRYOPHORA.

9729. LiVISTONA ROTUNDIFOLIA.

9730. Pan DA NTS itilis.

9731. RoYSTOXIA REGIA.

"Is supposed to be distinct from the Porto Rico and Florida royal palm,
making a tree of much grander stature." (Rolfs. )

9732. Ananas sativus. Pineapple.
' ' Seedling pineapple plants. ' ' ( Rolfs. )

9733. Sechium edule. Chayote.

From San Juan, P. R. Presented by Miss Jennie H. Ericson. Received .Iiim?
1, 1903.

9734 to 9749. Medicago spp.

From Madrid, Spain. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1189, a to p. May, 1903), June 1, 1903.

"The Botanic (hardens of Madrid have represented in their collection a large num-
ber of grasses and fodder plants, and the head gardener, ]\Ir. Luis Aterido, has kindly
furnished us with a collection of seeds of sixteen species of Mrdicagos, some of which
may prove of value for breeding purposes. They are as follows:

9734. Medicago lupulina. 9742. Meuicago tuberculata.

9735. Medicago rigidula. 9743. Medicago mcrex.

9736. Medicago gerardi. 9744. Medicago pkaecox. '

9737. Medicago laciniata. 9745. Medicago scFFurTico.sA.

9738. Medicago ixtertexta. 9746. ^Iedkago kadiata.

9739. Medicago disciformis. 9747. ^Medicago cilia kis.

9740. ]\lEDicA(i() oRBiccLAKis. 9748. Medicago fakcata.

9741. MEDICA(i() TENOKKAXA. 9749. MEDICA(iO SCITELLATA.

"Among these, several are indigenous to Sjiain and all of them have a greater or less
value as fodder plants. They are mostly annuals, however, and are therefore limited
in value for direct use." (Fairchild.)

29861— No. 66—05 20

304

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9750 to 9774. Trifolium spp.

From Madrid, Rpaiii. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.
1190, May, 1903), June 1, 1903.

"Small packets of seeds from the Botanic Gardens of Madrid (see Nos. 9734 to
9749). These are for the use of anyone who is especially interested in breeding Tri-
foliums." {Fairchild.) They are as follows:

9750. Trifolium angusti fo-

lium.

9751. Trifolium arvense.

9752. Trifolium bonanii.

9753. Trifolium cherleri.

9754. Trifolium diffusum.

9755. Trifolium fragiferum.

9756. Trifolium glomeratum.

9757. Trifolium hispidum.

9758. Trifolium incarnatum.

9759. Trifolium lappaceum.

9760. Trifolium maritimum.

9761. Trifolium medium.

9762. Trifolium montanum.

9763.

Tripollltm

ochroleucum.

9764.

Trifolium
num.

panormita-

9765.

Trifolium

PRATENSE.

9766.

Trifolium

REPENS.

9767.

Trifolium

RESUPINATUM.

9768.

Trifolium

RUBENS.

9769.

Trifolium

SPUMOSUM.

9770.

Trifolium

STRIATUM.

9771.

Trifolium

STRICTUM.

9772. Trifolium subterra-

NEUM.

9773. Trifolium tomentosum.

9774. Trifolium vesiculosum.

9775.

From Honduras. Presented by Mr. Frank Dean, Black River. Received June
1, 1903.

" One large seed of Oracco; a fine fruit, like the Maumee sapota." {Dean.)

9776. Palm.

From Honduras. Presented by Mr. Frank Dean, Black River. Received June
1, 1903.

" Seeds of the Coyol palm. A large variety, growing to a height of 40 feet. Pro-
duces wine and vinegar. Seeds good for cattle and hogs." {Dean.)

9777.

From Honduras. Presented by Mr. Frank Dean, Black River. Received June
1, 1903.

"A climber, with flowers like the Allamanda; yellow, with red center. Fine plant.
Name unknown. ' ' ( Dean. )

9778 to 9789.

From Khojend, Russian Central Asia. Presented by Mr. E. M. Valneff, of
Khojend, through Mr. E. A. Bessey. Received June 17, 1903.

A collection of seeds, as follows:

9778. PisTACiA vera.

From Hissar, Bokhara. Crop of 1902.

9779. Andropogon sorghum.
Djougara.

Pistache.

Sorghum.

SEITEMBKK, I'JOO, TO DEt'KMBEK, 11)03.

a(i5

9778 to 9789 -Continued.

9780. Sesamim indrtim.
Seed of mixed colors.

9781. Tkitkim vllgare.
Winter wheat.

9782. Triticum vulgake.
Spring wheat.

9783. IIoKDEUM VLTUiARE.

Spring! harley.

9784. Chaetochloa italica.

9785. I'anicum miliaceu.m.

9786. PllASIiOLl'S MIWGO.

9787. Caktha.mis tinctokuts.

9788. MEDiCA(io sativa.

9789. LiNUM USITATiaSIMUM.

Grown for oil making.

9790 to 9800.

From Ta.-^hkent, Russian Central Asia. Presented l)y
seedsman, of Tashkent, through ]Mr. E. A. Bessey.
A collection of seeds, as follows:

9790. Tkitktm viloare.
Alabjurag winter wheat.

9791. Triticum vulgare.
lantagbay or Yantagbay.

9792. Triticum vulgare.
Kisilbugday.

9793. Triticum vulgare.

Tsclmlbugday. Gnjwn in winter on irrigated land.

9794. Triticum vulgare.

Avlieata. Grown in winter on unirrigated land.

9795. Zea mays.
Kuhmtsa.

9796. Andropogox sorghum.
Dshugara Balcha.

9797. Sesamum indicum.
Mixed brown and white.

Sesame.

Wheat.

Barley.

Millet.

Broom-corn millet.

Mung bean.

Safflower.

Alfalfa.

Flax.

Mr. II. W. Diirrsclunidt,
Received June 17, 1903.

Wheat,

Wheat.

Corn.

Sorghum.

Sesame.

9798. Panicum miliaceum.

Broom-corn millet.

306 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9790 to 9800 Continued.

9799. Chaetociiloa italra. Millet.

9800. Carthamus tinctorius. Safflower.

9801. Eriobotrya japonica. Loquat.

From Yokohama, Japan. Presented l)y the Yokohama Nursery Company at
the request of Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received June 5, 1903.

Formosa. Seed of the Formosan loquat.

9802. Nephelium litchi. Leitchee.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

792, December 20, 1901), January 30, 1902.

Ifdl: Ip, l)lack leaved. ' ' This is one of the best varieties grown about Canton, China.
It is said to be a large-fruited sort, of excellent flavor, but with medium-sized stone.
The dried leitchees of the market here are mostly of this form. The plant is not
reproduced from seed but is grafted or inarched." {Fairchild.)

9803. Nephelium litchi. Leitchee.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

793, December 20, 1901) , January 30, 1902.

No Mai, "tender rice" leitchee. "This is a small-seeded, very superior sort, one
of the favorites on the Canton market where four or five different varieties are
known and where the sale of this fruit is a very important one. Dr. J. M. Swan, of
the Canton Hospital, pronounces this one of the two or three best varieties known
to him. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

9804. D108PYROS KAKi. Japanese persimmon.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

794, December 20, 1901), January 30, 1902.

Hung tKz, large red persimmon. "This is a soft variety of medium to large size,
round to oblate spheroid, dark in color, and reported to be very sweet in flavor. It
is imported as being probably a Chinese variety and worthy of trial in comparison
with the Japanese sorts." {FaircJtild.)

9805. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

795, December 20, 1901), January 30, 1902.

Hung Wat tini. "A variety of the 'Honey' type, reported to be good for preserves
and not so sweet as the Ying tsui or Eagle Beak variety. It is medium early. Worthy
of trial as coming from the south China region, though probably not of superior
excellence." { Fairchild.)

9806. Prunus sp. Plum.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

796, December 20, 1901), January 30, 1902.

Hung Mid. "A large red plum, fairly sweet, but of the hard-fleshed type. Like
the other Chinese plums about Canton it is said to have a somewhat bitter taste when
cooked and allowed to stand for an hour or so. Europeans in Canton do not prize
these Chinese plums very highly. This variety blooms in February or March."
( Fairchild. )

9807. Bambusa sp. Bamboo.

From Canton, China. Received through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No.

797, December 20, 1901), January 30, 1902.

Kam Chuk, golden bamboo. "The most beautiful of all the bamboos about Can-
ton, a golden-stemmed sort, with stripes of green. It is rather rare on the island of
Hongkong, I am told by Mr. Ford, and it is not very common about Canton. It is
worthy of trial in Florida and southern California." {FaircJiild. )

SEPTEMBKK. l!KKI, TO DKCKMHKK, litO.?. 307

9808. Mangifeua indka. Mango.

From Mns.><orit', India. IVcHcntrd l>v Rev. II. Maisti.ii AikIicws, |)riinii);tl i>\
Woodstock ('ollf<rf- Keceivt'd Au«:ust S, 15«)o.

Malila. Saitl to be of very iarjje size and spiey flavor.

9809. ViTis RUPEsTRis v!ir. metallica. Grape.

From C'ai)e Town, Sontli Africa. Presented by the Cape Colony department of
agricultnre, tliron>;li Messr(<. Lathropand Fairchild (No. ll.'JT. ^larcli 10, 1VH):{).
Received Anj,Mist 10, UKW.

"Plants of a South African originated variety of resistant American stock, which
has proved itself most admirably suited to the conditions at the Cape and espe«-ially
adai)tedto 'any loose soil, loam, gravel, or sand, and also in dry, open, heavy soils. It
can, besides, stand a fairamonntof moisture in loose soils. It forms an excellent graft
bearer for all varieties of Kuroi)ean vines except llnufpool and j)Ossil)ly also the mem-
bersof the Mu.scat familv.' (Cf. J. P. de Waal, in the Ag. Jour. Capeof (iood Hope,
Deceml)er lit, U)01, p. .s:{S. ) This variety, Mr. Pillans says, is the best of all the resist-
ant stocks yet trie<i at the Cape, as its ease of grafting, great vigor, suitability to differ-
ent kintlsof soil, and grafting affinity for all but varieties of the Muscat tyjie inake it
a general stock of great value. Kven those who do not claim that it exceeds in vigor
any other sort, admit that U i.t the easiist grnftnl of (wij of the Anin-iani stoeh. The
stock originated at (ireat Constantia Wine Farm, in a lot of seetllings from seed sown
in 188t). It is uncertain whether the seed came direct from .\n>ericaor from France.
This is entirely distinct, according to F. .T. I'.ioletti (formerly of the experiment sta-
tion at Berkeley, Cal., now at the F-lsenburg Agricultural School ), from the /;/(7a///Vv(
of French vineyardists. Its name applies to tin- luster of its foliage. The seedling
was picked out in lS!t4, and by tjuick projjagation in 1901 yielded (i.sT, 000 cuttings.
In 1902, S()4,000 cuttings were distriltuted. It has been tested side by side with
many French stocks, such as Annnoit rnpeslris, Hi/mriii (Hoire iJe MontpcUicr, and
takes its ](lace as their e(|uals in all points and their sujierior as regards east' of proji-
agation and suitability to the varii'ties of soils mentioned. .Mr. Pillans goes so faras
to predict that it willdrive all other sorts out except for Muscat sorts. Reclaims
for it a remarkable yii'ld-giving power, extreme vigor, an«l resistance to the phyllox-
era. Mr. Bioletti admits its excellent qualities, and practical growers are enthusiastic
about it. This is well worth the serious consideration of California vim- growers.
The originators of this remarkable seedling are Messrs. J. P. de Waal and F>ustace
Pillans, of the Cape of Good Hope department of agriculture, an<l its trial in Cali-
fornia should be made at once. We are indebted to Mr. Pillans for the plants sent.
See No. 9607, the identical variety." (Fairchild.)

9810 to 9814. ViTis sp. Grape.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by the Cape Colony department of
agriculture, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. 1149 to 1151, and
1153. March, 1903). Received August 10, 1903.

9810. VlTIS VINIFERA.

Red Hanepoot. "A variety of table grape that is believed to have originated
in South Africa and which, according to Mr. Bioletti, formerly vine expert of
the California Experiment Station, at Berkeley, is not known in America.
The variety belongs to the Mmcal type and may be described as a Muscat
with the red color of the Flamimj Tokay. It is one of the most popular of the
Soutli African varieties and is exported to England. It is an excellent shipper
and a showy table sort. Sent by Mr. Eustace Pillans, from the Government
vineyard at "Constantia." {Fairchild.) (No. 1149. )

9811. VlTIS VINIFERA.

Hermitage. "This is the grape from which the Cape claret is made. It is
said by experts to rank high as a claret maker and not to have been tested in
California. Mr. Bioletti, formerly of the California Experiment Station at
Berkeley, Cal., remarks (in the Cape Journal of Agriculture, Vol. XX, No.
12, p. 696), that the Cape Hermitage' is distinct from the sort grown in the
Hermitage vineyards of France and is not so good as the Shiraz or Sirah grape,
which is well known to Californians." {Fairchild.) (No. 1150.)

308 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9810 to 9814— Continued.

9812. Vrns rupestkis.

Le Ronx. "A variety of American phylloxera-resistant stock which, accord-
ing to de Waal (in the Cape Agricultural Journal, Vol. XIX, No. 13, p. 839),
originated from a seedling, selected by Mr. J. G. Le Roux, of Klein, Draken-
stein, Faarl. It requires a loose loam, gravel, or sand, and also grows in dry,
open, heavy soils as well. It is especially suitable as a stock for the Hanepoot
and very lil-ely also for the other Muscat varieties, and is a good general grafting
stock. Mr. Bioletti, formerly of the California Experiment Station at Berke-
ley, Cal., thinks this sort will be keenly appreciated in California for a stock
for Muscat varieties. " {Fairchild.) (No. 1151.)

9813. VlTIS RUPESTRIS.

Pillans. ' ' A variety of resistant American stock which has been selected by
Mr. Eustace Pillans, agricultural assistant in charge of the Government wine
farm at Constantia. Mr. Pillans thinks this will prove an excellent stock for
the Muscat varieties of grape and, although it has not yet been thoroughly
tested, he predicts its general use for this class of vines. The Hanepoot, which
is of the Muscat tvpe, does well on it. These cuttings are sent by Mr. Pillans
himself." {Fairchild.) (No. 1153.)

9814. VlTIS VINIFERA.

White Htmepoot. "Probably descended from the White Muscat." {Fair-
child.)

9815. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

From Constantia, South Africa. Presented by the Cape Colony department of
agriculture through Messrs. Lathropand Fairchild (No. 1152, March 16, 1903).
Received August 10, 1903.

Constantia. "A variety of peach which originated at Constantia. It is said by Mr.
Eustace Pillans to be an excellent shipping variety, of good quality and one of the
best sorts grown in Cape Colony. It deserves a trial in the collections of California
and Georgia, but may not prove hardy enough for Maryland, Delaware, or Michigan.
Sent by the Cape department of agriculture." {Fairchild. )

9816. Medicago 8ativa. Alfalfa.

From Willard, Utah. Received through Mr. P. A. Nebeker, June 9, 1903.

Turkestan alfalfa seed grown by Mr. Nebeker under agreement with the Depart-
ment of Agriculture from imported seed (S. P. I. No. 991), furnished him in 1900.

9817. Trifolium panxonicltm.

From Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt, July 17, 1903.
Seed from the 1902 crop.

9818 to 9823.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., July 31,
1903.

Seeds of trees for arid regions, as follows:

9818. CaSUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA. 9821. AlBIZZIA LUCIDA.

9819. Dalbergia .sis,soo. 9822. Albizzia .iulibrissin.

9820. Albizzia procera. 9823. Eicalvptuh globulus.

RKI»TEMHKK, llKKt, l ( > DKCKMHKK, VMV.l. 809

9824 to 9826.

Fruiii Saulia>;<), CliiK'. I'n-si-iited Ity Federioo Albert, of the ministry of industry
and publii- wurlis. Keivived July V», IW.i.

Seeds as follows:

9824. Aratcaria imbricata. 9826. Bellota miersii.

9825. JlTBAEA spectabilis.

9827. PiNUS PIXEA. Umbrella pine.

From Rome, Italy. Presented by Hon. Hector de Castro, United States Consul-
( General. Received August 7, \90'.i.

9828 to 9830.

From -Monte, (irand Canary, Canary Islands. Presented by Mr. Alaricus Del-
mard, through Me.ssrs. Lathroj) and Fuinhilil. Received August 14, 1903.

Seeds as follows:

9828. Canarina campanula var. canariensxs.

9829. Papaver sp.

9830. Pints canariensis.

9831 to 9850.

From ^Mexico. Secured by ^Ir. G. Onderdonk, special agent of this Department,
and sent to G. L. Taber, Glen St. Mary, Fla., for propagation.

9831 to 9846. Prunus armeniaca. Apricot.

9831. Onderdonk'sNo. 1, Taber'sNo. 1.

From garden of Crispin Mariscal, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal. Free-
stone; 4 inches in circumference; blush; rich; sweet; season, May.

9832. Onderdonk's No. 2, Taber's No. 2.

F'rom garden of Crispin Mariscal, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal. Free-
stone; 4^ inches in circumference; blush; rich; sweet; season, May.

9833. Onderdonk's No. 3, Taber's No. 3. -

From garden of Crispin Mariscal, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal. Free-
stone; 4 J inches in circumference; blush; rich; sweet; season, May.

9834. Onderdonk's No. 4, Taber's No. 4.

From garden of Crispin Mariscal, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal. Cling-
stone; of inches in circumference; blush; rich; sweet; season, May.

9835. Onderdonk's No. 5, Taber's No. 5.

From garden of Crispin Mariscal, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal; Freer
stone; 4^ inches in circumference; blush; rich; sweet; season, May.

9836. Onderdonk's No. 6, Taber's No. 6.

From garden of Crispin Mariscal, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal. Fruit
not yet grown. Season, August 1.

9837. Onderdonk's No. 7, Taber'sNo. 7.

From garden of Carlos Ortero, San Angel, Distrito Federal. Fruits not
full}^ grown; 5 inches in circumference; tine; season, June. Twelve buds
inserted, all dead July 15, 1903. Mr. Onderdonk states that the trees
do not make a vigorous growth, literally bearing themselves to death.
He promised to furnish Mr. Ortero a tree if any lived, as he was per-
mitted to take all the bud wood there was on the tree. Wood altogether
too young when taken. Freestone; yellow; blush.

810 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

9831 to 9850 — Continued.
9831 to 9846— Continued.

9838. Onderdonk's No. 8, Taber's No. 8.

From garden of Martin Velasco, San Angel, Distrito Federal. Fiee-
stone; 4J inches in circumference; cream yellow; blush; season, .Tune 1.

9839. Onderdonk's No. 9, Talier's No. 9.

From garden of Hilario Al)ilo, Contreras, Distrito Federal. Freestone;
6| inches in circumference; cream colored; blush; sweet; season, May 25
to June 1.

9840. Onderdonk's No. 10, Taber's No. "A."

From J. R. Silliman, Saltillo, Coahuila. Variety, Perry. Unripe
fruit six inches in circumference; cream colored; lilush.

9841. Onderdonk's No. 11, Taber's No. "B."

From Santa Anita gardens, near Saltillo. Fruit 4i inches in circum-
ference; yellow; blush; sweet; season. May.

9842. Onderdonk's No. 12 (or 13), Taber's No. "C."

From Santa Anita gardens, near Saltillo. Fruit 5J inches in circum-
ference when not fully grown; yellow; blush; season, June 5.

9843. Onderdonk's No. 13 (or 12), Taber's No. " D."

From J. R. Silliman, Saltillo, Coahuila. Unripe, 4| inches in diame-
ter; highly recommended by Mr. Silliman; season, July. Mr. Taber
writes that the packages containing these last two numbers were both
marked 12, so that it is not jiossible to tell which should be 12 and
which 13.

9844. Onderdonk's No. 15, Taber's No. 15.

Probably from garden of J. R. Silliman, Saltillo, Coahuila. A very fine
apricot, 5^ inches in circumference; yellow; blush; season. May 25;
named Nellie for owner's daughter.

9845. Onderdonk's No. 16, Taber's No. 16.

Probably from garden of J. R. Silliman, Saltillo, Coahuila. A very
fine apricot; h\ inches in circumference; yellow; blush; season, June
1; named Dorah for owner's daughter.

9846. Onderdonk's No. 17, Taber's No. 17.

From garden of Henrique Maas, Saltillo, Coahuila. Said to be a very
fine large variety. Season about July 5.

9847. Prunus cerasus. Cherry.

Onderdonk's No. 14, Taber's No. 14. Mr. Onderdonk writes that this is the
Capulin cherry but does not state where the buds were secured.

9848 to 9850. Amygdalus persica. Peach.

9848. Onderdonk's No. 11, Taber's No. 11.

From garden of Carlos Ortero, San Angel, Distrito Federal. A large,
yellow, blush, clingstone.

9849. Onderdonk's No. 12, Taber's No. 12.

From garden of Carlos Ortero, San Angel, Distrito Federal. A yellow,
blush, freestone.

9850. Onderdonk's No. 13, Taber's No. 13.

From garden of Martin Velasco, San Angel, Distrito Federal. A large,
white, blush, clingstone.

SEl^KMHEK, 19CX), TO DECEMliEK, ltM)3. 311

9851. Pkunus CERASIT8 (?). Cherry.

From Mexii'o. Kt'ct'ivetl through Mr. C. OiiiU'idoiik, .Iiiiu' '^t, lOO,!, by Mr. W . A.
Ta\ li»r, iKunologi.-^t in c-Iiarge of lield investigatioiKs.

Ciipnliu.

9852. Anduopogon sorghutvi. Kafir corn.

From Durban, Xatal. Presented l)y Mr. Claude Fuller, Government Entonjolo-
gist, through Mes.sr8. Lathrop and Fairchild (No. lli».Sa, August 5, 1903).
Received Auguf;t81, 190:i

Mahcle or Maiiele. "This variety has i)roved more resistant than any other to a
speeies of aphis which injures all the connnon sorts." {Fairchild.)

9853 and 9854. Tkiticum durum. "Wheat.

From I'oona Farm, Kirki, India. Sent by the superintendent through Latham
& Co., Bombay, India, addressed to Dr. S. A. Knapp. Received July 23, 1903.

9853. 9854.

PiolaKarte. From Shu edrager(?). Shet Gahu. From Poona.

9855 and 9856. Axdropogox sorghum. Sorghum.

From Poona Farm, Kirki, India. Sent by the superintendent through Latham
& Co., Bombay, India, addressed to Dr.S. A. Knapp. Received July 13, 1903.

9855. 9856.

iridgep Joirar. Ihitjdi Juirnr.

9857. Castilla sp. nov.

From Costa Rica. Presented by Mr. Guy N. Collins, of the Department of Agri-
culture, June 16, 1903.

Seed of a new species of great promise as a rubber producer.

9858. Theobroma sp. nov. Cacao.

From Costa Rica. Presented by Mr. Guy N. Collins, of the Department of Agri-
culture, June 16, 1903.

Seeds of a new species.

9859. Cassia auriculata. Avaram.

From Manamadura, South India. Presented by Rev. Edward P. Holton, through
Miss Nina G. Holton, of this Department. Received September 5, 1903.

Grown and used extensively in South India; the bark for tanning, the leaves, twigs,
and seed pods as a fertilizer for salt lands, wet cultivation. Habit, low and brushy
like a blueberry bush on rocky, sandy, dry, waste lands.

9860. Cyperus nutans. Matting rush.

From Japan. Received through Mr. R. H. Sawver, Kennebunk, Me., July 23,
1903.

Cultivated in the rice fields of Japan. Straw dried and used in tlie manufacture
of the coarser, cheaper grades of Japanese matting.

9861. Cyperus tegetiformis. Matting rush.

From China. Received through Mr. R. H. Sawyer, Kennebunk, Me., July 23,
1903.

Native in salt marshes along the coast of China. Three-cornered rush split, dried,
and used in manufacture of Chinese floor matting.

8] 2 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9862. Andropogon sorghum. Sorghum.

From the Sudan, Africa. Presented by Dr. L. Trabut, Government Botanist, 7
Rue des Fontaines, Mustapha, Algiers, Algeria. Received September 14, 1903.

A few seeds of a strain originated in the Sudan. Recommended by Doctor Tra-
but as of extraordinary size and quality.

9863. Pyrus malus. Apple.

From Stockhohu, Sweden. Presented by Mr. Axel Pihl, secretary of the Swed-
ish Pomological Society, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received
September 22, 1903.

Salems. "A newly-discovered variety, promising because of its hardiness and abil-
ity to live on poor soils." {Fairchild. )

9864. Trifolium pannonicum.

J'rom Erfurt, Germany. Received through Haage & Schmidt September 26,
1903.

9865. Secale cereale. Rye.

From Stockholm, Sweden. Received through Mr. J. E. "W. Tracy, of this
Department, August 17, 1903.

Wasa. Three small samples, from different seed houses. As the bags containing
two of the samples were broken and the seed mixed, it was decided to give but one
number to the three samples. (1 sample from Sellberg & Co., Stockholm; 1 sample
from Ohmans, Soner & Co., Stockholm; 1 sample from another seed house.)

9866. Euphorbia pulcherrima var. plenissima. Poinsettia.

From Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica. Presented by Prof. William Fawcett,
director, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received October 8, 1903.

"In 1898 Mr. Barbour Lathrop noticed a single plant of this variety growing in
the Hope Botanic Gardens, of Kingston, Jamaica. Although he had seen the double
variety of this plant in many places in the Tropics and in greenhouses, nowhere had
he observed a plant with such unusually full whorls of colored bracts. The plant in
its full glory was a perfect blaze of color, forming one of the handsomest decorative
shrubs for landscape purposes that we have ever seen. The writer is inclined to
believe that this is a strain from the ordinary double poinsettia, and that it can be
propagated from cuttings. Its special beauty may possibly have been, however, pro-
duced by specially favorable soil conditions in Jamaica. If the former presumption
is true, this will probably prove a very valuable strain for park use in those regions
of the South where it will grow, and it may even prove superior to the ordinary
type for greenhouse culture. It is w'orthy of a serious trial, both out of doors and
under glass. Under notes L. and F., No. 56, in 1898, the Department's attention was
called to this variety." [Fairchild.)

9867. Prunus lauro-cerasus. Cherry laurel.

From Trebizond, Turkey. Presented bv Mrs. Julia F. Parmelee. Received
October 9, 1903.

Kara yemish. Five plants brought by Mrs. Parmelee from Trebizond to Dunkirk,
N. Y. Given to the Department through Mr. W. A. Taylor, pomologist in charge
of field investigations.

9868. OCIMUM VIRIDE.

From Kew, England. Presented by the director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew. Received October 9, 1903.
Obtained at the request of Dr. L. O. Howard, Entomologist of this Department,

for experiments on the effect of this plant upon mosquitoes.

SEPTEMHER. 1!H>1. TO DECEMBER, liM).}. 313

9869. (lAKCiNiA MANcosTANA. Maiigosteeii.

From IleiieratKotla, Cevlon. Keceive<l throufjii.l. P. William tS: Ums., October
19, 190:!.

"One thou.sand seetLs of this most delicious (if tnijiical fruits, which, it is hclieved,
will prove of >rreat commercial value to the fniit-irrowiiiir interests of Porto Rico."
( FairchUd. )

9870. Persea ixdica.

From Madeira. Presented by Mr. J. B. Blandv, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild.
Received October 15, 1903. '

"This tree is a native of the Canary Lslands, and is hardier than the allitrator pear.
It is introduccil for the purpose of testing it as a stock upon wliich to graft Persea
graliKs-ima. According to the statement of one of the j>riniij)al growers in Florida,
such a stock is especially desired, l)ecause the trunk of the young alligator ]>ear is it*J
weakest part . " ( Fa irch ihl. )

9871. rRiTicuM vuLGARE. Wheat.

From Erivan, Caucasus, Asiatic Russia. Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey
(No. 300, August 24, 1903) , October 21, 1903.

" Red wheat from the mountains near Erivan. It is grown without irrigation and
is sown in March. It should be tried in dry mountain regions." {BeMei/.)

9872. Trtticum durum. Wheat.

From Erivan, Caucasus, Asiatic Ru.ssia Received through Mr. E. A. Bessey
(No. 301, August 24, 1903), October 21, 1903.

Galgalos. "A variety of macaroni wheat which is said to be very good. It is
prized for flour. It brings 30 kopecks a pood more than No. 9871. It is also grown
without irrigation in the mountains. It is mostly grown as a winter wheat, being
sown in October. It is also sown early in March." (Besseif.)

9873. JuNCus EFFU8US. Matting rush.

From Kobe, Japan. Presented by Dr. A. G. Boyer, of the United States con-
sxdate at Kobe. Received October 25, 1903.

Seed of the round Japanese matting rush. This seed was picked from the plants
which are growing for next year's cro]> of matting grass, i. e., from roots that are 2
years old. The seed ripens in July.

9874 to 9876. Trifolium alexandrinum. Berseem.

From Cairo, Egypt. Secured through the courtesy of Mr. George P. Foaden, of
the Khedivial Agricultural Society. Received November 7, 1903.

9874. 9876.

MuscowL Saida.

9875.

Fachl.

9877. Hordeum vulgare. Barley.

From Cairo, Egypt. Secured through the courtesy of Mr. George P. Foaden, of
the Khedivial Agricultural Society. Received November 7, 1903.

Mariut.

9878. AvENA SATivA. Oat.

From Paris
9, 1903.

Belgian winter

From Paris, France. Received through Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., November
9, 1903.

314 SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

9879. (tarcinia cochinchinensis.

From Saigon, Cochin CUiina. Presented by M. E. Haffner, director of agri-
culture of Cochin China, through Messrs. Lathrop and Fairchild. Received
November 11, 1903.

"A species of (kircinia which is closely related to the mangosteen, and upon which
it is hoped this delicious fruit tree can be grafted. This species is said to be much
less limited in its range of soil and climatic conditions, and it may prove a valuable
stock for the mangosteen. " {Fairchild.)

9880. Garcinia ferrea.

From Saigon, Cochin China. Presented by M. E. Haffner, director of agricul-
ture of Cochin China. Received November 11, 1903.

"A species of Garcinia introduced for the same purpose as No. 9879, as a stock for
the mangosteen. ' ' ( Fairchild. )

9881. Garcinia mangostana. Mangosteen.

From Heneratgoda, Ceylon. Received through J. P. William & Bros., Novem-
ber 11, 1903. Shipped from Ceylon August 31, 1903. A wardian case full of
plants of this delicious tropical fruit.

9882. Amtgdalus persica var. nectarina. Nectarine.

From Marplan, Turkestan. Presented by Prof. Ralph Pumpelly: Received
November 11, 1903.

Five seeds of a variety of nectarine which Professor Pumpelly describes as a very
delicious, large sort, which was abundant in that portion of Turkestan. Professor
Pumpelly's first impression was that this was a smooth-skinned peach, thinking that
the nectarine would not be likely to occur in that portion of Turkestan.

9883. Clerodendron foetidum.

From Cape Town, South Africa. Presented by Prof. P. MacOwan, of the Cape
department of agriculture. Received November 9, 1903.

A hardy, ornamental bush 3 to 6 feet in height, said to be hardy in the Middle
and Southern States and not new to this country.

9884 to 9886.

From Guadalajara, Mexico. Presented bv Mr. Federico Chisolm. Received
November 16, 1903.

Seeds of native Mexican plants as follows:

9884. Dahlia sp. "Wild daMia.

Dwarf, leaves very thickly covered with fine prickly hairs, flowers on stem
24 to 48 inches tall, have a diameter of If to 2 inches, petals blood red, with
very high glaze, center yellow.

9885. Tuberose (?)

Chicalam. Small bulb, one or two slender, round leaves 12 to 36 inches long.
Flowers exquisite, colored like a fuchsia, in clusters on slender, round stem 12
to 40 inches high. Blooms July, August, and September. (Doctor Rose says
this is probably a tuberose. )

9886.

Bulb with leathery leaves splotched with brown. Flowers green, not val-
uable, August. Leaves sometimes 12 inches long by 4 inches broad. May be
useful for foliage. Doctor Rose says probably Amole ( Chlorogalum pomeridia-
nuin or Agave americanum).

SKI'TEMBEK, 1000, TO DECEMHKK, VMi. 315

9887. Se(AI>k ("KWEALE. Rye.

Fnmi Nortli Wati-rj^ais I'a. Uictivtil llin>ii^:li Mr. M. L. Micluu'l, NuveiulxT
14, H»o:{.

Whiter Ivanof. (4n.vvii in VM^ from S. V. 1. No. 1:342.

9888. Tkicholaexa rosea.

From Honolulu, Hawaii. Presented by Mr. Jared G. Smith, special agent in
charge of the Hawaiian agricultural experiment station. Receive*! N()veml)er
2.S, 1908.

9889 and 9890. Phaseolus viridissIxMUS. Bean.

Grown from S. P. I. No. 6430, in 1903.

9889. Received through Mrs. Hattie L. Asseltine, Frnitlnirst, Ala., Novem-
ber 2S, 1903.

9890. Received through Mr. John J. Dean, INIoneta, C'al., December 4, 1903.
The California grown seed is noticeably larger than that grown in Alabama.

9891. Eutrema wasabi. Japanese horse-radish.

From Yokohama, Japan. Presented by Mr. II. Suzuki, of the Yokohama
Nurserv Companv, through Messrs. Lathropand Fairchild. Received Decem-
ber 7, 1903.

"Described in B. P. I. Bulletin Xo. 42. The Japanese horse-radish, which is eaten
with raw fish as commonly in Japan a.s ordinary horse-radish is eaten in America
with raw oysters." {Fairchild.)

9892. Atriplex leptocarpa. Saltbush.

• From Sydney, Australia. Received through Anderson & Co., December 5, 1903.

9893. Desmodium tkielora.

From Mayaguez, Porto Rico. Sent by Mr. G. N. Collins, of the DepartnuMit of
Agriculture, through Mr. D. G. Fairchild. Received December 14, 1903.

This plant is used as a soil covering on the coffee plantations in Porto Rico.

9894 to 9896.

From Tanegashima, Japan. Presented by Mr. R. Chester, through Mr. R. B.
Handy, of this Department. Received December 12, 1903.

Native Japanese seeds, as follows:

9894. Red jessamine.
One-half ounce of seed that looks like four-o' clocks.

9895. Lily.
Very decorative.

9896.

, A few seeds, without name or other data.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Abaca. (.S'c^ Hemp, man ila.)
Aberia caffra, 6851, 7955, 7!»56.
Abrus precatorius, 6877, 7555, 8977.
Abutilon avicennae, 6606.
Acacia armata, 9083.

cibaria, 5385.

ci/a)io])li 1)11(1, 9084 .

famesiana, 8948, 9085.

7noniliformus, 8974.

relinioides, 6666.
Acanthophoenix crinita, 7568, 8326.
Acanthus candelabrum, 7269.

moUh, 7167, 7324, 7329.
niger, 7215.
Acerjaponicum, 8150 to 8188.
obhnginn, 8659.

Achiote, 5658.
Achras sapota, 8978.
Aconite, 8537.
Aconitum napellus, 8537.
^erocorpH.s fraximfolia, 8654.
Acrocomia sp., 9721.

sclerocarpa, 6898, 7292.

Actinidia sp., 5840, 5978, 5979, 6504, 6659.

arguta, 7860.
Adansonia digitata, 7182.
Adenanthera pavonina, 7151, 8979.
Aegilops ovata, 7724.
Afsie, 9325.

Agapanthus umbellat'us, 8241, 8675.
Agaricus campestris, 8222 to 8225.
Agathis australis, 8206.
.4^at;e sp., 7087, 7371, 7372, 7488, 8242.

univitatta, 7439.
Ageratum conyzoides, 7147, 7149.

mexicanum, 8848.
Akee, 68-56.

Albizzia sp., 7054.

jidibrissin, 7536, 9822.

7e66eA-, 6443, 9038.

lophantha,. 8243.

fecicZo, 9821.

moluccana, 9086.

odorcdissima, 9087.

jirocera, 9820.
Aleurites triloba, 6450.

Alfalfa, 6998, 7500, 7586 to 7588, 8806, 8823,
9303, 9322, 9323, 9359, 9450 to
9455, 9788, 9816.
Turkestan, 9451 to 9455, 9788, 9816.

Algaroba, see Carob, and Mesquite.

Allamanda blanchetii, 7612.

.1///HWI (vyjrt, 6.390, 7034, 9318.

fisttdoKinn, 9301.
Almoml, 7061, 7062, 7133 to 7135, 7137,
7398, 7401, 7452 to 74-58, 7516,
7517, 7684, 7778 1<. 7780, 7985 to
7989, 8348, 9345, 9348 to 9351,
9458 to 9462.
amboina, 5534.
tropical, 6862.
Amarantlius rnndatus, 7183.

hifpochondriacux, 8803.
Amasonia cah/cina, 7610.
Animophila armuriu, 5831.
Amomum cardamomum, 6864.
Amorpha fruticosa, 8849.
Ampehpfiix sp., 6827.

Amygdalw^ communis, 7061, 7062, 7133 to
7135, 7137, 7398, 7401, 74-52
to 74-58, 7516, 7517, 7684,
7778 to 7780, 7985 to 7989,
8348, 9345, 9.348 to 9351,
9458 to 9462.
davidiana, 7861, 7862.
jjersica, -5922, 5923, 6109, 6,541
to 6-545, 6547, 6548, 6629,
6635, 7670, 7863 to 7868,
8330 to 8334, 8337, 8340,
8343, 9217 to 9220, 9221 , 9284,
9285, 9302, 9304, 9305, 9320,
9.321, 9372 to 9380, 9-389, 9-391
to 9396, 9420, 9805, 9815,
9848 to 9850, 9882.
Anacnrdimn occidentale, 6852, 7294, 7414,

7499 9447.
Ananas satirus, 7366, 9485, 9606, 9634,

9732.
Anchusa italica, 9088.
Andropogon halepensis, 7643.
rufus, 5751.

so'rqhum, 8505 to 5809, 5930,
6406, 6411, 6604. 6681,
6685, 6686, 6689 to 6691,
6693, 6710, 7797, 8-546,
8547, 8685, 8691, 8692,
8815, 9779, 9796, 9852,
98-55, 9856, 9862.
Anise, 7449.

Anona cherimolia, 7173, 8653, 9466.
macrocarpa (Hort. ), 7152.
muricata, 6853, 8980.
reniformis (Hort.), 7170.
squamosa, 7174, 8981, 9024.
suavissima (Hort.), 7159.

317

318

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Aiiflioli/zd (lethiopira, 8850.

Anthi/llis tefi-fqjhylla, 6967, 6968, 7720.

rulneraria, 7721.
Antiarix lo.rirarki, 7364.
Antirrhinum majus, 7163, 7200, 7201, 7203,

7204, 7208, 7213.
Apiinn graveolens, 6707.
Apple, 5687, 5688, 5690 to 5744, 5810 to
5823, 5933, 6102, 6113, 6528,
6656, 6713 to 6772, 8448 to 8453,
8644, 8710 to 8726, 9014, 9469
to 9471, 9863.
crab, 5501 to 5512, 6162, 6358.
custard, 8653, 9024.
Kei, 6851, 7955, 7956.
Otaheite, 6861.
sorb, 5932.
thorn, 8534.
Apricot, 6534, 6630, 6841, 6844, 6845, 7136,
7140, 7672, 8363, 8825. 8913,
9015, 9016, 9319, 9364 to 9371,
9390, 9397 to 9402, 9463, 9464,
9831 to 9846.
Japanese, 9200, 9211 to 9216.
Aquilegia caenilea, 7165, 7225, 7242.
calif ornica, 7230.
fhri/santha, 7148, 7258.
flabeUata, 7316.
glandulosa, 7317.
haijlodgensis, 7318.
stinneri, 7319. -
stnnrli, 7320.
rervaeneana, 7321.

Araclns hgpogaea, 5522, 5561, 5763, 8982,

9355, 9406.
Aralia cordala, 9166 to 9169, 9224.
Araucaria imhricata, 9824.
Araujiaseririfera, 8247, 8851.
Arbnhix imcdn, 8244.
Arctosfophglos sp., 5752.
Ardisia polycephala, 6878.
Areca fdicae, 9727.
Arenga saccharifera, 7545.
Argemone sp., 7404.
Aristida penncdn var. Karelini, 9582.
Aristolorhia elegans, 8245, 8852, 9427.
Aristotelia maequi, 8694, 8906, 9072.
Arnicd montana, 8531.
Arrowroot, Bermuda, 6872.
Artemisia sp., 6619.

argehtea, 8246.

Artocarpns int^grifoUu, 6451, 6854, 8983.

Arum sp., 7480.

Arundinaria hindsii, 9057, 9058.

japonica, 7819.

simoni, 7823, 9050.

Asparagus officinalis, 7957 to 7959, 7975 to
7977.
plumosus, 9629.
sprengeri, 7961, 8248.
verticillatus, 7960.

Aspidosperma (piebracho, 5781, 6346, 7013.
Assam rhea, 5610.
Aster, China, 6387, 6388, 6392.
Astragcdus boeticus, 6964, 7719.
deer, 5841.

Astragalus onohrgchis, see Onobrychis
onobrj'chis.
sinicm, 5935, 6329, 6330, 6571.
Asystasia hella, 9089.
Atalantia trimera, 6894.
Atriplex halimoides, 5614.

leptocarpa, 5613, 9892.
Atropa belladonna, 8530.
Attalea cohune, 6899, 9473 (?).
Avaram, 9859.
Avena^T^., 6626, 9571.

satiia, 5513, 5514, 5938, 5966, 5967,
6022, 6174, 7450, 7944, 8538, 8558,
8650, 9422, 9878.

Bactris gasipaes, 6909.

utili.s, 6910.
Balatong, 6223.
Balsam, 6421.

Balsainorhiza sagiiluta, 9126.
Bamboo, 8717 to 7824, 8427, 8428, 9041 to

9058, 8907.
Bambusa sp., 9807.

alphonse karri, 9056.
aureo-striatu, 7818.
disticha, 7821.
quadrangidaris, 9049.
veitchii, 9053.
tidgaris, 9055.
Banana, 9485, 9575, 9610.
Baphia raceuiosa, 6879.
Barley, 5590 to 5592, 5756, 5788 to 5794,
5842 to 5899, 5903, 5975, 5976, 6023,
6175, 6367, 6399, 6403, 6597, 6601, 6658,
7427, 7451, 7583, 7584, 7640, 7641, 7796,
7969, 7970, 7992, 8559, 8560, 8809, 9133,
9783, 9877.
Barnvard grass, 6409, 8891.
B^sil, sweet, 6381.
Bast, 7359.

Bauhinia sp. , 7589, 7590.
acuminata, 6880.
candicans, 8971.
galpinii, 6881.
picfa, 8984.
Beach-grass, 5831.

Bean, 5517, 5519, 5927, 5929, 6092, 6132,
6223, 6225, 6226, 6228, 6279, 6319,
6320, 6323, 6324, 6377, 6391, 6415,
6430, 6560, 6565, 6569, 6570, 7503,
7504, 7974, 8355 to 8357, 8545,
8585, 8686, 8814, 9147 to 9160
9404, 9405, 9431, 9438 to 9444'
9889, 9890.
Adler, 5795.

broad, 5542, 5965, 6313, 6315, a550,
6669, 7426, 7462, 7498, 8358, 8587,
8592, 8596, 9307 to 9312.
ca.«tor, 8275, 8276, 9283.
horse, 5577, 6961, 7020, 7024, 7035,

7942, 7943.
hyacinth, 6319, 6320.
lima, 5521.

mung, 5518, 6224, 6318, 6321, 6378,
6417, 6418, 6562, 6564, 8486 to
8488, 9419, 9786.
perennial, 6565.

INDEX OK COMMON AND sriENTIFlC NAMES.

;} 1 ♦.)

Beiiii, sov, 57H4 to 'iim, t»ol2, (>814, (i.SL'ti.
6XV.\ to (V.VM\, HSTiJ, ():W(i. (iSKti,
HSltT, t)414, ()41t>, ().V)6, ti'ioS to
«o()l, .S421.' to S4L'4, S489 to 8497,
8584, 858t), 8900. 9844, 9407, 9418.
Bcdnmontin (fntndi flora, 9715.
Beet, 62t)0 to (5264'.

sujrar, 5769 to 5773, 6359, 7908,
8229, 8238.
Beggar weed, 6842.
Begonia, pp., 7075, 7591 to 7600.
gracUlK, 7077.

rexY. Heijoiiiii <ll(i<}riii(i, 8328.
i«eiiipertior<')iK, 7162, 7231, 7311 to
7313.
Bellailonna, 8530.
Bellot't miirxli, 9826.
BeiitlKiiiiid fnitjifcrd, 5981.
Beiitinckia uicoJxtricd, 7569.
Berberis daririni, 7227.
(/»/m, 5784.
ilicifolia, 7869.
iiepalensis, 8853.
steiiophiill<(, 7870.
thunhergii, 7871.
irallichmna, 7330.
Berseem. (-SVe Clover, Egyptian. )
^("^r hraallieiisis, 7179, 7199.
c}tifrnsis, 7153, 7181.
rnlgarin, 5769 to 5773, 6165 to 6168,
6260 to 6264, 6359, 7908, 8229, 8238.
Betoom, 9325.
Bignonia chaniherlai/nii, 9662.

ticeediava, 8249.
Birdlime. 9292, 9293.
Bixa orellciua, 5618, 8936.
Blighia mpUla, 6856.
Bocconia fnitescens, 7327, 8954.
Bochnieria nlve<t, 6.337, 6338.
Bombax mdldbnncinn, 8193.

odirotud, 7272.
Boronia megastigma, 5998.
Bougalnvillea sp., 9555 to 9558.

spedabUii^, 9556, 9707.
Brachgchiton.
Brassmi campeafris, 6178.

jimrm, 6394, 6607, 6613, 6614,

6622.
napus, 6198.

oleracea, 5925, 5926, 5959, 5960,
6427, 6705, 7723.
io^;v/f/.S 6266 to 6271,
6432, 6434.
pe-tsai, 6610, 6611.
rajsa, 6134, 6176, 6179, 6265.
Broccoli, see Cauliflower.
Brome-grass, sirfooth, 5827.
Bromelia sp., 5798.
Bromus inermis, 5827.
Brunfelsia macrophylla, 6882.
Buckthorn, California, 6662.
Buckwheat, 5934, 6177, 6385, 6602, 6603,

9294, 9295.
Buluba, 5781a, 5786.
Butea frondosa, 6883.
Butternut, 7953.
Butum, 7950, 8483, 8800.

29861— No. 66—05 21

liiih/nis/HTtinim /larkii, 8985.
fiK.iKs li(iiidxii'(irlliiciisis, 7872.

Cabbage, 5925, 5926, 59.59. 59()0, 6427,
6705, 7723.
Chinese, 6610, 6611.
Stockhohn Torg, 6427.
Cacao. 6274, 9858, 9010.
Cac-tn.><, 7089, 7090, 7095, 7096, 7375 to

7378, 7382.
CaenulpinUi hunditvilla, 5632, 7541.
coriaria, 7267.
gillif'sH, 8935.
pidrherr'nnii, 6885, 7266.
napjxDi, 6886, 720<).
nepiarid, 7325.
CajanuH indiciis, 8986.
Calabash tree, 6868.
('(iliidiinii sp., 7799 to 7812.
('aldiiuigrostis pliriigmitoides, 5830.
Calla, 7557, 7567.
C(tlli(/onum sp., 9583 to 9594.
Calli'sti'phns horlnm.% 6387, 6388, 6392.
Ododi'iidntm capensis, 7358.
Qdoplnillnin sp., 5.566.
Calotropis giguntni, 8987.
Catnelina snlira, 6036.
Camoenaia maxuna, 7344.
Cniiipanidd medium, 8382.

jierKicifuliu, 7160, 719ti, 7307 to
7310.
Camphor, 56bj.
Cnnanga odorata, 9719.
Cunarina campanula, var. canariensis, 9828.

canariensiH (?), 9664.
Canarium album, 8364.

amhoinense, 5534.
Canavalia ensiformiK, 6132, 6323, 6570,
7974.
qladlatn, 6324.
Candle nut, 6450.
Canna sp., 6632.
Cannabis i7idica, 6164, 6671.

sativa, 6035, 6194, 6309, 6310,
6317, 6322, 6325, 8516, 8525,
9665.
Cantaloupe, 7015.
Canterbury bells, 8382.
Caper, spineless, 6341.
Capparii^ itiermis, 6341.
Caprifig, 6241 to 6243, 6254, 6473 to 6479,
6481 to 6491, 6773 to 6818, 6820 to 6823,
6832, 6835 to 6840, 6850, 6957, 7663 to
7667, 8829 to 8832, 8834 to 8838, 8840,
8841, 8844, 8845.
Capsicum annuum, 5524 to 5526, 5530,
5536 to 5538, 5546, 5553, 5555, 5556,
5565, 5902, 6382, 6383, 7448, 7654, 7781
to 7783, 8565, 8566,^ 8568, 8799, 9475.
Cardamom, 6446, 6864.
Cardiospermum sp., 7053.

halicacabum., 8250.
Carex danvinii, 9061.
decidiia, 9062.
haematovrhi/nca, 9063.
macloviana, 9064.
pseudo-cyperus, 9066.

320

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Carica candamarcensis, 7247.

papaya, 7198, 7209, 7328, 7510,

8417, 8577.
querclfolia, 8251, 8854, 8960.
heterophylla, 5753.
Carissa arduhia, 9612.
Carnation, 7561 to 7566, 7625 to 7629.
Carob, 5825, 6143, 6342, 7059, 7060, 7063,
7132, 7399, 7400, 7460, 7461, 7722, 7777,
8416, 8856, 8914.
Carrot, 6615,6706,9574.
Carthamiis thictorius, 7644, 9787, 9800.
Cari/ota mitis, 8313.

ureas, 6900, 8597.
Cascara sagrada, 6662.
Cascarilla muzonensis, 7830.
Cashew, 6852, 7294, 7414, 7499, 9447.
Casimiroa. edulis, 7505.
Cassava, 9670 to 9699.
Cassia alata, 8988.

auriculata, 9859.
corymhosa, 8252, 8855.
grandis, 8676.
occidentalis, 8253.
Castanea sp., 6530, 6533, 6634, 8362.

crenata, 8393.
CastiUasY>. nov., 9857.
Casuarhm equiseti folia , 8254, 9818.
Cauliflower, 6266 to 6271, 6432, 6434.
Ceanothus azureas, 8255, 9090.
Cecropia palmata, 8920. ■
Cedar, bastard, 6866.
Jamaica, 6865.
Japanese, 6660.
Cedrela odorata, 6865, 7223, 7831.
sinensis, 7256.
toona, 6866, 7238, 8660.
Celery, 6707.
C'elosia cristata, 6422.
Celtis serotina, 8669.
sinensis, 9277.
tala, 8972.
Centaurea americana, 7248.
Cephalandra quinqneloba, 9623.
Cephalaria tafarica, 5828.
Ceratonia siliqua, 5825, 6143, 6342, 7059,
7060, 7063, 7132, 7334, 7399, 7400, 7460,
7461, 7722, 7777, 8416, 8856, 8914.
Ceratostigma plumbaginoides, 7873.
Cercidiphyllum japonicum, 7874.
Cercis siUquastrum, 8857.
Cereus sp., 7085, 7J386, 7509, 7519, 8580.
Ceropegia u-oodii, 7345.
Cestrum elegans, 9428.
parqui, 8959.
pseudo-quina, 8947.
Chaetochloa italica, 5907, 6221, 6389, 6410,

6589 to 6594, 9784, 9799.
Chagoggee, 8803.

Chamaecyparis obtusa, 8141 to 8144.
Chamaedorea corallina, 7300.

ernesti-augusti, 7301.
geonomaeformis, 7302.
gracilis, 7303.
sartorii, 8324.
Chamaerops arborea (?), 7273.

canariensis (?), 7274.

Chamaerops elegans (?), 7276.

farinosa (?), 6903, 7278.
'humilis, 6901, 6902, 7279,

7280, 7416.
macrocarpa, 7281.
olivaeforinis (?), 7282.
robusta (?), 7283.
tomentosa, 7284.
Chard, 6165 to 6168.
Chacicn officinarum, 5563.
Chayote,"9733.
Cherimova, 8653, 9466.
Cherry, 6096 to 6100, 6107, 6529, 6631, 9029,
9030, 9170 to 9199, 9847, 9851.
Barbados, 6858.
Japanese, 9201.
flowering, 7900, 9170 to 9199.
Cherry laurel, 9867.
Chestnut, 6530, 6533, 66.34, 8362.
Cape, 7358.
Japanese, 8393.
water, 8366.
Chicalam, 9885.
Chick-pea, 5928, 6687, 6999, 7017, 7021,

7462, 7638, 7655, 8807.
Chicory, 5958.
Chili guipin, 9445.
China grass. (*S'ee Ramie.)
Chloris virgata, 9608.
Cho-cho. {See Sechium edule. )
Chorisia crispiflora, 8967.

insignis, 9073.
Chowali, 8687.

Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, 8315.
Chrysanthemum sp., 7244, 7909 to 7941a,
7963.
carinatum., 6419.
cinerariaejfolium, 6142.
coronarium, 6617.
edible, 6419, 6617.
maximum, 7195.
Chrysophyllum cainiio, 8989.
Chufa, 7424, 8216 to 8218.
Cicca nodi-flora, 5564.
Cicer ariefinum, 5928, 6687, 6999, 7017,

7021, 7462, 7638, 7655, 8807.
Cichorium endivia, 7139.
intybus, 5958.
Cinchona calisaya, 7229, 7549, 7551.
hybrida, 7245.
ledgeriana, 7224, 7550.
officinalis, 7166, 7357, 8205.
succirubra, 7193, 7552.
Cinco palomas, 6160.
Cinnamomum sp., 8318.

camphora, 5615.
cassia, 6867.
loureirii, 8404.
Cinnamon, Chinese, 6867.
Ciruela, 7501, 8240.
Cissus sp., 6921, 7006, 7383, 7496.
Cistus filbidus, 9429.
Citharexylum barbinerve, 8973.
Citron, 6643.

Citrullus vulgaris, 6037 to 6057, 6149 to 6159,
6170, 6171, 8410, 8447, 8465 to 8475, 8607
to 8642, 9572.

INDEX (»K COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMK8.

321

Citrus s|>., S44S, V»497, V»700 to 9702.

anranlium, r>m\), 5i>90, 6116, 6184,
624n, 624S, 6249, 6636,
6640,6647,6947,6948,
6950,6954,8415,8439,
8441, 8446, 8602 to
8604, 8706, 9437, 9498,
9595 to 9597, 9700 to
9702.
X bergamia, 9489, 9554.
aiiKtrnlirit, 9040.
higaraduii?) 8894, 8895, 9268.
decummia, 5547, 6246, 6250, 6645,
6646, 84:^5, 8606, 8903, 9017 to
9019, 9269, 9272, 9500.
hi/brlda, 8210, 9488.
japonka, 8896, 9274, 9275, 9493,

9494.
limeWt, 5529, 5554, 6951, 8347.
limointm, 5531 to 5533, 5982, 5986,
5991, 5993, 6115, 6117, 6121, 618.5,
6190, 6360, 6361, 6365, 6641, 6654,
6960, 8443, 8601.
medica, 6643.

nobUis, 6247, 6642, 6644, 8902, 8904,
8905, 9271, 9495, 9496,
9499.
xV'. bigaradia, 8210, 8367,

9132, 9480.
X C. decumana, 8368, 8414.

Clausena excarato, 8194.
Clematis sp., 7875 to 7896.
• hilorii, 8962.
jackvKtni, 7884.
'rnhella, 7893.
7viglitiati(t, 8661.
Cleovie arborea, 9430.
Clerodendron foetid urn, 9883.
hastatutn, 8256.
squamatuin, 8123.

Clianthus dauipieri, 5623.
Clitoria sp., 9717.

ternatea, 7205.
Clover, alsike, 8556.

bur, 6380.

bush, 6331, 7973.

crimson, 7529, 7530.

Egyptian, 7000, 7031, 7657 to 7659,
9874 to 9876.

genge, 5935, 6329, 6330, 6571.

red, 5746 to 5750, 5968, 5969, 7138,
8555.

strawberry, 9026.

Cobaea scandens, 9091.
Coca, 6447.

Coccoloba uvifera, 6855.

Coccothrinax garberi, 7774.

Cochlearia armoracia, 5589, 5761, 5837,

7058.
Cockscomb, 6422.

Cocos alphonsei, 6906.

australis, 6905, 8933, 9074.
bonneti, 6907.
botryophora, 9728.
coronata, 7570.
datil, 8321.

( 'ocas rumuazujfidiia, 7339.

Iiatay, 8314, 8918, 9075.

( \tdiaeum rariegatuin, 7346 to 7354, 7601 to

7604.
Codonopnis riridifiora, 838J-}.
Cofea arabirn, 5^97, 6278, 6712, 7678, 7775,
8207, 8211, 9716.
hybrida, 8682.
libericn, 8681, 8990.

Coffee, 5797, 6278, 6712, 7678, 7775, 8207,
8211, 8681, 8682, 8990, 9716.
tree, Kentucky, 7046.
Coiron Hor, 5779.
Coix sp., 6407.

lachryma-jubi, 5620.

Cola acuiiiiitdta, 7014.
CoUiguqja />?yj.si7(V'//.s-(.s, 8949.
Commelina sp., 7069.

rodeslis, 9092.

Convohmlus sp., 5549, 5550, 5557, 5558.
Coontie, 8504.
Copemicia cerifera, 8964.
Cordyline aHKtralis, 7171, 8257.
banksii, 8858.

Corinth, 6366, 6374, 6429.

Com, 5560, 6028 to 60.34, 6172, 6230 to
6233, 6273, 6401, 6573, 6574, 6827,
7502, 8822, 9356, 9357, 9449, 9573,
9795.
Katir, 9852.

Cormui koiiKa, 8403.
Coronilhi atlitiitica, 9093.
Corylm sp., 5992.

urellana, 7423.

rostratd, 9278.

tnhulom, 6138, 6139.

Coryplia elata, 7331.
Cosmom sp. , 7964.

Cotton, 6400, 6655, 6684, 7647, 8728, 8798.
Egyptian, 5939, 6673 to 6679, 7018,
7019, 7023, 7025 to 7027, 7030,
7036, 9635 to 9660.
Cotyledon sp., 7064, 7081, 7082, 7084, 7098,
7368 to 7370, 7373, 7374, 7390,
7394, 7403, 7479, 7487, 9628.
teretifolia, 9622.

Cowpea, 6311, 6327, 6328, 6413, 6431,
6563, 6566 to 6568, 8354, 8418, 8498 to
8501, 8687.

Crab's eyes, 6877.

Crambe inaritinia, 6145.

Cranberry, 6347.

Crescentia alata, 7971.

cujete, 6868, 8991.

Crotalaria junceu, 8910.

Croton. '{See Codiaeum variegatum.)

Croton sebiferum, 7158.

tiglium, 6448.
Cryptomeria japonica, 6660.
Cucumber, 5567, 5839, 5900, 6080 to 6083,

6395, 6425, 6694, 7511.
Cucumis sp., 7511.

322

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Cuamiis melo, bibb, 5774, 5904, 5908, 6058 ;
to 6078, 6131, 6146 to 6148,
6363, 6364, 6426, 6697, 7015,
7397, 7972, 8219, 8308 to 8310,
9020, 9022.
metuliferus, 5179.
sativils, 5567, 5839, 5900, 6080 to
6083, 6395, 6425, 6694, 7511.
Cucurbita sp., 5520, 5552, 5559, 6133, 6695,
6698, 6708, 7406, 7409, 7508,
9481.
maxima, 5906, 6088, 6089.
melanosperina, 9626.
moschata, 6197.
2)e2W, 6402, 6620, 6621.

Cupaniu snpida, 6856.
Cuphea, sp., 7057.

ignea, 9094.
selenokks, 9095.
Cupressus fanebris, 6876, 7150.

semperiirens, 5964, 9096.
torulosa, 8655.
Curcuma longa, 8935.
Currant, red, 6101.
Cushaw, 6197.
Cyraii normanhyana, 7546.
Ci/donia sp., 8645.

sinemis, 6183, 6186, 6188, 6362,

8209.
vulgaris, 5762, 6120, 6187, 6193,
8454, 8455.
Cyperus esculenlm, 7424, 8216 to 8218.
nutans, 9860.
papyrus, 9097.
tegetiformis, 9861.
Cypress, .5964, 9096.

funeral, 6876.
Cyrtustachys renda, 7571.
Cytisus linifolium, 7(i97.
prolifervs, 7696.

Dadylis glomerata, 8554.

Dagniay, 6276.

Dahlkt sp., 7079, 7967, 7968, 9884.

silresire, 7966.
Daisy, Transvaal or Barberton, 9484.
DaVirrgid lafifolid, 8662.

nigra, 8941.

sissoo, 6661, 9819.

Dana, 6221.

Danthouia ralijornlca, 7117.
Dap-dap, 5617.
Daphne genhva, 8145.

odora, 8394, 8395.
IJasylirion sp., 7100.
Date, 6438 to 6442, 6445, 6846, 7001, 7002,

7631 to 7»i36, 7798, 8563, 8564,

8567, 8569 to 8573, 8738 to 8795,

9600.
Chinese. (.SVe Jujube. )

Datura stramonium, 8534.
Daucus caruta, 6615, 6706, 9574.
Delphinium zalil, 8385.
Desfontainea spinosa, 7825.
Desmodiurn ilUnoense, 6842.

podocarpwn, 9238.

Desmodiurn triflorum, 9893.

uncinatum, 8924.
Deutzia sieboldiana, 8124.
Dianthus alpinus, 7979.

arenarius, 7980.

armeria, 7981.

barbatus, 8384.

caryophyllus, 7561 to 7566, 7625
to 7629.

chinensis, 7982 to 7984.
Digitalis purpurea, 8532.
Dillenia indica, 6887.

speciosa, 8195.
Dioscorea sp., 6277.

Diospyros kaki, 6522 to 6527, 8341, 9804.
Diotis candidissima, 9098.
Ditfelasma rarak, 6873.
Dolichos sp., 5519.

/(/6/a^^ 6319, 6320, 6377, 6569,
8258, 8355 to 8357, 8545, 8686,
9431.

melanojjhthalmus, 6431.

smensis, 6223, 6228.

uniflorus, 8542.
Dorstenia contrajerra, 7832.
Dracaena sp., 7(305 to 7609.
draco, 6888, 7833.
Dracunndus canariensis, 9603.
Dragon's blood, 6888, 7833.
Dye plant, 6879.

Ebony, mountain, 6880.
Ebony tree, 6829.
Eca'emocarpus scaber, 8259.
Echeveria maculata, 6923.

platyphylla, 6922.
Echinocactus scJiumaimianits, 9432.
Edqeu-orthia gardneri, 8146, 9162, 9163.
Eggplant, 5535, 5545, 5619, 6696, 7130,

9297, 9298.
Elaeagnus angustifoUa, 9382, 9383.
longipes, 6665.
pungens, 8260.
Elaeis guineensis, 6908, 7289, 8992.
Eleocharis tuberosa, 8366.
Elettaria cardamomum, 6446, 8672.
Eleusine coracana, 5838, 8434.
Elipnus andinus, 5779.
Eiiimer, 8652.
Endive, 7139.
Enterolobium sp., 8923.

timbouva, 8940, 9076, 9077.
Epipremnum mirabile, 7363, 7816.
Eriobotri/ajaponica, 6191, 6453 to 6460,
6938, 6939, 6943, 6945, 6949, 6955, 6958,
7748, 7946, 8233, to 8236, 8890, 9099,
9244 to 9247, 9407, 9801.
Eriodendron anfractuosum, 9468.
Eriogonum giganteum, 7116.
Ervuni lens, 7028.

hiemale, 7523.
microsperma, 6433.
monanthos, 7522.
Eryngiumsp., 7005.

agavefolium, 9100.
^r^/f/tea ed^Zi-s, (3352, 7297.
Erythrina sp., 6931, 7047.

INDEX OF COMMON AND RrTENTTFTO NAMES.

823

Erf/fhrina rarnen, 5617.
En/tlirti.iiilon cocti, (5447.
Esparsotte, xi'f Saiiifdiii.
Eucalyptus citriodora, 7289.
Jici folia, %24.
globiilm, 5745, 7226, 9828.
robusid, 7176.
Euclea racemosa, 9620.
Enrommid iibnoidex, 5980, 8709.
Eiiffi'nia sp., 8987.

t'diillx, 8969.
VKitu, 8988.
michrlii, 8968.
pumientf, 8957.
EupatoHiim sji., 88.59.

atroruhcm, 8860,9101.
atroridldceuiii, 8861 .
Euphorhia sp., 8289.

roroiKttii, 9682.
latliyris, 6667.
pulcherrimii, 9866.
Euterpe eflulin, 8822.
Euirema vamh'i, 9891.
Exacum hicolor, 8668.

Fagopi/rum exeulentum, 5984, 6177, 6885,

6602, 6603, 9294, 9295.
Fatniajaponicd, 8651, 8862.
Feijna Kelloirlnna, 9078.
Fennel flower, 6875.

Fenugreek, 6968, 7029, 7071, 7520, 7642,
7718,9021.
small, 5579.
FeMuca arundinarea, 5885.

fanara, 7715.
i^(>((s sp., 8846.

carica, 5919 to 5921, 6114, 6241 to
6244, 6254, 6357, 6461 to 6491,
6493 to 6499, 6648, 6778 to 6823,
6832, 6835 to 6840, 6850, 6933,
6934, 6941, 6942, 6946, 6952, 6953,
6956, 6957, 7668 to 7667, 8506,
8507, 8829 to 8847, 9354, 9381.
elastica, 7222, 7417, 7540.
glomenttus, 6857.
hispida, 6889.
indica, 7356, 8196.
macrophylla, 7191, 7418, 8290.
radicans, 7355.
sakoni, 6494.
si/comorus, 7011.
Fig {i^ee also Caprifig), 5919 to 5921, 6114,
6244,6357,6461 to 6491, 6493 to 6499,
6648, 6819, 6983, 6984, 6941, 6942,
6946, 6952, 6953, 6956, 8346, 8506,
8507, 8829- to 8847, 9.354, 9881.
cluster, 6857.
8ycamore, 7011.
Filbert, 7423.

Flax, 5946 to 5957, 6199, 6653, 7648, 7649,
8525, 9347, 9421, 9457, 9789.
false, 6036.
white-flowered, 5949.
Fourjuieria sp., 7388.

splendent, 6924,
Foxberry, 5775.
Foxglove, 8532.

Fragraria sji., 7769.
Fnniferiii (irlnnlsinidcs, 8864.
Fre.la, 9482.

Frei/liiiia <r.slroidi!<, 8868.
Frijole, 9147 to 9160.
Funtumia elai<tica, 8993.

CiaUlardia amhtyodoii, 7207.

pulch'Ua, 7216, 7219, 7249.
Cialium catulineiiKe, 7112.
(Tainboge tree, 6869.
"(lanipi" paper plant, 8165.
(iarbanzo, aee Chick-pea.
(iarc'mUi sp. (?), 9569.

cock inch hu'ims, 9879.

ferrea, 9880.

hanburiji, 8994.

inangoMana, 5684, 7468, 8976,

9869, 9881.
morella, 68t>9.
Gnsteria croucheri, 9630.
Gazawa hiibrida, 7419 to 7421.
fieuisia m(»H>i<j)er)aa, 9102.
Kphaerovarpa, 7749.
Gerbera jainestniii, 9484.
Ginger, 6875, 7621, 878(5.
(Ihdyo biloba, 8140.
Glauriuuijlaru))!, 8865.
(Ueditsia amorphoides, 8934.
(Ihbularia mlicina, 8292.
(tlifceria .ywHahi/h, 5882.
(iiychie luKpUbi, 5764 to 57(56, 6812, 6814,
6326, 6838 to 6336, 6379, 6886, 6.896,
6397, (5414, (5416, 6556, 65-58 to (5561,
8422 to 8424, 8489 to 8497, 8584, 8586,
8900, 9344, 9407 to 9418.
Glj/cip-rJiiza ghdira, 8588.
Gotnphocarpus sp., 5781a, 5786.

textUis, 8291.
6?oss//pm??isp., 6655, 6684, 7647, 8728, 8798.
barbadense, 5989, (5400, 6673 to
6679, 9018, 7019, 7023, 7025
to 7027, 7030, 7036, 9685 to
9660.
brasiliense (?), 8728.
Goumi, 6665.
Gourd, 5528, 5544, 6412, 6708, 8575, 9226.

sponge, 8683.
Grabowskia glauca, 8956, 9033.
Gram, green, see Bean, mung.
Grape, 5616, 5689, 5909 to 5918, 5985, 6118,
6119, 6124, 6140, 6280 to 6306,
6356, 6366, 6374, 6429, 6500,
6501, 7048, 7671, 7687, 7993 to
8071, 8436, 8462 to 8464, 8581 to
8588, 8605, 8647 to 8649, 8796,
8797, 9560 to 9568, 9576 to 9579,
9607, 9809 to 9814.
mustang, 8576.
shore, (5855.
wild, (5.505.
(if rape fruit. ( tSee Pomelo. )
Green gram. {SeeHean, mung.)
Guaiacmn officinale, 6870.
Guava, 8344, 9023.
Guinea grass, 9315.
Guizotia abyssinica, 7645.

324

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOETED.

Guzmania musaica, 7619.
Gymnodadvs canadensis, 7046.
cJiinensis, 6572.

Haloxylon ammodendron, 9581.
Hamamelis japonica, 8189.
Harpephyllum caffrum, 9616.
Hazelnut, 5992, 6138, 6139, 9278.
Hechtia sp., 7387.
Hedera helix, 8866, 9602.
Hedychium gardnerianum, 7624, 8293.
Hedysarum coronarium, 7037, 7528, 7710,
7784, 7788, 7790.
mauritanicum, 7712.
naudinianum, 7789.
obscurwn, 5829.
pallidum, 7711, 7725.
l/gma sp., 7688.

Heliantlms anmms, 6093 to 6095, 9668.
Hellehorus hybridus, 7836.

Jii^r, 7837.
Hemp, 6035, 6164, 6194, 6309, 6310, 6317,
6322, 6325, 6606, 6671, 851 H,
8525, 9665.
ambari, 7032.
manila, 6234 to 6237, 6239, 9028,

9134.
sunn, 8910.
Henbane, 8535.
Henna, 6871.

Hepatica triloba, 7838, 7840.
Heteropteris umbellata, 8958.
Heterospathe elata, 7572.
Hibiscus sp. , 8867.

argentinus, 8965.
cannahinus, 7032.
elatus, 7359.
escidentus, 6376.
sabdariffa, 8698.
sinensis, 9705, 9706.
tiliaceus, 6890.
Hicaria pecan, 7990, 7991, 8200 to 8203.
Hippocrepis multisiJiquosa, 7726.
Holboellia latifolia, 7828.
Honckenya ficifolia, 8995.
Honey Jack, 6451.

Hop, 5569, 5570, 5587, 5588, 5593, 5594,
5611, 5622, 5631. 5757 to 5760, 5768,
5787, 58.36, 5971, 6353.
Hordeinn disfirhvin, 5590 to 5592, 5756,

5788 to 5792, 5794,
5842, 5845, 5847 to
5899, 5903, 5975,
5976, 7992, 8560.
erectum, 6367.
nnUms, 5793, 5846,
9133.
hexasliclmm, 6023, 8559.
tetrastichiitn, 6175, 7427, 7583,

7584, 7796, 8809.
imlgare, 5843, 5844, 6399, 6403,
6597, 6601, 6658, 7451, 7640,
7641 , 7969, 7970, 9783, 9877.
Horse-radish, 5589, 5761, 5837, 7058.

Japanese, 9891.
Hosackia traskiae, 7110.
venusla, 7109.

Hovenia dulcis, 6608.

Howea belmoreana, 8888.
forsteriana, 8889.

Hurnulm lupulus, 5569, 5570, 5587, 5588,
5593, 5594, 5611, 5622, 5631, 5757 to
5760, 5768, 5787, 5836, 5971, 6353.

Hura crepntans, 7542, 8996, 9720.

Hydrangea hortensis, 8396 to 8399.

Hydriastele ii^endlandiana, 7322.

Hyrnenocallis sp., 7008.

harrisiaiia, 6919.

Hymenocarpus circinata, 7727.

Hyoscyamus niger, 8535.

Hyphaene benguelensis, 7288.

Hyp)tis sp., 7051.

Igna lanceolaia, 5621.
liang-ilang, 9719.
Ilex Integra, 7554.

paraguayensis, 8953.

mghtiana, 8664.
lUicium floridanum, 7161.
Impatiens sp. , 7228.

balsaminn, 6421.
sidtani, 7155, 7168, 7264.
India wheat, 8215.
Indigo, 6623.
Indigofera anil, 90.39.

linctoria, 6623.
Inga dulcis, 7415.
Inodes palmetto, 111^.
lochroma tabidosa, 8295.
Ipecacuanha, 7360.
Jpomoea batatas, 6173.
ficifolia, 8868.
/msp.,"9601.

germanica, 9103.

japonica, 8389.

'laevigata, 8388, 8869.

sibirica, 9104.

tectorum, 8390, 8391.

unguieularis, 6492.
Ivy, 9602.

Jacaranda chelonia, 8975, 9031.
cuspidifolia, 9066.
omlifolia, 8294.
Jack fruit, 6854.
Jacquinia armillaris, 6891.
Japanese horse-radish, 9891.
Jaraqua, 5751.
Jarilla, 5753.
Jasmine, Arabian, 8437.
Jasminum nitidiim, 7342.
sambac, 8437.
Jatropha curcas, 7246.
glauca, 7190.
manihot, 7243.
midtifida, 7257.
Jessamine, red, 9894.
Job's tears, 5620, 6407.
Johnson grass, 7643.
Jojoba, 8312.

/»6«ra spectabilis, 7286, 9825.
Juglans cinerea, 7953.

cordiformis, 8425, 9280.
nigra, 7954.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

325

Jttgkim regia, 5633, 5983, 6180 to 6182,
6354, 6650 to 6(552, S208, 8307,
9231, 9232.
sieboldiana, 8426.

Jujube, 6549, 8600, 8702, 8703, 8828.

Juncits effusus, 8429, 9873.

Junipenis chinensis, 9296.

Kndsnra japonica, 8147 to 8149.
Kafir orange, 9611.

plum, 9616.
Kagemckia sp. , 8695.
Kale, sea, 6145.
Kapok, 9468.
Kentia alexandria, 7287.

macarthuri (Hort.), 8329.

mnderidna, 7574.
Kerdiopsvi macrocnrpn , 8327.
Khaya scnegaleuKis, 8311.
Kicksia africana, 7361.
Kigelia pinnata, 6444.
Kniphofia aloidei^, 9105.
Kochia scoparia, 5970.
Kola, 7014.

Korean lawn grass, 6404, 6405.
Kudzu, 9227, 9228.
Kulthi, 8542.

Kumquat, 8896, 9274, 9275, 9493, 9494.
Kunenbo, 9497.

Labramia bojeri, 8997.
Lacolaco, 6238.
Lac tree, 6883.
Lacluca sativa, 6618.
Lagenaria sp., 8575, 9226.

vulgaris, 6412.
Laniana camara, 8955.

radula, 9106.
Larch, Japanese, 6672.
Larix leptolepis, 6672.
Larrea nitida, 9079.
Lasiosiphon erloct'phalus, 8656.
ZrJhyrus sp., 8461.

cicer, 7521, 8810.

clymenus, 6974.

magellanicus, 5782.

numidlcus, 7729.

ochrus, 6436, 7534.

platyphyllus, 5826.

sa</ms,'7639, 7680.

twgitmius, 5585, 6973, 7637, 7728.
Laurel, California, 5977.
Laurus canariensis, 7270.
Lavender, 5801, 8528.

spike, 5802, 8529.
Lavandula spica, 5802, 8529.
vera, 5801, 8528.
Lav)sonia alba, 6871 .
Lebbek, 6443, 9038.
Lechuguilla, 7439.
Leea mmbucina, 7558.
Leitchee, 9802, 9803.
Lemon, 5531 to 5533, 5982, 5986, 5991,
5993, 6115, 6117, 6121, 6185, 6190. 6.360,
6361, 6365, 6641, 6654, 6960, 8443, 8601.
Lenfi escidenta. {See Ervum lens. )
Lentil, 6433, 7028.

I^entil, one-flowered, 7522.

winter, 7523.
iM'xpedezit hirolor, 6331, 7973, 9107.
hKcrgi'ri, 9230.
.sieboldi, 7553.
Lettuce, 6618.

LenradendroH nrgenteian, 75.56, 8317,9633.
Leiwaena glauca, 8998.
Leucnnthemnm idUjiiioxHrn, 7841.
Li(ttris odoratistiinKi, 6144.
Ijibocedrus chilensis, 6870, 9067.
Licorice, 8533.
Liciiala (jra)idiit, 6911, 7547.
tiiHi'Ueri, 7343.
rumpliii, 6912.
Lignum-vita^ 6870.
JyigxKtriim clliatrtm, 8127.

/(iponirniii, 829().
Lilium aurafinn, 7848 to 7850.
broirnl, 7852.
elegans, 7857, 7858.
jnponicum, 78.56.
'louglflonnn, 7854, 8387.
mactilatuiii, 7851.
ma.rimoiriczii, 7853.
nd>ellum, 7859.
Kpecio><iim, 78.55.
Lily, 7848 to 7859, 9895.

water, 7413.
Lime, 5529, 5554, 6951, 8347.

Spanish, 6859.
Linnria K(i.i:(dilis, 9108.
Liudelofia upedabilix, 7194.
Linmii vailalisniniimt, 5946 to 5957, 6199,
6653, 7648, 7649, 8524, 9347, 9421, 9457,
9789.
Lippia lycioides, 8952.
lurbinata, 8930.
Lithraea aroeirbiha, 8939.

moUe, 9127.
Litsea, zeylnnica, 8679a.
Livistona altissima, 7304.

amtrali% 7299, 7332.
hoogendorpii, 9724.
jenkinsiann, 7293, 7548.
rotimdifolia, 7305, 9729.
Lonicera caprifolinm, 7897.

hamilis, 7898.
Loquat, 6191, 6453 to 6460, 6938, 69S9,
6943, 6945, 6949, 6955, 6958, 7748, 7946,
8233 to 8236, 8890, 9099, 9244 to 9247,
9467, 9801.
Loseosiplion erioceplialus, 8656.
Lotus, 9248 to 9267.
Lotus ednlis, 6975, 7731.

ornithopodioides, 6976, 77.30.
tetragonolobns, 6970, 7656, 7700.
idiginosus, 5942.
Lucern, sand, 7945.
tree, 9613.
Lucuma nerii folia, 8951.
Luffa aegyptiaca, 8683, 9718.
Lnnga, 6222.
Lupine, 5936, 5937, 6688.

blue, 5583, 6971, 7341, 7535.
Egyptian or Corsican, 5584, 7022.
narrow-leaved, 5583.

326

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Lupine, white, 7524, 76S9.

yellow, 7525, 7B81.
Luimius, 8p., 6688, 7738.
albus, 7524, 9627.
an(/nslifolius, 5583, 6971, 7535,

7690".
hirsntus, 7341.
Mem, 7525, 7681, 7732.
pilosus caeriileua, 5936.

roseiis, 5937.
termis, 5584, 6972, 7022, 7689.

Lychnis coeli-rosa, 7184.
Lfjco2)ersicum esculentum, 6090, 6091.
Li/onothamnus floribundns, 7115.

Mnba natalensis, 6892.
Marhaerium fertile, 9080.

iipu (Benth.). [See Tipuana
speciosa. )

Madia sntiva, 6664.
Mngnolia grandiflora, 8402.
kobmi 8502.
. parrifora, 8400, 8401.

Mahogany, 7543.

African, 8311.
Maize. (.SVeCorn.)
Malpighia glcd^ra, 6858.
urens, 7834.
Malta sylrestris, 9109.
Mammillaria sp., 7003, 7004, 7065, 7380,

7381.
Mandarin. (,SVc Orange, Mandarin.)
Manfreda sp., 7007, 7087.
Mam/ifera indica, 7038 to 7045, 7101 to 71 08,
8411 to 8413, 8419 to 8421, 8440, 8442,
8444, 8680, 8701, 8727, 8729 to 8734, 9486,
9504 to 9553, 9599, 9669, 9703, 9704, 9808.
Mango, 7038 to 7045, 7101 to 7108, 8411 to
8413, 8419 to 8421, 8440, 8442,8444, 8680,
8701, 8727, 8729 to 8734, 9486, 9504 to
9553, 9599, 9669, 9703, 9704, 9808.
Mangosteen, 5634, 7468, 8976, 9869, 9881.
]\ranlhot^x, 9670 to 9699.
Maple, Japanese, 8150 to 8188.
Maqui, 8694.
Mdranta arundinacea, 6872.

major, 7611.
Marlscns natalensin, 91 10.
Marking nut tree, 6874.
INIastic, 7336, 9426, 9446.
Math, 8539.

Maurandia harclaiana, 6663.
Maytemis boaria, 8870, 8921.
Medicago sp. , 6368.

arborea, 7695, 9^61j^.
ciliaris, 7742, 9747.
denticulata, 7734, 7737, 9229.
discijormis, 9739.
echinus, 7735.
elegam, 8299.
falcata, 9748.
gerardi, 9736.
gettda, 7952.
helix, 7736.
interte.rta , 9738.
laciniata, 9737.

Medicago lupullna, 9734.

vmlia, 7588, 7945.
murex, 9743.
orbicularis, 7738, 9740.
praecox, 9744.
radiata, 9746.
rigidula, 9735.

sativa, 6998, 7500, 7586 to 7588,
8806, 8823, 9303, 9322,
9323, 9359, 9450, 9788,
9816.
var. iurkestavica, 9451 to
to 9455, 9877, 9816.
scutellata, 9749.
secundiflora, 7743.
suffruticosa, 9745.
tenor eana, 9741.
truncatida, 7739, 7741.
tuberculata, 9742.
turbinata, 6380, 7740.
Medinilla bornensis, 7613.
magnifica, 7614.
Medlar, 8298.
Melaleuca leucadendron, 9111.

viridiflora, 8871.
Melicocca bijuga, 6859.
Melilot, 5578," 7791.
Melilotus sp., 7791.

infesta, 6965.

macrostachys, 5578, 7692, 7744.
speciosa, 7693.
sulcata, 7694.
Melinis minutifora, 5609.
Meliosraa arnottiana, 8657.
Menengech, 7951, 8476, 8484, 8485, 8707,

8801.
Mi'sembryanthem,um sp., 9501 to 9503.

acinaciforme, 8297.
Mespilus germanica, 8298.
1 Mesquite, 8214.
i Michelia champaca, 8999.
compressa, 8122.
nilagirica, 8673.
Microtropis ovalifolia, 8670.
Milk tree, 8346.

Millet, 5907, 6221, 6389, 6410, 6589 to 6594,
9784, 9798, 9799.
African, 5838, 8434.
Barljados, 6604.

broom-corn, 5647, 5648, 6024 to

6027, 6408, 6682, 6692, 6709, 671 1 ,

8805, 8821, 9423 to 9425, 9785,

9798.

Japanese. (See Panicum crus-

galli.)
pearl, 7646.
Ragi, 5838.
Mimosa sensitiva, 8945.
Mina trilobata, 8237.
Mitsuniata paper plant, 9162, 9163.
Mcjlasses grass, 5609.
Mornordica sp., 5528, 5544.
Moraea pavonia, 9631 .
Morreina odorata, 8968.
Morus sp., 6848, 7141 t^ 7145, 7431 to 7438.
alba, 7537, 9384.
multicaulis, 8335.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SOTENTIFIO NAMES.

327

IVIonntain tfil)acc(i, S5:M.

Mulberry. 0848, 7141 toTUo, 74:51 to 7438,
9384.
Chinese, 8335.
Mundle bundle, n()2r).
Musa etixete, 7295.
mannii, 7154.
martini, 7259.
rosacea, 7260, 7262.
Hajiieiiiuiii, 9575, 9610.
smiiatraua. 7240.
so perl II I, 7261.

<e.i/(7/s, 6234 to 6237, 6239, 9028, 9134.
Mushroom, 8222 to 8225.
Musknielon, 5755,5774,5904,5908,6058 to
6078. 6131 , 6146 to 6148, 6363. 6364, 6426,
6697, 7015, 7397, 7972, 8219, 8308 to 8310,
9020, 9022.
Musxaeu'la grandiflora, 7615.
Mustard, Chinese, 6394, 6607, 6613, 6614,
6622.
tree of Scripture, 7362.
Myopornvi insniarc, 9(521.
Myrica fai/a, 9060, 9276, 9316, 9476.

'7iagi, 9164, 9314._
Miirlstira hornjiehlli, 7835.
Myrobalan eniblic, 6860.
Myrtle, downy, 6863.

Nanca, 6275.
Natal thorn, 8239, 9617.
Nectarine, 9221, 9284, 9882.
Nelumbium i<peciosiim, 9248 to 9267.
Neowashingtonia sp., 5586.

tilamentosa, 6351.
Nephelium litchi,' 9802, 9803.
Nicotiana qlauca, 8261.

tahacum, 5961 to 5963, 6229, 7686,
8893.
NigeUa aromatica, 6375.
Nolinas\x, 7097, 7391.
Notocltaena hamosa, 9112.
Nuytsia floribunda, 9037.

Oak, 8704.

cork, 9456.

holly, 6340, 6343, 6344.
Valonia, 6833.
Oat, 5513, 5514, 5938, 5966, 5967, 6022,
6174, 6626, 7450, 7944, 8538, 8558,
8650, 9422, 9571, 9878.
Mapstone, 9571.
wild, 6626.
Odmum basilieinn,. 6381.

viride, 9868.
Oenothera sp., 9025.
Oil plant, 7644 to 7646.
Okra, 6376.

Oka europuea, 5984, 6125 to 6130, 6240,
6251, 6649, 6831, 6834, 7675, 8872,
8909.
laurifolia, 9123.
verrucosa, 9124, 9559.
Oleander, yellow, 6893.
Olearia haastii, 8262, 8873.

Olive, 5984,-6125 to 6130, 6240, 6251, 6649,
6831, 6834, 7675, 8872, 8909, 9124,
9559.
Chinese, 8364.
Onion, 6390, 7034, 9301, 9318.
Onobrychis sp., 7746.

onobrychlx, 7526, 7527.
riciaefolia, (5966.
Ononis sp., 7745.

aloperaroides, 6977.
arellana, 5582, 7(>91, 7747.
Opuntia sp., 7379, 7507, 8578, 8579, 9135 to
9146.
decninaiia, 8916.

fims-indira, 8961, 9317, 9352, 9353.
gymnocarpa, 9113.
Oracco, 9775.

Orange, 5989, 5990, 6116, 6184, 6245, 6247
to (5249, 6(536, 6(540, (5(542, (5(544,
(5647, (5950, 6954, 8210, 8367,
8368, 8414, 8415, 8439. 8441,
8446, 8602 to 8(504, 8706, 8S96,
8902, 8904, 8905, 9132, 9271,
9274. 9275, 9437, 9480, 9488,
9493 to 9499. 9595 to 9597.
bitter, 8894, 8895, 9268.
kuuKpiat, 8896, 9274, 9275, 9493,

9494.
Man.larin, 6247, 6642, (5(544, 8902,
8904, 8905, 9271, 9495, 9496,
9499.
Orchard p;rass, 8554.
Orchid, 7094, 7469 to 7478.
Oreodoxa oleracea, 8325, 9722.

regia, 8323.
Oreopana.r plalanifoHuni, 8874.
Orobus, 6435.

Ori/za satira, 5523, 5940, 5941, 6200 to 6220,
6307, 6308, 6384, 6575 to 6588, 8300 to
8306, 8359 to 8361, 8508 to 8515, 8543,
8590, 8591, 8593, 8594, 8688 to 8(590,
8699, 8804, 8911, 8912, 9326 to 9343,
9667.
Osyris alba, 9114.

Oxalis sp., 6913 to 6918, 7010, 7050, 7412.
corniculata, 8875.
pringlei, 7009.
Oxycoccus palnstris, 5776.

Paeonia moutan, 8072 to 8121, 8392, 8503.
Pagoda tree, 9034.
Palisota harteri, 9000.
Palm, 5586, 6351, 6908, 7072, 8700, ,8708,
9472, 9473, 9776.
date. (*SVe Date. )
Panax auretim, 7559.
Pandanus aqualicus, 7340.
utilis, 9730.
vandermechii, 9726.
Panicnm crns-galli, 6409, 8891.

miliacenm, 5647, 5648, (5024 to
6027, 6408, 6682, 6692, 6709,
6711, 8805, 8821, 9423 to 9425,
9785, 9798.
trypheron, 9315.
Papas amarillas, 9059.
Papaver sp. , 9829.

328

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Papaver bracteatum, 7186, 7253, 8319.

orientale, 7164, 7220, 7250 to 7252.
somniferum, 5796, 8536.
Papaw, 7510, 8417, 8577.
Paper plant, 9162, 9163, 9165.
Paprica, 9475.
Paraguay tea, 8935.
Parkhisonia acideata, 8931.
Parrotia persica, 7899.
Paspalum digitaria, 9618.
Passifora sp., 7056, 7131.

edulis, 5516, 5612.
pruinosa, 7560, 8263.
quadrangularis, 9713.
Passion flower, 5516, 5612, 7056, 7131.
Paidownia sp., 6657.

Pea, 6227, 6316, 6332, 6428, 6551 to 6554,
8557, 8562, 8588, 8810.
flat Tangier, 5585.
square, 6970, 7656, 7700.
Peach, 5922, 5923, 6109, 6541 to 6545, 6547,
6548, 6629, 6635, 7670, 8330 to
8334, 8337, 8340, 8343, 9217 to j
9220,9285,9302,9304,9305,9320,
9321, 9372 to 9380, 9389, 9391 to 1
9396, 9420, 9805, 9815, 9848 to
9850. I

ornamental, 7863 to 7868.
Peanut, 5522, 5561, 5763, 8982, 9355, 9406.
Pear, 5924, 6110, 6507 to 6521, 6532, 7669,
8901, 8901a, 9360, 9361, 9388, 9492.
Japanese, 9239 to 9243.
melon, 9570.

prieklv, 9317, 9352, 9353.
Pecan, 7990,' 7991, 8200 to 8203.
Pedicidaris zeylanica, 8677.
Pela, 5626.

Pelargonium zonale, 9115.
Pendicuas, 5752.
Pennisetum spicatum, 7646.
Pentzia virgata, 9619.
Peony, tree, 8072 to 8121, 8392, 8503.
Pepino, 9570.
Pepo, 6920.

Pepper, 5524 to 5526, 5530, 5536 to 5538,
5546, 5553, 5555, 5556, 5565, 5902, 6382,
6383, 7448, 7654, 7781 to 7783, 8565,
8566, 8568, 8799, 9445, 9475.
Pereskia acideata, 9663.
Perdlasp., 6393.

ocymoides, 9282.
Perimed'mm discolor, 8264.
Persea gratissima, 9001.
indica, 9870.
lingue, 9128.
Persimmon, Japanese, 6522 to 6527, 8341,

9804.
Peruvian bark, 7357.
Petrea volubilis, 9714.
Pe-tsai. (-See Cabbage, Chinese.)
Phacelia lyoni, 7114.

Phaseolus sp., 5517, 6279, 6391, 6415, 6560,
8585, 9147 to 9160, 9404, 9405,
9438 to 9444.
aconitifolius, 8539.
calcaratus, 6226.
lunatus, 5521.

Phaseolus mungo, 5518, 6224, 6378, 6564,

8486 to 8488, 8540, 9786.
mungo-radiatus, 6318, 6321,

6417,6418,6562,9419.
rndialus, 8541.
viridissimus, 6430, 8814, 9889,

9890.
vulgaris, 5795, 5927, 5929, 6092,

6565, 7503, 7504.

Phleum pratense, 8553.
Phlomis fruticosa, 9433.
Phlox drummondii, 7156, 7177, 7218.
Phoenix dactylifera, 6438 to 6442, 6445,
6846, 7001, 7002, 7285, 7631 to
7636, 7798, 8563, 8564, 8567,
8569 to 8573, 8738 to 8795, 9600.
hybrid X reclinata, 7443.
pumila X reclinata, 7444, 8266.
reclinata, 7296, 7442, 8265.
rupicola, 8674.

Phormium tenajc, 7172, 7189, 7232, 7234,

7263, 8267, 8320, 9116.
Photinia lindleyana, 8665.
Phygelius capensis, 9117.
Phyllanthus emblica, 6860.
Phyllostachys aurea, 7817, 9052.

bambusoides, 9044.

castillonis, 9041.

henonis, 9043, 9047.

marliacea, 9048.

miti% 7820, 8427, 9045.

nigra, 7822, 9042.

quilioi, 8428, 9046.

ruscifolia, 9051.

molascens, 7824.

Physaiis sp., 9448.

francheti, 5785.
peruviana, 7577.

Picea excelsa, 5945.
Pimenta acris, 9002.
Pimpinella anisum, 7449.
Pinanga decora, 7337.
Pine, Pyrenean, 6141.

Scottish, 5943, 5944.

stone, 6189.

umbrella, 9827.
Pineapple, 7366, 9485, 9606, 9634, 9732.

Pinus brutia, 6141.

canariensis, 9830.

longi folia, 8678.

pinea, 6189, 9827.

sylvestris, 5943, 5944.
Piptadenia cebil, 8929.

macrocarpa, 9082.

Pistache, 6079, 6122, 6123, 6252, 6253, 6349,
6350, 6355, 6824, 6849, 7335, 7668, 7949,
8349, 8477 to 8482, 8517 to 8520, 8574,
9477, 9490, 9491, 9778.

Pistacia sp., 6355.

atlantica, 9325.

lentiscus, 7336, 9426, 9446.

mutica. 7951, 8476, 8484, 8485,

8707, 8801, 9474 (?).
terebinthus, 7291, 7673, 8521.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

329

Pistacia vera, 6079, 6122, 6123, 6252, 6253,
6349, 6350, 6824, 6849,
7335, 7668, 7949, 8349,
8477 to 8482, 8517 to 8520,
8574, 9477, 9490, 9491,
9778.
X (?)(Butum), 8483, 8800.
X palaestina, 7950.
X (erebintfiHx, 5767, 8204.
Pimm sp., 6553, 6554, 8588.

sativum, 6316, 6332, 6428, 6551,
6552, 8557, 8562.
Pitahaya, 7509, 7519, 8580.
Pithecohhium sp., 7408.

pruinosum, 7212.
saman, 9003.
unguis-cati, 7255.
Pittoftporum pendulum, 9625.
tohirn, 8128.
undrdatnm, 9435.
PUctranthus striatum, 8268.
Plocama pendula, 9598.
Plum, 5824, 5931, 6103 to6106, 6108, 6536 to
6540, 6546, 8338, 8339, 8342, 8345,
8365, 8705, 8824, 8826, 8827, 9222,
9223, 9279, 9281, 9346, 9362, 9363,
9806.
hog, 6259.

Japanese, 9202 to 9210, 9233, 9235,
9236, 9270, 9273, 9.306, 9313.
Podachaenium paniculatmn, 8269, 9118.
Podocarpus macrophyUa, 8192.
Poinciana, dwarf, 6885.
Poinciana regia, 6884, 9004.
Poinsettia, 8438, 9712, 9866.
Poinsettia sp., 9712.

pulcherrima, 8438.
Polygonum sp., 6624.

lanigerum, 8270.
tataricum, 8215.
Pomegranate, 5987, 5988, 6843, 6935 to
6937, 6940, 6944, 7440, 7674, 7676, 7677,
7776, 8430 to 8433, 8599, 8643, 8646, 9385,
9386
Pomelo, 5547, 6246, 6250, 6645, 6646, 8435,
8606, 8895, 8903, 9017 to 9019, 9268,
9269, 9272, 9500.
Popat, 8545.

Poplar, 5994, 6847, 8336.
Poppv, 5796, 8536, 9829.

Matilija, 7518.
Populussp., 6847, 8336.

alba, 5994.
Parana racemosa, 8271.
Portulacarla afra, 9604, 9605, 9615.
Potato, 7073, 7395, 7396, 7489, 9059.

sweet, 6173.
Primula obconica 7157, 7185, 7211, 7221,

7233, 7265, 7314, 7315.
Prince's feather, 8803.
Pritchardia gaudichaudii, 8700.

martii, 8708.
Proso. ( See Panieum miliaceum. )
Prosopis denudans, 5783, 9081.
glandulosa. 8272.
juliftora, 8214.
Prune, 5649 to 5686.

Prunus sp., 6096 to 6100, 6103 to 6108,
6531, 6536 to 6540, 6546, 8338,
8339, 8342, 8345, 8365, 8705,

8824, 8826, 8827, 9806.
armeniaca, 6534, 6630, 6841, 6844,

6845, 7136, 7140, 7672, 8363,

8825, 8913, 9015, 9016, 9319,
9364 to 9371, 9390, 9397 to
9402, 9463, 9464, 9831 to 9846.

ceriwis, 6529, 6631, 9029, 9030,

9847, 9851.
tri flora Huds., 9233, 92.35, 92.36,

9270, 9273.
domett lea, 5649 to 5686, 5824,

5931, 9346. 9362, 9363.
laurncerasus, 9867.
m«mf', 9200, 9211 to 9216.
Ptteuilo - ( 'era.vis wir. hortends,

7900, 9170 to 9199.
tomentiisa, 9201,

tritlora, 9202 to 9210, 9222, 9223,
*9279, 9281, 9306, 9313.
Ptidium cattleianuiu, 7445, 8944.

guajara, 8344, 8922, 8966, 9023.
Psychotria ipeeacuanha, 7360.
Pteroearpus mar.vi}num, 8666.
Pterocarya caucanca, 7271.
Menoptera, 6609.
Plyehoraphis augnsta, 7573.
Pmraria tJnmberqiamt , 9227, 9228.
Pumpkin, 5906, 6088, 6089, (5402, 7508.
Ihmica granafnm, 5987, 5988, (5843, 6935
to 6937, 6940, 6944, 7440, 7674, 7676,
7677, 7776, 8430 to 8433, 8599, 8643,
8646, 9385, 9386.
Pyrethrum, 6142.

roseum, 7244, 7326, 8316.
tchihatchewii, 9027.
Pjnia sp., 6507 to 6521, 6528, 6532, 7669.
baccata, 6162, 6358.
communis, 5924, 6110, 8901, 8901a,

9360, 9361, 9388, 9492.
elaeagrifolia, 9387.
longipes, 9161.

mahis, 5687, 5688, 5690 to 5744,
5810 to 5823, 5933, 6102, 6113,
6856, 6713 to 6772, 8448 to 8453,
8644, 8710 to 8726, 9014, 9469
to 9471, 9863.
prunifolia, 5501 to 5512.
salidfolia, 9387.
sinensis, 9239 to 9243.

Quassia amara, 7192.

Quebrackia lorentzii, 5777,6345,6828,7012.

Quebracho bianco, 5781, 6346, 7013.

Colorado, 5777, 6345, 6828,7012.
Quercus acuta, 8129.

aegilops, 6833.

cornea, 8704.

ciispidatu, 8130.

dentata, 8131, 8132.

glandulifera, 8133.

glauca, 8134.

ilex, 6340, 6343.

lacera, 8135.

laevigata, 8136.

330

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPOKTED.

Qiiercus pMlhiraeoides, 8137.

pinnadjida, 8138.

pubescens, 6344.

serrafa, 8139.

suber, 9456.
Quill aja saponaria, 8927.
Quince, 5762, 6120, 6187, 6193, 8454, 8455,
8645.

Chinese, 6183, 6186, 6188, 6362,
8209.

Rabbit's ear, 5581.

Radish, 5901, 6084 to 6087, 6135 to 6137,
6169, 6398, 6605, 6612, 6699 to 6704,
9487.
Raisin tree, 6608.
Ramie, 6337, 6338.
Rape, 6198.

Raplianiti^ sativus, 5901, 6084 to 6087, 6135
to 6137, 6169, 6398, 6605, 6612, 6699 to
6704, 9487.
Raphia pedunculata, 7290.

vinifera, 9005.
Raphiolepis japonica, 8405.
Raspberry, 6348, 6627, 6628, 7068.
Ravenala rnadagascariensis, 8598.
Recina de Nato, 6238.
Red dye, 6886.
Redwood, 6196.
Rhamnus califomica, 6662.
Rhapidophyllum hystrix, 6904.
Rhapis cochinchinensls, 7275.
Rheum j)cdmatum, 7188, 7214.
Rhodes grass, 9608.
Rhodomyrtui^ tomentosa, 6863, 8667.
Rhopalosiylis sapida, 8887.
Rhus corlaria, 6195.
Rhus ovata, 7111.

succedanea, 8406.
vernicifera, 8407.
Ribes rubrum, 6101.

sanguineuvi, 7901.
Rice, 5523, 5940, 5941, 6200 to 6220, 6307,
6308, 6384, 6575 to 6588, 8300 to 8306,
8359 to 8361, 8508 to 8515, 8543, 8590,
8591, 8593, 8594, 8688 to 8690, 8699,
8804, 8911, 8912, 9326 to 9343, 9667.
Richardia sp., 7557, 7567, 7622, 7623, 7814.
africana, 8273.
cdbo-maculata, 8274.
ellioUiana, 7622, 7813.
nelsoni, 7814.
pentlandi, 7623, 7815.
Ridnus rommums, 8275, 8276, 9283.
Rivina Immilis, 9119.
Ro)iineya coulteri, 7518.
Rondeletia chinensis, 8198.
iiosasp., 7049, 9465.
gigantea, 8658.
Rose," 7059, 9465.
Roselle, 8698.
Roupala poldii, 7616.
Roystonea regia, 97S\.
Rubber, Lagos, 7361.
Rab>is sp., 6627, 6628, 7068, 7407, 9035.

idaeus, 6348.
Rubus mUkanus, 5627.

Ruppelia grata, 9711.
Ruseus hypoglossniii, 8277.
Ruscus hypophyUum, 8199.
Rush, 8429, 9860, 9861, 9873.
Rye, 5905, 7531, 9865, 9887.

SabalsY)., 9723.

adansoni, 9725.
eatonia, 7770.
Saccharum officinarvm, 5595 to 5608.
Safflower, 7644, 9787, 9800.
Sainfoin, 6966, 7526, 7527.
St. John's bread. {See Carob. )
Salmon berry, 5627.
Salsola arbuscula, 9580.
Saltbush, 5613, 5614, 9892.
Salvadora persica, 7362.
Salvia gestieraeflora, 8876.
Sambucus australis, 8917.
Sandalwood, 6449.
Sand box, 9720.
Santalwu album, 6449, 8679.
Sapindus InfoUatus, 6452, 8942.
Sapium sehiferum, 6625, 7158.
Sapota, white, 7505.
Sappan, 6886, 7206.
Sausage tree, 6444.
Schinus dentata, 9068.

dependens, 9069.

molle, 7538, 8278, 8943.

montana, 9070.

terebinthifolius, 7539.
Scorpiurus sidcata, 6969, 7751.

vermiculata, 5581, 7698, 7750.
Scidia buxifolia, 8970.
Secale cereale, 5905, 7531, 9865, 9887.
SecJtitijn edule, 9733.
Sedivms^., 6929, 7066, 7067, 7074, 7076,

7078, 7080, 7083.
Semecarpus anacardium, 6874.
Semele androgyna, 7630.
Senecio sp., 7091, 7092.

deltoides, 8877.

grandifolius, 8879.

hyoni, 7113.

longifolius, 8279.-

petasites, 8878.
Sequoia sempervlrens, 6196.
Serenoa serndata, 7772.
Sesame, 5803, 5804, 6222, 6420, 6595, 6596,

6683, 7661, 7662, 9780, 9797.
Sesamum indicum, 5803, 5804, 6222, 6420,
6595, 6596, 6683, 7661, 7662, 9780, 9797.
Sesbania sanciipaulensis, 8926.
Sideroxylon duleificum, 9006.
Simmondsia callfornica, 8312.
Siris. (>S'^t'Lebbek.)
Sissi, 8802.

Soap berry, Indian, 6873.
Soap tree, 6572.

Solarium sp., 5527, 6930, 7070, 7073, 7395,
7396, 7410, 7489, 8280, 9121,
9289, 9445, 9614.
aculeastrum, 9617.
dregei, 8239.
erytlirocarpum, 9120.
ladniatuin, 8281.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAME8.

331

Solaiiitm niarfjiiKitinn, 8282.

meluiKfeiia, 55o5, 5545, 5619, 6696,

7180, 9297, 9298.
mnricatKiii, 9570.
porolt', 8919.
pxeiidococapHicu ni , 8283.
piiraamtlium, 8880.
Hodomaeum, 8881.
tuberosion, 9059.
v>arsze7riczii, 8284.
Solhia hetewpJn/Ua, 8285, 8882.
Sopltora japonica, 8883, 9034.
Sorhus edullx, 5932.

Sorghum, 5805 to 5809, 5930, 6406, 6411,
6604, 6681, 6685, 6686, 6689 to 6691,
6693, 6710, 7797, 8546, 8547, 8685,
8691, 8692, 8815, 9779, 9796, 9855,
9856, 9862.
Sorghum halepi'me, see Andropogon hale-
pens'm.
vxdgare, see Andropogon sorghum .
Sour sop, 6853.
Spargel kurbis, 7508.
Sparrmania africami, 7826, 7827.
Spathodea campannlnta, 9007.
Spek-boom, 8604, 9605, 9615.
Sphaerafcea sp., 7411.
Spinach, 6616.
Spinacia oleracea, 6616.
Spirostachi« occidentalis, 6163.
Spondias sp., 7501.

dnicis, 6861, 9008.
lutea, 8240, 9009.
Spruce, Norway, 5945.
Squash, 5520, 5559, 6133, 6620, 6621, 6695,

6698, 9481, 9626.
Stangerin paradoxa, 7365.
Stauntonia hexaphiflla, 8409.
Sterculia acerifolia, 7237, 7254, 9122.

acuminata, see Cola acuminata,
diversifolia, 6668, 7268.
platamfolia, 7306, 8190, 8884,
9036.
Stigmaphyllon periplocaefolium, 8197.
Strawberry, 7769.

tree, 5981.
Slrelitzia augnMa, 7146.
reginae, 7169.
StrejJtosolom juiiu'sonii, 9661.
Slrychnos nux-vomica, 7210.
spinosa (?), 9611.
Siryphnodendron barbatimam, 9403.
Stuartia pentagyna, 5568.
Styrax japonica, 8125.

uhaxsia, 8126.
Sugar cane, 5595 to 5608.
Sulla, 7037, 7528; 7710, 7784, 7788, 7790.
Sumac, 6195.

Sunflower, 6093 to 6095, 9668.
Sutherlandia Jrutescens, 9434.
Swietenia mahogani, 7543.
Sycamore, 7011.

Tacsonia manicata, 9436.

moUissima, 8885, 8907, 8908.
Tagetes si^., 6424.
Tal, 8545.

Tallow tree, t)<)25, 7158.

Taniarix chiiieiiKiK, 9290.

Tamil avaria, 9859.

Tarn is, 6277.

Tangerine, 9132, 9480, 9700 to 9702.

Taxus haccata, 6161.

Tea, 5571, ()()33, 7902 to 7iH)7, 8226 to 8228,

838«j, 8505, 8595, 8693.
Teak, 9032.

bastard, 6883.
Tecoma sp., 9071.
Mans, 8950.
Trrtfiua graudix, 9032.
Terebinth, 5767, 7673, 8521.
TermiruUia catappa, 6862.
trifora, 8925.
TeMudinaria elcjdiatilipes, 7829.
Thalia dealhata, 8286.
Thca viridis, 5571, 6633, 7902 to 7907, 8226

to 8228, 8386, 8505, 8595, 8693.
Theobroma sp. nov., 9858.

cacao, 6274, 9010.
Thermoj>sis fabacea, 9234.
Thcretia urmfolla, 6893, 9011.
Thrinax altinsima, 7323.
argentca, 7338.
barbadensis, 7298.
floridana, 7771. -
Thunbergia erecta, 9012.

grand ijhra, 9708.
harristiii, 9709.
laurifolia, 9710.
Thyme, 8526.

creeping, 8527.
Thymus serpyllum, 8527.

vulgaris, 8526.
Thijsanolaena agrostis, 8445.
Ti cheng, 5980.
TIgridia sp., 7099.

TiUandsia sp., 6932, 7093, 7367, 7384 to
7386, 7481 to 7484, 7486.
bentliamiana, 7088.
lindruiana, 7618.
Timbirichi, 5798.
Timothy, 8553.
Tipu, 5778.

Tipuana speciosa, 5778, 8932.
Tobacco, 5961 to 5963, 6229, 7686, 8893.
Toddulia lanccolata, 6897.
Toiuifera balsaminum, 7544.
Tomato, 6090, 6091.

"Kiswaheli," 9289.
Tonga, 7363.
Toon tree, 6866.
Torenia fournicri, 7175, 7178, 7180, 7187,

7197,7217, 7235, 7236, _7_241.
Trachycarpas excelsus, 7217, 7416, 7441.
Tradescantia crassifolia, 6928.
Tralhuen, 8696.
Trevoa quinqnenervia, 8696.

trinervia, 8697.
Trevu, 8697.
Trlckilia dregei, 9482.
Tncholaena rosea, 9888.
Trichosanthes cucumeroides, 9286, 9287.

japonica, 9288.
Tricuspidaria dependens, 8946.

332

SEEDS AND PLANTS IMPORTED.

Trifolium sp., 7052.

alexaiidrhmm, 7000, 7031, 7657

to 7659, 9874 to 9876.
angnsiifolmm, 7682, 7753, 9750.
arveiii^e, 9751.
bijidmn, 7119.
bonanii, 9752.
cherleri, 9753.
cUintwH, 7120.
diffusiuii, 9754.
fniijiferum, 9755.
fucatum, 7128, 7129^
glomeratum, 7755, 9756.
gracilentum, 7118.
hispidum, 9757.
hyhridum, 8556.
incarnatum, 7529, 7530, 9758.
invohtcratum, 7122.
lappaceum, 7754, 9759.
macraei, 7121.
mnritimvyn, 9760.
medium, 9761.
microcephulvm, 7126.
microdon, 7127.
montanum, 9762.
ochroleucum, 9763.
pallidum, 7756.
pnnnonicum, 5834, 9817, 9864.
panormitanum , 7683, 7699, 7757,

9764.
paudflorum, 7123, 7124.
prate'me, 5746 to 5750, 5968,

5969, 7138, 8555, 9765.
repem, 7758, 9766.
resuphiahim, 9026, 9767.

rubens, 9768.

spumosum, 6825, 7759, 9769.

dellatum, 7760.

.striatum, 9770.

Ktrictum, 9771.

subterraneum, 9772.

tomerttomm, 7761, 9773.

tridentatum, 7125.

vesicidosum, 9774.
Triglochin maritimum, 8886.
Trigonella eornicidata, 5579, 7714.

foenum-graecum, 6963, 7029,

' 7071, 7520, 7642, 7713, 9021.
gladiaia, 5580, 7752.

Triticum (mixed), 6959, 7422.

dicoccum, 8652.

(/(imHi, 5639, 5642 to 5646, 5754,
5800, 5999, 6005, 6008, 6009,
6011, 6014, 6018 to 6020, 6272,
6371, 6680, 7016, 7425, 7428,
7430, 7459, 7463 to 7465, 7575,
7576, 7578 to 7581, 7650 to 7653,
7785, 7792 to 7795, 8212, 8213,
8230 to 8232, 8522, 8523, 8544,
8550 to 8552, 8684, 8737, 8808,
8811, 8813, 8816, 8818 to 8820,
8897 to 8899, 9130, 9324, 9478,
9479, 9853, 9854, 9872.

junceum, 9609.

polonicum, 5799, 6372.

turgidum, 7585.

Triticum vulgare, 5515, 5628 to 5630, 5635 to
5638, 5640, 5641, 5995 to 5997,
6000 to 6004, 6006, 6007, 6010,
6012, 6013, 6015 to 6017, 6021,
6111, 6112, 6272, 6369, 6370,
6373, 6598 to 6600, 6996, 6997,
7033, 7429, 7466, 7467, 7512 to
7515, 7582, 7660, 7685, 7786,
7787, 8220, 8221, 8548, 8549,
8561, 8589, 8812, 8817, 8892,
9125, 9129, 9131, 9358, 9781,
9782, 9790 to 9794, 9871.

Trochodendron aralioides, 9292, 9293.

Trumpet flower, 6893, 9011.

Tuberose, 9885.

Tu Chung, 5980, 8709.

Tuna, 7507, 8578, 8579, 9135 to 9146.

Turmeric, 8735.

Turnip, 6134, 6176, 6178, 6179, 6265.

Tarpinia pomifera, 8671.

Turraea florihunda, 6895.

Tutsia umbosensis, 6896.

Ubaba, 8311.
Udid, 8541.

Udo, 9166 to 9169, 9224.
Ulex europaeus, 7333.
Umbellularia californica, 5977.
Upas tree, 7364.
Urceola escidenta, 8668.
Urceolina pendula, 7620.

Vaccinium vitis-idaea, bllb, 6347.
Val, 8545.

Verbascnm speciosum, 5833.
Veronia elephantum, 6826.
\'etch, 5572, 5573, 5575, 6555, 6670, 7521,
7534.

Bengal, 5576.

hairy, 7533.

Narbonne, 7532.

sand, see Vetch, hairy.

scarlet, 5574.

Vicia sp., 6437, 6555.

bengalerms, 5576, 7705.

calcaruta, 5572, 7706.

cracca, 6555.

egyjdiaita, 7718.

errilia, 6435.

faba, 5542, 5577, 5965, 6313, 6315,

' 6550, 6669, 6961, 7020, 7024, 7035,
7426, 7462, 7498, 7702, 8358, 8587,
8592, 8596, 9307 to 9312.

equina, 7942, 7943.

fulgens, 5574, 7703.

'gemella, 9225.

qigentea, 6670.

hirsuta, 9237.

hirta, 5573, 7679, 7701, 7764.

lutea, 6962, 7716.

narbonnensis, 7532, 7704.

saliva, 5575 7707, 7708, 7709,7762,
7762a, 7763, 7765.
var. macrocarpa, 7765.

INDEX OF COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

83H

Vicia giciUa, 7717.
rilloxa, 7533.
Vii'os, 643rt.

Vigna catjamj, 6311, 6327, (5328, 6413, 6431,
6557, 6563, 6566, to 6568, 8354, 8418,
8498 to 8501, 8687.
Villebrunea infegrifolia, 5610.
Viola comuta, 8353, 8456 to 8459.
munhyuna, 8369.

odordta, 5972 to 5974, 6192, 7842 to
7847, 8350 to 8352, 8370 to 8381,
8460.
Violet, 5972 to 5974, 6192, 7842 to 7847
8350 to 8353, 8369 to 8381, 8456 to 8460.

Viraris, 6830.
Vile.r vicisa, 8287.

Vitis sp., 6280 to 6306, 6356, 7048, 7687.
candicans, 8576.
romaneti, 6505.
rupestris, 9812, 9813.

var. metallica, 9607, 9809.
mnifera, 5616, 5689, 5909 to 5918,
5985, 6118, 6119, 6124, 6140, 6366,
6374, 6429, 6500, 6501, 7671, 7993
to 8071, 8436, 8462 to 8464, 8581
to 8583, 8605, 8647 to 8649, 8796,
8797, 9560 to 9568, 9576 to 9579,
9810, 9811, 9814.
Voandzda subteiranea, 8915, 9013.
Vrieda fenestralis, 7617.

Wal, 8686.

Walnut, 5633, 5983, 6180 to 6182, 6354,
6650 to 6652, 8208, 8307, 8426,
8426, 9231, 9232, 9280.
black, 7954.
Watermelon, 6037 to 6057, 6149 to 6159,
6170, 6171, 8410, 8447, 8465 to 8475,
8607 to 8642, 9572.

Wheat, 5515, 5628 to 5630, 5635 to 5646,
5754, 5799, 5800, 5995 to 5997, 5999 to
6021, 6111, 6112, 6272, 6369 to 6373,
6598 to 6600, 6680, 6959, 6996, 6997,
7016, 7033, 7422, 7425, 7428 to 7430,
7459, 7463 to 7467, 7512 to 7515, 7575,
7576, 7578 to 7582, 7585, 7650 to 7653,
7660, 7685, 7785 to 7787, 7792 to 7795,
8212, 8213, 8220, 8221, 8230 to 8232,
8522, 8523, 8544, 8548 to 8552, 8561,
8589, 8684, 8737,8808, 8811 to 8813, 8816
to 8820, 8892, 8897 to 8899, 9125, 9129,
9130, 9131, 9324, 9358, 9478, 9479, 9781,
9782, 9790 to 9794, 9853, 9854, 9871,
9872.

Wigandiasp., 8288.

WikMroemia canescens, 9165.

Wing nut, 6609.

Woandsu, 8915, 9013.

Xanthoxylon sp. , 8928.

piperitiini, 8191, 9291.
Ximenia amerieana, 6259.

Yang tao, 5840, 5978, 5979.
Yew, 6161.
Yucca sp., 7392.

Zamia florid nnn, 8504.

Zapote borrai'ho, 7055.

Zea mays, 5560, 6028 to 6034, 6172, 6230

to 6233, 6273, 6401, 6573, 6574, 6827,

7502, 8822, 9356, 9357, 9449, 9573, 9795.
Zelkova acuminald, 8408.
Zephyranthes sp., 6925, 6926, 7393, 7402,

7405, 7485.
Zingiber officinale, 6875, 7621 , 8736.
Zinnia elegan.s, 6423.
Zizypkus jujubu, 6549, 8600, 8702, 8703,

8828.
Zoysia pungens, 6404, 6405, 9299, 9300.

603

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 67.

B. T. GALLOWAY. Chiif nmureau.

RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

DAVID (iRIFFITHS,
Assistant in Charge of Range Invkstioations.

GRASS AND FORAGK PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

IssrEP October 6, 1904.

WASHINGTON:
government printing office.

1904.

BXJLIiETINS OF THE BITREAXJ OF PLANT INDUSTRY.

The Bureau of Plant Industry, which was organized July 1, 1901, includes Vege-
table Pathological and Physiological Investigations, Botanical Investigations and
Experiments, Grass and Forage Plant Investigations, Pomological Investigations, and
Experimental Gardens and Grounds, all of which were formerly separate Divisions,
and also Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribution, the Arlington Experimental
Farm, Tea Culture Investigations, and Domestic Sugar Investigations.

Attention is directed to the fact that "the serial, scientific, and technical publica-
tions of the United States Department of Agriculture are not for general distribution.
All copies not required for official use are by law turned over to the Superintendent
of Documents, who is empowered to sell them at cost." All applications for such
publications should, therefore, be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Gov-
ernment Printing Ofiice, Washington, D. C.
No. 1. The Eelation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents,

2. Spermatogenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents.

4. Range Improvement in Arizona. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

5. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 9. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

8. A Collection of Fungi Prepared for Distribution. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

10. Records of Seed Distribution and Cooperative Experiments with Grasses and

Forage Plants. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California: Notes on the Grasses and Forage

Plants and Range Conditions. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

13. Experiments in Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10

cents.

14. The Decay of Timber and Methods of Preventing It. 1902. Price, 55 cents.
15: Forage Conditions on the Northern Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price,

15 cents.

16. A Preliminary Study of the Germination of the Spores of Agaricus Campes-

tris and other Basidiomycetous Fungi. 1902. [Out of print.]

17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

18. Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

19. Kentucky Bluegrass Seed. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

21. List of American Varieties of Vegetables. 1903. [Out of print.]

22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollination. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

23. Berseem. 1902. Price, 15 cents.

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

25. Miscellaneous Papers: I. The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess. II. Saragolla

Wheat. III. Plant Introduction Notes from South Africa. IV. Congres-
sional, Seed and Plant Distribution Circulars, 1902-3. 1903. Price, 15
cents.

26. Spanish Almonds and Their Introduction into America. 1902. Price, 15

cents.

27. Letters on Agriculture in the West Indies, Spain, and the Orient. 1902.

Price, 15 cents.

[Continued on page 3 of cover.]

Bui. 67, Bureau of Plant' Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate

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U. S. DEPARTMKNT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 67.

B. T. GALLOWAY. < hit/ o/ Bureau.

RANGE INVESTIGATION'S IN ARIZONA,

DAVID (iRIFFITHS,

Assistant in Charge of Raxge IxvESTKiATioNS.

LIBRARY
NEW YORK

BOT

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

I&srKi) October 6, 1904.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1904.

BlKEAl OK PLANT INDUSTRY.

B. T. <iAJ.L()WAV, Chief.
J. E. Rockwell, Editor.

GRASS AND FORAGE PLANT INVESTIGATIONS.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

W. J. Spillmax, .[(/roKtoloffist.

A. S. Hitchcock, Assistant Agrostolor/ist in Charge of Alfalfa and Clover Invest i got ions.

C. V. Piper, Systematic Agrostologlxl in Charge of Ilerbarinm.

David Griffiths, A.%'<istant Agrostolngist'in Charge of Range Investigations.

C. R. Ball, Assi.'<tant Agrostologid in Charge of Work on Arlington Farm.
S. M. Tracy, Special Agent in Charge of Gulf Coast Investigations.

D. A. Brodie, As^sistant Agrostologist in Charge of Cooperative Work.
P. L. RiCKER, Assistant in Herbarium.

J. M. Westijate, Assistant in Sand-Binding Work.
Byron Hinter, A.%'<i.'itant in Charge of Pacific Coast Investigations.
R. A. Oakley, Assistant in DomeMiraiion of Wild Cro.sses.
C. W. Warbcrton, Assistant in Fodder Plant and Millet Investigations.
M. A. Crosby, '.s-.s/.sto»/ In Southern Forage Plant Inve-itigations.
J. S. Cotton, As.mtant in Range Investigations.
Leslie F. Paull, Assistant in Investigations at Arlington Farm.
Harold T. Nielsen, Assistant in Alfalfa and Clover Investigations.
A(;nes Chase, Agrostological Artijst.
•2

LETTER OF TRAXSMITTAL

U. S. Dkpaktmkxt of Aghiculturk,

BuRKAU OF Plant Industry,

Office of tiik Chief,
Washington, J). ('.. July i, 1901,.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith th<' manuscript of a paper
on Ranoe Investigations in Arizona, which enihodies a repoi't ui)on
investio-ations conducted in c()0))eration with th(> ex])eriment station of
the University of Arizona.

The paper is a valua))h' contribution to our knowledge of improve-
ment of range lands, and I respectfully recommend that it he issued as
Bulletin No. <ol of the regular Bureau series.
Respectfully,

B. T. Galloway,

Cliiff (if Bureau.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

PREFACE.

The main features of the range prohleni liave been reduced to two:
The carrvino- capacity of the range, and the best methods of managing
tlie range so as to secure the largest amount of feed from it without
permanent injury to the food phmts that furnish the covering of the
soil. The principles of management may be reduced to the following:
A proper control of the amount of stock upon a given range and the
time of the year at whicli they are allowed upon the various subdivisions
of it; the protection of such native plants as are of value, and, par-
ticularly, the saving of seeds of such plants and scattering them upon
the range; lastly, the introduction upon the range of such new forage
plants as experience has shown can be thus introduced.

A knowledge of the carrving capacitv of the ranges is of the utmost
importance, for it nuist form the basis of any intelligent legislation
relating to the range question. This knowledge determines the rental
and sale value of range lands and should also determine the size of the
minimum lease or homestead for range purposes in case laws are passed
providing for such disposal of the public ranges.

The pi'esent rcpoi't includes a general study of range problems in
southern Arizona, but is devoted. more particularlv to the investiga-
tions conducted in cooperation between the United States Departm.ent
of Agriculture and the Arizona Experiment Station on two tracts of
land situated on the Santa Rita Forest Reserve in the Territory of
Arizona. The work upon one of these tracts, consisting of a fenced
area of 58 square miles, has been conducted under the immediate super-
vision of Dr. David Griffiths, of this Office. The work upon the other
area, which is also fenced and consists of some 240 acres of land, has
been conducted under the supervision of Prof. R. H. Forbes, Director
of the Arizona Experiment Station, by Prof. J. J. Thornbur of that
station, since August, 1901. Previous to that time Doctor Griffiths
was a member of the station statf at Tucson, and conducted the work
on the small tract also. Once each year the Department has furnished
the Arizona Experiment Station with a report of the work done by
its officers upon the large tract, while the officers of the station have
furnished to the Department a similar report of the work on the small

tract. Particular attention is called to the studv of the amount of

6 PREFACE.

vegetation produced upon the large tract since it was fenced nearly
two years ago. It will be noted that deductions concerning the car-
rying capacity of this range made from this study agree in a most
satisfactory manner with actual practice. It is proposed in the near
future to determine by actual trial the amount of stock this fenced
area will carr^^ without deteriorating.

Acknowledgments are due to Mr. Howell Jones, of the Santa Fe
railway system, for much assistance in prosecuting the investigations
reported in this bulletin.

VT. J. SpiLLMAN, Agrostologlst.

Office of Grass and Forage Plant Investigations,

Washington, I). C.^ June 29^ 190 Jf.

C () X T 1: X T S

Page.

Introduction 9

The small inclosure If*

The large inclosure - 16

Topography 16

Soil ". 18

Brush and timber 19

Forage plants 21

Amount of feed ])rodnced 24

Carrying capacity 32

Water for stock '^4

The seasons 38

Erosion "14

The prairie dog 46

Range feed 46

The grasses 46

Pigweed family 50

The clovers 52

Alfilerilla 53

Miscellaneous winter and spring annuals 54

Miscellaneous browse plants 56

Hay crops 57

Weeds 58

Plants injurious to stock 59

Summary : 60

Description of plates 62

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES.

Page.

Plate I. Laosa, a typical southern Arizona ranch Frontispiece.

TI. Contrast Vjetween dry and wet seasons in foothills range: Fig. 1.^
Live oak belt, uj^per foothills, eastern slope of Huachuca Moun-
tains, before the rainy season began. Fig. 2. — Upper foothills,
northern slope, Santa Rita Mountains, at the close of the rainy

season 62

■ III. The large inclo.«ure: Fig. 1. — Pyramid Hill; horses digging for water
in the sands of an arroyo. Fig. 2. — Looking south from the top

of Pyramid Hill, showing general character of fenced area 62

IV. Saltbushes: Fig. 1. — Atrlple.r lentlfunitix, the largest of our native
saltbushes, Teiupe, Ariz. Fig. 2. — Alriple.v elegans; lai^e inclo-

sure, northern foothills, Santa Rita Mountains 62

V. Fig. 1. — Hay meadow, Salt River Valley. Fig. 2. — Erosion along

Pantano wash, east of Santa Rita Mountains 62

YI. .Utilerilla range: Fig. 1. — Alfilerilla and Indian wheat near Dudley-

ville. Fig. 2. — Alfllerilla and Indian wheat near Oracle 62

VII. Two phases of the range question: Fig. 1. — Goats and the oak brush
upon which they live. Fig. 2. — The remains of thirteen head of

cattle in a space of 30 feet along a small arroyo near Arivaca 62

VIII. Haying scenes in southern Arizona: Fig. 1. — Mexicans at Sopori
stacking "celite" {Amaranthus palmeri). Fig. 2. — A Mexican

packing hay from the mountains 62

IX.. Native pasture lands in southern Arizona: Fig. 1. — Galleta [Hilarkt
rrnUica) in a swale south of Vail Station. Fig. 2. — A round-up in

the northern foothills of the Santa Rita Mountains 62

X. Fig. 1. — An ocotilla forest about 4 uiiles northeast of the large inclo-
sure. Fig. 2. — The work of prairie dogs upon the northern slope
of the White Mountains 62

TEXT FIGURE.

Fict. 1. Diagram of the large inclosure in the northern foothills of the Santa

Rita ^lountains 17

1$. p. I.— 117. c. F. r. I.— inc.

RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

INTRODUCTION.

Tlu^ discussions of the foUowirii.;- i)a_u'es aro based upon experimental
work and observations made in the Territory of Arizona between the
months of Autiust, liXio. and November, iHO^.in cooperation witii tiie
Arizona Experiment Station. The experimental work tluis far has
I)een conducted upon the small inclosure near Tucson, a discussion of
which was the main feature of liuliclin 4: ot this series. Such data
reuardino- this work as were not included in that ])ublication arc dis-
cussed hei-e. The opportunities of the writer for ol)servation of the
conditions obtainino- throughout the main ^^-razin^ ureas ha\-e l)een very
good, especially during a residence of an academic year at Tucson in
190(»-r,t(H and during the si)ring. summer, and autumn of 190:^.

Besides visiting the region within (><> miles of Tucson at all seasons
of the year, the following list of trips over the ditl'erent j>ortions of
the range country is appended for the purpose of tixing more definitely
the time at which these observations were made, as well as to make
the data accompanying the rather large collections of forage and other
plants secured upon these several journeys and afterwards deposited
in various herbaria more complete:

October fi to 19, li)00. Tucson to Wilcox via Benson, and rctm'n via Pearce and
Tombstone.

December (i to 2;!, 1900. Maricopa to Tempe, and return to Picacho via Meisa and
Florence.

March 17 to 22, 1903. Tucson to Laosa via Sopori and Arivaca, and return via
Babuquivari Mountains and Robles.

March 24 to 30, 1903. Tucson to Dudleyville via Willow Spring Mountains, and
return via San Pedro and across the Rincon Mountains to Tanque Verde.

April 7 to 15, 1903. Tucson to Xogales, and return to Phoenix via Arivaca, ("oyotc,
Santa Rosa, and Casagraude.

May 15 to 18, 1903. Williams to Bright Angel and return.

June 29 to July 8, 1903. Huachuca Mountains to Cannanea, Sonora, Mexico.

July 16 to 17, 1903. Prescott to Mayer.

July 18 to 19, 1903. Ash Fork and Williams.

July 20 to 23, 1903. Flagstaff and south to Mogollon Mountains.

July 25 to 26. 1903. Winslow and Holbrook.

August 8 to 17, 1903. Adamana to Fort Apache via Long H ranch and St. Johns,
returning via Showlow.

10 KANGE 1NVP:STIGAT1<)NS IN ARIZONA.

September 12 to 22, 1903. Adamana to Chin Lee, and return via Navajo.
September 24 to 25, 1903. Preseott to Mayer.

October 6 to II, 1903. Tucson to Patagonia via Greaterville and Cottonwood, and
return via Sopori, Arivaca, Babuquivari Mountains, and Robles.

This rather formal list takes no cognizance of the work done between
trains and on short stops at varions places along- the lines of railroad,
especially on the main line of the Santa Fe system, the Santa Fe, Pres-
cott and Phoenix, and the Santa Fe, Prescott and Eastern railways,
between Needles and Gallup and between Phoenix and Ash Fork.

Arizona has a total area of 72,332,800 acres, of which only 264,521
acres are improved; but there are reserved 19, 721:, 717 acres, accord-
ing to Governor Brodie's report to the Secretarj^ of the Interior in
1902. A part of this reserve land is available for grazing purposes
under certain restrictions, grazing being allowed upon all the forest
reserves excepting the Grand Canyon, and of course the Indians raise
a great deal of stock upon their reservations. Taking everything into
consideration, there are probal)ly upward of 65,000,000 acres available
for stock raising.

According to the Twelfth Census (1900), there were in the Territory
1,033,63-1 units of stock, sheep and goats being calculated at the rate
of 6 to 1 bovine animal in relation to pasture consumption. Unfor-
tunately no distinction was made in these Census reports between
range and farm stock, so that it is impossible to determine from the
lists the number of stock supported on native pastures. All that can
be said is that there was in the Territory in 1900 one animal unit to
approximatel}" every 65 acres of land availal)le for stock purposes.
This includes farm animals as well as range stock. It is interesting
to compare these figures with those given by Mr. C. W. Gordon in
the statistics of the Tenth Census. Here Mr, Gordon, who made an
elaborate report upon the conditions, as well as the number of animals,
estimated that in 1880 there were 229,062 units of stock, occupying
43,750 square miles of range lands, or 1 unit to 122.24 acres..

THE SMALL INCLOSURE.

A full description of the small inclosure was given in Bulletin No. 4
of this series, after the tirst planting was made in the winter of 1901.
It will not be necessary, therefore, to enter into the d«^tails of the
work on this area any further than to discuss briefly the results which
have l)een secured by the experiments which were suggested at that
time, and which have been carried on since with such modifications and
changes as further light and experience have shown to be necessary.

As stated in Bulletin No. 4, some sixty species of forage plants
were sown, the Avork being begun on the loth and hnished on the 23d
of January, 1901. These plants were given various forms of treat-
ment, the seed of some being covered Ijy a disk harrow and of others

THK SMALL INCLUSUHK. 11

by Ji sniootliiiiti' harrow, in soiiio cases the o-rouiui was liarrowod or
disked l)et'ore planting, and in others the seed was sown on the uncul-
tivated mesa. Resides the seed sown, J.l/>/>!(i rcpens. recommended as
a soil l)inder for arid situations, was ])lant('(l on one of the embank-
ments. This plant is still livinj>- and has covered the spaces between
the hills in a few places; but it can hardly be considered promising
for situations which do not receive more rainfall than these mesas.
Plantings of this species subsequently made have failed entirely.

The vast majority of the plantings of grasses made the first year
were a failure from the start: that is, the seed did not germinate at
all. There were some good rains following closely upon the comple-
tion of the seeding, furnishing ideal conditions for the germination of
such grasses and other forage plants as are adapted to the prevailing-
conditions at that season. The following are the mean temperatures
for the early months of 1901 at the university. 5 miles distant: Janu-
ary, 51° F.; February, 52° F.; ^larch, 55.6° F.; April. (U.T- F.

As will l)e seen from an examination of the lists pul)lished in Bul-
letin No. 4 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, some of the seed planted
was from the Northwestern States, l)ut the greater part of it was
native seed gathered the previous autumn. A considerable (luantity
which might be considered native was nevertheless from a very differ-
ent situation from that in which it was planted upon the mesas sur-
rounding Tucson. As examples may l)e mcMitioned the seed secured
in Sulphur Spring Valley, Arizona, and in Silver City, X. Mex., all of
which grew at high elevations. A comparison of the northern and
southern seed during the two following nionths was very interesting
indeed. It was the seed from the northwest which gave promise of
success during February and early March. Scxeral species from the
north germinated remarkably well, while the vast majority of the
native species did nothing, as was to be expected, for they make their
growth during the hot, moist weather from duh' to September. To
this general rule, however, there were some marked exceptions.
B<nit(^hni(i nn<j<>sf(iclnj(u for instance, germinated well and there was a
good stand of it on plots -tS and Hit in March. Fpon these plots native
seed was sown, but it was secured from an altitude of a])out 5,000 feet.
Seed of this species received from tlie north did not germinate., pos-
sibly owing to its being old or poorly matured. ]\huiy of the nati\('
species which -did nothing upon the range germinated in the grass
garden a few days later in the season, as discussed in the text and
tables given below. Rescue grass {Bt'omus unioloidex) purchased
from seedsmen and of unknown origin germinated well enough to
make a good stand had it l)een able to combat the drought of spring
and early summer. It would have succeeded much ))etter, no doubt,
if it had been planted in early autumn.

The foUowino- tabular statement in connection with Bulletin No. -1

RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

vvill serve to emphasize the fact that it was the northern-grown seed
which germinated to best advantage upon the range plots during the
cool weather of spring:

Record of germination upon range plots, spring of 1901.

Name of plant.

of^ot'a origin of tbe^eed.

Date of
germina-
tion.

Condition.

6
7 and 68
33
40
43
43 and 69
61
63
64
65

66
67
74

Walla Walla, Wash

Feb. 9
....do...

Good stand.

AgropjTon occidentale

Thin stand.

Tucson, Ariz

Mar. 4
Mar. 8
Feb. 9
Mar. s
...do...

Good stand.

Atriplex halimoides

California

Verv thin stand.

Good stand.

Boutelouaoligostachya

Elvmus oanadonsis . ....

Cochise, Ariz

Do.

Silver Citv, N. Mex

Thin stand.

Elymus ambiguus ?

Walla Walla, Wash

Washington

Feb. 21

Mar. s

....do...

.do. .

Verv thin .stand.

Klvmu^j condensatus

Thin stand.

Elymus virfjinicns submuti-

cn.s.
Aerronvron tenemni

Walla Walla, Wash

Very thin stand.
Thin stand.

\eTODvroii snicatum

do.

Feb. 9
Mar. 8

....do...

Good stand.

Bromus polyantlius panicula-

tns.
Phleum asperum

Silver Citv, X. Mex .

Do.

Walla Walla, Wash

Do.

"For information as to the location of the plots and methods of culture, see Bui. No. 4, Bureau of
Plant Industry, 1901.

Shortly after completing the seeding on the range plots, a small
grass garden was established on the university campus in rather a pro-
tected place behind the main building. This was designed for purely
scientific study, but it served nevertheless as a very instructive check
upon the species planted on the range. The planting was done here
on the 13th and 11th of February and the plots were irrigated by
well w^ater when they needed it. The saltbushes were planted in a
plot by themselves at some distance from the building, and conse-
quentl}^ in a more exposed place.

The following tabular statement lists all the plants sown upon the
range which germinated under irrigation and did not do so under the
natural mesa conditions. The two tables, therefore, include all species,
the seed of which w^as of i^nowii origin, planted on the mesa, which
germinated in the spring: but the last table does not give a complete
record of the grass-garden gei'minations. for there were many things
planted in the grass garden that were not at hand in sufficient quan-
tit}^ to be. sown upon the mesa:

TH?: SMALL TNCLOST^RE.

Record of germmai'ion njnm irrigated rjrnan garden, s^pring of 1901.

Name.

Number Ji^l^^^i.

.Source of seed.

Condition.

Sporobolus cryptandrus

Snorobolu'^ wrisrlUii

6 Nov. 15

7 Mar. 4
11 Mar. 22
13 Mar. 4
17 Mar 22
31 Mar. 15

38 Mar. 22

39 Mar. 6

40 Apr. 13
62 Mar. 15
69 ....do...

Tucson, .Vriz

Cochise, .\ri/.

New Mexico

Silver City, N.Mex

New ^lexico

Thin stand.
Good stand.

Chlori** elecans

Vcrv thin stand.

Til in stand.

Hilariii coiuhroide-i

Poa fendlorianii

Very thin stand.
Good stand.

Phaseohis retusiis

Andropogon saccliaroides

Bouteloua rotlirockii '»

Atriplex Icntiformis

Do.

Cochise, .Vriz

Tempe.Ariz '

.....do

Thin stand.
Very thin stand.
Thin stand.

AtriDle.\ Dolvcarpa

Do.

nThese are numbers of plots in the grass garden and have no reference to previously published
niimbers.

''This was incorrectly called li.polystachija in Bui. No. 4 of the Bureau of Plant Industry in referring
to plots 26, 31, and 70. Througliout that publication these two species were not segregated.

By the middle of May there wa.s nothing which had been phinteil
upon the range plots alive, except a little L'lppia Tepen-s., which hud
been placed upon one of the enibankinent.s thrown up acro.ss an old
roadway, and a few .scattered plants of shad .scale {Atriplex canescens)
on area F. Everything- else had succumbed to the drought which
invariably prevails in this region from March to June.

During the rainy season of the following August several plants
which were .sown in the winter germinated and made .some growth.
The most con.spicuous of these was ^{otcii\iQ'shQan{Phaseo/u.'i retufius),
which germinated and grew beautifully through August, but died out
completely by the middle of September. Andropogon mccharoides and
Chloris elegans made a very small growth, but nothing commensurate
with the quantity of seed sown and the labor involved.

During the autumn of 1903 there was nothing to show for the plant-
ings of 1901 except a few stray plants of Andropogon saccharoides in
the southeastern corner of the field, a similar growth of shad scale on
portions of area F, and a small strip of Lippia vepens on one of the
embankments. None of these, however, gave promise of success.

In June, 1901, the writer di.scontinued his connection with the Ari-
zona Experiment Station to accept his present position in the l"^nited
States Department of Agriculture. The work upon the small tract
w^as placed under the immediate supervision of Prof. .1. .1. Thornbur,
of that station. During the summer of 190:^ c-ooperative arrange-
ments were entered into by the Department of Agriculture and the
Arizona station whereby the investigations on the small tract were to
be continued and those upon the large tract, discussed later, were to
be instituted. Since that time Professor Thornbur has had charge of
the work upon the small tract and the writer that upon the large tract.

14 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

The following paragraphs relating to the work upon the small tract
are based upon data obtained from reports furnished this office by
Professor Thornbur.

Since the winter of 1900-1901 considerable work has been performed
on this area in an attempt to conserve storm waters tw the erection of
embankments and by the introduction of forage plants which will
thrive under the advantages afforded by the dams. It is believed that
the perennial plants which have been sown thus far can not be success-
fully established upon these mesas without careful attention to the soil
and conservation of the waters, both of which entail considerable
expense.

The dams built were thrown up across the w^ater courses as in the
winter of 1901, but their forms have been slightly changed because it
was found that the diversion of the water did not suffice to spread it
out very much nor to check its flow sufficiently to allow it to penetrate
the ground as much as necessary. This is especially true with refer-
ence to the summer rains. The precipitation during the winter months,
although causing considerable run-off, is much more gentle and pene-
trates the ground more readily.

The work done thus far seems to indicate that the most efficient dam
for a gently sloping mesa is one which is so constructed that it will spill
around the ends when the water has reached a height of not more than 12
inches. This requirement demands that the dam be constructed nearly
on contour lines,'^' except at the ends, which are turned so as to retain
water up to the desired depth and spread it over as much ground as
possible. Besides the two dams mentioned in Bulletin No. 4, seven
additional ones were built in January, 1902. These vary in length
from 270 to 600 feet and in height from 12 to 24 inches, and are built
at an average cost of a little more than S13.

In January, 1902, some seeding was done, but only in favored places,
mostly above the embankments. Fewer species were planted than the
previous year, and only two made any growth at all. Egyptian clover
{TrifoTnnii ah.eandrhium) and Panicum te.ranum were sown in the
same dam, the first in the lower situation. The Egyptian clover ger-
minated beautifully early in August, but all died in a very short time.
Panlcinii texanvm produced only a few plants, which made no seed.

Besides the above, seeds of the following species were planted:
Hilaria nmtica, Bouteloua rothrockii, Atrlplex coronata^ A. elegans,
A. nuttallii^ A. caiuscens, A. hracteosa^ A. poli/carpa, A. ?iu/n?nularia,
A. halhnoides^ A. leptocarpa, A. seiirihaccata^ A. ereuiicola, Rhagodia
inerm/'s, and B. IhiifoUa. No seedlings of any of these species were
observed.

During the last week in June, 1903, a third seeding was done. As
in the second operation, the seed was sown in the vicinity of the dams

«This form of dam wa? firft suggested by Prof. S. M. Woodward.

THP: small INCLOSURK. 15

and the orouiid was prepared to receix c it. In some eases, however,
seed was sown below the dams, as well as attovethem. The followin*''
species were planted: Panicuin texaiitun, Androjjoyon saccharoidea^
Bouteloua curtipenduhi^ B. rothrocki'i., B. oligostachya, B. hirsuta,
B. aristldoidex^ Erlocldoa imnctata^ Sjxn'oholus wrightii, S. strieta^
S. eryptandrus^ 1%1-seolusretusus^ Astragalus nuttallUmus, C/uvtoehloa
couiposlta^ Pappophorum ajyertmn, Cldoris elegans^ Elymus glahrlfoUus^
Epicampes rigens^ and Leptochloa didjia.

In all cases the seed was sown very thick. Had all grown, the
plants would have been entirely too numerous upon the ground. In
many cases four times as much seed was sown as would produce a
good stand if it all grew. Experience has shown that a good deal of
the native seed is of very low germinating quality, and must often be
sown excessively thick in order to even approximate a stand.

Many of the seeds of plants sown this time made considerable growth,
but only in two or three cases was there an3"thing like a stand secured.
AndrojJogon saecJiaroidcs^ Bouteloua cuvtlpendula, B. oligostachya^ B.
hirsuta^ and Lepjtochloa duh'ia all made thin stands. Bouteloua roth-
rocMl made a scattering growth in one situation and quite a fair stand
in another, but nowhere was there a better stand where it was sown
than on favorable situations upon the uncultivated and undisturbed
mesa in the immediate vicinity. The best stands and the best growth
were secured with l\inicum texanum and Cldoris elegans. The former
was especially good in places, but very uneven on account of having
been sown partially in the depressions in the dams where the surface
soil had been removed for the construction of the embankments and
partially upon ordinar}- weathered soil. The lower depressions doubt-
less held water a little too long after the summer raiiis for the best
development of the grass. In one of the dams there was considerably
less than one-half acre which would cut at the rate of 1 ton of dry
feed per acre. There was about a quarter of an acre of Cldoris elegans
in one of the dams which would yield at the rate of one-fourth ton of
dry feed per acre. Panicuin texanum, has yielded b}^ far the most
promising results of anything tried thus far. It is an annual, how-
ever, and can not be used ejccept in some such way as the common cul-
tivated millets. There is little doubt that this grass is capable of con-
siderable application in forage-plant culture in this region. If the
seed could be secured at reasonable prices it might be sown upon
barley fields for the production of summer and fall grazing and possi-
bly for a small crop of hay in October. It matured this year in about
ninety daj's after being sown.

The behavior of some of the native grasses was very interesting
this year, especially when considered from the standpoint of seed
habits. Usually perennial grasses do not mature much seed the
year they are planted. The case is very different with species from
this region. Some of them, although distinctly perennial in habit,
4416— No. 67—04 2

16 KANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

mature seed in abundance in tliree months after being sown. This
was especially the case with Andropogon saccJmi^oides, Bouteloua
hirsuta, and B. oligostachya^ and less conspicuously true of B.
curti'pendula. Bouteloua rothrocMi and Leptochloa dulna produced
mature heads from practically every plant which grew. Bouteloua
rothrocMi produced fine, large bunches, with an abundance of mature
seed. It should be noted that the latter is but a short-lived perennial
at best. It is therefore not so surprising that it should produce an
abundance of seed the first season. Trichloris fasciculata often pro-
duces two crops of seed — one in May and the other in September— in
neglected spots and fence corners in the Salt River Valley.

THE LARGE INCLOSURE.

During the spring of 1903 arrangements were made for enlarging
the work begun upon the mesas near Tucson in 1900. Permission
having been granted by the Department of the Interior, an irregular
tract of land upon the Santa Rita Forest Reserve, containing -±9.2 square
miles, jor 31,488 acres, in the four townships Nos. 18 and 19, in ranges
11 and 15 east, Gila and Salt River meridian, was inclosed by a four-
wire fence, completed early in June (fig. 1). Practically all stock was
excluded from the tract by the lOth of June. This area differs very
materially from the desert mesas upon which the small inclosure is
situated, as will be seen from the descriptions given below. Much of
it is situated within the altitude where perennial grasses are produced,
and it is therefore capable of sustaining much more stock tnan the
small inclosure upon the mesa.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The portion of the Santa Rita Forest Reserve which, after a prelimi-
nary survey, it was decided to fence is located in the northern foot-
hills of the Santa Rita Mountains. It has a general northwesterly
slope toward the Santa Cruz River (PI. Ill, fig. 2). All of the region
is well drained and there is consequently no accumulation of alkali at
any point. Considerable quantities of water flow over portions of the
area at certain seasons of the year. The presence of Atriplex canescens
in the northwestern portion does not necessarily indicate that there are
accumulations of soluble salts in the soil at this point.

The field, as a whole, contains typical foothill pasture lands of the
region at this altitude. Along the eastern side there are rocky, steep
bluffs rising 500 to 800 feet above the general level of the area. To
the west and south of this point there are gently sloping areas free
from brush. On the west half of the north side there occurs a con-
siderable area of ''washed country," while the east half of this side is
a typical arid, creosote-bush area where no grass of any consequence
ever grows. None of the higher mountain areas has been included on

THE LARGE INCLOSUKE.

account of tho dirticult}- and expeaso of fencing. Neither are any
l)ottoni lands included, for none of the typical river bottoms lies within
the reserve. The bluffs spoken of above, however, answer very well
for the mountain area, for they ha\'e upon them some of the more
valuable mountain trrasses; but they possess the disadvantage of not

^'^;

ii\"i

^^6

-:5Ar

"33"

a :

^ 3

77^

-I

T I8,S

R.I4, E.

G«S.R.Mer.

T. I8,S

R.I5.E.

CASPMeri

Ma ?learyi roi id to

2\ Helvetia
J'

ROADS
ARROYOS -
SLOPES ^
SCALE -J50J1M.

\ MILE

Fig. 1. — Diiigram of the large inclosure in the northern foothills of the Santa Rita Mountains.

getting the rainfall of the higher mountains. It is to be regretted
that no bottom land could have been fenced; but after all, in some
respects, this would not be very much of an advantage, because the
vacant river bottom lands in this vicinity are not, as a rule, productive,
and do not figure at all conspicuously in the range feed supply.

18 EANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

The entire tract is more or less cut up bj^ arroyos. These are
usuall}^ stee\), rugged, and rocky close to the mountains, but become
wider and more shallow northward. The water which they carry
during Hood time is consequently spread over larger areas on the north
side of the field. The surface water which goes down to the north
side, however, is small in quantity and of short duration, but the sands
of the arroyos carry an underground supply of water for several days
after a rain. This supply of moisture to the shrubby vegetation is
very considerable along these temporary water courses, but the areas
between them receive only such moisture as happens to fall at those
points. During the violent summer showers much of this runs off.

As stated above, the southern portion of the area is a comparatively
open region, being cut by frequent arroyos, as indicated on fig. 1
between points L and G. The largest of these is the one which runs
close to Proctor. At this point it is from 150 to 200 feet deep and 800
feet wide from bank to bank. Here the bottom of the arroyo is on
solid rock, which accounts for the appearance of water at the surface.
In general, however, it, like the others, is of coarse sand and like them
widens out to the northward, its banks becoming lower and less rocky.
Between the points L and B on fig. 1 on the fence line there are a
number of small steep arroyos, and the same condition exists on the
southern half of the west line, but the latter are less pronounced than
the former. All of the arroyos are more rocky close to the mountains,
and gradually spread out to the northwest, making the whole area a
sloping plain, cut at frequent intervals by usually shallow washes to
the northward and by deeper arroyos and canyons to the south.
Besides the above water courses there are numerous gullies cut by the
flood v/aters. These usually occur as laterals to the main arroyos, and
extend into the broad gentle slopes which exist between the main water
courses. The condition is a difficult one to portray, for the cuts are
made by the flood waters, whose action is explained only when con-
sidered in connection with a surveyor's level and with the chemical and
physical conditions of the soil. One can drive with a light rig over the
entire field by picking his way slowly, but in many places he is obliged
to travel considerable distances in order to get around the arroyos.
This is especially true of the southern half of the field.

sorL.

But little discussion of the subject of soil can or need be entered
into. In general it may be said that the soil is of a light-brown color
and composed of very fine particles intermixed with a large amount of
coarse sand and gravel. On the south side it is much looser in texture,
has more gravel in its composition, and packs less firmly upon drying
than on the north side. On this account the sloping areas between
the arroyos are not so badly washed, which condition, together with a

THE LARGE INCLOSURE. 19

more abundant supply of uioisturo, accounts for tho more luxuriant
voo-otation and ovonlv distril)uto(l o-rnssy covering-. On tho whole tho
soil doos not ditlor from that which obtains throughout the entire
rooion in similar situations. The area is well drained, but the soil

softens very much more upon being moistened than would be expected.
It is true, however, that it is very seldom that the moisture penetrates
to great depths. In Octo))er, 1902, it was with great difficulty that
1-inch stakes of redwood or Oregon pine could 1)0 driven into tho
ground to a depth of (> inches with an ax, yet, when the heavy rains of
November came, these fell down of their own weight and could, be
driven into tho ground their entire length by tho pressure of the hand.

When the fence was built a peculiar condition of soil was observed
along the middle of tho northern fence line. The post-hole work was
purposely done at a time when the ground was wet, and consequently,
casih^ dug over the greater portion of the tract. In the above locality,
however, to our astonishment, a heavy rainfall had not penetrated
more than 2 or 3 inches, although the soil received the drainage of the
entire Box Canyon region. On the greater part of the fence line,
however, the winter and spring rains had pcMiotrated to a depth of 2
feet or more. This area is known hero as '•'washed country,"" which
simply signities that the upper strata of sandy loam has l)een removed,
leaving the very closelv packed, nonabsorbont subsoil exposed.

Underlying portions of the ground is a deposit of caliche, a calcare-
ous hardpan, of varial)le thickness. All the arroyos, canyons, and
washes are covered with a clean, coarse sand, while the steeper areas
are coarse gravel and rocks. The soil partiolos are only slightly
w^ashed, as would be expected. Prof. W. P. Blake" considers the
caliche to 1)0 derived from long-continued evaporations of subterranean
waters raised by capillary action.

The soil of the general area is derived for the most part from the
disintegration of the sfranitic rocks of the Santa Rita Mountain

to to

upheaval.

BRUSH AND TIMBER.

The greater part of the area is covered with a scattering growth of
various shrubs and small trees. Tho northern and western portions
contain nuich more shrubbery than the southern and eastern parts. A
line drawn from corner L to corner I, figure 1, represents approxi-
mately the dividing line between the heavier and lighter brush. Upon
the southern half there are large stretches which have practically no
brush at all. Along the w^ashes and arroyos, however, there are
invariably found numerous shrubs, some of which attain to the dignity
of trees, although very scraggy. A close examination of the broad,

« Transactions American Institute of Mining Engineers, Richmond meeting, Feb-
ruary, 1901. .

20 RANGE IISrVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

gentle, grassy slopes between the arroyos in this vicinity reveals. a
very scattering growth of mesqviite {Prosojj/s vehif/ina), which is in
the form of twigs 2 to 3 feet high, with an occasional larger shrnl)
in some of the more favorable localities. Without more critical data
regarding the previous history of the region than it is possible to
secure at the present time, one can not tell wliether this growth indi-
cates that this shrub is spreading or not. The present condition
rather suggests this possibility. It would not be at all surprising, for
there appears to be abundant evidence that such is the case under the
influence of stock grazing in portions of Texas, where a closely related
mesquite grows in abundance.

By far the most important shrub is the mesquite, which, like the
majority of the other shrubs, is especially at home from the line LI,
figure 1, northward and along the arroyos in the southern half of the
inclosure. In many localities in the southern half cat-claw [Acacia
(iri'(i(/i/) is nearly as abundant as the mesquite at the present time.
This, however, is better protected than the mesquite, and the wood
choppers have generally avoided it on this account. The other smaller
species of acacia (^1. constrictd) is less alnindant, but is also confined
to the arroyos. The blue palo verde [Parhinsonia torreyana), which
rivals the mesquite in size, grows in similar localities. The desert
willow ( Chilopsis Unearix)^ cottonwood [Pojndwi freinontii)^ hackberi-y
{Celtis reticulaia), soapl)erry (Sapitidus marginatiis), and walnut
{Juglanfi callfornica) grow sparingly in some of the upper canyons.
A large part of the northwestern portion of the field is badly infested
with Imcoina cor<m()]_)tf<>lia. The line LI, figure 1, passes through a
very conspicuous growth of large bunches of Zizlplms lycioides, which
is of as little value as the creosote bush {f-ovillea tridentata), which
occupies some of the southeastern portion of the field. The greater
part of the latter was avoided, however, in the final fencing, a very
large area being found immediately north of the eastern portion of
the inclosure. The upper edges of it arc included in the northeastern
portion of the field and in places along the northern portion of the
McCleary road to Tucson. The line LI also represents the most pro-
fuse growth of the Cactacea?, the main species of which are prickly-
pear {Opimtla engdmanni)^ cholla {Ojnoitia fidgida)^ and Opuntia
sjnnmior. These, together with the sewarah {Cerexis giganteus)^ are
the most conspicuous of the cacti within the inclosure. The biznaga
{Echinocactus wislizeni) occurs in scattering individuals over the
entire tract.

Of the other cacti little need be said. Opuntia arbnscula grows
scatteringly on the northern portion, while Cerens fendleriana and
C. greggii are occasionally found in the same region. On the rocky
banks and higher bluffs are numerous other inconspicuous species,
such as Mammillaria grahami., M. arizonica^ Gereus rigidissimus^ and

THE LARGE INCLOSURE. 21

C. caespitosus. Upon the hitrher cloviitioiis there arc scattered plants
of Yucca haccnta^ xif/arc tij)pj<in((t((, uiul .1. schottJl, wliile Yucca radl-
ostt is scattered along the northeastern fence line in rather limited
numbers. JVolina mici'ocarjxi and Dasyllr/on irheehrl are conspicu-
ous, especially on the northern slopes of the hills, while thickets of
ocotilla {Fouquirva ,y}/endefi.s) are frequent on the southern slopes.
Scattered at rather frequent intervals all over the brushy area are to
be found clumps of Brio-ham's tea {Kplndrn irifuvca). Besides these
there are a urcat manv other usually smaller shrubs scattered over
various portions of the inclosure, some of them of considerable eco-
nomic importance. They will be discussed under another head.

The area contains typical foothills, and do(^s not ditier materially
from similar regions in the foothills of the Iluachuca, Santii Catalina,
and Babuquivari mountains in this same general region. As a rule,
there are large, gently sloping, grass}' areas comparatively free from
brush between the brush}' mesas and the sparsely timbered mountains,
not oidy in southern Arizona, l)ut in New Mexico as well.

FORAGE PLANTS.

This inclosed area contains three typical and natural subdivisions of
the grazing lands of this portion of the Southwest, and the cattleman
would look upon it as an average grazing proposition, not the l)est,
nor yet by far the poorest. The first subdivision may be described as
an arid desert mesa; the second, adjoining the first, may very properly
be designated as open, gently sloping foothills, comparatively free
from rocks; and the third, as rough, rocky blufls and arroyo l)anks.

The arid mesa portion of the inclosure occupies approximately lialf
of the field, and we may accept a line drawn from corner L to corner
I, figure 1, as the division between this region and the open foothills.
This division line would in all probability be more accurate if it were
described as extending from L to a point about Ij miles north of I on
the west fence line. It will be seen that the upper edge of the heavy
brush (Atwyy is used in a purely relative sense) corresponds roughly
with the lower edge of the grassy area. North of this line there is
but little grass, the main forage plants being various desert herbs and
shrubs to be described later. In a favorable season there are areas
of considerable magnitude of six weeks' grass {Bouteloua arlstldoides)
along the arroyos and on the higher levels of the west side, as far
north as section 9, township 18, range 14; and there is usually more
or less Triodia 2)ulcheila and six weeks' grass upon the rocky ridges
in the northwest part of the pasture. These two grasses, however,
are of little forage value here. They never, so far as experience since
1890 teaches, occur here except scatteringly. At times there are tufts
of such perennial grasses as Leptocldoa duhki, Chtetochloa compouta^

22 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA,

Andropogon saccharoides^ and Bouteloua rothrocMi, together with the
annual Bouteloua folystachya.

By far the greater part of the feed here is produced b}^ the winter
and spring annuals and the browse plants. The first of these are
mainl}' Indian YfYia^i {Plant ago fast igiata)^ Pectocarya linearis^ Sophia
pinnata^ S. incisa, Thelypodium lasiophyllum, Monolepis nuttaUiana^
PJiacelia ai'izonica^ Ellma chrysanthemifolia^ SpJixrostignia chamsen-
erioides^ and several species of Gilia and Linanthus. There are also
extensive areas of Atriplex elegans^ often growing to the exclusion of
all else and producing from 200 to 500 or more pounds of dr}^ herbage
per acre. This plant, although an annual, usuall}" germinates in the
spring and matures in autumn, passing through the dry season in the
vegetative state.

The list of shrubb}" plants which occur here and which are of more
or less forage value is quite large. The majorit}^ of them have been
mentioned under another heading. The mesquite is by far the most
important. Cat-claw {Acacia grcggii)^ A. constrlcta^ Parkinsonia
torreyana^ and Ephedra trlfurca are also abundant. Baccharis hrachy-
p>hylla^ B. higelovii, and Anisacanthus tlmrheri., while common in the
shrubby mesa region, are much more abundant along the arroyos in
the southern half of the field. During late spring the annual ground-
sel {Senecio longilohus), is a very conspicuous plant upon portions of
the lower areas, and purslane {Portulaca retusa)^ forms a loose cover
in many places in the fall. The former is probably of no forage value,
while the latter furnishes good feed. In places in autumn two other
species of purslane (/*. stelllfot'inU and P. p>ilom)-AXQ of some value on
the east side of the field.

It is to the open foothills that the greatest interest attaches, for it is
here that the perennial grasses become numerous enough to be reckoned
with in the range ration. The six weeks' grama {Bouteloua aristi-
doides) is by far the most abundant grass over the greater portion of
this area, being especially abundant in the Zizijjhus lycioides areas in
the neighborhood of the line LI, fig. 1. In the same locality are also
to be found large quantities of Ar 1st Ida amerlcana and its variety
humholdtiana^ the latter being usually found surrounding ant hills.
Bouteloua rotliroclxn makes a tall, thin stand on the Ijetter portions of
the gently sloping stretches between the arroyos, where in favoral)le
years it makes a ver}'' conspicuous growth, but can not be said ever to
take possession, for mixed with it are invariably found much six veeks'
grama and Aristida americana. Growing in similar situations, and in
some seasons covering large areas, are to be found Bouteloua hro-
moides, B. eriopjoda^ and B. havardii, which, however, are the main
grasses on the majority of the rocky banks and ))luft's along the arroyos.
In the latter situations are also to ])e found Jindrop>ogoii contortus^
either in solid patches or scattering bunches, and Andropogon saccha-

TnK LARGE IXOLOSURK. 23

rouh'ft at slij'-htly lower levels. Contined mainly to the loose sands in
the vicinity of the washes, hut also at times extending over portions
of the rocky hillsides, is a scatterinj^orowth of Boutelouavestifa., while
Muhlrnhnujia porter I ^ the l)la('k grama of this region, is invariably
limited to the protection of cat-elaw and other si)iny or thorny shrubs.
The I'ough grama {H<)}tteJoua /i/'r.-n/fi/) is usually found upon all of the
rocky banks, but it is at home in the higher blutl's and mountains
bevond the inclosure. The same may be said of the side-oat grama
{/ioxtehna CHrtlpendala). Growing under the protection of ])ushes
along the arroyos in this section is always to be found more or less
Pan! cum laclinanthum.

In the spring these open, grassy foothills are a veritable flower
garden of magnificent proportions, so conspicuous in the neighborhood
of section 24, towmship IH, range 15, as to be plainl}- visible from
Tucson, a distance of from twentv-live to thirtv miles awav. The
poppies {Kxc]t>ich<)lt2hi Dicricana) in this place develop a little later
than upon the mesa near Tucson or in the foothills of the Tucson
Mountains. This is explained by the difference in altitude and expos-
ure, and at times may be influenced by variation in rainfall as well,
althouu'h the rainfall of the winter is more evenly distributed than that
of th(^ summer season. Other plants which are abundant enough to
influence the vernal landscape by their floral colors are Linauthus
aurea^ Phacella arizonica^ P. crenulata^ Orthoearpus jf>?/?y>?/;'«-see??j,«i
jHthneri, J>alhi/a multiraduda ^ Lvp'iD^is hptopjn/lltin^ EnoplnjlJum
hniosuin^ and Bderhi ffracllis. None of these are altogether without
forage value, although the poppies and one or tw^o of the other species
mentioned are not eaten when there are other plants of greater palata-
iHlity. The other vernal vegetation consists of such small plants as
"patota" {Pectocarya linearis), Plagiohothri/s arizonicus, Eremocarya
inicrantha, Lotus liumistratus, L. humilis, Astragalus nuttallit, Indian
wheat {PI antago fastigiata and P. ignota), all of which are of forage
value. To these should also be added covena {Brodiiea capitata) and
the mustards {Lesquerella gordonii^ Sophia pinnata., S. incisa, and
Tludypodinin lasiopliyUum).

The spring grasses on the open foothills amount to little in ,the
average season. The perennials mentioned above, especially the
gramas, make a .slight growth of root leaves in a favorable season, and
Aristida americana sometimes develops to the point of seed produc-
tion. Festuca octojiora is common throughout the area, but it is never
abundant enough to make any feed. Poa higelovii often furnishes
quite a little grazing around the bases of bushes and in other protected
areas in the arroj^os, where Chsetochloa grisehachii is of some value in
the fall. In autumn there is usually considerable feed produced b}^
laml)'s-cpiarters {(Jhenopodimn fremontii).

An enumeration of the main forage plants upon the rougher portion

24 RANGE ITSrVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

of the inclosure has necessarily been made in the previous parag-raphs.
All of the perennial species mentioned above grow here in scattering
clumps. Besides those mentioned, of which the gramas {Bouteloua
hromoides, B. eriopoda, B. curtqyendida, and B. Mrsuta), Andropogon
saccharoides and A. contortus are the most important, Muldenhergm
vaseyana, Hllaria cenchroides^ Aristlda dlvergens^ A. schiedeana^ Era-
grostiH lagens, ChMocJdoa coviposita, Tmchiii^ogon montufari^ Le]>-
tocJdoa duhia, Epicampes Hgeiis^ together with a little Hllaria mutlca
in a few places, are of importance. Panicum lachnantlmm. usually
grows under the protection of shrubs, as stated above, but it some-
times covers considerable areas of open land, as shown in PL II, fig. 2.
In 1902 and 1903, Pappopliorum apertmn made a very conspicuous
growth upon the top of Pyramid Hill, where it and Nlcotiana trigoiw-
phylla were the only conspicuous plants.

The blue grama {Bouteloua oUgostachya)^ although of great impor-
tance on the opposite side of the mountains, does not occur here, at
least not in sufficient quantities to be of any consequence. The same
is true of CJdoris elegans.

A part of the forage upon the inclosure is produced by the Eriogo-
nums, which are not distantly related botanically to the docks, one of
which, the canaigre {Rimiex hymenosepalus), is very common along
all of the arroyos. The most important species is Erwgonum micro-
thecum., which grows to best advantage on some of the rougher foot-
hills of the regions south and west of Proctor. It makes its best
development here upon the higher lands beyond the fence line. Many
of the annual species are also grazed by stock, and E. tliuy^leri^ E. tri-
chojwdium^ E. certimwi, E. ahertiamwi, and E. divaricatum are abun-
dant enough to influence the general aspect of portions of the field at
certain seasons of the year. Besides the above species, E. polycladon^
E. thomasii, E. pliarnaceoides^ and E. imtsoni C^) are common in some
localities. Eriogonum tricliopodium is so abundant at times in the
region between the bushy and open foothills and farther north as to
give its characteristic yellow color to large areas of ground.

AMOUNT OF FEED PRODUCED,

It seems highly desirable to secure as accurate an estimate as pos-
sible of the amount of herbaceous feed produced upon this inclosure
at the present time. This is desirable not only for an estimate of the
amount of stock that can be carried upon these lands, but also as a
basis for comparison as to the value of protection and systematic gi'az-
ing when observations shall have been made and data secured upon
such points. \\\ view of this fact an attempt was made to secure at the
most opportune times during the two vegetative seasons as accurate
an estimate as possible of the amount of growth which occurred upon
the inclosure during the seasons of 1903. The estimate was secured

TH?: LAKCJK TNCLOSURE. 25

])V inoMsurino- the yield of all voo-ofcition excoptino- the shiu])s upon
representative areas earet'ully selected from the diflerent divisions of
the tract. The positions of the plots measured are indicated l)y letters
upon the diaoram (tio-. 1). A to Q represent those areas nuMisured
l)etween the 1st and 20th of April, and A' to K' between th(> L'l>th of
Septeni])er and 2d of Octol)er, VM'A.

It will l)e noticed that l)ut few perennials, aside from the o-rasses
included in the fall reckoning-, are listed. It was the intention to esti-
mate only the grasses and other annual plants, ))ut it was decided after
the work was begun to include a few perennial species other than the
grasses. It might appear l)etter to have made ([uantitative measure-
ments upon those plants of forage value only; but it is exceedingly
difficult to decide which species are and which are not forage plants.
It often happcMis that nearly all ])lants that grow are eaten. \N'hat is
grazed depends largely upon Avhat is availabU' for stock to eat within
walking distance of water. It was deemed better^ therefore, to meas-
ure the entire growth exclusive of the shrubbery, and to estimate the
nonforage plants by deducting from the totals thus obtained such aper-
centage as seems justifiable, based upon personal obserxations as well
as the testimony of stockmen.

In these measurements a unit area 3 feet l)y 7 feet Avas adopted, and
in the majority of cases the areas were measured by a frame of the
dimensions stated constructed for tliis purpose. In a few cases ;he
areas were measured with a tapeline. All plants within the frame
were pulled up, counted, cleaned, the roots cut off at the surface of
the ground, and the plants thoroughly dried and subsecjuently weighed.
In some instances where the number of plants was very large and the
distribution uniform, one-half of the plot only was used for the esti-
mate, although the tables given below are based upon areas of 3 feet
by 7 feet for the sake of uniformity in tabulation. In four instances
plants were discarded— that is, no records of them are made in these
tables. They were so small and of such insignificant weight that they
would amount to only about 1 pound per acre. The annotations in
the last cohunn of the tables mention these.

While making the measurements in the spring it was found that in
some of the plots there was a number of very small seedlings which
it was decided not to include at that time on account of the fact that
they would necessarily have to be included in the autumnal measure-
ments. This avoided counting the same plants twice. It was decided
to include Atriplex elegana in both spring and autumnal measure-
ments, because of the better growth made ]\y it than liy the others,
and on account of the great loss which the plant would sustain daring
the long dry season from April to the first of July. This loss, it is
thought, will in a large measure correct the error incurred by the
double estimate of this plant. The measurements were made when it

RANGE TlsrVESTIGATIONR IK ARIZONA,

was believed the maximum jield for the season would be secured. It
was impossible, of course, to select a time when the maximum for each
plant could be obtained on account of the difference in the date of
maturity and the difference in the resistance to the drought of late

spring.

Tuhular statement of 'plot measurements.

[Each plot contains 21 square feet.]

Name of plant.

Plot A.

Esch.scholtzia mexicana .

Atriplex elegans

Gilia floeco.sa

Lotus humilis

Pectocarya linearis. . .....

Sphffirostigma chamseneri-
oides.

Lepidinm montanum

Filago falif< irnica

Triodia pulchella

Phacelia arizonlca

Lotus humistratus

Caucalis microoarpa

Plot B.

Monolepis nuttalliana . . .

Atriplex elegans

Onagra trichocaly.x:

Num-
hvT of
plants,

Plot C.

Filago oalifornica

Lf>tus humistratus

Sphferostigma chamseneri-
oides.

Gilia floceosa

Eriogonum ahertianmn..

Plot D.

Aristida americana

Lupinus Icptophyllus

Lotus humistratus

Plot E.

Lotus humistratus. . .
Pectocarya linearis. .
Astragalus nuttallii .

Plantago ignota

Gilia floceosa

Plagiohothrys sp —

Plot F.

Plantag<j ignota

Lotus humistratus

Plagiohothrys arizonicus . .

Pectocarya linearis

Orthocarpus purjairascens
palmeri.

Gilia floceosa

Height

of
plants.

4
9
9
1

10
4

5
1
1
5
4
9

2
1
1

1
4

•JO

1S3

7
26

8
71

595
1S9

35
374

Inches.
5
3

4
2
2
5

7
1
2
4

3 to 4

2 to 4

4
5

3 to 4

Ito

Condition of
plants.

In hloom

Very young . .
Under bloom .

In fruit

In bloom

....do....

do....

In fruit . . .
In bloom .
do....

2 to 31

In fruit

Very young . . .
In bloom

Weight.

Orains.
26

104
2

1,631
94
10

In bloom .
....do...,
....do...

Under bloom .
In bloom

Under bloom .
Early bloom..
In bloom

In fruit

....do

In bloom

Early bloom.

In fruit

Early bloom.
Full bloom . .
Late bloom . .

In fruit

In bloom

Early bloom.

Condition of plot.

A broad, nearly level area
from wiiich some surface
soil has Ijcen removed by
erosion. Sparsely covered
with shrubbery.

1
2
4

2
10

297
56
03

655

409

245
126
147
318
93

A broad, shallow depression,
from which nearly all brush
has been cut and the sur-
face soil removed by ero-
sion.

On a stony ridge in an area
cut witli steep, .shallow ra-
vines.

On the southern exposure of
a stony knoll containing an
unusually good growtli of
Aristida." Besides tlie list
there are 223 seedling Erio-
carpiim (/racilis less than 1
inch high.

A gently .sloping, grassy area
at the upper edge of the
heavier mesquite brush.
Besides the plants listed
there are two small seed-
lings of Oa'rtneria tcnuifu-
lia, and ten plants of lioit-
telona rothrockii beginning
to grow.

Verysimilar to E. No brush
excepting an occasional
mesquite from 2 to 3 feet
in heiglit. Tliereisconsid-
erable old grass of Bimte-
loiia rotltrockii, B. ariMi-
doidcs, and Aristida ameri-
cana from last season.

THE LAKGK INCLOSURK.
Tabular statement of plot measurementii — CJontiiiue*!.

Name of plant.

Num-
ber of
plants.

Height

of
plants.

Condition of
I)lants.

Weight.

Condition of plot.

I'l-oT a.
Plafiriobothrvs si) .

190

276

49
84
35
6
49

97
21
21

67
38

7
19
10
34

343

291

115

310

8
3

1
80

226
13

5
5

Inches.

4
1 to8

U
3 to 12

1 to 14
3 to 4

3 to 4

2 to 4
l|to4

lto3
2

1 to 14

1 to 2
1 to 2

4 to 8

1 to 5

1 to3

1 to 2

2 to 6

1 to 9
1 to 2

(«)
1 to 2

2
lt0 2
lto2
1 to2

1 to4

U
IJ

3 to 4

2 to 3

1
2 to 3

3i
2 to 3

In fruit

Grains.

101

999

700

116

102

56
57
78
9
23
259

542i

101

14 j
0
4
7
5

878

105

ISO
6
4
3
6

Lupinus coneinnuH

Early bloom

In fruit

CMandrinia mcuziesii . .

Plagiobothrys arizonicus . .
Lotus humistratus

In bloom

Full bloom

Differing but little from Plot

Baeria gracilis

F. Besides the plants

listed there are 12 small

( seedlings of Kriocmpnm

Linanthus aureus

Plantago ignota

Under bloom . . .
do

(jracilin to be included in
the autumnal reckoning.

Festuea oetoflora

Filago californica

In bloom

Early bloom

In fruit

Phaeelia arizonica

Eremocarva micrautha.

Plot H.

Eriogoniuu tlnirberi

Eremocarva micrantha

In bloom

.....do

In tlic bottom of Box Can-
yon, upon a coarse, sandy
alluvium, whicli has nr)t

Lupinus leptophyllus

Plot I.

Lotus humistratus.

been disturbed for several

In fruit

\ years.

Upon a stony, southern ex-
posure boniering Bo.\ Can-

Plantago ignota

Early bloom

In fruit

Erodinm tp''rfliium . ,

yon. Besides the plants
listed there are 30 plants of
perennial gra.sses just be-
ginning to develop. Opuii-
tia (iii/rlmanni is very con-
spicuous here.

Eriophyllum laiiosum

Phaeelia crenulata

Astragalus nuttallii

Plot J.

Eschscholtzia mexicana

Full bloom

In bloom

In fruit

Plantago ignota

Early bloom

Full bloom

Early fruit

Full bloom

[n bloom

In fruit

Lotus humistratus

Eremocarya mierantha

Erodium cicutarium

Eriophyllum lanosum

Styloeline micropodes

Pectocarva linearis

Broad, open, gently sloping
foothill region which pro-
duced a large crop of Bou-
teloua aristidoides ast year.

Plot K. ,

Pectocarya linearls.i

Lotus humistratus

In fruit

In bloom

In fruit

On a rocky hillside among

TiOtus humilis

steep, stony, Iwre arroyos.
Zizyplnis lycioidcs is con-
spicuous here. Bouteloua

Erodium texaiuim

Lepidium lasiocarpum

Eriophyllum lanosum

Plot L.

Lotus humilis

Linanthus bigelovii

Linanthus aureus

aristidoi.dej^ was the .chief
crop last fall.

Similar to K, but farther
from arroyo. Besides the
list, there is one plant
each of Plagiobothrys ari-
zonicus, Baeria gracilis,

In bloom

Gilia floceosa

Under bloom . . .
In bloom

Fikujo californica, and Ere-
mocarya micrantha. All
would weigh less than 2
grains.

Caucalis microcarpa

a Prostrate.

RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

Tabular statement of jilot ineasuremevts — C'ontinued.

Name of plant.

Plot M.

Thelypodium lasiopliyl-
lum.

Cryptanthe intermedia...

Pectocarya linearis

Caucalis raicrocarpa

Sphisrostigma cliamsn-
erioides.

Ellisia chrysanthemifolia.

Sophia pinnata

Plot N.

Lotus humistratus

Plagiobothrys sp

Plagiobotlirys arizonicus. .

Linauthus aureus

Pectocarya linearis

Eremocarya micrantha

Plantago ignota

Plot O.

Mentzelia albicaulis

Phacelia crenulata

Lupinus loptophyllus

Gilia inconspicua

Gilia floccosa

Eschscholtzia mexicana. .

Plantago ignota

Eremocarya micrantha. . .

Lupinus concinnus

Pectocarya linearis

Num-
ber of
plants.

Height

of
plant.

Plot P.

Plagiobothrys arizonicus. .

Lupinus concinnus

Malacothrix fendleri

Gilia floccosa

Linanthus aureus

Gilia inconspicua ?

Phacelia arizonica

Astragalus nuttallii

Eremocarya micrantha

Plot Q.
Ellisia chrysanthemifolia. .

Plot A'.
Atriplex elegans

Plot B'.

Atriplex elegans

Portulaca retusa

Bouteloua aristidoides —

Plot C.

Atriplex elegans

5
6
6
4

1
12

■190
2

374

1
2

1
6
3
1

1
2

4
1
2
2

11
1
1

4, 012

106

Condition of
plants.

Inches.
10 to 18

Bto 8
Ito 3

2 to 3

3 to 12

6
10 to 14

1 to 3

1 to 2
3 to 5
Ito 3

2 to 4
1 toli
] to 3

0
4
4
8 to 12
3 to 4
5
5

2 to 4

3 to 6

In fruit.

In bloom

In fruit

Early bloom.

Late bloom..
do

Full fruit...

In fruit

Late fruit...
Late bloom .
Late fruit...

In fruit

5 to 10

3 to 4

3A
3

7 to 11
■ih
3

Ito 2

In fruit

In bloom ...

In fruit

....do

Late bloom .

In fruit

lu fruit

Late bloom .
In bloom ...

Full bloom .

In fruit

Late bloom .

In fruit

3 to 7 In bloom

4 to 6
3
4

Mature ,

In bloom

Mature

Weight.

Condition of plot.

Grains.
79

6
95

1,0531
4
22
2

5^
283

4
27
92
27

101

1,905

116

1,008

IVIature .

1,614

126

4,479

About one-third of plot situ-
ated under a Zizyphus
bush, where the vegetation
is much more abundant
than in the remainder of
the area, but it represents
an average for this kind of
situation.

Gently sloping open foothills.
Eachsi-Iioltzia mexicana very
abundant a short distance
away, but comparatively
few plants within 20 rods
of the plot. Besides the

■ jilants li.sted there are 31
seedlings of Gxrtneria tenu-
ifolia and 10 bunches of
perennial grasses.

On a sandy, gravelly wash
which has not been dis-
turbed for about two years.
The plants in .situations
like this habitually grow
much larger than in other
places. They are, however,
much fewer in number.

Typical representation of the
uneroded lands just above
the washes and below the
rockv bluffs on either side.

■ It is'between areas of this
nature and the sandy wash-
es that trees and shrubs
grow in this part of the iu-
closure.

Typicjil development in the
"protection of bushes.

96S Uneroded. In other respects
not different from Plot A.

Surface soil partially re-
■ moved by erosion.

Surface soil largely removed
by flood waters.

THE LAKGE INCLOSURE.

Tahutar Ktatemcnt of plot vieasuremenLi—Cont'umeA.

Name of plant.

Height

of
plants.

Condition of
plants.

Weight.

Condition nf plot.

Plot T)'.

Boutelouu rotlirockii

.Vllionia incarnata

Bouteloua havardii

Marhaerantliera sj)

Aristida anierifaiia

Eriocarpum gracilis

Gtertiioria tenuifolia

I'LOT E'.

Bouteloua bromoidt's

Aristida americana

BouteloUii havardii

Eriocarpmu gracilis

Plot F'.

Bouteloua aristidoidts

Tribuhis graiidillorus

Amaranthu.s palmeri

Plot G'.

Bouteloua bromoides

Aristida americana

Aristida americana bro-
moides.

Eriocarpum grucilis

Eriogonum polyeladon

Plot 11'.

Bouteloua bromoides

Bouteloua eriopoda

Bouteloua havardii

Eriocarpum gracilis .'

82
1
1

22
2,604

10
5

130
15
26
18

1,118

158

903

6
15

1
88
2
1
1

7,854

108

Inches.

18 to 24

Ito 2

3 to 7

4 to 9

7
16

5 to 8

4
5to 9
3 to 5

6 to 8

4
6

6 to 10

2 to 4
12 to 18

3 to 5

7 to 24

6 to 7

8 to 12
6 to 10

3
8 to 12

lito5

10 to 12

3 to 4

6 to 8

10 to 12

-6

4
5

Mature

Grains.

1,560

106 1
204
501
36
136

4,910

172

2, 305

128

•>■>

1,326

60
450

38
154
120
122

139

1,890

336

173

1,467

In fruit '

Mature

LaXi' bloom '

Mature

In tlie upper end of a small
stony arroyo.

Late fruit

In fruit

Mature

Overmature

Atature

On tlie bank of a small stony
arroyo.

on a sandy alluvial bank
■ about 8 feet above the
shifting sands.

OvtTinulure —
Mature

Ovunnaturc

Mature

on the broad upper end of
a shallow wash west of
Proctor.

Late l)loom

Full bloom

Mature

Overmature —
Mature

Overmature

...do

On a rocky western exposure.
CallUnnlrd (riofiliiiHn very
abundant, there being 15
small plant.s upon the plot.

Plot I'.

Pauicum arizonicuiu

Bouteloua ari.stidoides

Eriocarpum gracilis

Bouteloua rothrockii

Eriogonum polyeladon

Plot .1'.

Boutelovia artistidoides ...

Aristida americana

Bouteloua eriopoda

Eriocarpum gracilis -•

Plot K'.

Machaeranthera sp

Bahia absinthifolia

On a sandy wash. The soil
\ has been undisturbed for

. ..do

Mature

Full bloom

Mature

about one year.

A distinctly six weeks' grass

\ {Buuteloun anstidoides)

Overmature

Late bloom

Early bloom

fUpon a gravelly knoll where
it requiresan exceptionally
] favorable year to produce
[ any feed.

EANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

The following table giving totals computed from the preceding
tables is more convenient of reference and shows in connection with
liguro 1 the relative productivity of different portions of the field:

Totals compiled from previous tables.

Plot.

Total
number
of plants

on 21

square

feet.

Weight

of plants

on 21

square

feet.

Average

weight of

plants.

Computed

dry

weight

upon 1

acre.

411

390

442

139

175

303

347

251

297

172

188

102

142

146

385

Grains.
370
1,815
51
416
1,710
985
2,126
187
482
749
1,053
199
251
1,378
300
2,455
1,008
968
1, 741
4,479
2,577
5, 155
2,695
1,902
504
234
2,300
1,640

Grains.

5.97

28.81

5.66

8.85

4.16

2.53

4.81

1.35

2.75

2.47

3.03

.79

6. 12

4.64

1.5.00

58.45

5.86

96.80

19. 13

54. 62

13.71

50. 54

18.98

13.03

6.22

4.7S

5.97

410. 00

pounds.
109

537

■n

123

507

291

629

143

221

312

l\];

408

727

298

286

515

1,327

763

Tfl

1,529

798

562

149

1,150

IT'

486

The last column of this table is of special interest. It shows a wide
variation in the quantity of vegetation which is produced even in
areas situated near each other. It must be borne in mind that the
most productive plots represent comparatively small areas. The
tables also show a greater average of summer growth, the average for
the spring being 270 pounds per acre and for the summer season 799
pounds, or an average for the entire year of 1,069 pounds per acre.

In interpreting these figures it must be remembered that they rep-
resent very closely the total herbaceous growth and that some of the
plants listed are not eaten by stock when there is more palatable feed
to be had, while others are eaten only in part. In estimating the
amount of stock feed, therefore, it is necessary to make a liberal
deduction from the above figures. The method of making the estimate

THE LARGE INCLOSURE. 31

must also be taken into account. Ev^iiy plant upon the plots was
pulled up and the roots cut off at the surface of the ground. The
weights given, therefore, include all of the plant which grows above
ground. It is needless to sa}' that it would ))e impracticable, indeed im-
possil)le, to take the vegetation ofi' the ground as closely as this b}'
grazing. Furthermore, the method practiced in obtaining these esti-
mates removes all vegetation, leaving no seed for annual species and
no cover for the roots of the perennials. Another ver}'^ important
factor to be considered is the fact that so many of the annuals which
make good feed while green are of practically no value when once
they are dried. As an example of this maj^ be mentioned Pectocai'ya
linearis and the majority of the other ])orages. Even if it were pos-
sil)le to utilize the entire development of vegetation except what
should remain for seed, it would have to be done to a ver}' large
extent, especially in the case of the spring annuals, ])efore they rip-
ened. Attention is called especially to the fact that it would be
impossible for cattle to secure the same amount of feed that is indi-
cated in the above totals. The above apparent large yields must be
considered in connection with what is actually secured from pastures
under proper grazing methods in more productive parts of the coun-
try. Where ])lue-grass pastures arc properly grazed, and upon closely
cut lawns, there is not less than 1,500 to 2,000 pounds of material left
upon the ground continually, and a timothy meadow from which 2
tons of hay per acre has been removed has not less than this munber
of pounds remaining in the stubble. It will be seen from these meas-
urements, therefore, that the entire herbaceous development upon this
tract is not over two-thirds of what remains upon the ground, ungrazed
and uncut, in good pastures and meadows.

To carry the computations and comparisons still farther, we can say
that as a general rule one-third of the hay and pasture plants are left
in the stubble. From the yields obtained here for the plants which
are not eaten by stock, or only eaten in part, 50 per cent should prob-
ably be deducted. Deducting therefore 50 per cent for plants not
eaten, and an additional 33i per cent for the quantity which should be
left upon the ground for the protection of the roots mainly, in the
case of perennials and for reseeding in the case of annuals, we have
left in round numbers an average of 350 pounds per acre as the total
herbaceous production available for stock feed. From this 350 pounds
per acre another large deduction nnist be made for plants which are
of forage value for onlv a short time during the season and therefore
are capable of only partial consumption. The borages have been men-
tioned in this connection, and a score of others might be enumerated.
Even Indian wheat is of little value after it has dried up, for the seed
falls to the ground very soon after maturity, and the remainder of the
plant is not eaten in the dry condition. In the same categorj^ belong
4416— No. 67—04 3

32 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

the annual grasses Bouteloua aristidoides and Aristida americana^
which without doubt produce as many pounds of growth upon the
inclosure as all other grasses combined. It is ver}' doubtful if these
are eaten except under enforced conditions after the seed begins to
ripen. Their period of usefulness as stock feed is therefore ver}^
short. Fifty per cent more should be deducted from the total avail-
able for stock feed for plants of this kind which are of little or no
value when dr}- and therefore are not capable of complete consump-
tion. The two species of lotus enumerated in the record of plot
measurements and Pectocarya are from their habits of growth not
grazed to any extent, by cattle especially, until they begin to fruit,
on account of their lying flat on the ground until this time. Their
period of usefulness is therefore very short. When this deduction is
made, and it is believed that all of these deductions are conservative,
we have left 176 pounds of dry feed per acre to be utilized under
necessarily wasteful pasture practices, where green feed is present for
about five months, and the season of grass production in July to Sep-
tember is often closely followed by a few light showers of rain, which
greatly decrease the value of the cured forage. This remainder of 176
pounds is increased somewhat l)y the Ijrowse plants, which have not
entered into our calculation.

If we consider 18 pounds per day of well-cured hay sufficient for the
maintenance of a mature idle animal without adding anything to its
Aveight, it will require 37 acres to support such an animal one year.
This calculation considers the native feed equivalent to well-cured hay
and allows nothing for increase in weight. Neither does it allow any-
thing for labor performed bj^ the animal in gathering its food and walk-
ino-a distance of 5 to 10 miles for water. When additional allowances
are made for these factors, the number of acres required to pasture one
animal is very materially increased and approaches very closely the
50-acre estimate given upon a previous page.

CARRYING CAPACITY.

Before any rational adjustment for the proper control of public
grazing lands to meet the evident pressing demands for a change in
this direction can be made, nuich should be definitely known regard-
ing the amount of stock that these lands will carry profitably year
after year. This must form the basis of all equitable allotments. To
secure such information is a most diflicult task in a region where the
seasons, the altitude, the slope, and the rainfall are so variable. It
can be determined very easily in the Great Plains region, where con-
ditions are uniform and reasonably constant, and indeed it is very
definitely known there; but here the case is very dift'erent. There is
in the Territory comparatively little native pasture land under fence,
and that- which is fenced is usually the better land, representing a

CARRYING CAPACITY. 83

niucli hiolier carryincr capacity than the averafje. Even in cases where
the land is fenced the areas arc irrej^ular, and therefore of uncertain
acreaf>e, with no record of the amount of orazin«r sec-urcd from them.
The estimates below arc g-ivcn, therefore, reservedly, hut with a
feeling- tliat the}' arc approximately accurate for the specitic areas
mentioned.

Mr. W. I). McCMcary has 200 acres fenced at the base of Mount
Wrightson, at an altitude of approximately 4,000 feet. The condi-
tions are approximately the same as those in the southernmost part of
the area recently inclosed \)\ the Department, except tiiat a i)ortion
of Mr. McCleary's liolding is occupied ))y a large wash heavily covered
with brush and trees. When tirst fenced, it was necessary to feed
some hay to the four head of stock which are carried on the land, but
at the j)rescnt time the area furnishes sullicient feed for this number.
Mesquite beans and browse furnish no small part of the feed, and in
general the area represents about an average carrying capacity for the
foothill-mountain areas. It furnishes rather more browse and mes-
quite beans but less grass than some of the neighboring localities.
In the estimate of this pasture, if the data which it furnishes be cor-
rect, the carrying capacity for the best pasture lands in the foothill-
mountain areas of this region is al)out 1 head to 50 acres. This is
prol)a])ly not far from the ])r()porti<)n which should govern grazing
upon these lands. It siiould be stated that this estimate is based upon
the better lands, which are proportionally smaller in area than desert
mesas and unproductive lands at lower altitudes.

Much etiort was made to get an estimate of the carrj'ing capacity of
the land in the northern part of the Territory, where the task is even
more difficult than it is farther south. Tlw Hgures given for this
region are purely estimates based upon the judgment of ranchers
who operate in the region. A great many ranchers were consulted
and their opinions secured, but the two or three quoted below' seem to
be based upon the most dctinitc data.

Some information received from ]Mr. George L. Brooks, manager
for a cattle company, shows the extent to which the country has
been overgrazed in past 3'ears. The lands of this company are
located from Aztec; west to Angel and south to the limit of the old
Atlantic and Paciiic grant. This strip of country contains a little
more than 1,500,000 acres. Mr. Brooks, who necessarih^ made a ver}-
careful study of the matter, estimates that there were upon this area for
a number of years an ecpiivalent of upward of 44,000 bovine animals,
or about 1 steer to 34 acres. The loss of cattle through starvation
WHS tremendous for several winters, and the country became so badl}^
damaged as to compel the compan}^ to go out of the cattle business.
Their losses from theft, no doubt, were considerable, but the land
could not maintain stock at the above ratio. At the present time

34 KANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

there is very little grazing on this territoiy except by sheep during
the winter season.

A rancher near Ashfork, who pastures 1,000 head of cattle, this
number of stock now having the entire run of land composing nearly
eight townships, thinks that they could be carried with perfect safety
on four townships. This gives 92 acres to 1 liead, which seems to be
a liberal allowance, and the lands would probably carr}^ stock at the
ratio of 1 ])ovine animal to 100 acres indefinitely.

The higher lands in the San Francisco Mountains of course produce
much more abundanth^ than the bench lands at lower altitudes or in
the valleys of the Colorado and the Little Colorado. Practically no
grazing is done here, however, except in the summer season, and an
estimate of the carrying capacity must, therefore, be made on an
entirely different basis. The better lands here would probably sup-
port 1 sheep to 5 acres during the grazing season from May to Novem-
ber. This, according to the usual method of calculation, would mean
1 steer to 30 acres for the same season.

Twice during the past season the goat ranch of Mr. Joe Maj'er, at
Mayer, Yavapai County, Ariz. (PI. VII, fig. 1), was visited. Mr.
Mayer has run goats for a number of years on the same territory, and
his estimate of the carrying capacity of this ranch is probably as accu-
rate as can be obtained at the present time. During the course of a
conversation in July Mr. Mayer stated tliat, as nearly as he could
judge, he is using between 3 and 1 acres of land for each animal. The
estimate obtained from one of the herders of the area grazed during
the season gives a somewhat higher allowance for each animal. It
should be borne in mind that this estimate can not be reduced to terms
of bovine animals veiy safeh^, because goats thrive upon vegetation
which is not eaten by cattle or, if eaten, upon which they can subsist
but a short time. The ranch is located in the mountains where scrub
live oak abounds, upon which the animals live exclusivel}^ for a large
part of the year.

WATER FOR STOCK.

One of the most perplexing problems of the ranchmen throughout
the Territory is that of the proper distribution of water for stock pur-
poses, and every contrivance known is emploj-ed to secure this most
important adjunct of the stock business. Besides the natural supplies
of springs and streams, wells and surface tanks are commonly used.
Many regions are so remote from available water supplies that they
are not grazed except during the cooler or more moist portions
of the 3"ear, when stock can endure long periods without water,
or when there is temporary water in the rivers, arroyos, and natu-
ral tanks. Water is so difiicult to secure in many places that the
lands can not be grazed even during this season. This condition is

WATER FOR STOCK. 35

especially true of the hio-her mesas remote from Ixith mountain ransfes
and river valleys ,vliere neither short streams nor small sprinj^s of the
mountain valleys nor the undero-round water supply arc availal)le.

Central Pima County, embracinj^ Avra. Altar, Santa Rosa, aijd
Babucpiivari valleys, is especiallv noted for its deep wells furnished
with steam pumps. The ranches in this region are vei'v sparse, and
consequent!}^ these alwa3's furnish water for the pasturinj^ of ver}'
large areas. Some of these wells are upward of 800 feet in depth.
The fuel used for pumpino" is almost entirely mes(juito from th(^ imme-
diate vicinity. The supply of water at these depths appears to bo
inexhaustible.

The ranches situated higher in the foothills and mountains depend
upon springs and shallow wells operated l)y windmills. The sui)ply
of water from these shallow wells, however, often varies greatl}' from
season to season, the difference sometimes being as high as 30 feet
between the level of the water in moist and dry seasons. Upon the
river bottoms the natural flow of the rivers is supplemented b\' wells
during the dry season. These are operated by steam, horse, or wind
power. On account of the absence of streams and the great difliculty
of obtaining well water, a large part of the northern portion of the
Territory is obliged to resort to surface tanks ])uilt of earth as the only
availa])le means of supplying water to stock. Upon the higher areas
in the San Francisco and contiguous mountain ranges water is abundant
enough in the average season for all purposes, but upon the lower
plateaus the case is very different. Here the prospective rancher is
often deterred from entering the stock ])usiness on account of the great
expense involved in securing water. Under a system of more stable
tenure the expense might not be prohibitive, for it is estimated that
tanks which hold water for one year can l)e built for about $500. The
cla}' soils so conunon here are admirably adapted to the construction
of tanks of this kind, for they hold water almost perfectly when once
thoroughly tramped and compacted. In some places natural tanks are
found which need only to be filled by having water conducted into
them b}' ditches or embankments.

Another consideration which renders water relatively expeni^ive is
the low carrying capacity of the land, which decreases the number of
stock which can he profital)Iy watered in one place, making the returns
for outla3^s much smaller than the}" would be under more productive
conditions of soil and rainfall. P^very rancher who develops water
here in any form of course owns the land upon which the water is
situated, l)ut even this ownership counts for but little under the pres-
ent uncertain tenure of the surrounding areas. In short, water devel-
opment being expensive and the carrying capacity of the land low at
best, a large acreage is necessary to furnish a livelihood.

So far as cattle especially are concerned, Arizona is essentially a

36 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

breeding g-round for animals whicli are fattened elsewhere. It would
seem, however, that this would not be the case long, for the present
irrigation projects, when developed, will greatly increase the feeding
facilities of the Salt and other river valleys, so that many more cattle
can be matured. At present, and for a long time past, practically no
cattle leave the Territory in condition for the markets. This, how-
ever, is true at the present time of nearly all the native pasture
regions in the United States.

Throughout the Territory, excepting in the vicinity of the irrigated
regions of the Salt and Gila valleys, no hay or other feed is furnished
stock. They live upon the native vegetation, consisting of grass,
weeds, or browse, depending upon the locality or the season of the
year. The main concern of the rancher is with branding, preventing
theft, and furnishing water. It will not be long, however, under the
present management of the live stock sanitary board, before thieving,
which has obtained so commonly and has been the means of ruining a
great many stockmen, will be a thing of the past. The scarcity of
water, coupled with the small carrying capacity of the ranges, compels
cattle to travel long distances. These distances would be considered
prohibitive upon the native pasture lands of the Great Plains; but the
development of water at intervals of 2 or 3 miles, such as is advocated
and practiced there, could not be thought of here on account of the
great expense and proportionally small returns.

The readiness with which stock of all kinds adapt themselves to the
enforced conditions of shortage of water is remarkable. It is not,
however, without great loss at certain seasons, and it is those who
make the best provision for watering who are the most successful in
the business. The influence of a good supply of wholesome water is
very noticeable during the dry season from April to July. Abun-
dant opportunity was had during the past year for observation on this
point, inasmuch as the greater part of the dry season was spent in the
southern portion of the Territory. It was evident that cattle having
plenty of water and living upon mesquite and cat-claw browse were
able to live through tbis period in better condition than those upon
better pastures but with inconvenient water supply.

It is not to be supposed that cattle go to water even once a day when
feediup- o-rounds are so remote. Indeed, the habits of cattle have
been so often observed by so many people that it is well known that
they very often, even during the hottest weather of summer, go to
water regularly only every second or sometimes every third day, if
the distance is very great between water and feed. Mr. Truax, fore-
man of a cattle company of Apache County, relates some of his expe-
riences in this matter. A few days before arrival at his ranch, on the
9th of August, he followed a bunch of cattle which watered at the
corral at daylight in the morning. About the middle of the afternoon

WATER FOR STOCK. 87

they were 8 miles from the ruach. lie rurther states that his cattlo
often go 10 or 15 miles away from water. It hardly seems probahlc,
however, that cattle can accustom themselves to living over twenty-
four hours without sutlering in the extreme heat of sunnner, although
they thrive for a much longer period, as shown by the following
signed statement, which was recently furnished at my request:

Helvetia, Ariz., July IS, 190S.
In the month of July, 1900, in building a fence for a pasture, we inclosed a 3-year-
old steer. The fence was completed on tlie oth of July, and tlie steer to our knowl-
edge was in our pasture thirteen days without water. We will state further that
there was no grass in the pasture, but there was plenty of mesquite and cat-claw
browse.

J. Martin.

Mr. Truax relates a still more remarkable instance than this one, in
which he states that his men accidentally inclosed a cow and calf in a
dry pasture in the month of July, where they remained for u period
of fifteen davs before being discovered. The calf at the end of the
period was in apparently good condition, but the cow could not have
lived much longer. These extreme cases are quoted to show that it is
not at all impossible for stock to live regularly even under this sub-
tropical heat with but two or three waterings per week, although the
practice can not be upheld where there is any possibility of supplying
water at .shorter intervals and more convenient distances.

In man}^ countries where sheep are extensively rai.sed they are
almost never watered, but in dry regions water must be supplied,
although at rather less frequent intervals than is the case with cattle.
Upon the high plateau of the Ash Fork and Seligman regions herders
informed the writer during the past season that they do not water
more often than once ever}^ eighty hours in the hottest weather. T'hey
remain three nights awa}' from water with both sheep and pack burros.
In this way they are able to graze an area around the water supply
with a radius of about C miles, or about 72,000 acres. Even with this
remarkalile utility of water there are large areas where grazing can
not be done except during the rain}^ season or in winter when there
is snow upon the higher elevations. During a large part of the winter,
when grazing is done upon allilerilla and Indian wheat, sheep live with-
out water for months. Little or no water is needed even in summer
when feed is green.

Goats need water more often than sheep, and it is usually claimed
that they can not get along without water once every twenty-four
hours. They are much better travelers than sheep, however, and on
this account fully as large an area can be grazed from one watering
place as with sheep. Mr. J. F. Burns reports that his 500 Angoras
traveled 11: miles each day for about two weeks one year with no appar-

38 RANGE INVESTIGATIONR IN ARIZONA.

ent inconvenience. This means that nearly 150,000 acres could be
grazed from one watering place. This amount of travel, however, is
excessive, and without doubt could not be profitably continued., Mr.
Mayer's herders report that their flocks do not travel over 5 miles per
day, but they think that there would be no evil effect from driving
them farther than this. Considering the necessity of watering more
often, it is probable that no greater area can be grazed with goats
than with sheep.

Horses have no difficulty in traveling 20 miles to water, it is claimed.
Some portions of Arizona are overrun with cayuses of little value, a
laro-e number of which are unbranded and badly inbred. They are
claimed, of course, and, being upon public range, can not be gotten
rid of. Horses and burros have a decided advantage over cattle, not
only from the fact that they are better travelers, but because they are
able to dig for water in the sands of the arroyos. It is a novel sight
to the uninitiated to see a horse or burro up to its knees in the loose
sand pawing for water. During the summer rains the water level is
hio-h in the arroyo sand for some time after a shower, although there
may be no running or standing water for miles around. Horses and
burros very commonly supply themselves with water during the sum-
mer season in this way, and are, therefore, able to graze upon lands
that cattle or even sheep can not reach. Plate IH, figure 1, shows
horses digging for water in a small arroyo at the western base of
Pyramid Hill, within the present inclosed area on the Santa Rita For-
est Keserve.

By far the greater number of sheep and goats are summered in the
great highland region of the San Francisco, Mogollon, and White
mountains, and wintered upon the deserts of the Salt, Colorado, and
Little Colorado river valleys. This statement should be modified by
the assertion that the Navajo and Moqui sheep are not included. The
rainfall is so variable, however, that there is no regularity in the
migrations. The exact locality where a man winters depends entirely
upon the distribution of the rainfall of the late autumn of that par-
ticular season.

THE SEASONS.

There are in southern Arizona two distinct seasons of feed produc-
tion; ill other words, two seasons of plant growth. They are totally
diflerent in the class of plants which they produce; indeed, one can
almost recognize three seasons of growth if he takes into consideration
those plants which grow well during the hot weather of May and June
upon the moisture which they have stored up during the winter.

The first season draws to a close with the advent of the April
drought, which continues to the first of July. The second begins
with the summer rains of July and terminates early in October. The

THE SEASONS. 39

sprinjj: season is largcl}'^ depondcnt upon full rains to start tho vcji^ota-
tion, which grows very slowl}' duriiij^- the winter and matures in the
sprino-. Of course not all of the sprinjr plants jrerminate in the
autumn, l)ut there is a larjje class of ver}^ conspicuous and im])ortant
thinj^s which do germinate as early as the latter part of September,
make a good growth l)efore the cold weather sets in, grow very slowly
durino- the cold weather, and mature in the spring. This cycle is
entirely dependent, howeycr, upon the distribution of moisture. If
the months of 8eptend)er and October are dry no germination takes
place until moisture comes in late winter. If this continues long-
enough in the spring a crop matures; but if not, as is usually the case,
these plants dr}^ up and there is no more feed produced until the sum-
mer rains come again.

From April to June, although it is yery dry, there is a considerable
deyelopment of i)lants which have some special proyision for retainmg
or securing a supply of moisture. The deyelopnuMit of these is usually
not perceptible until the season of drought. Indeed, it is after the
dry hot season })egins that they begin their growth. Attention should
be called here to the fact that it is only those plants which have means
of supplying themselves with water that grow during the dry season.
Those plants protected b}- varnish, or by having power to discard their
leaves, etc., use these contrivances to enable them to live, not grow,
during the dry season. The case is very ditlerent with the majority
of the cacti, which store vast quantities of water in their tissues.
They grow w'ithout apparent hindrance through the dry season of
early summer. They are of value as food for stock, and would be
closely grazed were it not for their oftensive spines. The native
gourds, devil's claw, the native night-blooming cereus {Cereus gregfjii),
one of the ground plums {Pliysalis sp.), birthwort {Arutolochia
hrevipes), and numerous others that might be enumerated, have storage
reservoirs in the form of enlarged roots. These plants, however, are
of little forage value. The mesquite, on the contrary, is aide to thrive
through a long period of drought with no appreciable storage of
water, l)ut it is a very deep-rooted plant, and growing to best advan-
tage along river courses and arroyos it gets water from the deeper
strata there much longer than the shallow-rooted plants, and is there-
fore able to grow well into the summer dry season, if not fully through
it into the moist summer season without being checked. During the
past 3^ear this tree was in full bloom about the middle of May upon
the northwestern part of the large inclosure, and it was almost com-
pletel}^ defoliated by a lepidopterous larva by the last of the month.
On the 2Bth of June it was again in full bloom and had nearly recov-
ered from the effects of the defoliation. During the period from
April to June there had been 2.9 inches of rain at McCleary's camp,
and but 0.^2 inch at Tucson. The rainfall in the mountains at

40 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

McCleary's did not reach the area in question, and as nearly as can V)c
judged the rainfall here at this period was little if any greater than at
Tucson. The etitect upon the deep sands of the washes, however, was
considerable, no doubt, and the deep roots of the shrubs were able to
profit b}" it.

The winter season is characterized by an abundant (relative) growth
of short-lived annuals. Some of these, as before stated, start their
growth in October, or even September, at the close of the summer
rainy season. Among these may be mentioned Pectocarya linearis^
altilerilla, Indian wdieat, and a large number of boraginaceous plants
which furnish a great deal of feed. Between this time and the 1st of
February (it is not definitely known at what time, and, indeed, the
time varies owing to the variation in precipitation) there appear a host
of other short-lived plants, a large number of which are of some for-
age value. These are ephemeral, especially in their effect upon the
landscape and in their forage utility, although they are really in the
vegetative state a considerable period. The time of maturity of these
winter and spring annuals in the same season is very variable, there
Ijeing- from two to three weeks' difference between the mesas about
Tucson and the northern slope of the Santa Rita Mountains or the east-
ern slope of the Babuquivaris. This vernal development is mostly con-
fined to altitudes below 4,000 feet in southern Arizona, the regions
above this having really but one prominent vegetative season. The
cause of this is mainly the lower temperatures of the higher altitudes,
there being too low a temperature for the growth of the annuals at a
time when the winter and early spring moisture is present. By the
time the temperature is high enough for plant growth the moist con-
ditions have disappeared, and there is practically no growth of vege-
tation, except during the summer rainy season. A very large part of
the best pasture lands of this section, therefore, has but one season of
plant growth.

The summer season is characterized by the production of grasses of a
great variety of species. Upon the lowlands the greatest development
is upon the flooded areas, which were much more abundant formerly than
they are now, owing to the excessive erosion which has taken place dur-
ing recent years. Upon the mesas there is but littledevelopmentof per-
ennial grassesas a usual thing, unless these mesas be high. In favorable
places and in favorable seasons there are a few perennials which make
considerable feed. Upon the mesa swales galleta {Ililaria mutica) is an
important grass, while upon the less favorable situations species of
p-rama srrass sometimes make a thin growth. It is on the foothills and
mountains that the grasses make their best and most pronounced
growth. Here the rainfall Is more abundant during the summer season
than upon the lower areas, although there may not be such a difference
in the winter rainy season, and the growth of grasses is proportionately

THE SEASONS.

hu-oor. Nearly all (trasses are in Inmches and often grow 2 or 3 feet
hijili, but always scattering-. It is only in favorable depressions, where
the land gets an increased ([uantity of moisture that there is a sufficient
amount of development to produce a complete ground cover. The
summer season of growth depends not only on the amount of rainfall.
])ut upon its distribution during the period from July to September.
The following table of rainfall, prepared from Weather Bureau
observations at Tuscon during the years Ii>(»2and l!»<t;3, illustrates very
nicely the ditlerence ])etween what are considered years of plenty and
years of famine in the range business in this region:

Table showing differetm- in mnoind and diatrilmtlon of prcri^nlalion in a good and iu a

poor season.

[I'recipitAtion expressed in inches.]

Month. 1

Year.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

1.5.

16.

January...

1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
19U3
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903

February . .

■

0.20

0.11

0.14

0.31

0.02

0.08

0.25

March

0.01

.03

.01

0.01

April

May

T.
T.

.07

.13

June

T.
T.

.01
T.

.17

0.22

July

August

.10

.Oh

.04
.11

.46
.04
T.

T.
.05

.10
T.
.11
.06
.14

0.07
.97
T.

0.23
.05
.03

T.
.20

T.
.53
.07

0.01

0.G7

September.

.u;

.01

October

November.

.21

. 29

December .

0 60

.91

.42

.10

.03

.01

RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

Tabl£ showing difference In arnimnt and dislrihulion of j)recipitalion in a good and in a

poor season — Continued.

Month.

Year.

17.

l.s.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

"5
o

January...

1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903
1902
1903

0.10

0.09

0.20

0.14

0. 53

February . .

T.
T.

1,11

March

0.02

0.41
.03

T.
T.

.44

1.42

.13

1.63

April

May

.20

June

0.09

.03

.07

.19

.22

July

0.05
.01

0.21
T.

0.01
.02
.15

T.
.04

.42

0.04

.15

T.
.25

....

1..52

August

0.05

1.31

.01

.99

■>. 67

September.
••

0.09

.01

.09

.^8

0.96

.01

1.64

1.17

October

1.64

November.

.46

.02

.40

1.34

December .

1.32

.^.15

.28

Several important points should be noted in connection with thi.s
table of rainfall. Although arranged by calendar years, it should not
be studied according to this division, although this might be done in
other regions. The total rainfall of these two years was practically
the same, but the good rains of October and November, 1902, with the
rainfall of March and April, 1903, were the means of producing good
feed during the early part of the latter year, while the rainfall of the
latter half of the year 1902, although above normal, produced very
poor summer feed on account of its improper distribution. It fell
mainly between the 29th of October and the 14th of December, too
late for the proper development of the grasses, which thrive here only
under intense heat and considerable moisture. The precipitation dur^
ing July, August, and September, 1903, was good and well di.stributed,
but the fall during the last three months of the year was too light to
augur very auspiciously for the winter of 1904, although the good
rainfall of September was sufficient to start the annuals beautifully.
It should l)e stated that these conditions do not bear much generaliza-
tion, they apply locally where the observations on precipitation were
made very well, but they may not apply at all in localities somewhat
removed. For instance, the feed upon the inclosure in the Santa Rita
Mountains was much better in the summer of 1902 than in the same

THE SEASONS.

sca.son of 1908. Thi.s, of course, was duo to a dill'eroiicc in conditions,
which is shown by the following tabic, in which it will be seen that
the rainfall of July Avas just twice as great at ^IcCleary\s camp as at
Tucson, slightly less iu August, but still a good amount, and decidedly
more in Septeml)er: "

Comparison of monthly totals uf jtrecipilation at Tarson and McL'learif s camp."'

Mouth.

Jainiiiry

February

March

April

May

June

.July

August

September

October

November

December

Yearly total

Tucson.

McCleary'8 camp.

1902.

1903.

Average.

1902.

1903.

Avotiige.

Inches.

Jnchcs.

Inches.

0.53

0.00

0.21

0.G7

0.10

0.38

.00

1.11

.55

.00

1.18

.74

.44

1.03

1.02

.85

1.69

1.22

.00

.11

.CO

.05

.00

.20

.10

.15

.99

.57

.19

.22

.20

.50

1.10

.80

.12

1..52

.99

.90

3.01

1.97

1.31

2.07

1.90

3.07

2. 45

2.76

.58

1.17

.70

3.45

1.99

2. 72

1.G4.

.00

.82

.15

.00

.07

1.34

.00

.71

2.72

.00

1.36

2.15

.28

.71

1.05

.12

.58

8. GO

8. 88

8.74

13. G2

12. 8C

13. 21

« Observations at Tucson from U. S. Weather Bureau reconln, and at McCleary's
caiui) by Mr. W. B. McCleary.

The unproductive condition of the present puldic lands is often
attributed to drought during recent years. It is a very common thing
to hear ranchers speak of the prolonged droughts during the last few
years, and attribute to these the shortage in feed and the consequent
decrease in the cattle industiy. The majority of ranchers, however,
agree that the carrying capacit}^ of the lands is necessarily small and
alwaj^s has been, but that they were led to believe in the early history
of the cattle business and at a time when the old vegetation upon
the ground was an accumulation of long standing that the cariying
capacit}^ was much greater than it really is. This old vegetation
having been eaten oti' and tramped out by more stock than ever should
have been placed upon the land, coupled with the evil effects of
erosion, described elsewhere, account for the present conditions.

The following table shows that the precipitation during the past tive
years has been somewhat less than during the previous four j^ears,
and that the average for the past five years has been but 0.95 inch
less than the average for the past fourteen years. This table, pre-
pared from Weather Bureau observations at Tucson, shows the total of
precipitation b}' months and years for the past fourteen years.

44 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

Monthly totals of precipitation at Tucson, Ariz., for fourteen years.

Yuar.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Total.

1890

1891

1892

1893

In.
0.53

.12
1.52

.27

.11

.56

.53

1.79

1.10

.78

.16

1.15

.53

.00

In.

0.52

2.08

2.63
.82

1.04
T.
.08
.08
T.
.39
.49

1.38
T.

1.11

In.

0.62
.17
.98

1.16

1.17
.00
.27
.13
.63
.37
.54
.64
.44

1.63

In.

0.59

.00

.18

.12

.00

1.05

.62

1.12

.04

.00

In.
0.75
.18
.17
. 75
.05
.09

T.
.00
.00

T.
.41

T.
.20

In.

0.83
.22
.10
.00
T.
.02
.19
.00
.20

1.27
.17
.00
.19
.22

In.
0.88

.70
1.00
2.78
1.60

.11
3.45
1.98
3.22
1.87

.65
2.57

.42
1.52

In.
0.83
2.26
2.14
5.40
1.01
4.48
1.25
3.42
3.94
1.82
.95
1.99
1..31
2.67

In.

0.77
.65
.37

1.02
.12
.75

1.13

2.71
.10
.03
.85
.28
.58

1.17

In.

0.86
.00
.27
.00
.31
.68

3.31
.54
.00
.67
.41

1.18

l.frt
.00

In.

0.60

.00

.43

.00

4.30
.30
.00
.85
.56

2.45
.08

1.34
.08

In.

0.52
.23
.25
.49

1.88
.08
.76
.11

1.63
T.
T.
.00

2.15
.28

In.
8.30
6.61
9.01

13. 12

1894

7.29

189.5

11.07

1S96

11.39

1897

10.%

1898

12. 72

1899

8.38

1900

7.79

9.72

1902

8.60

8.80

Mean

9.15 10.62

8.75

3.72

2.60

3.41

22.75

2.39

.75

.71

.78

.60

9.60

EROSION.

The entire absence of a sod, a soil very slowly permeable when once
thoroughly dried, steep grades, violent windstorms, and torrential
rainfalls of short duration are the elements which are calculated to
produce erosion in its rao.st violent forms. Coupled with these natural
conditions, excessive stocking, with scarcity of water, compelling cat-
tle to travel long distances to feeding grounds over surfaces easily
pulverized, enhances very much the erosive action of the natural
elements. There always were deep gorges, cuts, arroyos, and washes
in the foothills, mesas, and other sections having steep grades; but the
cutting of the river channels into deep gorges which effectually drain
the bottoms instead of allowing the water to spread over the broad,
fertile lands is a distinctly modern condition, directly traceable to the
effect of the white man's operations. (PL V, fig. 2.)

One of the most serious questions which confronts the rancher to-day
is how to prevent this gullying. While the loss of the land itself is
not, the loss of the water is a seriou.^; matter. The flood waters
which once spread over the river bottoms with practically no channel
are now sunken from a few feet to 20 feet below the surface, and are
carried off, together with all the rich sediment which they contain.

Several ranchers whom the writer has met have been obliged, within
recent years, to devise means to mitigate this evil. It is often impos-
sible or impractical)le to do anything in those cases where the cutting
has progressed very far, but on the other hand it is not at all impos-
sible nor impracticable to prevent further depredation by attacking
the matter at the most advantageous point. The difliculty with work
of this kind is its expense compared with the productivity of the land
when no water is present for irrigation.

EROSION. 45

Two general processes arc in vogue for counteracting the effect of
the sinking of the water channels. The first consists in planting sonic
soil-binding grass in such situations for the i)urposo of j)reventing
further dithculty. This is usually a remedial measure which does not
get at the root of the matter and is capable of Init limited application
after the destruction is well under way. It can l)e applied in this
region ill situations which receive flood waters from higher localities.
The soils whei-e it is attempted must already be reasonably stable in
order to allow the grass to get a foothold. ]\li'. Harry L. Heffner,
manager of the Emiiire Cattle Company, has experimented a great
deal in this matter. The plan which he has adopted has been to estal)-
lish plantations of Johnson grass upon the lands near the ends of the
dee}), narrow gorges and washes which ajiproach the I'autano Wash,
between the Santa Kita and Whetstone mountains. In these situations
consideral)le areas of comparatively level lands are flooded one to three
times during the year. AVere three ii-rigations certain each year, the
estal)lishment of Johnson grass on such areas would be a comparatively
eas}^ matter. Indeed, two thorough floodings, together with the light
showers that normally occur, would insure the establishment of this
grass. It has been found that the most successful method of establish-
ing a wash -resistant covering of this grass in such situations is bj^
planting cuttings. Sections of the underground stems, from 8 to 12
inches in length, are inserted in the ground in rows across the wash,
about 3 feet apart. In planting, a spade or bar is used to prepare the
opening in the soil, and simply the pressure of the foot completes the
operation when the cutting has been inserted. This operation is not so
slow and tedious as would seem. The cuttings are easily dug or plowed
up from fields which are in reasonably good tilth, and the planting is
accomplished verv expeditiously. Bernnida grass has also been tried
in the more moist situations, but with very indifferent success thus
far. This grass requires more moisture than it is possible to secure
for it here, except w here irrigation is practiced.

The second method in vogue to check and repair the damage done
by flood waters is by the erection of embankments across the cuts, the
object in all cases being to turn the water from its course on to higher
lands and compel it to spread out over them instead of following the
regular channel. Brush, stone, and earth are used in the formation
of these embankments, which must be strong enough to withstand a
great pressure until the course of the waters is once turned. When
once the flow has been checked the filling up and leveling ofl' of the
gullies for some distance above the dams is quickly accomplished b}^
the waters, which contain large volumes of sediment. The filling up
process below the dam is a slow. one, but the turning of the water
from its course prevents further erosive action. Several small works
of this nature have been observed in the valleys of the Little Colorado

46 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

and White rivers and some are under contemplation by Messrs. Vail
& Wakefield in the Altar Valley near the Mexican Ijorder.

THE PRAIRIE DOG.

This little animal, Avhich has caused such devastation throughout the
plains region since its enemies have been killed 1)}^ the rancher and
his herdsmen, is without dou])t migrating into new territor}'. The
destruction wrought by it is more pronounced east and north of the
divide of the San Francisco and White mountains than anywhere else
in Arizona. Large areas have been completely overrun in the vicinity
of Flagstatf. In August a trip was taken through a very badly infested
area between Adamana and the White Mountains. PI. X, fiir. 2, shows
an infested area on the northern slope of the White Mountains, which
represents in some respects the greatest injur}^ that has been observed
in any region in the Territory. It is seldom that one can secure a
photographic representation of the work of the prairie dog, but here
the lime pebbles — or rather the lime-covered malpais rocks and peb-
bles— thrown out of the burrows furnish a sufficient contrast to the
black malpais rocks and bare ground to give a fairly good representa-
tion of the extent of the operations carried on by these animals. There
were no perennial grasses in the infested area, and but little vegeta-
tion of any kind. No area which has been visited within the Territory
is so badly overrun by these animals as that in the vicinity of the old
Twenty-four Kanch and southward to the base of these mountains.

RANGE FEED.

There is without doubt no part of the country where the character
of the native feed is so variable as it is in the Southwest; and this in
spite of the fact that the aggregate yield per acre is very low, and
that two crops are produced each year upon a large part of the range
country. We have a carrying capacity here varjang from one
animal to 40 or 50 acres to one animal to 100 acres, as compared with
one to 15 acres in portions of the Great Plains. At the same time,
the grasses, which are practically the only forage })lants in the latter
region, are much less numerous there than in the Southwest— much
less numerous in point of species. Some of the most important groups
of forage plants are discussed below.

THE GRASSES.

While it may be stated in general that of the forage production of
the Territory as a whole the grasses form the most important part,
yet the grass production is confined to the summer season of rain, and
consequently there is a large part of the year during which all stock
is obliged to subsist on other things. The grasses furnish good feed
from July to the 1st of January, but after that date, if the normal

RANGE FEED. 47

winter precipitation occurs, what is left of them is quite well l)leached
out. The value of grass for winter feeding alwa3's depends upon its
beino- drv cured. When the winter rains come, therefore, stock begin
to shun the old grass in proportion as the succulent annual stutf
develops. During this cold winter and spring moist season there are,
however, a few g-rasses which are of some importance in the forage
ration upon the range. The most iiuportant of these are BroiiiHS car-
Indtns^ Pod h>/i(j!j»'(h(ncul((t((, P. ftndUi'uina^ P. higelovn^ and Festuca
(x'tojjord. Occasionally, however, the winter rains are prolonged into
the warm spring season sufficientl}' to allow the perennial grasses, of
which the gramas upon the open foothills are the most' important, to
get a start. In such a season there is some good feed produced by
these in the spring, but this condition is an exceptional one, and we
may say that as a general rule the perennial grasses which furnish
the feed of midsummer to winter season do not grow at all in the
spring. There is aliundant evidence, however, that they would fur-
nish two crops if the moisture and temperature conditions were
favorable.

The most important of the grasses belong to the group known
popularly as gramas {Boateloua spp.), some of which are perennial
and some annual. The perennials grow in the higher altitudes, and
are mainl}^ Botdeloua oJlgostachya^ B. CHrt'rpenduhi^ B. hromoideK, B.
ro'krocHi, B. hirsuta, B. eriopoda, and />. haiyfrdt/', with consider-
able areas of B. trifidn upon some stony, bare, high foothills. These
furnish the best and most important range feed. Bontthud rofJirockii
extends to lower altitudes than the others, and at tunes is strictly a
mesa plant, furnishing upon favorable places and in favorable seasons
a thin stand of large bunches. It is in the open foothills, however,
that this species reaches its best development. Here, together with
other species of lesser importance, it often makes sufficient growth for
hay. The open foothills of the Whetstone, Huachuca, Santa Rita, and
Babucjuivari mountains, the Sulphur Spring Valley, and the high
mesas between the Santa Catalina and Willow Spring mountains fur-
nish extensive areas of this grass in favorable seasons. It is interesting
to compare this distribution with similai" situations in the Mesilla Val-
ley of New Mexico, where Professor Wooton states that Boutelbua
eriopoda^ which is never an exclusive crop in southern Arizona, is
often cut for ha'v. All of these species occur in the southern part of
Arizona, but it is the blue grama [Bouteloua oUgostachya) that is of the
greatest importance in the northern part. Here it is by far the most
important grass upon the high plateau surrounding the San Francisco
and contiguous divides. Many of the juniper ridges so characteristic
here have practically no other grass, and even this makes only a thin,
short growth very different from its habit in the southern part of the
Territor}^ w^here it assumes a more erect and robust character. The
4416— No. 67—04 4

48 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

northeastern part of Arizona, e.speciall}' from Navajo to ("hin Lee,
and southward to the Long- H Ranch and St. Johns does not differ
material!}" in the higher elevations from the lower juniper areas of
the plateau region. The three annual species of grama {Bouteloua
cundldoides, B. i?oJyst(:(chya, and B. j^i'ostrata) furnish feed of a poorer
quality and shorter duration than the perennial ones. The first two
species are found most abundantl}' from the lower areas to the higher
foothills in the southern part of the Territory, Bouteloua polystachya
furnishing much the better feed of the two, but the quantity is smaller.
The third or prostrate grama is an important forage plant all through
the pine region in the general highland of the White, Mogollon,
and San Francisco mountains. At times it also reaches favorable
situations along the Little Colorado.

The main grass in the lower areas in the valley of the Little Colo-
rado is Sporoholus airoides. This valley has much in common, so far
as its vegetation is concerned, with the vallev of the Rio Grande
farther east. Sporoholm airoides and salt grass {Distichlis spicata)
furnish the greatest amount of feed here, but they never yield so
abundantly as they do in the Rio Grande Valley. The former is known
here as saccaton, but is very different from Sjjorokolus wrightii, which
makes such a magnificent growth on some of the river bottoms in the
southern part of the Territory.

Galleta {Hilar ia imdica) is an important grass throughout Arizona,
although not by any means so palatable as the gramas. It nearly
always occupies swales or depressions in the mesas, and for its best
development gets one or more irrigations by flood water during the
year. In the past season there were small ai-eas upon the mesas south
and east of Tucson that would cut one-fourth of a ton of hay to the
acre of this grass. In the northern portion of the Territory, especi-
ally near Ashfork, upon the Navajo Reservation, and along the main
line of the Santa Fe from the plateau region east, except in the lower
areas along the Little Colorado, this must be considered one of the
most important grasses. It is often grazed to the ground continu-
ously. Curly mesquite {Ililaria cenchroides), a closely related species,
is of great importance upon the high, open foothills, and Ililaria rigida
is characteristic on some of the deserts along the (lila and Salt rivers.

The great highland region of the San Francisco and White moun-
tains furnish as good summer feed as any in the Territory, and where
properly pastured the parks and open places are quite productive.
Here a fescue {Fe^tuca arizonica) is probably the most al)undant
grass, although sheep men sometimes claim that" it is inferior in
quality to Sporobolua interruptus, which also grows to the exclusion
of all other vegetation over quite extensive areas upon thinly wooded
plateaus. Indeed, Festuca arizonica and Muhlenhergia gracilis, which
occupy large areas, are not considered such good sheep feed as Sjm-

RANGE fep:d. 49

rohnliis /'fife?'/'Kj)ti(s. How'ever, thov arc all grazed, and thou.sands of
.sheep live on practically nothinn' else for a lari>-(> part of t\\o sunnner.
Sheep fescne (Festuca <>rlii<i var.) is common in portions of the moun-
tains, but it is not so abundant nor so valu-.ible as the other species;.
Strange as it \\\ti\ seem, the bluestem of the great jilains region
{A(jr<ipijr()n occidental <) produces a very important part of the range
feed here. In open depressions there are often pure stands of it,
which, during the past season, would i-ut as high as one-half ton to
the acre. Arixttda pni'purca is another grass whicii. though not con-
sidered the best of feed, is very abundant in places, and furnishes
fairly good grazing when young. Among other grasses of importance
here should be mcntioniHl Kulei'hi criKtata, Sj>(>r(/hob/.s depaupcrdf ns^
S. prhighd. Schedon na rdnx tc.vanux, A(/rosth hi/einalix^ Sitavio)} lon(/!-
foJiuni^ S. molle^ BJepliannieuron tricholepis^ and EpmunpcH I'xpdata.
As would be expectetl the grass flora here is varied, but the species
mentioned, together with the blue grama, an^ the most important
from the stockman's standpoint.

Upon the bottom lands in the southern part of the Territory sacca-
ton {Sporohohis irrl<i}itil) is without doubt the most imi)ortant, and
it was much moic a))undaiit foi'mcrly than now. Its place is taken
on the saltier bottoms in the Salt, (xiia. Little Colorado, and Sul[)hur
Spring valleys by Sporohol ns <flr<>ides.

The bluejoint grasses are of special imp(n-tance in the southern pai"t
of Arizona, and furnish a great deal of the summer feed in the foot-
hills and mountains. They are usually grazed to the ground. The
most important species are Andropixjon xacchdmldix^ A. cnntorftfs^ and
^1. hirttjJorvxfei'nxls. The iirst of these often makes a good crop on
usually limited highland depressions. The other two are common on
I'ocky hillsides.

There are a number of annuals aside from those noted above which
are of much value and often make comparatively large yields on lim-
ited areas. Without doubt the most important of these is Chlov'is ele-
gant, which in favoral>le seasons will sometimes cut a ton of ha}' to the
acre in situations which receive an overflow. It is also an important
constituent of the foothills range feed in some localities. It was
especially abundant in the Sulphur Spring Vallev in 1900, and upon
the eastern slope of the Santa Rita Mountains in 19i)2 and 1903.
ErlocMoa punctata is also an important annual, with about the same
habits as the former species, and in the same connection should be
mentioned Eragrostis neo-inexlcana. The triple-awn grass {Aristida
americand) is abundant in similar situations to the six weeks' grama.
While the awns render this of little value after maturity, it neverthe-
less furnishes some grazing early in the rainy season upon the lower
foothills throughout the southern part of the Territory.

50 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

Of the perenniul species not previously mentioned there is a large
number which, although not of great importance in themselves, in the
aggregate furnish considerable feed. Pappopliorum wrightii occurs
in places in the open foothills and is of a great deal of importance, and
the closely related species P. vaglnatain is generally found in depres-
sions where water accumulates. In the protection of bushes almost
exclusively at the present time is to be found the so-called black grama
of this region {Muhlenhergia porteri), which is said to have been very
plentiful at one time upon open ground. This is a very interesting
species, inasmuch as it is one of the few grasses of the region which
has perennial culms. Confined as it is to the protection of shrubbery,
it, together with a large amount of other vegetation, is left unmolested
during the fall, while the grasses on the open ground are grazed oti'.
During the winter, however, this, as well as Fanicum lachnanthum
and other grasses which tend to seek this protection, are grazed off
clean, even when they form a tangled mass with cat-claw, mesquite,
and cacti. It is very interesting to note that the grasses are not
injured by this form of grazing nearly so much as in the open spaces.
These protected areas under shrubbery, concerning which considerable
has been said during recent years, are often grazed as closely as any
other, but the grazing comes after the maturity of the grasses.. Vege-
tation growing in these protected areas has several advantages. The
ground is not trampled by stock, and is kept in better condition by the
gophers, which almost invariably burrow here. The leaves and twigs
of the bushes and joints of the cacti also furnish some protection to
them. Upon the sandy bottom CliivtocJihxi annpoHita and Sporoholun
strlcfjis furnish some feed, while Tr'nMorix fascicidata makes a thin
growth on moist areas and heavier soil. It is the mountain areas that
furnish the greatest quantity of valuable feed in southern Arizona.
The most important grasses are the perennial gramas, bluejoints,
Leptochloa (luhia, Li/rurns phltokU^, and several species of Mnhlen-
lerg'ia: All of these are well mixed and produce a very tall growth,
ranging from one-half foot to 3 feet high, but the stand is always very
thin, except in the most favorable situations where water and sedi-
ment are deposited in the more gently sloping ravines where the
steep mountains break off into open foothills.

Upon the sand hills in the valley of the Little Colorado there are
several characteristic grasses, of which sand grass {Calamovilfalongi-
folla), drop-seed, {Sporohohis giganteus), and 2Iuhlen'bergia pungens
are the most important.

PIGWEED FAMILY.

A large quantity of feed is produced by the different plants which
belong to the large natural group of pigweeds. While much of it is
browse, there is nevertheless some herbaceous feed furnished by the

ran(;k kfki). , 51

eouilMoik piowt'etls. s»'V('i:il 111 uliiili ;iii' closi^Iy related li> tlie laiiili's-
(limrtiMs.

Without doubt the >iiltl)iislu's t'ui-iiish the l;iri;-('st aiiiouut ol IVihI in
this natural order and are al)UiKlantly distributed in many situations.
s(5nie upon alkaline soil and some upon land with hut little or no salt
content. In the southern part of Arizona shad scale {Ati'ijtlr.r cd/h's-
cens), ,1. polycarpn^ A. Iintifonnls^ and .1. lineai'h ai'e the most
abundant of the shrubby species. These are all known to the Mexi-
cans as chamiso. The tirst is not so prominently a salt-lovin<»* plant as
the others, although it often occur;:; upon somewhat alkaline soils. In
tlu> I'ucson reirion all but the third of these occur al>undantlv and are
invariably omzed." Shad scale occurs in the valleys throuehout the
Territory, l)ut the other three mentioned above are of most importance
in the alkaline \ all(\vs noi'th and west of the Tucson rejj;"ion. They art'
especially abundant in the valleys of the (lila and Salt rivers and their
tributaries. Afrlphx Jentifnrin'ix \> the most rapidly g^rowino- species
of this oenus with which the writer is familiar. Its remarkable devel-
opment is well illustrated by observations made in the vicinity of
Tempe in 1 !♦<>(». where plants which had sprun^- np on newly sulnlued
land aftei' the i<'ino\ al of the tirst cr'v)p of wliejit were r»i feet hioh by
the ist of I)eceml)er. This «>rowth had l)een made between the month
of flune ajul that date.'' Near Tempe and Phoenix it does not appear to
be orazed wvs nmch. Init u[)on the ranji'es alonj^- the (rila River it is
not unconmion to see canes one-fourth of an inch in diameter j'^razed
oH'. Haxing' about the same ranj^c as the abov*- are two atunial spe-
cies, Atrl'ph'X eleganx^ throwing almost exclusively u[)oii nonalkaline
soil, and the salt-lovinj^" species. A. lu'drUox'i. Both of these are
grazed when feed is scarce. During the past season they were quite
closely cropped along the Santa Cruz Kivei" south of Tucson. Atri-
j)h.v ('le(/ini.s is a very interesting species in many ways on account of its
ha})it of maturing seed at the close of the winter rainy season and
again in midsummer. It therefore, although an annual, lives through
the hot dry weather of early summer in the vegetative condition. It
should be noted that there are some slight differences between the
spring and summer forms, and the collections of the writer, although
extensive, fail to show one of the common autunmal fruit forms at all
in the spring.

The valley of the Little Colorado is especially noted for its abun-
dance of saltbushes. some of which do not grow elsewhere in the
Territory, so far as knowMi. The saltbush flora of this region resem-
bles that of the valley of the Rio Grande in many respects. Here that
most valuable species, the spin}" saltbush {Atrlplex confertifolia)^ so

«See Bui. 2.5, Division of Agrostology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1891,
PI. XXVI.

''See PI. IV, fig. 1. ~

52 RANGE INVESTK4ATIONS IX ARIZONA.

iibiiudaiil in the Great Basin, is perfectly adapted; and A/ /•f'jjle.ti greggit
covers very extensive areas on many of the saline bottoms with an almost
pure growth, especially from ('orn Creek southeastward through the
Holl)rook, Adamana, and St. Johns regions. Upon the Navajo and
Moqui lieservation, and indeed throughout the valley of the Little
Colorado, shad scale tills a very important })lace upon l)oth mesas and
bottom lands. In the petrified forest areas there occurs a shrubby
species of Atriplex (No. 5085), which appears to l)e undescribed. This
is said to be grazed during the winter. In this same region Atriplex
poweUl, an annual species, covers many areas of washed lands, while
Atriplex expansa is abundant in some localities.

Next in importance to the saltbushes should be mentioned the white
sage {Enrotla lanata\ which occupies very extensive areas upon the
highlands in the northern part of the Territory. It is especially
important, as a winter feed only, in the great highland region north
and east of the main divide of the San Francisco and contiguous moun-
tains. It is connnon in places in the higher situations in the southern
part of the Territory also, but luner al»undant enough to be seriousl}'
considered in the range ration. It is connnon in the Sulphur Spring
Valley and has been collected upon the Santa Rita Forest Reserve.
(Ireasewood {Stin-ohatvs vermicnhitiis) makes nuich winter feed in all
the alkaline bottoms of the Gila, Salt, and Little Colorado valleys.
Red sage {Koehla americana) is alnindant enough to furnish some
winter feed in the valley of the Little Colorado.

The common laml)*s-quarters of the East is represented in Arizona
b}^ several species, which a)-e of economic importance. In southern
Arizona they are of more importance in the upper foothills than else-
where, but in the northern higher altitudes they occupy the areas under
the junipers upon the mesas and ridges, and sometimes cover large
depressions with an almost pure growth. They furnish good summer
feed, for sheep and goats especially. The species which grow here are
Chenopfxliiinileptophi/lhtnt^ C. lnranuin, ('. fi'emontn.'Awd C. ohduinl
(No. 5S4rl). A small annual, Monolepis tnittalliana, belonging to this
natural group makes a cai-pet in shallow depressions in the southern
part of the Territory during the spring season. This is one of the
plants to which the Mexicans apply the name p)aiota. It is considered
good feed for cattle.

THE CLOVERS.

There are but few situations in Arizona where the clovers are of
much importance, but there are suggestions that they may become
more abundant as time goes on. In the northern mountains Trifolium
iiwokicratumsindi T. longijjescoYQV sm?A\ areas in moist situations. In
the canyon bottoms of the southern mountains, which are devoid of
meadows in the ordinary acceptance, there grows a species whic'.i,

RANGE FEKI>. 58

tiltliou^ih liiuilcd ill qiiantilv, uiakes denst' mats over small areas. It
is to two small annual species, Trifolhun gracilentum and T. tri<len-
tatiim^ that the greatest interest attaches, for there are indications that
these an» i?itroduced species which are just heg-inniug to assert them-
selves in the southern part of Arizona. In March, 1903, there was
good feed produced by th(vsc species in several localities in the AVillow
Spring ^Mountains. Heing associated here with aiiilerilla and in the
direct path of the early sheep migrations from California, it is quite
probable that these have been introduced in wool from California and
western Great Basin points, where they occur in considerable profusion.
It is interesting to note that the maturity of these two species occurs
about two months earlier in these mountains than in the Sierra Nevada
Mountains east of Fresno. Cal. There is a bare possibility that a
sj'stematic effort to distril)ute these to other mountain ranges, either
by securing the seed from the situations where it is produced most
abundantly or by systematic herding in the season when the clovers
are ripening, may result in (>stal)lishing them, thereby increasing the
feed in the foothills and lower mountains. It is (piite certain that
they will be of value only in the foothills, below the limit of winter
annuals.

ALFILERILLA."

Upon the areas where the aiiilerilla is thoroughly established there
is no other plant, unless it be Indian wheat, which can compare with
it in the quantity of feed which it produces upon the desert mesas for
winter and spring grazing. There appears to be no doubt that it was
introduced into Arizona by sheep from California points. It is now
well distributed as far south as the northern slope of the Santa Cata-
lina Mountains and up the San Pedro Valle}' as far as Benson. It has
not spread very much east of the San Pedro Kiver. From here it
extends northward and westward through the desert areas and high
into the plateau regions on the north and west sides of the Prescott
liighlands; thence westward into California. There are scattering
plants of it all over the Territory, but it is in the region indicated that
it is of importance. It even occurs commonl}^ upon the San Francisco
Mountains at an altitude of 7,000 feet, but it is never abundant enough
to be of any importance. It is much more abundant in the vicinity of
Prescott (5,320 feet), but does not produce as much feed as upon the
west side of the Prescott highlands, where it extends up to Iron
Springs (6,032 feet). In this region it is well established all the way
from Wickenl)urg (2,06T feet) to Iron Springs, in the edge of the pines.
It appears to be psrfectly at home in the scrub-oak area below the
pines, where it remained green during the season of 1903 as late as
the last of M^y.

«See Plate VI.

54 RAN(4E INVKSTTGATIONS IX ARIZONA.

According- to the opinions of stockmen, it is spreading sIottIy, and
is said to have been first observed near Willow Springs. There is a
popular l)elief that it will thrive only on granitic soils. But this does
not account for its peculiar distribution in the Tucson region. Here,
as stated above, it makes a good crop in an average year on the north-
ern slope of the Santa Catalina Mountains; but while distributed in
scattering individuals all over the Santa Cruz Valley, it is never
abundant enough to be of any consequence. There are a few small
areas upon the northern slope of the Santa Ritas, where it is as thick
upon the ground as it is upon the northern slope of the Santa
Catalinas, but these areas are very limited, and therefore do not figure
conspicuously in the total feed production. There is a good stand of
it upon the east side of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and it is well dis-
tril»uted over the San Pedro Valley as far west as the top of the Rin-
con Mountains on the Tanque A^erde road, but it does not extend in
any. quantity into the Santa Cruz Valley.

Some systematic attempts have been made to spread the plant.
Messrs. Maish & Driscol some years ago sent a force of men to the
Canyon del Oro district to gather large quantities of it, to be scattered
on their Cauoa property. They raked up the plant when the seed was
ripening and scattered it upon their land. They have not been able
to observe any material benefit. Mr. C. H. Bayless believes that it
can be scattered most successfully by systematic herding of sheep at
the time that the plant is maturing its seed. His plan is to herd
sheep first upon land well seeded, and then upon contiguous unseeded
areas. It is thought by those who have observed it that it is gradu-
ally spreading southward, and. that it will eventually be as abundant
in the valley south of Tucson as it is in the Oracle and Willow Springs
region now. There certainly appears to be no good reason for hold-
inof a contrarv view.

'•a

ItnSCELLAXEOUS WINTER AND SPRING ANNUALS.

Under the designation "• Indian wheat" the rancher recognizes a
group of important forage plants belonging to the botanical genus
Plantago. There are two important species, both of \\ hich make their
first appearance in the autumn and mature in the spring. PLnttago
fastig'iata occurs mainly upon the mesas and lower areas, and Plantago
ignota upon the foothills. The mesas in the Tucson and Phoenix
region are especially noted for the magnificent growths of Plantago
fastigiata, which, together with alfilerilla in the latter locality, feeds
the largest number of sheep in the Territory during the winter and
spring seasons. Next in importance to Indian wheat should b3 noted
patota {Pectocarya linearts, P. xetom^ and P. pencillafd), the first
being- much the most abundant, and indeed the onlv one that need be
considered from a forage standpoint. These plants furnish feed up to

RAN(;K FKKl). 55

the time of riponiiio-, hut uic of no miIuc after that date, heeau.se of
their extreme harshness. Belonoinu- to the same family as tlie hitter
is a very large group of borages, uhicli are of importance as sheep
feed. The most abundant of these arc I*la<ji(th()f/ir[/s (irlzonlcni^^
P. tenellu.s^ AiiishiJiia tt-s>it'lata^ Cryptantlu' ci/Uoptera^ ('. intennedia.
C. angustifolla^ and Ereinocarya inta'dnthn. The water-leaf family
is represented by a large number of very conspicuous ])lants which
are of more or less forage value for a short time. The most numerous
of these Ixdong to the genus Phacelia {Pluicdin arhonlcd^ P. crennlata^
P. tanacetifoliiu and /*. ranumi), which will seem rather peculiar for-
age plants to many, but they, as well as EHiNui chryNaiitJiriitifoJia^
nuist be listed here as of some forage value, although not grazed
except when feed is scarce. Of somewhat more value than the
above are numerous plants related to the cultivated i)hlox, of whicii
the most important are Ll)i((nthiis higelovil^ L. mirrii^ and (iilin
inconsplcxui ( ?). Mexican po]jpy ( Eclhscholtzia inexicand) is reported by
many to be of some value. Mr. Ed. Vail and others assert that their
vaqueros report that stock live largely upon this pop[)y. Indian wheat,
and jojoba {Siiii4>ii<lsi<i cul'ifonuca)^ during wintei- and spring on the
west side of the Habucpiivari Mountains. Tlu' ()l)ser\ations of the
writer do not entirely contirm these \i(Mvs, but it should be statcnl that
wherever observed othci- feed has been abundant enough, so that it
has not been necessary for stock to graze poj)pies. M<ilra,sfrKtii pxih'
makes a large amount of feed on many of the river bottoms. During
the past season it was a])undant and extensively grazed in the lower
San Pedro, Gila, and Santa Rosa valleys.

The native mustards, Sophia Incisa^ S. pinnata^ Lesquerella gor-
donii^ Thelypodmm lasiophyllum and peppersvort [Lepldluni lasio-
caipwii) form a small but important and interesting group of forage
plants in the southern part of Arizona. With the exception of Les-
querella gonion 11 they are not grazed much while green, but after they
are ripe the pods and oil}' seeds are greatl}^ relished, by range horses
especiall}'. Horses have never been observed in better condition upon
the range than they were upon the mesas south of Tucson in Ma}',
1903. An abundant opportunity was had to observe what they were
feeding upon. They appeared to be subsisting entirely upon seeds of
these cruciferous plants, which grew mainly in the protection of
shrubs, where they are scarcely molested until they are ripe. During
the early part of the dry season, however, they were cleaned up about
as completely as the grasses in similar situations in autumn.

Quite a number of leguminous annuals are of importance in the
southern part of the Territory. Upon the mesas and foothills two
species of lotus {Lotus humistratus and L. humilis) and vetch (Astraga-
lus nuttalUi) are the most important. A glance at the taldes (pp. 26-29)
will show the relative importance of these to the other vernal forage

5(i RANGE INVESTIGATIONS TN ARIZONA.

plants upon the northern slope of the Santa Rita Mountains. The
lupine:; are very conspicuous upon the higher mesas and foothills, and
are often g-i-azed a little, but they aie not relished like the species of
lotus. Two species are very common. Lupin us JeptophyJJas often
gives its characteristic purple to large areas in steep ravines and hill-
sides, while L. concinnm is fully as abundant in places.

Miscellaneous species such as Baerhi gracilis and Bailey a multira-
diata are abundant enough to impart their characteristic golden color
to the landscape at times. CahjpiridiaiH iiionandrinn and Sphxros-
tig III < I ehdnienerioidex both contribute to the forage ration. The two
first mentioned in this paragraph are composites, and are grazed l)y
horses, especially when the^' are in bloom. Ver}^ little aside from the
heads is eaten. Chsenactu .stevioides, another composite annual, is
much more abundant in man}' places than these, but it is seldom eaten.
In the spring of 19(»3 cattle in the vicinity of Santa Rosa, where the
country was white with it. were grazing upon it a little. Mr. Charles
Howard, of Ashfork, reports that his flocks subsist for weeks upon
fTi/ninoIomia a?i/)U(/. vrhich is a particularly conspicuous thing upon
these highlands.

MISCELLANEOUS BROWSE PLANTS.

Besides the saltbushes and their relatives, the majority of which are
browse plants, a large number of other shrubs furnish feed for stock.
These plants are especialh^ valuable during the two seasons of short
feed. The value of the mesquite is proverbial, on account of the large
(Quantity of beans which it furnishes for winter and fall feed; but it is
also grazed during the summer dry season. The cat claw {Acacia
greggii) and Acacia constricta are second in importance only to the
mesquite as browse plants, but their fruit is of practically no value to
stock. The twigs of the YAvxq ^\x\o\QvdiQ{Pai'Miisonia torreyana)vin^
bigota {P. acnleata) also make winter feed of considerable importance.
Jojoba {Simondsia calif arnica)^ abundant in the foothills and lower
mountain areas, appeals to be the most important browse plant in these
situations. The central foreground of Plate VI, figure 1, sliows how
this shrub, which is normally 4 or more feet high, was grazed during
the past season near Dudley villc. Mr. Ed. Vail reports this one of the
most important browse plants in the valleys west of the Babuquivari
Mountains. Eriogomim laicroiheciun and Calliandra erioplujUa are
also of nmch importance in the higher foothills and lower mountains.
There are large areas on the east and southeast of the Huachuca Moun-
tains, where the first has practically taken possession. It appears to
spread with excessive gi-azing in this locality, and it is therefore very
fortunate that it is of some forage value. These shrubs are especially
characteristic of the southern regions.

The scrub live oaks of the entire Territory of Arizona form a class

HAV CKOI'S. r)7

by themselves, ami deserve more attention a> forage plants than is
usually accorded them. AAliitc oak {Qiterrn.s nrf'so/ucus) \s proltahly
the most Important species in the soutiiern part of Arizona, where it
has even l)een known to l)e cut and fed to cattle. The hlack oak
{Quercxs /'//tor///') is said not to be touched by cattle, a statemcMit which
it has not been possible to verify. (Jiiircns turhhuUa furnishes moiv
feed in places in the Prescott and Bradshaw mountains than all other
forage plants combined, goats and even sheep having little else to eat
at some seasons.

Brigham's t^'A {Ephedni frifnn-a, K neradenstK^ and E. forreijavn)
is ver}^ commonly grazed. The first species is confined to southern
Arizona mesas and foothills, while the other two are most common in
the central and northern portions of the Territory. The three-leaved
sumacs (Rhus t/'Ut/haiii and R. t///(/ri/l) arc commonly browsed. Ujion
the highlands of the central portion of the Territory (\/i/uui'ui ///e,vka/ia
ivndi F((h(gio jHiradoxa are grazed wherever found. I'pon the mesas
and foothills in the Tucson region there are two species of composite
sliru])s, Bti(<-Jit//'ls }//;/(■}, /ipl/ylJi/ and //. h/gelmni^ which are invariably
grazed.

Upon all the sandy ridges in the valley of the Little Colorado there
is more or less sage {ArUn/'/Kni jil/folla). which is said to make valu-
able Avinter feed,

HAY CROPS.

No more than a very brief mention of the cultivated forage crops is
necessary here. Alfalfa is of course the staple wherever water for
irrigation is obtainable, and there is no region where more profital)le
returns are obtained than in the river valleys of the Territory. It
is a common practice to cut a crop of barley with the first crop of hay
each year upon poorly established meadows; but strange as it may
seem, the bearded variety is usually sown, although the objectionable
feature of this could be very easily dispensed with by sowing the
beardless form instead. It is a common practice where alfalfa mead-
ows are pastured to cut the iirst crop, for two purposes. One is to
get rid of the w^eeds and the other is to give the plants a chance to
recuperate from the close pasturage by this season of growth.

Barley and wheat are very largely grown for ha}' as winter crops,
and are frequently sown for pasturage also. The Mexican population
cut a large amount of this winter grain crop, bind it up in small
sheaves 6 to 10 inches in diameter, and sell it in the green state in the
cities and mining camps, where there is a small market for this class
of roughage. These sheaves sell at the rate of about 20 for 25 cents.
Sorghum is commonly grown in the summer rainy season, sujiple-
mented by light irrigations, upon the lands which produce the winter
crop of barley.

58 RAN(JK INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

Mention has been made in previous pages of the use of Bouteloiia
rotlirocl'i'i as a hay plant, l)ut with it are alwaj's cut a large variety
of other species, a specific mention of which is not necessary. Some-
times saccaton {Sporolxil n^ iiir!(/Jit!!) is cut, along wnth such other
species as grow upon the lowlands. Upon the east side of the Santa
Rita Mountains blue grama {Bouteloiia oUgostachya) and bluejoint
{Andropogon saccharoide.s) together with Chlorls elegans^ often make
a small crop of ha}'. In many situations Johnson grass makes an
important addition to the native hay plants upon overflowed areas.

The Mexican population makes use of a number of weed}- plants, the
most important of which is Amaranthus jxdijie?^. In the vicinity of
Tumacacori and Sopori during the past season there were large quan-
tities of this plant put up for winter use. The crop was invariably
obtained upon land from which a crop of barley had been removed in
the late spring or early summer. The barley crop in this region is
often the only one grown. The lands therefore lie idle from May
to October, when they are plowed again for the fall seeding. During
the summer they furnish some weedy pasturage, and from favorable
situations a large volunteer crop of this weed is obtained. Plate VIII,
tigure 1, shows Mexicans stacking a large volunteer crop of this plant
about the 1st of October. The yield was not far from 3 tons per
acre in the field which was being harvested. These men report it to
be good hay for horses, l)ut rather poor for cattle.

WEEDS.

In a region of such small production it is not to be expected that
weeds have a very detrimental influence upon native pasture lands.
The weeds, as a general rule, furnish feed when other things fail.
The use that is made of alfilerilla is a striking example of this.

In a few instances, however, absolutely worthless weeds flourish
upon the most productive of the range lands. The alluvial bottoms
which were once covered with either annual or perennial grasses have
sufl'ered great injury during recent years on account of the establish-
ment of the cockle bur {Xanthium canadeiue). Hundreds of acres of
the very best and most productive lands in the higher valle5's of south-
ern Arizona have been absoluteh' taken possession of by this plant
during recent years. It is hoped that Johnson grass will be the
means of reclaiming these areas. It is the only plant known which
can compete successfully with this weed.

Along the main line of the Santa Fe Railway, for a distance of 20 or
more miles on each side of the road, the Russian thistle is well
established. In the valley of the Little Colorado it appears to be
quite at home upon the dry. mesa land, and will doubtless become
more conspicuous as time goes on. AVhile it will cause trouble upon
the cultivated areas, it is not thought that it will ever injure the range

PLANTS INJURIOUS T<) STOCK. T)^)

lands; indeod, it may l)o a decided heiu'tit. 80 far as known, it does
not occur in tho soutliorn part of Arizona at all.

Cleome serrata has become very conspicuous upon the poorly
grassed areas of overflowed depressions throughout the northern high-
lands. By some this plant is said to be relished l)y sheep, hut evidences
of this have not been seen. It is especially abundant in the vicinity of
Flagstaff and uix)n the northern slope of the White ^Mountains.

In the southern portion of Arizona th(>re are two perennial weeds
related to the golden rods which it is claimed ari^ spreading rapidly.
These are hocoma ooranojnfoVia and Gutierrena microcephaht. They
are very abundant in portions of the Santa Cruz and Altar valleys.

Upon the cultivated meadows the squirrel-tail grass is very trouble-
some and unsightly in irrigated districts. In pastures, however, it is
of little or no detriment, for it is usually prevented from becoming
conspicuous by the close grazing which is usually practiced upon the
alfalfa pastures. It is interesting to note that in the Salt and Gila
vallevs TTordeum mvrimnn is the prevalent species, while II, jiibafiiw,
which has such a l)ad record in the Plains region, has not been
observed. In the valley of the Little Colorado, however, this species
is nearly if not (piite absent, wdiile IJinuleunt juhntwii is very common
and even troublesome in the cultivated fields.

PLANTS INJURIOUS TO STOCK.

There are times during years of short feed when the creosote bush
{Covillea trldentata) causes a good deal of injury to sheep. No stock
of any kind eat this shru!) ordinarily, but when feed is scarce sheep
are sometimes forcml to feed upon it. According to a recent report
from Mr. E. S. Gosney, of Flagstaff, the animals, after feeding upon
this shrub for a time, run about in an unsteady fashion, and are very
likely to run into any obstacle wdiich happens to be in their way.
They are said to very often run toward, the herder, or even his dogs,
as though seeking protection. Mr. W. H. Campbell, also of Flag-
staff, who has had a good deal of experience upon the deserts north of
Phoenix, states that the greatest mortality occurs among pregnant

ewes.

Upon the San Francisco and contiguous highlands there occurs a
great deal of loco {Ar((<j<(Uus JamherfU), and in some cases in the same
region areas are said to hav^e been abandoned as sheep grazing grounds
on account of the preponderance of Asdepiodora decunibens.

Mechanical injury is sometimes done by six weeks' grass {Bouteloua
aristidoides) and triple-awned grass [Aristida americmia). When
matured the seeds of these two species are very annoying, to say the
least, to both men and animals. The sharp-pointed seeds work into
both the fleece and the feet of sheep, but are more especially injurious
to the latter. They accunuilate between the hoofs of the animals to

60 RANGE INVESTIGATIOlSrS IN ARIZONA.

such an extent as to disable them. The areas of these grasses are
avoided during- the time of their ripening until the seed has fallen oti'
and partially disappeared into the soil.

SUMMARY.

The carrying capacitj'^ of the lands in xVrizona varies from the rate
of one bovine animal to 50 acres to one to 100 acres.

Johnson grass appears to be the best adapted for preventing erosion,
and will thrive in favorable situations which receive two or more
irrigations by flood waters during the year. Bermuda grass does not
appear to be promising without irrigation.

The valley of the Little Colorado, so far as much of its vegetation is
concerned, resembles the valley of the Rio Grande, but the 3deld of
feed is very much smaller.

From the stockman's point of A'iew, the seasons upon the lower
southern areas are four in number, each differing from the others in
the character of the feed which is available. The two seasons of feed
production alternate with two seasons of short feed.

(1) Middle of February to middle of April or lirst of May, charac-
terized by a growth of annual weedy plants, which furnish feed for a
short time.

(2) First of May to middle of ,Jaly or tirst of August, having little
growth except of shrub])v plants, upon which stock largel}" subsist.

(3) Middle of July to first of December, which is the season of the
best feed, being characterized b}^ growth of perennial grasses and
many other forage plants.

(4) First of December to middle of February, which is the hardest
season of the year upon all stock.

The growth of winter and spring annuals occurs mainly below an
altitude of -i.OOO feet. The best pasture lands are located principalh'
above an altitude of 3,000 feet.

In southern Arizona a large part of the feed upon the lower unoc-
cupied lands is furnished by shrubby plants. The remainder of the
feed upon these areas, as well as upon the mesas below 3,000 or 3,500
feet, is furnished by annual weedy plants in the spring, together with
annual and a few perennial grasses in the summer, and in the higher
foothills and mountains b}' perennial grasses.

Goat raisino- is on the increase, and it is believed that this industrv
will continue to develop.

The total annual precipitation can not serve as an index of the char-
acter of the feed upon the range, its distribution during the hot sum-
mer season being of paramount importance.

It is conuuon for cattle to travel 10 miles from water to feeding
grounds, and sheep are often herded *') miles iiway, making a total

SUMM.\RY.

travel l)etween watering-s of 20 miles for cattle and 12 miles for sheep.
Horses travel a much trreater distance.

The prairie dog' is doing a large amount of damage in the north and
northeastern portions of the Territory.

Beardless barley should be more extensively sul)stituted for the
bearded form for supplementing the first cutting of alfalfa.

The Russian thistle, while widely distributed in the northern i)art
of Arizona, has not yet appeared in the southern part to any extciil
at least.

There appears to be abundant evidence that the creosote bush is
injurious to sheep, which are sometimes forced to eat it on account of
a scarcity of feed.

The average total availal)le feed which it is practicable to utilize
upon the large inclosure is l)oli(>vod to ho botweon ir)(> and -JOO pounds
of air-di-y sub.stance per acre.

Altilerilla, one of the most important forage plants of the Territorv,
which was probably introduced from California in the wool of sheep,
is spreading. It is believed that two species of clover were intro-
duced in the same way.

Experimental work carried on thus far in attempting to introduce
perennial forage plants upon the mesas has given \-ery little encour-
agement. Panicaiii texanum^ an annual, has given the best results of
anything thus far introduced, and it is believed that more success will
be secured with annuals than with perennials. They are not as good
feed, but short-lived plants with good seed habits now furnish the
main feed upon the mesas.

The following tabulation showing the relative weight of desert
annuals and certain of their reproductive portions will be of interest
in this connection:

Plant.

Num-
ber of
plants.

Fruit or
seed.

Weight
of seed
or fruit.

Weight
of plant
less seed
or fruit

Condition of plants.

Peetocarva linearis.

1
1

Seed

Pods

Seed ....

Grains.
151
19
49

Grains.
20
1-2

Fully mature.
Half of pods mature.
10 per cent of seed not ma-
ture.

Lotus humilis

Monolepis nuttalliana .

This table shows, so far as this amount of data can show, that the
seed production of these three characteristic desert annuals is large
when compared with the total weight of the plants. • Lotus Immilis
produced, in the condition indicated, 7 g-rains of clean seed. Two
plants of Bouteloua aristidoides, weighing 48 g-rains, produced 27
grains of spikelets. It is believed that there is a suggestion here
regai-ding the nature of the plants which will be most successful upon

62 RANGE INVESTIGATIONS IN ARIZONA.

these arid mesa lands. Alfilerilla is alread}" wide)}' introduced. It has
good seed habits and special provision for buryinj^ its seed. Of course
perennial forage plants would furnish better feed than the annuals,
but there is little hope of establishing them without greater expense
than the economic benefit seems to warrant. It may be possible to
establish some of the hardier perennial species upon the foothills.
This, however, is a matter for experimental work to determine.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate I. (Frontispiece.) Laosa, a typical southern Arizona ranch.

Plate II. Contrast between dry and wet seasons in foothills range. Fig. 1. — Live-
oak belt, upper foothills, eastern slope of Huachuca Mountains, July 1, 1903,
before the rainy season began. Last year's crop of grass has all been eaten off.
Fig. 2. — Upper foothills, northern slope, Santa Rita Mountains, just Ijelow the
oak belt, showing Panicum lachnanthuvi, grama, and mesquite at the close of the
rainy season.

Plate IIL The large inclosure. Fig. L — Pyramid Hill, section IS, township 18,
range 15. Horses digging for water in the sands of an arroyo. September,
1902. Fig. 2. — Looking south from the top of Pyramid Hill, showing the gen-
eral character of the fenced area. October, 1902.

Plate IV. Saltbushes. Fig. 1. — Atriplex lentiformis, the largest of our native salt-
bushes. Tempe, Ariz., November, 1902. Fig. 2. — Alriplex elegans in \a.rgemrloB-
ure, northern foothills, Santa Rita INIountains, September, 1908.

Plate V. Fig. 1. — Hay meadow, Salt River Valley. First crop of alfalfa with win-
ter barley, which greatly increases the yield. Phoenix, April, 1903. Fig. 2. —
Erosion along Pantano Wash, east of Santa Rita Mountains, October, 1902.

Plate VI. Alfilerilla range. Fig. 1. — Alfilerilla and Indian wheat near Dudleyville.
In the central foreground are shown closely grazed bushes of " jojoba " [Siiiiojid-
sia californica). Fig. 2. — Alfilerilla and Indian wheat near Oracle. Opuntia
engelmanni. Yucca radiosa, and mesquite are the conspicuous plants.

Plate VII. Two phases of the range question. Fig. 1. — Goats and the oak brush
upon which they live. Mayer, September, 1903. Fig. 2. — The remains of
thirteen head of cattle in a space of 30 feet along a small arroyo near Arivaca,
as the result of too great distance between feed and water. April, 1903.

Plate VIII. Haying scenes in southern Arizona. Fig. 1. — Mexicans at Sopori
stacking "celite" {Ainaranlhns pahneri), which makes a large volunteer crop
after the winter crop of grain hay has been removed. October, 1903. Fig. 2. —
A Mexican packing hay from the mountains. Santa Rita Mountains, .Inly, 1903.

Plate IX. Native pasture lands in southern x\rizona. Fig. 1. — Galleta (Hilaria
jwM^ica) in a swale south of Vail Station. September, 1902. Old grass, there
being practically no growth this year. Fig. 2. — A round-up in the northern foot-
hills of the Santa Rita Mountains, April, 1903, when the large area was being
inclo.sed.

Plate X. Fig. 1.— An ocotilla forest about 4 miles northeast of the large inclosure.
September, 1902. Practically no feed is produced here. Fig. 2. — The work of
prairie dogs upon the northern slope of the White Mountains. Large areas of
grass are destroyed by these animals. July, 1903,

Bui. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate II.

Fig. 1.— Live-oak Belt, Upper Foothills. Eastern Slope of Huachuca Moun-
tains, First of July, 1903, Before the Rainy Season Began; Last Year's
Crop of Grass all Eaten off.

Fig. 2.— Upper Foothills, Northern Slope, Santa Rita Mountains, Just Below
THE Oak Belt, Showing Panicum machnanthum. Grama, and Mesquite at the
Close of the Rainy Season.

CONTRAST BETWEEN DRY AND WET SEASONS IN FOOTHILLS RANGE.

Bui. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate 111.

^^^.*#^^^

'k^a^c^.a

Fig. 1. -Pyramid Hill, Sec. 18, T. 18, R. 15. Horses Digging for Water in the
Sands of an Arroyo, September, 1902.

■----.».■* ^..

•- --TVv-,

Fig 2 -Looking South from the Top of Pyramid Hill, Showing General Char-
acter OF Fenced Area, October, 1902.

THE LARGE INCLOSURE.

Bui. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of A£ cuiture.

Plate IV.

Fig. 1.— Atriplex lentiformis. the Largest of our Native Saltbushes, Tempe,

Ariz., November, 1902

Fig. 2.— Atriplex elegans. Large Inclosure, Northern Foothills, Santa Rita

Mountains, September, 1903.

SALTBUSHES.

Bui. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate V.

Fig. 1.— Hay Meadow, Salt River Valley. First Crop of Alfalfa with Winter
Barley, which Greatly Increases the Yield. Phoenix. April, 1903.

FiQ. 2.— Erosion Along Pantano Wash, East of Santa PvIta Mountains,

October, 1902.

Bui. 67, Bureau of Plant Indust^, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VI.

Fig. 1.— Alfilerilla and Indian Wheat near Dudleyville. In the Central Fore-
ground IS Shown Closely Grazed Bushes of ■■ Jojoba" iSimondsia californica).

f— t'

Fig. 2.— Alfilerilla and Indian Wheat near Oracle. Opuntia engelmanni, Yucca
radiosa, and Mesquite 1 Prosopis velutinai are the Conspicuous Plants.

ALFILERILLA RANGE.

Bui 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VII.

Fig. 1.— Goats and the Oak Brush Upon which They Live,

September. 1903.

Mayer, Ariz.

Fig. 2.— The Remains of 13 Head of Cattle in a Space of 30 Feet Along a
Small Arroyo near Arivaca, the Result of too Great Distance Between
Feed and Water. April, 1903.

TWO PHASES OF THE RANGE QUESTION.

Bui. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VIII.

F:g. 1.— Mexicans at Sopori Stacking "Celite" iAmaranthus palmerp. which
Makes a Large Volunteer Crop After the Winter Crop of Grain Hay has
Been Removed. October. 1903.

Fig. 2.— a Mexican Packing Hay from the Mountains, Santa Rita Mountains,

July, 1903.

HAYING SCENES IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA.

Bui. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept of Agriculture.

Plate IX.

Fig. 1.— Galleta iHilaria muticai in a Swale South of Vail Station, September,
1902. Old Grass, there Being Practically no Growth.

Fig. 2.— a Round-up in the Northern Foothills of the Santa Rita Mountains,
April, 1903, when the Large Area was Being Inclosed.

NATIVE PASTURE LANDS IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA.

Bui. 67, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate X.

>3jpB%(*>

Fig. 1.— An Ocotilla Forest About 4 Miles Northeast of the Large Inclosure,
September, 1902. Practically no Feed Produced Here.

Fig. 2.— The Work of Prairie Dogs Upon the Northern Slope of the White
Mountains, July, 1903. Large Areas of Grass Lands are Destroyed by
this Animal.

» [Continued from p"!-''' 2 of cover.]

No. 28. The Mango in Porto Rico. 1903. Trice, 15 cents.

29. The Effect of Black Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 16 cents.

30. Budding the Pecan. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. 1902. Price, 10 cents.

32. A Disease of the AVhite Ash Caused by Polyporus Fraxinophilus. 1903.

Price, 10 cents.

33. North American Species of Leptochloa. 1903, Price, 15 cents.

34. Silkworm Food Plants. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

36. The "Bluing" and the " Re<l Rot" of the Western Yellow Pine, with Spe-

cial Reference to the Black Hills Forest Reserve. 1903. Price, 30 cents.

37. Formation of the Spores in the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigricans and of

Phycomyces Nitens. 190.'^ Price, 15 cents.

38. Forest Conditions and Problems in Eastern Washington, Eastern Oregon,

etc. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

39. The Propagation of the Easter Lily from Seed. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

40. Cold Storage, with Special Reference to the Pear and Peach. 1903. Price,

15 cents.

41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

42. Three New Plant Introductions from Japan. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

43. Japanese Bamboos. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

44. The Bitter Rot of Apples. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

45. The Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients in Planis. 1903. Price, 5 cents.

46. The Propagation of Tropical Fruit Trees and Other Plants. 1903. Price,

10 cents.

47. The Description of Wheat Varieties. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

48. The Apple in Cold Storage. 1903. Price, 15 cents.

49. The Culture of the Central American Rubber Tree. 1903. Price, 25 cents.

50. Wild Rice: Its Uses and Propagation. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

51. Miscellaneous Papers: Part I. The Wilt Disease of Tobacco and its Control.

1903. Price, 5 cents. Part II. The Work of the Community Demonstra-
tion Farm at Terrell, Tex. 1904. Price, 5 cents. Part III. Fruit Trees
Frozen in 1904. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

52. 'Wither-Tip and Other Diseases of Citrous Trees and Fruits Caused by

Colletotrichum Gloiosporioides. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

53. The Date Palm. 1904. Price, 20 cents.

54. Persian Gulf Dates. 1903. Price, 10 cents.

55. Thfe Dry Rot of Potatoes Due to Fusarium Oxysporum. 1904. Price, 10

cents.

56. Nomenclature of the Apple. [In press.]

57. Methods Used for Controlling and Reclaiming Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10

cents.

58. The Vitality and Germination of Seeds. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

59. Pasture, Meadow, and Forage Crops in Nebraska. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

60. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lily. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

61. The Avocado in Florida: Its Propagation, Cultivation, and Marketing. 1904.

Price, 5 cents.

62. Notes on Egyptian Agriculture. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

63. Investigations of Rusts. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

64. A Method of Destroying or Preventing the Growth of Algse and Certain

Pathogenic Bacteria in Water Supplies. 1904. Price, 5 cents.

65. Reclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents.

66. Inventory No. 10 of the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction and Distribu-

tion. [In press.]

New York Botanical Garden Librai

3 5185 00259 8793

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